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Dr Romesh Senewiratne-Alagaratnam's Blog
Blog of a holistic physician and psychiatric survivor
Tag: peace plan for sri lanka
Why I spell Singhala with a 'g' (සිංහල)
'Microsoft Word accepts both Singhalese and Sinhalese as acceptable spellings for people who speak the Singhala language. However, it does not accept the spelling 'Singhala' as opposed to Sinhala without the 'g'.
There is a big semantic difference between 'sing' and 'sin' in the English language. Sin is a synonym for evil. People who sin are sinners. People who sing are singers, and Singhalese people love to sing. They have sung since ancient times and their poetry and oral history have been sung in towns. villages and Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka for more than two thousand years.
The spelling of the Singhala language without a g is at odds with the Singhala spelling of the word:
සිංහ – Singha – Lion
"සිං" is 'sing' not sin
The generous and cosmopolitan among the Britishers said that the natives of Ceylon spoke in a "sing-song voice", but the racists among the British despised people "jabbering" in languages they didn't understand. The Britsh brought the Anglican Church to Sri Lanka and also gave permission for American missionaries to teach that Hinduism and Buddhism were ignorant supersitions, and the only "good" songs were hymns and carols. Native songs and dances were discouraged. The beat of the African drums came to symbolise rebellion of the "restless natives", who had to understand only enough English to understand the "riot act" when it was read out to them – in English.
The English (Anglican) Church and Catholic (Roman) Church talk a lot about sin, and sin is another word for evil. In Australia, the Aboriginal childen were taken by the rival churches and 'educated' in the mission schools, where they were forced to learn rudimentary English, enough to work as labourers and housemaids but not enough to aspire to university, or a well-paying job. They were actively prevented from speaking their numerous beautiful native languages at school, under threat of punishment. They were told that the ancient wisdom of their elders was superstitious nonsense and that they would only go to "heaven" of they believed in the Doctrine of the Trinity and that Jesus was God. If they 'sinned' against the Ten Commandments as interpreted by the relevant chuches and their White missionary-teachers they would go to "hell", a horrific place of eternal punishment, where they would "gnash their teeth in agony for ever and ever".
The treatment of the 'civilized' natives of Ceylon by the British was not as brutal as the treatment of Australian Aborigines, and efforts were made by the missionaries and British universities to undertand and translate the ancient Indian and Sri Lankan languages and scripts. This was done with the help of the Buddhist and Hindu clergy and intelligensia, as well as the political, academic and business leaders, who were keen to learn English and acquire positions of relative power in the colonial administration. There was a lot of interest in Sanskrit, but the British and Europeans divided the Singhalese and Tamils of Sri Lanka as belonging to fundamentally different "races". The Tamils were said to be Dravidian, but the Singhalese were said to be Aryan, like themselves. This was based on the differences between Singhala and Tamil regarding the influence of Sanskrit. Singhala is said to be derived from the North Indian languages of Pali and Sanskrit, while Tamil is a Dravidian language – which originally meant any of the several South Indian languages (including Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada), These have variable influences from Sanskrit, which is the Hindu liturgical language.
Modern DNA studies have shown the Singhalese and Tamils of Sri Lanka to be closely related, and more closely related than either group to Indians (from the south or north). The Tamils and Singhalese may have distinct languages and culture, but they are the same race and Europeans were wrong about their doctrines about Aryans and Dravidians. It is true, however, that Sanskrit is related to most of the European languages, something that was noticed by European monk-scholars of the Catholic Church in the 1600s, when they first travelled to India and tried to learn Sanskrit from the Brahmins. The Western scholars found common words and linguistic similarity between Sanskrit and the European classical languages of Greek and Latin. This led to a debate about where the Indo-European language family originated, a matter that hasn't yet been settled. It is generally accepted that though Sanskrit developed in North India and became the holy language of Hinduism, it is related to the rest of the Indo-European, formerly called the Indo-Aryan, language family.
However languages are not the same as races. People of different races can learn the same language. There are many unsolved mysteries that will be elucidated when more people have their DNA tested. I have had mine done by a Canadian company (Genebase).
My family tree on Genebase includes more than 6000 people, mostly uploaded by a distant relative of mine, who I have never met (but we linked family trees since I was already on his extensive, but inaccurate, family tree) . Genebase compares DNA analyses from Indigenous populations around the world, with many groups from India but none from Sri Lanka. This limits the conclusions I can reach from the result that my Tamil mother's mitochondrial DNA (maternal lineage) traces from the Sindhi Province in Pakistan (home to the Indus-Saraswati Civilization) combined with genetic input from Central India. It is an interesting result, though.
My Singhalese father's paternal line shows commonalities, according to the DNA analysis, with populations of Indians in Malaysia and populations of Central India, Iran and the Middle-East. Neiher of my parents showed commonalities with European, African, Chinese or South American populations. However, the database is limited to 300 or so studies, and Australian Aboriginal and other Australians, as well as Sri Lankan veddhas and Sri Lankans (whether Singhalese, Tamil or Muslim) were not studied
It took me some years to identify myself as a Sri Lankan rather than a 'Ceylonese'. Like many English-speaking expatriates I was attached to the name Ceylon. But now I see myself as a Sri Lankan Australian, with heritage and ancestry that is both Tamil and Singhalese. With a g. And I am learning the beautiful languages of my ancestors from my Facebook friends and Linkedin connections, both Tamil and Singhala. With a g. Thanks to all those who have helped me.
Dr Romesh Senewiratne-Alagaratnam	linguistics, peace, Sri Lanka, Uncategorized	Leave a comment September 7, 2018 September 9, 2018 4 Minutes
Transitional Justice and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka
©2018 Dr Romesh Senewiratne-Alagaratnam
In March 2018 a short article was published online in The Diplomat titled "Transitional Justice in Sri Lanka: From Denial to Delay". It was authored by a Swiss-trained Indian lawyer by the name of Yashasvi Nain, who the article says is working as a Programme Officer at the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative where he leads its international advocacy program at the UN Human Rights Council. His Linkedin profile says that he studied at the Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law (Punjab) from 2008-2013 followed by training in international criminal law and International refugee law at the University of Geneva. He has also worked with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. The former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by a female Tamil Tiger (LTTE) suicide bomber in 1991.
Nain claims that Sri Lanka has failed to live up to its promises and that a UN report by the Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights "specifically highlights the delays in constituting the long promised transitional justice mechanism on the atrocities and human rights abuses committed by both the Government of Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)".
The LTTE was militarily defeated in May 2009, when its military leader, who had led the organization's "armed struggle" for "Tamil Eelam", Vellupillai Prabakaran, was killed. This ended a 30-year civil war, but not the calls for "Tamil Eelam" among the Tamil expatriates who had backed the Tamil Tigers and the separatist war. The "struggle" for Tamil Eelam was continued by the so-called "Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam" (TGTE) headed by the Tamil Tigers' New York-based lawyer Visuvanathan Rudrakumaran, who calls himself the 'Prime Minister' of the TGTE. The TGTE has established offices in 10 nations, namely the USA, UK, Canada, Norway, Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand and Australia, but notably not in India or Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka formerly banned the TGTE, which still flies the LTTE flags at its events and broadcasts (despite the LTTE being banned as a terrorist organization in several nations in which the TGTE is active). Wikipedia describes the TGTE as a "government in exile" but the organization is a farce and does not have the support of the vast majority of Sri Lankan Tamils. The TGTE claims to be democratic (unlike the LTTE) and committed to achieving Tamil Eelam by peaceful political means, but has wasted a lot of money trying to mount vexatious legal action against the Sri Lankan military leaders that defeated the LTTE and charge the Sri Lankan government with 'genocide'. In truth, if there was genocide committed in Sri Lanka, it was conducted by the LTTE, and not the government. It was the LTTE that tried to rid the "north and east" of Sri Lanka of Singhalese and Muslims.
The legal concept of 'transitional justice' was developed after the Nuremberg Trials following World War Two, when Nazi and Japanese war criminals were tried by military tribunals and imprisoned or executed. It was justice of the victors, followed by efforts to de-Nazify Germany. However, under Operation Paperclip many of those involved in atrocities, including psychological warfare, human experimentation and collection of human tissue for study, were not prosecuted. Both the Soviets and the Allies competed for known war criminals with what was regarded as valuable scientific knowledge.
According to the Nuremberg precedent, it is Sri Lanka and the Sri Lankan military who should be trying the defeated forces – the LTTE – which started a separatist war, with foreign backing, in 1977. This was a war of aggression and it is a war crime to start a war. The war was also a front in the Cold War, something that is not fully appreciated and little written about. However, a close study of the war in Sri Lanka, the Korean War and the Vietnam War as related fronts in the Allied war on Asia, helps one understand the duplicitous role that several 'Western' nations played in the war and why the separatist propagandists talked about the Tigers being armed with "AK 47s" (Russian-made Kalashnikov assault rifles) which are depicted on the Tamil Tiger flag, along with a ring of AK 47 bullets surrounding a charging Chola Tiger. The LTTE claimed to be secular and socialist, but never democratic. The military wing was hierarchical, and Prabakaran was the boss of the military wing, but the LTTE's international operations were more opaque and less hierarchical. The Tamil Tigers were big on cult-worship, fear, violence and terrorism but small on ideology.
Transitional justice includes judicial measures, like criminal prosecutions and non-judicial measures like truth commissions and reparation programs. Nain wrote in March this year that "the government had not yet made public the draft Bills for a Reparations Office and a Truth and Reconciliation Commission". He fails to mention the Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission (LLRC) that was held immediately after the war. The LLRC made several sensible recommendations and was not the government white-wash its critics had predicted it would be.
The matter of reparations is one that needs holistic appraisal. Who should compensate the people in Sri Lanka who suffered in this war and how should the compensation and reparations be paid? To settle this matter the war needs to be looked at in its entirety, and those who profiteered through the war (and there were many war profiteers) should be identified and charged. It is those who waged war against the small but sovereign nation of Sri Lanka that should pay reparations. The governments that overtly or, more usually, covertly supported the LTTE included India, Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Norway and Israel. The USA, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand form the 'Five Eyes' (or Eschelon) alliance, that shares intelligence and runs joint psy-ops. The ex-Mossad agent Victor Ostrovsky wrote in his book By Way of Deception how the Mossad (the Israeli secret service) trained both the Sri Lankan forces and the Tamil Tigers, at the same time.
Nain does not mention reparations by the LTTE's backers and focuses on allegations of human rights abuses by the Sri Lankan government, police and military. It is common knowledge, however, that India armed and trained the LTTE and rival Tamil gangs of youths before unleashing them on Sri Lanka in the early 1980s. Later India sent troops to Sri Lanka (the IPKF or Indian Peace-Keeping Force) to disarm the gangs it had trained and the only gang that refused to disarm was the LTTE. The LTTE had, by then, eliminated the rival Tamil leadership of other separatist gangs ('armed groups'). They also murdered several Tamil leaders who they accused of being 'traitors' for being prepared to work with the Colombo government, including the much-loved Tamil mayor of Jaffna Alfred Duraiappah, who was killed by Prabakaran himself in 1975. The mayor was in his sixties and had gone to a Hindu temple to pray, though he was a Christian, and was gunned down after he greeted the young Tamil lads who had taken out the contract to kill him. The gang was led by Prabakaran who was 21 and had formed his first armed gang, called the Tamil New Tigers (TNT), in 1972, when he was only 17 years old.
Though Prabakaran was known as the leader of the LTTE, the self-declared "theoretician and strategist" of the organization was an older man by the name of Anton Balasingham. In traditional Tamil culture the older brother – anna – has rank and authority over the younger brother – thambi. In the LTTE Balasingham was known as "Anna", while Prabakaran was known as "Thambi". Balasingham was the brains while Prabakaran was the brawn. But the real brains behind Balasingham was his second wife, the Australian-born and trained nurse Adele Ann Wilby, who met Balasingham in England when he was nursing his terminally ill wife Pearl, and married him in 1978. It was she who wrote the notes at the repeatedly unsuccessful peace talks that the LTTE held with the Sri Lankan government, in which her husband was the chief negotiator and "strategist" for the LTTE.
Anton Balasingham was raised a Roman Catholic but became a self-professed Marxist. Marx famously said that religion is the opium of the masses. In the 1960s Balasingham worked in Colombo as a journalist and editor, translating foreign news into Tamil, before getting a job as a translator (Tamil and English) for the British High Commission. It was the British High Commission that arranged for him to go with his wife Pearl, who he had married in 1968, for medical treatment in England. This was in 1971 and she died in 1976, with a diagnosis of chronic renal failure due to chronic pyelonephritis. During her illness Balasingham met Adele, who had trained as a nurse in Warragul in rural Victoria (in Australia).
Balasingham was recruited into the LTTE by the organization's London representative and moved to Tamil Nadu with Adele. In 1986 he accompanied Prabakaran when the LTTE leader met Rajiv Gandhi, the Indian Prime Minister who he later assassinated using a programmed suicide bomber. The Balasingham couple orchestrated the LTTE's activities from Madras, but moved to Jaffna, temporarily, in 1987. In 1987 war erupted between the Indian Peace Keeping Forces (IPKF) and the Tamil Tigers and the Balasinghams fled back to London.
In 1990 the Balasinghams returned to Sri Lanka to lead the LTTE delegation in the peace talks in Colombo. The peace talks failed, but the IPKF withdrew and the Tamil Tigers took over the Jaffna peninsula. The Balasinghams were in Jaffna at this time, when the LTTE gave Muslim citizens 24 hours to get out of Jaffna or be killed in a clear act of "ethnic cleansing". Ethnic cleansing is a euphemism for genocide. The LTTE's intent was to rid 'Tamil Eelam' of both the Singhalese and the Muslims, who were mostly Tamil-speaking as their mother tongue, but identified themselves as Muslims, Moors or Sri Lankans rather than 'Tamils'.
