text:
Limits to Growth, Tragedies of the Commons, & the Conflict Problem
This MOOS post makes the argument that the principal obstacle to the sustainability (and growth) of human society is its inability to wisely and equitably handle manage the social, economic, and environmental commons. Starting with an re-examination of Limits to Growth arguments from the 1979s, we acknowledge that the "invisible hand" of market has been successful in surmounting a great many of the resource limits that people were worried about at the time. The pursuit of self-interest and relatively simple, market-based, competitive interactions between willing buyers and sellers have been able to maintain a pretty steady flow of the resources that society "demands." (These resources are, of course, not bring equitably distributed.) Rather than concluding that society has nothing to worry about, however, we go on to argue that the real limit to growth (and the real driver behind the Limits to Growth "overshoot and collapse" scenarios) is society's inability to protect the Commons. From a conflict perspective, this is a vastly bigger challenge. It requires getting billions of people to act in mutually supportive ways (even though those actions may be contrary to their short-term self-interest). A big part of the MOOS project will focus on using our knowledge of conflict processes to help strengthen society's commons management skills.
Full Transcript:
Hi, this is Guy Burgess. In this Moving Beyond Intractability Seminar post, I'd like to follow up on argument that I made in an earlier post that is that intractable conflict is as serious a threat to human society as climate change. One might understand why this is true if you go back to a book written in the 1970s, The Limits to Growth. The Limits to Growth made an argument that society was facing overshoot and collapse because of two major trends. (See Figure 1.)
One is that it argued that society is dependent upon a fixed stock of natural resources and that those resources were rapidly being depleted. As they are depleted, the cost goes up. The drag that the cost of those resources places on industrial output and food production would increase, the book argued, ultimately to the point that it will cause the collapse in industrial output and food production. That would be followed by a collapse in population and just the general sort of misery that were talking about when we talk about climate change disasters.
The other big driving thing behind the limits to growth scenario was population. Certainly as population continued to grow, based in large part on the resources that it was depleting, that would place evermore demand on those resources, further compounding things. At any rate, the ultimate dismal prediction was that industrial output, food, and population would ultimately collapse and that's what folks are trying to figure out how to avoid. This led to books like Paul Ehrlich's The Population Bomb that gbasically made the argument that the population of humanity is growing so fast that we're going to out run the resource base and collapse. So, really, the only alternative was to find ways of reducing population growth.
The counterargument was mounted by a guy named Julian Simon, who argued that humans are the ultimate resource and that we don't really face a natural resource limit. Simon put his faith in Adam Smith's idea of the invisible hand of the market that would always create enormous incentives for folks who could produce natural resources less expensively, even in the face of diminishing supplies. They could do this, not only from the currently exploited resources, but also find substitutes way of doing the things we want to do with those resources less expensively or by using completely different resources.
This led these two guys to make a very famous bet. In 1980, Simon and Ehrlich picked a package of natural resources that they thought was typical of the resource base upon which society dependent. And if I recall correctly, they bet 10 years out about what would happen. Simon bet that the cost of those resources, adjusting for inflation, would actually drop. Ehrlich bet that the prices would go way up because we were running into the resource limits. The truth is that in this case Simon won and Ehrlich lost.
Fast forwarding, in the early 2000's we thought that we were running into these limits again—this time specifically regarding oil. There were books Like The Age Of Tough Oil and Wake Up—This is Peak Oil They argued that pretty soon were going to start running out of oil and terrible things were going to happen. But then we invented fracking! And what do you know, we have more oil than we know what to do with and the world oil price is plummeting!
So this suggests a change to the original club of Rome graph. Instead of having resources collapsing, we may well have--at least when you adjust for substitutions and all that--the prospects for a continuing increase in resources. (See Figure 2)
So then we might say, "hey there are no limits to growth! There is no overshoot and collapse! The free market fixes all! No need to worry, we're fine! This attitude is reflected in people's willingness to trust in the markets, which is a widespread political phenomenon. A common view illustrating this is that the government needs to "just get out of the way!" Let the markets do their thing and everything will be all right. Ayn Rand is the poster child for that sort of unlimited market philosophy.
But unfortunately, there are some issues here. Certainly, if you remove the resource limit, then industrial output, food and population are going to continue to grow with no obvious limits in sight. But the problem was that there was another little graph in here—down at the bottom. (See Figure 3)
That is a pollution one—that's the green line—and it goes continuously up! So even if you don't have resource limits, or population limits, everything keeps growing – including the pollution burden on the planet. So you run the risk of what is called a concept first introduced by Garret Harden, which he called "the tragedy of the commons." (More on that in a minute.)
So then you go back to the original club of Rome graph, you can see that pollution comes up and then that also starts crashing as output is diminished by exploding pollution. So pollution, not resources, is the real limit to growth. That's what we're trying to find some way to deal with.
So in a sense, the real limits to growth is not the ability to produce more resources--markets to take care of that. And one of the other things that is important to understand is that markets are a very simple organizational process. They are transactions between willing buyers and willing sellers. It doesn't take any large-scale collaboration agreement for markets to work. It is just cooperation between buyers and sellers. I want something and you get it to me for cheaper, I'll buy it. Even giant corporations are basically networks of willing buyers and willing sellers.
The problem with the Tragedy of the Commons is that a tragedy arises when lots of willing buyer and seller interactions wind up depleting the commons on which everyone depends. In Garrett Hardin's original formulation, ranchers grazed sheep on a "commons" in the center of a town. The incentive was for everybody to graze more cows on the "free" commons. But eventually, all those sheep overgraze the grass, and all the grass and sheep die. This really happened in the American West. If you wonder why there is sagebrush everywhere now, not grass, it is is because we over-grazed the American West. There was a big drought, the giant cattle herds of the 1870s collapsed, and sagebrush was the only thing cows wouldn't eat. They would rather die first. So the real challenge, the real limit to growth is how we avoid tragedies of the commons like this.
Now obviously, climate change is just such a tragedy of the commons. There are a bunch of other planetary boundaries that we may be crossing too. The big thing here is that we've got to find ways of addressing all this—before we collapse!
The other thing to keep in mind is when we're talking about protecting the commons is that there are two philosophic perspectives. One is the hard-core environmental perspective which may be best exemplified by Earth First, which is a pretty extreme group which—on occasion has gotten precariously close to advocating and/or enacting eco-terrorism. Their motto is "no compromise in defense of Mother Earth!" They see human society as a cancer growing on the planet. So their idea of protecting the commons is to protect the commons FROM people. Understandably, many other people don't think that is such a good idea. So you certainly can't build a big coalition behind that.
On the other hand, folks like the Human Security Working Group focus on protecting the commons FOR people. And that, I think, is what we really need to do. But keep in mind, the commons isn't just the environment. It is the global financial system. It is a global trade system. It's a wide range of social and cultural and security systems that we depend upon in order for society to continue to operate. So the key feature of protecting the commons is preventing Adam Smith's "invisible hand" of the market from turning into what Kenneth Boulding called the" invisible fist." By that he meant that we had to prevent the pursuit of self-interest from producing tragedies of the commons that hurt everybody. We have got to somehow find a mechanism for balancing the competing interests of the entire society in ways that protect the commons.
This view makes the management of the commons the ultimate intractable conflict problem. It has to operate on the scale of billions of people, so is not a bilateral willing buyer willing seller interaction. It now involves 7 billion people! That requires a cooperative effort at a level that humans have never been able to do before!
The other thing to understand is there are multitudes of independent actors each with very limited influence on the system, each trying to "do their own thing," sometimes, maybe with a certain amount of altruism. But still, you're talking about protecting the commons when the impacts of protecting the commons are really long term-- beyond the terms of office of key decision-makers, in fact, beyond their lifetime. So, many think "why should I do it? "Why should I worry about something that won't affect me—or my constituents—or maybe even my children? In addition, there are still selfish Machiavellian actors. There's the fact that humans engage in an awful lot of non-rational decision-making. There is limited, biased information. There's all sorts of technical complexity, and of course chaos.
It's clear we have to get a whole lot better at dealing with all of these problems. And what we want to start exploring here is what is it going to really take to do that?
Referenced Resources:
Donella Meadows, et. al. The Limits to Growth. Universe Books. 1974. Available online at: http://www.donellameadows.org/wp-content/userfiles/Limits-to-Growth-digital-scan-version.pdf
Paul Erlich. The Population Bomb.Revised Edition. Ballantine Books. 1971.
Julian Simon. The Ultimate Resource. Princeton University Press; Reprint edition 1983,
Michael Klare: Grappling With The Age Of 'Tough Oil.' NPR 2011. Accessible at: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128212150.
Garrett Hardin "The Tragedy of the Commons". Science 162. 1243–1248 1968.
Garrett Hardin and John Baden. Managing the Commons. W. H. Freeman, 1977
Slides 4,5,6, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, and 20 -- underlying graph from Meadows et al The Limits to Growth.
Slide 13: Fracking in ND. By Joshua Doubek (own work) (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Slide 16: Ayn Rand by David Seaton. (CC by 2.0)
Slide 21: Sheep. By Phillip Capper from Wellington, New Zealand CC BY 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons
Slide 22: Sagebrush. Famartin (own work) CC BY-SA 3.0
Slide 23: Earth First by Che y Marijuana. Public Domain. Human Security Taxonomy from https://cms.geoplatform.gov/wwhgd-home
Slide 24: Port CC0. Public Domain (Pixabay) Money. CC by 2.0. New York Stock Exchange CC0. Public Domain (Pixabay)
Slide 25 Fist. CC0 Public Domain (Pixabay)


