The Oracle Problem and the Teaching of Software Testing « Cem Kaner, J.D., Ph.D.
When I first studied testing, I learned that a test involved comparison of the test result to an expected result. The expected result was the oracle: the thing that would tell you whether the program passed or failed the test. We generalized this a bit, especially for automated testing–we would look to a reference program as our oracle. The reference program is a program that generates the expected results, rather than the results themselves. But the idea was the same: testing involved comparison with a known result.
Oracle is an interesting choice of terminology, because the oracles of Greece (the original "oracles") were mythological. And Greek tragedies are full of stories of people who misinterpreted what an oracle told them, and behaved (on the basis of their understanding) in ways that brought disaster on them.
The miss: you believe the program has passed even though it did something wrong.
The false alarm: you believe the program has failed even though it has behaved appropriately.
So we soften the definition: a software testing oracle is a tool that helps you decide whether the program passed your test.
Seen this way, oracles are heuristic devices: they are useful tools that help us make decisions, but sometimes they point us to the wrong decision.
If you don't have authoritative oracles ("authoritative" = an oracle that is always correct), then how can you test? How can you specify a test in a way that a junior tester or a computer can run the test and correctly tell you whether the program passed it?
I've been emphasizing the oracle problem in my testing courses for about a dozen years. I see this as one of the defining problems of software testing: one of the reasons that skilled testing is a complex cognitive activity rather than a routine activity. Most of the time, I start my courses with a survey of the fundamental challenges of software testing, including an extended discussion of the oracle problem.
Bach and Bolton have done a good job of explaining their approach. Mike Kelly provides a great summary of it. I follow an explanatory approach that I learned from an early version of Bach's RST course in my lectures and it works well. Students understand the consistencies and (generally) find them compelling. The list feels complete–any specific oracle you can think of can be classified as an example of one of their consistencies.
These provide a useful way to think about a bug after you find it and try to report it. The list of consistencies can structure your thinking as you try to figure out how to explain to someone else why a particular program behavior feels wrong (what feels wrong about it?). However, even though I do find them helpful for evaluating test results, I don't find them helpful for designing tests.
I think they are particularly worthless for designing automated tests. Automated testing depends on oracles–the automated-testing-program that runs a zillion tests has to decide whether the software under test passed each test or not. The consistencies don't guide testers (not me, not the testers I know, not the students I teach) toward oracle ideas that are specific enough to be programmed and used by an automaton.
In my courses, the consistencies capture my students' imagination and interfere with their thinking about oracles that would be useful for designing tests, especially automated tests.
It is the third problem that I have been wrestling with for several years and that will cause me to rewrite the BBST-Foundations course.
In exam after exam, when I give students a specific scenario that clearly involves automated testing and ask them to suggest oracles they would use to support their automated testing and how they would use them, they ramble through a memorized list of consistency heuristics and don't come up with ideas–some students don't come up with any ideas–for oracles that support the automation.
I tried to correct this problem by raising the problem in supplementary lectures. It didn't work.
I went even further, telling students that this was a classic problem in this course and they needed to answer questions about oracles in test design with specific oracles. It didn't work.
I went even further, telling students as part of the exam question itself that this question called for specific ideas about the oracles they would design into specific tests and they shouldn't rely on general descriptions of consistencies. It didn't work.
Even when I give a set of exam questions to students in advance, and they draft an answer in advance with full benefit of time, course notes, lecture notes and videos, discussions with each other, and anything they can find on the web–even when these questions have cautionary notes about this being a question about test automation and they shouldn't just present a consistency oracle–it still didn't work.
They just keep giving back worthless ideas about test design and flunk that part of the exam.
When a few students give bad answers on an exam, the problem is in the students. They don't understand the material well enough.
When a lot of students give bad answers on the exam, the problem is in the instruction. It's the responsibility of the teacher to troubleshoot and fix this.
When a lot of students give bad answers that are weak in a consistent way, something specific in the instruction leads them down that path. In my experience, that something is often something the instructor is particularly attached to.
I like the consistencies a lot. But I think that in the Foundations course, they are an attractive nuisance (an almost-irresistable invitation to take a hazardous or counterproductive path).
In the next generation of the Foundations course, I will probably drop the oracle consistencies approach altogether.
In the next generation of the Bug Advocacy course, I will probably add the oracle consistencies as a useful tool for persuasive bug report writing.
comparison of what the software under test does with a set of postconditions: the predicted state of the system under test after you run the test. This set of postconditions make up the expected results of the test.
We might incorrectly decide that the program passed the test because its outputs matched the expected outputs but it misbehaved in some other way. For example, a program that adds 2+2 might get 4, but it is clearly broken in some way if it takes 10 hours to get that result of 4.
We might incorrectly decide that the program failed the test because its outputs did not match the expected results, but on more careful examination, we might realize that it did the right thing. For example, imagine testing to a network printer with the expectation that the printer will page a specific page within 1 minute–but during the test, another computer sent a long document to the printer and so it didn't actually get to the test document for a long time. This might be the exactly correct behavior under the circumstances, but it doesn't match the expectation.
Most testers, doing manual testing, would probably not make either mistake. But an automated test would make both mistakes. So would a manual tester who was trying to exactly follow a fully-detailed script.
Did you specify the contents of the stack? What if the program adds stuff to the stack but doesn't remove it, or corrupts the stack in some other way?
Did you specify the contents of memory? Memory leaks are common bugs. And buffer overflows are a common example of a class of bug that corrupts memory.
Did you specify the contents of the hard disk? What if the program saves something or deletes something?
Did you specify what the printer would do during the test? What if the program sends something to the printer, even though it is not supposed to, or sends unauthorized email, etc.?
If you don't have experience thinking about the diversity of ways that something can go wrong, but you have a bit of technical savvy, the Hewlett-Packard printer diagnostics can be eye-opening. You can find documentation of these in Management Information Bases (MIB's) published by HP. I find these at https://spp.austin.hp.com/SPP/Public/Sdk/SdkPublicDownload.aspx but if this source goes away, you can find third party sites like OiDView. For example, the MIB file for the LaserJet 9250c runs 8506 lines, documenting 176 commands, many of them with many possible parameters. A program can go wrong in hundreds (or thousands) of different ways.
From a diagnostic point of view, imagine running a test and checking the state of the printer. For example, you might check how much free memory there is, or how long the last command took to execute, or the most recent internal error code. Each diagnostic command that you run changes the state of the machine, and so the results of the next diagnostic are no longer looking at the system as it was right after the test completed.
So in practical terms, even if you could fully specify the state of the system after a test (you can't, but pretend that you could), you still couldn't check whether the system actually reached that state after the test because each of the diagnostics that you would run to check the state of the system would change the state. The next diagnostic tests the machine that is now in a different state. In practical terms, you can only run a few diagnostics as part of a test (maybe just one) before the diagnostics stop being informative. If these diagnostics don't look for a problem in the right places, you won't see it. This is sometimes called the Heisenbug problem, in honor of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
Hoffman argued that no oracle can fully specify the postcondition state of the system under test and therefore no oracle is complete. Given that an oracle is incomplete, you might use the oracle and incorrectly conclude that the program failed the test when it didn't or passed the test when it didn't. Either way, reliance on an oracle can lead you to the wrong conclusion.
A decision rule that is useful but not always correct is called a heuristic.
My favorite presentations of the ideas underlying Heuristics were written by Billy V. Koen. See his book (I prefer the shorter and simpler ASEE early edition used in introductory engineering courses, but the current version is good too) and a wonderful historical article that he wrote for BBST.
Imagine running a test. The program misbehaves. The tester notices the behavior and recognizes that something is wrong. What is it that makes the tester decide this is wrong behavior?
In Bach's view (as I understand it from talking with him and teaching about this with him), what happens is that the tester makes a comparison between the behavior and some expectations about the ways the program should (or should not) behave. These comparisons might be conscious or unconscious, but Bach posits that they must happen because every explanation of why a program's behavior has been evaluated as a misbehavior can be mapped to one of these types of consistency.
Consistent within product: Function behavior consistent with behavior of comparable functions or functional patterns within the product.
Consistent with comparable products: Function behavior consistent with that of similar functions in comparable products.
Consistent with history: Present behavior consistent with past behavior.
Consistent with our image: Behavior consistent with an image the organization wants to project.
Consistent with claims: Behavior consistent with documentation, specifications, or ads.
Consistent with standards or regulations: Behavior consistent with externally-imposed requirements.
Consistent with user's expectations: Behavior consistent with what we think users want.
Consistent with purpose: Behavior consistent with product or function's apparent purpose.
The list is designed to cover every type of consistency-expectation that testers rely on. If they realize the list is incomplete, they add a new type.
For the sake of argument, I will assume that this list is complete, i.e. that every rationale that a tester provides for why a program is misbehaving can be mapped to one of these 8 types of consistency.
I have seen it argued (mainly on Twitter) that this is the "right" list. That every other oracle can be mapped to this list (this oracle tests for this type of inconsistency) and therefore they are all special cases. If you know this list, the argument goes, you can derive (or imagine) (or something) all the oracles from it.
As far as I know, there is no empirical research to support the claim that testers in fact always rely on comparisons to expectations or that these particular categories of expectations map to the comparisons that go on in testers' heads.
That assertion does not match my subjective impression of what happens in my head when I test. It seems to me that misbehaviors often strike me as obvious without any reference to an alternative expectation. One could counter this by saying that the comparison is implicit (unconscious) and maybe it is. But there is no empirical evidence of this, and until there is, I get to group the assertion with Santa Claus and the Tooth Fairy. Interesting, useful, but not necessarily true.
The assertion also does not match my biases about the nature of concept formation and categorical reasoning. As a graduate student, I studied cognition with Professor Lee R. Brooks. Some of his most famous work was on nonanalytic concept formation (see his 1978 chapter In Rosch & Lloyd's classic Cognition & Categorization or his paper with Larry Jacoby (1984) on Nonanalytic cognition. A traditional view of cognition holds that we make many types of judgment on the basis of rules that put things into categories–something is this or that because of a set of rules that we consult either consciously or unconsciously. Bach and Bolton's consistencies are examples of the kinds of categories that I think of when I think of this tradition. A very different view holds that we make judgments on the basis of similarity to exemplars. (An exemplar is a memorable example.) A person can learn arbitrarily many exemplars. Experts have probably learned many more than nonexperts and so they make better evaluations. One of the most interesting experiments in Lee's lab required the experimental subject to make a judgment (saying which category something belonged to) and explain the judgment. The subjects in the experiments described what they said were their decision rules to explain each choice. But over a long series of decisions, you can ask whether these rules actually describe the judgments being made. The answer was negative. The subject would describe a rule that recently he hadn't followed and that he would again not follow later. Instead, the more accurate predictor of his decisions was the similarity of the thing he was categorizing to other things he had previously categorized. It appeared that unconscious processing was going on, but it was nonanalytic (similarity-based), not analytic (rule-based). I found, and still find, this line of results persuasive.
A list can be useful as a heuristic device, as a tool that helps you consciously think about a problem, whether the list describes the actual underlying psychology of testing or not.
But if it is to be a good heuristic device, it has to be more useful than not. As a tool for teaching oracles as part of test design, my experience is that the consistency list fails the utility criterion.
I don't have any scientific research to back up my conclusion, just a lot of personal experience. But when dealing with a heuristic device that is not backed up by any scientific research (just a lot of personal experience), I get to rely on what I've got.
I first saw Doug talk about oracles in 1998, at Quality Week. That was the start of a long series of publications on oracles and the use of oracles in test automation. Along with the papers, I have the benefit of having taught courses on test automation with Doug and having talked at length with him while he struggled to get his ideas on paper.
There are a lot of incomplete oracles available. Given that we have to rely on incomplete oracles (because no oracles are complete), we should think about what combinations of oracles we can use to learn interesting things about the software.
Doug's work was so striking that we opened the Fifth Los Altos Workshop on Software Testing with it. That meeting became an intense, 2-day long, moderated debate between Doug and James Bach. We learned so much about managing difficult debates in that meeting that we were able to create what I think of as the current structure of LAWST, adopted in LAWST 6.
Doug has published several lists of specific types of oracles. Unfortunately, each of the ones I've read has its own idiosyncrasies that can be confusing, so I won't try to restate them. Instead, I'll work from BBST-Foundations-2013 (in preparation), which refines a list that I prepared for the current BBST Foundations with Doug's coaching.
We use the constraint oracle to check for impossible values or impossible relationships. For example an American ZIP code must be 5 or 9 digits. If you see something that is non-numeric or some other number of digits, it cannot be a ZIP code. A program that produces such a thing as a ZIP code has a bug.
We use the regression oracle to check results of the current test against results of execution of the same test on a previous version of the product.
We use self-verifying data as an oracle. In this case, we embed the correct answer in the test data. For example, if a protocol specifies that when a program sends a message to another program, the other one will return a specific response (or one of a few possible responses), the test could include the acceptable responses. An automated test would generate the message, then check whether the response was in the list or was the specific one in the list that is expected for this message under this circumstance.
We use a physical model as an oracle when we test a software simulation of a physical process. For example, does the movement of a character or object in a game violate the laws of gravity?
We use a business model the same way we use a physical model. If we have a model of a system, we can make predictions about what will happen when events X take place. The model makes predictions. If the software emulates the business process as we intend, it should give us behavior that is consistent with those predictions. Of course, as with all heuristics, if the program "fails" the test, it might be the model that is wrong.
We use a statistical model to tell us that a certain behavior or sequence of behaviors is very unlikely, or very unlikely in response to a specific action. The behavior is not impossible, but it is suspicious. We can test whether the actual behavior in the test is within the tolerance limits predicted by the model. This is often useful for looking for patterns in larger sets of data (longer sequences of tests). For example, suppose we expect an eCommerce website to get 80% of its customers from the local area, but in beta trials of its customer-analysis software, the software reports that 70% of the transactions that day were from far away. Maybe this was a special day, but probably this software has a bug. If we can predict a statistical pattern (correlations among variables, for example), we can check for it.
We use a state model to specify what the program does in response to an input that happens when it is in a known state. A full state model specifies, for every state the program can be in, how the program will respond (what state it will transition to) for every input.
We can build an interaction model to help us test the interaction between this program and another one. The model specifies how that program will behave in response to events in (actions of) this program and how this program will behave in response to actions of the other program. The automaton triggers the action, then checks the expected behavior.
We use calculation oracles to check the calculations of a program. For example, if the program adds 5 numbers, we can use some other program to add the 5 numbers and see what we get. Or we can add the numbers and then successively subtract one at a time to see if we get a zero.
The inverse oracle is often a special case of a calculation oracle (the square of the square root of 2 should be 2) but not always. For example, imagine taking a list that is sorted low to high, sorting it high to low and then sorting it low to high. Do we get back the same list?
The reference program generates the same responses to a set of inputs as the software under test. Of course, the behavior of the reference program will differ from the software under test in some ways (they would be identical in all ways only if they were the same program). For example, the time it takes to add 1000 numbers might be different in the reference program versus the software under test, but if they ultimately yield the same sum, we can say that the software under test passed the test.
You can probably imagine lots of other possibilities for this list.
What is special about these oracles is that they are programmable. You can create automated tests that will check the behavior of the program against the result predicted by (or predicted against by) any of these oracles or by any (well, probably, almost any) combination of these oracles.
one oracle predicts how long an operation should take (or a range of possibility). If the program takes substantially more or less time, that's a problem.
another oracle might predict the amount of free memory, or at least might tell you whether a large data set (or memory-intensive calculation) should fit in memory. If so, you can detect memory leaks this way.
No matter what combination you choose, you will miss some types of errors. You cannot test all the dimensions of the result of a test with any oracle or any combination of oracles. But if you test a feature by machine using some oracles, then when you test that feature with a human painstakingly designing and running each test individually, that person will know that she doesn't have to waste time checking whether certain types of bugs are there or not, because if they were there, the automaton would already have exposed them.
Suppose you have written a test tool that allows you to feed commands and data to Microsoft Excel and to Open Office Calc and to see the results. The test tool is complete, and it works correctly. You have been asked to test a new version of Calc and told to automate all of your testing. What oracles would you use to help you find bugs? What types of information would you expect to get with each oracle?
Note: Don't just echo back a consistency heuristic. Be specific in your description of a relevant oracle and of the types of information or bugs that you expect.
Look back at the Hoffman list and think of what oracles you could use for this test, to facilitate extensive automated testing.
Now look further back to the Bach / Bolton list and think of what oracles their lists suggests, that would work well for designing extensive automated testing.
For me, the Hoffman list works better. (And if I thought about additional oracles that were specific enough to support automation, I would add them to the Hoffman list, growing it into something that gets longer and longer the more I use it.) What about for you?
I both agree and disagree, and here are some scattered thoughts.
I don't define the oracle afterwards, but I have noticed it is possible if you want. I might use them to explain or strengthen my arguments.
However, this is very difficult to teach.
In the teaching I do (mainly higher vocational studies together with Henrik Emilsson), the Bach/Bolton list has been very useful in teaching how to think as a tester. It is not a complete and perfect list, but it speeds the learning of how to evaluate software. It is effective for those who think requirements are necessary, and for those that believe their own opinion is right.
It is part of our Introduction, not test design.
I agree the Hoofman/Kaner list is more fruitful in the exam example, but I would add a question: "How would you test this?" before the oracle questions, and hope that would steer the thinking better.
On the other hand, when considering the question with in web browser (BBST Foundation), isn't the Bach/Bolton more useful?
Maybe both lists can be used, and start with the one most suitable for the students?
Or to generalize, choose Bach/Bolton if manual testing is primary focus, and Hoffman/Kaner if machine-interpretation is more important.
I agree that the Hoffman list is better suited for automation, mostly due to being more focused.
But I can not agree that Bach/Bolton list is not helpful for designing tests.
testing scope. For that I would use the Bach/Bolton consistency heuristics, in order to understand the change and its impact on the product, its claims, purpose, etc.
And then I would go into automating my tests and using the Hoffman list do help me design them.
And whenever I find a possible problem I can then use both lists to figure out if I have a problem, in the product or in my oracles.
Using either list effectively means that it needs to be updated according to project specifics.
The more detailed and focused the list of heuristics is the more it needs to be adapted to the current project.
Bach/Bolton list is more generic, thus needing thinking testers to use them with their full potential.
They need to expand the heuristics to bring them to the level for using in daily testing, be it manual or automation.
I understand your reasoning, and I think your comment reflects James Bach's point of view to a large degree. But I'm writing as a teacher who has gained a lot of experience with this material. I am evaluating it as instructional material. My responsibility is to decide what is instructionally effective and what is not instructionally effective, and to replace the stuff that doesn't work with other stuff that does.
It is easy to blame the students–to say they are not "thinking testers" or that they are lazy or uncreative– for not being inspired to use these materials "with their full potential." But I've worked with a lot of very bright, very hardworking students. They range from young university students who have no work experience all the way through very experienced practitioners.
When these students (including the ones I consider my best students) make the same problems again and again, or miss the same points again and again, my conclusion cannot be that they are not "thinking testers." My conclusion has to be that it is time for me to do something else.
This is an excellent example of the type of response Cem is bemoaning. It's not that the consistency heuristics are incorrect or a problem in themselves. It's not that they can't be used to eventually sort out oracle mechanisms. It's that students (and employees) starting there rarely ever get to the point of actually designing oracles or automated tests. The consistency heuristics are principles that a human may apply. They aren't mechanisms that a computer can execute.
I don't understand what automated tests the consistency heuristics helped you design. It seems that they have led you completely away from addressing the Exam Question. I might reframe the problem as: "the boss has told you that your job is to automate all of your tests for the new version of Open Office Calc." [You may assume other people are doing any other testing.] A simple specification I've seen for OO Calc is that it does what Microsoft Excel does. If it's my boss, I'm done worrying about the change, impacts, claims, purpose, etc., and now I need to do the job I've been assigned: design a set of automated tests and an automated means to check the program behavior.
By starting with the consistency heuristics you have missed actually designing any tests. You dismiss the problem altogether by saying "then I would go into automating my tests and using the Hoffman list do help me design them." OK. It's really easy to say that you will do something, but your boss is still waiting.
Your boss further clarified that (s)he didn't want to hear a consistency heuristic, but that you should describe the specific oracle and the types of information or bugs you expect that automated oracle to provide you with. What oracle(s) did you describe? What information or bugs are you looking for?
I think the assignment is clear, but I don't see any answer to the questions asked.