After the Sri Lankan Armed Forces retook the Jaffna Peninsula in 1995, the LTTE forced thousands of Tamil civilians to accompany them as a human shield, as they retreated into the jungles of the Vanni, where they established what they called their 'capital' in the village of Kilinochchi. This was when Adele Balasingham was filmed by an Australian film crew handing out necklaces of cyanide to young Tamil girls – 'cadres' of the 'Women's Wing' of which she was the boss. They respectfully called her "Aunty". The girls were ordered to swallow the cyanide if they were captured, and terrorised that they would be raped and tortured by the "brutal" Sri Lankan soldiers if they were taken alive. They were told to swallow the poison to "protect their honour". The real reason was to protect the secrets of the organization. Cyanide poisoning is a particularly unpleasant way to die.
The Balasinghams returned to London in 1999 and flew on to Oslo, Norway, after Anton Balasingham developed renal failure (he was a long-standing diabetic). In Oslo he had a kidney transplant with a kidney donated by a young Tamil Sri Lankan and was able to continue his political leadership of the LTTE, leading discussions with the Norwegian government that resulted in the February 2002 ceasefire followed by peace talks in Thailand, Norway, Germany, Japan and Switzerland. These talks were not held in good faith by the LTTE, which used the opportunity to collect funds and prepare for the next "Eelam War".
It has been said that truth is the first casualty of war. Balasingham was a propagandist. He was based in London, the centre of dissemination of British colonial and neo-colonial propaganda, and worked for the British High Commission. The British gave him a base to wage war against the sovereign nation of Sri Lanka that they used to rule as the Dominion of Ceylon. The British continued to arm and train the Sri Lankan military while also giving a base to the LTTE in London and elsewhere in Britain. After the war ended they are providing a base for the TGTE, which still flies the LTTE flag and is actively rewriting history and concealing the truth about the LTTE and its crimes against humanity. Furthermore, Sri Lanka is not the only nation in which Britain has contributed to warfare and division. "Divide and rule" was an accepted strategy of the British imperialists and colonists, and employed throughout what is now called the Commonwealth of Nations.
After she returned to England from Sri Lanka, Adele Balasingham wrote the autobiographical The Will to Freedom about her years as the boss of the LTTE's women's wing. In it she argued that the fact that the LTTE allowed women to fight was a sign of women's liberation and the fact that that they wore cyanide necklaces was a sign of their commitment to the cause. Nothing could be further from the truth. The young women were carefully programmed, through slogans and images of the "leader" to be prepared to sacrifice their lives to protect the secrets and especially the whereabouts of the mainly male leadership. The suicide bombers were given their own name – the Black Tigers – and their last meal was the "honour" of dinner with Prabakaran himself. Balasingham and the real masterminds of the LTTE created a cult figure out of Prabakaran and promoted a glorified image of the killer as a "liberator of Tamils" in Tamil Nadu and among the Tamil 'Diaspora' (expatriates). This propaganda is readily evident on the Internet, but began before there was an Internet.
Transitional justice includes both judicial measures such as criminal prosecutions and non-judicial measures like truth commissions and reparations programs.
Transitional justice implies transition from authoritarian, repressive regimes or civil conflicts to a more peaceful, democratic future. This is part of the movement to promote democracy as a system of government, as opposed to the Chinese (or Communist) system. The LTTE claimed to be Marxists and to be against the caste system, but in practice the war involved poor "low caste" Tamils in Sri Lanka being killed and maimed and being indoctrinated into a suicidal, militaristic mindset while the rich "high caste" Tamils enjoyed the luxury of professional life in the West, while sending money to buy weapons for the poor Tamils and Singhalese to be killed. Millions of dollars were collected every year in the USA and UK, and later in Canada and Europe. Meanwhile the sob stories of would-be asylum seekers and refugees were repeated without due scrutiny by various Western NGOs, human rights organizations and media outlets. Over the 30 years of the war the LTTE built up a considerable international propaganda network.
The fact is that Sri Lanka has had a democratic system of government since it obtained independence from Britain. Though President Mahinda Rajapaksa was widely denounced in the West as "dictatorial" and "authoritarian", when he lost the election in 2015 he left power without calling in the military to protect his "rule" as some of his enemies predicted he would. The efforts to demonise President Rajapaksa and his brother Lt Col Gotabaya Rajapaksa were extreme, with comparisons with Hitler's regime by people entirely devoid of historical knowledge and good sense.
Criminal prosecutions for transitional justice can be held in international or domestic courts. Sri Lanka is not a signatory to the Rome Statute that established the International Criminal Court (ICC), but there are several individuals who led the LTTE that live in countries that are signatories, including Adele Balasingham and Visuvanathan Rudrakumaran.
After the war many LTTE cadres and leaders were given amnesty after de-radicalisation and rehabilitation by the Sri Lankan government. Some were given employment in the military and have been involved in the dangerous work of clearing mines. The progress of mine-clearing in Sri Lanka compares well with the situation in other nations in which landmines have been sown. As part of the transitional justice measures the end-user certificates and sales and use of landmines by both sides should be examined, as well as the source of other weapons, including chemical weapons like cyanide and explosives. Possible links to Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) and Orica (the ICI subsidiary based in Australia that exports cyanide, explosives and electronic detonators) should be explored as part of the investigation into the truth about the war and who profited from it.
Truth Commissions
Some of the questions that might be investigated by the truth commission:
Who sold the weapons and who purchased them?
What weapons were bought by Prabakaran and his outfit since 1972?
Trace end-user certificates for weapons
How many casualties from LTTE attacks?
How many injured in LTTE attacks?
How many fatalities from LTTE attacks?
Names of civilians killed by LTTE
Ages of civilians killed by LTTE
Mode of death/cause of death as per death certificate if issued
Names of people killed in LTTE attacks
Names of civilians and armed forces injured by LTTE
Names of civilians killed/injured in government attacks
Names of injured requiring hospital care
Names of hospitals treating injured
Nature of treated injuries
List of drugs used in treatments
Fatalities/deaths in hospital
Cause and mode of death as recorded by hospital
DNA analysis of remains
Names of missing persons in all 3 languages
According to Wikipedia, transitional justice aims at
Halting ongoing human rights abuses
Identifying past crimes
Identifying those responsible for human rights violations
Imposing sanctions on those responsible
Providing reparations to victims
Preventing future abuses
Preserving and enhancing peace
Fostering individual and national reconciliation
Nain claims that there is ongoing torture by Sri Lankan police and that "attacks, death threats, surveillance and harassment of human rights defenders and victims of violations has continued". This needs to be taken with a grain of salt. Sri Lanka has a history of being maligned by India and the West by critics who fail to examine their own countries for egregious human rights abuses. The psychiatric system in the UK and India are cases in point. There is also the problem of embellished or false reports by Sri Lankans seeking asylum in the West, for which they need to prove ongoing persecution. This is a big industry, which the TGTE boss Rudrakumaran is part of as a "refugee lawyer".
Regarding the identification of past crimes it is worth noting that in the Nuremberg Trials the crimes of the ANZAC and Allied victors were not investigated or prosecuted. The Sri Lankan government has extended amnesty to many thousands of LTTE cadres that have committed crimes against the state, and chosen not to prosecute known LTTE leaders who cooperated with the armed forces, police and government. This has only been done if people have renounced violence. Some of the recalcitrant LTTE fighters are still in jail. It is reasonable to ask that these people be charged or released and their names made available for the missing persons investigations.
Imposing sanctions on those responsible requires tracing the LTTE funding and propaganda networks, which are international and requires an international policing effort. This is a job for the Sri Lankan police and Interpol.
Providing reparations to victims requires the identification of the victims and identification of the perpetrators of their suffering. These perpetrators are those who financed and orchestrated the war, especially those who duplicitously supported both sides in the war.
Preventing future abuses, in this case preventing a return to conflict, is a complex matter that I have given thought to for many years. In 2002 I developed my first Peace Plan for Sri Lanka, a 40-proposal peace plan of which the first proposal was the promotion of tri-lingual education in Sinhala, Tamil and English from primary school onwards. This will break down the language barrier that is one of the roots of the conflict. The other proposals in my peace plan can be found by searching "Peace Plan for Sri Lanka" on YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAkLVReimbw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rrJA3xnoUk
Reform of the Sri Lankan military and police (the security system) is ongoing and there have been efforts to recruit and train Tamil-speaking and ethnic Tamil youths to serve in the armed forces and police. This is welcome. Cultural exchange is the best way to heal divisions.
Sri Lanka has long had laws against torture, but there have not been prosecutions of police and security forces for torture, as far as I know. This implies a culture of impunity, as has been alleged. It should be noted, however, that torture is engaged in by the Western armed forces as well, and to a greater degree. There is also the systematic torture of "mental patients" in the West, with the same abusive drugs and treatments being used both by the LTTE (they ran a 'psychiatric hospital') and the Sri Lankan government. The chemical restraints used in the West are also used in Sri Lanka and the Western diagnostic system, which constitutes labels of incurable disease, blamed on "chemical imbalances" is used around the world, including Sri Lanka, under the influence of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the British Royal College of Psychiatrists, which has trained successive generations of senior Sri Lankan psychiatrists.
The Sri Lankan military have shown exemplary leadership to the world in combating terrorism and making peace after the long war. Several military leaders gave up their military careers and entered the diplomatic service, actively promoting reconciliation and peace-building, like General Shavendra Silva. The military were involved in de-radicalising the LTTE cadres and rehabilitating them for civilian life as well as reconstruction projects. They were also involved in business ventures in tourism and agriculture in what had been LTTE-controlled areas and is still claimed by the separatists as "Tamil Eelam". These have been criticised, with some justification. The separatists are angry that talk of separatism is against Sri Lankan law, and angry at the presence of military bases in "Tamil areas". They are also angry, and have been for many decades, about what was unfortunately termed "colonization schemes" where poor Singhalese were given land and settled in the Eastern Province in areas (around Batticaloa and Trincomalee) that had mainly been inhabited by Tamils (and Muslims, who were mainly Tamil-speaking, though many were bilingual or trilingual). Granting land to the landless should be based on need, not religion or ethnicity. Everyone needs a home.
One of the root causes of the conflict was the division of Tamils and Singhalese in the education system. This worsened in the 1970s with laws that were intended to foster the national languages of Sinhala and Tamil at the expense of English. When I studied at Trinity College in the 1970s boys whose parents were 'Sinhalese' had to study in the "Sinhala medium", boys with Tamil parents had to study in Tamil, while those boys with mixed parentage (Singhalese/Tamil), were Muslim (Moor or Malay) or Burger were allowed to study in English, Sinhala or Tamil. It was a disastrous policy. It also led to many English-speaking professionals leaving the country for their children's education. This had been the intent; the measures were taken partly to counter the so-called "brain drain", where Ceylonese professionals, fluent in English, were accepting better paid jobs with better conditions in the West, notably doctors and engineers.
These are some of my suggestions for preserving and enhancing peace:
Promote trilingualism and multilingualism
Wealth redistribution to poor
Land redistribution to landless and needy
Education – a computer for every classroom aiming towards a laptop/tablet for every student
Health promotion not drug promotion
Holistic approach to health
Program of reforestation
Promote nature awareness and love of nature
Restriction of weapons to military and police
Electricity grid access
National electricity grid
Focus on renewable/sustainable/green energy
Reconstruction – roads, railways, schools
Green architecture and housing
Develop hi-tech industry and training
Promote Colombo as beautiful metropolis
Promote ecotourism
Fostering individual and national reconciliation is a simple matter if people identify as Sri Lankan rather than according to their language, religion or ethnic group. Patriotism is to be encouraged along with Sri Lankan nationalism rather than tribalism. However, reconciliation between rival Singhalese, Tamil and Muslim views of Sri Lankan history is not easy – there are deep differences in the myths and legends that are venerated by Singhalese Buddhists, Singhalese Christians, Tamil Hindus, Tamil Christians and Sri Lankan Muslims. Every religion has its own myths and legends about human origins and history, often at odds with each other. There are deep differences between the beliefs of Catholics and Protestants and between members of the different Protestant churches.
Then there is the scientific view, which reports that the first human remains found in the island, those of Balangoda Man, date back to more than 30,000 years ago. The view of archaeology is also a scientific view; the archaeologist Paul Pieris surmised a century ago, that when Prince Vijaya arrived in the country, according to the Mahawamsa legend on the day of the Buddha's death (543 BC) there were already several Hindu (Shaivite) temples on the island. More recent archaeological studies in the ancient city of Anuradhapura, long the capital of the Rajarata kingdom shows evidence of settlement several hundred years before the legendary arrival of Prince Vijaya. Reconciliation does not require one to accept the other's perspective on all matters, however. Diversity in beliefs and views is to be encouraged, along with respect for different opinions; tribalism, racism and intolerance are not.
Finally, Sri Lanka needs transnational justice as well as transitional justice. The nations that attacked Sri Lanka's sovereignty and supported the LTTE during the 30-year war should pay reparations to the people of Sri Lanka. These include India and the United Kingdom. Justice delayed is justice denied.
Dr Romesh Senewiratne-Alagaratnam	HUB Forensics, HUB Legal Department, Sri Lanka, Uncategorized	Leave a comment September 5, 2018 September 9, 2018 17 Minutes