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text:
Giorgione (italijansko [dʒorˈdʒone], rojen kot Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco okoli 1477/8–1510), je bil italijanski slikar visoke renesanse v Benetkah. Njegova kariera je bila kratka zaradi njegove zgodnje smrti pri malo več kot 30 letih. Le za približno šest ohranjenih slik zagotovo velja, da so njegovo delo. Negotovost o njegovi identiteti in njegovi umetnosti je razlog, da je Giorgione ena najskrivnostnejših osebnosti v evropskem slikarstvu.

Skupaj z Tizianom, ki je bil nekoliko mlajši, je ustanovitelj beneške šole italijanskega renesančnega slikarstva, ki je učinek doseglo z barvami in razpoloženjem ter je pravo nasprotje florentinskemu slikarstvu.

Življenje
O Giorgionejevem življenju ne vemo veliko. O njem nekaj izvemo le v Vasarijevi knjigi Življenja najodličnejših italijanskih arhitektov, slikarjev in kiparjev. Slikar je prišel iz mesteca Castelfranco Veneto, 40 km iz Benetk. Njegovo ime včasih omenjajo kot Zorzo. ali Zorzi, Giorgione (ali Zorzon) se lahko prevede kot "Veliki Giorgio oziroma Veliki Jurij". Kdaj je kot deček odšel v Benetke, ne vemo, vendar slogovni dokazi podpirajo izjavo Carla Ridolfija, italijanskega slikarja in pisatelja, da je bil vajenec pri Giovanniju Belliniju. V Benetkah se je naselil in postal slaven.

Sodobni dokumenti kažejo, da je bila njegova nadarjenost odkrita že zgodaj. Leta 1500, ko je bil star 23 let, je bil izbran, da naslika portret doža Agostina Barbariga in kondotjerja Consalva Ferranteja. Leta 1504 je dobil naročilo za oltarno sliko v spomin na drugega kondotjerja Mattea Costanza v stolnici rodnega mesta Castelfranca. Leta 1507 je prejel sklep svete deseterice za delno plačilo za sliko (za katero, ni znano) v sprejemni dvorani Doževe palače. Leta 1507–1508 je delal z drugimi umetniki svoje generacije pri krasitvi s freskami zunanjosti na novo obnovljene Fondaco dei Tedeschi (Nemške trgovske dvorane) v Benetkah, saj je podobno delo že naredil na zunanjosti palač Casa Soranzo, Casa Grimani alli Servi in drugih beneških palačah. Zelo malo teh del je ohranjenih.

Vasari omenja pomemben dogodek v Giorgionejevem življenju, enega tistih, ki je zelo vplival na njegovo delo, to je srečanje z Leonardom da Vincijem ob obisku v Benetkah leta 1500. Vsi se strinjajo, da se je Giorgione predstavljal kot zelo raznolika oseba, kot romantik, velik ljubimec in glasbenik, saj je izraz v njegovi umetnosti čuten in domiselno graciozen, poln poetične melanholije, beneškega stanja tistega časa. V beneškem slikarstvu je pomenil podobno kot v toskanskem slikarstvu Leonardo več kot dvajset let prej; umetnost je osvobodil zadnjih spon arhaične togosti in jo postavil v položaj popolne svobode in svojega mojstrstva.

Zelo tesno je bil povezan s Tizianom; medtem ko Vasari piše, da je bil Giorgione Tizianov gospodar, Ridolfi pravi, da sta bila oba učenca Bellinija in sta živela v njegovi hiši. Delali so freske v palači Fondaco dei Tedeschi in Tizian naj bi končal vsaj nekaj Giorgionejevih slik po njegovi smrti, kar sicer ostaja zelo sporno.

Giorgione je uvedel tudi nove predmete. Poleg oltarnih podob in portretov je slikal slike, ki niso pripovedovale zgodb, svetopisemskih ali klasičnih, ampak so preprosto izhajale iz oblik in barv razpoloženja lirskega ali romantičnega občutka, podobno kot glasbenik lahko pooseblja zvok. Ustvarjal je s pogumom in srečo genija in je nekaj časa prepričljivo vplival na svoje sodobnike in neposredne naslednike beneške šole, tudi na Tiziana, Sebastiana del Piomba, Palmo starejšega, Il Carianija, Giulia Campagnolo (in njegovega brata) in celo na že uglednega mojstra Giovannija Bellinija. V beneškem zaledju je giorgionismo močno vplival na Morta da Feltra, Domenica Capriola in Domenica Mancinija.

Giorgione je umrl, verjetno zaradi kuge, ki je divjala jeseni 1510. Mislili so, da je umrl in bil pokopan na otoku Poveglia v Beneški laguni , a je arhivski dokument, objavljen prvič leta 2011, njegovo smrt postavil na otok Lazzareto Nuovo; oba sta bila kraja karantene, ko je oktobra 1510 razsajala kuga , ki je tudi letnica pisma Isabelle d'Este beneškemu prijatelju, v katerem ga prosi, naj kupi Giorgionejevo sliko. Iz pisma je razvidno, da je bila seznanjena s tem, da je umrl. V odgovoru mesec pozneje je pisalo, da slike ni mogoče dobiti za nobeno ceno.

Njegovo ime in delo sta vplivali še na poznejše umetnike. Čeprav je veliko zagovornikov pana giorgionismusa , ki so stoletja trdili, da cela vrsta slik spominja na Giorgionejev način, so tudi kritiki, ki so za polovico skrajšali seznam ohranjenih del, za katere priznavajo, da so v resnici delo tega mojstra.

Dela

Za svoje rojstno mesto Castelfranco je Giorgione naslikal Castelfranco Madono, oltarno sliko v obliki svetega razgovora (sacra conversazione) Madona na prestolu s svetnikoma na obeh straneh, ki sestavljajo enakostranični trikotnik. Pomen ji daje krajinsko ozadje, kar je novost v beneški umetnosti in so ji hitro sledili Giovanni Bellini in drugi . Giorgione je začel uporabljati zelo prefinjen barvit slog chiaroscúro, imenovan sfumato, občutljivo uporabo barvnih odtenkov, ki opisujejo svetlobo in senco, približno ob istem času kot Da Vinci. Vasari je pravilno zapisal, da se je tega naučil iz Leonardovih del, saj se je vedno želel zgledovati po florentinskih virih.

