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Clinical analysis of proptosis in a tertiary care hospital of South India
Soujanya Kaup1, HT Venkategowda2
1 Department of Ophthalmology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
2 Department of Ophthalmology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Date of Web Publication 9-Aug-2017
Soujanya Kaup
2-98/11, "Shreeshaila," Gurunagar, Maryhill, Mangalore - 575 008, Karnataka
Context: Comprehensive data on various etiologies of proptosis is a necessity in guiding the ophthalmologists and physicians for early diagnosis and treatment.
AIMS: This study aimed to describe the clinical presentation, spectrum of etiology, treatment modality, and outcome among patients with proptosis.
Settings And Design: A longitudinal study was conducted in the department of ophthalmology of a tertiary care hospital, Karnataka, from December 2010 to December 2011.
Participants And Methods: All the study participants who satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria were interviewed with a pretested and validated schedule. Detailed clinical evaluation of proptosis was done after obtaining informed consent. Every case was followed up till the end of treatment.
Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, Version 16.0. (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results were expressed as frequencies and proportions for categorical variables and mean and standard deviations for continuous variables.
Results: Fifty patients completed the study and nearly half were in the age group of 41–60 years. Axial proptosis was the most common type. Nearly one-third required surgical treatment and was significantly high (P < 0.01) in neoplastic proptosis. More than one-third resolved completely.
Conclusions: Thyroid eye disease and other inflammatory disorders were the major etiology of proptosis. Extremes of age and unilaterality and eccentricity of proptosis clearly distinguish neoplastic causes from that of inflammatory. Considering the diverse etiology of the diseases causing proptosis, definitive management varies accordingly. The site of lesion causing proptosis is of prognostic value during orbitotomies with higher complications occurring with intraconal lesions.
Keywords: Etiology, orbitotomy, outcome, proptosis
Kaup S, Venkategowda H T. Clinical analysis of proptosis in a tertiary care hospital of South India. Int J Health Allied Sci 2017;6:149-54
Kaup S, Venkategowda H T. Clinical analysis of proptosis in a tertiary care hospital of South India. Int J Health Allied Sci [serial online] 2017 [cited 2023 Jan 28];6:149-54. Available from: https://www.ijhas.in/text.asp?2017/6/3/149/212586
Proptosis describes an abnormal protrusion of the globe.[1],[2] The anatomical position of the orbits, their relative inaccessibility, and variety of lesions giving rise to proptosis make it a difficult yet interesting problem.[3]
Orbital surgery has become safer owing to advances in diagnostic instrumentation and surgical techniques.[4] Although over the years many authors have assessed proptosis and its causes, there exists a disparity in the incidence of reported lesions.[5] Comprehensive data on etiologies of proptosis is a necessity in guiding ophthalmologists toward clinical suspicion for early diagnosis and treatment.
Participants and Methods
This longitudinal study was conducted in the department of ophthalmology of a tertiary care hospital, Karnataka, from December 2010 to December 2011. The study hospital is attached to a medical college and research institute, which is recognized by the Medical Council of India with facility to teach Ophthalmology for both under- and post-graduates.
The study sample comprised patients with proptosis who presented at ophthalmology outpatient department and inpatients referred from other departments of the study hospital.
Cases of pseudoproptosis, debilitated and bedridden patients, uncooperative, and those who were not willing to participate were excluded from the study.
All the study participants who satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria were interviewed with a pretested and validated schedule, and clinical evaluations of proptosis were done, after taking informed consent. Every case was followed till the end of treatment.
Clinical evaluation included detailed history (including onset, duration, and rate of progression of proptosis), visual acuity, color vision, pupillary reaction, extra-ocular movements, intraocular pressure, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and fundoscopy. The amount of proptosis was measured using Luedde's exophthalmometer and was graded as mild (21–23 mm), moderate (24–27 mm), and severe (28 mm or more).[6] Proptosis was classified as axial or eccentric depending on the direction of proptosis. Other specific tests such as Valsalva maneuver, testing for ocular pulsations, and auscultation for bruit were done. Routine blood investigations were done in all cases. Radiological investigations of the orbit were done and results were noted. Histopathological study including fine-needle aspiration cytology of the orbital swelling and excision biopsy were done in relevant cases. Other selective investigations included T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. ENT surgeon and neuro-surgical opinion was obtained and evaluated in relevant cases.
Final diagnosis was based on clinical, histopathological, laboratory, and radiological findings. Based on the final diagnosis, treatment was planned. Cases which required further evaluation and management were referred to higher centers and patients were asked to follow-up, after the management at higher centers.
Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows, Version 16.0. (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results were expressed as frequencies and proportions for categorical variables and mean and standard deviations for continuous variables. Pearson's Chi-squared test was applied to capture the gender- and etiology-wise differences in proportions of proptosis across outcome variables. Yates's Chi-squared test was considered if more than 20% of the cells had an expected count of <5. A two-sided P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, India, approved the study protocol. Informed written consent was taken from all the study participants in local language Kannada.
A total of 56 cases satisfying study criteria were included in the study; however, 6 of them did not complete the study and therefore, attrition rate was 10.7% and attritions were excluded from the analysis. Out of the fifty study participants, 64% (n = 32) were males. Mean ages of males and females were 42.2 ± 16.2 and 43.6 ± 18.9 years, respectively (range: 9–77 years). Gender-wise differences in mean ages were statistically nonsignificant (P = 0.785). Majority (46%) of patients with proptosis were in the age group of 41–60 years [Table 1]. Four patients were aged <13 years.
Table 1: Age- and gender-wise distribution of study participants with proptosis in a tertiary care hospital (n=50)
[Table 2] shows the various etiologies of proptosis among the study participants. Thyroid eye disease (n = 21, 42%) and orbital cellulitis (n = 10, 20%) were the most common etiologies. Nearly two-third (64%) of the patients presented with unilateral proptosis. Axial proptosis was the most common type (76%) [Table 3]. Almost equi-proportional distribution was seen in laterality and duration of proptosis presentation. More than half of the proptosis were mild (21–23 mm). Nearly one-third of males and one-fourth of females required surgical treatment. Gender-wise differences across various clinical parameters of proptosis were statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05) [Table 3].
Table 2: Etiology of proptosis among study participants in a tertiary care hospital (n=50)
Table 3: Gender-wise variations in clinical features, etiology, and treatment modality of proptosis among study participants in a tertiary care hospital (n=50)