...and then roll to avoid shitting yourself.
Now that the Spaniards are out of the way, it's time to move on to the British.
There are not as many of them as I'd thought, but there's still enough to be a somewhat daunting task.
They'll do three battalions of infantry, four of cavalry of various sorts, and four guns (representing four batteries). Plus, there are sets for Wellington (and staff), Hill (or maybe Picton — there's a top-hat present), and the idiot cavalryman whose name I've temporarily forgotten. Uxbridge, that's right.
I'll get them all primed black, and then tackle them one battalion at a time.
One of my dragoons appears to have lost the top half of his head.
It's OK though; I don't think it will have much impact on his military usefulness.
And now that I see them close up, I notice that the guy on the left doesn't have a face.
Today I finished off the last of the Heroics & Ros 6mm Napoleonic Spanish that I got from the last Christchurch Wargaming Club bring-&-buy. I've had pretty long breaks between bouts of painting these things, because frankly, I find this production-line stuff pretty boring.
Once they're based up — this lot will make four or five bases of line infantry and twenty half-bases of skirmishers, and I have another four-base battalion of infantry and a couple of batteries of artillery already done — I'll get on and make a start on my Napoleonic British. I haven't done an accurate count, but I'd say there's probably about five or six times as many of those as I have Spanish, so it may take a wee while to finish them. And then I suppose I'll have to get some French, since otherwise they'll all just have to fight amongst themselves.
I'm basing them on 40 x 20 mm MDF bases, with the intention of using them with the Black Powder rules. I'm casting my mind back, and I do believe that I've actually never done any Napoleonic gaming at all, so it's probably about time.
Turns out they're not the last of the Spanish. I found some cavalry that I'd overlooked; a couple of packs of lancers and dragoons. So, now I have to find out what they looked like so I can paint them.
I've based up this lot, and they're shown here with one of the skirmisher stands out in front.
The flags are somewhat huge; I've exaggerated the size so that my decrepit eyes can distinguish them on the wargames table. They're images downloaded from the internet, printed on my laser printer, and glued to brass pins stuck into the MDF base. I added a little bit of gold paint and some shading.
These are the cavalry I found, now painted and almost ready to go. At the back we have dragoons, the Villa Viciosa, and in front lancers, the Voluntarios de España. Though perhaps, considering the level of my knowledge of these things, we should just call them Yellow and Green Horsey-men.
Because it's winter here, my workroom is bloody cold. That means that everything takes longer: glue dries more slowly, varnish dries more slowly, and therefore basing these guys properly is going to be spread over a couple of days instead of hours. I had to brush the Villa Viciosa pretty vigorously because the flock was sticking a bit to their varnish, which is not as well cured as I thought it was, so I've delayed flocking the Voluntarios until later — I've brought them all into the warm, hopefully to accelerate the process a bit.
I picked up a few Games Workshop 28mm Empire Knights from the bargain bin* quite a few years ago, and then did nothing with them.
You will observe that I've left him gloss varnished. That's because it brings out the colours; matte varnish tends to subdue them.
* If they hadn't been in the bargain bin I'd never have gone near them. GW's pricing is ludicrously high.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Where was the scene? Fortnite has an area on the map called "The Block." At regular intervals buildings are published there, the players design themselves. In the Battle Royale you can then enter the structures, they are part of the game and are part of the current map, the Fortnite Battle Royale is gambled by millions of players. On…