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Five Things We Learned 26 August 2013
Five Things We Learned, 26 August 2013
1) Lyle who?
There has never been any doubt about Philip Roberts's potential. The forward was top scorer for Arsenal's U-18s in 2011-12 and last season marked his Inverness Caledonian Thistle with a superb strike against Dundee United. Despite his impressive start with ICT, however, Roberts's confidence and interest began to wane after Terry Butcher misused the player by continually deploying him on the flanks. So negligible was his overall contribution, there was little fanfare when his loan agreement was terminated long before the campaign's conclusion. Following his release from Arsenal, Falkirk's Gary Holt took a chance on the Republic of Ireland U-19 player and so far, it appears to have been an excellent piece of business – Lyle Taylor's departure has been considerably softened.
In tandem with Rory Loy (on Saturday, the former Carlisle striker was the Bairns' only outfield player born before 1992), Roberts excelled as a central striker against Livingston. The player scored the perfect hat-trick (a left foot, a right foot and a powerful header for good measure) and used his pace and technical ability to bewitch the home defence throughout. Roberts has now taken his season's total to five and is looking like he will flourish under Holt.
Although his first spell in Scotland's top flight was disappointing, it is entirely plausible that Philip Roberts will be afforded another opportunity in the Premiership. After Falkirk's impressive start to the season, it might even be with his current club. LS
2) Allan Moore is experiencing déjà vu
It was this weekend last year when we mused over Allan Moore's prospects with Greenock Morton after a significant squad turnover and a winless start after three matches. Twelve months later and although his side won in the club's opening league match at home to Cowdenbeath, consecutive 1-3 defeats on the road have kept Moore's team close to the bottom of the formative table.
Last year, the manager still had the experience of Martin Hardie and others to call upon, but the most recent results are arguably with Moore's strongest line-ups and could be an early indication of season-long mediocrity without any radical changes. Among the latest acquisitions to the playing staff, Kabba-Modou Cham doesn't look capable of leading the front line on his own, Dougie Imrie hasn't shown enough of a hint towards a return to the form of his early career, and Tomas Peciar simply just isn't up to standard. If Morton chairman Douglas Rae wants Moore to lead the club towards a promotion push again this year, a lot of work still needs to be done. If nothing else, the lack of incision from midfield will make Moore rue the release of Kyle Wilkie, who hasn't started superbly at Livingston but who would have presented a creative option on a different axis to Imrie.
Nevertheless, this was Dumbarton's win more than Morton's loss. Ian Murray made a couple of ambitious but undoubtedly astute signings in Colin Nish and Hugh Murray, and neither disappointed. While Nish can often resemble little more than an unbalanced harlequin with a tendency to wake-up for a match day offside, his preserved record as the tenth top scorer in the history of the SPL isn't to be scoffed at – Nish's goal for 2-0 just before half-time left Moore with a double-substitution to organise. However, of greater importance is the introduction of Hugh Murray into the team: he sat at the back of midfield, which released Scott Agnew and Chris Turner (among the best technical midfield partnerships in the lower leagues) to dictate and support Nish, instead of taking it in turns to protect the defence themselves.
If Hugh Murray can avoid the recklessness that sullied his initial excellence at Partick Thistle last season, Dumbarton will rarely lose a midfield battle in the league and therefore should be looking up, not down the table. JAM
3) Cowdenbeath need to start collecting points
At the beginning of the season, Grant Adam's claim that Cowdenbeath could be challenging in the upper echelons of the Championship may have raised some mirth, but after the weekend's 3-1 defeat to Alloa Athletic (their third consecutive loss), his remark now sounds like utter bunkum. In the goalkeeper's defence, no-one should be criticised for aiming high, and if he is reflecting the mood of his team-mates, then the positivity surrounding Central Park should be commended, but after the club's worst start to the season since 1997-98, another relegation tussle seems the more likely scenario.
Of course, there is no need for the Cowden support to panic just yet, but even at this early juncture, the opening three rounds of fixtures have offered up enough evidence to suggest they should be concerned – and not just with their own team's results. The league's other part-time clubs, Alloa and Dumbarton, have both started impressively. The Wasps are currently residing in third place, while the Sons have built on their opening day draw with Falkirk with an excellent win over Greenock Morton. Cowden, meanwhile, have lost to Morton, Raith Rovers and now Alloa.
On Saturday, Colin Cameron attempted to address his side's weaknesses by utilising a 4-5-1 formation, with Kane Hemmings operating diligently as a lone striker and Nathaniel Wedderburn, nominally the team's sole screening midfielder, offered greater assistance in protecting the defence – it was little coincidence he turned in his best performance for the club. And yet, Cowden were undone by poor defending once again. With the game tied at 1-1, an error from Kenny Adamson allowed Andy Kirk to score and swing the game irrecoverably in Alloa's favour. Eddie Ferns's last minute goal added gloss to the score-line, but this is the quandry facing Cameron – while Alloa can win without playing well, his side seem to have picked up a nasty habit of dropping points despite being in the ascendancy.
Curiously, the last time Cowdenbeath lost their opening three fixtures, they shared a division with Dumbarton and Alloa. The 1997-98 Third Division campaign concluded with Cowden in eighth, while the Sons finished bottom. Presumably Grant Adam would be pleased with a similar outcome in May, but his side badly need to start collecting points. The forthcoming fixture with Dumbarton will make for fascinating viewing. SM
4) Dunfermline Athletic just might die with a smile on their face after all
"I've seen this happen in other people's lives, now it's happening in mine," croons Morrisey in The Smiths' seminal single That Joke Isn't Funny Anymore. Dunfermline Athletic's 5-4 victory over Stenhousemuir at Ochilview, where the Pars scored three goals in the final six minutes, was the kind of thing you only ever see on the telly, or read about in the papers, or hear other fans talk about, or see on a Danny Baker compilation DVD – a madcap series of incredible events that defy belief. Such was the extraordinary nature of the match, it was included in The Guardian's Saturday Sundae supplement (although this perhaps had more to do with a knackered vidiprinter than the game itself).
Even when they were enjoying their handsome advantage, the Warriors always looked brittle. Early in the second half, a fine finish from Sean Lynch added to strikes from John Gemmell and Ross Smith to give the Warriors a three-goal lead but there was a nagging feeling that the Pars could still take something from the match. Jordan Moore and Andy Geggan reduced the deficit, but Sean Higgins's goal – Stenhousemuir's fourth – should have seen them close the game out in comfort. Not so – with six minutes remaining, Allan Smith, Moore and Geggan all scored to complete Dunfermline's astonishing comeback. The match will surely enter folklore – where were you on 24 August 2013? Let me tell you about this game I went to…
The manner of the result could be the making of this Dunfermline team. When discussing the Pars, one is obligated to include the words "young and inexperienced" but their performance on Saturday was remarkable and showed an unbound relentlessness that belied their lack of stature. They were enthusiastic and, particularly after the introduction of Ryan Wallace and Stephen Husband, they attacked and attacked and attacked their opponents, driving Stenhousemuir deeper into their own territory until they eventually succumbed. In Jordan Moore, the game's outstanding player, they boast a muscular, physical striker who is equally adept at creating as he is finishing. Moore's first goal was quite delightful and his progress over the course of the season will be of great benefit to the Pars and Dundee United, his parent club.
The result was sickening for Stenhousemuir, with their defensive frailties exposed once again. The addition of Ross Smith from Dundee United on a temporary basis looked to have addressed their deficiencies (the Warriors kept clean sheets in their opening two league matches) but without the suspended Ross McMillan, the backline was appalling and lacked any sort of leadership and organisation. Smith and makeshift centre-back Eddie Malone were dire throughout, with even the basic elements of defending apparently beyond them. That said, they were hardly abetted by a sluggish midfield, with Sean Lynch looking especially leggy (although his goal was well-taken, the former Airdrieonians player is either badly lacking in fitness, injured, or just not good enough). Stenhousemuir's midweek exertion against Peterhead was perhaps a factor for the spectacular manner in which they fell away, but to capitulate with just six minutes remaining is inexplicable.
Dunfermline face Falkirk in a League Cup tie on Tuesday before taking on Stranraer, an excellent opportunity for the club to reaffirm their play-off credentials. Stenhousemuir, meanwhile, must consolidate and work out just how on earth they lost the match. It was dark as they drove the point home. CGT
5) Peterhead are no longer title favourites
Peterhead, looking to claim their first league win of an already vexatious season, welcomed Elgin City to Balmoor on Saturday. The Blue Toon started the match as strong favourites: Elgin were dismal against East Stirlingshire last weekend and followed the performance with a humiliating defeat at Highland League side Formartine United in the Ramsdens Cup. Ahead of the match, City manager Ross Jack rolled out the classic cliché that "form usually goes out of the window" in derby games but unfortunately for him and counterpart Jim McInally, the game reflected both clubs' underwhelming form.
The home side were boosted by the return of striker Rory McAllister from a club suspension (the striker was temporarily exiled after reporting for training drunk) and the addition of loan signings Ryan McGeever (Falkirk) and Stephen O'Neill (Aberdeen). McGeever was to play a prominent part in the game, with the 18-year-old centre-back at fault in the 77th minute when an intended pass-back from distance became a perfect through ball to Craig Gunn, who doubled City's advantage. But just two minutes later, McGeever nodded home a David Cox corner and with six minutes remaining, Brian Gilfillan stabbed in a McAllister knockdown to earn Peterhead a point.
It was another mediocre result for Peterhead, who started the season as clear favourites to win League 2, but have since drifted from 6/4 to 5/2 in the market. Meanwhile, East Stirlingshire – picked out as a "decent proposition" at the start of the season – are the early pacesetters, having made a perfect start (their superb record perhaps puts Elgin's performance at Ochilview last weekend into perspective).
After the match, a disappointed McInally admitted that "doors were being kicked" in the dressing room, but said he was generally satisfied with his team's character in the face of adversity. What he was at a loss as to explain, however, was the poor defending which has been a feature of Peterhead's start of the season (and in stark contrast to last term). With a number of his squad based in the Central Belt, it might be difficult for McInally, who has never carried the burden of expectation comfortably, to address these shortcomings. He will be hoping that Rory McAllister doesn't add to his concerns with any further misdemeanours. AG
CowdenbeathDumbartonDunfermline AthleticFalkirkGreenock MortonPeterheadStenhousemuir