In the present study, neoplasms constituted 26% (n = 13) of all the cases. Of these, 69.2% (n = 9) were benign and 30.8% (n = 4) were malignant. Neoplastic proptosis displayed bimodal age distribution, i.e., <20 and >60 years. Thyroid eye disease was quite common in 20–60 years' age group. Other inflammatory causes predominated in 40–60 years' age group [Figure 1]. All the neoplastic proptosis were unilateral. Significantly (P < 0.05) a higher proportion of neoplastic proptosis were eccentric when compared to thyroid and other inflammatory causes [Table 4]. Among neoplastic proptosis, lacrimal gland tumor and cavernous hemangioma were the common etiologies.
Figure 1: Age-wise distribution of various etiologies of proptosis
Table 4: Clinical features and treatment modality according to etiology of proptosis in a tertiary care hospital (n=50)
Over one-third (n = 15) of the proptosis required surgical treatment. Proportion of proptosis requiring surgical treatment was statistically significantly high (P < 0.01) in neoplastic group. Orbital cellulitis with retained intraocular foreign body, intraorbital abscess, and fronto-ethmoidal mucocele were the nonneoplastic proptosis that needed surgical treatment (n = 4). Orbitotomy [Figure 2] was the most common surgery performed followed by exenteration [Figure 3] and frontoethmoidectomy. Visual loss (n = 1), extra-ocular movement restriction (n = 2), and ptosis (n = 1) were the complications observed following orbitotomy. Observed proportional differences of proptosis in other outcome variables such as duration and severity of presentation were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05).
Figure 2: Patient with axial proptosis with intraconal mass – Schwannoma – who underwent lateral orbitotomy
Figure 3: Patient with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of lacrimal gland who underwent exenteration
More than one-third of proptosis (38%) resolved completely. Although 44% of the patients did not show improvement in proptosis, they became symptomatically better. Almost one in every ten patients who underwent surgery developed surgery-related complications. About 4% of them resolved with sequel and the remaining 6% were referred to higher center for management.
Despite low incidence, ocular proptosis needs a special mention and detailed evaluation owing to its unfavorable outcome including loss of vision and death. A wide range of local and systemic conditions have been enlisted as causes of proptosis. Familiarity with common conditions in their local setting would obviously aid the ophthalmologists in clinical diagnosis. In this regard, this longitudinal study was conducted to provide comprehensive data on proptosis in local setting.
Overall in this study, inflammatory orbital disorders (thyroid eye disease and other inflammatory diseases) were the major etiology of proptosis. Age group of 20–60 years was most commonly affected with steady decline in extreme ages. These findings are corroborated by the studies conducted by Dallow et al.,[5] Rootman,[7] Henderson's orbital series,[8] Wilson and Grossniklaus,[9] and Mallajosyula.[10] On the contrary, extremes of age (<20 and > 60 years) and unilaterality and eccentricity of proptosis are more likely to have neoplastic etiology. Similar to our study, bimodal distribution and benign nature of neoplasms were described by Dallow et al. and Rootman.[5],[7]
Available evidences suggest that thyroid eye disease causing proptosis peaks in the middle age and has a female dominance.[5],[7] Mallajosyula [10] also showed that inflammatory diseases constituted 37.1% of the orbital diseases in Indian population. However, this female dominance decreases with age.[7] Lack of association of proptosis with female gender in this study could be explained by higher mean age of the patients (60% were aged 40 years and above) and relatively small study sample. Temporal onset of proptosis is a good indicator of etiology. In this study, acute, subacute, and chronic onsets were dominated by inflammatory, neoplastic, and thyroid eye diseases, respectively. Similar temporal onset was reported by Rootman.[7]
According to this study and study by Krásný et al.[11] orbitotomy and exenteration appear to be the common surgical approaches for proptosis. Vision can be threatened after orbital surgery due to direct or surgical damage to optic nerve. One case of postoperative loss of vision in our study was due to compressive optic neuropathy. Bonavolontà [12] noted postoperative blindness of 0.44% out of 1593 cases. In the present study, all the complications occurred while operating for intraconal tumors. Purgason and Hornblass [13] and Salem and Qahtani [14] also reported that location of the tumor appeared to be the most crucial factor associated with complications of orbital tumor surgeries.
In the local study setting, corroborating with other studies, thyroid eye disease and other inflammatory disorders were the major etiology of proptosis. Extremes of age and unilaterality and eccentricity of proptosis clearly distinguish neoplastic causes from that of inflammatory. This study reaffirms that detailed history and clinical evaluation give valuable hints to the etiology of proptosis. Considering the diverse etiology of the diseases causing proptosis, definitive management varies accordingly. In patients requiring orbitotomy, the site of the lesion can have a prognostic significance, with intraconal lesions having higher complication rate.
Relatively small study sample and only one tertiary care hospital as source of data may question the external validity of the findings. Investigation such as thyroid auto-antibodies could not be done due to nonavailabilty in the study setting and paucity of the funds. Nonetheless, it provides valuable information to doctors in local setting regarding proptosis to streamline the investigations.
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Karcioglu ZA. Clinical evaluation of the orbit. In: Orbital Tumors: Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: Springer Science Business Media; 2005.
Sihota R, Tandon R. Diseases of the orbit. In: Parson's Diseases of the Eye. 20th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2007.
Mohan H, Gupta AN. Proptosis – A clinical analysis of 141 cases. J All India Ophthalmol Soc 1968;16:91-7.
Dutton JJ. Orbital diseases. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, editors. Ophthalmology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2004.
Dallow RL, Pratt SG, Green JP. Approach to orbital disorders and frequency of disease occurrence. 2nd ed. In: Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000.
Kanski JJ, Bowling B. Orbit. In: Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2011.
Rootman J. Distribution and differential diagnosis of orbital diseases. In: Diseases of Orbit. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1988.
Henderson JW, Farrow GM. Frequency of Orbital Diseases. 3rd ed. New York: Revan Press; 1994.
Wilson MW, Grossniklaus HE. Orbital diseases in North America. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 1996;9:539-47.
Mallajosyula S. Clinical approach to proptosis. In: Surgical Atlas of Orbital Diseases. 1st ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2009.
Krásný J, Sach J, Brunnerová R, Konvicka J, Jankovská M, Srp A, et al. Orbital tumors in adults – A 10-year study. Cesk Slov Oftalmol 2008;64:219-27.
Bonavolontà G. Postoperative blindness following orbital surgery. Orbit 2005;24:195-200.
Purgason PA, Hornblass A. Complications of surgery for orbital tumors. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;8:88-93.
Salem M, Qahtani F. Risk factors associated with complications of orbital surgery in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2001;38:335-9.
1 Evaluation of Proptosis: A Primer
Syed Shoeb Ahmad,Ramsha Anwar,Md Aleemullah Khan,Nazmi Usmani,Sadaf Jahan
Ophthalmology. 2021; 15(1): 26
2 Potent antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of a soluble protein fraction from culinary-medicinal mushroom Lentinus tigrinus on cancer cells
Safoora Mohammadnejad,Hamid R. Pourianfar,Ahmad Drakhshan,Isa Jabaleh,Majid Rezayi
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2019;
Kaup S
Venkategowda H T
orbitotomy
proptosis
Participants and...