Osrednje in njegovo najznačilnejše ohranjeno delo je Speča Venera, zdaj v Dresdnu. To je prvi spoznal Giovanni Morelli in je splošno sprejeto, da je enaka kot na sliki Marcantonia Michielija in nato Ridolfija v Casi Marcello v Benetkah. Čiste in ritmične linije in konture dajejo sliki čutno bogastvo. Valovita bela draperija, na kateri leži boginja, in žareča pokrajina, ki zapolnjuje prostor za njo, usklajeno oblikujeta njeno božanskost. Uporaba krajine za okvir golote je inovativnost, ampak dodaja Veneri, zaviti v spanje, skrivnostnost.

Michieli je zapisal, da je Giorgione zapustil to delo nedokončano in da je krajino ter Kupida, ki je bil odstranjen pri obnovi, po njegovi smrti dokončal Tizian. Slika je vzorec Tizianove Urbinske Venere in je bila zgled še mnogim drugim slikarjem v šoli, vendar nobena ni dosegla slave prve. Zasnova idealizirane lepote je izzvana v nedolžnosti zamišljene Judit iz muzeja Ermitaž, veliki sliki, ki kaže posebne lastnosti Giorgionejevega barvnega bogastva in krajinske romantike, hkrati pa dokazuje, da sta življenje in smrt tovariša, ne pa sovražnika.

Poleg oltarjev in fresk so vsa Giorgionejeva ohranjena dela majhne slike, namenjene za premožne beneške zbiralce. Večina je manjša kot 60 cm. Ta trg je bil v vzponu v zadnji polovici 15. stoletja v Italiji in še precej bolj na Nizozemskem. Giorgione je bil prvi veliki italijanski slikar, ki je osredotočil svoje delo na to tematiko v takem obsegu. Kmalu po njegovi smrti se je velikost slik začela povečevati z blaginjo in palačami pokroviteljev.

Nevihta je imenovana prva pokrajina v zgodovini zahodnega slikarstva. Predmet te slike je nejasen, vendar je njeno umetniško mojstrstvo očitno. Nevihta prikazuje vojaka in doječo žensko, vsakega na eni strani potoka, sredi ruševin mesta in prihajajočo nevihto. Množica simbolov na sliki ponuja veliko razlag, vendar nobena ni v celoti mogoča. Teorija, da slika prikazuje dvojnost (mesto in država, moški in ženska), je bila zavrnjena, ker je radiografija pokazala, da je v zgodnji fazi slikanja vojak na levi predstavljal golo žensko. Prevladujoča značilnost obeh slik je prežetost človeka z naravo, kar se kaže v uporabi barve, ki ovija kraj in razpoloženje. Giorgione je odpravil risbo in naravo povzdignil v glavnega junaka slike.

Trije filozofi je enigmatična slika in pripisovanje Giorgioneju je še vedno sporno. Tri figure stojijo blizu temne prazne jame, med nastajanjem slike naj bi bil eden od njih celo Maver. Včasih jih razlagajo kot simbole Platonove votline ali Treh kraljev. Zdi se, da so izgubili tipično Giorgionejevo zasanjano razpoloženje, ojačeno z megleno svetlobno, značilnostjo njegovih drugih pokrajin, kot je Pastoralni koncert, ki je zdaj v Louvru. Slednji "razkriva benečansko ljubezen teksture", ker slikar »pokaže skoraj otipljiv videz mesa, blaga, lesa, kamna in listja«. Slika je brez ostrih kontur in obravnavanje pokrajine lahko primerjamo s pastoralno poezijo, zato tak naslov.

Giorgione in mladi Tizian sta revolucionarno uvedla žanr portreta. Tako je izredno težko in včasih preprosto nemogoče razlikovati Tizianova zgodnja dela od Giorgionejevih. Nobena od Giorgionejevih slik ni podpisana in samo ena ima zanesljiv datum, njegov portret Laure (1. junij 1506), ki je eden prvih, ki ga je naslikal v 'modernem načinu' ter ga odlikujejo dostojanstvo, jasnost in prefinjena karakterizacija. Še bolj presenetljiv je Portret mladeniča, danes v Berlinu, ki ga umetnostni zgodovinarji opisujejo kot »nepopisno subtilno izražanje vedrine in negibne funkcije z dodanim izklesanim učinkom silhuete in modeliranja«.

Teme njegovih posvetnih likov na slikah je težko zaznati. Morda se najprej postavi vprašanje, ali jim je bil sploh dan poseben pomen. Mnogi umetnostni zgodovinarji trdijo, da ne: »Najboljši dokaz je morda, da slike niso bile posebej ezoterične v svojem pomenu, dejstvo pa je, da so bile njegove slogovne inovacije široko sprejete, značilne za skoraj vse beneško posvetno slikarstvo v prvi polovici 16. stoletja.«

Pripisi

Težava pri zagotavljanju dokumentiranih pripisov delom Giorgioneja je nastala kmalu po njegovi smrti, ko so nekaj njegovih slik dopolnili drugi umetniki in je njegov precejšen ugled tudi privedel do zelo zgodnje napačne trditve pripisov. Glavnina dokumentacije za slike v tem obdobju se nanaša na velika naročila cerkve ali države. Za majhne zasebne slike, ki sestavljajo glavnino Giorgionejevega opusa, je vedno veliko manj verjetno, da so zabeležene. Drugi umetniki, ki so nadaljevali delo v njegovem slogu naslednja leta in verjetno do sredine stoletja, so razlog za zavajajoče podatke.

Prvotna dokumentacija za pripisovanje izhaja od beneškega zbiralca Marcantonia Michielija. V pojasnilih, ki segajo v leta 1525–1543, je 12 slik in ena risba opredeljenih za Giorgionejeve, od katerih so umetnostni zgodovinarji pet ohranjenih slik skoraj soglasno potrdili kot njegova dela: Nevihta, Trije filozofi, Speča Venera, Fant s puščico in Pastir s flavto (zadnje ne potrjujejo vsi). Michieli opisuje, da je Filozofe dokončal Sebastiano del Piombo in Venero Tizian (zdaj je splošno sprejeto, da je Tizian narisal krajino). Nekateri novejši umetnostni zgodovinarji pripisujejo Tizianu tudi Tri filozofe. Nevihta je torej le ena od skupine splošno sprejetih, da je v celoti Giorgionejeva. Dunajska Laura je delo s podpisom Giorgioneja (na hrbtni strani). Zgodnjih nekaj slik v galeriji Uffizi so običajno sprejete.

Po tem stvari postanejo bolj zapletene, kot je razvidno iz Vasarijeve knjige. V prvi izdaji (1550) je sliko Kristus, ki nosi križ pripisal Giorgioneju; v drugi izdaji (končana leta 1568) je pripisano avtorstvo različno, v Giorgionejevi biografiji, ki je bila natisnjena 1565, je pripisana njemu, v natisnjeni leta 1567 pa Tizianu. Ker je obiskal Benetke med tema letoma, je morda Vasari dobil različne podatke. Negotovost pri razlikovanju med slikarstvom Giorgioneja in mladim Tizianom je najbolj očitna na sliki Pastoralni koncert, opisana leta 2003 kot »morda najspornejši problem pripisovanja v celotni italijanski renesančni umetnosti«, vendar prizadene veliko slik iz zadnjih Giorgionejevih let.

Pastoralni koncert je majhna skupina slik, ki vključuje tudi Marijo z detetom s svetim Antonom in svetim Rokom v Pradu, ki so zelo blizu slogu in po mnenju Charlesa Hopa so bile »bolj in bolj pogosto pripisane Tizianu. Vendar nihče ni bil sposoben ustvariti koherentnega zaporedja Tizianovih zgodnjih del, ki vključuje tiste, ki se prilegajo znanim dejstvom o njegovi karieri. Morda je Pastoralni koncert in druge podobne slike naslikal tretji umetnik, neznani Domenico Mancini ...«

Tudi Giulio Campagnola, znan kot graver, ki je prenašal Giorgionejev slog v grafiko, je včasih omenjen, a nobena slika ni dokumentirana kot njegova.