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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In the News: "James, Son of Joseph, Brother of Jesus"
From most of the pictures that you have seen of "the box," you might think that it was the size of a large coffin. Yet, at approximately 10 inches wide, 20 inches long, and 12 inches high, this box doesn't fit our modern idea of a coffin. In fact, it's more like a limestone Rubbermaid® crate than a coffin. At first glance, this "box" is not so unusual at all. During the first-century B.C., and continuing until the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70, Jews used these containers to "rebury" their relatives. Generally, the bodies of the deceased were placed on a shelf or floor of a tomb; then, about one year after the original burial, friends or relatives would open the tomb, remove the bones, and place them in an ossuary. Occasionally, ossuaries contained the bones of multiple individuals. The outer decorations varied widely from one to the next. Some were bland, with no inscriptions, while others had carved designs or the names of the individuals buried therein.
The particular ossuary that has captured the world's attention boasts of no great decoration. In fact, a small, 7.5-inch Aramaic inscription is the only thing that sets it apart from the most boring of ossuaries. Yet, that tiny inscription not only has set it apart from other ossuaries, but also has set it apart from all other archaeological finds to date. That inscription reads: "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus."
The first question that arises is whether this is the James of the Bible. While there are at least two Jameses mentioned in the Bible to which this inscription likely does not apply, one James is mentioned who seems to fit the description quite well. Matthew noted in his gospel regarding Christ:
...He taught them in their synagogue, so that they were astonished and said, "Where did this Man get this wisdom and these mighty works? Is this not the carpenter's son? Is not His mother called Mary? And His brothers James, Joses, Simon, and Judas?" (13:53-56).
According to Matthew, then, the Jews recognized Jesus as the brother of James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas, and they also attributed at least two sisters to these brothers. Furthermore, Paul mentioned "James the Lord's brother" (Galatians 1:19). Apparently, this same James became a prominent leader of the Jerusalem church (see Acts 15:13; 21:18-19; Galatians 2:9,12). Additionally, James the brother of Jesus very likely was the writer of the New Testament book by the same name. Secular sources also verify the idea that Jesus had a brother named James. Josephus wrote that the Jewish high priest "assembled the Sanhedrin of judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus...whose name was James" (20:9:1). The historian then proceeded to document that James was stoned.
Naturally, it first must be established that the ossuary is an authentic artifact from a time that would correspond to Jesus Christ and His brother James. In the premiere article about the inscription appearing in the November/December 2002 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review [BAR] André Lemaire detailed several facts that make a strong case for the inscription's authenticity. As an expert in ancient inscriptions, he stated: "This type of bone box is generally to be dated between about 20 B.C.E. [Before Common Era—KB] and 70 C.E [Common Era—KB].... Moreover, the cursive shape of three of the letters (dalet, yod and aleph) indicates an even narrower span of time: the last decades before the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 C.E.—the exact period when James, the brother of Jesus, would have died" (2002, 28[6]:28). Hershel Shanks, the editor of BAR, had the ossuary's composition tested by the Israeli Ministry of National Infrastructures, which concluded that the limestone was used extensively "during the Second Temple period," and that no modern elements or chemicals had been used to "doctor" the box to make it appear old. In addition, the patina (dirt and other build-up on the box) passed the authenticity test (p. 29).
As far as can be proven to date, the box has all the signs of authenticity. But can we conclude that the Jesus and James of the inscription are the identical characters of the New Testament writings? While the names of James, Jesus, and Joseph were common during the first century, they would not often have been found in the exact same sequence of relationship as on the ossuary and in the biblical text. Lemaire concluded that "there were therefore probably about 20 people" who would have fit the inscription (p. 33). Yet the odds narrow even more, since only rarely would a brother's name be included on an ossuary. In the November 4, 2002 issue of Time, David Van Biema reported that Lemaire believes "there is a 90% chance that the James on the ossuary was the biblical brother of Jesus" (2002, 160[19]:72). In the original BAR article, Lemaire stated that the ossuary "very probably" documents Jesus the Christ.
There are voices of opposition to the suggestion that this inscription refers to Christ. Since the artifact was not retrieved from its original environment, it cannot be attributed to a specific location. In the November 4, 2002 issue of Newsweek, reporter Kenneth Woodward quoted Bruce Chilton of Bard College: "If you cannot say where an artifact was found and where it has been for nearly 2,000 years, you cannot pretend to draw lines of connection between the object and the people it might mention" (2002, 140[19]:48).
At present, we cannot be dogmatic about the ossuarial evidence, but we can state dogmatically that the name of Jesus Christ refuses to vanish into obscurity, and that His life, teachings, and personality continue to be the most influential of any human ever to walk the Earth.
Lemaire, André (2002), "Burial Box of James the Brother of Jesus: Earliest Archaeological Evidence of Jesus Found in Jerusalem," Biblical Archaeology Review, 28[6]:24-33, November/December.
Van Biema, David (2002), "The Brother of Jesus," Time, 160[19]:70-73, November 4.
Woodward, Kenneth (2002), "A Clue to Jesus?," Newsweek, 140[19]:48-49, November 4.
We are happy to grant permission for items in the "Inspiration of the Bible" section to be reproduced in part or in their entirety, as long as the following stipulations are observed: (1) Apologetics Press must be designated as the original publisher; (2) the specific Apologetics Press Web site URL must be noted; (3) the author's name must remain attached to the materials; (4) textual alterations of any kind are strictly forbidden; (5) Some illustrations (e.g., photographs, charts, graphics, etc.) are not the intellectual property of Apologetics Press and as such cannot be reproduced from our site without consent from the person or organization that maintains those intellectual rights; (6) serialization of written material (e.g., running an article in several parts) is permitted, as long as the whole of the material is made available, without editing, in a reasonable length of time; (7) articles, excepting brief quotations, may not be offered for sale or included in items offered for sale; and (8) articles may be reproduced in electronic form for posting on Web sites pending they are not edited or altered from their original content and that credit is given to Apologetics Press, including the web location from which the articles were taken.