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Money Monster box office predictions
Joey Nolfi
By Joey Nolfi Updated May 12, 2016 at 06:34 PM EDT
Credit: Atsushi Nishijima
Show MoreAbout Money Monster
It's beginning to look a lot like the 1990s as the weekend box office battle approaches, with Julia Roberts appearing in two films likely to chart within the top five.
As the widest new release of the week, the Roberts-starring thriller Money Monster debuted Thursday at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, kicking off what should be a successful run for Jodie Foster's fourth feature directorial effort as it releases to 3,000 screens. Blumhouse is also set to release horror film The Darkness to 1,754 theaters, though neither film will gross enough to take the top spot from superhero holdover Captain America: Civil War, which will hold on to the box office throne for a second week in a row.
Here's how the May 13-15 weekend box office showdown could play out:
1. Captain America: Civil War —$85 million
They soar, and then they fall; that's often the trajectory of a comic book movie at the domestic box office, but even the mighty tumble of a caped hero is more than enough to reclaim the domestic box office throne for another week. With a lofty $179 million debut last weekend, the only way for Captain America: Civil War to go is down, however, and to the tune of 50-60 percent is how far it'll slip over its second weekend.
Civil War is already a massive hit for Disney, having banked over $750 million worldwide to date, and its weekend follow-up should push it closer to crossing the $1 billion mark. Following in the footsteps of previous Marvel titles like Avengers: Age of Ultron and Captain America: The Winter Soldier, which respectively fell 59 percent and 56 percent during their sophomore frames, Civil War should end up in the $75-$85 million range come Sunday. It'll probably settle somewhere on the upper side of estimates, given its A grade on CinemaScore and better-than-average critical reviews lending themselves to stronger word-of-mouth-based business.
2. The Jungle Book — $14 million
The Jungle Book held its own against Civil War's massive $179 million domestic opening, dipping only 44 percent to a fourth weekend haul of $24.5 million, all the more impressive considering new comic book adaptations typically drain far more from most of their holdover competitors. As the most prominent family-oriented film in still in release (Zootopia lost 410 theaters last week, while The Jungle Book added 103), the Jon Favreau-directed film will continue its gentle decline as the cross-demographic alternative to both the R-rated Money Monster and horror flick The Darkness, pulling in a number approaching the mid-to-high teens by the weekend's conclusion.
3. Money Monster — $13 million
Though they ruled the box office throughout the 1990s through the early 2000s, George Clooney and Julia Roberts have seen their bankability with worldwide audiences slip slightly in recent years, but Sony's robust marketing campaign (including a high profile Cannes debut Thursday) for their new film, Money Monster, has drummed up enough interest to warrant a likely No. 3 debut at the weekend box office from around 3,000 screens.
Adjusted for inflation, Foster's directorial efforts have made between $50 million on the high end (Little Man Tate) and $1 million on the low end (The Beaver) over the years, but Money Monster is arguably the most commercially-friendly thing she's helmed outside of a few TV episodes of Orange Is the New Black. Though estimates peg the $27 million film for a low-teens opening weekend (around $10 million), comparable adult-oriented pictures (Nightcrawler, The Big Short) have overcome modest debuts with strong legs and widespread appeal.
Money Monster is getting decent reviews, though it should rope in general audiences longing to see Clooney and Roberts in the type of good old fashioned throwback thriller we haven't seen them do in a while.
4. Mother's Day — $4.7 million
Though a less-than-average slide was expected as the titular holiday upon which it's based took place last weekend, Garry Marshall's Mother's Day exceeded estimates as it grossed $11.1 million across its second frame, actually besting its opening numbers by nearly $3 million as it added 106 theaters to its screen count. The romantic drama will, however, see a steep drop this weekend, landing somewhere in the $4-$5 million range, as Money Monster creeps in on its adult, female-skewing appeal.
5. The Darkness — $4.5 million
Horror fans have a few films to look forward to this summer; The Darkness doesn't appear to be one of them. The Kevin Bacon-starring picture, about a boy who activates malevolent supernatural forces after bringing home a few mysterious stones he found in the desert, is being released by Blumhouse, the production company responsible for a wave of inexpensive horror titles that often go on to gross exponentially more than they cost to make.
As James Wan's The Conjuring 2 looms with its June 10 release, genre enthusiasts are likely already looking ahead to better prospects on the horizon, as estimates have The Darkness on-track for a $4-5 million opening from 1,754 screens, which is enough to mark the film a financial success (its budget is a reported $5 million) heading into what will most likely be a large drop-off next week.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The precision of any measurement (length, volume, or mass) is limited by the device used in the measurement. Precision is given by the number of digits in the reported measurement. These digits are called significant figures.
The following examples and discussion illustrate measurements with different devices. The first step to making a measure is to determine the scale of the device. How many marks are on the scale and what dimension do they represent.
In the first example of length, two different rulers are shown. The first is marked in 1 cm increments. The second is marked in 1 mm units. A mm is a smaller length than a cm so the 1 mm ruler would give a more precise measurement. Hence the measurement with the mm ruler would have a greater number of significant figures.
Measuring the length with cm Ruler 1.
With this ruler, one knows the length of the paper is more than 10 cm, but definitely less than 11 cm. An estimate is that it is 0.7 or 0.8 beyond 10 cm. So one would report the length of the paper to be 10.7 cm knowing the .7 is an estimate (it could be 0.6 or 0.8). This measurement is reported with 3 significant figures and the length would be 10.7 cm.
Measuring the length with mm Ruler 2.
Significant figures reflect the precision of a reported measurement. When any measurement is obtained, there is an uncertainty associated with it. The fewer the number of significant figures, the more uncertainity (less precision) there is in a reported measurement. The greater the number of significant figures, the less uncertainity (more precision) there is in a reported measurement.
Regarding the two measurements discussed above, the measurement with Ruler 1 (fewer markings) is less precise (3 significant figures). The measurement with Ruler 2 (more markings) is more precise (4 significant figures).
Another example would be measuring volume of a liquid in a lab.
Liquids are commonly measured using a graduated cylinder. A graduated cylinder is a cylinder with markings, usually in milliliters (mL). As with the ruler in the preceding discussion, different graduated cylinders have different markings. The student needs to know how the graduated cylinder is marked.
In this example, three graduated cylinders, 10 ml, 25 ml and 50 ml, will be used.
Another factor to consider is the meniscus which occurs due to the interaction between the liquid and the glass of the graduated cylinder. In the examples shown, the meniscus is concave and the bottom of the meniscus is the volume of the liquid.
This graduated cylinder has white lines going completely around the cylinder to indicate the mL quantities. The shorter lines indicate tenths of a mL.
With this graduated cylinder, the bottom of the meniscus is more than 8 mL but less than 9 mL. One also knows it is greater than 8.6 mL but less than 8.7 mL. An estimate is that it is 0.8 mL beyond 8.6 mL. So one would report the volume of the liquid to be 8.68 mL knowing the 0.08 is an estimate (it could be 0.07 or 0.09). This measurement is reported with 3 significant figures and the volume would be 8.68 mL.
This graduated cylinder has white lines going completely around the cylinder to indicate odd number of mL quantities. There is a line half way around the cylinder to indicate the even number of mL quantities. There are 5 shorter lines between each whole number. Each of these shorter lines indicates 0.2 mL.
This graduated cylinder has white lines going completely around the cylinder to indicate 10 mL quantities. The shorter lines indicate 1 mL increments.
The mass of an object is measured using a balance. Most balances today are digital balances and very easy to use. One places the object to be weighted on the pan of the balance and the mass value will appear in the digital read out.
An aluminum cylinder is weighted on three balances as shown below.
In addition to easy use and readout digital balances have another advantage. They report the measurement to the correct number of significant figures. Balance 1 has four significant figures and provides a mass value to the nearest + or – 0.01 g, Balance 2 has five significant figures and provides a mass value to the nearest + or – 0.001 g. Balance 3 has six significant figures and provides a mass value to the nearest + or – 0.0001 g. Recalling the discussion above, balance 3 provides the most precision of the mass of the aluminum cylinder.
When making any measurement, the first thing a student needs to determine is the markings (scale) of the device used to make the measurement. This determines the level of precision and the number of significant figures to be recorded.
There are rules for identifying significant figures and for mathematical operations involving significant figures. The links below are good resources to check out. If you want more resources, Google significant figures.