V zgodnejše obdobje v Giorgionejevi kratki karieri spada skupina slik, včasih opisana kot Skupina Allendale po Allendale, Kristusovo rojstvo (ali pravilneje Allendale, Čaščenje pastirjev), v Narodni galeriji umetnosti v Washingtonu. Ta skupina vključuje sliko Sveta družina in Poklon Treh kraljev v Narodni galeriji v Londonu. Ta skupina, ki zdaj pogosto vključuje podobno Čaščenje pastirjev na Dunaju, je običajno vključena (pogosteje) ali izključena iz Giorgionejevega opusa.

Kljub temu da Giorgioneja sodobni pisatelji častijo kot veliko ime v Italiji, je manj znan širšemu svetu in mnoge njegove (verjetne) slike so bile pripisane drugim. Judit iz Ermitaža je na primer dolgo veljala za Rafaelovo, dresdenska Venera za Tizianovo. V poznem 19. stoletju se je začelo veliko oživljanje Giorgioneja. Kljub temu pa je še vedno živo več kot stoletje dolgo obdobje sporov in polemik. Veliko slik stoletja, pripisanih Giorgioneju, zlasti portreti, so zdaj izključeni iz njegovega opusa, vendar je razprava še ostrejša kot takrat. Dejansko sta dve področji, na katerih se borijo: slike z liki in krajinami ter portreti.

Druga pripisana dela
 Marija z otrokom ,1500–1504, olje na les, 68 x 48 cm; avtorstvo je mogoče, vendar zaradi pomanjkanja primerljivih del izredno sporno
 Avtoportret kot David, olje na platnu, 52 x 43 cm; večinoma kopija izgubljenega originala
 Portret mladeniča (tako imenovani Brocardo), olje na platnu, 72,5 x 54 cm; avtorstvo je mogoče, a zelo sporno
 David in Goljat 1498 / 99, freska; pripisana nedavno, visoka stopnja prepoznavnosti
 Judit in Holofernes, 1498 / 99 freska; pripisana nedavno, visoka stopnja prepoznavnosti
 Paž, olje na les, 24,1 x 20,6 cm; v zadnjem času zaradi pomanjkanja kakovosti črtana iz opusa
 Podeželska idila, 1498 / 99 olje na les, 12 x 19 cm; pred kratkim priznano kot zgodnje delo
 Leda in labod, 1498 / 99 olje na les, 12 x 19 cm; pred kratkim priznano kot zgodnje delo
 Oznanjevanje Janeza Krstnika, 1495–1500 olje na les, 34,3 x 27,9 cm; pred kratkim priznano kot zgodnje delo
 Venera in Kupid v pokrajini 1498/99 olje na les, 11 x 20 cm; pred kratkim priznano kot zgodnje delo – dvojni portret, Giovanni Borgherini in njegov učitelj
 Astrolog (Orfej in čas), 1498 / 99 olje na les, 12 x 19,5 cm; pred kratkim priznano kot zgodnje delo

Zapuščina
Čeprav je umrl pri 33-tih, je zapustil trajno zapuščino, ki se je razvila s Tizianom in umetniki 17. stoletja. Giorgione nikoli ni podrejal linij in barve arhitekturi, umetniški učinek ni dosežen s sentimentalno predstavitvijo. Bil je verjetno prvi italijanski slikar pokrajine z liki premične slike v svojih okvirjih brez nabožne, alegorične ali zgodovinske vsebine, prvi, katerega barve so bile strastne, sijoče in mehke intenzivnosti, ki je tako kmalu postala delo vse beneške šole.

Da bi izpolnil pričakovanja in potrebe časa, je umetnik izdelal slog, imenovan giorgionismus. Med umetniki, ki so sledili temu slogu, so: Marco Basaiti, Vincenzo Catena, Girolamo Savoldo, Girolamo Romani, Bartolomeo Veneto, Giovanni Cariani, Palma Vecchio in Bonifazio Veronese. Iz Benetk se je giorgionismus razširil po Ferrari, kjer je vplival na slikarstvo Dossa Dossija. V 17. stoletju se je zanj zanimal Pietro della Vecchia kot italijanski slikar baročnega obdobja.

Nekatera dela

Mojzesov preizkus ognja (1500–1501),  olje na plošči, 89 x 72, Uffizi, Firence
Salomonova sodba (1500–1501),  olje na plošči, 89 x 72 cm, Uffizi, Firence
Judit (okoli 1504),  olje na platno, prenesena s plošče, 144 x 66,5 cm, Ermitaž, Sankt Peterburg
Čaščenje pastirjev (1504),  olje na plošči, 90,8 x 110.5 cm, Narodna umetnostna galerija, Washington, D. C.
Madona z otrokom na prestolu med svetim Frančiškom in svetim Nikazijem (Castelfranco Madonna; okoli 1505)  olje na les, 200 x 152 cm, Duomo, Castelfranco Veneto
Nevihta (okoli 1505),  olje na platno, 82 x 73 cm, Galerija Akademije, Benetke
Portret mlade neveste (Laura) (okoli 1506)  olje na les, 41 x 33,5 cm, Umetnostnozgodovinski muzej, Dunaj
Starka  (okoli 1508),  olje na platno, 68 x 59 cm, Akademija, Benetke
Pastoralni koncert (okoli 1509) pogosto pripisano Tizianu olje na platno, 110 x 138 cm, Louvre, Pariz
Portret mladenke (1508–10),  olje na platno, 72,5 x 54 cm, Umetnostni muzej, Budimpešta
Trije filozofi (1509)  olje na platno, Umetnostnozgodovinski muzej, Dunaj
Speča Venera (okoli 1510),  olje na platno, 108,5 x 175 cm, Umetnostna galerija, Dresden
Strastni pevci (okoli 1510)  olje na platno, 102 x 78 cm, Galerija Bourghese, Rim
Portret mladeniča  les, 69,4 x 53,5 cm, Stara pinakoteka, München

Galerija

Sklici

Viri in literatura

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
 Cecil Gould, The Sixteenth Century Italian Schools, National Gallery Catalogues, London 1975, ISBN 0-947645-22-5
 Encyclopedia of Artists, volume 2, edited by William H.T. Vaughan, ISBN 0-19-521572-9, 2000
 The Complete Paintings of Giorgione. Introduction by Cecil Gould. Notes by Pietro Zampetti. NY: Harry N. Abrams. 1968.
 Giorgione. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studio per il quinto centenario della nascita (Castelfranco Veneto 1978), Castelfranco Veneto, 1979.
 Silvia Ferino-Pagden, Giorgione. Mythos und Enigma, Ausst. Kat. Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Wien, 2004.
 Sylvia Ferino-Pagden (Hg.), Giorgione entmythisiert, Turnhout, Brepols, 2008.
 Unglaub, Jonathan. "The Concert Champêtre: The Crises of History and the Limits of the Pastoral." Arion V no.1 (1997): 46-96.

Zunanje povezave

David Allen Brown Introduction to 2006 Washington exhibition
Giorgione,Myth and Enigma, 2004 exhibition at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Good images and text on "Selected paintings"
Colnaghi - an important Giorgionesque drawing, with list of the main literature on his drawings
Giorgione featured on 10 Euro Coin

Italijanski slikarji
Renesančni slikarji

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
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Eine durchschnittliche Folge dieses Podcasts dauert 36m. Bisher sind 45 Folge(n) erschienen. Dieser Podcast erscheint wöchentlich
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Lua-Corona SDK-Outlaw [Stupid] Creating a table issue I have started learning corona recently, and I'm having a trouble finding the problem in defining a correct list.
My exercise is to create a PickerWheel, for what I'm defining my Y/M/D list/array/table
This is my input:
local meses= {
    "Enero",
    "Febrero",
    "Marzo",
    "Abril",
    "Mayo",
    "Junio",
    "Julio",
    "Agosto",
    "Septiembre",
    "Octubre",
    "Noviembre",
    "Diciembre"
}

    --LINE OF ERROR HERE
local dias  {}

  for i=1, 31 do
    dias[i]=i
  end

local anos  {}

  for j=1, 64 do
    anos[j]=1969+j
  end

What outlaw throws me back is:
main.lua:(--LINE OF ERROR HERE):unexpected symbol near '{'

Any idea of what I'm doing wrong?

