These are Crane Clan Samurai – one is another Perry Mini the other two are Kenshinzen from AEG's L5R/clan war line.
…and then not really related to birds at all we have a Unicorn Clan shugenja (Iushi Takaai, I think… also from AEG) and another converted West Wind vampire (she's flying… birds fly…?).
The other night I finished up a handful of assorted figures for our upcoming Legends of the Five Rings Campaign on Savage Saturday Night.
These are actually from Perry Miniatures - the first of a few I recently ordered to check them out. They're very nice. I picked up two daimyo command groups to use as general's/camp follower stands to sit in my Samurai DBA camps. I also picked up these – a pack of samurai with swords in everyday clothes and some villagers and townspeople.
The rest are from AEG's L5R/clan war line.
A Scorpion diplomat and two Phoenix Shukenja. The Phoenix shukenja are Isawa Uona and Isawa Tadaka.
I ended up with two packs of Uona and Tadaka – and I may have yet ANOTHER on the way (when you pick these up in lots of 4-6 packs… sometimes you get doubles… or triples…). So I thought I'd paint a second pair of them to make a magician stand for Hordes of the Things.
Alternatively I guess I could field some archers as shooters. It might be a good idea as this army would have a really, really tough time dealing with bad going otherwise… Some Knights, perhaps, as I have a few figures with fully barded horses.
Anyway, that's my initial ideas – if anyone out there is very familiar with the Legends of the Five Rings – particularly Clan War – and have any suggestions, I'm all ears!
No jolly Saint Nick here - he's dressed in red, but if he's sneaking into your house late at night on Xmas eve it's not to leave presents - It'd be to drag you out into the street and behead you - for the good of Emerald Empire!
This is a Scorpion Magistrate from (from AEG's) Legend of the Five Rings. I did the background of the mon in green because I hope someone will be playing this guy as an Emerald or Jade Magistrate on Savage Saturday night.
MORE L5R/Feudal Japanese! I've still mostly been working on organizing and prepping figures that have been arriving over the last few days. Some samurai Cavalry arrived today… adding to the absurdly huge pile o'stuff I already have to paint – and there's more still on the way!
For the first three Tuesdays of December I've had a pretty regular DBA night going on. On the seventh Gary showed up with his snazzy Vikings and Christian stopped by to hammer on them with my Vikings. On the fourteenth Rick and Jackson showed up and played a couple of Normans versus Anglo-Danish games. Finally , this past Tuesday, the twenty-first, Rick and Jackson and Simon (Jackson's cousin) showed up and Rick and Jackson gave simon a bit of an introduction to wargaming!
I can't even remember what happened… I'll have to guess based on the photos… maybe Christian or Gary can post a comment clarifying the situation…?
Gary's Vikings. Gary was defending against the Norman invasion of Scandinavia. I think he might have even been using a Liedang army…? Yeah, it looks like there's multiple bow AND a warband there – so it couldn't have been a regular Viking army!
Gary actually asked to play against Normans because he's curious to find a way for a Norse army to defeat (or at least survive) them. Here he's tried to use terrain to funnel the Normans into a gap.
Norman Knights thundering around the flank – some of them veerig through woods no less!
…and then they tried to take the camp.
Apparently that didn't work so well as there's at least three different pics here with that same stand of Norman Knights trying to ride into the Vikings' camp.
The next week Rick and Jackson showed up. Rick was also keen to try and figure out a way to defeat the power-house Normans and Jackson likes the Knighs and has no issues with handing crushing defeats to his dad time and time again while he tries to figure out new cagey stratagems.
Here are the Normans (played by Jackson) gathering speed to ride down the Anglo-Danish across the field. I think the Anglo-Danish were actually invading Normandy here…!? Must have been BEFORE they planted all those hedge-rows!
This was a very short game. The Norman line wheeled to meet the Anglo detatchemtn on the flank and utterly destroyed them. Game over.
It turned into a bit of a slog-fest.
Eventually the Anglos took down the Norman general and that was it… No crushing defeat for the Anglos this time! HUZZAH!
In game one Simon – who has never played any miniatures games before, chose to have DBA his first game (a sensible young fellow). He even chose DBA over Hordes of the Things! Who says the youth of today have no interest in history!? Not these lads!