Our tumbling class is for girls ages 6-14.
A cartwheel is the only skill needed to join this class.
Our trained staff will take students through a series of tumbling skills, focusing on proper technique and safety, while working a variety of drills and exercises that will help them better understand how to be a successful tumbler.


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Home/Featured/Centre seeks guidelines on execution of convicts
Centre seeks guidelines on execution of convicts
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) on January 22 moved the Supreme Court to frame guidelines to execute death penalty of condemned prisoners within seven days of rejection of their mercy petitions.
The move comes amid various pleas filed by convicts in the 2012 Nirbhaya gang-rape case that has delayed their hanging. The four convicts are on death row since 2013 after a trial court ruled against them. Multiple curative petitions and mercy pleas filed before the President of India have been rejected.
The MHA filed an application in the top court on January 22 to seek "appropriate clarification/modification and directions" in the 2014 Shatrughan Singh Chauhan and another vs Union of India judgment that defined the procedure to be adopted in cases of prisoners on death row.
'Accused-centric rules'
The existing guidelines, the Ministry said, are "accused-centric".
"These guidelines, however, do not take into account an irreparable mental trauma, agony, upheaval and derangement of the victims and their family members, the collective conscience of the nation and the deterrent effect which the capital punishment intends to make. It is found several years before and after the judgment in the Shatrughan case that convicts of even such heinous crimes under the garb of Article 21 take the judicial process for a ride," the MHA said.
It sought a direction that "if the convict of death sentence wants to file mercy petition, it would be mandatory for a convict of death sentence to do so only within a period of seven days from the date of receipt of death warrant issued by the competent court".
The MHA submitted that the court should "mandate all the competent courts, State governments, prison authorities in the country to issue death warrant of a convict within seven days of the rejection of his mercy petition and to execute death sentence within seven days thereafter irrespective of the stage of review petition/curative petition/mercy petition of his co-convicts".
The MHA also pleaded that "it would be permissible for the death convicts to file curative petition after rejection of review petition only within a time to be stipulated by this Hon'ble Court and not thereafter".
MHA submitted that while taking care of the rights of the convicts, it is more important and need of the hour to lay down guidelines in the interest of the victims, their families and in larger public interest. "…lest the guilty of such horrible, and dreadful, cruel, abominable, ghastly, gruesome and henious offences would be permitted to play with the majesty of law and prolonged the execution of the sentence awarded to them in accordance with the law," MHA application said.
On December 18, 2019, the Supreme Court dismissed the review petition filed by Nirbhaya gangrape convict Akshay against its 2017 judgment upholding his death penalty. The top court in July 2018 dismissed the review petition of the other three convicts — Mukesh (30), Pawan Gupta (23) and Vinay Sharma (24) — in the case saying no grounds have been made out by them for review of the 2017 verdict.
A juvenile convict in the case has been released from a reformation home after serving a three-year term. One of the accused in the case, Ram Singh, died in the Tihar Jail.
Admission denied to son for not filling out religious column, parents urge Kerala authorities to take action
Congress ropes in architect of 2016 surgical strikes
Women's movement for rightful space in Parliament
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Oscars 2019: Here's the full list of winners