A: Declare your table initializations like this:
local dias  = {}
local anos = {}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Q: Android OnGoing Notification Doesn't work on all phones I need to show a notification in status bar even if the app is killed or swiped from tray. I have use onGoing(true) & Flag.onGoing_event. It works nicely in some phones but not in all phones.what to do? I need something like the below picture.

private void showNotificationBarState(String title, String body) {

    int mNotificationId = 5;

    NotificationCompat.Builder notificationBuilder =
            new NotificationCompat.Builder(this)
                    .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.avatar_profile)
                    .setContentTitle(title)
                    .setContentText(body)
                    .setAutoCancel(true)
                    .setOngoing(true);

    NotificationManager notificationManager =
            (NotificationManager) getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
    //notificationBuilder.getNotification().flags |= Notification.FLAG_AUTO_CANCEL;

    notificationBuilder.getNotification().flags |= Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT;
    notificationBuilder.getNotification().flags |= Notification.FLAG_FOREGROUND_SERVICE;

    assert notificationManager != null;
    notificationManager.notify(mNotificationId /* ID of notification */, notificationBuilder.build());

}


If someone gets hold of your personal information on eBay, the most important thing to do is report it immediately. If you see any items that aren't yours on the Items I'm Bidding On or the Items I'm Selling area of your my eBay page, it's time to make a report — and fast!
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Why mass participation running? It's fun! There's no pressure to compete and people who enter are there to have a good time.
Who is it for? Everyone and anyone. You don't have to be a runner and you don't have to be super fit - it's all about taking part. Many events now have junior and disability categories too.
Can I only do it if I raise sponsorship money? No, you don't have to - there are usually places for people who just want to join in.
Is there a cheap option? Try smaller races as these will be cheaper and there's always the weekly parkrun events that are free. Keep costs down by finding something close to home.
What if I don't want to run a marathon? There's a massive variety out there ranging from a mile to a marathon so the choice is yours. The key is to enjoy it, so don't go crazy on your first run.
What will I need? The most important piece of kit is your shoes. Make sure you have a comfy set of trainers and some clothing that doesn't rub and you're good to go.
Is there a family option? Yes - plenty of mass participation events have shorter runs for the kids and it's up to you if you want to join in or watch them!
So where can I take part? Take a look at our club finder page to find a run near you.
Don't be intimidated - mass participation runs are designed for people of all abilities. Think of them as less of a race and more of an event where hundreds, sometimes thousands, of people come together to create an electric atmosphere.
Participation offers a chance to run, walk or even dance your way to the finish line as well as a feeling of camaraderie with the people sharing the experience with you.
Once you reach the end there is a feeling of accomplishment that energises you, whether you've walked a mile or run a marathon.
And thankfully, mass participation events come in all shapes and sizes so you will find one that is for you. Our guide below sets out the most popular options to help you decide.
The clue is in the title. These events are all about having fun. Fancy-dress costumes are likely to feature in all of them, but some events go one step further and make it a fun-fest.
The Color Run is a 5km, non-timed run where participants are covered in different coloured powder every time they reach a kilometre marker. Santa Runs are also a festive favourite, but don't forget your Father Christmas outfit!
These could be anything from the weekly free parkrun to a one-mile event like the Sport Relief Mile or the Westminster Mile that can either be run or walked.
Get the buzz of running in a large group on an organised course but do it at your own pace for a shorter distance.
If you are new to running or haven't jogged in a while, try the Couch to 5K Challenge, which will have you running for 30 minutes three times a week in nine weeks.
Get running in just nine weeks with Couch to 5K!
If you fancy testing yourself a little more, a 10K could be the event for you. It will take a bit longer to complete but it's still an achievable distance.
Events like The Great Manchester Run and Great Scottish Run take place through the year across the country and can be a great stepping stone to a longer-distance challenge. Soak up the atmosphere and complete the course in your own time and in your own way.
The Great Manchester Run's beginners' training plan starts with 15-minute runs. It will have you running 10 kilometres in 10 weeks.
These events are often used as a building block towards a full marathon but also a major mass participation event in its own right with the Great North Run, the world's biggest half marathon, having its millionth finisher in 2014.
Half marathons can also be an amazing way to see a city, like the Cardiff Half Marathon or the Belfast Half Marathon that both take you to the finish line via a tour of the city.
Bupa's half-marathon training plan for beginners starts with 30-minute runs and has you running 13.1 miles in 12 weeks.
Viewed as the ultimate mass participation event, a marathon is definitely a test of endurance but that doesn't mean it can't be fun.
Whether you are using the event as a way to test yourself or you intend to be the first over the finish line, there is a place for everybody in a marathon. Marathons are the biggest of all mass running events so the roads are often shut down and people will line the streets to cheer on participants.
For some of the big city events, like the London Marathon, you will be asked to run for a charity although there are usually limited places for non-charity runners. Some will ask you to raise a set amount of money for your chosen charity.
The London Marathon's own beginners' training plan has 30-minute runs in the first week and suggests that you start the plan having had at least a month of steady running beforehand. The schedule has you running a marathon in four months.
How does busy mum Jo Pavey train? By bringing the family along!
These days, a number of mass participation events also include runs for children, for example the Great North Run has a Junior And Mini event.
They are shorter in distance and encourage fun for the whole family. They can be a great way to involve everyone in your mass participation challenge.
Mass participation races can cover a lot of ground. Whether it is in a park, stretch of road or throughout a city, they need a number of willing volunteers to help them take place. Being a volunteer is a chance to be involved without doing the running but still feeling a real sense of reward for helping others.
Not only do volunteers help keep everyone on track, they provide water, safety and moral support to runners every step of the way. It's often the volunteers who can get the spectators cheering and clapping, providing atmosphere for the crowd as well as for the participants.
The website Join In is a good starting point to find volunteering opportunities for high-profile mass participation events. Many of the events themselves also have online forms for anyone interested in volunteering.
For volunteering opportunities in your region, visit Volunteer Scotland, Sport Wales, and Volunteer Now in Northern Ireland.
What should I do first? Get your (comfortable) trainers on and go for a run. See your GP first if you're not used to regular exercise.
How do I find a race? There are a host of websites featuring lists of races. Run Britain.Running Bug and Running Diary are good starting points. Check your local paper for an event close to home.
How could I ever run 26 miles? Heard the phrase "don't run before you can walk"? Mass participation runs are by no means easy, but by working up your fitness and distance gradually, you can get to a level that is achievable for you. The important thing is to enjoy the process and enjoy being part of the event.
How much time would training take a week? Most training plans recommend running 3-4 times a week. Having rest days is one of the most important parts of training. Most mass participation runs have their own recommended training plans. It's important to remember to listen to your body and don't overdo it. See a doctor if you are ever worried.
How will I find the time to train for a long distance event? Training can be a big commitment but there are ways to save time. For example, commuting to work (or part of the way) could be an option for you.
What should I wear? Whether you are running in a costume or your active gear, have a test run wearing the same clothes, and make sure you eat the same breakfast that you plan on having on race day. Don't buy a new pair of trainers for the event unless you have worn them in.
How will I get home? Know your route and plan your travel ahead. Some races start and finish in a different place so you might need to arrange a rendezvous point with friends or family members.
Where should I stand in the crowd at the start? Large events like the London Marathon will ask you to predict your time and will allocate a place for you. Some events might ask you on the day to start at specific markers that specify a time to complete the race. For smaller events and fun runs you will probably all be starting together.
How will I know my time? If you are entering a timed event, you will be given a chip that is worn during the race, either given to you at registration on the day or it might be sent to you. Each event varies, but it could be worn on your shoelaces or sometimes it is on your running number. For parkruns you will be given a barcode which is scanned at the starting line anytime you join a run with them. If you are running in an untimed event, there are a number of smartphone apps or you could use a trusty stopwatch.
What time should I aim for? Mass participation events don't have to be about racing. Find your comfort level and run. Test yourself if you want to try for a personal best, but don't worry about what is or isn't an acceptable time. Soak up the atmosphere and enjoy the sense of achievement. You've earned it!
1. Go to our club finder page to get into running near you.
Are you inspired to try a mass participation event? Or maybe you are a keen enthusiast already... Get in touch and tell us your experience by tweeting us on @bbcgetinspired, visiting us on Facebook or email us on getinspired@bbc.co.uk.
See our full list of activity guides for more inspiration on activities to try.