text:
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Fitzgibbons relishing Olympic carrot during surfing world title push
By Ed Jackson
September 20, 2019 — 7.48am
Sally Fitzgibbons is loving the added lure of Olympic qualification in her quest for a maiden World Surf League crown.
The Australian heads into this weekend's Freshwater Pro at Kelly Slater's Californian Surf Ranch second in the tour rankings behind America's Carissa Moore.
Sally Fitzgibbons is eyeing a world title and a spot at the Tokyo Olympics in 2020. Credit:Getty
The 28-year-old's focus may primarily be on ending her decade-long wait for a world title, but the former junior athletics star is also in the box seat to secure one of the two women's spots in Australia's Olympic surfing squad for Tokyo 2020.
Competing in Australia's team at the World Surfing Games in Japan earlier this month cemented Fitzgibbons' Olympic eligibility and she says that taste of national representation had whetted her appetite for what lies ahead.
"Obviously the main focus for this year is doing well and fighting for the title and if you're doing that successfully and you're on the hunt for that title, you're in the box seat in terms of those Olympic selections," Fitzgibbons said.
"It's cool that they work hand-in-hand.
Fitzgibbons is well placed to finally secure her first world title. Credit:Getty
"We did have to head over there to Japan and kind of experience the World Game flavour too. It just gave us time in that Aussie squad and to really develop that culture."
Australia's Stephanie Gilmore is also in contention for a staggering eighth world title, currently sitting third in the standings, and would form a formidable Olympic duo with Fitzgibbons if both were able to earn selection.
Fitzgibbons says surfing's status as an Olympic sport is bringing wider benefits to the sport as well.
"It's a very welcome change to the sport having the Olympic inclusion because I've just seen so many positive changes in Surfing Australia and the support from the government just to help us do what we do better and help us improve," she said.
"That's pretty amazing to have your country behind you."
CURRENT WOMEN'S WORLD SURF LEAGUE STANDINGS:
Carissa Moore (HAW) - 41,175 points
Sally Fitzgibbons (AUS) - 37,325
Stephanie Gilmore (AUS) - 35,065
Lakey Peterson (USA) - 33,850
Caroline Marks (USA) - 32,135
OTHER AUSTRALIANS
11. Bronte Macaulay (AUS) - 17,795
12. Nikki Van Dijk (AUS) - 17,570
15. Keely Andrew (AUS) - 16,005