Postpartum counselling of HIV infected women and their subsequent reproductive behaviour | PROF.WAMOLA ISAAC A.
Temmerman M, Moses S, Kiragu D, Fusallah S, Wamola I, Piot P. "Postpartum counselling of HIV infected women and their subsequent reproductive behaviour.". 1993.
Cunnington AJ, Kendrick SF, Wamola B, Lowe B, Newton CR.Carboxyhemoglobin levels in Kenyan children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004 Jul;71(1):43-7.
English M, Ngama M, Musumba C, Wamola B, Bwika J, Mohammed S, Ahmed M, Mwarumba S, Ouma B, McHugh K, Newton C.Causes and outcome of young infant admissions to a Kenyan district hospital. Arch Dis Child. 2003 May;88(5):438-43.
Kakai R, Wamola IA.Minimising antibiotic resistance to Staphylococcus aureus in developing countries.East Afr Med J. 2002 Nov;79(11):574-9.
Mirza NB, Estambale BB, Wamola IA, Kariuki N, Onyono E, Kabiru P, Piollet M.Bacterial meningitis in children admitted in hospitals within Nairobi.East Afr Med J. 1998 Feb;75(2):73-6.


Keywords: quality of fuel, cars exhaust, multipurpose packages of additives, detergent additives.
Of late years the oil companies producing motor fuel try to give good consumer properties to it. With development of motor industry and toughening of ecological regulations, modern motor fuel manufacture becomes practically impossible without use of additives of different function. Complex improvement of fuel operational properties by addition of multipurpose and detergent additives becomes one of the main ways of improvement to quality and competitiveness of motor fuels.
Keywords: antiwear additives, ignition promotors, depressants-dispersants.
The domestic industry has in stock additives necessary for manufacture of diesel fuels, meeting the Euro-3 and higher class requirements. The developed assortment presented by antiwear additives, promotors of ignition and depressants, and also development of works observed in paper will allow performing gradual replacement of import products in a strategically important branch of fuel manufacture.
Bocharov A.P., Levina L.A., Reznichenko I.D.
Keywords: antiwear additive, import analogues, test results.
To provide Russian fuel producers with domestic antiwear additives the AZKiOS Ltd together with the VNIINP OJSC has developed an additive by the name Baikat. Tests of this additive show it effectively working in diesel fuels of various origin, and its practically equivalent performance as compared to imported analogues. Diesel fuels of ANHK OJSC with Baikat additive have passed qualification tests and have been put on manufacture.
Andryukhova N.P., Yermolaev M.V, Kovalev V.A, Finelonova M.V.
Keywords: antiwear additive, dispersant of parrafins, detergent additives.
Plastneftekhim is a research-and-production Company, its specialists engaged in development and manufacture of additives to oils and motor fuels. In paper some data on the developed additives for diesel fuels: antiwear, washing and depressant-dispersing additives are presented.
Smirnov V.K, BodryyA.B., Ponyatkova Z.Yu., Irisova K.N., Chvanova E.S.
Keywords: control of catalysts manufacture, composition and mechanical properties of catalysts.
Data presented concerning mechanical properties of hydrotreatment catalysts synthesized with use of aluminium hydroxide powders, gained by spraying plasticizate A, deoxidated plasticizate B and their calcined versions.
Vezirov R.R, Obukhova S.A., Vezirova N.R., Telyashev E.G.
Keywords: delayed coking unit, visbreaking, process flow design, conversion.
An alternative flow mode of delayed coking in a regime of soft thermal cracking of the oil residues sum (long residuum, asphalt, extracts) with production of gas, gasoline, light gas oil and commodity fuel oil М-100 is observed. Transferring possibility provided at any time to the basic operating mode (vacuum distillation of long residuum and coking of vacuum bottom). As a result of developed alternative implementation the combined coking has an opportunity to work in coking regime (if coke shipment is actual), and in a regime of visbreaker as well, producing light petroleum derivatives and commodity fuel oil with low remaining content of hydrogen sulphide (in the absence of coke shipment). The developed alternative allows using only the existing equipment (including that mothballed in a usual regime of coking) to essentially raise the refinery work flexibility depending on market situation change, which is very important in crisis conditions.