text:
Q: I have to delete over 90 million records, do I remove or maintain the transaction's SQLWARNING? SQL Server: mysql  Ver 15.1 Distrib 5.5.65-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1
OS: Slackware 14.1
That's 90 million old radius bank records I want to remove, leaving only those this month. The script would be this:
mysql --defaults-extra-file=/etc/my.cnf.d/.mylogin.cnf ${DB} <<EOFMYSQL
DELIMITER $$
USE ${DB} $$
DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS sp_monthly_table_backup $$
# tm: time column of table, tb: table
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_monthly_table_cleanup(IN tb varchar(30), IN tm varchar(30), OUT msg varchar(70))
        BEGIN

                ######## rollback block in case of errors ##########
                DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR 1062
                BEGIN
                        SET msg = CONCAT('FAILED: Routine failed for table ',tb,' | Duplicate keys error encountered ');
                        ROLLBACK;
                END;

                DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION
                BEGIN
                        # GET DIAGNOSTICS NOT SUPPORT IN MYSQL 5.5, ONLY >= MYSQL 5.6
                        # GET DIAGNOSTICS CONDITION 1 @sqlstate = RETURNED_SQLSTATE, @errno = MYSQL_ERRNO, @text = MESSAGE_TEXT;
                        # SET msg=CONCAT('FAILED: Routine failed for table ',tb,' | SQL State: ',@sqlstate,' | Errno: ',@errno,' | Msg: ',@text);
                        SET msg = CONCAT('FAILED: Routine failed for table ',tb,' | SQLException encountered ');
                        ROLLBACK;
                END;

                DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR SQLWARNING
                        BEGIN
                            SET msg=CONCAT('FAILED: Routine failed for table ',tb,'. SQLWarning encountered');
                            ROLLBACK;
                        END;
                  START TRANSACTION;
                      SET @str4=CONCAT('DELETE FROM ',tb,' WHERE ',tm,' < date_sub(NOW(), INTERVAL 1 MONTH)');
                      PREPARE stmt4 FROM @str4;
                      EXECUTE stmt4;
                      DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt4;
                      SET msg=CONCAT('SUCCESS: routine successfully executed for table ',tb,' on ',NOW());
                      COMMIT;

       END $$
DELIMITER ;
EOFMYSQL

for t in "${!TABLES[@]}";
do
        echo ${t};
        echo ${TABLES[${t}]};
        mysql --defaults-extra-file=/etc/my.cnf.d/.mylogin.cnf ${DB} <<EOFMYSQL2 >> ${CLEARLOG}
        CALL sp_monthly_table_backup('${t}','${TABLES[${t}]}',@Msg);
        Select @Msg;
EOFMYSQL2

done

END=$(date +%s);
RUNTIME=$((END-START));

echo -e "Script finished on $(date -d @${END}) \n Runtime: ${RUNTIME} seconds" >> ${CLEARLOG};

STARTOPTRADACCT=$(date +%s);

echo -e "Starting optimization of table radacct on $(date -d @${STARTOPTRADACCT})" >> ${CLEARLOG};

mysql --defaults-extra-file=/etc/my.cnf.d/.mylogin.cnf ${DB} --execute "OPTIMIZE TABLE radacct";
ENDOPTRADACCT=$(date +%s);
RUNTIMEOPTRADACCT=$((END-START));

echo -e "Optimization of table radacct finished on $(date -d @${ENDOPTRADACCT}) \n Runtime: ${RUNTIMEOPTRADACCT} seconds" >> ${CLEARLOG};

While checking the result file, I noticed that delete was terminated because of a SQLWarning:
Starting script on Wed Jan  8 15:06:17 -03 2020
 Server timestamp: 1578506777
@Msg
FAILED: Routine failed for table radacct. SQLWarning encountered
Script finished on Wed Jan  8 22:50:03 -03 2020
 Runtime: 27826 seconds
Starting optimization of table radacct on Wed Jan  8 22:50:03 -03 2020
Optimization of table radacct finished on Thu Jan  9 01:22:13 -03 2020
 Runtime: 27826 seconds

Is it important that I keep this rollback to SQLWarning, or can I pull it out and still maintain data integrity?
UPDATE:  I just saw a warning in the database log, shown just as the script started. But did mysql go to all the trouble of deleting it first and then seeing this warning shown at the beginning of it and rolling it back?
200108 15:06:17 [ERROR] mysqld: Table './mysql/proc' is marked as crashed and should be repaired
200108 15:06:17 [Warning] Checking table:   './mysql/proc'

A: If you are deleting much of a table it is often better (faster, etc) to copy the table over without the 'old' rows:
CREATE TABLE new LIKE real;
INSERT INTO new
    SELECT * FROM real
        WHERE dt > NOW() - INTERVAL 1 MONTH;
RENAME TABLE real TO old,
             new TO real;
DROP TABLE old;   -- or dump it for archive purposes

Better yet, make that new table PARTITIONed by day so that you can daily do the very fast DROP PARTITION to get rid of the month-old data and REORGANIZE PARTITION to get a new partition for tomorrow.  Details in http://mysql.rjweb.org/doc.php/partitionmaint
If you need to "dump" or "archive" the month-old partition, see the discussion on "transportable tablespaces".  (Note: MySQL 5.6 has one method and newer versions have another.)
Details on other deletion techniques:  http://mysql.rjweb.org/doc.php/deletebig


text:
P.J. Tucker on how Rockets' win vs. Celtics will translate to playoffs
Andrew Salmi
Basketball fans got to enjoy one heck of a game on Saturday night between two teams who could potentially meet in the NBA Finals in June. At Toyota Center, the Houston Rockets rallied past the Boston Celtics and managed to hold on for a thrilling 123-120 win, Houston's 15th victory in a row.
Rockets small forward P.J. Tucker, who had nine points and a clutch steal, is fully aware that these are the types of games Houston needs to win in order to be champions.
Via a postgame interview with Mark Berman of Fox 26 Houston:
"No question we're going to have to win a few of those to win a championship," Tucker said. "That was definitely a playoff game tonight. One of those nights where you're not making every shot and not doing every thing, but you figure out a way to gut it out and get a win."
Sometimes, being able to grind out the uglier games will tell P.J. Tucker and his teammates about the true character of their team.
"Game wasn't pretty for us. We weren't making all the shots. James and Chris didn't go crazy.
We literally needed everybody on our team to step up and do something tonight," Tucker said after the victory. "To go on these kinds of win streaks, these are the games you've got to grind out and win."
Saturday night's win was quite an impressive showing of grit by the Rockets, to say the least. Tucker and his Houston teammates will look for their 16th straight win on Tuesday night when they take on the Oklahoma City Thunder at Chesapeake Energy Arena.
The post P.J. Tucker on how Rockets' win vs. Celtics will translate to playoffs appeared first on ClutchPoints.