Editor's Note: We're excited to welcome Sharon Fain (co-director of Academy of Handmade and Dear Handmade Life sponsorship manager) to our blog to share about the importance of diversifying your selling platforms. When I started my handmade business over a decade ago, selling options were extremely limited. We had craft shows, wholesale sales, online sales through your own website and that was pretty much it. Now, makers have lots of online and in-person selling avenues. You may feel overwhelmed thinking about dividing your efforts to sell on a new platform but there are so many reasons why diversifying your sales avenues can create longevity for your business. And, Amazon Handmade is a great platform to consider. To be honest, I hadn't thought about selling our new line of tees and pins on Amazon Handmade until we were recording some commercials for them for our podcast and I learned that there were zero upfront costs and no monthly fees to get our products in front of Amazon's 250 million customers worldwide! Sure, it takes a bit of time to set up a new online shop but if you already have the basics in place (photos, product descriptions etc.) like we do, it's pretty quick and the makers I know who have Amazon Handmade shops say the maintenance is low compared to their sales – creating a high ROI. One of our goals for 2019 is to set up our own Amazon Handmade shop. If you're interested too, you can learn more here.
The handmade marketplace has changed quite a bit since Dear Handmade Life started, with our first event Patchwork Show in 2007. For one thing, people were finally just getting comfortable with online selling, makers were still figuring out how to price for their new audience who was hungry for their products, and it seemed like makers had minimal competition plus lots of people longing for unique, handmade goods. Fast forward to today when makers are far more sophisticated about selling, handmade seems little less unique and sites like Etsy are incredibly competitive.
In the last couple years in particular it feels like a lot of changes have happened that have really upended how a lot of makers look at their business. And I've noticed that the makers who are able to weather these changes best have been the ones who have strategically diversified their businesses. All of their selling eggs aren't in one marketplace, so to speak.
How are people weathering these changes? Several makers I know have had tremendous success selling on Amazon Handmade. Some even have their Amazon Handmade shop surpassing their long-open Etsy shops in sales. But it can be intimidating to make the leap into a new marketplace, even though it can be very rewarding.
Just like you wouldn't only sell wholesale in ONE retail shop, limiting where you sell online to only one place can have you missing out on audiences that would have never known you otherwise!
Think of these places as advertisement for your product beyond immediate selling propositions. It is a new place to gain SEO. It's a new place to have an influencer, gift guide or buyer stumble onto your product. Especially on a site like Amazon Handmade, where the SEO is really strong.
Whether it's been good or bad for you, Etsy has become a very different place. It's changed a lot. Same with the craft show scene. Even how wholesale is conducted has changed a lot in the last few years and continues to change!
These changes are inevitable. The good thing is that the more diversified your selling outlets are, the better chance you'll have of weathering that. A platform like Amazon Handmade can help create a steady stream of sales, even if it doesn't become your primary place to sell online.
On a recent episode of our Dear Handmade Life Podcast, we talked with Megan Auman about multi-avenue marketing (which is a lot of what selling in different places is– see point #1). A lot of the conversation revolved around experimenting and figuring out what works for you.
This naturally stretches you and your business to help create a growth mindset. While putting yourself out there in a new avenue can feel intimidating, if you do it enough it becomes old hat. Other bigger challenges don't seem so scary!
Putting yourself into a new business avenue can give you perspective you never had! You can see your product through the eyes of new customers and better hone in on what you offer. Each interaction with new customers gives you a little bit more data about your product, marketing and service. This means better products and ways of selling.
While we can't predict what will happen next or prevent changes in the market, we can guard against being negatively surprised by them by creating a diversified business.
What have your experiences been with diversifying your business? Let us know in the comments!
P.S. – Stay tuned for our next post in new selling platforms for makers on January 18, 2019 when we'll share some tips for makers getting started selling on Amazon Handmade.
Click here if you want more information about selling on Amazon Handmade.