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Man vs buffalo: A legacy of Alberta's Plains People
With the introduction of Europeans, along with their horses and firearms, buffalo herds were no longer were herds hunted for survival, but merely for sport. Where great herds, tens of thousands strong, once blanketed Alberta's plains, their numbers soon dwindled and their hides turned into coats for the Canadian and American armies, as well as the North West Mounted Police. By the 1880s, buffalo were on the brink of extinction.
What this gruesome UNESCO World Heritage Site lacks in international stardom, it makes up for in cultural, archeological and scientific intrigue, finds Alissa Jenkins.
***This article was created in conjunction with our sponsors Undiscovered Canada***
Dreamcatchers, teepees, bow-and-arrow wielding men on horseback…these are the associations many make with North American indigenous culture. And while all have their place, the horsemen didn't take theirs until after European settlement. Thousands of years before horses stepped hoof onto North American soil, Canada's First Nations people hunted on foot. While techniques varied as widely as the terrain, there was one particular hunting ground that was as much a feat in gore as it was in generations of ingenuity and precision. And with a name as gruesome as Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, there are no prizes for guessing why.
An eerie arrival
Arriving at the base of a cliff on the cusp of Alberta's jagged Rocky Mountains and windswept prairies, 180 kilometres south of Calgary, a late summer breeze ruffles through golden plains. Eeriness hangs in the air; this is, after all, where for thousands of years, the region's Blackfoot people hunted buffalo (or bison) by chasing great herds over the precipice.
The unease is compounded by a faint drumming that builds louder and louder, reverberating in my chest as we follow a trail through the swaying grass, up the side of sandstone bluffs. At the top, a band of drummers thump their instruments while a flurry of dancers, young and old, caper across a dance circle, flaunting their feathers, bells and tassels. It turns out we've serendipitously timed our visit to coincide with the weekly dance ceremony at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump Interpretive Centre. Brimming with pride and smiles, these Blackfoot descendants have travelled from all around the region to take part in the inter-tribal dance ceremony, setting a distinctly different tone to the somber one I'd expected.
"This is what we call 'Old Style Chicken Dance', originating here in the Blackfoot nation," announces the MC over a microphone, while a young man in a feathery ensemble demonstrates a routine of steps, hops and bops before a modest crowd.
We quickly learn the macabre buffalo jump tradition was as much about bringing people together and cultural exchange as it was about a mass kill.
In fact, so rich were the customs surrounding Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, that this cliff was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. But for all its cultural, archeological and scientific significance, it's a landmark that remains largely unknown in Canada, and even more so to those of us visiting from abroad.
Wandering up and down the five-tier Interpretive Centre, past ancient artifacts and archeological displays, the story of the buffalo jump unravels as something much more than a barbaric hunting practice.
Rewind 6000 years and it's a social occasion that brings together First Nations bands from all over the region, spending the summer trading news and goods, making allegiances (and enemies), and arranging marriages. By the time autumn rolls around, the buffalo are in prime eating condition, the males have departed so the herd is calm, and the cooler weather means it takes longer for meat to spoil. By all accounts, it's an ideal time to arrange a buffalo jump.
Steeped in traditions, the buffalo jump is calculated and strategic, shaped by centuries of analysing buffalo behaviour. A herd must be grazing in the right area, the winds must be blowing in the right direction, and the spiritual ceremonies must be performed to perfection. If these conditions don't align, the Plains People will have to wait until next autumn to try again.
Preparations entail building stone cairns, dressed in branches and buffalo droppings, to create a runway to funnel the herd over the cliff edge. Buffalo have poor vision so the cairns create the illusion of a solid wall, meaning the only way to run is forward. Catering to the buffalo's exquisite sense of smell, hunters also drag buffalo skins down this runway to help guide them. Then comes the art of setting off a stampede.
The camp elects a handful of skillful young men to participate in the hunt as runners; gently rounding up the herd and gradually positioning them within their readymade runway. Then a couple of runners disguised in buffalo calf skins mimic the bellow of a calf in distress, prompting the herd to instinctively move on and protect the young. Meanwhile other runners, dressed in wolf skins, approach from behind, panicking the herd into a stampede down the runway. Timing is everything though — an uncoordinated 'spooking' could mean the herd runs in the wrong direction or worse, a runner gets trampled. But if everything goes to plan, the buffalo stampede down the runway, the runners dodge the cliff edge by slipping behind a cairn at the last moment, and the momentum of the stampede carries the herd over a 20-metre cliff edge, with any survivors swiftly bludgeoned.
Back from the brink
Although the thought of hundreds of buffalo carcasses piled on top of one another is, for me, a grisly one, I take solace in the fact no fragment went unused. Bones were sharpened into tools and weapons, marrow was used for grease, skins were used for clothing and shelters, rawhide was used for sewing and binding, and bladder bags were used for storage. The meat, meanwhile, was dried and mixed with berries to make pemmican — a rich food source the Plains People survived on throughout Alberta's brutal winters.
Of course, this all changed with the introduction of Europeans, along with their horses and firearms. As ranchers and farmers pushed west throughout the late 1700s, the lifestyle of the Blackfoot people changed with the landscape, new strategies for survival were adopted, and the buffalo jumps were all but abandoned. Just as their traditions were curbed, so too were buffalo numbers. No longer were herds hunted for survival, but merely for sport. Where great herds, tens of thousands strong, once blanketed Alberta's plains, their numbers soon dwindled and their hides turned into coats for the Canadian and American armies, as well as the North West Mounted Police. By the 1880s, buffalo were on the brink of extinction.
Today, as we stand atop Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, the golden plains that surround us are bare, but ongoing efforts to conserve buffalo populations are slowly bringing them back from 'threatened' status. While the buffalo jumps may be long gone, their significance is not.
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump is on Spring Point Road, 20km west of Fort Macleod, in southwestern Alberta.
Open 10am to 5pm, seven days a week, the centre hosts regular events at various times of year from hiking to the historic clifftop cairns, dancing and drumming, as well as taking part in traditional blessings. Visit Alberta for details.
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Q: jQuery slider color picker / slider to change background I'm trying to do:
Decreasing the temperature values of the slider, I need that circle that represents the star gradually increase and change background color as this link: http://astro.unl.edu/naap/hr/animations/hrExplorer.html
But my code isn't doing it.....See lines from $("#s_tem").slider({
See my code: http://jsfiddle.net/NxNXJ/19/
Thanks..

A: You are assigning the variable chosenColor values like: #597459745974
Which are not valid CSS color attributes.
[Edit] Here's some code that should get you going:
$("#s_tem").slider({
    change: function(event, ui)
    {
        var hexValue = ui.value.toString(16).toUpperCase();
        if (hexValue.length < 2) hexValue = "0" + hexValue;

        var chosenColor = NumberToHexColor(hexValue);

        $('#t_tem').val(chosenColor);
        $("#star").css('background-color', chosenColor);

    },
    value: 5800,
    min: 2300,
    max: 40000,
    step: 100,
});

function NumberToHexColor(Number)
{
    var HexColor = '' + Number;
    while (HexColor.length < 6)
    {
        HexColor = '0' + HexColor;
    }

    return '#'+ HexColor;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Home > Hill Presbyterian Church
Hill Presbyterian Church
Description Map Image Gallery Experience Contact
Eastern Cape > Port Elizabeth > Central
Situated at the corner of Belmont and Alfred Terrace is the 'Hill' Presbyterian Church. In 1861 the Rev. George Renny was brought to Port Elizabeth as minister to the Presbyterian community. Services were held in the Old Grey Institute while the present church was being constructed. It was consecrated in 1865. The architect was Mr F.M. Pfeil.
Contact / ReservationsHill Presbyterian Church
Alternatively contact the TOURISM call centre on +27 (0) 41 582 2575
Latitude : -33° 57' 39.60" S | Longitude : 25° 37' 6.00" E


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Chad Allen (Lazzari) es un actor y director estadounidense que nació el 5 de junio de 1974, en Cerritos, California, EE. UU.