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Stuffed Chicken Breast is a gluten free, primal, and ketogenic side dish. This recipe makes 4 servings with 298 calories, 22g of protein, and 22g of fat each. For $1.42 per serving, this recipe covers 13% of your daily requirements of vitamins and minerals. 4 people were glad they tried this recipe. Head to the store and pick up green onions, chicken breast, cream cheese, and a few other things to make it today. From preparation to the plate, this recipe takes about 27 minutes. It is brought to you by Pink When. Taking all factors into account, this recipe earns a spoonacular score of 68%, which is pretty good. If you like this recipe, you might also like recipes such as Stuffed Chicken Breast, Stuffed Chicken Breast, and B.O.A.R.S Stuffed Chicken Breast.


text:
Home Faith Family & Marriage Life to the full despite infertility pain
Life to the full despite infertility pain
Tony and Debra Vermeer want to bring hope to infertile couples with Debra's first book. PHOTO: Alphonsus Fok
New book shares stories not often told in the Church
Debra Vermeer's search for spiritual nourishment in the darkest moments of her infertility journey has resulted in her first book, Life to the Full: Stories of infertility, faith and a hope-filled future.
The Sydney Catholic journalist says the book, which tells the stories of seven couples, including that of herself and her husband Tony, had a "long gestation" over more than a decade.
"At its heart…this is about hope"
The idea came to her after she struggled to find anything online or in Catholic bookshops to help her meet her pain with faith and hope. "Infertility is not something that's spoken about much in the church at all, and all the couples in this book have felt that absence and also a kind of loneliness within church life because of it," Debra told The Catholic Weekly.
"At its heart this is a book of hope, and it talks about the way the couples, whose paths were all different, have found fruitfulness in their marriage."
Debra met Tony when he was a widower with two teenage children, and it became apparent early in their marriage that they would not be able to have children together. Like them, each of the couples featured in the book understand and accept the Church's teaching against the use of IVF, but Debra says the book is "not about whether to IVF or not to IVF".
Sydney journalist Debra Vermeer with her first book, Life to the Full. PHOTO: Alphonsus Fok
"Some of the couples found, and it's been my experience too, that people generally in the community don't really understand their decision not to use IVF," she said. "Some people are even hostile to your decision, the medical community particularly can find it challenging, and that can be a strange experience.
"But I hope that people who have done IVF unsuccessfully, which would be the majority of those trying it, will get something from the book as well. In the end they're faced with the same question of 'Well, if we're not to have a baby, then how will our life be?'."
Debra, who has a theology degree, said her initial frustration over the many scripture references to God blessing infertile couples with children, and the Church's teaching on marriage including its ordering to children who are its 'supreme gift' led her to seek wisdom from others and reflect deeply on her own experience of God's love.
"One big question that couples have is 'We understand children are a gift; why have we not been blessed with that gift?' which may lead to the question 'Have we been forsaken by God?' "So those questions were in the back of our mind as well."
Book was "born from prayer"
Eventually Debra and Tony were able to contextualise their situation in light of their Christian faith, and appreciate the other ways in which their marriage has given life to others, although there continue to be sad moments.
"This book was born from prayer," she said. "I prayed a lot about it, about whether I should do it, about the vulnerability that would be involved, telling someone our intimate story.
"I can't thank enough the couples who were so generous and open in telling their stories. They also, like me, just wanted to encourage others because they had also found a lack of a certain encouragement or acknowledgement even in church life about their situation."
Read an extract of the book in the 3 May digital edition of The Catholic Weekly here.
Life to the Full is published by St Pauls Publications, Strathfield, NSW.
It retails for $24.95 and is available from religious bookstores, or direct from St Pauls Publications at https://secure.stpauls.com.au/product/10090 . It is also available as a eBook on kindle and Apple iBooks.
Wisdom drives online natural fertility course
Silvana Scarfe: Adopting embryos sounds noble – but is it really?
Debra Vermeer
Life to the Full
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Latest sustainable development news from Australia and around the world.
Sign up on the right for sustainable development news delivered direct to your inbox each weekday morning.
NSW coal generation plunges 25% from 2008 peak
Coal production in Australia continues its revival post the carbon price, but in some areas the coal generation appears to be in terminal decline. In New South Wales, according to new data, coal generation is down one quarter from its peak in 2008. Energy analyst Hugh Saddler, from Pitt&Sherry, describes the fall in coal generation as dramatic. Three plants have been closed – Munmorah, Wallerawang, and Redbank, even though the latter was only opened 13 years ago. The decline in NSW coal generation has been accelerated by the removal of the carbon price, which has favoured brown coal generators in Victoria, and black coal generators in Queensland (where demand has been stronger than other states).
We can't bail out fracking if it turns into another housing crisis
In his inaugural address back in January 2009, President Obama waxed eloquent about his vision of harnessing "the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories". Achieving energy independence for the US through alternative fuel is a noble goal, both for national security and biospheric survival. But little was then said about that goal for several years and, when it finally was, that vision had morphed beyond recognition. It was no longer about renewables, but about more fossil fuels. The unlikely hero was fracking natural gas, and investments poured in from those who would benefit the most: the major oil and gas companies. The break-even level for fracking in the US has been estimated by the industry at about $75-80 per barrel. Of course, oil prices since 2010 had been comfortably above $100 most of the time, so oil and gas multinationals and their bankers eagerly placed their bets. Does this sound familiar? Heard of the housing bubble?
Great white shark 'slammed' and killed by a pod of killer whales in South Australia
Divers who witnessed a family pod of killer whales kill a great white shark in South Australia say it was "the title fight of all title fights". The divers, who were off the coast of the Lower Eyre Peninsula, said they witnessed the attack during a shark cage diving trip to the Neptune Islands on Monday. They said it involved a family group of orcas, including two calves. Charter operator Matt Waller said the whales were launching themselves out of the water and slamming down upon the great white. "If that's what we're seeing on the surface, then I can only imagine that under the surface you had other whales that were working to try and keep this shark up," he said. "It never actually went down. It stayed on the surface and was trying to get away." Mr Waller said it was the first time he had seen "two apex predators of the marine world" fight.
Cute Killers? Gray Seals Maul, Suffocate Seals and Porpoises, Studies Say
It seemed a heart-warming sight: two seals apparently frolicking in the sea before slipping below the waves off the German island of Helgoland (map) in 2013. Then an ominous sheet of red unfurled across the waves. When the pair resurfaced, the bigger seal was skinning and eating its companion. (Also see "Did Grey Seals Mutilate Two Harbour Porpoises?") "We thought they were playing," says marine biologist Sebastian Fuhrmann of the environmental consulting firm IBL-Umweltplanung, whose photos of the killing of a young harbor seal will appear in the March 2015 issue of the Journal of Sea Research. "It looked really cute, but in just a few seconds, it was over." The triumphant hunter of the harbor seal was, astonishingly, a gray seal. These soulful-eyed animals have long been thought to subsist on lowly creatures such as cod. But now the gray seal seems to be morphing into the most murderous killer of the southern North Sea.
Sea Shepherd locates two boats suspected of illegal toothfish fishing near Australian Antarctic base
Environmental activist group the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society says it is chasing two illegal fishing boats that were spotted sailing just 50 nautical miles from Australia's Mawson Base in Antarctica. The New Zealand navy made an unsuccessful attempt to board the two boats after they were discovered operating illegally in the Southern Ocean last month. The New Zealanders pursed the Yongding and the Kunlun for about a week before returning to New Zealand. Sea Shepherd has criticised Australia for not taking up the chase when the New Zealand navy had to return to port to refuel. The activists report the boats are now in waters that Australia claims as part of the Antarctic territory. Sea Shepherd Captain Sid Chakravarty said he found the boats on Monday near Antarctica. "I told the captains that they were wanted by the Interpol, they were fishing illegally in these waters, they did not have permit," he said.
Ragwort Raid cyclists and volunteers pull weed from roadsides
Pedal power is the latest weapon in Tasmania's Tamar Natural Resource Management's annual ragwort raid. The weeding raid became a ride when the Tamar Bicycle Users Group (T-bug) joined landholders to pull ragwort along the roadsides south east of Launceston. It is the first time the group has tackled the area from Nunamara to Blessington, although Tamar NRM has done annual raids for 16 years in the east and west Tamar districts.
Extremely Rare Fox Seen in Yosemite—First Time in 100 Years
One of the rarest animals in North America, the Sierra Nevada red fox, has been caught on camera in California's Yosemite National Park for the first time in nearly a century. Motion-sensitive cameras stationed in the northern part of the park captured two images—possibly of the same animal—one in December and one in January. The little-seen fox was sighted north of the park in 2010, but no one's seen it inside the park's boundaries since 1916. To say researchers are excited would be an understatement.
