text:
President Dwight D. Eisenhower (right) with Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles: architects of a foreign policy identified with rhetorical
calls for anti-Communist "rollback" but characterized more accurately by James
Conant's famous dictum to "keep the pot simmering." (Photo credit: unknown)
Eisenhower Concluded Neither U.S.
Military Operations Nor Popular Uprisings Were Feasible in Soviet-Controlled
Eastern Europe, Despite "Rollback" Rhetoric
CIA's Dulles Agreed: "You Don't
Revolt in the Face of Tanks, Artillery and Tear Gas; Revolutions Are Now at the
Unpublished DOD Draft History
Explores U.S. Attempts to "Keep the Pot Simmering"
Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 581
by Dr. Ronald D. Landa
more information: nsarchiv@gwu.edu, 202.994.7000
D.C. February 28, 2017 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower ruled out military
intervention in Eastern Europe early in his administration, despite campaign
rhetoric about rolling back world Communism, according to a U.S. Defense
Department draft history published today by the National Security Archive. Fear
of provoking war with the Soviet Union drove the decision, the study finds,
based on research in a variety of government and public sources.
Short of
direct intervention, U.S. options were frustratingly limited, according to the
document, which focuses on the Eisenhower administration's internal debates and
the broader military dimensions of U.S. policy toward the region during the
1950s. Even as committed a cold warrior as CIA Director Allen Dulles ruefully
concluded, "You don't have civil uprisings in a modern totalitarian state
… you don't revolt in the face of tanks, artillery and tear gas. Revolutions
are now at the top …."
Just three
years later, the Hungarian revolution briefly caused Dulles and many other U.S.
officials to change their minds – before Soviet tanks finally moved in and
crushed any hopes of lasting change for the next three decades.
Today's posting covers the period leading up to the Hungarian revolt of 1956.
The author is Dr. Ronald D. Landa, formerly with the State Department's Office
of the Historian and the Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of
Defense. This is the second of three studies he prepared for the OSD during
2011 and early 2012. They were declassified over the next few years, albeit
with a number of passages left heavily excised.
Security Archive is grateful to Dr. Landa for making these documents available
so that they could become part of the ongoing scholarly exploration of a
crucial period of the Cold War.
in writing this study, which covers an entire region over a period of several
years, was to describe adequately the instances of unrest leading to the
Hungarian Revolution as well as the key U.S. policy papers, but to avoid
focusing too heavily on any single instance or paper. The subject
obviously deserves treatment in greater depth.
Drawing on
previously unavailable and under-utilized source material, I tried to approach
certain subthemes from a fresh angle. These include the ambiguity
inherent in overall U.S. policy, the 1952 presidential election campaign, CIA
capabilities in Eastern Europe, the 1953 East German uprising, the decision to
publish Khrushchev's secret speech, the Poznan disturbances of June 1956, and
the revision that summer and early fall of U.S. policy toward the region.
Ronald D.
Successful Recipe: The United States and East European Unrest prior to the 1956
Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense
historical study by Dr. Ronald D. Landa of U.S. policy toward Eastern Europe in
KÜRT SORUNU & SÖZDE KÜRDİSTAN


text:
Q: Combine two graphs by an axis I'm studing with datasets and represent variables. I tried with this dataset https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/automobile. I want to represent the city-mpg and highway-mpg vs num-of-cylinders. My code in R
library(ggplot2)
data <- read.csv('http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/autos/imports-85.data', header=F, sep = "," ,dec = ".",
                 colClasses = c('factor','numeric','factor','factor','factor','factor','factor','factor','factor',
                                'numeric','numeric','numeric','numeric','numeric','factor','factor','numeric',
                                'factor','numeric','numeric','numeric','numeric','numeric','numeric',
                                'numeric','numeric'), na.strings = "?")

colnames(data) <- c("symboling", "normalized-losses","make","fuel-type","aspiration",
                 "num-of-doors","body-style","drive-wheels","engine-location","wheel-base","length",
                 "width","height","curb-weight","engine-type","num-of-cylinders","engine-size","fuel-system",
                 "bore","stroke","compression-ratio","horsepower","peak-rpm","city-mpg","highway-mpg","price")
summary(data)