This mahogany-veneered tea caddy, with two tin-lined pigeon holes and cut-crystal bowl (added later), comes to us from the family of Wake Forest College Professor William Bailey Royall, and dates to the late 19th century.
Donated by descendant Margaret McClure, the tea caddy– or teabox– was once a common part of everyday life. An elegant accessory, the caddy was essentially a small cabinet designed to keep dried tea leaves fresh and safe prior to use.
This particular artifact is outfitted with a pair of removable canisters flanking the central mixing bowl. As the box can be attributed to the Royall family, there is a strong likelihood it has a historic link to the Town of Wake Forest. For that reason, it will soon appear among the period furnishings of the dining room or parlor in the restored Calvin Jones House.
A resident of N. Main Street (then Faculty Avenue), William Bailey Royall was among the college's most notable instructors. As professor of Greek, he taught at Wake Forest College through the latter half of the 1800s and past the turn of the century, finally retiring in the early 1900s after a career spanning nearly sixty years.
The tea caddy was passed down by his granddaughter, Peggy Royall Hinck, who often traveled from her home in New Jersey to visit her aging grandfather during the last years of his life.
Dr. Royall remains the longest serving Wake Forest faculty member to date.
This entry was posted on October 11, 2013 by wakeforestmuseum in Period Furnishings and tagged 19th century tea caddy, Calvin Jones House, Royall Family, Wake Forest, William Bailey Royall.


