Gear & Advice You Can Trust. Camelbak Luxe Hydration Pack with 3L Bladder - Black/Columbia Jade. This pack is an all-terrain hero.
Carries enough gear for a full day of mountain biking, with a narrow-gauge design that lets your focus on the ride, not your pack. The 3 liter reservoir holds enough water for rides of 3+ hours, and the pack offers extra storage for anything the trail might throw at you (or your bike): keys, helmet, a layer, lunch and bike tools.
The ventilated back panels keep air moving over your back, and the removable waist belt keeps everything in place during bumpy rides. Thanks to the women's-specific design features contoured shoulder straps that fit comfortably on your chest without chafing, and the shorter pack length offers a better ergonomic fit. The brand new Crux delivers 20% more water per sip, with an ergonomic handle for easier refilling, and an on/off lever that makes it easy to prevent leaks.
Air director back panel offers air channels to keep your back cool and narrow guage that is light and maneuverable. Magnetic tube trap keeps your tube secure and accessible when you need it. Built in helmet carry hooks helmet while still allowing full access to to you pack without removing. Ventilated harness offers air flow and cushioning to maxamize comfort and breathability. Removable stability belt keeps everything in place during bumpy rides.
Stretch Overflow storage quickly stashes a rain shell or extra layer. We recommend wiping your pack with a damp cloth to remove dirt. If the pack is extremely dirty and needs a deeper cleaning, soak it in cool or warm water with a very mild soap.
Rinse the pack thoroughly with cool water. If soap residue remains in the fabric, it may create suds if exposed to water or sweat. DO NOT wash your pack in a washing machine. Machine washing may damage the pack or affect the integrity of the fabric and fasteners, and will void the Got Your BakGuarantee.
The best way to care for your reservoir is to clean and dry it after every use, especially if you fill the reservoir with anything other than water. However, if a reservoir has not been cleaned after every use, and mold or discoloration develops. Use hot water and a CamelBak Cleaning Tablet. Or use 2 tablespoons of baking soda or bleach instead of CamelBak Cleaning Tab.
Mix the solution inside your reservoir and elevate the reservoir above the tube and Big Bite Valve. Pinch the bite valve, allowing the solution to flow into the drink tube and fill the bite valve.
Let the reservoir and cleaning solution sit in the reservoir and drink tube for about 30 minutes. Wash the reservoir with hot water and mild soap. Be sure to completely rinse away the cleaning solution in the reservoir and drink tube before using again. You can also use CamelBak brushes from our Cleaning Kit to scrub your reservoir and drink tube. Brushes are the best way to ensure you are scrubbing all of the areas of the reservoir clean.
Once the reservoir is clean, be sure to air dry overnight so no moisture is trapped inside, which can cause mold to grow. These steps will make your reservoir safe for use. If there are still spots left behind, these are permanent mold stains that may not be removable. However, your reservoir is still safe and usable after you've cleaned it. Hydration Capacity: 3L / 100 oz Total Capacity: 10L / 600 cu in Total Weight: 1 lb 4 oz / 590 g (pack only) Dimensions: 44 x 21 x 22.5 cm / 17.3 x 8.3 x 8.9 in. There are plenty of discount operators out there, but all you get from them is a cheap price and nothing else. If it's just a price you're after these guys might be for you, but if you're after a service orientated company that won't sell any other way then welcome to our store. Our cheap postal prices are live up to date prices with Australian post or courier. Our website is state of the art safe and secure, using a 128 bit SSL encryption protocol, the most secure online-shopping protocol.
Unfortunately we DO NOT accept EFT direct deposit. If your item is a double swag or over 20kg parcel must be sent via courier and a daytime street address is required - NOT A PO BOX. Express and regular options are available for most items. All item prices include GST. All payments made payable direct to'Wild Earth.
While all care is taken, any errors or omissions/variations in the item details are unintentional. Colours and images are for illustrative purposes and can vary so please specify when ordering if you require a specific colour otherwise an alternative colour may be sent depending on stock availability.
We are here to help you! Finish Line Tyre Sealant 235ml. The item "Camelbak Luxe Hydration Pack with 3L Bladder Black/Columbia Jade" is in sale since Wednesday, December 21, 2016. This item is in the category "Sporting Goods\Camping, Hiking\Water Bottles & Hydration\Other Bottles & Hydration". The seller is "wildearth-australia" and is located in gold coast.
This item can be shipped to Australia, United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Germany, France, New Zealand.


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Summer Conference FAQ
Fellowship/Scholarships
2023 Call for
Papers and Panels
The Wizards of Climate Change: How Can Technology Serve Hope and Justice?
2023 Summer Conference of the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science, to be held at Star Island, NH, USA, Sunday June 25 to Sunday July 2, 2023.
Technological wizardry has been pitched against prophecies of environmental catastrophe since at least the mid-20th century. Innovate! Create! Only then can everyone win!--Simplify! Change your ways! Or all will be lost! The scientists on the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, for example, tell us that large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies is "unavoidable" if we are to prevent further dangerous temperature increases. They also argue that we must live less energy-intensive lifestyles to substantially reduce emissions. Addressing the many dimensions of climate change—such as energy and industrial production, urban and infrastructure planning, building construction and design, and land use—will require both new technologies and lifestyle changes.
The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a co-sponsor of the conference. AGU members will receive a discounted registration rate (registration will open early 2023).
In this conference, we will critically examine how technology can be developed, deployed and governed responsibly, to address climate change in ways that foster hope and justice. We will respectfully engage a multiplicity of world views, including religious perspectives, as we learn how countries throughout the world determine and apply climate and technology policies.
We will address the following questions:
How do we assess the future of our climate and technologies? Knowledge about climate change and evolving technologies that address it relies on simulations using models; but the world is phenomenally complex, and unintended consequences abound. How do we best make decisions in light of the uncertainties in our models?
How do we ensure that technology is responsibly developed and regulated? Regulation of new technology will require new modes of organization in areas such as government, industry, education, and religion. How can we plan for adaptive policies?
How can we curate sources of hope in regard to technology? In the last few centuries, the use of technology has accelerated rapidly, often without full consideration of the consequences. There are legitimate fears that we may not be able to control future impacts. We have reached the point where we must negotiate a "collective rite of passage from childhood to adulthood" in order to live as a responsible member of our planet's ecosystem. Imagery, vision, ritual, new paradigms: how can these and other sources of hope assist us?
How do we deploy technologies to foster justice and equity? The impacts of climate change are unevenly distributed. Technologies addressing climate change are likely to show similar inequities—and vulnerable populations such as impoverished, minoritized, and Indigenous peoples could continue to suffer disproportionately—if we do not take preventative measures. How can justice best be considered in policies on climate and technology?
Presenters will consider these questions in the context of the fields of science-and-religion, public policy, and science communication.
Plenary speakers (besides the co-chairs Arthur Petersen, Bruce Naylor, and Constance Bertka) will include:
Willem B. Drees, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy of Religion and Ethics, Leiden University and Philosophy of the Humanities, Tilburg University
Frances Flannery, Professor of Religion, James Madison University and Co-founder, BioEarth
Lisa Graumlich, Professor of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington and President, American Geophysical Union
Noreen Herzfeld, Nicholas and Bernice Reuter Professor of Science and Religion, St. John's University and the College of St. Benedict
Janot Mendler de Suarez and Pablo Suarez, Advisers, World Bank and Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre
Bonnie Nadzam, Writer and Editor, Co-author of the climate fiction work Love in the Anthropocene
Kenneth Oye, Professor of Political Science, Professor of Data Systems and Society, and Director of the Program on Emerging Technologies, MIT
Leonard A. Smith, Professor, College of Engineering, Virginia Tech and author of Chaos: A Very Short Introduction
Billy M. Williams, Executive Vice President, Diversity, Equity & Inclusion, American Geophysical Union
We invite proposals for short papers on the four themes of the conference in the context of climate and technology. The topic can be approached from various perspectives, such as science, engineering, environmental studies, philosophy, religious studies or theology, history, literature, law, political science, futures studies, psychology, or sociology. They may consider different religious traditions; science fiction; modeling of climate and technologies; regulation of new technologies; curation of sources of hope in technology; assessment of justice and equity; and so on.
Proposals for papers on other topics regarding science and religion are welcome too.
Proposals will be peer reviewed. The two proposals deemed strongest will be selected for Shapley-Booth fellowships, which cover recipients' registration, room and board, and a portion of travel expenses.
Presenters whose papers are accepted for presentation, but are not among the Shapley-Booth awardees, may wish to apply for other financial support opportunities through IRAS and Star Island, including:
Two IRAS Memorial Student Scholarships for current undergraduate and graduate students, which cover recipients' registration, room and board.
Two Griswold Scholarships, available for first-time IRAS conferees over the age of 55, which cover registration and a small portion of room and board expense.
Need-based financial support offered collaboratively through IRAS and Star Island. All conferees are eligible to apply.
The deadline for proposals is January 16, 2023. We intend to inform on acceptance and on fellowships before the end of February 2023. Proposals should include an abstract of not more than 400 words, prepared for anonymous review, with 5 to 10 keywords. Proposals can be submitted using the form below.
Title of Contribution *
Abstract *
Please include an abstract of no more than 400 words
Include up to 10 keywords on your topic: *
Are you currently a student? *
With questions on short papers, please approach Arthur Petersen, arthur.petersen@ucl.ac.uk

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Round 2 of Holiday Mini-Shoots! Check out the first batch here. Enjoy!
This year I did mini-shoots to raise money for World Vision. Read all about it here. On the first day of our mini-shoots, we photographed in downtown Lakeland. All three families were so wonderful to work with as we dodged the crowds enjoying the car show. We snuck into an alley behind Black and Brew and photographed all of them there because there weren't any antique cars to see in the alley way, thus there were no crowds there. It was very busy downtown! The alley I usually photograph in was occupied with a film crew for a short film. It was a fun challenge to photograph around people on this busy weekend in Lakeland.
Here is a preview of their images.