data$`num-of-cylinders` <- as.character(data$`num-of-cylinders`)
data$`num-of-cylinders`[which(data$`num-of-cylinders` == "two")] <- "2"
data$`num-of-cylinders`[which(data$`num-of-cylinders` == "three")] <- "3"
data$`num-of-cylinders`[which(data$`num-of-cylinders` == "four")] <- "4"
data$`num-of-cylinders`[which(data$`num-of-cylinders` == "five")] <- "5"
data$`num-of-cylinders`[which(data$`num-of-cylinders` == "six")] <- "6"
data$`num-of-cylinders`[which(data$`num-of-cylinders` == "eight")] <- "8"
data$`num-of-cylinders`[which(data$`num-of-cylinders` == "twelve")] <- "12"
data$`num-of-cylinders` <- as.numeric(data$`num-of-cylinders`)
data$`num-of-cylinders` <- as.factor(data$`num-of-cylinders`)

ggplot(data = data, aes(x = `num-of-cylinders`, y = `city-mpg`)) +
      geom_boxplot() +
      xlab('Number of Cylinders') +
      ylab('MPG') +
      ggtitle('MPG Comparison by Number of Cylinders')

ggplot(data = data, aes(x = `num-of-cylinders`, y = `highway-mpg`)) +
      geom_boxplot() +
      xlab('Number of Cylinders') +
      ylab('MPG') +
      ggtitle('MPG Comparison by Number of Cylinders')

I can represent the boxplot separately but there is a way to have the same y axis (city-mpg and highway-mpg)?

A: I'd first make a suggestion: give columns names using underscores (_) instead of hyphens (-), because you can call data$city_mpg but you can't call data$city-mpg.
Second, ggplot generally expects data in a long format, not a wide one. Think about what you're trying to do: compare mpg to number of cylinders, grouped by condition (city vs highway). Reshape it into a long format and treat city vs highway as a variable on which you can map color or split into facets.
Two options of what you can add to your code are below, one using colors and one using facets.
data_long <- tidyr::gather(data, key = measure, value = mpg, `city-mpg`, `highway-mpg`)

ggplot(data_long, aes(x = `num-of-cylinders`, y = mpg, color = measure)) +
    geom_boxplot() +
    xlab('Number of Cylinders') +
    ylab('MPG') +
    ggtitle('MPG Comparison by Number of Cylinders and Road Type')

ggplot(data_long, aes(x = `num-of-cylinders`, y = mpg)) +
    geom_boxplot() +
    xlab('Number of Cylinders') +
    ylab('MPG') +
    ggtitle('MPG Comparison by Number of Cylinders and Road Type') +
    facet_wrap(~measure)

Created on 2018-04-10 by the reprex package (v0.2.0).

A: Like most analytical processes, ggplot works best with long data. Simply stack the city_mpg subset on top of highway_mpg subset with indicators for city and highway. Below uses underscores for column names and not hyphens.
# RBIND TWO DATAFRAME SUBSETS (RENAMING W/ setNames AND ADDING NEW COLUMN W/ transform)
long_data <- rbind(transform(setNames(data[c("num_of_cylinders", "city_mpg")],
                                      c("num_of_cylinders", "mpg")), mile_type = "city"),
                   transform(setNames(data[c("num_of_cylinders", "highway_mpg")],
                                      c("num_of_cylinders", "mpg")), mile_type = "highway"))

# PLOT LONG DATA
ggplot(data = long_data, aes(x = num_of_cylinders, y = mpg, colour=mile_type)) +
  geom_boxplot() +
  xlab('Number of Cylinders') +
  ylab('MPG') +
  ggtitle('MPG Comparison by Number of Cylinders')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: chi-square distribution and p-value A study is conducted to test the hypothesis that people with glaucoma have higher variability in systolic blood pressure(SBP). The study includes 41 people with glaucoma whose mean SBP is 140 mmHg with a standard deviation of 25 mmHg. If the population standard deviation is 20 mmHg, verify the claim at 1% significance level. Also provide the p-value of the test statistic.
My attempt:
My null hypothesis  is that $$ H_0: \sigma = \sigma_0 $$
My alternative hypothesis  is that $$ H_a: \sigma > \sigma_0 $$
$$ C = \frac{(n-1)S^2}{\sigma^2} = \frac{(41-1)(25)^2}{20^2} = 62.5$$
I am bit confused on what my critical value should be. For a one-sided alternative, shouldn't the critical value be $\chi_{40,0.99}^{2} > 62.5$. My critical value is $\chi_{40,0.99}^{2} = 63.691$ which is greater than $62.5$. My p-value is $0.01295>\alpha=0.01$. How do I make my conclusion?

A: The only mistake I find in your posting is your assertion that $63.691<62.5.$
Since the value of the test statistic is less than the critical value, the null hypothesis is not rejected.
Likewise, since the p-value is more than $0.01$ the null hypothesis is not rejected.

A: $63.691$ is "greater" than $62.5$ not less which means your p value test statistic is $> 0.01$. Hence you fail to reject the null and conclude that there is no statistically significant difference in SBP variability and hence no evidence for the alternative hypothesis.


text:
Barbara Streisand to direct "Catherine the Great"
Home, Megan McGuire, News, News Articles
By Megan McGuire
Proving once again that no one can rain on her parade, Barbra Streisand is returning to the director's chair for a biopic chronicling the life of the Russian empress Catherine the Great.
This project will be her first film in nearly two decades, and will be produced by "Life of Pi" producer Gil Netter.
Kristina Lauren Anderson penned the script, which topped the 2014 Black List for best unproduced screenplays. Currently, however, the movie is being packaged.
Streisand's film chronicle's the life of Catherine the Great, starting with her marriage to the next –in-line for the Russian throne. However, her husband is both abusive and too inept to rule, and the story folllows her rise to power as per her will, determination and intelligence.
Streisand last directed "The Mirror Has Two Faces" in 1996, in addition to 1983's "Yentl," and 1991's "Prince of Tides." Over the course of her career, Streisand has received 14 Oscar nominations.
Image by Imdb (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000659/)
Barbara StreisandCatherine The Great
Ray Bradbury's 'The Dandelion Wine' Coming to the Big Screen
Is there any good in the Star Wars Prequels?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


All-Star Drumline Camps JUNE 29 - July 3 | The Drummers Den Rocks!
The Drummers' Den All*Star Drumline is an award-winning, audition only, precision drumline, featuring only the best drummers in the Kitsap region. We perform at summertime parades and at special events. For more info about joining or hiring the ALL*STARS, please contact Terry.
Come join our Super hi def infectious beatz!
Camp sponsors are Zildjian, Vic Firth, and Ted Brown Music.
Please contact Terry Marsh with any questions.


*Prices include all costs to be paid by a consumer except for licensing costs, registration fees, and taxes. Additional optional dealer installed options may include Protection Package (door edge guards/pinstripes) at $895 for all our used vehicles (Vehicle Theft Protection benefit ) for $399. Documentary Fee of $495 *All Prices includes a $1000 owner loyalty. You must have purchased a vehicle from, Route 4 Auto Exchange in the past 10 years and trade it in here at Route 4 Auto exchange to qualify at the time of sale.
Tell us about your experience at Route 4 Auto Exchange.


The kit to make the cabinet that houses the acquaponic system is designed to be laser cut, while the code for controlling the Arduino is on Github. Since it is also designed to be installed indoors, LEDs complete the set-up. Aquapioneers promotes local, and therefore ecological, production: acquaponics is almost twice as efficient as growing in soil and can save up to 95% of water. It advocates healthy eating and provides fablabs with an all-in-one educational project.
Guillaume Teyssié, 28, and Loïc Le Goueff, 29, met in January 2016 in Barcelona at the Green Fab Lab at IAAC (Institute of Advanced Architecture of Catalonia). Guillaume was working on the kit during his internship at the Fab Academy, and Loïc was writing his thesis on aquaponics at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. After several proofs of concept, they founded Aquapioneers in June 2016 and moved into the Valldaura research center for self-sufficiency (which includes Green Fab Lab). In September, the kit was adopted by the first lab outside Spain, the Sinergia Tech fablab in Montevideo, Uruguay.
As the Green Lab is part of the Fab City network, the project is supported in a video by Tomás Diez of Fab Lab Barcelona in Aquapioneers' crowdfunding campaign in progress on Ulule. Expanding the kit is the map of fablabs that signed the charter of the Fab Foundation, which also supports the project.
According to Guillaume, "Contributors will help us secure the resources to open source the files and documentation for everyone." A few weeks after the campaign ends, the files will be registered in the public domain (CC-BY-NC 4.0). Contributors will be treated to a few extras: participation in workshops, on-site installation, etc.
Afterward, there's the corporate client, team building, well-being. "We had a first successful experience with Schneider Electric, for their Barcelona offices," says Guillaume. He and Loïc are also counting on their expertise to accompany large systems of aquaponic farms. "Once our economic activity is stable, we'll keep the open source and school part under the organization umbrella and migrate the business part under a cooperative," Guillaume concludes.