text:
Q: proxy_pass configuration in NGINX I'm trying to figure out how to pass an external request via proxy_pass in NGINX. In particular I want to load Sphinx Documentation source from http://example.com/documentation/, but actually after restarting NGINX server I got 502 Bad Gateway, probably derived by a not proper configuration.
Here's my example configuration:
server {

    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    root /var/www;

    location /documentation {

        proxy_pass http://example.com:8000;
        index index.php index.html index.htm;
    }

}

In my opinion it should work, any suggestions?
Consider that if I try to launch the Sphinx source via ssh console without NGINX configuration, it works but the source path is like this: http://example.com:8000, not the best way to display it.
Also because I need to load it every times via the console command:

sphinx-autobuild source build/html --host http://example.com --port8000

I didn't find nothing about launch it in a specific subfolder of the host, for example the subfolder /documentation.
[Update]
I have tried to replace example.com with localhost instruction as suggested by @Johnny Logan, and I got a 502 Bad Request with this strange kind of result request in the address bar:
http://example.com/documentation:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000:8000/

A: It looks like you're connecting to example.com again -- I suppose you want to get to port 8000 internally? You may want to substitute 'localhost' in the configuration:
server {

    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    root /var/www;

    location /documentation {

        proxy_pass http://localhost:8000;
        index index.php index.html index.htm;
    }

}

This way you also don't need to have port 8000 open -- everything goes through port 80 or 443.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
YA Novels
Napoleonic Era
19th C. America
19th C. Europe
The Old West
India & S. Asia
by June Hutton
Reviewed by Margaret Donsbach
The impressionistic, psychologically astute Underground follows a Canadian man's struggle to recover physically and emotionally after being buried alive as a sixteen-year-old soldier in a World War I trench. "He lies on his back, a tide of earth rising, his limbs swimming slowly against the building weight. Then a wave of sand slaps over his nose. He gasps for air. Arms and legs shoot straight out, then churn against the tumbling clay."
Though rescued by his fellow soldiers and sent home, Al is crippled by what, today, we would call PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder. Certain noises, places, smells, textures can bring on an incapacitating panic. Seemingly aimless, he drifts through the decades. He loses a house-painting job when the Great Depression strikes. He experiences life in a hobo camp, a Canadian work camp, a Communist-organized strike, and the frozen Yukon before he makes a decision that will make or break his recovery. "Are you completely mad?" his brother asks on learning he has volunteered to fight in the Spanish Civil War.
Two decades have passed since the Great War. "If this were like the last war he'd be considered too old to soldier." Maturity makes a difference, and he begins to recognize not just war's practical uses and traumatic effects, but also its confounding moral complexity. While the novel never shies away from war's horrors or from the less-than-honorable motives of numerous participants on both sides, it also recognizes that some soldiers fight for honorable reasons. Underground is as much a tribute to the 1,600-odd Canadian soldiers who fought in the Spanish Civil War as it is a warning against war's evils.
As with many literary novels, the plot movement is within the protagonist rather than in external events driven by obvious chains of cause and effect. Al's crippling trauma begins underground. His healing, too, if it comes, must originate in the underground regions of his psyche where his memories are buried away. (2009; 246 pages, including a brief "End note" about the history behind the novel)
More about Underground at Amazon.com
Interview with author June Hutton
Other novels about Canadian soldiers:
Empress of Asia by Adam Lewis Schroeder (2008), about a Canadian seaman who falls in love with and marries an Englishwoman in Singapore, and then searches for her across Southeast Asia after they are separated during an air raid. More info
Three Day Road by Joseph Boyden (2005), about two young Cree Indian men's experiences in World War I. More info
Jeremy Kane by Sidney Allinson (1998), a self-published novel about the 1837 Mackenzie Rebellion, which attempted to establish a republican form of government in Canada, and subsequent exile of the rebels to an Australian penal colony. More info
Nonfiction about the Spanish Civil War's International Brigades:
Renegades: Canadians in the Spanish Civil War by Michael Petrou (2008). More info
The Gallant Cause: Canadians in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 by Mark Zuehlke (2008). More info
Comrades and Commissars: The Lincoln Battalion in the Spanish Civil War by Cecil D. Eby (2007). More info
Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion at Wikipedia, about the battalion of Canadian soldiers who fought in the Spanish Civil War
Back to 20th Century: North Americans in WWI
Back to Directory of Book Reviews
Copyright 2008-2019 HistoricalFiction.info


text:
Cemeteries, Historical Sites, Outdoors, People, Places, Structures · November 19, 2021
Wright County Farm and Alms House, the 'Poor Farm'
Share the post "Wright County Farm and Alms House, the 'Poor Farm'"
A friend called me and asked me if I'd like to go to the "Poor Farm." She mentioned that her neighbors had purchased the site where the Wright County Farm and Alms House used to stand, and would be willing to show me where the graveyard associated with it lay.
How could I say no?
We headed over to where Bob and Debbie Ziy live, where Debbie greeted us and invited us in for homemade German chocolate cake, and fresh brewed iced tea. Bob came in, joined us at the kitchen table and took an afternoon break from mowing.
Bob grew up in the Bootheel, in Parma, Missouri. He worked for Caterpillar in Peoria, Illinois, and in 1976, he came over to help a friend do some seeding in this area. He saw the farm for sale and fell in love with it. His house sits on a hill with sweeping vistas, and pastoral views.
Bob Ziy stands near the fence he built surrounding the graveyard from the Poor Farm on his property.
He said he made an offer and signed the paperwork on Easter weekend. In 1992, he had the second house torn down (built in 1943 and not to the grand scale of the original Poor Farm residence) so that he could build his new house, but said, "I left the front end of that old basement under the front porch." The old basement had three-foot thick walls, and the prior owners had used it when they rebuilt in 1943. Bob laughed and said that they'd never felt spooked and didn't feel as though the site was haunted.
History of the Wright County Farm and Alms House
This photo is in the book titled "History and Families, 150th Anniversary, 1841-1991, Wright County Missouri." It reads, "Joseph N. Lee was the first superintendent of Wright county Farm and Alms House, which served the county's indigent for some 30 years, from 1915 until the 1940s, when other means of support, such as pensions and federal assistance, made continuation of the program unnecessary."
The Wright County Farm and Alms House, aka "Poor Farm," was built in 1915 and lasted until about 1942, when a fire destroyed the entire place.
We took a ride out in the pasture to where Bob said he found the graves, that had been decimated somewhat by cattle grazing in the same area. He seemed incensed that people had allowed the graveyard to be overrun by cattle and said it's one of the first things he did after acquiring the property – to fence in the graveyard. "It just ain't right," he kept saying, in regard to allowing cattle to destroy a consecrated ground.
If you look closely, you can see the grave marker hidden in the brush.
Bob reckoned there were at least 12 flint grave markers onsite from residents of the Poor Farm, but he thought there might be more graves, especially since there are depressions in the soil. A resource at MoGenWeb stated that there should be 27 death certificates associated with the cemetery, but it may be that it was an existing cemetery even before the Poor Farm started burying its dead there.
Bob said he remembered a friend telling him that about a relative who lived there who requested that he not be "buried out back in the woods, but in town." He also said the original road ran along the fence line that skirts the north side of the farm, which is near Hartville, Missouri.
More about 'Poor Farms'
Although Poor Farms might have been a way for society back in the day to "take care" of indigent and mentally ill people, these places have been reported to be centers of cruelty. According to James Whalen, in a publication based in New Brunswick, "While all types of poor people were given shelter in almshouses, the purpose of the workhouse was very particular. As Bill Wister, in 'Poor Law Legislation in New Brunswick,' put it:
'The Work Houses were seen as a method of controlling the outdoor relief [welfare] and providing a deterrent to those wanting relief from the parish. Also the Work House was seen as a response to the idle and drunk.'"
Housing men and women together, some with a criminal backgrounds and mental illnesses combined, the farms couldn't have been centers of joy and happiness. Often it's surmised that people took their relatives that they couldn't take care of to these places, dropped them off and said goodbye.
Bob said he heard that this location grew its own vegetables, some fruit and raised a hog or steer.
All in all, it sounds miserable, even though it stood on a beautiful site. There's nothing left to see except a few flint markers, which lie tucked away on private property.
Bob opens a gate to get down to the old graveyard.
Posted By: Barbara Baird · In: Cemeteries, Historical Sites, Outdoors, People, Places, Structures
Jim Oxley, 'The Dress Man'
Off-Season Milling Around Missouri
Baker Creek Heirloom Seed Company
A Side Trip to Evening Shade
A Visit to Falling Spring in the Ozarks


text:
Joseph Kollamparambil (ur. 22 września 1955 w Chennad) – indyjski duchowny syromalabarski, biskup pomocniczy Shamshabad od 2022.