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Director: Mary Tallman, Spike Lee
Actors: Angela Bassett, D. B. Sweeney, Dave Chappelle, David Patrick Kelly, Jennifer Hudson, John Cusack, Nick Cannon, Samuel L. Jackson, Teyonah Parris, Wesley Snipes
In the tradition of "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" comes this refreshing comedy about a rebellious prankster with a crafty mind and a heart of gold. Rascal. Joker. Dreamer. Genius… You've…
Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son
FBI agent Malcolm Turner and his 17-year-old son, Trent, go undercover at an all-girls performing arts school after Trent witnesses a murder. Posing as Big Momma and Charmaine, they must…
Jim Henson's Turkey Hollow
Jim Henson's Turkey Hollow follows a family who goes on a hunt for a Bigfoot-like creature called the Howling Hoodoo during a visit to the house of their kooky aunt…
Genre: Adventure, Comedy, Family, TV Movie
4 for Texas
Frank Sinatra plays a tough guy who hooks up with fellow rat packer Dean Martin to open a casino in this western.
Genre: Comedy, Western
My Alien Girlfriend
A nerdy yourube broadcaster is visited by an alien that takes the form of a famous SciFI babe on the weekend before his marriage. His life gets a little complicated…
During a snowy winter in the small fictional town of Knight's Ridge, Massachusetts, a group of lifelong buddies hang out, drink and struggle to connect with the women who affect…
Perfect on Paper
Portland book editor Natalie Holland has chosen the wrong guy – another underachiever – once again. With her life going nowhere fast, she accepts a job offer from publisher and…
Genre: Comedy, Family, Romance, TV Movie
After a police chase with an otherworldly being, a New York City cop is recruited as an agent in a top-secret organization established to monitor and police alien activity on…
Genre: Action, Adventure, Comedy, Science Fiction
James Hatcher embezzles ten million dollars from a joint mafia/CIA operation, leaving them squabbling with each other. Unemployed Lewis Kinney gets caught up in the intrigue, and must try to…
Genre: Action, Comedy, Thriller
Matchmaker, Dolly Levi takes a trip to Yonkers, New York to see the "well-known unmarried half-a-millionaire," Horace Vandergelder. While there, she convinces him, his two stock clerks and his niece…
Genre: Comedy, Family, Music, Romance
Amy's Orgasm
Amy is a single 29 year old Jewish woman. She wrote a successful self-help book about how women can't truly be in love and experience "mental orgasm." Her parents and…
Swing Vote
In a remarkable turn of events, the result of the presidential election comes down to one man's vote.
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As we research home security system reviews we are moving into times that seem to be getting harder for a lot of folks. I have personally heard of many break-ins here around where I live! I live out in the country and if it is happening here I can just imagine how often this is happening around more populated areas.
As drugs become more and more prominent in the teenage culture, crime rises more and more! Break-ins are becoming a very common thing. The sad part is that many of the drug addicts are becoming hardened criminals and carrying weapons with them to force people to give them money! It will never get better until the culture changes. I do not foresee that in the near future. If you are concerned about who is prowling around your home and property at nights, check out the Home Security System Reviews below.
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With a Home Security System, you can monitor your own home and surrounding property and see who is there at all times. Then if a crime is happening, the law can be notified and the criminals can be caught in the act!
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Are you content that when you leave on vacation or travel for a visit that you can know what is happening at home?
Can you be assured that you can see who is in and around your home when you are gone?
Thank you for stopping by. We appreciate you reading our article on Home Security System Reviews. Don't forget, the review is FREE!


12 March 2019 – Thirteen-year-old Jasmin from Badush village in Mosul calmly sits despondent and quiet on his wheelchair at the WHO-supported emergency orthopaedic centre in Sulymania. His face bears the scars of recent injuries; his smile is mixed with joy and sadness but testifies to his hope for a better future.
"I want to be able to walk on my own again," says Jasmin, with his uncle by his side. "I want to go back to school and be a policeman so that I can keep law and order in my community," he says.
"I'm doing my best to remain positive about my situation and very much looking forward to when I will be able to walk on my own two feet again," he adds.
Jasmin and other patients wait for their prosthetic limbs at the emergency orthopaedic centre in SulymaniaTens of thousands of people have lost limbs in Iraq's 4-year crisis. Jasmin is one of the hundreds of beneficiaries who have received support from WHO and the Italian nongovernmental organization EMERGENCY. This support ensures the referral of patients from Mosul to the orthopaedic centre in Sulymania free of charge.
In October 2017, an improvised explosive device went off injuring Jasmin and killing 2 of his brothers while they played at home. His brothers died instantly but Jasmin survived although doctors were unable to save his legs. "After the explosion, I took Jasmin to a hospital in west Mosul where both of his legs were amputated. However, months later a mobile team from Handicap International visited our village and referred us to a prosthetic centre in Mosul, and eventually, we were brought to Sulymania Orthopaedic unit," said Jasmin's uncle, Mahmoud.
Mahmoud adds that Jasmin lost both his parents and another brother during the Mosul conflict, and his only hope for a better future depends on his ability to regain his mobility and independence with his new prosthetic limbs.
Inside the emergency orthopaedic centre workshop where prosthetics are madeThe rehabilitation of trauma victims from Mosul is essential for proper reintegration of all war casualties back to their communities, WHO aims to ensure that no one is left behind by collaborating with EMERGENCY, who are running the prosthetics centre.
In this partnership arrangement, WHO fully funds the transfer and treatment of all patients referred from Mosul to the centre. This assistance has been made possible through funds from the German Government.


Man-made Knowledge: Will it At any time Take a Place of the Human Care?
The increase of systems at the moment has brought about the appearance of assorted market sectors of the economic system. Devices intended every day are augmenting lifestyle and allowing it to be extremely less complicated and now have setup overtaking completely different procedures performed by individuals. Unnatural cleverness denotes information represented by applications and laptops. A lot of experts claim that manufactured learning ability certainly is the approach and analysis of sensible technology. Any equipment observed to become reasonable whether its growth renders it have an understanding of its ecosystem and presume measures which can augment its good results probability (Berlatsky, 2011).research paper writing high school The essay will inform why year's afterwards synthetic intellect could law and defeat a persons thoughts.
People allege how the extremely important breakthrough that should overpower the whole world are the main equipment that should believe the technological innovation of self-replication. Among the famous cliches from Hollywood claims that man-made learning ability can take around the globe could in the near future are a real life. Annual, the thought ability and velocity of artificial learning ability doubles, when the human being brain power and momentum is not going to. Administration relevant firms and companies are supplying billion dollars of dollars to your increase of the human amount of man-made intellect. Investigators say in which the growth of manufactured cleverness will presume emergency preferences and controls like individual (Harris, 2011). In the examine, our closing technology, James Barrat suggests that our deterioration is credited because of the coldness of unnatural knowledge. Barrat carries on are convinced that the present point enhancements have equivalent levels of the man imagination, while some have exceeded the mind in numerous dimensions, a stern warning that years to come equipments will defeat human intelligence (2013). In line with Berlatsky, persons are usually not muscular, but intelligent a feature that creates them propel the long term. Berlatsky stories that when man made learning ability products come to be better, they may presume the tasks of people and shove the long run, as a consequence repulsing men that power. Units and products are meant to help make careers easier and help out with completely different condition, however, not presuming the targets of mankind (2011). In line with David, individuals will need to try to take on Theodore advice that any time you show an individual's intellect but not their behaviors is much like workout a menace towards the area. Yudkowsky as part of his investigate claimed that artificial intelligence will hardly ever despise or adore you, but tend to use the body for use given that they comprise atoms (2013).
Manufactured intelligence could quickly outdo human being knowledge as people today really care drastically in regards to the subsequent existence instead of what it will require. What after that comes with aspects like personal-duplicating various gadgets, products which could unravel composite trouble affiliated to engineering and mathematics and finish these problems within minutes day by day without any sleep at night or premium coffee burst (Harris, 2011). Man-made learning ability has irrespective taken over in numerous professions like back-up and support attendants, banks, and journey attendants. Synthetic intelligence machines are remaining utilized to present sustain and provide answers to specialised doubts simply because suppose a very accurateness than people. IBM is creating like computer software and contains caused many getting rid of their professions. Decrease in tasks to man-made equipment is definitely an indicator they have started executing mankind since they are considerably better in presuming their get the job done (Frankish, & In Ramsey, 2014). Conclusion The occasions earlier mentioned absolutely are a hint of your power that unnatural cleverness is conquering across the human thoughts. Unnatural learning ability breakthroughs really needs to be created for assuring they make the existence of life sensible and better and not just endanger the existence of human being daily life. Research workers and developer really have to layout systems that will aid in several areas within the economic conditions whereas counting on human beings solely. Such type of improvements will make sure that man made cleverness will likely not endanger human being existence.
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Chelmsford Conservatives
Working Hard for the City of Chelmsford
Vicky Ford
Donate/Join Us
Housing The Nation
Embedded video for Housing The Nation
Investing £44 billion to deliver an average of 300,000 new homes a year. We're investing £44 billion to reach an average 300,000 new homes per year and, at the Autumn Budget 2017, we announced a comprehensive package which will raise housing supply by the end of this Parliament to its highest level since 1970s. SOURCE: Autumn Budget, 22 November 2017
Helped over 130,000 households with their deposits with Help-to-Buy. We are helping people to achieve the dream of home ownership and more than 130,000 completions have now taken place through the Help to Buy Equity Loan scheme. The scheme offers buyers up to 20 per cent in an equity loan so they only need to provide a 5 per cent deposit. SOURCE: DCLG, 2 October 2017
Abolished Stamp Duty for over 80 per cent of first time buyers. At the Autumn Budget, we abolished Stamp Duty for properties below £300,000 for first-time buyers to help young people buy their first home. This means 80 per cent of first-time buyers will pay no Stamp Duty at all and 95 per cent of first time buyers are saving money due to the change. SOURCE: Autumn Budget, 22 November 2017
We have published a draft bill to ban letting fees to make renting fairer and easier for tenants. This will enable them to see what a given property will cost them at the advertised rent level without additional hidden costs. SOURCE: DCLG, 1 November 2017
Tackling homelessness by investing over £1 billion by 2020. We are spending more than £1 billion up to 2020 on the implementation of the most ambitious legislative reform in decades - the Homelessness Reduction Act 2017 - and establishing a homelessness and rough sleeping implementation taskforce. SOURCE: Hansard, Vol. 632 Col. 669, 4 December 2017
By joining the Conservative Party, you're doing your bit to help change Britain.
Your support is vital to our campaign to build a better future.
We need to build a strong voice for local Conservatives and we can only do that with your help.
Any donation will make a difference.
Chelmsford Conservatives Working Hard for the City of Chelmsford
Promoted by Christine Garrett on behalf of Vicky Ford and Chelmsford Conservatives, both of 88 Rectory Lane, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1RF
Donate or Join the Conservative Party
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There are several procedures which are used in pain management. The various procedures range from conservative non-invasive treatments to surgery. The type of treatment used is determined by the level of pain and also the cause. Most doctors treat lower back pain with the simple non-medical treatments first, before relying on medication along with other procedures. The patient's specific condition will determine the task that will be the best option, but doctors will always begin with all the treatment plans which can be not invasive.
Professor Fonarow states numerous studies had indicated that many of these medications are linked with an increased probability of cardiovascular events, particularly if used for a lengthier duration of time and higher doses. It is still unclear regarding the extent from the risk and the way the cardiovascular risk can deviate between different NSAIDs. Dr. Fonarow would not take part in the study.
Other patients require a laminectomy, involving removal of the whole lamina. Most doctors don't recommend surgery to take care of back pain as a result of risks involved. If, however, it is necessary, they have to ensure that the individual is in a healthy enough condition to recoup fully. Surgery is often reserved for people who are healthy and relatively younger, because they are more likely to have complete recovery.
Other patients require a laminectomy, , involving removal of your entire lamina. Most doctors usually do not recommend surgery to deal with back pain as a result of risks involved. If, however, it is vital, they must ensure that the individual is in a healthy enough condition to recoup fully. Surgery is often available to people who are healthy and relatively younger, since they are more likely to have complete recovery.
One of the first treatment plans applied to those being affected by back pain is exercise. It is usually used when the patient has mild to moderate lumbar pain. The exercises used are mainly non-weight exercises which might be recommended by physiotherapists. It is important to not put a lot of pressure around the back throughout the exercises. Water exercises or swimming are generally especially beneficial.
Chiropractic restores functioning, aides in injury prevention and immensely decrease pain levels. Chiropractic is proven valuable also inside areas of carpal tunnel symptoms, headaches, migraines, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia among numerous conditions.