Pese a que trabajó en el cine desde pequeño, debutando en la cinta de terror y humor negro TerrorVision en 1986, es más conocido por haber interpretado al personaje de Matthew Cooper en la serie americana La Doctora Quinn, desde 1993 hasta 1998.

Después de la aparición en 1996 en una revista de una serie de fotografías en las que se le veía besando a otro hombre, Chad Allen hizo pública su homosexualidad. Después de este hecho se ha convertido en un activista de la causa LGTB, interpretando casi siempre a personajes gays en sus películas o en obras de teatro.

Tiene una hermana melliza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en la NNDB

Directores de cine de Estados Unidos
Directores de cine LGBT
Activistas por los derechos LGBT de Estados Unidos
Personas LGBT de Estados Unidos
Italoestadounidenses
Católicos de Estados Unidos
Modelos infantiles de Estados Unidos
Actores masculinos de Estados Unidos del siglo XXI

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Murray Academy was founded in 2005, bringing Irish step dancing to the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire. With a convenient location in Exeter, NH, the Murray Academy provides children from all areas of the seacoast and beyond with the opportunity to discover and participate in the wonderful world of Irish Dancing.
Our Goal is to is to realize your child's full potential and to provide them with a wonderful and memorable experience. Whether it be for the tradition, culture or sport of Irish Dance, our dancers receive the best training and mentoring possible in both solo and team dance. We want our students to enjoy coming to classes, benefit from the healthy exercise Irish Dance provides, gain self-confidence through performance experience, and enjoy successful competitive results. We help each dancer become the very best that they can be. WE INVITE YOU to join us today and be a part of one of the fastest growing, competitive schools in New England! Today's beginners are tomorrow's champions…we look forward to hearing from you!!
The Murray Academy is proud to be home to over 150 dancers. We are a cohesive group of dedicated teachers, assistant teachers, supportive parents and wonderful students, committed to learning and growing. There are many different reasons why our Murray families participate in the world of Irish dance…whether it is for sport, exercise, or family tradition, our Murray dancers just love to move their feet!
Classes are offered for all levels of dancers, from Pre-Beginners ages 3 ½ to 5, to beginners through to champions. We help our competitive students set and achieve goals, including those dancers who choose to and earn the right to compete at the highest levels of the sport. We work hard to provide not only productive classes but extra-curricular opportunities that round out our students' overall dance education, including master classes/workshops and school-sponsored family events each year.
The skills taught in Irish dance prove to be invaluable many years later for so many involved. Through their Irish dance experiences, students learn more than the art and sport of the dance — they build lasting friendships and learn life lessons that can be applied in so many different arenas. For example, through competitive team and solo dancing and performing in shows, students learn teamwork, self-discipline, physical fitness, managing stress/nerves in competition, being comfortable in front of an audience, and winning/losing gracefully.
Anne Murray MacRitchie, TCRG is the founder and director of Murray Academy. She started her Irish dancing career in Cleveland, Ohio at the age of 7 under the direction of Theresa Burke, TCRG, ADCRG.
Anne was both an open championship level dancer with extensive exhibition and competitive experience as well as an instructor for the Burke School, a large, well-known dance academy in the Midwest.
A two-time Mid-West regional champion, Anne qualified for the World Championships by placing in the top 5 of all 8 Mid-West Regional Championships (Oireachtas) in which she participated and ultimately placed fifth in North America. She was also on many award-winning teams. She went on to earn her TCRG qualification (certified by the An Coimisiun Le Rince Gaelacha) in Toronto in 1984 and is currently a member of both the Irish Dancing Teachers Association of New England and the Irish Dancing Teachers Association of North America.
As a certified teacher and founder of Murray Academy, Anne shares her love of Irish dancing with her students, one by one. She absolutely loves to teach! She gives as much to her students and their families as possible, to help them achieve the same positive experience from Irish dancing that she was fortunate enough to have! Through Irish dance, Murray students carry on an important aspect of Irish tradition and culture, thereby gaining a lasting appreciation for the rich heritage of Ireland!


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HHG3-38
Main Page The Household of God Volume 3 HHG3-38 ← Chapter →
38,1. Lamech thanked Enoch from the very bottom of his heart for this doctrine and good admonition and then said to his family members:
38,2. "Come to me and do not be afraid; because I know that the Lord has put it in your hearts, that I am not to be feared anymore!
38,3. Because the Lord's endless mercy has transformed me and has made from me, the former tyrant and monster of all kind, a double fratricide, a lamb, a gentle leader of mankind!
38,4. Therefore, come to me and do not be afraid of me; for I am now there, with the most gracious help of the Lord, to at least in some way atone the committed atrocities against humanity by leading those who are still alive on the ways of the Lord!"
38,5. Upon this very sincere and intimate invitation and avowal, his family members were fully encouraged, went to Lamech, hugged and greeted him, yet highly praising and lauding the Lord for such great mercy and compassion which He so abundantly bestowed on Lamech and thereby also on the whole depth.
38,6. This recognition made Lamech cry and he again thanked the Lord with the deepest stirred heart.
38,7. But Enoch saw such great elevation of hearts to God and secretly said to Lamech of the heights:
38,8. "My son, look at that; this is the right way to bring the holy Father a pleasing sacrifice! Have you ever seen this on the heights in such deepest ardency?
38,9. Yes, some time ago there existed on the heights a sacred ceremony for corrupting the senses and to kill the spirit; but the lively, silent ceremony of the heart, as you can see here now, has been celebrated on the heights only very little! And we are called the 'children of God', while they are called the 'children of the world'!
38,10. It is true: While the Father walked among us visibly and gave us endlessly greatest proof of His love, grace and mercy, there were also many contrite hearts and praised and lauded Him as the most loving and most holy Father; but when He became invisible again, many ran away as if nothing unusual happened among us! How does this difference strike you?"
38,11. And Lamech of the heights said: "O father Enoch, this is really a big difference, and I must openly confess it: the holy Father on the heights almost never occurred to me so sublime as right now looking at them!
38,12. Oh, how far are we basically standing behind them! A how much greater Lamech is he here in the depths than I am on the heights!
38,13. The Lord only gave him little, basically only worldly goods, and he is thanking the Lord as if he had received all the heavens already; but to me the Lord gave the most glorious according to His own testimony and the greatest according to His word but how meager was my thanks and my love compared to what this Lamech is doing!"
38,14. However, Enoch replied to him and said: "Yes, my son Lamech, now you have spoken the fullest truth! So it is with all of us of the heights: We as the Father's children are less grateful for the infinite than those for the finite!
38,15. But let us now move to the city; there you will see miracles of love and gratitude towards God that will surpass anything seen so far! For motes you'll find more grateful hearts than on the heights for suns! Thus let us move to the city! Amen."
38,16. Here also Lamech of the depth took courage and with his refound family he humbly and grateful followed Enoch.
Retrieved from "https://search.jesus-comes.com/index.php?title=HHG3-38&oldid=5053"