This collection was designed for the intention of simplifying cold weather everyday-wear. I find my own closet to be lacking in basic, foundational cold weather garments. The type of garments that are in no need of extra layering, but can simply be worn on their own or paired with the basics already in your wardrobe to create a simple yet sophisticated and complete outfit.
I had goals for this collection to be filled with not only silhouettes that are classic, purposeful, and functional but also fibers and fabrics that were sustainable and that would actually keep you warm during those cold winter days.
My first step in beginning to brainstorm this collection was to analyze the spring and summer collection to see what I wanted to "winterize". There were many pieces from this past spring and summer that became staples for me and were worn multiple times a week!
Once a bare structure of silhouettes (tops, bottoms, dresses) was formed I began my search for special fibers. I didn't want to use the same old fabrics that everyone wears every fall and winter (except wool because you can't escape the wonderfulness of wool, right?). I wanted to find fabrics that were going to last and feel amazing against the skin.
And thus the research began.
I ordered sample after sample after sample. Yardage after yardage. I tested, washed, wore, washed again, wore again and re-patterned. I came across a lot of amazing fabrics.
Pairing the fabrics with the design was slightly difficult but I am very happy with the end result.
This collection contains cotton canvas, a super durable and tough fabric that is wind-resistant and very sleek looking-even though after a long day it wrinkles. We also are carrying cotton twill, ivory raw silk, and a American made wool!
In this collection you will find easy to style basics that will pair beautifully with what you already have hanging in your closet. We even included a few beautiful silk Dupioni garments guaranteed to be a hit at any party or get together!


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Blessed2 Play
Blessed2Play - 01/10/2021 - Molly Bent
This week's guest is Molly Bent who played women's basketball for the nations #1 basketball team at the University of...
Blessed2Play - 12/27/2020 - Best of Alexis Lewis
This week's Blessed2Play collegiate spotlight show features Alexis Lewis who plays Division 1 basketball for the Seton Hall...
Blessed2Play - 12/20/2020 - Best of Ron Fazio
This week's guest is Ron Fazio former college and NFL player. Find out how a former bouncer, actor and football player became...
Blessed2Play - 12/13/2020 - Best Of Linda Cimino
This week's guest is Linda Cimino head women's basketball coach at St. Francis University Brooklyn. Host Ron Meyer talks with...
Blessed2Play - 12/05/2020 - Best of Lou Holtz
Listen in to this week's Best of Blessed 2 Play as Ron Meyer interviews Coach Lou Holtz!
Blessed2Play - 11/29/2020 - Best of Steve Lavin
Today's guest is Steve Lavin who can be seen on FS1, Turner, and CBS as a college basketball analyst. Host Ron Meyer talks...
Blessed2Play "Blessed 2 Play" is sports radio with heart & soul! Uncovering the role that faith plays in the lives of athletes and sports professionals, host Ron Meyer shines a spotlight on the world of sports and the motivation behind life on and off the field.
Mixing salvation with sports, Ron Meyer hosts a different type of talk radio on EWTN. His Blessed 2 Play interviews notable athletes and sports personalities to better understand the role faith plays in their lives. His guests have included quarterback Philip Rivers, coach Lou Holtz and many other figures in the world of sports, where they share their personal stories with listeners on over 300 affiliated stations. Ron is a competitive athlete who played college and semi-pro baseball, won state and regional racquetball titles and has run competitively in half marathons. Ron studied communications and journalism at Franciscan University in Steubenville, and earned his MBA from Point Park University in Pittsburgh. His book, "More Than Talent" is available on Amazon.


My Daily News And Views: 50 Million Trees Planting in 24 hours - Uttar Pradesh Creates World Record !!
50 Million Trees Planting in 24 hours - Uttar Pradesh Creates World Record !!
A good news comes from the India's biggest state Uttar Pradesh. The people of UP have planted 50 million trees in just 24 hours. This is a new Guinness World Record. The previous record was held by Pakistan which planted 8,47,275 trees n 24 hours duration back in 2013. I hope this record will very difficult to beat. Even if some country or organization beats this one, it's a good news again for the world. Kudos to the people. It clearly shows the 'collective power' of people.