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Tindall eyes 'amazing' Olympic call-up
Date: May 03, 2016 @ 16:43pm
Tindall was named BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 2006
Zara Tindall will look to stake a claim for Olympic selection at the Badminton Horse Trials, which begin on Thursday.
The 34-year-old former world champion is on High Kingdom, the horse that took her to team silver at London 2012.
"I have got to have good qualifying. It is also about a good result," said Tindall, the Queen's granddaughter.
"It would be amazing to go to the Olympics, and it is something we are all working towards, but it is competition by competition."
High Kingdom is still to qualify for Rio, having missed almost all of last year through injury.
"The Olympics is the place to be," added Tindall. "It is where you want to be, with the rest of the world's sport. It is a unique championship, and to be able to represent your country there is phenomenal."
Meanwhile, Olympic and European champion Michael Jung will look to land eventing's richest prize by completing the Grand Slam at Badminton.
The German, 33, is hoping to take home the £240,000 awarded to any rider who wins consecutive Burghley, Kentucky and Badminton crowns.
Briton William Fox-Pitt, winner in 2015, is among those to miss Badminton.
Three-time winner Pippa Funnell and New Zealand's former world number one Andrew Nicholson are also absent.
Other British riders looking to secure a place at the Rio Olympics include 2009 winner Oliver Townend and European Championship campaigners Nicola Wilson, Gemma Tattersall and Laura Collett.
Badminton Horse Trials – BBC coverage
Saturday – 11:20-17:10: Red Button, Connected TV and online
Sunday – 14:00 – 16:00: BBC radio 5 live sports extra, BBC Two and online
Tags:badminton horsehigh kingdomhorse trials
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Next : How We Epically Obliterated an $800 Lego Star Destroyer
BBC Sport agrees new Badminton deal
Samsung is launching a $150M fund to invest in emerging tech startups
Update: Apple says no plans to manufacture products at Mesa, Arizona site
January 09, 2017 @ 10:12am
Hawkins brothers to run Rio marathon
April 25, 2016 @ 10:36am