Simon took the Normans this time and defended Normandy against some attacking Vikings. Must have been a large raiding party that got a bit cocky! It was short and nasty. Normans lined up. Vikings lined up opposite them. Normans galloped up and rode down the Vikings.
In game #2 Simon again took the Normans and for a second time tried to defend Normandy against another invasion of Vikings. These Vikings were a little cleverer, however, and employed cagey stratagems. I think a couple knights were lost due to unlucky rolls, a couple more were lost because, lacking any real knowledge of the rules – let alone "tactics", Simon allowed a couple to be taken in the flank and destroyed… he seemed keen for more and as He and Jackson were off school for the Christmas break there were ready for more – but I was tired and gave them the punt!
I was hoping I might get some gaming in over the holidaze but it seems like most of the locals are doing stuff with family… Perhaps that might be another avenue for opponents – my own family! Amanda's been known to play some Hordes of the Things and there is no convincing required to get the kids to come downstairs and play with "dad's little men"… Also my friend John should be in town visiting from Calgary so hopefully I'll be able to get a game or two in with him!
As I mentioned before I'm working on finishing off all my Games Workshop plastic Elves (and eventually Dwarves) so I can dispose of them (through trade or sale) as complete HOTT armies.
Now this may seem odd – considering I want to get rid of them – but I just won a GW High Elf archmage on ebay… The thing is I have no GW mages for my elves and it would seem wrong to sell or trade away a "complete" HOTT Elf army without a single magician stand…!?
This is a female samurai from Hasslefree Miniatures painted up in Unicorn Clan colours as I have a feeling Amanda may play a Unicorn Battle Maiden in our Savage Worlds Legend of the Five Rings campaign I'll be starting in the new year.
Two piles of goodies arrived in the mail today… an order of Samurai from Perry Miniatures and some METAL Elvish Knights…. Too many really… I bid on two lots hoping I might win one, but expecting that I wouldn't win either let alone BOTH!!
One lot is ten old-old-old citadel High Elf Illyrian reavers (like, so old that not only are the horses are metal, but the shields and spears are metal and cast on as part of the rider figure himself!?).
A single Ashigaru (as above) and a Crane Clan Kenshinzen (from AEG).
This is a Lion's Pride Samurai from the Legend of the Five Rings.
Anyway these, and the ones immediately below are from Old Glory. The above are from the "Villagers" pack.
A Crane Kenshinzen from AEG's Legend of the Five Rings.
Or maybe a battle report from tonight's game (which will NOT involve Irish…).
Here we go – back to the Dark Ages of Europe! Most of the figures are from Gripping Beast (except for one tucked in the back of one of the Blade Stands which is from Old Glory).
These are optional two stands of Blade for my Norse Irish DBA army. I'm not sure if they're Irish that have fashioned themselves after the invaders… or Vikings "gone native"… or just Viking Mercenaries…. Whatever the case theere's some definite scandahoovian influence there!
Can I stick to the Dark Ages for a bit…? Finish off the Irish…? We shall see…!
These are some "Kuni Witch Hunters" from AEG's Legend of the Five Rings. The Kuni, I believe, are part of the Crab Clan – and so only one is painted in "proper" colours (the one in blue, brown, and red). I'll probably just use these as generic Monk/Shugenja types in our Savage Saturday campaign.
Wow I'm really going to have to step up production over the next couple weeks if I want to reach that goal of painting more than I've purchased. I really shot myself in the foot this week when I bid on three lots of Mega Miniatures. To be brutally honest they're terrible figures… and I don't REALLY have any need for them… but for about $16 I got 64 metal figures (haven't even added them to the purchased total yet as they haven't arrived)!? I'm just a sucker for a "good deal". I guess I could just melt them down… Or slate them as "gifts" to give away… then they wouldn't really "count" towards purchases for myself, right…?!
I did finish up enough Irish last night to complete the two optional Blade stands – just basing them today – pics tomorrow…. This brings me to six stands (having already completed four Psiloi) and the army is half way to being fieldable - six Auxilia to go. Not "finished", mind you – I'd need an additional two Auxilia for that! Let's see if I can finish off these Irish in the next week…. or at least have enough of them for a battle!
The "purchased" total has been starting to creep up again… faster than I'm painting at the present… doh!!
This is a hero from the Dragon Clan of Rokugan! The figure is a Clan War figure from AEG… or WOTC… or Hasbero…!? Or whoever owned the rights to the Legends of the Five Rings when this was produced…!?
The problem with finishing up single figures is that I end up taking pretty close up pictures – which end up being bigger on the computer screen than they actually are – thus affording me the opportunity to torture myself with observations of all the mistakes I've made – that would have otherwise never been noticed by ANYONE!?
Slowly chugging away on some Irish and more L5R/Samurai stuff… I should actually get to have a decent painting night tonight – for the first time in a week…? Or two…? It seems like it!
Wow… December… I have almost a hundred figures to paint to keep the purchased versus painted totals at least even… assuming I purchase no more figures this year… which, given the spree I've been on the last week or two seems unlikely. In fact I know there's at least another 21 foot and 30 mounted on the way – and a few more that I'm bidding on!? Yikes!!
The Armies of Ronarok held in their newly captured stronghold of Wienglenn content to loot and pillage therein for the balance of the year.
The Dwarves retired to their capitol of Ghillebrae, expecting that the Ronarokings would come. But they did not.
The Elves advance towards the fortress of Brashog.
Finally close enough for shooting the elves darken the skies above the orcish line.
The Orc heavy infantry is driven back!
Then things started to go south for the Elves…. Vladimead returned to the battle and wiped out a unot of Elvish archers and the Orc General's unit destroyed the Elvish infantry to their front!
The the elite Elvish outriders – distinguished so many times in this campaign - made a desperate bid to capture the orcs stronghold behind them.
It worked out for Vadimead and his guard. They destroyed another unit of Archers.
…and that's it! We're calling it quits! Just about everyone seems sick of the campaign (including me) so now is as good a place as any to stop…. I would have liked it if the Elves could have wiped out the orcs to have SOME sort of conclusion in terms of the narrative (sorry Vlad)… but it just weren't in the dice, so to speak.
I think that's it for email campaigns on the whole. It was fun for a bit… then it dragged… people started losing interest… I had to hassle people to get them to send in movement orders… There were some problems with the rules… meh….
I had thought I'd compile all the diplomatic messages that went back and forth and post them, but that seems like it'd be more work than I care to do at the moment… maybe over the holidaze.
On the bright side, for a good chunk of the fall I had a few guys showing up regularly enough to play these battles that I got to thinking I might just run a campaign on Tuesday evenings involving them in the New Year.
I am also still pretty stoked about the Dark Ages DBA Campaign in February (though the date my yet change and be the first weekend in March…) and running a second HOTT Summer Campaign in June. Stay tuned for more info about those in the coming weeks.


Weight loss is more common with fluoxetine 23. of paroxetine is more often associated with somatic and psychological symptoms than discontinuation of fluoxetine.Drug information on Prozac, Prozac Weekly, Rapiflux, Sarafem, Selfemra (fluoxetine), includes drug pictures, side effects, drug interactions, directions for use.
Find information about common, infrequent and rare side effects of Prozac oral.The most common side effects of fluoxetine are lethary,. medication may not be the answer for dogs who experience these symptoms.Includes common and rare side effects information for consumers and healthcare professionals.Common side effects include trouble sleeping,. in those with mild or moderate symptoms, the efficacy of fluoxetine and other SSRIs is clinically insignificant.Learn about patient information and medication guide for the drug Prozac (Fluoxetine Hcl).
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Come to petMD for a complete list of pet medications and prescriptions.Nausea, drowsiness, and seizures are some of the most common Prozac overdose symptoms.DESCRIPTION. The most common signs and symptoms associated with non-fatal overdosage were seizures, somnolence, nausea,.Common SSRIs include citalopram. sertraline (Zoloft), fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and.Some of the common symptoms of PMDD (not an inclusive list) include: mood swings, bloating, fatigue.Prozac (fluoxetine) is an antidepressant belonging to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class of drugs.
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Common symptoms of Prozac overdosage include: Nausea, rapid heartbeat,.Fluoxetine is used to treat depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults.


text:
> Queensland > Hinchinbrook > Education > State (Primary and High Schools) > Macknade State School
State (Primary and High Schools)
Macknade State School
Department Of Education & Training
79 Farrell Drive, Macknade QLD 4850
A State School for Prep to Grade 7. Information provided by the Queensland Government Open Data Initiative.
Macknade State School is located in the suburb of Macknade, the council of Hinchinbrook, the state electorate of Hinchinbrook and the federal electorate of Kennedy.
Halifax State School
St Peter's School (Halifax)
Victoria Plantation State School
Hinchinbrook Christian School
Ingham State High School
The following services are also provided by Macknade State School in Hinchinbrook.
Macknade State School also provides State (Primary and High Schools) in the following region(s):
Visit Department Of Education & Training website
Department Of Education & Training provides services from these locations:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


PaleoWest uses low altitude aerial mapping and imaging to produce survey-grade 3D models of landscapes, sites, and architecture. Additionally, we are breaking ground in the expanded and innovative use of subsurface remote sensing techniques to enhance our non-destructive approaches within our existing services.
Our teams are leading the way in archaeology, employing a customized database system and carefully selected suite of applications that fieldworkers carry on smartphones and tablets. Photos, forms, and locational data are managed in a central database, where staff in the field and office can work together on data sets using applications with simple and intuitive user interfaces. The database instantly generates agency-specific forms and reporting documents for final delivery to our clients. The PaleoWay system streamlines data collection, eliminates re-work and error, and produces report-ready data from the start, significantly reducing report preparation, production, and post-production times.
Digital workflows for cultural and natural resources management, as realized by PaleoWest Archaeology.
PaleoWest has pioneered the use of photogrammetry (the use of digital photography for mapping) and 3D modeling to provide both standalone work products and enhance the efficiency and quality of traditional archaeological work. Using cameras mounted on poles, kites, and aerial drones, PaleoWest's standard procedure is now to photogrammetrically map features, sites, and landscapes during inventory and excavation projects. This creates a rich, immersive record in three dimensions that is superior to traditional photographic and hand-drawn maps. Similarly, creating digital models of artifacts is vastly superior to traditional recording techniques such as photography and illustration, as it renders the object fully in three dimensions, and with bias-free color, design, and textural detail. As seen below, it is a particularly apt way to render a digital record of objects before curation or repatriation.
Copyright © 2019 PaleoWest Archaeology. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Sports betting bill tracker
in Sports Betting
Created: 28 Jun 2017
Sports betting is increasingly getting the attention of state lawmakers.
The uptick in legislative activity for traditional sports betting -- think point spreads, totals, money lines and prop bets -- follows dozens of states that have considered laws specifically permitting daily fantasy sports.
New state laws about sports betting had been largely dormant since the federal Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992 (PASPA) was enacted. For two decades, PASPA dissuaded states from legalizing sports betting. But that changed in 2012 when New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie signed legislation to permit Nevada-style sports gambling. The NCAA, NBA, NHL, MLB and NFL sued to stop New Jersey's plan. That lawsuit will now be heard by the Supreme Court.
Despite the lawsuit, additional states have recently moved to introduce legislation that would legalize sports betting. Some of the proposals would only be activated if PASPA is repealed by Congress or overturned by the courts. Other proposals are direct affronts to PASPA and might result in additional litigation.
At the same time various state lawmakers are considering sports betting legislation, Congress is too. Representative Frank Pallone, D-N.J., introduced a "discussion draft" in early 2017 that would replace PASPA. Hearings on the bill have yet to be scheduled.
The dual track of proposals -- state and federal -- have increased in frequency since the start of 2017. Below is a synopsis of the newly proposed state laws, with updates to follow.
This file was updated on June 27, 2017.
According to the Hartford Courant, Connecticut's new bill would empower state regulators to allow sports betting within the state, but the law would not take effect if in conflict with PASPA or any other federal law. As of June 23, a copy of the bill had yet to be posted on Connecticut's publicly available legislative website.
Maryland House Bill No. 989 was introduced on Feb. 9 and calls for the establishment of a task force to "study the implementation of sports gaming in the state." The draft legislation includes the allocation of a "sports gaming license" and the ability to accept wagers on sporting events if the bettor is at least 21 years of age. The proposed Maryland legislation would only come into effect if federal law allowed it.
On Jan. 18, legislation was introduced to amend the state's current gaming control law. Michigan's proposed bill would allow any holder of a casino license to "accept wagers on sporting events." The state's gaming board would be required to "promulgate rules to regulate the conduct of sports betting under this act."
In addition to the legislation part of the long-running court case with the five sports leagues, New Jersey has also seen a "nuclear option" introduced. The proposal -- bent on getting around PASPA's ban -- would be a full repeal of "all NJ laws against sports betting," according to State Sen. Raymond Lesniak. A bill to "remove and repeal all State laws and regulations prohibiting and regulating the placement and acceptance ... of wagers on professional, collegiate, or amateur sport contests or athletic events" was introduced late last year.
Bill S01282 "authorizes gambling on professional sporting events and athletic events sponsored by universities or colleges." The New York bill would allow gambling to take place at any authorized racetrack, off-track-betting location or casino in the state. The proposed legislation mandates that all proceeds from any sports gambling be applied to education.
Pending legislation would allow the Oklahoma governor to expand the tribal-state compact and include "sports pools." The expansion would consist of "wagering on the outcome of one or more competitive games in which athletes participate, or on one or more performances of such athletes in such games where all bets are placed in a common pool or pot from which all player winnings, prizes and direct costs are paid." The proposed bill would only take effect if permitted by federal law.
Pennsylvania saw two sports betting bills introduced in 2017. Senate Bill No. 750 would expand current gaming law to allow sports wagering. The Senate bill defines sports wagering as the "business of accepting wagers on sporting events or on the individual performance statistics of athletes in a sporting event or combination of sporting events by any system or method of wagering, including, but not limited to, exchange wagering, parlays, over-under, money line, pools and straight bets." House Bill No. 519 includes the same definition and also provides for applicants to receive a sports betting "certificate" upon approval from the regulatory board.
House Bill No. 3102 would amend South Carolina's Constitution to allow "sports betting on professional sports." Any betting would be "strictly" regulated and limited to "specified" areas. According to a court document from the now-resolved New York daily fantasy litigation involving DraftKings and FanDuel, South Carolina's current definition of gambling "includes betting money on the outcome of any 'game,' regardless of the skill involved in the game."
On March 1, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced a bill titled "Legalizing Sport Pool Betting." The legislation would allow the state's lottery commission "to promulgate legislative rules establishing sports betting." The bill also includes language indicating that is a direct affront to PASPA, finding that "federal law prohibiting sports betting in West Virginia is unconstitutional."
http://www.espn.com/chalk/story/_/id/19740480/gambling-sports-betting-bill-tracker-all-50-states


text:
Booster Gold, Vol. 2, #17
"Reality Lost, Part III of IV"
Volume 2, Issue 17, April 2009
Estimated Issue Sales: 24,727
Booster Gold, Vol. 2, #16, 2009
Booster Gold, Vol. 2, #4, 2008
ELSEWHERE WITHIN THIS ISSUE
Writer: Dan Jurgens
Penciller: Dan Jurgens
Inker: Norm Rapmund
Colorist: Hi-Fi Designs
Letterer: Rob Leigh
Assistant Editor: Harvey Richards
Editor: Michael Siglain
Cover Artists: Dan Jurgens, Brian (Hi-Fi) Miller, Norm Rapmund
Cover Description: Booster Gold flies towards the reader with Michelle Carter, Skeets, and Rip Hunter in the background.
Brief Synopsis: Booster Gold struggles to ensure that historical events occur as recorded.
Costume Worn: MARK I.v2 power-suit
Issue Notes: The backup feature in this issue ties into the "Origins & Omens" event running throughout the DC Universe in issues released in February 2009.
Booster Gold: Reality Lost (2009)
A PAIR OF DOCS?: Booster Gold comes face-to-face with a future incarnation of himself.
Boosterrific Review: Geoff Johns' Booster Gold, Vol. 2, #4 was such an enjoyable read that with this issue Dan Jurgens returns to that issue. Using previous events as a backdrop, Jurgens tells the tale of what really happened behind the scenes to restore the proper history of the second Flash following the intervention of Rex Hunter. While it is best not to think too hard about how the events of this issue relate to those of the previous issue (mainly because there are no answers to the many, many questions that this issue raises), this issue is an action/adventure story in the best Hollywood popcorn-movie convention.
Like any action-oriented Hollywood super hero movie, the issue also includes an extended origin story for our hero to catch an unfamiliar audience up to speed. Straightforward and to-the-point, the origin story may be the best part of the issue as it sums up Booster's complex history while teasing his near future.