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Last edited by Araramar
Wednesday, August 5, 2020 | History
2 edition of Scotland delineated found in the catalog.
Robert Heron
by Robert Heron
Published 1975 by J. Thin in Edinburgh .
Scotland -- Description and travel -- Early works to 1800.,
Scotland -- Guidebooks.
Statement R. Heron.
LC Classifications DA870 .H47 1975
As a child Iain Crichton Smith was raised speaking Gaelic on the island of Lewis. At school in Stornoway he spoke English. Like many islanders before and since, his culture was divided: two languages, two histories entailing exile, a central theme of his stories in both tongues. His divided perspective delineated the tyranny of history [ ]. Publishing is alive and well in Scotland. Most, but not all, of the writers on this list are Scottish (some are only Scotland-based), but they each explore aspects of Scottish culture and identity.
The focus of this study is court literature in early sixteenth-century England and Scotland. The author examines courtly poetry and drama in the context of a complex system of entertainment, education, self-fashioning, dissimulation, propaganda and patronage. through close readings of selected verse, delineated and discussed in chapter Author: Jon Robinson. The Winter Sea will appeal in spades to fans of Mary Stewart and Diana Gabaldon. Angieville This book had it all: romance, intrigue, mystery, historical fiction, kick-ass location, and a storyline that made me not want to put the book down/5(K).
Basilius Besler's Hortus Eystettensis William Hamilton's Campi Phlegraei; Observations on the Volcanos of the two Sicilies as they have been communicated to the Royal Society of London Auctions John Gould's Birds of Asia Giovanni Baptista Ferrari's Flora overo Cultura di Fiori Sebastian Munster's Cosmographey: das ist, Beschreibung Aller Länder Thomas L. . The region, delineated by the Highland Boundary fault, begins just a minute drive or so from Glasgow and extends all the way to Scotland's northern tip. Most organized day tours follow routes up the Central and West Highland regions, incorporating Oban, the breathtakingly beautiful valley of Glencoe, the National Heritage Site of Rannoch.
Original tables to 137 decimal places of NaturalLogarithms for the factors of the form [One plus or minus n point 10to the power minus p]....
Liverpool soundings.
Meters for measuring water and industrial fluids
Clothing manufacturers - major.
Whynona Yates, Edmonton Art Gallery, September 2 - October 2, 1973.
[The Diseases and casualties this weeke]
Strategic outsourcing
annotated glossary of folk medicines used by some Amerindians in Guyana
Secondary legislation of the European Communities
Effective cleaning and disinfection
Persistence in higher education
blighted flower and other stories
The quest of the Argus
Virginia reconsidered
STRAIGHT TALK ABOUT PARENTS (High School Help Line)
Scotland delineated by Robert Heron Download PDF EPUB FB2
Genre/Form: Early works Guidebooks Early works to Additional Physical Format: Online version: Heron, Robert, Scotland delineated. Edinburgh: J. Thin. Scotland Delineated: Or A Geographical Description Of Every Shire In Scotland, For The Use Of Young Persons [Heron, Robert] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
Scotland Delineated: Or A Geographical Description Of Every Shire In Scotland, For The Use Of Young Persons. Prior to Scotland Delineated, Harding published several other popular series of plates, including Sketches at Home and Abroad (), The Park and the Forest (), with images drawn on the stone with a brush instead of the usual crayon, producing a soft textured look of aquatints— a technique later called "lithotint," especially useful.
Scotland delineated [John Parker Lawson] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying : John Parker Lawson. The Hogwarts Express goes across the Glenfinnan Viaduct, in Scotland. It is mentioned in the books." "Hogwarts. It is the finest school of Witchcraft and Wizardry in the world and is run by the finest Headmaster Hogwarts has ever had, Albus Dumbledore.
Logically it had to be set in a secluded place, and pretty soon I settled on Scotland in my. OCLC Number: Notes: Vol. 1: S., 36 Taf.; Vol. 2: S.55 Taf. Die meisten Taf. sind unterhalb des Bildes von Hand nachträglich signiert, andere. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Scotland Delineated or a Geographical Description of Every Shire in Scotla at the best online prices at eBay.
Free shipping for many products. Scotland genre: new releases and popular books, including A Stroke of Malice by Anna Lee Huber, How the Penguins Saved Veronica by Hazel Prior, City Spie. The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and Delineated: The Archæological and Historical Section, Volume 1 Volume 1 of The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and Delineated, George Vere Irving The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and Delineated: The Archæological and Historical Section, George Vere Irving: Publisher: T.
Murray and son, Scotland Delineated, Or, A Geographical Description Of Every Shire In Scotland, Including The Northern And Western Isles: With Some Account Of The Antiquities, And Present State Of The Country: : Heron, Robert: Libros en idiomas extranjerosFormat: Tapa blanda.
The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and Delineated, Volume 2 The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and Delineated, George Vere Irving Volume 2 of The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and Delineated: The Archæological and Historical Section, George Vere Irving: Author: George Vere Irving: Publisher: T.
Murray and son, Original from. The University of Guelph's Scottish collection is one of the finest in the world. Interest in building Scottish and Scottish-Canadian holdings began after when the University of Guelph was established.
Over the years, the Library has established rare. The Story of Scotland (Richard Brassey and Stewart Ross, ). This humorous, comic-book style history book will engage young travelers. This Is Edinburgh (Miroslav Sasek,updated ). Vivid illustrations bring the Scottish capital to life in this classic picture book.
The Water Horse (). In this film based on a book of the same. The Scottish Book (Polish: Księga Szkocka) was a thick notebook used by mathematicians of the Lwów School of Mathematics in Poland for jotting down problems meant to be solved. The notebook was named after the "Scottish Café" where it was ally, the mathematicians who gathered at the cafe would write down the problems and equations directly on the cafe's.
Scotland Delineated, in a Series of Views [text] by John Parker Lawson (London: Joseph Hogarth, Edinburgh:Alexander Crichton, Dublin: Hodges & Smith, ), vol.
1 by James Duffield Harding, Multiple Artists A work from the collections of the de Young and Legion of Honor museums of San Francisco, CA. Buy Scotland delineated by Lawson, John Parker (ISBN:) from Amazon's Book Store.
Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible : John Parker Lawson. The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and Delineated, Volume 3 The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and Delineated, George Vere Irving Volume 3 of The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and Delineated: The Archæological and Historical Section, George Vere Irving: Publisher: T.
Murray and son, Original from: the New York Public. : A Set of Fifty New and Correct Maps of England and Wales. [bound with: IBID] Scotland delineated or Thirty Six New and correct Maps of North Britain [and: IBID] A set of Twenty New and Correct Maps of Ireland.: The first English atlas of Scotland Together three works bound in one volume.
4to ( by mm), engraved general. Walter Scott was the father of the historical novel and the man responsible for our Romantic vision of Scotland – tartans, bagpipes, noble Highlanders and all. Waverley was the original historical novel, widely celebrated when published in It tells the story of Edward Waverley, a young English soldier who visits Jacobite friends of his family in the : Matthew Keyte.
Lawson also edited in the first two volumes of Robert Keith's History of the Affairs of Church and State in Scotland for the Spottiswoode Society, and wrote the letterpress for Clarkson Stanfield and James Duffield Harding's Scotland Delineated, Edinburgh, – The Book of Perth: An Illustration of the Moral and Ecclesiastical State.
Barnes & Noble Press. Publish your book with B&N. Learn More. The B&N Mastercard® 5% Back on All B&N Purchases. Learn More. Barnes & Noble Café. Relax and Refuel. Visit BN Café.
Become a B&N Member. Members Save Every Day. Learn More.Magnus Magnusson – Scotland: The Story of a Nation A vivid look at Scotland's long and difficult road to nationhood, re-exploring some cherished myths and unearthing a wealth of fascinating new detail.
Magnus Magnusson's starting-point is Sir Walter Scott's classic version of Scotland's history, "Tales of a Grandfather".Land, Faith and the Crofting Community: Christianity and Social Criticism in the Highlands of Scotland By (author) Allan W. Maccoll. This book probes the deep-rooted links between the land, the people and the religious culture of the Scottish Highlands and Islands in the nineteenth century.
certifiedneighborhoodspecialist.com - Scotland delineated book © 2020


Some Time in New York City is a studio album by John Lennon with Yoko Ono and the Plastic Ono Band, and paired with the live album Live Jam as a double album.
Released in 1972, it is Lennon's third post-Beatles solo album, fifth with Ono, and third with producer Phil Spector. Some Time in New York City fared poorly critically and commercially compared to Lennon's previous two albums, John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band and Imagine.
John Lennon and Yoko Ono moved to New York City in September 1971 and continued their involvement in political, peace and social justice causes of the counterculture era. When they eventually settled in Greenwich Village, in October, they were quickly contacted by activists Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman who persuaded them to appear at a rally for left-wing writer John Sinclair, who was jailed for possession of two marijuana joints. The Lennons also spoke out on the Attica Prison riots, jailing of Angela Davis and oppression of women. On 12 November, Lennon taped numerous demos of "The Luck of the Irish", which was filmed, and titled Luck of the Irish – A Videotape by John Reilly. On 9 December, Lennon and Ono flew to Ann Arbor, Michigan, for the John Sinclair rally, which was due to start the following day. On the morning before the rally, Lennon was recorded playing the song "Chords of Fame" with Phil Ochs. At the rally itself, Lennon and Ono played tracks that would end up on Some Time in New York City: "Attica State", "The Luck of the Irish", "Sisters O Sisters" and "John Sinclair". The performance was filmed, and included in the short film Ten for Two which was shown at Ann Arbor sometime in December.
Angela is a 1995 film, Rebecca Miller's directorial debut. It won awards at the Sundance Film Festival, the Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film and the Gotham Awards.
This film is the story of a young girl and her quest to "purify" herself. Angela (Miranda Stuart Rhyne) is a 10-year-old girl trying to cope with a dysfunctional family. Her parents are former performers who have resigned themselves to the loss of their dreams. They are now having problems in their relationship. Her mother Mae (Anna Thomson) has drastic mood shifts that bring her from manic happiness to utter misery. Her father Andrew (John Ventimiglia) tries to hold everyone together, but Mae's vacillations are becoming more than he can manage.
Angela tries to cope by inventing an imaginary universe of 'order' for herself and her little sister. Left to figure out everything for themselves, she grabs at scraps of religion, superstition, and fantasy to try to make some sense out of the world and understand the difference between good and evil.


Several neurophysiologic and neuroimaging studies suggested that motor and perceptual systems are tightly linked along a continuum rather than providing segregated mechanisms supporting different functions. Using correlational approaches, these studies demonstrated that action observation activates not only visual but also motor brain regions. On the other hand, brain stimulation and brain lesion evidence allows tackling the critical question of whether our action representations are necessary to perceive and understand others' actions. In particular, recent neuropsychological studies have shown that patients with temporal, parietal, and frontal lesions exhibit a number of possible deficits in the visual perception and the understanding of others' actions. The specific anatomical substrates of such neuropsychological deficits however, are still a matter of debate. Here we review the existing literature on this issue and perform an anatomic likelihood estimation meta-analysis of studies using lesion-symptom mapping methods on the causal relation between brain lesions and non-linguistic action perception and understanding deficits. The meta-analysis encompassed data from 361 patients tested in 11 studies and identified regions in the inferior frontal cortex, the inferior parietal cortex and the middle/superior temporal cortex, whose damage is consistently associated with poor performance in action perception and understanding tasks across studies. Interestingly, these areas correspond to the three nodes of the action observation network that are strongly activated in response to visual action perception in neuroimaging research and that have been targeted in previous brain stimulation studies. Thus, brain lesion mapping research provides converging causal evidence that premotor, parietal and temporal regions play a crucial role in action recognition and understanding.


On March 29, Herkenrode Abbey in Hasselt will celebrate the completion of a 15-year renovation with a day of free access, guided tours and the unveiling of a new, permanent artwork on the site of the former abbey church.
The day's festivities mark not just the end of the renovation work but the beginning of a new era for the Flemish heritage site. All of the existing buildings are now accessible to the public, offering more functionality for visitors. Also, the parts of the abbey that have long since disappeared are now evoked through landscape elements and new constructions, thereby completing the picture of the former abbey.
Herkenrode was a Cistercian abbey that for 600 years was an important religious, economic and political center. Founded by the Counts of Loon, it later fell under the jurisdiction of the Prince-Bishop of Liège. The abbesses came from influential, local families, and oversaw huge estates that encompassed lands and farms scattered all over the Kempen and Haspengouw, as well as refuges in Hasselt and Sint-Truiden.
Previous visitors to Herkenrode will already be familiar with the impressive, monumental gatehouse which still serves as the entryway to the site. This 16th-century building and the adjacent porter's lodge have been newly renovated and will now function as a reception hall and conference center. The large room over the gateway is suitable for lectures and presentations.
Award-winning children's book publisher Clavis moved into the renovated former stables next to the porter's lodge in 2014. Along with the company's offices, there's also a colorful concept store that's open to the public, and an educational center for children operated in conjunction with PXL-Education, the teacher-training college in Hasselt.
The stables, tenant farmer's house and tithe barn form a U-shaped ensemble that constitutes the largest surviving building complex of the abbey. Accessed through the central doorway of the Neoclassical tenant's house, the visitor's center is an interactive museum that tells the story of the abbey from its founding in the twelfth century through modern times. It opened in 2012. The monumental tithe barn is available to hire for events and parties.
These buildings, which until now have been the focus of the public's experience, formed the agricultural part of the abbey. In essence, this was the farm that supported and fed the nuns. "In the past, people thought the existing buildings were the heart of the abbey, but they weren't," according to Ginny Haesevoets, City of Hasselt's Coordinator for the abbey site. The historic heart of Herkenrode disappeared nearly two hundred years ago.
Located to the left of the gatehouse, as you entered the abbey, the most important buildings were the cloister with adjacent nuns' quarters, the abbey church and the nearby guest house. Parts of the nuns' dormitories and the sacristy adjoining the church still survive, but the church and cloister together formed the spiritual and symbolic heart of the community. The church burned down in 1826, during a period when it housed a textile factory.
"The Quiet View", a work by Brussels-based artist Hans Op de Beeck, occupies the spot where the abbey church once stood. The massive structure appears from the outside to be a gray, rectangular box, nearly featureless aside from evenly spaced vertical ribs on its exterior surface. It presents a stark contrast with the warm brick and sandstone of the historic buildings.
New cobblestone paths and tiled pavements give access to the historic heart and serve to indicate the location of now-vanished buildings. Across from where the church once stood, the former horse stables house a brand-new restaurant, De Paardenstallen, with both indoor and outdoor seating. For the first time in hundreds of years, visitors can enjoy a meal at the abbey.
At the rear of the site, two buildings that formed part of an extensive craftsmen's quarter have also been recently renovated. The "fisher's house" will once again house personnel and service functions, while the old watermill on the Demer river is still awaiting a new use. No trace remains of the bakery, tannery and brewery that served the abbey.
Herkenrode Abbey has long been one of my favorite spots in Hasselt, a place where I love to bring visitors from out of town. You can easily spend an afternoon soaking up history in the visitor's center and strolling through the beautiful gardens. With the addition of a site-specific artwork and a restaurant–not to mention the end of the renovation work–Herkenrode becomes an even more attractive destination for an outing.
Now it's ready for the next hundred years or so.


These Under Armour Undeniable Backpacks are just $38 shipped (Was $69.99).
Just use the coupon code PZY38 during the checkout process to bring the price down to $38 with FREE Shipping.
This coupon code expires 8/27/2018 or while supplies last. I imagine this offer will sell out quickly, so don't wait if this is something that you want.


Question: I have an employee who has been out on worker's compensation since 6/16/05 due to an OJT accident. She was released to part-time duty 9/23/05 and is still only working 1/2 days. She has exhausted her FMLA leave. How long must we keep her on w/c status as a pt worker when her position requires full-time capability. Her position is that of sales trainer and we are now reaching critical mass in our training requirements as well as needing to hire additional staff to handle our training requirements. Please advise. Thank you.
You are under no obligation to return this person to the same job if she was released to return to work on a part-time basis. Even with FMLA, if the individual is on a reduced schedule leave, you have the option of transferring her to another position during the period of time she is on the reduced schedule.
Look within your workplace to see if there is another job she can do that is not as critical as the one she holds now and transfer her to that job. Since she is a sales trainer, can you have her put together the material and schedule the training sessions while having another employee do the training? Look at re-arranging some of the functions others do to see if there is an opportunity to have her add value while giving the actual training duties to another individual.
If nothing is available in the sales training department, look at another department within your organization where she can do part-time work.
Under workers' comp rules, you are also under no obligation to hire her for light or part-time duty if you do not have that type of work available. The problem with this is if you tell her you only have full-time work available and she cannot work a full-time schedule, she will receive more in the form of workers comp payments, which you will pay for in higher premiums later.
Now that her FMLA has expired, you do not have to offer her the same position if she is not able to perform the essential functions of the job – being available for a full-time schedule sounds like it is essential to your business.
Sometimes, you have to be a little more creative in coming up with ways to make these situations work for you.
I hope this helps. Let me know if I can be of additional help.
Thank you so much for your quick response, it is very much appreciated. You've given me some excellent information to enable us to move forward with our planning for the New Year with our training department.


Some router models support WPS but require a pin code.
Log in to the Web Configuration utility. See Accessing the Web Configuration Utility on page 15.
From the menu, click WPS.
Click Get pin code. A unique 8-digit pin code displays, the wireless status light will blink, and a two minute count down begins showing the time you have to connect the printer to your router.
Enter the pin code in your router's settings within the time left to connect. Refer to your router's documentation for where to enter the pin code.


text:
Is Diaphyseal Stem Fixation Necessary for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoporotic Bone (Class C Bone)?
Young Hoo Kim, Jang Won Park, Jun Shik Kim
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
The purpose of this study was to determine the survivorship of the short, metaphyseal-fitting cementless anatomic stem, hip function, thigh pain, and the stress shielding after total hip arthroplasty in 72 patients (81 hips) with Class A bone, 73 patients (83 hips) with Class B bone, and 85 patients (92 hips) with Class C bone. Survival of the femoral stem at 7 years was similar for all 3 classes of bones (100%, 100%, and 98.2%, respectively). At 7 years after the operation, the mean Harris hip scores (95, 93, and 91 points, respectively), WOMAC scores (11, 12, and 15 points, respectively), incidence of thigh pain (none in all 3 groups), radiographic findings and bone mineral density were not significantly different among the 3 groups.
139-146.e1
Class A and B bone
Osteoporotic bone (class c bone)
Short anatomic stem
Total hip arthroplasty
Dive into the research topics of 'Is Diaphyseal Stem Fixation Necessary for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoporotic Bone (Class C Bone)?'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Arthroplasty Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Hip Medicine & Life Sciences 87%
Thigh Medicine & Life Sciences 42%
Bone Density Medicine & Life Sciences 15%
Incidence Medicine & Life Sciences 8%
Kim, Y. H., Park, J. W., & Kim, J. S. (2013). Is Diaphyseal Stem Fixation Necessary for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoporotic Bone (Class C Bone)? Journal of Arthroplasty, 28(1), 139-146.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2012.04.002
Kim, Young Hoo ; Park, Jang Won ; Kim, Jun Shik. / Is Diaphyseal Stem Fixation Necessary for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoporotic Bone (Class C Bone)?. In: Journal of Arthroplasty. 2013 ; Vol. 28, No. 1. pp. 139-146.e1.
@article{458b75d3dcfd40b3a89779a4fe07ae62,
title = "Is Diaphyseal Stem Fixation Necessary for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoporotic Bone (Class C Bone)?",
abstract = "The purpose of this study was to determine the survivorship of the short, metaphyseal-fitting cementless anatomic stem, hip function, thigh pain, and the stress shielding after total hip arthroplasty in 72 patients (81 hips) with Class A bone, 73 patients (83 hips) with Class B bone, and 85 patients (92 hips) with Class C bone. Survival of the femoral stem at 7 years was similar for all 3 classes of bones (100%, 100%, and 98.2%, respectively). At 7 years after the operation, the mean Harris hip scores (95, 93, and 91 points, respectively), WOMAC scores (11, 12, and 15 points, respectively), incidence of thigh pain (none in all 3 groups), radiographic findings and bone mineral density were not significantly different among the 3 groups.",
keywords = "Class A and B bone, Osteoporotic bone (class c bone), Short anatomic stem, Total hip arthroplasty",
author = "Kim, {Young Hoo} and Park, {Jang Won} and Kim, {Jun Shik}",
pages = "139--146.e1",
Kim, YH, Park, JW & Kim, JS 2013, 'Is Diaphyseal Stem Fixation Necessary for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoporotic Bone (Class C Bone)?', Journal of Arthroplasty, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 139-146.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2012.04.002
Is Diaphyseal Stem Fixation Necessary for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoporotic Bone (Class C Bone)? / Kim, Young Hoo; Park, Jang Won; Kim, Jun Shik.
In: Journal of Arthroplasty, Vol. 28, No. 1, 01.2013, p. 139-146.e1.
T1 - Is Diaphyseal Stem Fixation Necessary for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoporotic Bone (Class C Bone)?
AU - Kim, Young Hoo
AU - Park, Jang Won
AU - Kim, Jun Shik
N2 - The purpose of this study was to determine the survivorship of the short, metaphyseal-fitting cementless anatomic stem, hip function, thigh pain, and the stress shielding after total hip arthroplasty in 72 patients (81 hips) with Class A bone, 73 patients (83 hips) with Class B bone, and 85 patients (92 hips) with Class C bone. Survival of the femoral stem at 7 years was similar for all 3 classes of bones (100%, 100%, and 98.2%, respectively). At 7 years after the operation, the mean Harris hip scores (95, 93, and 91 points, respectively), WOMAC scores (11, 12, and 15 points, respectively), incidence of thigh pain (none in all 3 groups), radiographic findings and bone mineral density were not significantly different among the 3 groups.
AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the survivorship of the short, metaphyseal-fitting cementless anatomic stem, hip function, thigh pain, and the stress shielding after total hip arthroplasty in 72 patients (81 hips) with Class A bone, 73 patients (83 hips) with Class B bone, and 85 patients (92 hips) with Class C bone. Survival of the femoral stem at 7 years was similar for all 3 classes of bones (100%, 100%, and 98.2%, respectively). At 7 years after the operation, the mean Harris hip scores (95, 93, and 91 points, respectively), WOMAC scores (11, 12, and 15 points, respectively), incidence of thigh pain (none in all 3 groups), radiographic findings and bone mineral density were not significantly different among the 3 groups.
KW - Class A and B bone
KW - Osteoporotic bone (class c bone)
KW - Short anatomic stem
KW - Total hip arthroplasty
SP - 139-146.e1
Kim YH, Park JW, Kim JS. Is Diaphyseal Stem Fixation Necessary for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoporotic Bone (Class C Bone)? Journal of Arthroplasty. 2013 Jan;28(1):139-146.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2012.04.002


text:
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How do I contact Corpus Christi airport?
Corpus Christi International Airport. Department of Aviation. 1000 International Drive. Corpus Christi, Texas 78406. (361) 289-0171 ext. 1210. Fax (361) 289-0251. Public Safety.
What does the Corpus Christi airport public safety do?
The Corpus Christi International Airport Public Safety (Police, Fire, EMS) is staffed 24 hours each day to provide law enforcement, firefighting and emergency medical services to customers and facilities at the Airport.
When did Corpus Christi International Airport open?
The airport was opened in 1960, and it replaced Cliff Maus Airport. American Eagles, Southwest Airlines, and United Express are the main and the only airlines that serve Corpus Christi International Airport. The airlines bring people from all over the world to Texas. Byvisiting Corpus Christi, you can go a bundle on inexpensive parking.
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It's fast and easy to rent a car at Corpus Christi International Airport. The Rental Car Customer service counters are located in the baggage claim area.
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Why should I hire a life coach if I'm going through a divorce?
Do I need to hire a lawyer if you are my coach?
I am acting fully as a coach, and not an attorney. Although I am technically an attorney and practiced family law in the past, I cannot and will not give you legal advice, or act as your attorney in any way. If you require an attorney in order to get divorced, then you will need to hire one independently from me. I can assist you in this process, and help you figure out who is the best match for you. It's important to note that not everyone decides that they need an attorney. It is possible to get divorced without being represented by an attorney. We can also discuss whether this is the best solution for you in your situation.
How can I afford to hire a life coach during my divorce?
I get it, money is tight during a divorce, and finances are rarely not an issue. Think of this as an investment in yourself, to make sure that you are doing all you can to have the presence of mind to make the best decisions for you and your family. I work with you on the practical and nonlegal aspects of your situation. An attorney focuses solely on the legal aspects of your case. By becoming empowered in your decisions, clear on your path, and focused on your next steps, you will be able to use your attorney where they are best needed, saving lots of money in the long run. Not only will you save money in legal fees, but you will experience growth and transformation in a way that will carry over into other aspects of your life.
Can you help me find a family law attorney?
We can work together to figure out what type of representation you need, what your legal process options are, and what direction you want to go in pursuing your divorce.
Is there a difference between life coaching and therapy?
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text:
Ed Ruscha: Eilshemius & Me
Text by Margaret Iverson, Contributions by Ed Ruscha and Leta Grzan and Viet-Nu Nguyen
Ed Ruscha's Spied Upon Scene series of paintings, begun in 2017, depict majestic mountainscapes resembling the idyllic ranges of travel books, postcards, adventure movies, and the Paramount Pictures logo. These vistas, visible through oval-shaped lenses or window grids, seem to refer to the nineteenth-century tradition of the American Sublime. In fact, their lineage includes an obscure American painter from the turn of the century, Louis Michel Eilshemius (1864-1941), whose use of painted frames became an influence on Ruscha's approach.
Commemorating an exhibition at Gagosian, London, this catalog is the first publication to examine the connections between these two artists' work. Two booklets in a softcover portfolio feature full-color plates and installation views. An interview with Ruscha and an essay by Margaret Iversen explain how Ruscha first encountered Eilshemius's enigmatic paintings, which of the artist's aesthetic innovations captured Ruscha's imagination, and how his own work relates to and differs from that of the "Neglected Marvel" Eilshemius.
Margaret Iversen is professor emerita of art history at the University of Essex and one of the leading international authorities in the field of art theory and contemporary art. Leta Grzan is a director at Gagosian, Beverly Hills. Viet-Nu Nguyen is curator of the Ovitz Family Collection in Los Angeles.
Publish Date: September 15, 2020
Trim Size: 11-1/4 x 9-1/2


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School Age Programs and Camps give children the opportunity to participate in enrichment activities such as arts and crafts, science experiments, cooking, board games, gross motor activities, dramatic play, manipulative games, field trips, homework support, construction projects and free play.
Registration for the 2018-2019 school year begins on July 9.
Our staff is qualified, trained, educated and dedicated to providing quality programs. We are devoted to providing safe, healthy, fun, recreational and educational opportunities for children.
Foothills Before & After School Programs for children in Kindergarten – 6th grades operates Monday through Friday in various locations from 6:45am until school commences and from school dismissal until 6:00pm. We offer a nutritious afternoon snack and include homework time for students.
Foothills offers full day care at our recreation centers during no school days, minimal contact days and school breaks. Specialized activities for the students include swimming, dance, ice skating, cooking, gymnastics and gym use.
before school programs will begin at 8:45 a.m. instead of 6:45 a.m.
Enrollment and payment is completed online using SchoolCare Works Family Portal (use the buttons below). Parents can register for care, schedule attendance calendars and even view or pay billing statements online using this secure portal. This secure site is accessible 24 hours a day, 7 days a week from anywhere with an internet connection.
Additional children enrolled receive a 5% discount off tuition fees for Before & After School Care.
Foothills Park & Recreation District is ready to provide your child with a diverse and enriching camp experience. Our camp program is open from 6:45 a.m. until 6 p.m. and ideal for parents who want a positive experience for their children during the spring, summer and winter breaks.
Camp offerings, details, dates and fees are included in camp booklet.
Tuesday, April 9 at 6:30 a.m.
Friday, April 12 at 6:30 a.m.
Enrollment begins for Families who have previously attended or are currently attending Before & After School Care Program, Preschool or Camps but who do not meet the year round family criteria.
Tuesday, April 16 at 6:30 a.m.
Enrollment begins for all other families.
Parents are required to complete and submit the Enrollment Forms on-line for each child a minimum of 48 business hours prior to attendance. Enrollments received after 5 p.m. will be considered the next day of business. An annual non-refundable Enrollment Fee ($60/child or $80/family) is required at time of enrollment. Annual Enrollment Fee covers programming from June 1 to May 31. Parents or guardians are encouraged to read the Parent Handbook for program and enrollment policies.
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I can't believe how fast four y[ears] has flown by!
We celebrated our fourth year on Instagram with @dressedindisney this past October, and it is so surreal that a simple hashtag formed such an inspiring and empowering community. We are so proud to be a part of something so magical with all of you!
Over 112K of you have shared your Disney style with the hashtag #dressedindisney and your outfits keep inspiring us to live our best magic everyday, no matter where we are.
When I first started our tumblr blog in 2013, I was just hoping to find fellow Disney fans that also had a passion for fashion. I wanted to bring home the magic that I loved so much from the Disney Parks to my everyday life, here in Chicago.
This community has become so much more than a place to share fashion, it has become a place where friendships have formed, trips have been made, and encouragement has been shared.
We have found a space to connect with others who share our Disney obsession. We have met up in the parks and we have met up here in Chicago. Some of y'all have met up across the world, and have made friendships that have gotten you through some pretty tough times.
In Walt's own words, it is fascinating that "it all started with a mouse", and this year that special mouse turns 90 years old!
In a world that tries its best to divide us, it means that much more that something as small as a mouse, can bring us all together and create so much joy.
This journey has been a wild one so far. I can not wait to see where it leads from here.
As always, I love seeing how you are sharing your magic and bringing it home! Thank you so much for sharing your life and magic with me. You will never know just how much it means!


The History Channel filmed a segment on mechanical television, including the CBS field sequential system, for its series Modern Marvels named Modern Marvels - Failed Inventions. They also filmed a segment for their show Modern Marvels -60s Technology, featuring early color television.
In February of 2006 the History Channel sent a crew to videotape a show about mechanical television at the museum. The show, part of their Modern Marvels series, is titled "Failed Inventions", and includes a segment on mechanical television. The show is now being aired.
Donna Chambers, with makeup similar to that used for mechanical TV in the 20s.
In 2007, The History Channel came to the museum and videotaped another segment for a show on 1960s technology, titled Modern Marvels, 60s Technology. The segment describes color television technology. It premieres on May 16, 2007.


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Gold is such a wonderful color that matches beautifully with all colors. This is a very glamorous gold murano piece that would add luster to your favorite table, desk or console.It contains 23 carat gold flecks which give it its amazing luster.
As you can see from my website, I am a major fan of decorating with Murano glass and own several pieces. I love the bubbles and deep rich gold colour which give it a wonderful texture and gleam. Metalic colors go with everything and this piece is a very easy way to add light and color to a table. Tres chic.


Even though they will eventually fall out, your child's temporary teeth are critical part of their oral and general health.
And, just as in the case of adult teeth, temporary teeth can suffer from cavities.
Tooth decayin infants and toddlers is known as "Baby Bottle Tooth Decay", or if you are a dentist, Early Childhood Caries.
Unfortunately, this decay can lead to long-term damage to an infant or toddler's health.
It's important to give infants good oral care to help protect their teeth for the lifetime ahead of them. At Ria Family Dental we want you to know everything you can about the threat of Baby Bottle Tooth Decay, so you can work with us to defeat it! We're giving you 7 tips to avoid baby bottle tooth decay.
Baby bottle decay is regular tooth decay, but in the mouth of a child. Typically, baby bottle tooth decay affects the front upper and lower teeth, but this does not mean it doesn't occur in the teeth that are further back.
Why Worry About Baby Bottle Tooth Decay, After All The Teeth Are Temporary?
The first issue is avoiding dental work. Severely decayed teeth may need to be extracted, despite the fact they are not permanent. And loss of temporary teeth can have negative effects including bad eating habits, speech problems, misaligned teeth, and damaged adult teeth.
Healthy baby teeth, on the other hand, tend to result in healthy permanent teeth.
Speech Development: Have you ever listened to someone who was missing teeth, particularly front ones, try to talk? If your have, you know how much we need teeth in order to speak clearly and properly. This is because properly aligned teeth make speaking easier. And this is true for infants as well. Infants with healthy, well spaced, and more-or-less aligned teeth tend to have the ability to form words and speak clearly. Children with unhealthy, poorly spaced, and misaligned teeth often don't speak properly, and the bad habits they pick up at a young age can follow them through life.
Tooth alignment and position of permanent teeth: Baby teeth function as space-holders for adult teeth and serve as guides for the adult teeth as they erupt into position. If a baby tooth is missing, no matter what the reason, nearby teeth can slide or tilt into the gap. When this happens, a permanent tooth has less room to enter the smile and its eruption can even be completely blocked.
Baby teeth make proper chewing and eating easier: In addition to reducing solid foods to swallowable and digestible pieces, chewing correctly has other valuable outcomes. Tooth loss and/or poor alignment issues can lead to additional stress on the jaw and cause complications, and chewing problems can also interfere with the development of key facial muscles. Improper chewing can even lead to poor nutrition!
The good news is that parents can do a number of things to decrease the risk, and even prevent, baby bottle tooth decay.
Never put a child to bed with a bottle of milk or juice, no matter how much easier it makes the bedtime routine. Decreased saliva, activity, and swallowing means that the liquid sugar will stay on the baby's teeth for hours, eventually causing decay. If your child needs a bottle to fall asleep, fill it with water.
Don't let your child carry bottles of juice or milk with them. Consistent access to sugary liquids leads to the bad habit of constantly sucking on the bottle, and sugar coating the teeth.
Try to never fill bottles with soft drinks, juices, or sugar water.
When your child is about 6 months old, begin to move them to drinking from a cup. By 12 to 14 months a baby with experience drinking from a cup will have an easier time transitioning and weaning off the bottle.
Don't allow extended pacifier use and never put syrup or honey on a pacifier! In fact, NEVER give honey to a baby under 1 year old! Honey is not safe for infants.
Restrict the amount of juice a child consumes and promote healthy eating habits by limiting sweets.
Start cleaning your child's mouth even before teeth come in. Wipe the gums off after each feeding with a warm, wet washcloth or a dampened piece of gauze wrapped around your finger. You can also buy thimble-like, soft rubbery devices (they fit over your index finger) to use for rubbing off excess food.