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Five objections to using decision science in conservation
Home / Five objections to using decision science in conservation
By Hugh Possingham (University of Queensland) Oct 1, 2013
And why they are wrong
Author's note: In this issue of Decision Point we have discussed the application of decision science and making more of models (pages 4,5), structured decision making (pages 6-11) and adaptive management (pages 12,13). This is the core territory of our two centres. While the advantages of this approach to conservation are spelt out in multiple ways throughout this and every issue of Decision Point, it's important to note that many people still have objections to the use of decision science for a variety of reasons. Back in 2009 I wrote an editorial on this very topic for one of the early issues of Decision Point and it seems timely to reproduce it here. The text is largely unaltered from then, and the Stefan Hajkowicz (2008) reference on NRM expenditure is still relevant: we're still spending billions of dollars on the environment in a largely ad hoc, unaccountable and opaque fashion. While systematic spatial conservation planning tools are now the norm, simpler non-spatial tools for prioritisation, like cost-effectiveness, are only just starting to be used. Further, the recent Senate Inquiry into the Effectiveness of threatened species and ecological communities' protection in Australia uncovered people expressing discomfort (or disquiet) with using rational repeatable processes for allocating government funds. So it's a good time to face the doubters again. Hugh Possingham, Director, Environmental Decision Group
Since 1994 I have given over 300 seminars to every manner of audience on how decision science can inform environmental management. In that time I've received a wide range of arguments about why decision theory tools should not be applied to conservation problems. Sometimes people reject the general message that anything could be wrong with current decision making. Sometimes they take exception to the details in specific case studies. Sometimes they just get a little angry.
I'd like to take a moment and review the most common objections and suggest that they are wrong. But I'm going to go further and say that natural resource management in Australia must embrace the tools of decision science, like every other rational profession, from medicine to engineering (and it needs to happen sooner than later).
It's important to dispel the myths surrounding these objections. To ignore the value of environmental decision science is to repeat the many mistakes that we have made in the last two decades. As a nation we're failing hopelessly to secure our most precious and unique natural asset – Australia's biodiversity. Since 1990, the Australian federal government has announced seven major natural resource programs collectively worth $6.51 billion (Hajkowicz, 2009). In almost every case the allocation decisions continue to be ad hoc and opaque (despite a lot of excellent advice, see 'Why INFFER').
So, here are the five most common objections with their strengths and weaknesses.
Objection 1: It's based on models
"This is all ecological modelling and ecological models are all wrong."
Well, of course, this is correct; all models of everything are wrong. The only perfect model for something is the thing itself, and then it ceases to be a model. However models are our only way of predicting the future and if you are a manager you must be predicting the future as a consequence of actions – otherwise you could never take an action. Hence, by definition, every manager, indeed every human being, is a modeller – it is just that most don't use maths.
Furthermore there is confusion between what is a model, what is a problem and what is an algorithm. Much of decision theory is about mathematically defining a problem with objectives and constraints. This is the translation of human hopes, dreams and fears into maths, another language. It is not classical ecological modelling. Often there are some more typical ecological models (that either predict in space and time) that lie inside the problem definition, and they should be scrutinised with care. Finally we use algorithms, not models, to find good solutions to the problem (not the model). If one uses mathematically credible algorithms (not scoring systems or overlays of GIS maps) then the solutions are likely to be close to correct.
(See Decision Point #22 for a more detailed discussion on this point.)
Objection 2: It's all economics
"The principles of decision theory are founded in economics and it is economics that has made a mess of the world. Decision science is the tool of the Devil."
You can kill someone with a hammer but it doesn't mean that hammers are bad tools. The tools we use are largely from a branch of mathematics called operations research, designed to solve mathematically well-defined problems. These tools are used by engineers, mathematicians and economists (mathematicians who know some big complex words).
The tools of decision science drive most small scale (micro-economic) decisions from how to supply troops in a battle, to oil refineries ordering crude supplies, to airline companies devising their plane schedules.
One aspect of decision science that really irks some people (and is very much an economic way of thinking) is that we generally need to give every value a numerical quantity. Typically economists deal mainly with money, but environmental values often deal with things that at first glance seem harder to quantify – threatened species, ecosystem services and social values.
However, with thought, most can be quantified, albeit with some uncertainty (see point 5) and they do not have to be turned into dollars and cents for them to be used in decision science. One algorithm that provides good solutions to many conservation problems involves ranking actions in terms of their cost-effectiveness – that is their biodiversity benefit divided by their cost (in dollars). This simply requires an integrated and numerical measure of the biodiversity benefits of an action.
Objection 3: It's too cumbersome
"Using decision theory takes too long. While the general idea is good, we haven't got the time or money to use these approaches."
In cases where decisions are small and once-off, you are correct, spending money on using or developing a decision theory tool is like cracking a nut with a steam roller. However tools are becoming easier and easier to use, and many environmental management problems involve millions of dollars. In most cases the use of an approach or tool will save money and biodiversity. Or, more uncharitably, if you are not using the most appropriate decision theory tools you may well be consigning some biodiversity to extinction!
"I'd describe them all as myths that the nation can no longer afford to accept."
Developing decision theory tools might slow some projects down. In many cases, however, the focus provided by formulating and solving an explicit problem speeds things up. For example consider the project prioritisation protocol (PPP) that the New Zealand environment department has developed and used in partnership with the Environmental Decision Group (Joseph et al, 2009). In less than three years they have not only developed action plans for over 600 species, they have costed and prioritised them – all because the decision-making framework made recovery planning more focussed. Australian agencies have been developing recovery plans for two decades at huge expense: many remain unfinished or incomplete.
See Decision Point #29 for a description of how PPP works.
Objection 4: It's a black box
"Nobody wants to have a computer tell them what to do. 'Black-box' solutions to problems will never fly with politicians and stake-holders."
You are correct, which is why we always say that these approaches and tools inform decisions rather than make decisions. There are invariably considerations that cannot be accommodated in the formulation of a complex socio-ecological problem – so we need some wiggle room.
As far as black-boxes are concerned – so what? What percentage of the public know how planes fly, or hand calculators calculate, or microwaves cook? Although, if you want to look a bit more closely at the mechanism inside a decision-tool black box, you might be surprised at how simple they are. Many decision-making tools are much simpler than people think if they are explained well and people take some time to work with them. (Consider for example our 'Marxan out of the box' discussion in Decision Point #62)
Objection 5: There's too much uncertainty
"There is too much uncertainty and risk to use a decision theory approach. Furthermore, optimisation is not robust."
Uncertainty and risk are rife in ecological systems – and we face it far more than, say, an engineer (but no more than economists or doctors). Fortunately the mathematicians have many ways of rigorously accounting for uncertainty in decision-making – indeed if a system has a lot of randomness then it is even more important to take a formal quantitative decision-making approach. Furthermore, the ideas of 'active adaptive management' (see Decision Point #17) and 'value of information theory' (see Decision Point #67) enables us to include the benefits of learning in prioritising our actions.
Some people think that decision theory tools can only deliver perfect but fragile solutions – however there are many algorithms for obtaining robust solutions, solutions that deliver reasonable results under a lot of randomness and uncertainty.
So there are 'my' five objections to decision science (they are really classes or streams of objections rather than specific snipes), and I'd describe them all as myths that the nation can no longer afford to accept. After peddling the decision-theory message for 20 years, I think the message is unanimous and unambiguous – it is now the responsibility of managers and policy-makers to make use of the best available science and tools.
Hajkowicz SA. (2009) The Evolution of Australia's Natural Resource Management Programs: Towards improved targeting and evaluation of investments. Land Use Policy 26: 471-478. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.06.004
Joseph LN, Maloney RF & Possingham HP (2009) Optimal Allocation of Resources among Threatened Species: a Project Prioritization Protocol. Conservation Biology 23:328-338.
Science & policy development (and NERP)
What is adaptive management?
#74 October 2013
SDM out of the box
This issue is about models and frameworks for making robust decisions. Sounds a bit dry? Well, not the way we tell it. The stories gathered here make a compelling case for the appropriate use of models and frameworks like structured decision making (SDM), and it's not hard to see the passion that lies between our [...]
SDM for wildlife disease outbreaks
Structured decision making (SDM) is the theme of this issue of Decision Point and in the following pages we show how it can be applied to a variety of resourcing issues from camping in the Grampians to trampling in the intertidal (see several related articles in this issue). In this research brief, SDM is applied [...]
Why INFFER?
The quality of decision making by environmental managers may be enhanced by the use of formal decision frameworks to assist with the development and evaluation of prospective projects. Various decision tools and frameworks have been used in biodiversity conservation (Examples include Assets, Threats and Solvability (ATS); Conservation Action Planning (CAP); multicriteria andscape assessment and optimisation [...]
A model solution for good conservation
Making models indispensable in conservation decision-making
A decision framework driven by the decision makers
Managers of the environment are routinely faced with making complex decisions with little information and high levels of uncertainty. It's a tough ask, but that's their job. When decisions have to be made regardless of these constraints, structured decision making (often simply referred to as SDM) is a useful tool for guiding managers through the [...]
Case study 1: A camping we will go
SDM to inform management of recreational impacts on a national park
Case study 4: The manager's perspective
Parks Victoria and SDM
The evidence on adaptive management
Everyone is talking about it but how many are actually doing it?
Translocation in a time of climate change
The translocation of species for conservation involves both the restoration of historic populations (moving organisms to where they once occurred) to managing the relocation of imperiled species to new locations (moving organisms from a place where they are increasingly unable to survive to a place where they might be able to thrive, say in the [...]
Case study 2: Trampling through the intertidal
Exploring management thresholds for Victoria's Marine National Parks
Case study 3: Shaking the status quo
Decision support for a large, multi-faceted resource allocation problem
The Australian Government has recently released a report on 'the place of science policy development in the Public Service'. The study holds up NERP as an example of how science can effectively influence policy. The Place of Science in Policy Development in the Public Service systematically reviewed the ways in which scientific input is used [...]
What's the point? Give me a home among the gum trees!
Pictured below is an eastern yellow robin building its nest in a gum tree using thin strips of red stringybark. The nest also contains flakes of box gum, yellow box and long-leaf box delicately woven into the rim, or stitched to form a hanging skirt around the side of the nest. A beautiful bird building [...]
The clearest and most succinct definition that we are aware of is given by Williams et al. (2009): 'Adaptive management is a systematic approach for improving resource management by learning from management outcomes.' This general goal can be implemented using a range of methods, as appropriate to each study system. Share this articleEmailPrint Related


Bee By The Sea Body Cream. After your morning shower and before your busy day begins, take some time to rejuvenate your skin with 'Bee By The Sea' Body Cream. 'Bee By The Sea' is a thick, rich, cream that will soak into your skin and leave you feeling smooth, soft, relaxed and ready for the day ahead. Its all natural ingredients include the oil from Sea Buckthorn plants, which contain one of the best sources of anti-oxidants for your body, along with Honey, Royal Jelly and all the vitamins that make this cream a winner. 'Bee By The Sea' will help you to rejuvenate and restore moisture to those dry and damaged areas and will keep your skin soft all day long. Our signature Sea Buckthorn Body Cream in a convenient 75ml travel sized tube! Our same signature Sea Buckthorn Body Cream that you know and love - now in a convenient travel size. Perfect for nourishing and pampering your skin while on the go!Tube: 75ml. Ingredients: Aqua, Carthamus Tinctorious (safflower) seed oil, Aloe Barbadensis leaf juice, Honey, Tocopheryl Acetate, Panax Ginseng Root Extract, Cyclopentasiloxane, Hippophae Rhamnoids (Sea Buckthorn) oil, Royal Jelly, Panthenol, Polysorbate 20, Parfum (contains 100% pure sweet almond oil), Retinyl Palmitate, Ascorbic Acid Benefits of Sea Buckthorn If you haven't heard of Sea Buckthorn yet, you will soon! The incredible healing properties of this plant have been well known and documented in Eastern Europe and Asia for centuries but only recently has it been recognized in North America. Sea Buckthorn is known to combat dry and prematurely aging skin as well as skin irritations such as rosacea, eczema, psoriasis, burns (radiation and sun), and damaged skin due to laser surgery. The fruit and oils are ideal for skin and hair health due to high levels of the following nutrients: rich in Omega 3-6-9 and 7! As much as 15 times the Vitamin C of oranges per volume! the second highest natural source of Vitamin E in the plant world loaded with Beta Carotene high levels of Corticoids, Tocopherols, Flavenoids, and 18 Amino Acids that are beneficial for healing! Our skin care line is specifically blended using the right mixture of fruit, seed, and pulp Sea Buckthorn oils in combination with honey, royal jelly, and other healthy ingredients. As a food source, Sea Buckthorn fruit is considered one of the new "super foods" of North America. Since being introduced to North America more than a decade ago, the fruit has been made available in a number of foods. Keeping in mind that Sea Buckthorn is a citrus fruit, jams and juices are the most common uses.


Inserting Footnotes in Word 2016 for Windows To insert footnotes in Microsoft Word 2016 for Windows , follow these steps: Place the cursor in the text where the footnote mark should be located.... Insert Header/Footer in Word Document in C# Word header appears in the top of each page in a document, while Word footer appears in the bottom. Header and footer can be text or images, for example, document title, time and date, page numbers, company logo etc.
The Insert area in the Header & Footer Tools Design tab sports a Picture button, which you can use to browse for graphical images that you can insert into the header. Of course, you can insert any graphical image by using Word's various graphics and drawing commands.... Inserting Footnotes in Word 2016 for Windows To insert footnotes in Microsoft Word 2016 for Windows , follow these steps: Place the cursor in the text where the footnote mark should be located.
Here is a way to insert a hyperlink in MS Word: 1. Open the MS Word. 2. Now insert header and footer in the word document. 3. Now go to the footer and type a web address or any other thing which you want to hyperlink.