A new public opinion survey released this week shows Chicago residents overwhelmingly agree arts and culture attract tourists, improve the livability of Chicago, make significant contributions to the economy, and prepare students for future success. Chicagoans also participate in the arts at a higher level than national rates. The survey of 800 Chicago residents is being released by Arts Alliance Illinois, as part of Accelerate Culture, a citywide initiative to advocate for, promote, and monitor the implementation of the Chicago Cultural Plan's top line priorities.
The results of the public survey confirm that Chicagoans overwhelmingly support and place a high value on culture and the arts. At the same time, access to these experiences is not universal and awareness of neighborhood-based cultural activities can be increased across the city. "The Cultural Plan and the survey results demonstrate the widespread support by Chicagoans for culture and the arts in Chicago no matter where they live in the city. Arts and culture play an enormous role in Chicago's success and are the reason the city is vibrant and such a desirable place to live and visit," said Michael Dorf, who chairs Accelerate Culture and directed the development of Chicago's first Cultural Plan in 1987.


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Hitch N' Go Media
Treating the word impossible as nothing more than motivation
American Film Fellowship
Hitch N' Go Media develops and produces film, television and digital media content in wide array of genres. From children's programing through to full length documentaries, from short experimental films to full length features.
Hitch N' Go Media takes a bold approach to producing film, television and digital media through seeking out stories that don't get told from storytellers that don't get heard.
Mopsy is every two to six year old's favorite friend in Pink & Yellow. Kids can join Mopsy as she explores the world around her. Are you ready to Play, Learn and Grow? Come on, let's go. Check out mopsy.tv for more fun.
Matt and Lily Edwards founded Hitch N' Go Media in 2020. With over 20 years of combined experience in the entertainment industry, Matt & Lily are have crafted a vision that seeks to continue the tradition of using the world's most powerful medium of storytelling to accentuate the positive aspects of our shared culture.
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Hitch N' Go Media is a film, television and digital media production company based in the inland northwest.


Good Bogus Euro Notes Are Here!
Now Reading: Good Bogus Euro Notes Are Here!
German counterfeit experts warned in an interview last Sunday that the first top-quality bogus Euro notes have now begun to circulate in Europe, seven months after the new single currency was introduced in a dozen Eurozone countries. The first nearly perfect counterfeit 50-Euro notes began to circulate in France and have now reached German cities, a report in the Sunday edition of the mass-circulation Bild newspaper said.


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https://en.hawzahnews.com/x9Cc5
31 March 2020 - 20:18
Mosque to help make space for hospitals during coronavirus
Masjid E Ghosia mosque in Deane, Bolton, is now vacant after government advice, but is seeking to help the local community by offering the premises to doctors and healthcare professionals to support ill patients in care and help improve capacity at local hospitals.
Hawzah News Agency - (Bolton - UK) - A Bolton community mosque is looking to help the local community by offering its space to help free up beds at hospitals.
The plans have been proposed by Dr Mohammed Jiva MBE, with the support of Dr Zahid Chauhan OBE, Dr Sharif Uddin, and Dr Rauf Munshi, with the group looking for volunteers to help the plans going forward.
Dr Jiva described the intentions of the plans to deliver end of life care within the mosque to provide dignity and support to those who the healthcare service has little more to offer other than respite care, therefore freeing up space at hospitals for Covid-19 patients.He hopes to have the first patients coming into the mosque in two weeks time, but he says there is still a lot of work to be done to get everything ready and prepared.
The mosque will have the same standards as any hospital, and he believes these sorts of community initiatives are key in the response to the Covid crisis.
Dr Jiva said: "About a month ago the mosque asked me for advice on how to deal with the coronavirus outbreak and it became clear it needed to be locked down.
"But I said why don't we give something back to the community.
"The response so far has been fantastic. Ive already had 50 to 60 volunteers put themselves forward, including doctors, nurses, and pharmacists.
Dr Jiva plans to have up to 55 beds which can be used as hospital overflow, or members of the community can bring loved ones who they feel they can't look after properly at home.
He stressed that this is an all faith project, with the local health trust looking to use other currently empty buildings to make the system as efficient as possible.
The Bolton Council of Mosques is also supporting the campaign, with the initiative looking to be very successful, even in these early stages.
Said Mohammed Akuji, a trustee from the Council of Mosques, described how he hoped it would not have to be used to its full extent as he wishes everyone health; however, the mosque will be there for the local community if needed.
He said: "It's there for the local community with the mosque being turned into a place to get 50 beds into if needed.
"Hopefull it's a flop, in a good way.
"It was an idea very much pushed by Dr Jiva with the mosque being closed.
"Straight away we thought it was a fantastic idea and a great way to give back to the community.
"We thought how can we utilise this rather than just leaving it as it is, especially at a time when we really need something like this
"It's our way to help everybody in Bolton as we are part of the Bolton family.
"It is open to everybody in the community and we hope that everybody supports it.
"We want it to look like a hospital as much as possible."
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Bolton community mosque
Covid-19 patients