Building fences could stop cane toads in their tracks
Cane toads, introduced in 1935 to control cane beetles, have now spread across a huge swathe of Australia, from the Kimberley in northern Western Australia to northern New South Wales. They're still spreading, at a rate of between 40 and 60 km westward each year, and without management could eventually cover almost all of northern Australia. Over the past few years, I and colleagues have been modelling and testing the best way to control toads, particularly by fencing off man-made dams in inland Australia. In a paper published this week in the Journal of Applied Ecology, we show that fencing off dams can stop the spread of toads.
Business bosses should speak out against 'anti-sustainability rhetoric'
Last week was my final at Kingfisher, after 17 years with the organisation. As I step down as chief executive I am moved to reflect on my personal view about what leadership is – or at least should be – all about. Leadership must be about creating real change in two directions: inside an organisation and in the wider systems which affect the ways we live and operate. Though our primary duty must be to develop and sustain our own businesses, making sure it is truly sustainable, it is not enough to tidy up internally. Business leaders have a responsibility to use their impact across their supply chains, their industries and their political systems.
Apple to open $2bn solar-powered data center
Cupertino-based technology company Apple has announced plans to convert a former sapphire factory in Arizona into a new, $2 billion global command data center that will be powered almost entirely by solar power. The 1.3 million square-foot facility in Mesa is a former First Solar module factory and was previously earmarked as the fab in which GT Advanced Technologies' (GTAT) would supply Apple with sapphire for its iPhone screens. However, GTAT filed for bankruptcy protection in October after it emerged that the company would not be able to make good on its promise to produce screens of usable quality for Apple.
'Clicking Clean:' The Overlooked Opportunity and Scalable Benefits of Sustainable Web Design
A few interesting facts:
If the Internet were a country, it would be the sixth-largest consumer of electricity on the planet, behind Russia, Japan, China, India, and the US.
In the US, less than 15 percent of that electricity comes from renewable sources, according to the Energy Information Administration.
According to the appropriately named website, TweetFarts, a single tweet puts about .02 grams of CO2 into the atmosphere.
With Twitter users sending over 500 million tweets every day, the social media giant potentially emits nearly 4,000 metric tons of CO2 each year. And that's just one of a growing number of social networks.
Tim Frick, one of our board members here at Climate Ride, has spoken about the carbon footprint of digital tools we know and love on several Climate Ride events. So when it came time to work with his firm Mightybytes for a website overhaul, sustainability was at the forefront of our project discussions. The designers and developers at Tim's company are experts in sustainable web design. Mightybytes builds websites that are optimized for both users and energy efficiency and are hosted on servers powered by 100 percent renewable energy, and it has an ongoing blog series that contains dozens of helpful 'how-to' posts for creating more energy-efficient websites.
Plastic Permanence: Our litter is now part of the geologic record
From a human perspective, the earth's geography changes pretty slowly — it takes thousands of years for a glacier to carve out a valley, for plate tectonics to form mountains and for volcanic eruptions to layer new land masses. But a recent discovery by scientists shows a new addition to the rock record, and it's partly man-made. The new hybrid rock type is called a plastiglomerate, and the colorful stones are cropping up on shorelines in Hawaii. They're multicolored and multitextured, a mosaic of stone and polymer. Plastiglomerates are formed when plastic is melted and hardens into pores of existing rocks. They're usually between 2 and 8 inches, and rounded from erosion on the shore.
New Documentary Highlights Human Benefits of Saving Wilderness
Conservation is often billed as people vs. nature. But a new documentary argues that cohabiting with wildlife can actually be mutually beneficial. It features a poor farmer in Africa, to take one example, who turned part of his land into forest and ended up with much more productivity. The series EARTH A New Wild is hosted by conservation scientist M. Sanjayan, who takes viewers to 29 countries to show how animals and people can live more in balance. National Geographic spoke with David Allen, the Emmy-winning executive producer of the series.
Health sector should divest from fossil fuels, medical groups say
The health sector should get rid of its fossil fuel investments on moral grounds, as it previously did with its tobacco investments, according to a report by a coalition of medical organisations. The report cites climate change as "the biggest global health threat of the 21st century" and says air pollution from fossil fuels also causes millions of premature deaths a year. The organisations argue that the health sector, and in particular the £18bn Wellcome Trust, should not be helping to fund the harm they exist to tackle. "The link between fossil fuels, air pollution and climate change are clear, and the health impacts are unacceptably high," said Dr David McCoy
Auckland Council backs Maui's dolphin campaign
Auckland Council is set to lend its might to the campaign to save the Maui's dolphin. Councillors are likely to vote today to oppose an oil exploration permit on Auckland's west coast which overlaps with the habitat of the critically endangered dolphin. The West Coast Marine Mammal Sanctuary was set up in 2008 and runs from Northland to Taranaki, including Auckland's west coast. It extends 12 nautical miles out to sea. The areas the government are offering up for deep sea exploration, known as Block Offer 2015, go within six nautical miles of the shore and therefore impinge on the sanctuary. Last year it approved exploration in a similar area. Auckland Council argued then that the edge of the permitted blocks should be moved out to 12 nautical miles from the coast to avoid any impact on the dolphins. The government rejected its submission, saying existing protections were adequate.
Details on proposed tourism developments in national parks to be released within a fortnight
The details of proposed tourism developments for Tasmania's national parks including the World Heritage Area (WHA) will be made public in the next fortnight. The State Government called for expressions of interest for tourism developments in national parks after last month's decision to change the area's management plan. The draft plan would scrap the dominant wilderness zone and replace it with a remote recreation zone allowing low-scale tourism developments, such as basic accommodation, as well as the logging of specialty timber.
David Pocock Maules Creek mine protest case dismissed, no conviction recorded
[Australian Rugby] Wallabies star David Pocock and his wife Emma Pocock walked free from Gunnedah Magistrates Court today after charges against them following a Maules Creek protest in November last year were dismissed. Pocock was in court on charges relating to his arrest during a coal mine protest in northwest NSW Emma Pocock said she was "relieved" at the result. "It is a big relief to have had these charges dismissed," she said. "But the reality is the mine is still going ahead and just this week a new mine was approved to go ahead in Gunnedah. It is a relief for Dave and I to not be facing these charges, but the reality is that we all breathe, and we all eat food, and fuel is expanding at a time when we should be winding it down."
Peter Newman: Sustainability – We're winning!
Director of the Curtin University Sustainable Policy Institute Professor Peter Newman gave a speech at last year's TEDxPerth conference, which goes against the usual doom and gloom scenarios presented to offer hope that we can change enough to prevent a global climate catastrophe. Newman details recent trends such as peak fossil fuel investment, peak power consumption, peak car use and peak oil to show that things are starting to turn, and with applied effort – particularly in our cities – we can head towards a green economy.
Obama orders planners to factor in climate change
US President Barack Obama has issued an executive order directing planners, developers and local consent authorities to factor in increased flood heights and frequency due to climate change, in an effort to bolster the resilience of the nation's built environment. The move, which follows a massive increase of funds for climate and renewable energy on Mr Obama's wishlist for the US budget (see below), might be something a new Queensland government should consider after last year's debacle where former deputy premier Jeff Seeney ordered a Brisbane council to remove future sea-level rise from its planning regulations.
Tuna industries in Solomon Islands, PNG and Tuvalu warned to comply with European Union regulations
Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea and Tuvalu are facing a European Union (EU) tuna import ban if they do not take action on illegal fishing. The three Pacific nations have received yellow cards from the EU for non-compliance with its laws designed to tackle illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency director-general James Movick last week told the ABC's Pacific Beat program that in the case of Solomons Islands, virtually all their fisheries exports were going to Europe.


I've never even been to London, let alone this peculiar fish market. Adding it to my "things to see when I ever go to London"-list as we speak! It's quite a lengthy list. Think I might have to have to live there for a month until I see all the sights.
I heard about this documentary, but I haven't seen it - I will probably be able to find it online somewhere.
Oh gosh! I would love to visit Billingsgate fish market! The history must seep out of every corner!
Not likely to happen tho!
So I will be grateful I can satisfy my love of Lilian Gish by being close enough to the coast to enjoy it fresh.
We have some quaint old characters in the area who indulge in billingsgate, but they are so very apologetic when they see a 'lady' present. Which is way more than I can say for some younger people!