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Embedded Linux at sweet 16: adapting to the IoT
Dec 6, 2016 — by Eric Brown 1,254 views
At ELC Europe, embedded Linux guru Tim Bird examined the "Status of Embedded Linux" and discussed challenges that it faces in the brave new world of IoT.
As Chair of the Architecture Group of The Linux Foundation's CE Working Group, Tim Bird has long been the amiable public face of the Embedded Linux Conferences, which he has run for over a decade. At the recent ELC Europe event in Berlin, Bird gave a "Status of Embedded Linux" keynote in which he discussed the good news in areas like GPU support and virtually mapped kernel stacks, as well as the slow progress in boot time, system size, and other areas that might help Linux compete with RTOSes in IoT leaf nodes.
Bird also opened ELCE with welcoming remarks and closed it with a Closing Game trivia show. Did you know that Linus Torvalds was once bitten by a penguin, or that his father was a member of the European parliament? Or that Linux has not yet made it to the surface of Mars? Now you do. (See the video below.)
Bird launched his talk by noting the improving cadence consistency of kernel releases, now running between 63 and 70 days. More good news: When Greg-Kroah Hartman, who Bird interviewed in an ELCE fireside chat, announced the next LTS release in advance for the first time, developers restrained themselves from rushing to cram patches into it. Kernel v4.9 LTS is due in early December.
Indeed, Linux has matured, as befits an OS that by some counts has been injected into 1.5 billion objects. Bird thinks it may actually be more than 2 billion by now, although nobody knows for sure.
In any case, the status of embedded Linux is "great," says Bird. That doesn't stop him from worrying about the future. "Everyone knows IoT gateways are going to run Linux, but I worry that Linux is not going to run on those 9 billion leaf nodes they're expecting for IoT," he said. "I worry that Linux won't be the first OS running Minecraft on a cereal box."
To achieve the tuxified cereal box of his dreams, Bird estimates that costs must be reduced to $1.10. Half of that would go to the display, while 40 percent would be consumed by CPU, RAM, and flash. The rest would cover a battery and input device. "Today we're still at $5 for CPU and memory alone," he noted.
The point is that RTOSes are likely to get there first. Bird, who is a Senior Software Engineer at Sony, mentioned a recent Sony audio player project in which Nuttx beat out Linux because "it's easier to add stuff to Nuttx than to trim down Linux."
Even if Linux may not beat RTOSes to the cereal box market, it troubles Bird that Linux is not being more aggressively extended to capture more of the IoT endpoint market. "There's been a ton of driver work on CPUs, GPUs, and embedded devices in this year's kernels, which is great," said Bird, "but not much on features like boot time, system size, or embedded filesystems."
Bird noted a decrease in both kernel submissions and ELC and ELCE talks on topics that dominated the first few years of ELC: boot time, system size, file systems, power management, real-time, and security. While numerous lightweight Linux distros have emerged for IoT, there has been little progress on the kernel side to reduce footprint. Not much is going on with the Linux Kernel Tinification or Linux Tiny projects. "We haven't seen much new since Linux 4.1 when they got rid of users and groups, saving about 25K."
If embedded open source development continues to expand beyond Linux to RTOSes like Nuttx, FreeRTOS, Mbed, and the Linux Foundation's Zephyr, fragmentation will only increase, argued Bird. "We already have way too many embedded Linux distributions. That makes it hard to share non-kernel stuff like system-wide and feedback-directed optimizations or security enhancements. We need to find ways to share our package management and our test capabilities." Bird is hardly anti-RTOS however, stating: "It's a really big deal that Linaro announced support for Zephyr."
As IoT developers increasingly work with both Linux and RTOSes, there are not only more technologies to integrate, but also the permissive non-GPL licenses such as BSD that are increasingly used by RTOSes. "We have too many OSes with different licenses," said Bird, before recommending one admittedly controversial response: dual-licensing code for GPL and BSD.
Generalization vs. specialization
All these issues are played out against a struggle in embedded Linux between generalization and specialization. "In open source we want to generalize to get the network effects of a big group of collaborators," said Bird. "The device tree is moving the kernel toward greater generalization, with drivers written to handle all possible IP block configurations across multiple CPUs. But in embedded we want to specialize and make our devices as efficient, power-light, and cost effective as possible. But then you lose that community effect."
This tension has limited the progress of technologies like faster boot times and smaller footprints. "We can do fast boot, but most techniques use kernel specializations that are rejected upstream. Boot time is unique per platform, and reductions tend not to be mainlinable." The problem is that improvements like fast boot and Linux tinification require subtractive vs. additive engineering. "If you try to rip Linux apart, you end up with Franken-Linux. You can't pull the pieces apart cleanly."
Bird has recently been deeply involved in testing automation, where he is leading an LTSI project called Fuego. "Every company builds up their own test, which leads to fragmentation," said Bird. "Testing automation could help make up for some of the loss of community involved with specialized software. We need to share not only test packages but test experience."
Staying true to open source principles can help solve these challenges, said Bird. "Look at other projects to find commonality. Find a way to share ideas at a minimum and code if you can. And keep working on upstreaming."
Highlights of Embedded Linux 2016
In addition to grappling with the big picture, Bird gave a detailed breakdown of embedded Linux progress in specific segments. He also summarized the embedded highlights of recent kernel releases, such as LightNVM in Linux 4.4, ARM multiplatform support in Linux 4.5, and a timer wheel update in Linux 4.8.
Linux 4.9 will bring a technology called virtually mapped kernel stacks, which helps detect stack overruns, clean up kernel code, and speed process creation. "Being able to catch stack overflows inside the kernel is a huge deal," said Bird. "It's a level of robustness we've never seen before."
Here's a run-through of some 2016 embedded Linux trends highlighted by Bird, both inside and outside the kernel project:
Boot-up Time — As noted, not much is shaking. Intel's XIP (eXecute-In-Place) for x86 "was welcome," but "asynchronous probing didn't really go anywhere."
Device Trees — "Overlays seem to be working as intended," but validation is stalled. Updating the device tree spec is under discussion.
Graphics — Vulkan API v1.0 from Khronos Group provided a welcome alternative to Direct3D or OpenGL with less CPU and GPU overhead. "AMD plans to open source the driver, and Intel and Valve are already working on it. Nvidia supports it." The bad news: Qt changed its license from LGPL 2.0 to 3.0, which is "undesirable for many consumer electronics products," said Bird. "It has a lot of people in our industry worried."
GPUs — "Freedreno (Adreno) and Etnaviv (Vivante) have really made progress with free drivers." There's also been work on the Raspberry Pi's Broadcom VC4 GPU. The bad news: there's nothing new from the Lima project (ARM Mali), and nothing yet on the PowerVR front.
File systems — To address the trend toward opaque "black-box" block-based storage used in eMMC, solutions have emerged like LightNVM, a framework for holding SSD parameters. LightNVM allows the kernel to "move the flash translation layer from the black-box hardware up into the software where you have visibility." Also: "Free Electrons is doing some good work on UBIFS handling of MLC NAND."
Networking — Bluetooth 4.2 support added better security, faster speed, and 6LoWPAN mesh networking integration. There has also been work on IoT protocols like Thread.
Real-time Linux — The latest RT-preempt was released with Linux 4.8, and " Thomas Gleixner says there are only 10K lines left. I think it will be more than that." Also, Xenomai 3.0.1 has arrived with a new Cobalt core.
Security — Not much transpired in 2016. However: "A new kernel security hardening project is addressing classes of problems instead of individual bugfixes."
System Size — Not much happened in 2016, although the XIP patches helped out here as well. Going forward: "Nicolas Pitre is doing some interesting work on gcc –gc-sections, and Vitaly Wool is working on stuff."
Testing — There has been plenty of work done on Kselftest, LAVA V2, Fuego, and Kernelci.org, which Bird calls "the most successful, public, distributed Linux test system in the world."
Toolchain — "Khem Raj is doing interesting work in Yocto Project for Clang."
Tracing — eBPF is being used for dynamic tracing, and there's a new tracefs filesystem, which is no longer part of debugfs. There's also been work on Ftrace histogram triggers.
For more information, watch the keynote's complete video below:
Keynote: Status of Embedded Linux
Watch all 125+ sessions from ELC + OpenIoT Summit covering the latest on embedded Linux development and open source IoT, here. Embedded Linux Conference + OpenIoT Summit North America is taking place on February 21-23, 2017 in Portland, Oregon. Have something to share with the embedded Linux and IoT community? The call for proposals is open. Submit a talk for the Embedded Linux Conference here and for the OpenIoT Summit here.
This article is copyright © 2016 Linux.com and was originally published here. It has been reproduced by this site with the permission of its owner. Please visit Linux.com for up-to-date news and articles about Linux and open source.
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The CONNECT-3 is a heavy-duty stand designed for installing and managing three monitors weighing as much as 30 pounds each. Three identical monitors measuring 27 inches in width can be placed side by side. The monitors are attached to articulating mounts which readily tilt forward and back, swivel side to side, and rotate from portrait to landscape. These mounts are designed to be positioned anywhere along the three beams. The central beam is 30 inches wide. The two lateral beams are connected to the central beam with articulating hinges and can be angled to create an arc set-up. The wire management is simple and elegant and ensures clutter-free cable routing. Clamp or thru-desk mount options are available.
The great deal of modularity inherent in the CONNECT family of stands allow you to expand a solution over time or create custom set ups. For example, a second tier of one, two, or three monitors can be added at a later time. All of this with maximal reuse of the original components.