Życiorys

Prezbiterat
Święcenia kapłańskie otrzymał 18 grudnia 1981 i został inkardynowany do eparchii Palai. Pracował głównie jako duszpasterz parafialny, był też m.in. ekonomem Kolegium św. Jerzego oraz przełożonym Kolegium św. Grzegorza w Aruvithura, a także syncelem eparchii. W 2019, w ramach współpracy misyjnej, został syncelem eparchii Shamshabad odpowiedzialnym za misję w Gujarat.

Episkopat
25 sierpnia 2022 papież Franciszek mianował go biskupem pomocniczym eparchii Shamshabad nadając mu stolicę tytularną Bencenna. Sakry udzielił mu 9 października 2022 kardynał George Alencherry.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
  [dostęp 2022-08-25]

Syromalabarscy biskupi katoliccy
Indyjscy biskupi katoliccy
Urodzeni w 1955

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
=====================
Getting Started Guide
=====================

This "Getting Started Guide" focuses on basic usage of the **AWS SDK for PHP**. After reading through this material, you
should be familiar with the SDK and be able to start using the SDK in your application. This guide assumes that you have
already :doc:`downloaded and installed the SDK <installation>` and retrieved your `AWS access keys
<http://aws.amazon.com/developers/access-keys/>`_.

Including the SDK
-----------------

No matter which technique you have used to to install the SDK, the SDK can be included into your project or script with
just a single include (or require) statement. Please refer to the following table for the PHP code that best fits your
installation technique. Please replace any instances of ``/path/to/`` with the actual path on your system.

========================== =============================================================================================
Installation Technique     Include Statement
========================== =============================================================================================
Using Composer             ``require '/path/to/vendor/autoload.php';``
-------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Using the Phar             ``require '/path/to/aws.phar';``
-------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Using the Zip              ``require '/path/to/aws-autoloader.php';``
-------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Using PEAR                 ``require 'AWSSDKforPHP/aws.phar';``
========================== =============================================================================================

For the remainder of this guide, we will show examples that use the Composer installation method. If you are using a
different installation method, then you can refer to this section and substitute in the proper code.

Creating a client object
------------------------

To use the SDK, you first you need to instantiate a **client** object for the service you are using. We'll use the
Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) client as an example. You can instantiate a client using two different
techniques.

.. _client_factory_method:

Factory method
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The easiest way to get up and running quickly is to use the web service client's ``factory()`` method and provide your
**credential profile** (via the ``profile`` option), which identifies the set of credentials you want to use from your
``~/.aws/credentials`` file (see :ref:`credential_profiles`).

.. code-block:: php

    <?php

    // Include the SDK using the Composer autoloader
    require 'vendor/autoload.php';

    use Aws\S3\S3Client;

    // Instantiate the S3 client using your credential profile
    $s3Client = S3Client::factory(array(
        'profile' => 'my_profile',
    ));

You can also choose to forgo specifying credentials if you are relying on **instance profile credentials**, provided via
`AWS Identity and Access Management (AWS IAM) roles for EC2 instances <http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/UsingIAM.html#UsingIAMrolesWithAmazonEC2Instances>`_,
or **environment credentials** sourced from the ``AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID`` and ``AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY`` environment
variables. For more information about credentials, see :doc:`credentials`.

.. note::

    Instance profile credentials and other temporary credentials generated by the AWS Security Token Service (AWS STS)
    are not supported by every service. Please check if the service you are using supports temporary credentials by
    reading `AWS Services that Support AWS STS <http://docs.aws.amazon.com/STS/latest/UsingSTS/UsingTokens.html>`_.

Depending on the service, you may also need to provide a **region** value to the ``factory()`` method. The region value
is used by the SDK to determine the `regional endpoint <http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/rande.html>`_ to
use to communicate with the service. Amazon S3 does not require you to provide a region, but other services like Amazon
Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) do. You can specify a region and other configuration settings along with your
credentials in the array argument that you provide.

.. code-block:: php

    $ec2Client = \Aws\Ec2\Ec2Client::factory(array(
        'profile' => 'my_profile',
        'region'  => 'us-east-1',
    ));

To know if the service client you are using requires a region and to find out which regions are supported by the client,
please see the appropriate :ref:`service-specific guide <supported-services>`.

Service builder
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Another way to instantiate a service client is using the ``Aws\Common\Aws`` object (a.k.a the **service builder**).
The ``Aws`` object is essentially a `service locator <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_locator_pattern>`_, and
allows you to specify credentials and configuration settings such that they can be shared across all client instances.
Also, every time you fetch a client object from the ``Aws`` object, it will be exactly the same instance.

.. code-block:: php

    use Aws\Common\Aws;

    // Create a service locator using a configuration file
    $aws = Aws::factory(array(
        'profile' => 'my_profile',
        'region'  => 'us-east-1',
    ));

    // Get client instances from the service locator by name
    $s3Client = $aws->get('s3');
    $ec2Client = $aws->get('ec2');

    // The service locator always returns the same instance
    $anotherS3Client = $aws->get('s3');
    assert('$s3Client === $anotherS3Client');

You can also declare your credentials and settings in a **configuration file**, and provide the path to that file (in
either php or json format) when you instantiate the ``Aws`` object.

.. code-block:: php

    // Create a `Aws` object using a configuration file
    $aws = Aws::factory('/path/to/config.php');

    // Get the client from the service locator by namespace
    $s3Client = $aws->get('s3');

A simple configuration file should look something like this:

.. code-block:: php

    <?php return array(
        'includes' => array('_aws'),
        'services' => array(
            'default_settings' => array(
                'params' => array(
                    'key'    => 'YOUR_AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID',
                    'secret' => 'YOUR_AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY',
                    // OR: 'profile' => 'my_profile',
                    'region' => 'us-west-2'
                )
            )
        )
    );

For more information about configuration files, please see :doc:`configuration`.

Performing service operations
-----------------------------

.. include:: _snippets/performing-operations.txt

To learn about performing operations in more detail, including using command objects, see :doc:`feature-commands`.

Working with modeled responses
------------------------------

.. include:: _snippets/models-intro.txt

To learn more about how to work with modeled responses, read the detailed guide to :doc:`feature-models`.

Detecting and handling errors
-----------------------------

When you preform an operation, and it succeeds, it will return a modeled response. If there was an error with the
request, then an exception is thrown. For this reason, you should use ``try``/``catch`` blocks around your operations if
you need to handle errors in your code. The SDK throws service-specific exceptions when a server-side error occurs.

In the following example, the ``Aws\S3\S3Client`` is used. If there is an error, the exception thrown will be of the
type: ``Aws\S3\Exception\S3Exception``.

.. code-block:: php

    try {
        $s3Client->createBucket(array(
            'Bucket' => 'my-bucket'
        ));
    } catch (\Aws\S3\Exception\S3Exception $e) {
        // The bucket couldn't be created
        echo $e->getMessage();
    }

Exceptions thrown by the SDK like this all extend the ``ServiceResponseException`` class (`see the API docs
<http://docs.aws.amazon.com/aws-sdk-php/latest/class-Aws.Common.Exception.ServiceResponseException.html>`_), which has
some custom methods that might help you discover what went wrong.

Waiters
-------

.. include:: _snippets/waiters-intro.txt

To learn more about how to use and configure waiters, please read the detailed guide to :doc:`feature-waiters`.

Iterators
---------

.. include:: _snippets/iterators-intro.txt

To learn more about how to use and configure iterators, please read the detailed guide to :doc:`feature-iterators`.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub