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Non-State Actors, Nuclear Next Use, and Deterrence
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"Non-State Actors, Nuclear Next Use, and Deterrence", NAPSNet Special Reports, July 12, 2011, https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/morgan-non-state-deterrence/
By Patrick Morgan
This is a paper from the Nautilus Institute workshop "Cooperation to Control Non-State Nuclear Proliferation: Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction and UN Resolutions 1540 and 1373" held on April 4th and 5th in Washington DC with the Stanley Foundation and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. This workshop explored the theoretical options and practical pathways to extend states' control over non-state actor nuclear proliferation through the use of extra-territorial jurisdiction and international legal cooperation.
Other papers and presentations from the workshop are available here.
Nautilus invites your contributions to this forum, including any responses to this report.
II. Article by Patrick Morgan
III. Notes
IV.Nautilus invites your responses
In this report, Patrick Morgan, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Irvine, assesses the relevance and effectiveness of international deterrence in preventing non-state actors from undertaking nuclear-proliferation related activities. His report explores how traditional concepts of deterrence have changed with the emergence of a framework of mandated state efforts and legal regimes, including the possible application of universal jurisdiction, to address threats of nuclear terrorism or other problems associated with non-state actors.
The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Nautilus Institute. Readers should note that Nautilus seeks a diversity of views and opinions on significant topics in order to identify common ground.
– Non-State Actors, Nuclear Next Use, and Deterrence
The deterrence we are most familiar with, from the Cold War era, was rooted in the sharply realist aspects of that era, including the notion that international politics is a realm of anarchy. Having an international legal framework for dealing with nuclear proliferation and possible nuclear terrorism that imposes serious coordinated responsibilities on states means starting to establish a kind of international politics in which the role and conduct of deterrence is significantly altered. One unchanging feature, however, is the great difficulty of deterring deeply motivated terrorists or other non-state actors. A strong legal framework, effectively implemented, can strengthen the impact of deterrence efforts against those who facilitate terrorist and other dangerous activities, helping to isolate and eventually suppress terrorists and other perpetrators. However, both centrally directed multilateral endeavors along these lines and those implemented in largely decentralized ways are always very complex and unevenly effective, detracting from the effectiveness of deterrence.
This paper is about what might be said, from a deterrence (in international politics) perspective, about deterring non-state actors from undertaking nuclear-proliferation related activities when deterrence is pursued with a framework of mandated state efforts to curb terrorist and nuclear proliferation activities including the possible application of universal jurisdiction. Thus it is about the potential deterrence effect of a legal regime, and of deterrence efforts beyond but associated with that regime. This topic reflects the profound concerns now in evidence about nuclear proliferation and, in particular, the possible involvement of non-state actors in promoting nuclear terrorism
Deterrence in International Politics
Some background on deterrence theory and deterrence in international politics is necessary. In international politics deterrence has typically involved states, rather than non-state actors. When deterrence theory was finally developed in the 1950s and 1960s it was assumed that the actors involved were states. For purposes of this paper the most important aspect of deterrence in international politics is that it was developed for actors who operated in what is typically termed an environment of anarchy and deterrence developed as it did because of that anarchy. "Anarchy" here refers to the absence of any overall government of the international system, leaving states as the ultimate authority with respect to their own behavior. Such a situation was assumed to lead to a Hobbesian world in which every actor had to see to its own security because there was no higher authority to provide it. That meant states had to be prepared to fight to defend themselves if necessary and, hopefully, to deter when faced with possible attacks. While they could create alliances to add to their protection, anarchy meant that there was no way to compel the allies to help.
In brief, deterrence was conceived of and conducted as a self-operated punishment activity. Involved was administering punishment, and therefore threats of punishment, to prevent or at least contain harmful physical behavior by other actors, particularly the harm from military attacks. [1] Deterrence was always deeply embedded in the Western states' system, and came to be considered inherent in any system of autonomous actors. For instance, deterrence was envisioned as a major component of any balance of power arrangement, under which when a state accumulates greater power others move to offset it so as to deter attempts by that state to use its power to make gains at their expense. Thus the major function of many alliances was to deter attacks on the members.
While there have always been many subtle aspects to the practice of deterrence the basic idea is very simple and crude. While a legal framework of sorts emerged with respect to war in the Westphalian system, little of this had to do with deterrence per se. In addition, that legal framework had only a relatively limited effect on the use of force in international politics. Instead, since the fundamental characteristic of the system was the autonomy/sovereignty of the primary members, deterrence was a self-operated punishment and threats of punishment system. Sovereign states threatened each other with harm as a central part of the process of trying to prevent being harmed. Like the old west, the actors were armed and dangerous because there was little law and order.
When deterrence theory was finally developed in first two decades of the Cold War, analysts focused on the way in which deterrence was fundamentally an effort to exercise influence over the decision making of another actor. More specifically, it was described as seeking to alter the cost-benefit calculations of an opponent contemplating an attack by elevating the prospective costs that the opponent would experience. That could be done by threatening to inflict significant harm in response to any attack via mounting a vigorous defense, by retaliating quite painfully for the attack, or by a harsh combination of both defense and retaliation. Deterrence was steps to make an attack seem not worthwhile to the potential attacker. Also emphasized was the way in which practicing deterrence against one possible attacker could, at the same time, readily produce the same effect on others so that a deterrence effort had to be undertaken with both the specific target in mind and in thinking about future targets. It could even be the case that it was the future opponents that were the real target of a deterrence operation. Deterrence could even be used to keep other states from ever choosing to become targets.
In discussing classic deterrence thinking and practice during the Cold War, it is important to emphasize a second, quite different strand of deterrence that emerged as a result. Early on, analysts and governments realized that in the midst of an intense conflict in which a major war could be catastrophic, extreme reliance on deterrence made it terribly important to explore how that deterrence might fail. In theoretical terms, this was the "stability problem." Stable deterrence was deterrence that was working or seemed quite likely to work when needed, while a loss of stability would mean that deterrence had failed and serious challenges or attacks occurred. Analysis of how deterrence might fail led to two major conclusions. First, while sometimes failure was due to having an opponent simply too determined to attack, often both parties in conflict situations wanted to avoid war (particularly in the nuclear age) because for each war might involve unacceptable costs and harm. Second, there were ways in which deterrence between opponents could be made more stable if they cooperated in implementing them. This meant that opponents would have very good reasons, strong incentives, to cooperate even as their conflict continued and, in effect, because their conflict would continue. This meant that they should explore how to cooperate to keep their competition and the underlying conflict safe. They should agree on how to cooperate to avoid errors, misperceptions, accidents, crises, etc. that might cause deterrence to break down. This perception was applied mainly to analysis of the dynamics of mutual deterrence relationships, but considerable attention to stability concerns was soon displayed in decisions on each side about political-military plans and postures as well – for example, on weapons design or accident-prevention and anti-theft devices on weapons, or nuclear technology transfers to third parties.
Deterrence was undertaken primarily on behalf of the self-interest of sovereign actors. With the actors preoccupied with their survival in a supposedly anarchical system, the ultimate threats would be those that would put sovereignty at risk, or national existence, or the continuation of the regime and the survival of its political leadership. And the ultimate expression of sovereignty was the capacity to militarily uphold it against attackers, both at home and abroad, particularly against opponents who mounted those ultimate threats. Deterrence rested on the relative power of one's components and uses of military influence, compared with those of opponents, to shape the latter actors' decisions and behavior when it came to
getting them to support what the deterrer wanted;
and especially getting them to not attack the deterrer.
Deterrence, Non-state Actors, and Nuclear Proliferation
What happens if states replace anarchy with various norms of proper conduct as well as legal regimes based on them, and if non-state actors become significant, even the primary, opponents? In particular, what happens to the relevance and effectiveness of deterrence? First we have to keep in mind that the deterrence described above was designed to work in the absence of, and due to the absence of, potent norms and legal regimes. The deterrence was for use in the absence of government and community, or at least a notable underdevelopment of community among the actors which therefore precluded the emergence of successful transnational government.
This is very important when it comes to the role of deterrence. Within any established community, deterrence of wrongdoing and particularly very harmful behavior is shifted, one way or another, out of the control of individual members into the hands of duly designated representatives. The objective is to get deterrence, particularly retaliation, away from members acting independently so that it can be exercised in a regularized fashion on behalf of the community. [2] In the presence of meaningful legal regimes for promoting significant norms, deterrence is primarily used to uphold that community and those norms, with actors taking steps to do so individually or collectively – but only in ways that the community has authorized – or through some suitable community organization created for that purpose (police, the courts). The punishment for attacks is no longer self-operated in that sense, except when a member attempts to resist curbs of a community on his behavior. It is not that deterrence in the presence of a community works differently so much as that it is used differently. One involves an effort to uphold an actor's security when there is little community in evidence and, perhaps, even to ensure that no such overarching community comes into existence (such as when deterrence is used in the protection of classic sovereignty). The other is in support of a community or in resistance to the community's effort to ensure compliance with its norms.
An international security community, complete with norms and a legal framework, seeks to protect its members and that can involve deterrence. In that sense, the function of deterrence is not changed when going from a national community to an international one. What changes is the focal point of that deterrence, which shifts to some extent toward the international community. Protecting national communities is fine and continues to be important, but the ultimate purpose of deterrence begins to shift more toward:
displaying and reaffirming the existence and interests of the international community in particular – national interests are of importance primarily as integral parts of, and because they are compatible with and reinforce, the international community's interests;
forestalling challenges to those community interests; and
helping inculcate acceptance of those interests – and norms – so as to diminish challenges to them.
This shift in the context for deterrence is therefore potentially critical. Cold War deterrence was the dominant security regime of that era; it was the main concern, the thing on which security was believed to rest. To a considerable extent this was also true of traditional international politics stretching back to its origins – it was a deterrence-driven sort of security management of international politics that was involved. But in an international political system where a considerable degree of community has developed, where established norms are important for security, legal regimes are an important component of what makes for security. Deterrence is therefore in service to those norms and legal regimes – they do much of the work in generating security in the system and deterrence reinforces them. Although important, deterrence has a more subordinate role to play.
One aspect of the possible emergence of this in international politics has been anticipated by Lawrence Freedman. He envisions an international system in which deterrence is particularly intended to internalize restraints on engaging in threatening behavior. The ultimate objective is to get actors to understand and accept the restraints on their behavior that the community insists upon. In effect, actors come to constrain themselves. Thus the nature of deterrence shifts as the level of community rises and the strength of community grows in an international system.
Security management in international politics still has a long way to go when it comes to using deterrence, norms, and legal instruments. However, as noted above, there was a notable shift in the functions of deterrence as the Cold War was carried on over many years. In that era deterrence initially reflected the near absence of community, particularly in the dominant political axis in the international system, the East-West struggle. But deterrence also contributed greatly to the emergence of a modest but significant degree of community of a specialized sort, a community in the midst of hostility. This led to developing various kinds of bilateral and collective cooperation, as well as unilateral contributions by individual governments, which would promote deterrence stability and also other steps to keep the peace. These developments eventually generated extensive management pertaining to many aspects of security via arms control treaties, efforts to prevent accidents and other inadvertent or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons, strengthening command and control arrangements, nonproliferation restrictions, suppression of conflicts in sensitive areas, thinking about crisis management, early warning systems, steps to keep allies and associates in line, etc. In other words, deterrence actually contributed, to some degree, to the development of a certain level of community in international politics, both in relations between the superpowers and in broader efforts at arms control. This was somewhat surprising. Throughout the Cold War there was a tendency to see deterrence as usually having the opposite effect: reinforcing fear and hostility, intensifying security dilemmas, and therefore undermining efforts to reduce conflict and promote peace.
That history strongly suggests that deterrence of the classical sort is not irrelevant when it comes to dealing with threats of nuclear terrorism or other problems associated with non-state actors. The difficulty lies in figuring out how to make deterrence apply to such problems, how to adjust it to help contain or eliminate them. Special attention must be given to the nature of such problems in a world where many forces are now promoting the further development of the global community.
The non-state actor threat in connection with nuclear weapons appears to now exist primarily in the form of possible terrorist incidents involving those weapons. For some time the overall likelihood of a nuclear war or other uses of nuclear weapons has been declining. Relations among the major states are now relatively benign when it comes to the depth and intensity of their conflicts. They no longer keep large portions of their nuclear arsenals on high alert, they have no expectations of serious warfare with each other in the near future, and therefore deterrence among them is relatively recessed. They have high levels of peaceful interaction of many kinds, including a fairly high and rising degree of interdependence and multiple patterns of communication. Most of the concern about the possible next use of nuclear weapons, as far as states being involved, pertains to governments like North Korea or Pakistan, and conflicts like the ones on the Korean peninsula, in South Asia, or the Israeli-Iran relationship. The United States is the great power most involved with conflicts of this sort around the world, and it has now come close to adopting a no-first-use posture on its nuclear weapons and has indicated that it envisions using nuclear weapons only under very extreme circumstances if at all. To this we can add that outright warfare in general among states at any level has become relatively rare. As a result, the longstanding concern that the most likely road to a nuclear war is the escalation of a conventional one has been dampened considerably.
On the other hand there is widespread agreement that the threat of nuclear terrorist attack inflicted, or at least facilitated, by a non-state actor has risen, and this is in keeping with the increased concern about the terrorism threat in general. Some analysts contend that it is only a matter of time before a major disaster of a nuclear sort inflicted by a non-state actor takes place. What can we say about the utility of deterrence in connection with this problem, particularly if it is approached via development of a legal regime that includes extraterritorial jurisdiction?
Deterrence in association with such a regime is a major shift away from the nature of Cold War deterrence, and deterrence in general, in international politics. Unfortunately, the nature of the threat has shifted in the other direction. It would be hard to find kinds of actors less suitable as targets for deterrence than many contemporary terrorist groups and individuals. Various analysts have noted how terrorists have shifted from a desire to do enough harm to have a psychological and political effect to wanting to do the maximum amount of harm, sometimes for the sheer joy of inflicting it. Therefore, it is hard to imagine how to make the costs of launching a nuclear attack too great to terrorists that are seeking to smash evil, have no fear of death, envision punitive responses to their attack as widening and deepening hatred toward their target(s), and have no accumulated assets at risk like states and political regimes. One of the basic aspects of deterrence that is often neglected is that the strength or intensity of the opponent's motivation to attack is a crucial variable affecting the chances of success in deterrence efforts. The higher that is, the greater the difficulty of deterring an attack, and unfortunately, terrorists are normally very high in motivation, particularly suicide terrorist individuals and organizations.
In addition, in this and other ways many terrorists display behavior widely considered irrational, and the irrational attacker has long been the worst sort of adversary envisioned by deterrence practitioners and theorists. Against such attackers the normal recourse is either a much greater response in kind, like the strategy of massive retaliation during the Cold War, or extreme emphasis on deterrence by defense – trying to make a successful attack so difficult that opponents turn to other kinds of activities that are less damaging. But the former is completely at odds with emerging international norms, and the latter is very difficult to achieve with fatalistic, suicidal, or deeply motivated terrorists.
Defenses against terrorists themselves seem entirely too porous. One result is that a good deal of attention has been given to trying to deter non-state actors and activities that somehow facilitate terrorism, deliberately or inadvertently. The targets would be individuals or groups that facilitate the acquisition of materials for a nuclear attack, or the financing, or the transportation involved. The list could include states that facilitate these things as well, including key officials in those states. This is potentially a more effective remedy and is particularly relevant to the topic of this paper, about which more is said below.
This is attractive for another reason as well. Cold War deterrence offered threats of retaliation in the form of nuclear responses to a nuclear attack, and eventually this was presented as something that could occur in an uncontrolled, possibly irrational, fashion. It was not only the threat of a response in kind to a nuclear attack but was also offered as a possible response to a major conventional attack. Today, while this might be secretly planned by nuclear armed governments, it is hard to imagine them (other than North Korea) publically offering those kinds of threats in pursuit of deterrence while being important members of an international community seeking to move toward a greater role for norms and legal frameworks. One reason is that a legal regime trying to do away with nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism has to also support norms against any use of nuclear weapons and in favor of nuclear disarmament. Another is that an intense collective effort to prevent nuclear proliferation and the next use of nuclear weapons can hardly countenance a third use of nuclear weapons as the proper response to a non-state actor's creation of the second. That would simply compound the damage done to what has been referred to as the "tradition of nonuse of nuclear weapons" or the "nuclear taboo."
A third reason is that there is no clear way to explain how a promised nuclear response would be an effective deterrent response against non-state actors of the most difficult sort. After all, they will appear to be irrational or at least beyond motivating by the use of threats, and thus impervious to deterrence. In addition, a nasty problem that beset deterrence theorists in the Cold War was that if a government practiced nuclear deterrence in order to avoid a nuclear attack, and was then subjected to that sort of attack, what was the point of a nuclear response – particularly if the opponent still had the capability to make further nuclear attacks in a counter retaliation? Once its deterrence failed in this fashion a government would face a new situation and need to consider turning to a new strategy. Its former problem called for threatening nuclear retaliation to avoid an attack; having been attacked anyway would change that situation. Thus it would face quite a different problem and the old response might no longer seem appropriate. In fact, this was such a difficult problem conceptually that in order to reinforce the credibility of nuclear deterrence the eventual solution was to stress that a government attacked by nuclear weapons might lose all control and simply lash out in a massively destructive way – there could be no guarantee that a nuclear armed state would remain rational after an attack and therefore nuclear weapons posed an existential threat of awful retaliation. When facing a seemingly irrational opponent bent on launching a nuclear attack, the utility of deterrence theory and a strategy of deterrence disappears.
Finally, a government could anticipate being able to detect the fact that a specific nuclear power had launched the attack – to recognize where the attack came from. Threatening a massive conventional-level military response to non-state actor nuclear terrorism would be a possibility but it would perhaps face serious uncertainty as to just who to retaliate against, as well as norms against doing vast harm unnecessarily, etc. The promise of a more measured conventional response could have both greater appeal and a modicum of effectiveness. This could take the form of an indirect approach. Some kinds of cancer cells strongly resist direct efforts to wipe them out, but are vulnerable to measures that starve them of nourishment. Much of the antiterrorism effort today is designed along similar lines, trying to disrupt the flow of funding to terrorists, or their ability to recruit new members, or to damage their support network.
One aspect of this is the threat of tracking down not only those associated directly with terrorism and any nuclear proliferation, but also many of those indirectly involved and subjecting them to criminal prosecution. This would involve a very different approach to deterrence than has been typical in international politics, but one quite familiar in domestic deterrence efforts. It is not just the emphasis on an indirect approach for practical reasons. A society's stake in deterrence of, for instance, criminal activity is not just to discourage the people involved in a crime from doing it again, or to make it physically impossible for them to do so (such as by execution, imprisonment), but – much more importantly – to deter others from doing it and engaging in other types of criminal activities. Deterrence is meant to support the legal order's credibility and legitimacy. This would be the proper role of deterrence in operating with an international legal regime against nuclear terrorism and nuclear proliferation.
It is relatively easy to understand how this would have to be done to make this international effort have a serious impact. Studies of domestic deterrence efforts, and some studies of international deterrence as well, indicate that the effectiveness of deterrence comes primarily from confronting the potential attacker with a high probability of capture and punishment. Certainty (or nearly so) of apprehension and punishment is more important than the scale of the punishment. Threats of a massively harmful response or severe punishment do not seem to have a decisive effect against specific attackers when they believe there is only a low probability they will be caught. This appears to be the major problem in trying to deter cyber attacks today; it is not that the punishments are often mild, but that the chances of getting caught are too low.
It is hard to know if a high probability of criminal prosecution can be achieved. Efforts to inhibit WMD have grown significantly and are more sophisticated today, spurred on by the terrorism threat. However, the terrorists are roughly equivalent to the young men drawn into American gangs in their indifference to the threat of being caught and facing fairly high probability of being killed. Against these sorts of targets deterrence is too likely to fail, whether it is threats of a tough defense or an awful retaliation.
The better way for deterrence to make a contribution would be, as noted above, going after those who facilitate nuclear proliferation and terrorism. The best analogy is the classic strategy for dealing with insurgents: cut them off from resources, including people who can be of help, so that they are increasingly isolated and more likely to be exposed because their entire environment has become much more unsupportive or hostile. If a high likelihood of intercepting a planned terrorist nuclear attack can be generated that would provide somewhat better deterrence than the classic Cold War approach for those that would otherwise be involved in preparing such an attack. In the same way, if an international legal regime eventually helps stimulate a broader disrespect for terrorists and terrorism, that isolates them and maximizes cooperation against them, this might in turn shrink the sympathy and support that facilitate such attacks by lowering their perceived legitimacy and heroic status and thereby generate a greater likelihood the intended attacks would eventually be uncovered and foiled. Such a regime might bring much stronger pressure to bear on governments that have been, or might be, inclined to be sympathetic with terrorism and even abet it. Evidence suggests that this would particularly true if those arrested included high officials who were charged with crimes for their involvement.
Studies also show that deterrence threats are more effective when accompanied by incentives and reassurance efforts. The possible effects of incentives need little explanation. If potential attackers or those who sympathize with them have their incentives altered not only by threats but by rewards that make the status quo more tolerable, the odds that they will participate in or assist in shaping attacks will decline. As for reassurance, attacks are often planned and mounted out of perceptions that if they are not carried out seriously harmful consequences will ensue. Early in the development of deterrence theory it was pointed out that if a retaliatory threat is to be effective, it must not only be potent and convincing but accompanied by a credible reassurance that compliance with it will not lead to the threatened harm, or some other form of serious harm, being inflicted anyway. Thus reassurances can be valuable – reassurances that individuals that would otherwise be targeted for aiding and abetting terrorism or proliferation will not be subject to arrest, trial, and punishment.
But it is not easy to describe what potent reassurances would look like. Both state and nonstate actors associated with terrorism and WMD proliferation are usually driven by motives that spring from perspectives and objectives that are widely unacceptable. Both governments and their publics might be averse to dealing with terrorists and proliferation participants in this fashion and a legal framework might introduce more rigidity as to what could be done as well.
It seems best to aim the deterrence efforts associated with a legal regime at officials and others who are important or even vital ancillary contributors to terrorist and proliferation activities – in financing, supplying, transporting, etc. They will be easier to catch and easier to induce to cooperate. Convictions and punishment of such individuals would also have the highest likelihood of helping inculcate the underlying norms involved, which is the most desirable way of curbing the undesirable behavior that poses the worst threats.
However, the chief problem with terrorism, and with trying to instill self-deterrence domestically, is that some of the most important targets reject the entire legitimacy of the officials, governments, international organizations, or norms and laws involved. This is very typical of extreme terrorists. And it is certainly the problem with a government like North Korea which has supported terrorist activities in the past. In such cases of potential terrorist activity with nuclear devices, it will probably be necessary to combine the threat of legal action against individual leaders with threats to eliminate the existence of the political regime and possibly the entire state. That is the proper punishment for a regime launching, or inciting, or cooperating/collaborating in the development of a nuclear attack—in a terrorist mode or some other fashion—and should therefore be cited in deterrence efforts. If possible, they must be confronted with the prospect of serious harm for violating nonproliferation norms and with loss of status and influence for indifference to those norms.
A similar problem exists with respect to nuclear proliferation. Various governments seemingly do not take nuclear proliferation seriously because it is not believed to pose grave threats or risks for them. There are still governments today that either actively promote nuclear (or other WMD) proliferation or look the other way, particularly if doing so is lucrative.
An important problem would be how to treat states that do not wish to subscribe to the legal framework and to developing vigorous efforts to apply their laws to the problem of terrorism, particularly nuclear-related terrorism, even if they have officially agreed to do so (how to deter lackadaisical or even corrupt or unsympathetic deterrers.) And what about those who never agree to do so? What about cases where states or particular state officials (or relevant private citizens, corporations) are guilty essentially of mistakes of omission, or inept application of nonproliferation practices?
International cooperation is particularly important about preparations for terrorist attacks, particularly involving nuclear weapons. This is because attack preparations by non-state actors are likely to be particularly difficult to detect, in comparison with those by states. This reduces the chances of deterrence via effective defenses, defense by effective defenses, and successful identification of attacks for purposes of retaliatory steps. And it is difficult to keep up intense defensive efforts indefinitely when there is no ready way to determine how immediate and how serious the problem is.
Finally, the sorts of efforts discussed in this paper will almost certainly breed complex responsibilities for various multilateral organizations, new or already existing. Such organizations are exceedingly difficult to utilize for rapid, decisive action in many instances. Part of the appeal of UNSC 1540 and UNSC 1373 is that much of the resulting action is to take place at the level of the various states, and not through the endlessly complex operations of the UN or other international organizations. But this allows states to prevaricate, drag their feet, or in other ways fail to meet their obligations. Some thought will be required with regard to the problems multilateral organizations pose if deterrence is to have the best possible impact in dealing with the nuclear terrorism problem.
[1] Deterrence was, and is, widely used to prevent other sorts of harm as well. Examples include the harm (or threat of future harm) from an actor's development of a nuclear weapons production program or cheating on an arms control agreement or pursuing a particularly dangerous delivery system. Or a state might want to deter the formation by its opponents of an alliance, or an opponent taking control of a valuable strategic position.
[2] In communities where there are blood feuds conducted among tribes, clans, or families it is normally the case that 1) these groups are the prime focus of the loyalties of their members – are the main communities in which their members live – not the state, and 2) the heads of these groups are responsible for controlling the conflict and deterrence activities of the members.
IV. Nautilus invites your responses
The Northeast Asia Peace and Security Network invites your responses to this essay. Please send responses to: bscott@nautilus.org. Responses will be considered for redistribution to the network only if they include the author's name, affiliation, and explicit consent.
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Home » Bruised but still standing
Bruised but still standing
By Anglican Journal on December 1, 2009
Admittedly, it was a bit of a surprise. "It's a bit of a bruise on us, no question," Archbishop Fred Hiltz, primate of the Anglican Church of Canada, told the Anglican Journal. "It came out of nowhere."
Still, Archbishop Hiltz doesn't expect the Oct. 20 Vatican announcement opening the door for disaffected Anglicans to join the Roman Catholic Church-and still retain some of their Anglican traditions-will appeal to many Anglicans in Canada. Nor will it put a damper on ecumenical relations and the 40-year formal dialogue between the two churches, he said. In fact, Archbishop Hiltz expects the fallout from this announcement to be minimal. "I personally don't think there are going to be any huge implications from this. We are talking about a very small number of [Anglican] people who will respond to this provision that the Pope is putting in place."On Oct.20, the Vatican announced an Apostolic Constitution whereby the head of the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Benedict XVI, made a provision for Anglicans who want to be received into full communion with the See of Rome, to retain certain aspects of the Anglican tradition. Details released on Nov. 9 show that it allows Anglican converts to retain some of their traditions and practices, such as the eucharist. They will, however, have to commit to all Roman Catholic doctrine and beliefs. The constitution includes an offer for Anglican clergy to have ordinariates or non-territorial dioceses within the boundaries of the Roman Catholic Church. These ordinariates would be under the control of the Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. In addition, it confirms that married Anglican priests will be allowed to serve as Roman Catholic priests, but on a case-by-case basis. Unmarried priests must remain celibate. Former Anglican bishops, including those who are married, could be ordained as priests and are eligible to be appointed as ordinary. This would allow them to exercise pastoral and sacramental ministry within the ordinariate with full jurisdictional authority. The phenomenon of Anglicans asking to be received by the Roman Catholic Church is not new, Archbishop Hiltz has pointed out. What is unique about this latest provision from Rome is that it "responds to groups of Anglicans who have made special enquiries," he explained in an earlier statement. The vast majority of Roman Catholics in Canada and the U.S. are committed to working together for God's mission and that will continue, said the primate in an interview. "We'll continue walking together and working together."
At press time, members of the Canadian Anglican-Roman Catholic Bishops' Dialogue were scheduled to meet on Nov. 18 and 20. The main topic of discussion: the growing global problem of human trafficking. An information session open to the public and the press was planned after the conference to answer questions about ongoing Anglican/Roman Catholic relations. This was to be followed by a group of Anglican and Roman Catholic bishops presiding together over a public service of ecumenical vespers at Christ Church Cathedral in Vancouver.Archbishop Hiltz referred to these upcoming events as evidence of the health of ecumenical relations. "We will speak out together on an important issue," said the primate, who planned to attend. "Then we will worship together and share the liturgy to show that our dialogue is continuing."Eastern Catholic Bishop John Pazak said that although "there will be a little tension" following the release of the Vatican document, "there's a good spirit" that exists between the churches and "we do talk about our differences." Dialogue co-chair, Dennis Drainville, bishop of the diocese of Quebec agreed, saying, "I think the good will that has been built up over 40 years will continue." However, he expected many questions surface at the meeting, such as, "What does this mean? Why has this come now? Why has there been no consultation of the part of the Vatican with the Anglican Communion?"Anglicans who want to leave the communion because of issues such as the ordination of women, liturgical renewal, matters of divorce and re-marriage, and sexuality, are the group most likely to put themselves under the authority of Pope Benedict XVI, explained Archbishop Hiltz. Bishop Drainville said the Vatican's offer also will appeal to those who describe themselves as Anglo-Catholics, "who are seeking to be reunited with Rome," he said. "It's not going to mean very many people in Canada, frankly. England is slightly different because they are just going through their crisis about women in Episcopal orders…" Joining the Roman Catholic Church won't be of interest to "the breakaway group which with we're most familiar" – the Anglican Network in Canada (ANiC), said the Primate. "[They]…still want to remain in the Anglican Communion and to have a relationship with the Archbishop of Canterbury." Leaders of a global group of conservative Anglicans have called the Pope's offer "a gracious one," but said they "are convinced that this is not the time to abandon the Anglican Communion." The Primates Council of the Global Anglican Future Conference (Gafcon) said, "Anglicanism has a bright future as long as we remain grounded in the Holy Scriptures."
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Exposure Value - Changing the EV compensates for the amount of light that is allowed in.
or higher, if it is too dark, but still depends on your desired effect.
frame takes longer to expose.
Note that if the scene is too dark, no amount of EV adjustment will add light into your scene.


text:
Q: How to convert JSON format plain text to simple plain text I have a string in plain text which contains brackets like JSON format as it is created using JavaScriptSerializer().Serialize() method. I need to remove brackets and collon and want to convert it into key = value, key = value format.
Need to convert
{
     "account":"rf750",
     "type":null,
     "amount":"31",
     "auth_type":"5",
     "balance":"2.95",
     "card":"re0724"
}

to
'account=rf750,type=null,amount=31,authe=5,balanc=2.95,card=re0724'

A: Well, you've got three different things going on here.
The first, and surface issue, is: how do you change the string?
Simple - you do some string substitutions, preferably using Regex.  Remove the starting/ending braces, change [a]:"[b]", to [a]=[b], - or however you want the final format to look like.
The second, and slightly deeper issue is: JSON isn't just a simple list of keys=values.  You can have nesting.  You can have non-string data.  Simply saying you want to change the JSON result to key=value,key=value,key=value, etc - is fragile.  How do you know the JSON structure will be what you're expecting?  JSON Serialization will serialize successfully even if you've got nested structures, non string/int data, etc.  And if you want solid code that doesn't easily break, you have to figure out: how do I handle this?  Can I handle this?
The third, and final thing is: you're taking a standard data format schema and figuring out how to translate it to a nonstandard data format.  90% of the time someone does that, they deserve to be shot.  Seriously, spend some solid time asking yourself whether you can use the JSON as-is, and whether the process wanting key=value,key=value,etc can be changed to use an actual standardized data format.

A: Here is simple solution which (1) parses json to Dictionary and (2) uses String.Join and Linq Select to provide desired output:
using System.Linq;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
..
var dict = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Dictionary<string, string>>(json);
var str = string.Join(',', dict.Select(r => $"{r.Key}={r.Value}"));

str-variable now contains:
account=rf750,type=,amount=31,auth_type=5,balance=2.95,card=re0724

A: Well thanks everyone for your time and response. your answer led me towards solution and finally i found the following solution which resolved the issue perfectly.
var jObj = (JObject)JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(modelString);

modelString = String.Join("&",jObj.Children().Cast<JProperty>().Select(jp => jp.Name + "="+ HttpUtility.UrlEncode(jp.Value.ToString())));

the above code converts the JSON into a url encoded string and remove the JSON format

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Construction Management services for the installation of approximately 6,700 linear feet of new trunk sewer pipeline (12 inch, 15 inch, 18 inch, 30 inch and 36 inch I.D. pipes), 1,800 linear feet of new 8 inch I.D. gravity sewer collector lines and necessary lateral connections along Keolu Drive and Wanaao Road from the intersection of Keolu Drive and Akahai Street to the Kailua Heights Wastewater Pump Station.
New sewer lines will be installed by a combination of open trench, mircotunneling and directional drilling. New civil works will include cold planning and reconstructing Wanaao Road and Keolu Drive, the installation of new sidewalks, wheelchair ramps, bus pads, concrete curb and gutters and modifications to the existing traffic signal at the intersection of Keolu Drive and Wanaao Road.


India virtually snatched defeat from the jaws of victory, slumping to an agonising 48-run loss in the pulsating first cricket Test against Australia despite captain Virat Kohli's gallant second successive hundred in the match here today.
Chasing a competitive target of 364, India were cruising along comfortably at 242/2 before the hosts staged a dramatic comeback to grab eight wickets for 73 runs and take a 1-0 lead in the four-match series.
The Indians folded for 315 in 87.1 overs with Kohli (141) and Murali Vijay (99) being the only ones to notch up noteworthy knocks even as seven batsmen departed without touching the double digit mark.
Kohli became only the second player in Test history to score a century in both innings on his debut as captain but the stupendous feat was completely overshadowed by the shockingly inept performance by his other batting colleagues, who seemed bent on committing harakiri.
Off-spinner Nathan Lyon was the pick of the Australian bowler as he exploited the rough on the track to good effect to finish with figures for 7/152 for an overall haul of 12 wickets in the match. Lyon was adjudged Man of the Match for his superlative effort.
The result will come as a huge disappointment for the Indians, who virtually lost the match in the very last session when eight wickets fell in quick succession.
Kohli was left to rue yet another of India's infamous batting collapses after putting the team in a rather comfortable position right up till the tea session with a career-best knock. He was dismissed by Lyon.
For Kohli, it was his eighth career hundred even though he was left a disappointed man on his debut as captain. He got good support from Murali Vijay who was unlucky, missing out on what could have been his fifth Test hundred by just one run.
Kohli's knock of 141 runs came off 175 balls and was laced with 16 fours and a six adding to his first-innings' knock of 115 runs.
Lyon picked up the best figures for a spinner against India in Australia with a match-haul of 12-286 to go with his 5-134 in his first innings.
This was after Australia had declared at their overnight score of 290/5. They had scored 517/7d in their first innings to which India had replied with 444 runs in their first attempt.
Lyon was ably supported by Mitchell Johnson (2-45) and Ryan Harris (1-49). Peter Siddle (0-21), Shane Watson (0-6), Mitchell Marsh (0-11) and Steve Smith (0-18) were the other bowlers used.
Kohli became the second Indian batsman after Vijay Hazare to score two hundreds (116 and 148 in 1947-48) in a Test at Adelaide.
Among Indian batsmen, he became the fourth after Hazare, Sunil Gavaskar (thrice) and Rahul Dravid (twice) to achieve this feat. Another record was broken as Lyon became the first Australian spinner to take 10 wickets in a Test against India at home. That record was previously held by Ian Johnson (8-94 at Melbourne) in 1947-48.
The last session began with Kohli and Vijay raising visions of an Indian win. They carried on from where they left off before the break, attacking the spinner and playing cautiously against the pacers. In the 69th over of the innings, Kohli reached his eighth Test hundred off 135 balls, sparking his customary wild celebrations.
In doing so, he matched Greg Chappell's feat of scoring twin hundreds in a Test in his first match as captain. The Australian had achieved it against the West Indies in 1975-76 at Brisbane.
There were more celebrations anticipated in the next over as Vijay was a solitary run away from an immaculate and richly deserved hundred, but it was not to be. He went for a back-foot flick but missed the ball completely to be out LBW. He scored 99 runs off 234 balls, hitting 10 fours and two sixes.
That opened the floodgates as India lost their last eight wickets for 73 runs, collapsing from 242/3 to 315 all out. Ajinkya Rahane (0) was given out wrongly, caught at short leg but replays showed there was no bat involved.
Rohit Sharma (6) looked clumsy and uncomfortable in the middle under intense pressure and after playing a few sweep shots against Lyon, was caught brilliantly at backward short leg by David Warner as the ball looped off his glove.
Wriddhiman Saha (13) hit a couple of lusty blows but went too far against Lyon, as one turned in sharply from the rough to bowl him through the gate.
Thereafter it was down to Kohli to soldier along alone and try to get India to the finish line. But even as Australia delayed the new ball, he went after Lyon for a big hit and was caught in the deep, not believing for some time that he was dismissed.
Mohammad Shami (5), Ishant Sharma (1) and Varun Aaron (1) had no answers to the hosts' push for victory thereafter and they folded up without much fight.
Earlier, in the post-lunch session, half centuries from Vijay and Kohli helped fuel India's hope of victory as India only needed 159 runs with eight wickets remaining after tea.
Prior to that break, the two batsmen built he platform for the possibility of a push for victory in the final session of play.
Kohli was the main architect of this plan since he had attacked Lyon ever since he came to the crease. After lunch, he continued with the ploy, hoisting the spinner for a six. He brought up his fifty in the 45th over, reaching there in 69 balls.
At the other end, Vijay was solid, and he too got to his eighth Test fifty off 131 balls, reaching the mark earlier in the 37th over. While Kohli kept the scoreboard ticking, Vijay was alert and watchful, not making any mistakes as the two snatched the momentum away from the hosts.
Perhaps the biggest blow to Australians came in the 44th over when skipper Michael Clarke injured his right hamstring while fielding and left the field. Four overs later, the 100-run partnership between the two came up.
Vijay gave one chance before the tea-break though, in the 59th over off Johnson, with Mitchell Marsh not latching to it at short cover.
The batsman was on 85 at that point in time but closed up again to avoid any more danger before the final session, bringing up the 200-run mark in the 60th over.
In the morning, Shikhar Dhawan (9) and Vijay took guard hoping that today would be the day to improve India's overseas record of not having a 50-run opening stand since 2011.
But it was not to be as Dhawan was given dubiously out in the fifth over as a short delivery from Johnson struck his shoulder on its way to the keeper.
While the left-handed batsman was obviously disappointed, Vijay had a life granted to him when later in the 16th over, against Lyon, he padded up to a delivery that spun in sharply.
He should have been adjudged out LBW but umpire Marais Erasmus thought differently. Vijay was batting on 24 at that time and had just hit the spinner for a mighty six previously, taking the Indian score past the 50-mark in the company of Cheteshwar Pujara.
The number three batsman had a tough time against Lyon as he was caught back on his crease many times, with the bowler looking to use the rough areas consistently. Only with two successive boundaries off the backfoot in the 14th over, he had managed to release some pressure.
But his uncomfortable vigil at the crease didn't last long as Lyon broke through in the 20th over finally, a delivery that held its line taking a healthy outside edge for keeper Brad Haddin to snap up his second catch in the innings. Pujara scored 21 runs off 38 balls, inclusive of 4 boundaries.
Skipper Kohli joined Vijay in the middle then and the two batted without much fuss for the remainder 14 overs in the session. The two batsmen brought up the 100-run mark in the 31st over.


The year end is here and we have the best of Marvel from Earth's Mightiest Show! From the snap to snappy outfits – we got it all!
This Week on Earth's Mightiest Show, Lorraine Cink and Langston Belton discuss the best of 2018 from Marvel Studios to Marvel Television to Marvel Games, to Marvel Comics to famous Marvel fans!
Marvel Studios' "Avengers: Infinity War" is now available on digital.
Marvel Studios' "Thor: Ragnarok" is now available on digital.
Marvel Studios' "Ant-Man and The Wasp" is now available on digital.
Marvel Studios' "Black Panther" is now available on digital.
"Marvel's Jessica Jones" is now streaming on Netflix.
"Marvel's Iron Fist" is now streaming on Netflix.
"Marvel Rising" is on Marvel HQ.
"Marvel's Runaways" is now Streaming on Hulu.
"Legion" is now Streaming on FX+.
"Marvel's Cloak & Dagger" is now streaming on Freeform.com and Hulu.
Tagged as 2018, agents of shield, ant-man, ant-man and the wasp, Avengers, best of 2018, black panther, Check, Comics, earth's mightiest show, Earths, ems, Infinity, infinity war, iron fist, jessica jones, Marvel, marvel entertainment, marvel's clock and dagger, Marvels, Mightiest, retrospective, RUNAWAYS, russo brothers, sebastian stan, Show, spider man, Spider-Man Into the Spider-Verse, spider-verse, SPIDERMAN, SPIDERVERSE, Stan, stan lee, Thanos, the snap, thor: ragnarok, year in retrospective.


White subway tiles in bath surround – love little shelves, but would use mosaic colors in the shelves.
Squeeze in a seat to lather on lotion or blow-dry your hair in your bathroom, like this triangular one clad with beadboard to match the surrounding wainscoting.
Love this for master bathroom shower update someday. Hope to expand the shower and replace the tile.
Twin headboard turned UPSIDE DOWN … then turned into a great shelf/rack.


In reality, monitoring the health of your home network is an important safeguard against both network intruders as well as viruses and malware. Most people have installed antivirus software The 10 Best Free Antivirus Software The 10 Best Free Antivirus Software No matter what computer you're using, you need antivirus protection. Here are the best free antivirus tools you can use. Read More these days and if you've been paying attention to the advice of MUO writers, then you're also aware of how important it is to scan for and clean up adware, spyware and other nasty assorted applications How To Remove Computer Viruses At Home For Free How To Remove Computer Viruses At Home For Free Read More .
However, there is one additional step you can take to ensure that all devices on your home network are healthy and secure, and that is running a regular network security audit on your home network. This is especially true on a Wi-Fi network, where it is far more likely that you may pick up hitchhikers and hijackers within your local community.
One of the simplest Wi-Fi security software apps you can use to keep an eye on your Wi-Fi security and network is Nmap. Nmap is actually short for "Zenmap", which is the title of the app that you'll see once you install it. This program is a fast and efficient way to scan your entire network. It can be used to conduct a security analysis on one device that you know is on your network, or it can scan an entire range of IP addresses to search for security vulnerabilities on any device.
You can see at the top of the main window that there is a field for the "target." This is the IP address of the device or devices that you want to scan. One of the difficulties of monitoring for unknown devices that are on your network without permission is knowing what the IP address of those devices are. One way to make identifying hijackers much easier is by defining only a range of IP addresses in your router. This way, any computer that connects to your network must have one IP within a range.
You can do this by going to your router admin panel, clicking on network setup, enabling DHCP and enabling a range of IP addresses to lease out to new devices. In the example below, I've started at 192.168.1.100 and allowed for only 50 IP addresses (up to 192.168.1.149).
Once you do this, you will know what range of targets to scan to look for any surprises on your network. Getting back to Zenmap, if you do want to analyze an individual device, just type the IP address in the target field. Under "Profile", you can choose what level of scan you want the software to conduct. "Intense Scan" is obviously more thorough, or you can just do a ping to see what devices are live, or a list of other scans as shown here.
An intense scan gives you a whole lot of information about a device. It'll do a port scan and tell you what ports are open on that computer or server, what services are running, what operating system and other software is running, and a whole lot more. This is a brilliant way to see whether or not there are any surprises. If any viruses get installed on your machine and open up a new port to start relaying spam, this scan will pick up on it even if your antivirus software didn't.
In the ports/hosts tab, you can see a visual display of all ports that are open, their state, protocol, and the service that's using the port.
Click on the "Host Details" tab, and you can see a summary display of scanned properties for each host. This can really come in handy when you have a very slow Internet connection and want to see what's eating up all of your bandwidth. You may be surprised to discover that a device has an odd port open with some unknown service reaching out over the Internet through that port.
A far more popular use of this software is as a regular network scanner for maintaining a network. You can scan the entire range of IP addresses you've defined in your router, and the software will go through each IP, one at a time, and conduct a full scan on each device. You can define a range by using the CIDR style of addressing. In the example below I used /24 numbits to have the software scan 256 hosts starting at 192.168.1.1.
Once the network scan is done, all active hosts on the network will show up on the list to the left. Keep an eye out for any surprises showing up on your Wi-Fi network. You can click on each host device, and the scan results for that device will show up in the Nmap Output display on the right.
In my opinion, one of the coolest features of this software is the Topology display, which will give you a graphical representation of all of the devices on your network, as well as the security level represented by the scan results. You can right-click on the host node and select to see more details about it.
For regular routine monitoring and maintenance of your home or small business network, this wi-fi security software is a must-have. At the very least, it'll give you the peace of mind of knowing exactly what's on your network and what sort of activity is going on, utilizing your precious bandwidth.
Give Nmap a try. Did it uncover anything interesting going on in your network? Share your experiences with using it in the comments section below.
Brilliant - thanks for the recommendation Ammon! And also for pointing out that NMAP is valid for Unix or Mac users as well, that's great.
I suggest you scan the whole ip range (192.168.1.0/24), no only the one you defined to be leased by DHCP. I someone detects which of the reserved network ranges you are using at home - and the bets are on the one from the factory settings - any address manually picked within the range can "talk" seamlessly with the rest of the computers.
range can "talk" seamlessly with the rest of the computers.
Nmap isn't a complete security suite for wireless, as the article tries to establish. Other things to take into account are your wireless security protocol (WPA2), length of password and randomness of password. People shouldn't be on your network in the first place to check your ports. If they are, you've lost half the battle already. Oh yeah, and thumbs up to the previous 2 comments.
Again - I only wanted to use it for wireless security, nothing else. If it came across that I was promoting it exclusively for that purpose alone - my apologies.
And Nmap is not a "wi-fi security auditing" tool, it's a network port scanner (with a lot of functionality). It can be used on any network, wired or wireless.
Thanks for the corrections! And I know the software can be used for more than just Wi-Fi, but the article was focused on how you can use it to audit your Wi-Fi network. While I realize it shouldn't be called "wi-fi network auditing software", I called it such because that's all I wanted to use it for.
However, you make a valid point that it can be used for much more than just that purpose.
Nmap is not short for Zenmap, rather Network Mapper. While there has been a GUI for Nmap since 1999, Zenmap was not added until 2007.


text:
Home Metro Nigeria man kidnaps, murders and burn a lady in the U.S
Nigeria man kidnaps, murders and burn a lady in the U.S
Salt Lake City Police department confirms that 31-year-old Nigerian national identified as Ayoola Adisa Ajayi has been charged with aggravated murder and kidnapping in the case of missing Utah student, Mackenzie Lueck.
Salt Lake City Police Chief Mike Brown said DNA testing shows that during a search of Ajayi's residence, human tissue was found and subsequent DNA testing showed it was a match for the missing woman, who disappeared on June 17th. "I will not be saying the killer's name again," Brown said, reported the Salt Lake Tribune, after announcing the suspect's arrest.
Lueck, a 23-year-old University of Utah student, arrived in Salt Lake City from California after attending her grandmother's funeral. She texted her parents when her flight landed before getting a Lyft to Hatch Park, which is about eight miles from her home. She met a person at around 3 a.m. and left in another car but three days later, her parents reported her missing.
The suspect's neighbors had told detectives they allegedly saw Ajayi "burning something in his back yard with the use of gasoline" on June 17 and 18. Other charred material was located which has now been forensically determined to be female human tissue. He also sold a mattress online in an attempt to get rid of the evidence.
Lueck's last communications were with Ajayi, who was briefly a member of the Utah Army National Guard in the past, but he was discharged and the location of the deceased's and Ajayi's phones pinged at a park within less than a minute of each other, at which time her phone stopped receiving data around 3 a.m. on June 17.
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Ayoola Adisa
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Nigerian man
U.S Lady
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text:
/*************************************************************************
 *  Compilation:  javac Whitelist.java
 *  Execution:    java Whitelist whitelist.txt < data.txt
 *  Dependencies: StaticSetOfInts.java In.java StdOut.java
 *
 *  Data files:   http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/11model/tinyW.txt
 *                http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/11model/tinyT.txt
 *                http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/11model/largeW.txt
 *                http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/11model/largeT.txt
 *
 *  Whitelist filter.
 *
 *
 *  % java Whitelist tinyW.txt < tinyT.txt
 *  50
 *  99
 *  13
 *
 *  % java Whitelist largeW.txt < largeT.txt | more
 *  499569
 *  984875
 *  295754
 *  207807
 *  140925
 *  161828
 *  [367,966 total values]
 *
 *************************************************************************/

/**
 *  The <tt>Whitelist</tt> class provides a client for reading in
 *  a set of integers from a file; reading in a sequence of integers
 *  from standard input; and printing to standard output those
 *  integers not in the whitelist.
 *

 *  For additional documentation, see Section 1.2 of
 *  Algorithms, 4th Edition by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
 *
 *  @author Robert Sedgewick
 *  @author Kevin Wayne
 */
public class Whitelist {

    /**
     * Reads in a sequence of integers from the whitelist file, specified as
     * a command-line argument. Reads in integers from standard input and
     * prints to standard output those integers that are not in the file.
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        In in = new In(args[0]);
        int[] white = in.readAllInts();
        StaticSETofInts set = new StaticSETofInts(white);

        // Read key, print if not in whitelist.
        while (!StdIn.isEmpty()) {
            int key = StdIn.readInt();
            if (!set.contains(key))
                StdOut.println(key);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Computer Concepts, Windows 8.1, Ms- Office 2013 (Word, Excel & Power Point), Tally ERP. 9.0, DTP (Page Maker/ Indesign, Coreldraw/Illustrator,Photoshop), Kannada Software, Printing, Scanning & Internet Technology.
Introduction to Programming concept 'C' Programming, OOPS concept, C++ Programming, Core Java, Internet Technology, DBMS with Oracle.
Computer Concepts, Windows 8.1, Ms- Office 2013 (Ms-Word, Ms-Excel & Ms-Power Point), Kannada Software & Internet Technology.


text:
import { createReducer } from "redux-act";
import createAction from "../utils/createMetaAction";

// ------------------------------------
// Actions
// ------------------------------------
// export const caretPositionClear = createAction('caretPositionClear')

// ------------------------------------
// Reducer
// ------------------------------------
export default createReducer({}, []);


★ Best one to put as your home page banner.
★ Image can be fetched from both List and Folder mode.
★ You can show Title/Description for each images in list mode.
★ You can assign links to each images in list mode.
★ You can put your custom CSS, if you required to.
★ You have control over navigation and pager.
★ 5 themes --> Gray, Blue, Green, Orange & Red.
★ 15 Google fonts are included, which can be assigned to Titles.
★ Completely configurable as your wish.
★ Unlimited usage with unlimited Domains.
★ Compatible with all modern browsers (Firefox 3.0 and more, Google Chrome, IE9, IE8 Safari, Opera).
★ Both 1.5, 2.5 & 3.X in the package.
★ 5 themes --> Gray, Blue, Green, Orange & Red.
This is completely free solved by this company.


Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is a manufactured wood product that is often substituted for plywood and used to structurally sheath walls, roofs and floors of residential, commercial and industrial buildings. Unlike plywood, which is manufactured by bonding thin veneers of wood products together, OSB is made with 3" to 4" long strands of wood, oriented with their grains parallel, then compressed and bonded together using wax and resin adhesives to form plywood size sheets.
Susceptible to Moisture. Unlike most plywoods, which can withstand several cycles of wetting and drying when exposed to moisture, the deterioration of OSB starts with the first exposure to moisture. When subjected to rain or other moisture in an unprotected condition, OSB can swell up to 25% of its original thickness resulting in loss of density and strength. Unlike plywood, OSB does not regain its original structural properties when dried. When OSB swells, the nails attaching it to studs and joists break through the outer layers of the OSB and engage a material with less density. This reduces the strength needed to resist wind and earthquake forces and can imperil life-safety.
Mold. In addition to the loss of structural capacity, increased moisture content of OSB can lead to the formation of mold and fungus growth within the material itself. Many of the OSB products contain hardwoods such as Aspen which provide food for mold and fungus.
Roofs. Finish roofing materials such as Spanish or flat tiles are required to be installed over one or more layers of roofing felt (tar paper) Roofing leaks may occur when the roofing felts are damaged or penetrated or a failure occurs in the roof flashing. Any leak allowing moisture to reach the OSB will result in permanent swelling of the OSB and potential mold and fungus growth. Associations should have their roofs, flashing and gutters/downspouts annually inspected and maintained.
Floors. Floor assemblies with OSB are prone to water damage, particularly in kitchen and bath areas. The greatest risks occur in areas of permeable floor covering such as carpet or T&G wood floor systems. The problem gets worse in bathroom areas where leakage can occur around poorly sealed toilets and bath tubs.
Information submitted by Garry D. Myers, P.E. S.E., Partner with MHP Structural Engineers.


text:
Welcome to the final edition of the drug policy newsletter for 2016.
Firstly, I would like to take the time to introduce myself - my name is Ross Broad and earlier this month I commenced as the Assistant Director of Drug Policy and Reform.
It has been a busy year and there is certainly a lot going on within the sector at this point in time. This newsletter is intended to provide you with a snapshot of this activity by updating you on the key projects we are working on, highlighting sector developments and outlining opportunities for collaboration.
While we cannot capture everything, we would welcome your feedback on this bulletin, including on any topics you would like to see included in future editions.
Comments can be provided by emailing aod.enquiries@dhhs.vic.gov.au.
On behalf of the whole team, I would like to wish you a safe and happy holiday season.
I look forward to working with you all in 2017, and strengthening the communication between the Department and our stakeholders in the alcohol and other drug sector.
Ross Broad
Drug Policy and Reform
Improving access to drug treatment
On 16 December, the Department announced changes to the drug treatment system to improve access for clients.
Consistent with directions identified in the Aspex Review, responsibility for conducting comprehensive assessment and treatment planning will move from intake providers to treatment providers. This change will allow drug treatment providers to conduct assessments as the first stage in developing therapeutic relationships with clients.
Under the new arrangements, catchment based intake services will continue to deliver intake triage and screening, brief interventions and bridging support up until the clients' assessment. Treatment services will deliver bridging support to clients from the point of assessment.
There will be no change to overall funding for the sector as part of these changes.
The Department will continue to work closely with the sector to progress implementation of these changes during the first quarter of the 2017-18 financial year (no later than 1 October 2017), with final timing and transitional arrangements to support the changes to be developed in partnership with affected services.
The Department will be meeting with affected organisations in early 2017 to discuss considerations for implementing these changes.
The Department will also provide regular updates on the transition of services, including further opportunities for the sector to provide feedback on planning and implementation.
For more information on the changes, please see the Department's website.
Other treatment system improvements
In addition to the new arrangements for intake and assessment, the Department has been progressing other key areas of work which will respond to recommendations of the Aspex review to improve the alcohol and drug treatment system.
Victorian Alcohol and other drug Data Collection
The project to redevelop the Victorian Alcohol and other drug Data Collection is nearing completion and it is anticipated that specifications will be made available to service providers early in 2017.
The work has been guided by a Reference Group with representation from across the sector, a range of face to face consultations and a statewide survey.
Further information will be available on the Department's website in the coming weeks.
Enquiries regarding the project can be forwarded to aoddatadev@dhhs.vic.gov.au.
Alcohol and Other Drug Program Guidelines
The Department has been developing Alcohol and Other Drug Program Guidelines in collaboration with the sector to provide clarity about the Department's expectations of funded providers. A consultation draft of the guidelines went out to the sector for comment, and submissions closed on 25 November 2016.
Thank you to all those who took the time to provide feedback. This feedback will be used to inform a revised edition of the guidelines.
Performance Management Framework
The Department has also been working with the sector to develop a new Performance Management Framework, which outlines how the Department will measure the performance of funded providers into the future. A consultation draft of the framework is now available for sector feedback. Feedback is requested by 31 January 2017.
Enquiries regarding the Program Guidelines and the Performance Management Framework can be emailed to aod.enquiries@dhhs.vic.gov.au.
Service planning
A project has commenced to develop an Alcohol and Other Drug Design, Service and Infrastructure Plan that will enable the Department to identify priorities for future alcohol and other drug investment, with regard to forecast demand growth, evolving models of care and existing service infrastructure.
The Department will be establishing a Project Advisory Group including representatives from across the sector and will commence consultation with stakeholders in the new year.
The project has a tight timeframe, with the Department aiming to finalise the plan by mid-2017.
Development of an alcohol and other drug treatment model for offenders
Justice Health and the Department are conducting a joint project to develop an agreed alcohol and other drug treatment model of practice for offenders.
Key objectives of the project are:
Enhancing the forensic focus in community based alcohol and other drug treatment services
Improving access for offenders to community based alcohol and other drug services
Improving collaboration, coordination and accountability between alcohol and other drug services and Community Correctional Services for the monitoring, treatment, treatment finalisation and order compliance of offenders on Community Correction Orders who require alcohol and other drug treatment
Improving workforce capability to implement the service enhancements and operating model
Improving effective governance over the delivery of services, the implementation of the model both centrally and at the local level, and the development of effective reporting and monitoring tools
Delivering an enhanced and efficient forensic operating model for forensic alcohol and other drug treatment.
The first steps have involved bringing together alcohol and other drug service providers and Community Corrections Staff to develop a set of joint principles, a program logic model and a proposed typology matrix. Two workshops have been held across November and December to begin this work and a Clinical Advisory Group is currently being established.
There will be opportunities for broader sector consultation and feedback during the development process.
'Choices' - Low risk offender alcohol and other drug education program
'Choices' is a new three hour education program designed to help low risk offenders identify and address harms associated with their alcohol or other drug use.
The program will be available for any offender on a Community Corrections Order with an accompanying alcohol or other drug condition who are assessed as a low risk of re-offending.
Those identified during the program as requiring additional support or treatment will be referred back to ACSO for assessment and appropriate treatment.
Priority roll-out of the program has begun in areas of high demand. Broader state-wide implementation will begin in January 2017.
For further information, please email Anna.Keato@dhhs.vic.gov.au.
Needle and Syringe Program equipment update
The Department has been responding to issues identified with the current supply of 27 gauge needles and syringes, particularly about the Korean-made equipment that was made available in April this year.
The Department has sourced an alternative Becton Dickinson 27 gauge 1 ml product, which is now available to order. A 29 gauge 1 ml needle and syringe is also available.
Needle and Syringe Program clients should continue to use safe injecting practices while this is happening, including never re-using or sharing equipment.
Re-using and sharing equipment can lead to the spread of blood borne infections and injury. Key messages to be distributed to Needle and Syringe Program clients are:
Always use sterile equipment
Take enough equipment so you don't have to share or re-use it
Get familiar with using the Korean-made product until new equipment is available.
Peer-led networks trial
On International Overdose Awareness Day (31 August), the Victorian Government announced it would invest in a peer-led networks trial across six hotspot areas for overdose, including Brimbank/Maribyrnong, Greater Dandenong, Greater Geelong, the City of Melbourne, Port Phillip and the City of Yarra.
This initiative aims to strengthen and improve the scope of peer education in Victoria.
On 13 December 2016, it was announced that six local agencies will receive funding to improve access to clean injecting equipment, information and support for those who are disadvantaged and at risk of drug overdose.
Youth Projects in Melbourne's CBD, Inner South Community Health in Port Phillip and North Richmond Community Health in Yarra will carry out targeted support through inner Melbourne.
Cohealth, Monash Health and Barwon Health will focus on Maribyrnong, Brimbank, Dandenong and Geelong.
Harm Reduction Victoria and the Association of Participating Service Users will also receive funding to help coordinate the peer-led networks initiative, providing workforce support and training as well as evaluation.
To complement this approach, the Penington Institute has received funding to conduct a review into emerging models designed to reduce fatal overdoses and other harms resulting from drug use. This work will place a particular focus on the use of peer workers.
2016 Community Ice Action Grant recipients
Twelve Victorian community groups have received a grant of up to $10,000 to help tackle ice use in their local area.
The grants have been awarded to community groups from Melbourne's urban fringe, and rural and regional Victoria.
Community Ice Action Grants can be used to deliver local initiatives in response to ice, for example workshops, forums, local campaigns, training for specific groups and engagement with young people.
This is the second year the grants have been allocated. This year's recipients are:
Moogji Aboriginal Council East Gippsland (Orbost, Lake Tyers and Lakes Entrance)
Greater Shepparton City Council
The Victorian AIDS Council (Bendigo)
Moira Shire Council (Cobram, Nathalia, Numurkah and Yarrawonga)
Bendigo and District Aboriginal Cooperative
Wodonga City Council
Brophy Family and Youth Services (Warrnambool)
Central Victoria Australian Football Commission (Bendigo)
Black Eagles Basketball Club (Shepparton)
Moorabool Drug Action Group (Bacchus Marsh)
Mitchell Shire Council (Seymour, Broadford and Wallan)
Frankston Mornington Peninsula Primary Care Partnership.
The grants are part of the Victorian Government's Ice Action Plan to prevent harms associated with ice use.
The Victorian Government has invested a total of $103 million to respond to ice, including $57.6 million in the 2016-17 Budget.
Revised policy for maintenance pharmacotherapy for opioid dependence
Victoria's Policy for maintenance pharmacotherapy for opioid dependence has been revised. The tightened guidelines deliver stronger, clearer and safer advice on the provision of pharmacotherapies throughout Victoria. They place a significant focus on pharmacotherapy take-away doses, which can be fatal if diverted, shared or ingested incorrectly. Hardcopies are available upon request. For further information, please email Abi.Sambasivam@dhhs.vic.gov.au.
Ambo-AODstats
On 30 November 2016, Turning Point launched Ambo-AODstats, an online interactive mapping website that provides the most recent published data on alcohol and other drug related ambulance attendances in Victoria. The initiative is funded by the Victorian Government and provides a valuable tool for monitoring long-term trends and changes in alcohol and other drug related harm.
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The need: The 'D-led' project articulated a new change management model to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of RD&E in the primary industries.
What we did: The Harris Park Group and Dr Ruth Nettle, an extension specialist with The University of Melbourne, articulated a new RD&E model based on 15 years of experience in national change management programs. The 'D-led' model puts program development front and centre in the RD&E for any domain. This places emphasis on the fit of the new technology with players, the existing systems, the 'route to change' and its enabling environment.


you have likely heard you must have a sturdy password. It's specially essential for electronic mail and social-networking money owed due to the fact a lot of your virtual existence revolves around them. Plus, many different services permit you to go browsing the usage of your facebook account, so if that gets compromised, so will your other money owed.
Due to the fact passwords are difficult to control, it is fine now not to rely entirely on them. Switch on what Facebook calls Login Approvals. It is inside the account settings under safety. Once you do so, you're asked for affirmation — entering a special wide variety sent for your smartphone — while signing on from a brand new device.
Except you turn devices frequently, that is something your installation as soon as an overlook approximately. And no person else can log in together with your password unless additionally, they have your telephone and that unique range.
FB gives a chain of short privateness "shortcuts." On desktops and laptops, look for the small padlock at the higher proper nook of the browser. On Apple and Android devices, get entry to shortcuts via the menu – the three horizontal bars.
The key shortcut is Who can see my stuff? See whether or not you've been inadvertently broadcasting your musings to the complete facebook community. You will possibly need to at least restriction sharing to buddies in place of Public, although you can customize that in addition to exclude certain people or companies — inclusive of co-employees, buddies or grandparents. While sharing, understand that less is greater.
At the same time as you're at it, take a look at Timeline and Tagging in your account settings from a laptop or mobile. You may insist on approving posts that humans tag you in. Observe that this is confined to what appears to your private timeline; if Mary tags you in a put up, Mary's buddies will still see it no matter your settings. consists of friends you may have in commonplace along with her. In case you're on a laptop or computer, Facebook has a privacy Checkup tool to review your settings. Look for that padlock. This tool is coming quickly to the mobile.
Purge pals you're no longer in contact with. In case you assume "unfriending" is simply too mean, upload them to an associates or restricted listing instead. "associates" manner they won't display up in your information feed as often, though they'll nonetheless have full get admission to any posts you distribute on your pals. "restrained" means they may best see posts you mark as public. Either is successfully a manner to unfriend someone without dropping any clues you have accomplished so.
You could also create custom lists, consisting of "university friends" or "own family." that is extraordinary for oversharing with individuals who'll appreciate it, while no longer stressful every person else you already know and setting your self in hazard of becoming an "acquaintance" your self. You may create lists on a traditional computer by way of hitting greater subsequent to pals to the left of your news feed. People may be in multiple groups. Competencies are limited on mobile devices, despite the fact that adjustments you make on the laptop will seem to your smartphone or pill.
perhaps a person invited you to play a sport for a few years in the past. You attempted it some weeks and moved on, yet the app is still getting access to your information. Or perhaps you've used FB to log onto a provider you now not use, such as one to tune the 2014 winter Olympics. It's time to sign out. If you're not sure you still use it, drop it anyway. You can always join up again.
The privateness Checkup device on pcs will evaluation apps for you mechanically. On cellular devices, search for Apps inside the account settings (no longer Apps inside the principal menu).
An associated option is the security Checkup tool. It is a clean manner to log out of facebook on gadgets you rarely use. You can also allow indicators while a person attempts to join up from a brand new tool or browser. To run this, visit securitycheckup on a pc. On the Android app, you could look for security checkup in the help center. On iPhones and iPads, you will find the alternatives personally within the account settings beneath safety.
you can exert a few have an effect on over whose posts you notice extra or much less regularly through going to information Feeds choices. The setting is at the pinnacle right on browsers and Android apps and at the lower proper on iPhones. Right here, you may pick out buddies who'll always show up on top, or disguise a person's posts completely.
Finally, in case you're involved in information utilization, you could prevent films to your news feeds from gambling routinely. On Android, visit Autoplay inside the App Settings. On iPhones, it is in the account settings beneath movies and pics.
Inside the safety settings, you can designate certain buddies as depended on contacts. They will have the strength that will help you if you get locked from your account for a few purposes. You can also designate a Legacy contact — a family member or close friend who'd serve as your administrator must you, um, make your last popularity replace (as in, ever). They won't be able to publish to your behalf or see your messages, but they'll be able to respond to new pal requests and take a few additional actions in your deceased behalf.


BG World Class Gymnastics is owned and operated by Gantcho Totkov former Bulgarian national team member. A graduate from the National Sports Academy in "Physical Education" and "Athletic Gymnastics Training." Safety certified with 30 years of experience.


It's a phrase we've all heard at one point. It might have been during the height of a dramatic movie, or a sports commentator after a stellar play on the field. "They've really pulled out all the stops." But if you play the pipe organ, this phrase has a very different meaning.
Join Whitesel Church Organs as we explore the history of this phrase, and how it's used in the common parlance today.
In modern usage, "pulling out all the stops" means to give something all your effort, to commit entirely to a task or situation. This is why it's a popular term for sports, when a player makes a major play, or when the star of the movie makes a daring rescue.
The phrase was first used in its modern form in 1865 when the writer Matthew Arnold said "knowing how unpopular a task one is undertaking when one tries to pull out a few more stops in that … somewhat narrow-toned organ, the modern Englishman." This usage speaks to how we use it today, as well as the origin of the phrase itself.
By now, any pipe organ player knows where this phrase came from. It is, of course, a reference to the stops used on a pipe organ. The stops regulate the flow of pressurized air into the pipes of the organ. These stops can be used at the whim of the organist and can be turned on and off to let air into certain pipes or stop it altogether.
When stops are used selectively, or in clever combinations with other stops, the organist can create subtle, or dynamic changes in the sound of the organ music. Some combinations of stops might create a full, bold, and brassy sound, while other combinations might yield a delicate, whispery sound. Organists select the stops that best suit the needs of the piece they are performing.
So, in the case of organ playing, it's modern usage is very similar to its usage in organ performance. To pull out all the stops then means to literally undo all the stops on the organ, and allow the instrument to play to its fullest, loudest capacity. Nothing is held back! So the next time someone tells you to pull out all the stops, make sure to play your organ loud and proud!
When you're ready to take your organ playing to the next level, get in touch with Whitesel Church Organs. We've been providing unbeatable customer service to organists for nearly 70 years. We're experts in organ repair and maintenance, often beating our competitor's prices. If you're in need of a new organ, browse our selection of top-tier Viscounts Organs, as well as our hybrid organs. Though we're based in Harrisonburg, Virginia, we've worked with clients all over the entire United States.
At Whitesel Church Organs, we pull out all the stops to ensure your pipe organ sounds as good as your playing.


The Berkley Gulp! Floating Trout Worm 2 and 1/2 inch is a shorter, fatter trout-attracting worm.
Unique shape is great for wacky or Neko rigs.
Features Gulp! extreme scent dispersion.
Flavored so the fish hang on when they bite.