Static Column 32 lb, 41"x15"x15"
There are three horizontal beams, each intended to hold one monitor. The center beam measures 30 inches. The outer beams are 10 inches long and and are connected to the central beam with hinge mechanisms, allowing monitors to be placed in a curved configuration.
Static columns are used to mount the horizontal beams. The central beam is affixed to the column during installation at any point along the vertical column. The single static column is 17 inches in height.
The side view of the single tier configuration with the clamp mount assembly and the tilter mechanism shows the depth of the VESA mounting plane in relation to other points. 8.5 inches notation specifically refers to the distance between the back edge of a work surface abutting the back of the clamp and mounting point of the monitor.
With the beams alignment straight, the CONNECT-3 can accommodate three identical monitors each measuring up to 27 inches wide in a landscape orientation.
When using three monitors users can choose to have their CONNECT-3 monitors in a colinear/flat configuration or angled. When the monitors are colinear their maximum width can be approximately 27 inches.
When a curved or enveloping configuration effect is desired it is accomplished by rotating either the tilter mechanisms behind the monitor and/or the hinge points between the beams. In the instance where the outer beams of the CONNECT-3 are pivoted inwards 20 degrees with a two-inch monitor depth, the maximum width is of each display is approximately 24 inches.
Can I have some monitors horizontal and some vertical?
Yes, each monitor is on a separate tilter mechanism that allows portrait and landscape mode.


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Teriyaki Madness to Celebrate Opening in Sugar Land, Texas on August 5
Houston-area resident Maulik Patel growing the presence of the Seattle-style teriyaki restaurant with a new location in Sugar Land.
SUGAR LAND, TEXAS (PRWEB) July 30, 2019 - This July, Fort Bend County resident Maulik Patel is bringing the madness to Sugar Land with the opening of the area's newest Teriyaki Madness shop on August 5. The Seattle-style teriyaki restaurant will offer huge, satisfying bowls of addicting flavors made with high-quality ingredients like all-natural marinated chicken, steak, salmon or tofu with fresh, stir-fried veggies and a base of steamed white, brown or fried rice or Yakisoba noodles. The new shop is located at 636 Highway 6, Suite 900 in the Telfair community in Sugar Land.
A longtime Houston-area resident himself, Patel is inviting locals out to celebrate the Teriyaki Madness grand opening with events beginning August 2 through August 8. The schedule of events and primary giveaways are included below:
August 2: This Sneak Peek training event gives customers the chance to try Teriyaki Madness' famous chicken teriyaki bowls for FREE! The first 100 people between 11 a.m. and 12:30 p.m. and 5 p.m. and 6:30 p.m. will be offered a free entree with the option to purchase drinks for $1 and appetizers for $2. This is a training exercise open to the public before officially being open for business.
August 5 - August 7: $5 Junior and Regular Chicken Teriyaki Bowls for ALL in-shop customers
August 6: Grand Opening celebration event kicks off at 11 a.m. and the first five customers who order an entrée will win free bowls for a year, while the next 20 customers who order an entrée will win free bowls for a month
August 8: $1 from every regular bowl purchased will be donated to local charity partner, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Sugar Land.
Patel had been looking for a business ownership opportunity for some time before deciding on Teriyaki Madness. In his corporate career as an operations manager, he'd been a part of tough decisions that were more about the number than the people, which, as a person with young children, served as motivation for him to secure his future and build a business of his own. Patel dug into a lot of franchise opportunities, but the search stopped when he discovered Teriyaki Madness.
"When I met the Teriyaki Madness corporate team, it was a real 'Aha!' moment for me," Patel said. "Their depth of knowledge and support, their clear expectations—the experience showed me the team's mindset is different than a lot of other franchises out there."
Beyond the brand's stellar team and simple operations model, TMAD's food checked all of the boxes for Patel: made-to-order with high-quality ingredients, flavorful sauces, high in protein, gluten-free, and hearty portions.
"TMAD is not only set up around catering to Millennial preferences, but people who want to have fresh, flavorful food," Patel said. "Our concept is completely different than anything else in Sugar Land."
Now as he gears up for his shop's opening, Patel is excited to take part in two new pilot programs for the brand to further exceed customer expectations. The Sugar Land Teriyaki Madness shop will offer a handful of local beer and wine options to its customers in addition to making its menu available to the growing population of Halal customers in the greater Houston area.
"In the past decade, we have been growing at a rapid pace, introducing mouthwatering, bold-flavors in new communities, and we are ecstatic to be opening up our latest Houston-area shop in Sugar Land," said Teriyaki Madness CEO Michael Haith. "Maulik is an excellent addition to our franchise family and we are so excited to support him in his journey with Teriyaki Madness and watch him contribute to our success as we expand throughout Houston."
Patel's shop is the latest of multiple Teriyaki Madness additions to the Houston area, with another shop set to open in The Woodlands in the coming weeks. For more information about Teriyaki Madness of Sugar Land, visit the restaurant's official website, http://www.TeriyakiMadness.com.
Teriyaki Madness, a fast-casual teriyaki shop concept, is committed to unconditionally satisfying guests by offering delicious, made-to-order Teriyaki dishes prepared with fresh, all-natural ingredients served quickly and at a reasonable price in a fun, relaxed atmosphere. The simple menu lets guests choose their protein, type of rice or noodles and desired vegetables for a fully customizable bowl made as healthy as the customer wants. The brand is dedicated to "Spreading the Madness" so everyone can experience the best teriyaki on earth. Teriyaki Madness was recently recognized by Entrepreneur Magazine as a Franchise 500 company and by Franchise Business Review for their Top 50 Franchise Satisfaction award two years in a row. The brand also ranked on the top half of the Inc. 5000 list in 2017 with three-year sales growth of 171 percent. Teriyaki Madness was founded in 2003 and currently has franchise agreements for nearly 150 shops in the United States. Teriyaki Madness offers franchising opportunities nationwide for their concept to qualified single and multi-unit candidates.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The last stop of the walk was the Erlöserkirche. The name means Church of the Redeemer. It was designed by German Bestelmeyer and completed in 1933. That Bestelmeyer was sympathetic to the Nazis and joined the Nazi Party around the same time complicates the story, but it doesn't reduce my affection for the building. In 1945 the church was destroyed by a bomb, but it was rebuilt by 1950.
Two faces of the campanile.
A little surprise at one of the side entrances.
This tree's curlicuing stems and leaves are wacky. I need to find out what species it is.
Stairs down to the parish center.
Entering the main part of the church.
A window floats in outer space.
The narrow clerestory windows around the octagonal nave tracked the sun much as at the Stockholm Stadsbibliotek. I like these barrel-vault alcoves a lot.
Such a cool roof structure! Especially the sun ray slices in the center.
Mmmm, nice thick mortar, much like Markuskyrkan, just the way I like it.
Northeast daylight, west sunlight, east daylight, west sunlight.
Sun just barely reaching into one of the alcoves. Check out how the edge of the daylight blurs wider as you move away from the sun spot.
Right on the limen between two and three dimensions was this plywood cutout elevation of the Kirche.
The upper balcony from the side.
I explored more around the outside of the church. Here, looking out past the piers at the entrance.
The ceiling of the portico with those great narrow brick arches.
The side of the portico, lots of neat masonry details.
The arches and pediment stones in the lowering sun.


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2013 Visit to SA
Bambisanani Partnership July 2013 South Africa visit
Bambisanani Partnership July 2013 South Africa visit is a Great Success
South Africa Visit July 2013 photo gallery (850 photos)
This summer, fourteen Sixth Form students, three members of staff and a business sponsor, visited Mnyakanya School in the deprived Nkandla region of KwaZulu-Natal to develop the collaborative work between the two schools and wider community, which is referred to as the Bambisanani Partnership (Bambisanani being the Zulu word for 'working hand in hand'). The Bambisanani Partnership uses sport as a catalyst to promote education, leadership, health and global understanding.
This visit was led by Assistant Headteacher and founder of the partnership David Geldart, supported by Martin Green and Amanda Murphy from St. Mary's and Kevin Emsley, Chairman of law firm Lupton, Fawcett, Lee and Priestley.
The students were:
Ryan Clarke
Kavindu Appuhamy
Patrick Connolly
Emily Fieldhouse
Elizabeth Garnett
Freya O'Connor
Jade Rigby-Williams
Chloe Tindale
Madeline Tysoe
The Nkandla region is in the heart of Zululand and is extremely deprived with 90% unemployment, 60% adult illiteracy and one of the highest HIV/Aids rates in the world with one in three adults infected. Mnyakanya School is relatively poorly resourced with classes of sixty plus. Yet despite this, the school offers an oasis of hope for which many students walk two hours to attend.
An important aspect of this year's visit was to develop a relationship with the well-resourced and highly successful Eshowe High School, situated approximately an hour away from Mnyakanya. To that end, four students from Eshowe were invited to join the Bambisanani Leadership Programme for the week with St. Mary's and Mnyakanya students. Nobantu Zondi, Sphesihle Zungu, Mangaliso Tembe and Prince Heahector consequently joined the team and added significantly to the project.
During the visit, St. Mary's students, supported by Eshowe students, mentored twenty Mnyakanya students through the Bambisanani Leadership Course. An aspect of the course was for students from all three schools to jointly organise and deliver a cricket and rugby themed Sports Festival and a Reading Festival for ninety two children from Ntolwane Primary School. These events, planned and delivered by students, were a remarkable success at every possible level.
The intention is that the young leaders from Mnyakanya will continue to work with Ntolwane and the other Primary Schools, thus building leadership capacity in the community. Earlier this year, previously trained Mnyakanya leaders became the first in South Africa to gain the prestigious Diana Award for their outstanding work in the community, delivering an Aids Awareness Programme that they devised themselves.
Mnyakanya students valued the programme highly:
""It is important for South Africans to have connection with people from other countries – this is why the Bambisanani Partnership is so important. I have learned that we are all the same even though we have different skin colours. It is important to develop young leaders because older people in the community need help. The partnership has taught me to lead and I am very proud of myself – it shows that I am improving as a person. I am more confident now and respectful; I want to carry on leading.""
— Nokuthobeka Ngcobo
""The partnership is bringing two different countries together to share their strengths in order to learn. I have learned not to judge people but to encourage, share ideas and work together. This partnership is an example to other countries and it must continue. Bambisanani is needed all over the world.""
— Msizi Nzuza
""I have learned to help other people and I have learned that respect is everything. Through sport we have worked hand in hand – we have different colour skin but it does not matter. I am a leader now and I want to help my community. I will say 'Hello' to people that are different to me now.""
— Sifiso Shabalala
The impact of the experience on the Eshowe students was also interesting and significant.
""The Bambisanani Partnership is giving young people from the UK and South Africa the opportunity to become great leaders and understand the needs of others. It encourages young people to believe that they can be something. Bambisanani brings unity to the community. I have learned that you cannot work alone to be a good leader – you need a team. Bambisanani is a great team building partnership that is helping young people, schools and communities. May God bless this partnership.""
— Mangaliso Tembe
""The Bambisanani Partnership is uniting teenagers of different colour across the world to learn about other cultures. It is developing young people to be confident young leaders and role models. I have learned that one day I can lead any institution or even the country. My new British friends have taught me that I can be whatever I set out to be. This has been a once in a lifetime experience for me and I would not trade it for anything else. TEAM is about people working respectfully together – Bambisanani is the way forward.""
— Nobuntu Zondi
Whilst at Mnyakanya, St. Mary's students also taught a range of subjects and activities to students including: Maths, Science, History, Chess, Dance, Football, Rounders and Netball. The St. Mary's team brought with them much needed equipment for Mnyakanya School including books for the Bambisanani Library (opened three years ago), and resources for art, science and sport.
The final day culminated not only in the Festivals but also in a remarkable celebration event at Mnyakanya. At this event the following twenty Mnyakanya students proudly received the Bambisanani Leadership Award in recognition of successfully completing the course: Bhengu Ntuthuko, Mncedisi Cwele, Sanelisiwe Dlamini, Thandokuhle Dludla, Noxolo Dube, Celiwe Hadebe, Nokwethemba Magwaza, Siyabonga Mbambo, Menzi Mbambo, Nomcebo Mchunu, Ayanda Mkhize, Cebisile Mkhize, Nonkululeko Nala, Nokuthobeka Ngcobo, Banele Ntombela, Msizi Nzuza, Sifiso Shabalala, Mluleki Sibiya, Xolani Vilakazi, Sithembile Zuma.
A number of very special annual awards were also presented in memory of two young men that have died in recent years. Three years ago, Laurie McCauley from Otley sadly died. Laurie was passionate about sport and literature and his family donated two special awards in these areas to be presented annually at Mnyakanya School to support the partnership. The awards are referred to as Laurie's Legacy and this year the Most Improved Footballer Award was won by Mbuyiseni Ndlovu and the Creative Writing Award by Hlengiwe Zuma. At the ceremony Mbuyiseni said "It is a great honour to win this special award. Laurie's awards inspire learners at Mnyakanya. I am further inspired because I have won it."
Another annual award was also presented in memory of Sbonelo Magwaza, a Mnyakanya student who also died three years ago. Sbonelo was an outstanding young leader who, a year before his death, had successfully completed the Bambisanani Leadership Award. In tribute to Sbonelo, each school now present an annual Sbonelo Magwaza Award for Outstanding Leadership. The award this year was won by Zinhle Zondi and presented by Sbonelo's uncle Bernard Mawaza who is the Security Guard and Football Coach at the school. At St. Marys, the award was won by Brogan O'Connor and was presented earlier in the year.
The St. Mary's team spent time working at the Zulufadder Orphanage Day Care Centre. Zulufadder is an organization that supports and cares for HIV/Aids orphans and vulnerable children throughout KwaZulu-Natal. The St. Mary's team brought a range of equipment for the orphans and spent time singing, dancing, reading and playing sport with the children as well as serving meals. They also met Zulufadder staff and volunteers including the incomparable Popi, a Zulu lady who has devoted her life to working with orphans. She is the Playschool Manager and is enthusiasm and devotion personified. Popi had a profound effect on the St. Mary's team causing them all to reflect on and discuss her significance as a genuine role model and inspiration,compared to the so called celebrity role models that many people admire in the UK. The team were joined at Zulufadder by fellow St. Mary's students Joe Doonan and Daniel LeRoux. Joe had visited South Africa in 2012 as part of the St. Mary's group and was so inspired that he vowed to return as a volunteer at Zulufadder and in rural schools for three months before going to University. Daniel has family in South Africa and was keen to support the partnership by volunteering at Zulufadder, again before starting University.
Whilst in South Africa the St. Mary's group stayed in the town of Eshowe and there they learned more about Zulu life and South African history by visiting a Zulu cultural village, Eshowe Fort Museum and Arts Centre and the Eshowe Township. A great supporter of the Bambisanani Partnership is Durban businessman, Logan Govender. Logan accompanied the group to Hhluhluwe Game Reserve to observe wildlife in its natural habitat. The group learned about the horrific practice of rhino poaching which will see the species wiped out within the next twenty years if not stopped. The visit also created the opportunity for the students to learn about man's influence on the natural environment, in particular climate change. Logan also accompanied the group in Durban to experience urban life in South Africa. The aim was to focus on the extreme differences in wealth and living conditions in the city – 'the haves and the have nots'. Whilst the group had gained a good understanding of rural deprivation in Zululand, this was their first experience of urban deprivation, albeit frequently close to urban wealth. The contrast certainly challenged students raising many issues for discussion.
The visit to South Africa clearly had a tremendous impact on the St. Mary's students:
""The willingness and passion of the children to learn was amazing as was their happiness. The happiness is incredible as so many of the children have really tough lives. The happiness and joy grew throughout the course and just goes to show that love and good can be developed in the most difficult of circumstances. It was a privilege to be part of this amazing project.""
— Michael Jones
""What I have learned is that the words 'I want to be your friend' are powerful enough to change the world. All it takes is two people meeting as equals and finding common ground
This is what the Bambisanani Partnership does."
— Elizabeth Garnett
""The Bambisanani Partnership encapsulates the passion for learning that Zulu students have. Developing and inspiring young leaders is essential for the development of all societies. I am eager to return to South Africa and extend the Bambisanani legacy.""
— Ryan Clarke
""I cannot convey my sense of pride in watching the Mnyakanya students grow in confidence during the leadership course. Initially shy, introverted students were transformed into amazing inspirational leaders. There are lots of great things about this partnership but helping a community gain twenty confident leaders and knowing the impact this could have has shown me that small changes can make a big difference in the world.""
— Freya O'Connor
""All my expectations were exceeded; I have experienced so many things that will stay with me forever. I never stopped learning and smiling; it has made me think so much. I am so grateful for the wonderful opportunity I was given.""
— Chloe Tindale
""I never thought I would meet so many optimistic, loving and inspirational people. I have had an amazing time with twenty four young African leaders who have all developed since the start of the course: I feel so proud to know that I have been part of their development. The Bambisanani experience has had a profound impact on me and I am so grateful for the opportunity.""
— Hannah Smith
""I didn't realise how much pride I would feel when witnessing the students I mentored achieve more than they ever thought they could. I have gained more from their success than from my own.""
— Elizabeth Banks
""I have encountered a wave of experiences which have genuinely refined my global perspective. Some of the people I have worked with have inspired me to open my mind and be courageous to achieve something extraordinary. I have had an education in life which is priceless; it will be pivotal for the rest of my life.""
— Kavi Appuhamy
""The Bambisanani Partnership has had a dramatic impact on my outlook on life. We have witnessed people who suffer great poverty and sadness, but through all that we have seen hope and promise from those who will be the future of South Africa. It has been an honour to have a part in developing that future.""
— James Riley
""Working in South Africa has highlighted the need not to waste any opportunity that might come
my way. Working with young leaders has inspired me; seeing their confidence grow made my pride skyrocket. I have learned so much helping others to learn.""
— Madeline Tysoe
""The people I have met are so optimistic and seize every opportunity thrown at them. It has made me want to be a better person and taught me to make the most of my life.""
— Jade Rigby-Williams
""During the week I learned so much about myself. I also learned how positive and full of life people can be even in bad situations. Zulufadder Orphanage was amazing with the inspirational leadership of Popi; it was such a happy and loving place. I also loved seeing my mentee, Nokxy blossom into a brave, understanding leader after being so timid to begin with. The Eshowe students were so welcoming with such positive attitudes; I want to be more like that on a daily basis.""
— Emily Fieldhouse
""South Africa is a country and contrast and complexities; nothing is black or white. I have learned so much on this visit about inequality,
opportunity, trying to make a difference and the importance of developing young leaders. The Bambisanani Partnership is tackling some big issues with considerable success. I have been challenged and have learned so much.""
— Patrick Connolly
""This has been the best experience of my life. I have never learned so much in such a short time. It has made me think about things that are important and things that are not important – sometimes we get our priorities wrong. I would like to return to South Africa.""
— Charles Walker
For teachers to the partnership is a source of learning and inspiration:
""The St. Mary's team communicated very well with my learners. For the learners they created a new picture about white people because before they were thinking that white people do not like black people. Our visitors showed humanity, they taught reading and the sports of cricket and rugby. They also taught the educators. Our friends have love; they always have a smile on their face. I wish they could be with us every day.""
— Hlomisani Sikhakhne, Ntolwane Primary School
""Our two communities are sharing together and learning together. The partnership is helping us to face challenges – to face them and to solve them. The St. Mary's team learn about Zulu culture and demonstrate the spirit of Ubuntu. We are having twenty young leaders each year trained by the partnership – they use these skills in the community and are doing an amazing job. Our dreams come true with Bambisanani – it opens our mind to look far. Long live Bambisanani!""
— Melusi Sikakane, Mnyakanya High School
""Students are brought together from different parts of the world and vastly different backgrounds. Facilitating learning experiences like this where young people succeed at creating something in the real world is what I most want to do as a teacher. What I took away is how people flourish and achieve when put in the right environment. As Einstein said 'Everyone is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing it is stupid.' It was wonderful to see how the students developed and expanded during the programme. If only there were more projects like Bambisanani that encourage young people to develop their real talents.""
— Mary Faragher, Eshowe High School
""The Bambisanani visit is an amazing adventure that is both heart-warming and thought provoking. We have all seen and experienced things that are indescribable to those who have not experienced them; all of which can change a person in a way that cannot be measured. Students from St. Mary's, Eshowe and Mnyakanya have been challenged, inspired and developed a range of leadership qualities. Most of all they have thoroughly enjoyed themselves forming friendships that will further develop the partnership. The partnership is going from strength to strength and long may that last.""
— Amanda Murphy, St. Mary's
""The positivity and genuine enthusiasm I witnessed amongst the students was truly inspiring. I have no doubt that all of these young people have the potential to achieve great things in their lives. It has been a pleasure and a privilege to share in their emergence as outstanding leaders.""
— Martin Green, St. Mary's
In recent years St. Mary's have invited colleagues from partner schools and business sponsors to join them in South Africa. Kevin Emsley joined the team for the 2013 visit and learned first-hand about the partnership that he has supported for several years.
""As a result of the visit, I was welcomed into the unfamiliar worlds of Education and South African culture. I had understood that the Bambisanani Partnership sought to achieve the development of future leaders in both continents. I have been privileged to have witnessed and participated in an event that I believe has achieved these objectives. A combination of energy, enthusiasm, spirit and willingness to learn under the assured guidance of an excellent and experienced teaching team created the practical experience of delivering major community events in a foreign country. It was done with humour, diligence, empathy and adaptability. It will change the lives of all those who participated and hopefully contribute to the skills and, more importantly, confidence of all involved to become excellent leaders of the future. For me it has been a huge pleasure, a great learning experience and I am humbly grateful to the teachers and students for allowing me to play a small part.""
— Kevin Emsley
David Geldart was delighted with the visit: "We had a fantastic team and I cannot praise them all enough for what they achieved. My colleagues Amanda, Martin and Kevin made the most wonderful and unique contributions and the students responded in ways that continually gives me faith in young people. Great credit is also due to my friends and colleagues at Mnyakanya School especially PK Zonde and Mazet Langa who did a remarkable job coordinating the visit. When I see the impact of our work on young people and adults in both countries outlined in this report, it is clear that despite many difficulties and frustrations we are making a real difference in some people's lives. All those involved are changed in some small way and it is these small changes thatultimately make a difference. Those involved are challenged, tested and removed from their comfort zone; as a consequence they learn and grow, achieving things that they did not think possible. We have young people, teachers and schools working together for the common good: the very essence of Bambisanani and Ubuntu. Each group that goes to South Africa stands on the shoulders of those that have gone before; the expectation is to build on that platform and achieve more – the students from both countries did not disappoint and have taken the partnership to a new level this year. They have all achieved and the experience has given them a wider view of the world. I am looking forward to seeing what they do next. Special thanks must go to all our supporters for their outstanding contribution to this project."
BAMBISANANI PARTNERSHIP NEWSLETTER - SAWUBONA 2013 REPORT (PDF)
St. Mary's students carry on the good work in Africa [WHARFEDALE OBSERVER]
Newer PostBambisanani Partnership HRH Prince William meeting
Older PostBambisanani Partnership at two Leeds Events


14.04.2008 EM Lignano (ITA) 61.83 125.0 128.0 130.0 99. -154.0 154.0 -157.0 99. 284.0 99.
17.09.2007 WM Chiang Mai (THA) 61.65 126.0 -130.0 -130.0 15. 154.0 -159.0 -159.0 18. 280.0 15.
17.04.2007 EM Strasbourg (FRA) 61.89 126.0 130.0 -132.0 3. 155.0 -159.0 -159.0 4. 285.0 4.
02.10.2006 WM Santo Domingo (DOM) 61.61 122.0 125.0 -127.0 14. 153.0 -155.0 155.0 9. 280.0 10.
17.11.2003 WM Vancouver 61.60 130.0 132.5 -135.0 99. -157.5 157.5 162.5 99. 295.0 99.
25.04.2002 EM Antalya (TUR) 61.50 127.5 130.0 132.5 4. 157.5 160.0 -162.5 5. 292.5 4.
28.04.2001 EM Trencin (SVK) 61.40 -127.5 127.5 -132.5 5. 157.5 -160.0 160.0 3. 287.5 3.
15.09.2000 OS Sydney (AUS) 61.56 130.0 135.0 -137.5 . -160.0 -160.0 160.0 . 295.0 7.
22.11.1999 WM Athen (GRE) 61.40 127.5 132.5 135.0 7. -155.0 155.0 160.0 11. 295.0 10.
09.11.1998 WM Lahti (FIN) 61.60 125.0 130.0 132.5 9. 155.0 157.5 162.5 8. 295.0 8.
28.04.1998 EM Riesa (GER) 67.55 130.0 135.0 137.5 9. 160.0 165.0 -167.5 13. 302.5 12.
04.11.1996 EM Prag(CZE) 63.50 127.5 -130.0 -130.0 3. 0.0 0.0 0.0 99. 0.0 99.
20.07.1996 OS Atlanta (USA) 63.74 125.0 130.0 -135.0 . 157.5 -162.5 0.0 . 287.5 17.
27.08.1993 EM Debrecen (HUN) 58.10 105.0 0.0 0.0 2. 130.0 0.0 0.0 1. 235.0 1.


text:
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Pendleton King Park
PKP Tree Trail
This tree grows in poor, sandy soil and can be up to 30 feet tall. It is a red oak with heavy, hard wood of little value except for fuel. Leaves have 3 to 5 deeply divided lobes; the bark is dark gray tinged with red.
Quercus laevis, the American Turkey Oak, is a member of the red oak group of oaks. It is native to the southeastern United States, occurring on the coastal plain from Delaware south to central Florida, and west to southeast Louisiana. The name of the American species derives from the resemblance of the leaves to a turkey's foot.
It is a small tree, sometimes shrubby, typically only 26–33 ft tall, though occasionally reaching 59 ft. It typically grows on poor, thin, dry, rocky or sandy soils where few other oaks can thrive. It does not have the beautiful crown form of many oaks, but is nonetheless a valuable tree for growing on infertile, dry, sandy sites. It commonly forms an understory tree in Longleaf Pine and other pine stands on sandy knolls in the southeastern United States.
The deeply lobed, attractive leaves are variable in size, mostly 3.9–6.7 in long but occasionally just 3.1 in or as much as 12 in long. They have 3–7 slender lobes, deeply incised between the lobes, each lobe with 1–3 bristle teeth at the tip. The acorns are about 0.79–0.98 in long, and, like other red oaks, take 18 months to mature.
The younger trees possess a dark to blackish bark that becomes thick, rough, and deeply furrowed into irregular ridges as the tree matures. The inner bark is red in color.
The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and light brown in color with a light red tint. It has been used for fuel, lumber, and general construction in the past, but today is used mainly for fuel wood and barbecuing.
1. "Quercus Laevis." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 09 Aug. 2012. Web. 19 Sept. 2012. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_laevis
2. "Turkey Oak." Turkey Oak. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2012. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences at: http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/4h/Turkey_oak/turkeoak.htm
3. Lea, Stephen. American Turkey Oak Tree (2004) Digital Image. Wikipedia. Web. 19 Sept. 2012. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_laevis
4. Turkey Oak Leaves. ( n.d.) Digital Image. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Web. 19 Sept. 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/4h/Turkey_oak/turkeoak.htm
5. Turkey Oak Acorns. ( n.d.) Digital Image. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Web. 19 Sept. 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/4h/Turkey_oak/turkeoak.htm
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text:
Potassium chromate
Chromium (VI) has been shown to be taken up by a wide range of organisms from water, sediment and soil. For fish, although uptake does occur, the bioconcentration factors for chromium (VI) are usually very low (~1 l/kg). The following data and discussion are taken from the EU RAR (2005).
The uptake and accumulation of chromium by fish appears to be lower than for other aquatic organisms. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of around 1 l/kg have been determined for chromium (VI) using rainbow trout over 22-30 days exposure, with a value of 2.8 l/kg being reported in trout muscle for a longer exposure of 180 days (USEPA, 1980; Fromm and Stokes, 1962; Calamari et al., 1982). Camusso et al. (1995) carried out a study on the accumulation of chromium in fish. Caged rainbow trout (each 110-170 g weight) were exposed for 30 days at two sites on the river Po, one upstream and one downstream of a polluted tributary. Fish were removed periodically (at days 7,15 and 30) and analysed for the concentration of total chromium in gills, spleen, kidney, muscle and vertebral bone. Chromium was found to accumulate mainly in the spleen, muscles and gills, with the maximum increase in concentration being around 4 times that found in the pre-exposed fish in muscle. On an estimated whole body (wet weight) burden basis the total amount of chromium in the control fish was 18.7 mg, compared to the total amount of 21 and 32.9 mg in fish placed upstream and downstream of the tributary respectively.
Janus and Krajnc (1990) reported BCF values between 18 and 90 for rainbow trout that were exposed for 2 years in a lake polluted with chromates from cooling towers (as quoted in Braunschweiler et al., 1996). The effect of pH on the uptake and distribution of chromium (VI) in rainbow trout has been investigated by Van der Putte et al. (1981) as part of a series of three experiments to determine the mode of toxic action of chromium (VI). Fingerling fish were exposed to Na2 51CrO4 for 2-4 days at chromium concentrations between 2 and 50 mg Cr/l. All tissues reached equilibrium within the exposure period. Concentrations of 6.5 and 50.0 mg Cr/l were found to be lethal to the fish. Significantly more 51Cr was found in the fish exposed at a pH of 6.5 than at a pH of 7.8, but whole body BCFs were generally in the range 0.5-1 l/kg. The highest 51Cr concentrations were generally found in the gills at pH 6.5, but at pH 7.8, similar high concentrations as found in the gills were also found in the digestive tract, liver and kidney. When returned to clean water, 51Cr was rapidly lost from blood and digestive tract at pH 6.5, but less rapidly at pH 7.8. At pH 6.5, 85% of the chromium from whole body and 93% of the chromium from gills was eliminated in 3 days. In contrast, at pH 7.8, only 25% of the 51Cr was eliminated from whole body and 12% was eliminated from gills. The results indicated that pH was important in the uptake, tissue distribution and retention of chromium (VI) in rainbow trout (Van der Putte et al, 1981).
Buhler et al. (1977) examined the uptake and distribution of chromium in rainbow trout reared for two years in river water cotaining 0.25 µg Cr (VI)/l or between 1-10 µg Cr (VI)/l. Whole body residues of chromium of around 29 µg/kg wet weight and 18 µg/kg wet weight were determined in fish from the two exposures respectively, giving approximate whole body BCFs of the order of 18-116 l/kg. The highest concentrations of chromium were found in the opercular bone, spleen, liver, gastrointestinal tract and kidney. When the fish from the 1-10 µg Cr/l exposure group were exposed to a much higher concentration of chromium (VI) (2.5 mg Cr/l) for a short time period, a rapid increase in the whole body concentration was observed, with the concentrations in most tissues reaching equilibrium within 1 day. The whole body weight concentration reached 0.87 mg/kg wet weight after 22 days exposure, giving an estimated whole body BCF of around 0.4 l/kg. This additional chromium was not distributed as seen in the longterm exposures, but was concentrated in the cell cytosol, especially in the liver and kidney. The authors postulated that two different chromium ¿pools¿ might be present in fish, one giving concentrations of chromium in fish similar to levels found in water (giving BCFs ~1 l/kg), and one with a slower rate of exchange, leading to concentrations of total chromium in fish above the level in water. It was thought that these two ¿pools¿ could be related to rapid uptake of chromium (VI) with BCF~1 l/kg, followed by a slower reduction to chromium (III) in the fish. Similar two part uptake and elimination has been seen with marine polychaete worms (Hermione sp.) and freshwater clam (Lampallis radiata) (Towhill et al., 1978). The effect of fish bodyweight on the uptake and distribution of chromium (VI) (as potassium dichromate) has been studied in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) with bodyweights between 2 and 12 g. The tests were carried out at pH 7, at a temperature of 22oC and a chromium (VI) concentration of 20 mg Cr/l. The chromium solutions were renewed once per week over the 32-42 day exposure period. Some of the larger fish died at the exposure concentration used. Of the organs analysed, only the levels found in liver appeared to vary with exposure period, reaching a level of 773 mg/kg dry weight in large fish after 8 days and 1,315 mg/kg dry weight in small fish after 11 days. After this time period, the liver levels decreased slightly, but were still significantly elevated (¿=0.05) compared with controls. There was no significant difference in the liver levels for the small and large fish. The levels found in gills of exposed fish were significantly elevated compared with controls, and the levels found in small fish were significantly higher than those found in large fish. In bile, only the levels found in small fish were significantly elevated compared with controls (and large fish). The total chromium levels found in muscle of exposed fish were significantly higher than those of the controls, but no significant difference was seen between the large and small fish. Overall, no correlation between chromium levels and body weight could be determined in the study (Flos et al, 1983).
Mears and Eisler (1977) carried out a survey of total chromium levels in livers of marine fish (bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix); tautog (Tautoga onitis); and tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) collected off the New Jersey coast. The total chromium concentrations found in the livers were found to decrease with fish body length in female bluefish and male tautog, but no significant correlations (at the ¿=0.05 level) were seen in the total chromium concentrations in liver of fish of different sizes in the male bluefish, female tautog or male and female tilefish samples. As this was a field study, it is likely that the majority of chromium measured was chromium (III).
Giesy Jr. and Wiener (1977) analysed fresh water fish for levels of total chromium. The fish were taken from a lake where the average total chromium concentration of the water column was 0.35 µg/l. The mean whole body concentrations found in the fish (on a dry weight basis) were 0.16 mg/kg in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), 0.09 mg/kg in blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), 0.28 mg/kg in brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus), 0.19 mg/kg in golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) and 0.15 mg/kg in chain pickerel (Esox niger). Based on the measured concentrations of total chromium found in the water and fish, whole body BCFs in the range 260-800 l/kg on a dry body weight basis can be estimated (the mean dry weight/wet weight ratio of the fish was given as 0.22, so the fresh weight BCF values were 57-176 l/kg). Analysis of the stomach contents of chain pickerel indicated that this species was feeding mainly on bluegill. The authors concluded that, based on the measured concentrations in bluegill and chain pickerel, no bioaccumulation of total chromium was occurring through this food chain. As this was a field study, it is likely that much of the chromium present in the organisms in this study was as chromium (III).
USEPA (1980) reported bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of between 125 and 200 l/kg for chromium (VI) in salt water with oyster (Crassostrea virginica), polychaete worm (Neanthes arenaceodentata) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) for exposures of 84-150 days. BCFs for chromium (III) in blue mussel (M. edulis) and soft shell clam (Mya arenaria) were generally lower at between 86 and 155 l/kg. Similar BCFs of 109-126 l/kg were determined by Shuster Jr. and Pringle (1969) for chromium (III) (as chromic nitrate) in oyster (Crassostrea virginica) exposed to 0.05 and 0.10 mg Cr/l using a flow-through sea water system (salinity 31¿) over 20 weeks.
Wang et al. (1997) studied the uptake of chromium (VI) by marine mussels (Mytilus edulis). The routes considered were direct uptake from water, feeding on alga/phytoplankton and feeding on sediments. Mussel bioconcentration factors (BCF) were derived by measuring the rate of uptake and rate of depuration of 51Cr (as sodium chromate; total concentration 2-200 nmol/l = 0.1-10 µg Cr/l) from seawater (salinity 28¿). For uptake via the water phase, a BCF (on a dry weight mussel basis) of 9,100 l/kg was determined for chromium (VI). The corresponding BCF for chromium (III) was 2,800 l/kg. Assimilation efficiencies were also determined for mussels fed on phytoplankton or sediment containing chromium (VI). The assimilation efficiency for chromium (VI) was 1.1-10.4% from phytoplankton (the assimilation efficiency for chromium (III) was lower at around 0.2-1.1%). In the experiments with sediments, the added chromium (VI) was found to be rapidly reduced to chromium (III) and so the assimilation efficiency of chromium (VI) could not be determined. The efflux rate constant of chromium (VI) from the mussels was found to be around 0.01 d-1. The authors used a kinetic model to analyse the bioaccumulation in mussels in the field and concluded that the major route of uptake of chromium (VI) is likely to be via the dissolved phase or via ingested food. This contrasted with the situation with chromium (III) where uptake via sediments was predicted to be the major route of uptake
In an earlier study (Wang and Fisher, 1996), the effect of food quality on the assimilation efficiency of chromium in mussels (Mytilus edulis) fed on varies species of algae was investigated. Seven alga species (Alexandrium tamarense, Chlorella autotrophica, Nannochloris atomus, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Prorocentrum micans, Tetraselmis maculata and Thalassiosira pseudonana) were spiked with 51Cr (oxidation state not stated) and fed to mussels (shell length 3 cm) for 30 minutes (>90% of the food particles were ingested over this period). The pH of the seawater used in the experiments was around 8. After this feeding time, the retention of the 51Cr in the mussels was studied for 4 days. In this experiment, the assimilation efficiency was defined as the proportion of ingested metal retained after completion of digestion and gut evacuation (after approximately 72 hours). The results of the experiment indicated that >98% of the ingested 51Cr was excreted in faeces by 24 hours, indicating the chromium had a low potential for uptake and accumulation by mussels from food. The chromium assimilation efficiencies were all low (0.2-1.3%) for the 7 algal food species tested.
The uptake of chromium by mussels (Mytilus edulis) has also been studied by Walsh and O¿Halloran (1997). Groups of 20 mussels were exposed to various forms of chromium (concentration 50 µg Cr/l) over 4 weeks (solutions renewed every 3 days) in salt water (34.5¿) containing <5 mg/l of suspended solids. The exposure period was followed by a 48 hour depuration period (to ensure that no particulate chromium was present in the digestive tract) before the organisms were analysed for total chromium concentrations. The chromium species used in the experiment included potassium dichromate (chromium (VI)); and three forms of chromium (III): particulate Cr (OH)3 and soluble chromium (III) complexes with protein (typical of complexes found in leather tannery effluent) and citrate. The authors found that significant uptake of chromium (VI) from solution occurred in the digestive gland, gill and kidney. A similar pattern of uptake of total chromium has been seen in mussels (Mytilus edulis) from an estuary receiving wastewater from a leather tannery. The tannery processed around 4,000 hides per week and discharged around 85 kg of chromium/day, after primary precipitation treatment, to an estuary. The chromium present in the plant effluent consisted entirely of chromium (III) species. Mussels from around the plant had elevated levels of total chromium (levels in the gills were around 400-1,000 mg/kg dry weight; compared with levels of up to 6 mg/kg dry weight in gills of mussels from a reference site), with the levels found generally decreasing in the various tissues in the following order: gills>kidney>digestive gland>mantle>adductor muscle. A depuration half-life of 16-18 weeks was estimated for total chromium in gills and digestive gland, with longer half-lives estimated for other tissues. The majority of the chromium found was associated with the particulate fractions (rather than the cytosolic) fractions of the cells of gills and digestive glands. The authors concluded that two uptake patterns were occurring: over the short-term, uptake by ingestion dominated, resulting in high concentrations in the digestive gland; over the long term, preferential uptake and accumulation in the gills and kidney occurs (Walsh and O¿Halloran, 1998).
Chassard-Bouchaud et al. (1989) carried out a detailed microanalytical study of the distribution and chemical form of chromium (III) in mussels (Mytilus edulis) after exposure to chromium chloride in seawater (36¿) for 2 weeks. The uptake of chromium (III) was thought to occur via the gills in this study, with the main storage occurring in muscle. The digestive gland was thought to play a very minor role in the accumulation. The target organelle was the lysosome, where the metal was associated in an insoluble form with phosphorus and sulphur. Excretion of chromium (III) from the organism was thought to occur mainly via the kidney.
Chipman (1966) investigated the uptake of chromium (VI) (as Na2 51CrO4) and chromium (III) (as 51CrCl3 or 51Cr-EDTA chelate) from natural sea water (pH 8.05) by the clam Tapes decussatus, a representative of a detritus and particle feeding organism. In the experiments with chromium (III), a large proportion (80%) of the 51CrCl3 was found in the particulate phase immediately after addition to the seawater. The clams were shown to remove the chromium (III)- containing particles from solution by filter-feeding, and the peak levels of 51Cr found in the clams occurred within the first day of exposure. The level of chromium (III) in the clams then decreased with time during the 9-day exposure period as the clams excreted the ingested chromium (III)-containing particles and the amount of chromium (III) present in the sea water decreased. There was some evidence that the chromium (III) present in solution was adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clam (e.g. shells, gills, mantle etc.), but there was no evidence of uptake into the body tissues of chromium (III) from solution. In the experiments with chromium (III)- EDTA complex (where 99.75% of the chromium added was in solution), slight uptake of the chromium (III) was seen in shells and soft tissues over the 13-day exposure period, the concentrations found did not reach those present in the water i.e. BCF<1. In the chromium (VI) experiments, rapid uptake into body tissue was seen, with only a small amount of the chromium (VI) being found in the shells. After 20 days exposure, the concentration in body tissue was around 28 times that found in the water, although it is clear from the results that a steady state had not been reached within this time period. The depuration of the chromium (VI) from the clams was studied over a 39-day period. The results indicated that the rate of loss of the 51Cr from the clams was essentially the same as that for radioactive decay and so the depuration rate could not be determined. As part of a 2-generation assay test on a marine worm (Polychaeta, Neanthes arenaceodentata) a dose dependent accumulation of chromium (VI) was found. Juvenile worms (~1 cm in length) were exposed to various concentrations of chromium (VI) (2.6-38.2 µg/l as potassium dichromate) in filtered natural seawater at 18-24oC, salinity 33-35¿ and pH 8.1 using a static renew procedure (renewal every 3 weeks). At the highest chromium (VI) exposure level, 38.2 µg/l, the whole body tissue concentration of total chromium for the first generation was 8,278 µg/kg wet weight (BCF = 217 l/kg) after 158 days exposure, and 6,030 µg/kg wet weight (BCF = 158 l/kg) after 157 days exposure for the second generation (Oshida and Word, 1982).
The uptake of chromium (VI) (as Na2 51CrO4) and chromium (III) (as 51CrCl3) by barnacles (Balanus sp.) collected from a polluted estuary has been studied in laboratory experiments. The barnacles were exposed in sea water both with and without suspended particles (water filtered through 0.45 µm membrane). In the experiments with suspended particles, the barnacles were added to the system after equilibrium between the chromium in the dissolved and particulate phase had been reached (after 24 hours for chromium (III) and after 7 days for chromium (VI)). In filtered seawater a BCF of 543 l/kg on a dry tissue weight basis was determined for soft tissues for chromium (VI) after 27 days exposure, based on the total chromium concentration in the organism. The half-life for depuration of total chromium from the organism was estimated at 70 days. In the experiments with chromium (VI) in seawater containing 0.05 g/l of suspended particles, around 2% of the total chromium added to the test solution was associated with the particulate phase, and a BCF of 380 l/kg on a dry weight basis was determined for soft tissues after 61 days, with a depuration half life for the adsorbed chromium of 180 days. In the experiments with chromium (III), maximum uptake was seen after 15-20 days, coinciding with the complete removal of the radioactive particles (the chromium (III) formed a precipitate in the seawater solution) from solution by the barnacles. No evidence for accumulation of chromium (III) in the soft tissues of the organisms was seen (the chromium (III) passed through the digestive system without absorption (van Weerelt et al., 1984). A comparison of the accumulation of chromium (VI) (as Na2 51CrO4) by direct uptake from water with uptake from food (51Cr adsorbed onto Chlamydomonas sp after five days incubation) has been carried out using the American oyster Crassostrea virginica over 110 hours exposure in artificial seawater. More 51Cr was found to be accumulated by direct adsorption from the water than by ingestion of the algae and the rates of uptake by the two routes were also found to differ. The elimination of the 51Cr from the organisms was slow, with no elimination being detected over 5 days. The Na2CrO4 concentration in direct adsorption experiments was 6.62.10-4 mg/l (Preston, 1971).
A model of biota sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) relating the ratio of metal concentrations in 2 marine bivalves (Crassostrea virginica and Mytilus edulis) to sediment metal concentrations indicates total chromium has the smallest BSAF at 0.01 (Thomann et al., 1995). Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, were exposed over 96 hours at 19.5oC to chromium (VI) (as sodium chromate) at concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 mg Cr/l. The tissue concentrations of total chromium found after exposure are shown in Table 3.13. The amount of chromium accumulated increased with increasing exposure concentration in all tissues, with the concentration of total chromium in gland > gills > hepatopancreas > muscle. However, the relative accumulation rates decreased with increasing chromium (VI) concentrations in the water (Hernandez et al., 1986). From the data reported, BCFs of around 4.3-7.4 l/kg can be estimated for based on the dry whole body weight values.
Stackhouse and Benson (1989) studied the effects of humic acid on the bioaccumulation of chromium (VI) (as potassium dichromate) and two forms of chromium (III) (as chromic chloride and a Cr-lignosulphonate complex) by Daphnia magna. In the experiment, 7-day old Daphnia were exposed to a chromium concentration of 10 mg Cr/l for 96 hours (solutions renewed every 24 hours) and the animals were then analysed for the presence of total chromium. The water used in the study had a hardness of 92 mg/l as CaCO3 and a pH of 8, and contained varying concentrations of humic acids (0, 0.5, 5 and 50 mg/l). After 96 hours exposure, the total chromium concentration in the chromium (VI)-exposed organism was between 58.5 and 67.8 mg Cr/kg dry weight at humic acid concentrations between 0 and 5 mg/l, and 52.1 mg Cr/kg dry weight at a humic acid concentration of 50 mg/l. These concentrations allow bioconcentration factors of 4,810-6,380 l/kg dryweight to be estimated for chromium (VI) (the background level of total chromium in the Daphnia was 4 mg/kg dry weight). In the chromium (III) uptake experiments, the humic acid had a much more marked effect in reducing the amount of chromium accumulated in the Daphnia (in the experiments with CrCl3, the concentration in Daphnia was reduced from 105.9 mg Cr/kg dry weight when no humic acid was present (BCF~10,190 l/kg dry weight) to 32.8.
Algae and aquatic plants
The uptake of chromium (VI) from water by 4 species of phytoplankton (Chlorella autotropica, Prorocentrum minimum, Tetraselmis levis and Thalassiosira pseudonana) has been studied by Wang et al (1997). Cells of each species (initial concentration 2-8.104 cells/ml) were exposed to 51Cr (VI) (as sodium chlorate; concentration 0.3 nmol/l) in seawater. Steady state concentrations were obtained after 3-10 days exposure (when the cell growth had reached the stationary phase. The concentration factors (on a cell dry weight basis) were 500 l/kg for C. autropica, 420 l/kg for P. minimum, 190 l/kg for T. levis and 470 l/kg for T. pseudonana. The equivalent concentration factors for chromium (III) were around a factor of 100-1,000 higher (12,000-130,000 l/kg). Cellular fractionation showed that >98% of the chromium (III) present on the cells was adsorbed onto the cell wall/membrane.