Masters of Horror: season 1, episode 2This short story was just not my cup of tea. I struggled through it, but it was a hard, hard story to complete.
We had to read this for class, along with At The Mountains of Madness (also by Lovecraft), and I have to say that I enjoyed this one much more than ATMM.
Read this as part of The Complete Works of H.P. Lovecraft.A delightfully creepy story - though one wonders why the students insisted on living in such a place. I think I would've rather slept outside than slept in this house. A very solid entry in Lovecraft's Cthulhu mythos.
This was a very powerful and vivid story. Lovecraft used his theme of long walks in this story and it worked in rather well.
4.25 stars. Well this was weird? Review to come.
After having gotten side-tracked by Stephen King's delicious The Bazaar of Bad Dreams I got back to the second half of this wonderfully creepy classic. Lovecraft may have been a racist, and some of his depictions of "foreigners" and "immigrants" in this story illustrate that xenophobic stereotyping, but he was still a master at crafting delightfully eerie tales of the weird and disturbing. This is a perfect example.
Here we have Lovecraft's take on a wicked witch, and it's one of my favorites. You've got most of the classic themes - strange math and weird geometry, different dimensions and higher states of being, a historical mystery whose unraveling leads to madness and insanity, deals with shadowy avatars and strange unnatural creatures - what's not to love.
I've enjoyed the Lovecraft shorts I've read so far, but the prose is too melodramatic for me to get into The Dreams of the Witch House.The introduction explains that H.P. Lovecraft wrote it in frustration after At The Mountains of Madness was rejected multiple times for publication. It may be that he decided to write a classic witches story to appeal to a wider audience.
Un relato sobre brujería que dice mucho del estilo lovecraftiano. Definitivamente uno de mis favoritos. Por lo general, no me generan ninguna inquietud las brujas, pero a medida que el relato se desarrollaba algo adentro me daba vueltas, pertubándome, iniquietándome. Supongo que es la magia que este gran autor logra generar en sus escritos.
my first venture into h.p.lovecraft's work. pretty great. creepy and complex all in one short read.


text:
The 1947–48 SK Rapid Wien season was the 50th season in club history.

Squad

Squad and statistics

Squad statistics

Fixtures and results

League

Cup

References

1947-48 Rapid Wien Season
Rapid
Austrian football championship-winning seasons

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On this full moon walk, Brandon and I went on a letter box search in town. I found out today that there were a half dozen letterboxes placed within walking distance of our homes. Why not add the hunt to the evening walk? Brandon took along his buddy Nate and off we went.
The photos were taken by flashlight in the overgrown box location that was once a baseball field for the Atlas Tack nail factory. Atlas Tack is a super fund sight that has the following paragraph on the government "scorecard"
Nice. But we did find the box and signed ourselves as "amidnightrider and the kid"
This may become a regular offering in my travels. Looking up clues, finding and signing into letterboxes.
I'll look into this letterboxing thing.
My daughter was into letterboxing a few years back. We would work it into our vacations and it was great at keeping up her enthusiasm. It might be fun to combine bike/day touring with it.
I guess I need to get out more. Pay more attention to what is hip at the moment. I had no clue about letter boxing. It sounds like a real hoot. It also has a sinister and anti government feel to it. Secret messages passed from one stranger to another in receptacles placed in public areas. I wonder if this is making the NSA nervous.
I did some research on letterbox locations in my area. And what do I find? Someone has placed two in the Mary's Park across the road from my house. I was the first person to sign in.
There are advantages to having riddeen a mountain bike in this area for over 20 years. The others I noticed in the area will be easy to find. I know where they are and even some short cuts to cut out the hassle of a long walk. My next goal is coming up with my own personal stamp.
To be a good human being is to procure a amiable of openness to the in the seventh heaven, an ability to trusteeship aleatory things beyond your own restrain, that can take you to be shattered in very exceptionally circumstances as which you were not to blame. That says something remarkably outstanding with the prerequisite of the principled compulsion: that it is based on a conviction in the unpredictable and on a willingness to be exposed; it's based on being more like a weed than like a sparkler, something rather fragile, but whose extremely particular attraction is inseparable from that fragility.


Highlights of the New Testament presents the New Testament books in the order they were written, and/or grouped according to a common setting. Each lesson considers the author's response to the life situation which prompted the book's message.
For example, Mark wrote his Gospel during a time of great persecution, in order to strengthen Christians in their faithfulness to Jesus. Paul wrote to the church at Thessalonica in defense of his mission and to encourage new Christians faced with opposition from Jewish leaders. James wrote to a church that was still meeting in the synagogue, worshipping side by side with fellow Jews who did not recognize Jesus as the promised Messiah. This study will help you gain a fresh perspective on the total message of the New Testament.


Topic: Filing a Texas Wrongful Death Claim – Call (214) 747-5240 for Help Now!
Our Dallas Wrongful Death Lawyers have 36 years of experience in winning and maximizing claims.
If you've lost a loved one because of someone else's negligence, our Dallas wrongful death lawyers are here to help you through the difficult process of holding the wrongdoer accountable. Call (214) 747-5240 now for a free consultation. There is never a cost unless we win a recovery.
Our attorneys will work hard to level the playing field, which will improve your chance of obtaining justice. Our Dallas wrongful death attorneys and in-house private investigator will get to work fast. Below is some of the information you need to know.
No win no fee wrongful death lawyers in Dallas, Plano, Frisco, and Fort Worth.
The decisions you and your family make will prove vital to the outcome of your claim. You only have one chance to tell your loved one's story the right way. A number of strategic decisions must be made immediately. Evidence must be gathered immediately. Experts may be required immediately.
Our injury law firm, with locations in Dallas, Plano, Frisco, and Fort Worth, has vast experience handling Texas wrongful death claims. Allow us to intelligently, carefully and strategically fight for you and your deceased family member.
Remember: The wrongdoer and/or their insurance company are already assessing and strategizing how to deal with your Texas wrongful death claim.
They may be aiming to delay, deny or minimize it. If you wait to find out, it could be too late. If you wait to hire a Dallas wrongful death lawyer, the wrongdoer may have the upper hand regarding a number of issues such as locating and questioning witnesses first, tampering with or destroying evidence or simply providing you with little to no information, leaving you in the dark and thus not truly knowing your rights.
How Do Texas Wrongful Death Claims Work?
What's the difference between a wrongful death claim and a survival action?
A wrongful death claim is brought by certain family members that directly suffer financial and/or emotional harm because of the untimely loss of a relative, caused by someone else's negligence or gross negligence.
A survival action is brought by the deceased's estate. The estate sues for the deceased's own harm and damages caused directly from someone else's negligence or gross negligence that resulted in their death.
The answer depends on who was harmed. Was it a father who died instantly and now can't support his children, or are we dealing with a single man who suffered a long, slow and painful death?
In the former situation, the children certainly should sue for the financial support they've now lost because of their father's untimely demise.
In the latter situation, there are no children, but the estate can sue for the pain, suffering, physical impairment, mental anguish, and any medical bills sustained by the victim in the days or weeks leading up to his death. Of course, there are situations where wisdom dictates it's best to file both causes of action.
You may find these wrongful death FAQs helpful.
Who is able to file a wrongful death suit?
Are siblings allowed to file a wrongful death suit?
No, siblings do not have this right.
Remember: Monies recovered from a survivor action goes to the estate, and if the deceased had a will and that will names a sibling as a beneficiary then the sibling will indirectly benefit from the lawsuit.
Can the decedent's estate file a wrongful death suit?
The law in Texas generally is that the executor and/or administrator of the decedent's estate may file a wrongful death lawsuit if one has not been filed in the ninety (90) days following the decedent's death by his or her surviving spouse, children, or parent and/or guardian.
Remember: An exception to the general rule exists if the estate has been forbidden to file a lawsuit by one of the parties referenced above.
What are the elements that must be established to file a wrongful death action?
In Texas a suit must be filed by the decedent's surviving spouse, parent, or child as discussed above. In addition, a person or corporation must have committed a wrongful act that caused injuries to the decedent resulting in his or her death.
Remember: It must also be established that the decedent would have been entitled to bring a personal injury action if he or she had survived. Also, the surviving spouse, parent, or child must also have suffered actual damages.
What damages are recoverable in a wrongful death cause of action brought by a surviving spouse, parent, or child?
Remember: A surviving spouse of a decedent or surviving children of a decedent can potentially recover punitive damages but this is not true of parents of a child.
What "actual damages" are recoverable by parents of a child who was a victim of a wrongful death?
Recoverable damages include monetary damages resulting from the death of the child (before and after the age of 18), damages for the termination of the parent-child relationship which is commonly referred to as "companionship and society", and mental anguish (emotional pain, torment, and suffering – sometimes submitted as grief and bereavement) resulting from the death.
What "actual damages" are recoverable by parents if the child was an adult at the time of his or her wrongful death?
The same damages as if the child was a minor.
What "actual damages" are recoverable by a wife or husband whose spouse was the victim of a wrongful death?
Recoverable damages include monetary loss due to the death of the spouse, damages for the termination of the spousal relationship (love, affection, comfort, sexual relationship), mental anguish caused by the death, and loss of inheritance (loss of future earning capacity / money that would have been added to the estate).
What "actual damages" are recoverable by a surviving child whose mother or father was the victim of a wrongful death?
Recoverable damages include monetary loss resulting from the death of the parent, damages for the cessation of the relationship (love, compassion, etc.), mental anguish, and loss of inheritance (if any).
What will a jury be allowed to consider when arriving at damages for mental anguish and/or loss of companionship?
Jurors are typically instructed that they can consider the relationship between the party and the deceased, living arrangements of the parties, any periods of extended absence, family harmony, and shared interests/activities.
Can you recover punitive damages if your child, spouse, or parent was the victim of a wrongful death?
Yes, if the loved one's death was the result of willful or grossly negligent conduct.
Remember: The caps on punitive damages laid out in the Tort Reform Act of 1995 are applicable.
Also Remember: Texas judges have limited the recovery of punitive damages in these claims to the surviving spouse and children. (Inexplicably) Parents are not able to recover punitive damages for the death of a child.
Can you recover damages for the wrongful death of a spouse if you were separated at the time?
Potentially. This is a very case specific inquiry and support (if any) you received from the decedent during the separation period prior to his or her death.
If you are pregnant can you recover for the wrongful death of a fetus?
Yes, but (again inexplicably) generally only if the fetus is born alive and subsequently dies.
A survival action is filed by or on behalf of an estate to recover damages the decedent who was the victim of a wrongful death sustained prior to his or her death.
Recoverable damages include physical pain and mental anguish suffered by the victim prior to his or her death, medical expenses incurred prior to the passing, funeral and burial expenses, property damages, and punitive damages.
Does the type of claim and/or action brought have any impact on hospital liens?
Yes, amounts recovered in a survival action are subject to a hospital lien while wrongful death damages generally are not.
In a survival action can the estate recover damages for physical pain and mental anguish if the victim was killed or lost consciousness quickly?
Probably not. Recovery of these damages is generally limited to instances in which conscious pain and suffering can be demonstrated – even if only for a short period of time.
A person is liable for damages arising from an injury that causes an individual's death if the injury was caused by the person's, his agent's or his servant's wrongful act, neglect, carelessness, un-skillfulness, or default.
The defendant is a proprietor, owner, charterer or hirer of an industrial or public utility plant or of a railway, street railway, steamboat, stagecoach or other vehicle for transportation of good or passengers and the death was caused by the person or his agent's wrongful act, neglect, carelessness, un-skillfulness, or default.
a bad or unsafe condition of the railroad, street railway, or other machinery under the person's control or operation.
A person is liable for damages arising from an injury that causes an individual's death if the person is a receiver, trustee, or other person in charge of or in control of a railroad, street railway, steamboat, stagecoach, or other vehicle for the transportation of goods or passengers, of an industrial or public utility plant, or of other machinery; and the action could have been brought against the owner of the railroad, street railway, or other machinery if he had been acting as operator.
This information is intended to help you prepare for filing a Texas wrongful death claim.
However, the information is not intended to replace sound and detailed case-specific legal advice from a qualified attorney. Allow the Dallas wrongful death lawyers at Mullen & Mullen Law Firm to partner with you in your quest for justice. Contact us today for a free legal consultation. We have offices in Dallas, Plano, Frisco, Fort Worth and serve the entire North Texas area.
When a Texas wrongful death claim is anticipated, it is crucial to preserve evidence and quickly begin an investigation into the cause of the accident. In addition, it is imperative to file a law suit prior to the statue of limitations deadline. If your loved one was killed, call us at (214) 747-5240 or submit a simple case form online.
The initial consultation is free, and if our Dallas wrongful death attorneys accept your case, we will work on a contingency basis and only get paid if we recover compensation for you. If you mention our website, we'll reduce your contingency fee from the standard 33.3% down to 29% if your case settles without filing a lawsuit. Only you can authorize the filing of a lawsuit.
If your loved one is the victim, you may be entitled to substantial compensation, but you must either settle or file suit before the statue of limitations expires. Don't delay; call our wrongful death lawyers in Dallas, Plano, Frisco, and Fort Worth today.
It's sad but true – innocent people are killed because of the careless or reckless actions of others. No one knows the precise numbers, but somewhere between 44,000 to 440,000 Americans die each year due at least partially due to preventable medical errors.
If you put it simply, wrongful death happens when your family member dies because of the negligence, recklessness, or intentional acts or misconduct of another. Some suits are filed after either a failed or successful criminal case. However, it is easier to prove than the alleged crime associated with it.
The most difficult aspect of any wrongful death claim is proving negligence. If someone was driving drunk and well over the legal BAC limit, negligence is easy to prove. But in cases where medical malpractice, it's not always so clear and often costs lots of time and money to show.
You might also hear this called "proving duty" which refers to the fact the defendant is liable to the decedent for a duty of "due care." Basically, that's a duty to keep the other person safe or not to do something that may harm another person.
Did the Defendant's Actions Cause Your Loved One's Death?
Showing causation can also be easy or amazingly difficult. If a car crash happens, it's comparatively easy to show the defendant's car did or did not cause the accident.
But again in cases where medical malpractice is involved, it gets very difficult to show negligence. For example, your loved one could die months or years after a negligent act (like prescribing the wrong medicine) happens.
If you show breach of duty and causation, damages are presumed because you showed the injured person was killed. However in cases where harm happens but not death, you can prove both of those but still lose the suit because you didn't prove the nature and extent of the harm.
It's sad other people make decisions which can cause the death of your loved one, but it's a reality you have to live with. If you find yourself in this heartbreaking situation, contact our Dallas wrongful death lawyers for a free consultation at (214) 747-5240.


text:
Q: Class not found in classes/controller/Controller.php in prestashop I added tab to my module
my Module looks like:
class CustomerClub extends Module
{
public function __construct()
    {
        $this->name = 'customerclub';
        $this->tab = 'pricing_promotion';
        $this->version = '1.0.0';
        $this->author = 'me';

        $this->need_instance = 0;
        $this->ps_versions_compliancy = array('min' => '1.6', 'max' => _PS_VERSION_);
        $this->controllers = array(
            'AdminCustomerClub',
        );

        $this->bootstrap = true;

        parent::__construct();

        $this->tabs = array();
        $this->tabs[] = array(
            'class_name' => 'AdminCustomerClub',
            'id_parent' => 0,
            'name' => $this->l('custmer club'),
            'visible' => true,
        );

        $this->displayName = $this->l('Customer Club');
        $this->description = $this->l('Manage Customer Club ');

        $this->confirmUninstall = $this->l('Are you sure you want to uninstall?');

        if (!Configuration::get('CUSTOMER_CLUB'))
            $this->warning = $this->l('No name provided');
    }
public function install()
    {
        if (Shop::isFeatureActive())
            Shop::setContext(Shop::CONTEXT_ALL);

        if (!parent::install() ||
            !Configuration::updateValue('CUSTOMER_CLUB', 'customer club') ||
            !$this->installModuleTab()
        )
            return false;

        return true;
    }
    public function installModuleTab()
    {
        foreach ($this->tabs as $myTab) {
            if (!Tab::getIdFromClassName($myTab['class_name'])) {
                $tab = new Tab();
                $tab->class_name = $myTab['class_name'];
                $tab->module = $this->name;

                if (isset($myTab['parent_class_name'])) {
                    $tab->id_parent = Tab::getIdFromClassName($myTab['parent_class_name']);
                } else {
                    $tab->id_parent = 0;
//                    $tab->id_parent = -1;
                }
                $tab->name = array();

                $languages = Language::getLanguages(ture);
                foreach ($languages as $lang) {
                    $tab->name[$lang['id_lang']] = $myTab['name'];
                }

                $tab->add();
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

}

and my extended controller class for admin module is this:
in : controllers/admin/AdminCustomerClubController.php
class AdminCustomerClubController extends ModuleAdminController
{

    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->module = 'customerclub'; //refers to your module's $this->name = 'productarticle';
        $this->bootstrap = true;
        $this->context = Context::getContext();

        parent::__construct();
    }
    public function init()
    {
        parent::init();
    }
//
    public function initContent()
    {
        parent::initContent();
        $this->setTemplate('output.tpl');

    }
}

and I also have a file in:
views/templates/admin/output.tpl
the menu is created but when I click on it it shows the following error:
Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Class 'AdminCustomerClubController' not found in /home/host/public_html/classes/controller/Controller.php:138 Stack trace: #0 /home/host/public_html/classes/Dispatcher.php(359): ControllerCore::getController('AdminCustom...') #1 /home/admin/public_html/admincp/index.php(58): DispatcherCore->dispatch() #2 {main} thrown in /home/host/public_html/classes/controller/Controller.php on line 138

I did delete cache/class_index.php, and it doesn't solve the error

A: Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Class 'AdminCustomerClubController' not found in /home/host/public_html/classes/controller/Controller.php:138 Stack trace: #0 /home/host/public_html/classes/Dispatcher.php(359): ControllerCore::getController('AradCustom...') #1 /home/arad2papcoiran/public_html/admincp/index.php(58): DispatcherCore->dispatch() #2 {main} thrown in /home/host/public_html/classes/controller/Controller.php on line 138

In this particular error I see :
ControllerCore::getController('AradCustom...') #1

Couldn't your error be actually linked to this custom controller, PrestaShop's trying to load when you access your AdminTab ?
Regards,

A: The problem occurred because I changed the tab class name, and in the next run didn't override it on the db, so I changed the value in DB and things started to work

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Over 3 years (43)
Materials Research (39)
Physics and Astronomy (39)
MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive (39)
Microscopy and Microanalysis (4)
Materials Research Society (39)
MiMi / EMAS - European Microbeam Analysis Society (4)
TEM Study of the Cobalt-Rich Hf-Co Intermetallic Compounds
X.-Z. Li, Y.-L. Jin, M.-Y. Wang, J.E. Shield, R. Skomski, D.J. Sellmyer
Journal: Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 22 / Issue S3 / July 2016
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 July 2016, pp. 1700-1701
Magnetic Domain Structure of Nanocrystalline Zr18-xHfxCo82 Ribbons: Effect of Hf
Lanping Yue, I. A. Al-Omari, Wenyong Zhang, Ralph Skomski, D. J. Sellmyer
Journal: MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1557 / 2013
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 October 2013, mrss13-1557-y05-09
Print publication: 2013
The effect of Hf on the permanent magnetism of nanocrystalline Zr18-xHfxCo82 ribbons (x = 0, 2, 4, and 6) was investigated by magnetic properties measurement and magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Emphasis is on the local magnetic domain structures in polycrystalline rapidly solidified Zr18-xHfxCo82 ribbons for four different samples with small fractions of Hf dopants (x ≤ 6). The investigation of the magnetic properties of the Zr18-xHfxCo82 ribbons revealed that all the samples under investigation are ferromagnetic at room temperature, and the corresponding MFM images show bright and dark contrast patterns with up-down magnetic domain structures. It is found that the saturation magnetization and the coercivity depend on Hf doping concentration x in the samples. For a sample with Hf concentration x = 4, the maximum energy product (BH)max value is 3.7 MGOe. The short magnetic correlation length of 131 nm and smallest root-mean-square phase shift value of 0.680 were observed for x = 4, which suggests the refinement of the magnetic domain structure due to weak intergranular exchange coupling in this sample. The above results indicate that suitable Hf addition is helpful for the magnetic domain structure refinement, the coecivity enhancement, and the energy-product improvement of this class of rare-earth-free nanocrystalline permanent-magnet materials.
Structural Investigation of Fe-doped SmCo4B Alloy System by TEM
X. Li, B. Das, B. Balamurugan, V.R. Shah, R. Skomski, D.J. Sellmyer, E.S. Krage, Y. Huh
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 November 2012, pp. 1464-1465
Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Length scales of interactions in magnetic, dielectric, and mechanical nanocomposites
R. Skomski, B. Balamurugan, E. Schubert, A. Enders, D. J. Sellmyer
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 May 2011, mrsf10-1312-ii02-09
It is investigated how figures of merits of nanocomposites are affected by structural and interaction length scales. Aside from macroscopic effects without characteristic lengths scales and atomic-scale quantum-mechanical interactions there are nanoscale interactions that reflect a competition between different energy contributions. We consider three systems, namely dielectric media, carbon-black reinforced rubbers and magnetic composites. In all cases, it is relatively easy to determine effective materials constants, which do not involve specific length scales. Nucleation and breakdown phenomena tend to occur on a nanoscale and yield a logarithmic dependence of figures of merit on the macroscopic system size. Essential system-specific differences arise because figures of merits are generally nonlinear energy integrals. Furthermore, different physical interactions yield different length scales. For example, the interaction in magnetic hard-soft composites reflects the competition between relativistic anisotropy and nonrelativistic exchange interactions, but such hierarchies of interactions are more difficult to establish in mechanical polymer composites and dielectrics.
Degradation of Nano-crystalline ITO Films due to Exposure to Hyperthermal Atomic Oxygen
Long Li, Ross Harder, Fengting Xu, Ian K. Robinson, Judith C. Yang
Journal: MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 887 / 2005
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 February 2011, 0887-Q10-08
Indium tin oxide (ITO) films coated on float glass slides were exposed to 5 eV hyperthermal atomic oxygen at room temperature with increasing fluences: 2×1019, 6×1019 and 2×1020 O-atoms/cm2. We characterized the structure of the ITO films after room temperature atomic oxygen exposure with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM), synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), and cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (X-TEM). The unexposed ITO films were found to possess a nano-crystalline surface, and clean and abrupt ITO/SiO2 interfaces without interfacial phase. Surface roughness of the exposed ITO films increased with the increasing AO influences. The interface- sensitive peaks in XRD measurements with grazing incidence revealed that the crystallinity of the ITO was modified near the interface. Cross-sectional TEM confirmed that many ITO particles with diameters ranging from 2-10 nm formed in the SiO2 substrate near the interface after AO exposure. These findings suggest that O atoms can travel through the ITO films, where the boundaries of columnar-grown grains may supply the pathway.
Fire Retardancy and Morphology of Nylon 6-Clay Nanocomposite Compositions
Kadhiravan Shanmuganathan, Sandeep Razdan, Nick Dembsey, Quinguo Fan, Yong K Kim, Paul D Calvert, Steven B Warner, Prabir Patra
We investigated the effect of organically modified clay on the thermal and flammability behavior of nylon 6 nanocomposites. We also used zinc borate along with layered silicate with an aim of achieving synergistic effect in flame retardancy. It is found that addition of 10 wt% clay reduced the onset decomposition (5% wt loss) temperature of nylon 6 by 20°C, while addition of 5 wt% zinc borate and 5 wt% clay in combination reduced it by around 10°C. Differential thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the peak decomposition temperature was not affected by the addition of clay, but the rate of weight loss decreased with increasing clay concentration. The horizontal burning behavior of the nanocomposite films of approximately 0.5mm thickness changed with additive concentration. The nanocomposites with 2.5 wt% and 5 wt% clay burned for almost the same duration as neat nylon 6 but dripping was reduced. The 10 wt% clay nanocomposite sample burned without any dripping and the flame spread rate was reduced by 25-30%. The burn rate of 5 wt % zinc borate/5 wt% clay nanocomposite sample was about 20% higher than that of 10 wt% clay nanocomposite sample, which could be attributed to varying char morphology. Scanning electron microscopy images of the 10wt% clay nanocomposite char surface and cross- section revealed an integrated layer of clay platelets with increasing density gradient from the center to the surface, while the 5 wt% zinc borate/5 wt% clay nanocomposite char appeared foamy and porous. The 5 wt% zinc borate and 5 wt% clay sample developed into a very good intumescent system in cone calorimeter test, swelling about 10-13mm height prior to ignition forming a cellular char structure. This was as effective as the 10wt% clay nanocomposite sample in reducing the heat release and mass loss rate of nylon 6 by around 65%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the 10 wt% clay nanocomposite char showed the presence of amides, indicating possible residual polymer within the shielded char.
Formation, evolution and degradation of nanostructured covalent thin films deposited by Low Energy Cluster Beam Deposition
Giuseppe Compagnini, Luisa D'Urso, A. Alessandro Scalisi, Corinna Altamore, Orazio Puglisi
Low Energy Cluster Beam Deposition (LECBD) is considered an intriguing technique to obtain thin layers with well defined structures at the nano- and meso-scale levels, allowing novel optical, electronic and magnetic properties. The produced layers are highly porous and extremely reactive due to the high surface to volume ratio and must be characterized with "in situ" techniques in order to study their original composition and their evolution once exposed to reactive gases. In this work we present a general overview and some results on the formation evolution and deposition of silicon and carbon cluster beams produced using a laser vaporization source.
Ion Desorption by Inner-shell Excitation and Photodegradation of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
Koji Okudaira, Eiichi Kobayashi, Satoshi Kera, Kazuhiko Mase, Nobuo Ueno
Auger electron spectra (AES) and Auger electron photo-ion coincidence (AEPICO) spectra of poly(vinlylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were observed to study the mechanism of effective fluorine ion (F+) desorption by irradiation of photons corresponding to the transition from F 1s to s(C-F). In the AES at photon energy (hυ) = 690.3 eV (from F1s to |σ|(C-F)), the spectator-Auger shift is about 3 eV. At hn = 690.3 eV the contribution of spectator Auger electron to the observed Auger spectrum is large. In the F+ AEPICO spectra at hυ = 690.3 eV an intense peak appears. The peak positions of the F+ AEPICO spectra are in agreement with those of the Auger spectra. These results indicate that the mechanism for effective F+ ion desorption induced by the transition from F1s to σ(C-F) occurs through the spectator-Auger processes. The efficiency of ion desorption depends on the electronic structure of the spectator-Auger final state.
Degradation of Assembled Silicon Nanostructured Thin Films: a Theoretical and Experimental Study
Valeria Bertani, Luisa D'Urso, Alfio Alessandro Scalisi, Giuseppe Compagnini, Orazio Puglisi
The study of the structures and properties of small elemental clusters has been an extremely active area of current research, due to the peculiar behavior of these species halfway between that of single atoms and of the bulk phase. In this work silicon nanoclusters are generated by ablation of a high purity polycrystalline rod with a pulsed laser vaporization source and then deposited on a support. Their structure is studied both in the gas phase by means of Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and in the solid phase through in situ Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy. The spectra reveal that the as deposited clusters are hydrogenated with negligible amount of oxide. Degradation of silicon nanoclusters has been studied after gas exposure. In the gas of air a consistent modification was observed, leading to a near-infrared luminescent silicon nanoparticles. In the second part of the work, density functional theory is applied to investigate the geometrical structure of silicon clusters and their interaction, in term of structure and energy, with different gases. The calculations were performed with the Gaussian 03 program suite, adopting the B3LYP functional to calculate the exchange and correlation energy. Si8 has been chosen as model cluster to study the degradation of silicon clusters both kinetically and thermodynamically, in order to explain the experimental evidences. Experimental and calculated infrared spectra are compared.
Mechanical Degradation of Carbon Nanotubes: ESR Investigations
Mircea Chipara, Akos Kukovecz, Zoltan Konia, Jeffrey M. Zaleski, Magdalena Chipara
ESR investigations on milled multiwalled carbon nanotubes are reported. The ESR spectra of pristine and milled nanotubes consists of two resonances, a wide line located at g>3.0 assigned to magnetic particles (catalysts residues) and a broad line with a peak to peak linewidth of about 10−2 T located at g=2.05 and assigned to the interaction between the conducting electrons delocalized over carbon nanotubes and magnetic ions. It was observed that this line depends on the milling time. For short milling times (up to 125 minutes) both the resonance linewidth and the g-factor increase as the milling time is increased. Longer milling times resulted in a decrease of both the g-factor and resonance linewidth as the milling time was increased. This behavior was assigned to the removal of the magnetic nanoparticles from nanotubes. No resonance line due to the destruction of carbon nanotubes was observed.
Fast and Slow Magnetization Processes in Magnetic Recording Media
J. Zhou, R. Skomski, S. Michalski, R. D. Kirby, D. J. Sellmyer
Information loss due to thermal activation is a major concern in ultrahigh-density magnetic recording media. The usually considered mechanism is thermally activated magnetization reversal over micromagnetic energy barriers. However, micromagnetic approaches ignore local anisotropy fluctuations, which translate into a time-dependent reduction of the remanent magnetization. The effect is negligibly small in macroscopic magnets but becomes important on a scale of a few nanometers.
Electron work function at grain boundary and the corrosion behavior of nanocrystalline metallic materials
D. Y. Li
Due to their high grain boundary density, nanocrystalline materials possess unusual mechanical, physical and chemical properties. Extensive research on nanocrystalline materials has been conducted in recent years. Many studies have shown that corrosion, one of important properties of nanocrystalline materials, is crucial to their applications. In this article, the activity of electrons at grain boundaries of metallic surfaces is analyzed based the electron work function (EWF), the minimum energy required to attract electrons from inside a metal. It is demonstrated that at grain boundaries, the electron work function decreases, indicating that at a grain boundary, electrons are more active. As a result, the surface becomes more electrochemically reactive. Such increase in electrochemical reactivity has negative effect on the corrosion resistance of nanocrystalline materials. However, for a passive nanocrystalline metal or alloy, the nanocrystalline structure is beneficial to its corrosion resistance through rapid formation of a protective passive film. The mechanisms responsible for the variation in EWF at grain boundary and effects of nanocrystallization on corrosion are discussed in this article.
Large magnetoresistance in oxide based ferromagnet / superconductor spin switches
V. Peña, N. Nemes, C. Visani, J. Garcia-Barriocanal, F. Bruno, D. Arias, Z. Sefrioui, C. Leon, S. G. E. Te Velthuis, A. Hoffmann, M. Garcia-Hernandez, Jacobo Santamaría
We report large magnetoresistance (in excess of 1000%) in ferromagnet / superconductor / ferromagnet structures made of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and YBa2Cu3O7 in the current in plane (CIP) geometry. This magnetoresistance has many of the ingredients of the giant magnetoresistance of metallic superlattices: it is independent on the angle between current and magnetic field, depends on the relative orientation of the magnetization in the ferromagnetic layers, and takes very large values. The origin is enhanced scattering at the F/S interface in the anti parallel configuration of the magnetizations. Furthermore, we examine the dependence of the magnetoresistance effect on the thickness of the superconducting layer, and show that the magnetoresistance dies out for thickness in excess of 30 nm, setting a length scale for the diffusion of spin polarized quasiparticles.
Effects of ion-beam irradiation on the L10 phase transformation and their magnetic properties of FePt and PtMn films (Invited)
Chih-Haung Lai, Sheng-Huang Huang, Cheng-Han Yang, C.C. Chiang, S. H. Liou, D. J. Sellmyer, M. L. Yan, L. Yuan, T. Yokata
Ion-beam irradiation shows enhancement or degradation of magnetic properties on L10 phase of FePt and PtMn films. A highly ordered L10 FePt phase was directly achieved by using 2 MeV He-ion irradiation without conventional postannealing. The in-plane coercivity greater than 5700 Oe can be obtained after disordered FePt films were irradiated at the beam current of several μA/cm2 with the ion does of 2.4×1016 ions/cm2. The high beam-current-density results in direct beam heating on samples. In addition, the irradiation-induced heating process provides efficient microscopic energy transfer and creates excess point defects, which significantly enhances the diffusion and promotes the formation of the ordered phase. Consequently, the direct ordering of FePt took place by using ion-irradiation heating at temperature as low as 230°C. The comparison has been made on the [Fe/Pt]10/C films by RTA and high current-density He irradiation. Although RTA and ion irradiation both reach high coercivity, ion irradiation seems to suppress the (001) texture, leading to isotropic Hc. Ion-beam irradiation can also be applied to the transformation of PtMn. An ordered PtMn phase, a large exchange field and a high GMR ratio (11%) were obtained in PtMn-based spin valves by using 1.25 μA/cm2 He-ions. On the other hand, Ge-ion and O-ion irradiation completely destroyed the ferromagnetism of FePt and GMR of PtMn-based spin valves, respectively. We propose a novel approach to achieve magnetic patterning by using ion irradiation, which can be applied for patterned media and magnetic sensors.
Degradation Phenomenon in Semiconductive Nanoamorphous Structures from Molybdenum Oxide
A. Markosyan, Sergo Kamanchadgyan, Razmik Malkhasyan
The condition of degradation of electrical properties of samples prepared from powder of nanoamorphous semiconductive oxide in the course of time is discovered and studied when investigating electro-physical properties of the given materials for the first time synthesized at Scientific Production Enterprise "ATOM". It has been shown that degradation phenomenon is also present in amorphous materials, which relies on the configuration of the pores of the sample.
The resistance of sample in the open air changes over a period of several months. However, it decreases and is comparatively fast stabilized when placed in vacuum. The absorption and de-absorption of different gases have diffusion nature and highly depend on environment temperature. Water steam in atmosphere has been determined to be the main cause of degradation.
Magnetic Aging
R. Skomski, J. Zhou, R. D. Kirby, D. J. Sellmyer
Thermally activated magnetization reversal is of great importance in areas such as permanent magnetism and magnetic recording. In spite of many decades of scientific research, the phenomenon of slow magnetization dynamics has remained partially controversial. It is now well-established that the main mechanism is thermally activated magnetization reversal, as contrasted to eddy currents and structural aging, but the identification of the involved energy barriers remains a challenge for many systems. Thermally activated slow magnetization processes proceed over energy barriers whose structure is determined by the micromagnetic free energy. This restricts the range of physically meaningful energy barriers. An analysis of the underlying micromagnetic free energy yields power-law dependences with exponents of 3/2 or 2 for physically reasonable models, in contrast to arbitrary exponents m and to 1/H-type laws.
Fe-Core/Au-Shell Nanoparticles: Growth Mechanisms, Oxidation and Aging Effects
Kai Liu, Sung-Jin Cho, Susan M. Kauzlarich, J. C. Idrobo, Joseph E. Davies, Justin Olamit, N. D. Browning, Ahmed M. Shahin, Gary J. Long, Fernande Grandjean
We report the chemical synthesis of Fe-core/Au-shell nanoparticles (Fe/Au) by a reverse micelle method, and the investigation of their growth mechanisms and oxidation-resistant characteristics. The core-shell structure and the presence of the Fe and Au phases have been confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma techniques. Additionally, atomic-resolution Z-contrast imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope have been used to study details of the growth processes. The Au-shells grow by nucleating on the Fe-core surfaces before coalescing. First-order reversal curves, along with the major hysteresis loops of the Fe/Au nanoparticles have been measured as a function of time in order to investigate the evolution of their magnetic properties. The magnetic moments of such nanoparticles, in the loose powder form, decrease over time due to oxidation. The less than ideal oxidation-resistance of the Au shell may have been caused by the rough Au surfaces. In a small fraction of the particles, off-centered Fe cores have been observed, which are more susceptible to oxidation. However, in the pressed pellet form, electrical transport measurements show that the particles are fairly stable, as the resistance and magnetoresistance of the pellet do not change appreciably over time. Our results demonstrate the complexity involved in the synthesis and properties of these heterostructured nanoparticles.
Investigations of dc electrical properties in electron-beam modified carbon nanotube films: single- and multiwalled
Sanju Gupta, N. D. Smith, R. J. Patel, R. E. Giedd
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the family of nanostructured carbon materials are of great interest because of several unique physical properties. For space applications, it needs to be shown that CNTs are physically stable and structurally unaltered when subjected to irradiation becomes indispensable. The CNT films were grown by microwave Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the family of nanostructured carbon materials are of great interest because of several unique physical properties. For space applications, it needs to be shown that CNTs are physically stable and structurally unaltered when subjected to irradiation becomes indispensable. The CNT films were grown by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (MWCVD) technique using Fe as catalyst. Synthesis of both single- and multiwalled CNTs (SW and MW, respectively) were achieved by varying the thickness of the Fe catalyst layer. To investigate the influence of electron-beam irradiation, CNTs were subjected to low and/or medium energy electron-beam irradiation continuously for a few minutes to several hours. The CNT films prior to and post-irradiation were assessed in terms of their microscopic structure and physical properties to establish property-structure correlations. The characterization tools used to establish such correlations include scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and current versus voltage (I-V) measuring contact resistance (two-probe) and dc conductivity (four-probe) properties. Dramatic improvement in the I-V properties for single-walled (from semiconducting to quasi-metallic) and relatively small but systematic behavior for multi-walled (from metallic to more metallic) with increasing irradiation hours is discussed in terms of critical role of defects. Alternatively, contact resistance of single-walled nanotubes decreased by two orders of magnitude on prolonged E-beam exposures. Moreover, these findings provided onset of saturation and damage/degradation in terms of both the electron beam energy and exposure times. Furthermore, these studies apparently brought out a contrasting comparison between mixed semiconducting/metallic (single-walled) and metallic (multiwalled) nanotubes in terms of their structural modifications due to electron-beam irradiation.
Multi-scale Rule-of-Mixtures Model of Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Lamina
Sarah-Jane Frankland, J. C. Riddick, T. S. Gates
A unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy lamina in which the carbon fibers are coated with single-walled carbon nanotubes is modeled with a multi-scale method, the atomistically informed rule-of-mixtures. This multi-scale model is designed to include the effect of the carbon nanotubes on the constitutive properties of the lamina. It included concepts from the molecular dynamics/equivalent continuum methods, micromechanics, and the strength of materials. Within the model both the nanotube volume fraction and nanotube distribution were varied. It was found that for a lamina with 60% carbon fiber volume fraction, the Young's modulus in the fiber direction varied with changes in the nanotube distribution, from 138.8 to 140 GPa with nanotube volume fractions ranging from 0.0001 to 0.0125. The presence of nanotube near the surface of the carbon fiber is therefore expected to have a small, but positive, effect on the constitutive properties of the lamina.
Effect of Nanoparticles on the Thermal Stability of Polymers
Juan González-Irun, Ana Garcia, Ramón Artiaga, Luís Liz-Marzán, David Hui, Mircea Chipara
The thermal stability of polymethylmethacrylate loaded with silica nnaoparticles is investigated. The temperature dependence of the mass has been accurately fitted with a single Boltzmann-like dependence. The effect of surface functionalization, size of silica nanoparticles, and concentration of silica nanoparticles is analyzed. A weak increase of the thermal stability of polymethylmethacrylate has been obtained by loading the polymer matrix with nanoparticles. Surface functionalization produced a modest increase in the thermal stability (compared to composites with silica nanoparticles without surface modification).