Jouany et al. (1983) determined the uptake of chromium (VI) (as potassium dichromate) by the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris as part of a 96h-toxicity study. The exposure concentrations used were 100-900 µg Cr (VI)/l, and the concentration factors determined were in the range 612-988 l/kg (based on the total chromium content of algae on a dry cell weight basis). The uptake of both chromium (III) (as chromium potassium sulphate, Cr (III)-EDTA complex or Cr (III)-glycine complex) and chromium (VI) (as potassium dichromate) by the fresh water green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa and a wild strain of Chlorella have been studied by Meisch and Schmitt-Beckmann (1979). In the experiments, algal cultures were exposed to chromium concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg Cr/l in nutrient medium for 5 days. After the exposure period, the total chromium concentrations in the dry algal cells were determined. The concentration factors for C. pyrenoidosa (on a dry cell weight basis) were around 256-390 l/kg for chromium (VI) and 558-580, 11-12 and 224-254 l/kg for the three chromium (III) species. Slightly lower concentration factors (220 l/kg for chromium (VI)) were obtained in the wild Chlorella strain.
Aksu et al. (1990) investigated the uptake of chromium (VI) (as potassium dichromate) by dead cells of Chlorella vulgaris. The maximum rate of uptake of chromium (VI) by the cells was found to occur over the temperature range 35-50oC and a pH of 1-2, however, these results have limited applicability to the environment. Other bioconcentration factors of 2,300-29,000 l/kg have been reported for natural algal populations exposed to chromium (VI) concentrations of 0.01-0.4 mg/l for 2-4 weeks (Braunschweiler et al., 1996) and BCFs of 20-215 l/kg have been estimated for chromium in alga collected in the river Rhine (Janus and Krajnc, 1990; as quoted in Braunschweiler et al., 1996).
Kähkönen and Manninen (1998) studied the uptake of chromium (VI) (as sodium chromate) by the aquatic plant Elodea canadensis. The plants were exposed to chromium (VI) for 24 hours in filtered lake water (pH 7.2-9.1). The mean initial exposure concentrations used in the experiment were 150, 800 and 2,090 µg Cr/l and these concentrations were found to remain reasonably constant throughout the exposure period. The concentration of total chromium found in the plants at the end of the experiments was 5.5 mg/kg dry weight in the control plants, and 8.3, 35 and 84 mg/kg dry weight in plants exposed to the 150, 800 and 2,090 µg Cr/l solutions respectively. Based on these data, bioconcentration factors (on a dry plant weight basis) of approximately 19-38 l/kg can be estimated.
For the risk assessment, a reliable value for the BCF in fish is needed. The available data indicate that the bioconcentration factor for chromium (VI) in fish is relatively low at around 1 l/kg. Once in the organism, reduction of chromium (VI) to chromium (III) appears to occur, resulting in an accumulation of total chromium in the organisms to a factor of approximately 100 times the original concentration in water. Uptake of chromium (III) directly from water is likely to be very low due to the limited water solubility and strong adsorption to sediment under most conditions found in the environment. Thus for the risk assessment, the following BCFs will be used: a) to estimate the concentration of chromium (VI) in fish; [Cr(VI)]fish mg/kg = BCFC (VI) = 1 l/kg [Cr(VI)]water mg/l b) to estimate the concentration of chromium (III) in fish resulting from uptake and subsequent reduction of chromium (VI); [Cr(III)]fish mg/kg = BCFCr(VI)-Cr(III) = 100 l/kg [Cr(VI)]water mg/kg. The uptake of chromium by aquatic organisms may be pH dependent, but insufficient information is available to take any possible variation in the BCF into account. Any pH dependence may be related to differences in solubility and speciation of the chromium in solution and this is taken into account to some extent in the consideration of bioavailability (e.g. adsorption, solubility) of the various forms elsewhere in the assessment. For chromium (VI) in solution at pHs found in the environment the two main species are likely to exist are the monovalent hydrochromate anion (HCrO4 -) which will dominate at lower pHs and the dichromate anion (Cr2O7 2-), which will dominate at higher pHs and higher chromium concentrations. It has been postulated that, due to its higher negative charge, the mobility of the dichromate anion across biological membranes is impaired relative to that of the hydrochromate anion (Walsh and O Halloran, 1997; Nair and Krishnamurthi, 1991b).
The uptake of chromium by other organisms appears to be higher than seen for fish, although few if any of the experiments distinguish between chromium (VI) and chromium (III) concentrations in the organisms. Similar to the situation for fish, it is possible that once taken up by the organism, chromium (VI) is reduced to chromium (III) in the tissues, resulting in a build up of chromium (III) and hence an overestimate for the true bioconcentration factor for chromium (VI). BCFs of up to around 9,100 l/kg (on a mussel dry weight basis) for chromium (VI) and 2,800 l/kg (on a mussel dry weight basis) for chromium (III) have been determined in mussels, and BCFs of around 500 l/kg (on a cell dry weight basis) for chromium (VI) and 12,000-130,000 l/kg (on a cell dry weight basis) for chromium (III) have been determined in algae. Transfer of chromium via the alga ¿ bivalve, and sediment ¿ bivalve food chains appears to be relatively low.
Uptake from soil (porewater)
The equilibrium partitioning of total chromium between soil and earthworms has been investigated by Janssen et al. (1997b). In the experiments, earthworms (Eisenia andrei) were exposed to samples of 20 soils that where known to contain various heavy metals. Soil samples (~1 kg) were placed in covered glass jars and acclimated to the experimental temperature of 20oC for 24 hours. Groups of 10 animals (approximately 21-24 weeks old) were then placed in each exposure vessel. After 3 weeks exposure the animals were collected and analysed for the presence of total chromium (after the animals had voided their gut contents). Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were determined as: total metal concentration in worm (mmol/kg dry weight)/total metal concentration in solid phase (mmol/kg dry weight). The uptake of total chromium by the earthworms was generally found to be small, with bioconcentration factors in the range 0.03-0.53 being determined. The authors investigated the effects of various soil parameters, and also the possible species present in the soil pore water, on the uptake of total chromium. No significant correlation was found for the uptake of chromium by earthworm with any of the soil (e.g. pH, organic matter content, iron and aluminium oxyhydroxide contents, clay content and soil pore water properties (metal speciation, dissolved organic carbon, ionic strength), although some correlation of BCF with soil organic matter content was found in soils with a pH>5. Overall, from the soils studied, it appears that the BCF for earthworm is relatively independent of the soil properties, and that the total concentration of chromium in earthworm is governed mainly by the total concentration present in the soil. The results were thought to be consistent with uptake being via the pore water phase.
Van Gestel et al. (1993), as part of an earthworm reproduction test, also reported low bioconcentration factors for chromium by earthworms. In this experiment chromium (III) nitrate was added to artificial soil and 9.5-15.5 week old earthworms were incubated in the soil for 3 weeks at 20oC. The bioconcentration factors determined (on a [mg/kg dry worm]/[mg/kg dry soil] basis) were 0.031-0.047 at exposure concentrations of 10-100 mg Cr/kg dry soil, and 0.016-0.019 at 320-1,000 mg Cr/kg dry soil. At the end of a three week recovery period, where the earthworms were placed in clean soil, the total chromium levels had returned to background levels. The elimination half-life for total chromium was estimated at 51-109 days for the lowest exposure groups and 5-7 days for the highest exposure groups.
Sharma (1997) studied the uptake and distribution of chromium in maize (Zea mays L, Cv. Ganga 5) grown in refined sand under glass house conditions. Thirty days after sowing, sodium dichromate was added to the plants in the daily nutrient solution at concentrations of 0.05-1 mM and the concentration of total chromium present in various parts of the plant were determined after 46 days growth. The chromium uptake was found to be concentration dependent and greatest in the roots.
The uptake of chromium (VI) (as chromium trioxide) and chromium (III) (as chromic chloride) by barley (Hordeum vulgare) and rape (Brassica napus) has been studied in nutrient culture as part of a toxicity study. The plants (2 week old for barley; 3 week old for rape) were grown in a mineral solution (solution pH=5.0) containing chromium (concentration 10, 30, 50 or 100 mg Cr/l) for between 1 and 14 days. After the exposure period, plants were harvested and the leaves and stems were analysed for the concentration of total chromium. Effects on growth of the plants, particularly the roots, were seen at all concentrations tested. In the plants exposed to chromium (III), the peak concentration of total chromium reached 400 mg/kg dry weight (leaves) and 200 mg/kg dry weight (stems) in barley and 100 mg/kg dry weight (leaves) and 400 mg/kg dry weight (stems) in rape after 4-6 days exposure to chromium (III) at 100 mg/l. Exposure of the plants to chromium (VI) in solution resulted in plant concentrations around 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than seen for chromium (III). The concentrations of total chromium found in leaves of both plants were in the range 3,000-5,000 mg/kg dry weight when exposed to a chromium (VI) concentration of 100 mg/l. At this high chromium (VI) concentration significant toxic effects (growth reduction) were seen. At lower chromium (VI) concentrations (e.g. 10 mg/l) the levels found in leaves were around 100 mg/kg dry weight (Hauschild, 1993).
Otabbong (1990) looked at the effects of Si(OH)4 on the uptake of chromium (VI) (as chromium trioxide) by ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Two soils were used in the experiment. One soil had a pH of 5.2 and a clay and humus content of 36.1% and 7.0% respectively, and the second had a pH of 6.9 and a clay and humus content of 54.3% and 3.4% respectively. The soil was spiked with chromium (VI) at a concentration of 50 mg/kg dry weight and then sowed with seeds. After 30 days growth, the roots and shoots were analysed for the presence of total chromium. Plant growth in the chromium (VI) exposed soil was slightly inhibited when compared with the control plants, but the addition of Si(OH)4 caused a severe reduction in growth. Using the data for the chromium experiments (without the added Si(OH)4, soil-plant concentration factors (defined as concentration of total chromium (corrected for control) in plant (mg/kg dry weight)/concentration of chromium (VI) added to soil (mg/kg dry weight) of 1.4.10-4 and 2.6.10-3 for shoots and 0.0122 and 3.9.10-3 for roots


Hyper Bounce Blast on Steam is an interesting game from Flump Studios, featuring a mix of shmup . bullet hell, and twin stick shooter, with a bit of platforming. But is it any good?
You may just Ultra Smash your head into a table with regret of purchasing this at full price. Mario Tennis Ultra Smash lacks content but, hey, it's got Mega Mushrooms… lots of Mega Mushrooms. Enjoy a rousing game of Tennis with friends or alone with your amiibo.
A review of the NES30 Pro controller created by 8Bitdo.
Want to replace your original XBOX HDD with a bigger one? Check out this tutorial.
A (hopefully) easy to understand and use tutorial for the Original XBOX.
We take a look at the Final Fantasy XV: Episode Duscae demo on PlayStation 4.
Jeremy gives his impressions of the Toejam and Earl 3 beta for the Sega Dreamcast.


Contact Bellevue's Best Local Auto Shop!
Ali's is local auto repair for the Bellevue area, but customers come to us from all over Kirkland, Redmond, Sammamish, and Issaquah! Call today for knowledgeable service and auto repair Issaquah folks, for instance, are finding worth the drive. In Fact, we have long-time customers all over the Eastside and we are proud to say that we do Auto Repair Bellevue folks depend on, and Auto Repair Redmond drivers have no problem traveling a little farther for.
We have very convenient service hours and more auto services than most any local auto mechanic shop. Later weekday hours and we are a rare auto shop that is open on Saturdays as well. Call or email us at the form below today!


Earthstate reveal their debut self-titled album!
EARTHSTATE is a new alternative rock band from Lyon, France. The band consists of Stane Jackson (vocals) Maxime Divetain (guitar), Dewi Morel (bass) and Thibs Gillie (drums). After building a strong friendship, they all wanted to build an ultimate project to share their influences, their ambitions and their vision of the world.
"The album tells the story of a fictional character who decides to leave his daily routine which he does not really enjoy. He goes off to face the unknown and build a better life in a place he doesn't know (another city, another country, another planet?). Each song of the album will tell a partof his journey, from the moment he decides to leave, until the arrival in his new fictional el-dorado, "Earthstate".


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Crowley Honored with Ford's World Excellence Award
(Jacksonville, Fla.; March 26, 1999) – Crowley American Transport has received Ford Motor Company's Recognition of Achievement World Excellence Award, recognizing the company as one of its top suppliers in the world for 1998 performance.
The World Excellence Achievement Award is a prestigious annual award honoring Ford production suppliers who have met and exceeded rigorous standards for performance in cost, quality and delivery as measured by the Supplier Improvement Metrics (SIM); commodity-specific metrics are used for non-production suppliers.
SIM data are available to Ford suppliers on the exclusive Ford supplier network web site, located at http://web.suppliers.ford.com.
"Crowley is world class part of an exclusive club of Ford's top suppliers," said Carlos Mazzorin, Ford Motor Company's Group Vice President of Purchasing and Ford of Mexico. "Crowley made extraordinary contributions to Ford that helped make 1998 a very successful year and helped deliver high quality and value to our customers. Performance like this deserves to be recognized."
Crowley, which achieved Ford's prestigious Q1 status for quality service in 1998, was presented the World Excellence Award along with 46 other suppliers from seven countries at a dinner held in Dearborn, MI earlier this month. Tom Crowley, Jr., Chairman, President and CEO of Crowley Maritime Corp., accepted the award on behalf of the company.
Ford recognized Crowley for "efforts during a natural disaster" – specifically for protecting Ford's vehicles in Puerto Rico during Hurricane Georges and then resuming normal shipments to dealers almost immediately thereafter.
Headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, Crowley American Transport provides cargo common carrier services between Canada, the United States and countries in Central America, South America and the Caribbean. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Oakland-based Crowley Maritime Corp., founded in 1892.
For more information visit: www.crowley.com


Thank you for your interest in Northland Boom & Custom Spray. This information is designed to introduce the poultry industry to "Air Atomizer Sprayers". The patent pending "Air Atomizer Sprayer" is a new and inventive way to effectively deliver of multiple vaccines while optimizing flock performance through good poultry management while saving money without jeopardizing animal welfare.
Northland Boom Sprayer's primary objective is to help properly immunize any poultry flock to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal flock performance.


Choose your local florists in Red Deer, Alberta as all our florists deliver flowers same day on orders received before 2pm. All the illustrated items on the florists pages are available for same day flower delivery. Pay your florist direct using MasterCard or Visa.
When sending flowers to using Direct2florist, you can see and choose your local florist delivering flowers to Red Deer. Going direct to the local florists in Red Deer means bigger, more beautiful bouquets and floral arrangements and excellent service from the local florists.
Fresh flowers delivered by our local Red Deer florists. Order flowers by 2pm local time and get your flowers delivered same day by the florists you choose. Florists for same day flower delivery. All our florists are trusted flower shops with daily turnaround of fresh flowers.
Affairs Of The Heart in Blackfalds are experienced florists. Buy flowers online for same day delivery by your local florist. We are committed to providing superb customer service top quality flowers for individuals and businesses in Blackfalds, Alberta area.


A system of nano sized modomain ferromagnetic particle arranged in two-dimensional lattice is theoretically investigated. The basic aim of the investigation is to find the ground state of these types of models where the interaction is long-ranged and anisotropic. The numerical calculations show that for some lattices there is a number of degenerated states near the zero temperature. The ground state of these systems is basically of a complicated antiferromagnetic type.


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Home›Obits›OBITUARY: Alice Ann Mueller
OBITUARY: Alice Ann Mueller
Alice Ann Mueller, age 89 of Rhinelander, died Thursday, Oct. 27, 2016, at her home. She was born on Nov. 30, 1926, in Park Falls to Louis and Gertrude (Larsen) Daus.
Alice graduated from Rib Lake High School. She worked in Milwaukee for a short time before returning to Rib Lake where she married Richard Mueller on June 21, 1947. They moved to Rhinelander in 1949 where they raised their family of two children. Alice was a member of Nativity of Our Lord Catholic Church and was a dedicated member of the American Legion Auxiliary in Rhinelander and later in Three Lakes. With the Auxiliary, she served in many leadership positions, as a state and national convention delegate, and volunteered at Camp American Legion in Lake Tomahawk. In earlier years, she was a regular participant in the annual Stunt Night program.
Alice enjoyed all types of needle and sewing work. Over the years, she knitted hundreds of pairs of mittens and shared these creations with anyone in need. She also enjoyed raising violets and outdoor gardening. Alice will be fondly remembered for her loving spirit and generous heart.
Alice is survived by her two children, David (Kathy) Mueller of Clever, MO and Diane (Jeff) Foss of Rhinelander; six grandchildren, Dessa, Dayna, Rachel, Erin, Dylan, and Drew; nine great grandchildren; and three step great grandchildren.
She was preceded in death by her parents; her husband, Richard "Eight Ball" Mueller on November 20, 1991; a sister, Kathryn Bruegl; and two brothers, Robert Daus and Louis Daus Jr.
The funeral service for Alice will be held at 12 p.m. (noon) on Saturday, November 5, 2016, at the Carlson Funeral Home (715-369-1414) with Deacon Mike Harvey officiating. Visitation will be from 10 a.m. until the time of service on Saturday at the funeral home. Condolences for the family may be directed at www.carlsonfh.com.
In lieu of other expressions of sympathy, the family suggests contributions in honor of Alice be made to Camp American Legion, 8529 Highway D West, Lake Tomahawk, WI – 54539.
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I started with a white A2 card base and then layered some blue card stock that was cut to 4 1/4" x 5 1/2" on top. I then cut out a piece of Kraft card stock to 4" x 5 1/4" and placed fun foam on the back, then layered it onto the blue card stock with a slight angle. I then pulled out an old Webster Dictionary I use just for crafty projects and using the page with "Country" on it, I tore the page gently to give it a worn edge and then took the Eagle stamp from the Raisin Boat Strokes of Pride (10212-Z) stamp set and using some Hot Fudge Ink I stamped the Eagle on the top left side of the page, I then treated the page with my anti-static powder tool and stamped the star from the same set on the bottom right corner going off the edge with Versamark Ink then heat set with Simon Says Stamp Embossing Powder in Steel Navy. I ripped a page out of the dictionary with more open space and stamped the large sentiment in Versamark Ink and again used the Steel Navy embossing powder, then ripped the edges around the sentiment and used some vellum adhesive on the back. I then took some gold embroidery thread and wrapped it around my fingers into a nest and laid that behind the sentiment for some added interest. Thanks for stopping by, see you all soon and please go over to the mood board and link your project up.