text:
Eastlink Selects ARRIS ME-7000 Converged Compression Platform to Bring Advanced Services to Canadian Subscribers
ARRIS ME-7000 delivers the highest density and most energy-efficient video compression for next-generation services
SUWANEE, Ga – WEBWIRE – Thursday, September 29, 2016
ARRIS International plc (NASDAQ: ARRS) announced that Eastlink selected the ARRIS ME-7000 Converged Compression Platform to offer more, higher-quality channels to its Canadian cable TV subscribers. The move positions Eastlink's network to deliver next-generation HEVC and UltraHD services.
"We're building a network for the future, and our investment in the ME-7000 platform reflects our commitment to give consumers exceptional services and stunning high-quality content," said Jim Fitzgerald, Senior Vice President, Engineering and CTO, Eastlink. "As a result of its class-leading efficiency, density, and energy savings—we expect the ME-7000 to reduce our operating expenses over time, as it powers tomorrow's services."
Eastlink is the first Canadian operator to deploy the ME-7000. The platform delivers state-of-the-art video compression performance while providing highly reliable 24x7 operation. As a converged platform, it can simultaneously support multiple video formats—including MPEG-4 and MPEG-2 for IPTV, Cable Statmux, or Multiple Bit-rate profiles for Adaptive Bit Rate (ABR) uses cases.
The ME-7000's modular and scalable design also supports future upgrades to HEVC and Ultra HD services—including 4K and HDR—at densities and performance levels unachievable through software encoding solutions.
"Our ME-7000 platform is the most advanced video compression system available. It gives Eastlink a significant competitive advantage by processing set-top, multiscreen device, and even 4K UltraHD video compression in a single flexible platform with much less power and higher density than what's available with conventional servers," said Kevin Wirick, Vice President, Product Management, ARRIS. "It's the obvious choice for video service providers for leveraging OTT IP streaming technologies."
About Eastlink
As Canada's largest family owned and operated telecommunications company, Eastlink provides world-class television, video entertainment and communications services to residential, business and public sector customers across Canada. Powered by state-of-the-art fibre optic and wireless networks, Eastlink's advanced services include High Speed Internet, Wireless, Data, Security and Automation, competitive local and long distance Telephone and exclusive, locally-produced programming on Eastlink TV. One of Canada's Best Managed Companies for the past 9 years, Eastlink operates in Nova Scotia, PEI, NL, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia as well as Bermuda, and helps raise over $3.5M annually for charitable and community organizations across the country.
About ARRIS
ARRIS International plc (NASDAQ: ARRS) is a world leader in entertainment and communications technology. Our innovations combine hardware, software, and services across the cloud, network, and home to power TV and Internet for millions of people around the globe. The people of ARRIS collaborate with the world's top service providers, content providers, and retailers to advance the state of our industry and pioneer tomorrow's connected world. For more information, visit www.arris.com.


text:
Prospective associations between adolescent mental health problems and positive mental wellbeing in early old age
Atsushi Nishida1,
Marcus Richards2 &
Mai Stafford2
Mental health problems in adolescence are predictive of future mental distress and psychopathology; however, few studies investigated adolescent mental health problems in relation to future mental wellbeing and none with follow-up to older age.
To test prospective associations between adolescent mental health problems and mental wellbeing and life satisfaction in early old age.
A total of 1561 men and women were drawn from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (the British 1946 birth cohort). Teachers had previously completed rating scales to assess emotional adjustment and behaviours, which allowed us to extract factors of mental health problems measuring self-organisation, behavioural problems, and emotional problems during adolescence. Between the ages of 60–64 years, mental wellbeing was assessed using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) and life satisfaction was self-reported using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS).
After controlling for gender, social class of origin, childhood cognitive ability, and educational attainment, adolescent emotional problems were independently inversely associated with mental wellbeing and with life satisfaction. Symptoms of anxiety/depression at 60–64 years explained the association with life satisfaction but not with mental wellbeing. Associations between adolescent self-organisation and conduct problems and mental wellbeing and life satisfaction were of negligible magnitude, but higher childhood cognitive ability significantly predicted poor life satisfaction in early old age.
Adolescent self-organisation and conduct problems may not be predictive of future mental wellbeing and life satisfaction. Adolescent emotional problems may be inversely associated with future wellbeing, and may be associated with lower levels of future life satisfaction through symptoms of anxiety/depression in early old age. Initiatives to prevent and treat emotional problems in adolescence may have long-term benefits which extend into older age.
Mental disorders are a leading cause of loss of health to disease in middle and high-income countries, and the resulting economic costs can be huge [1]. Mental health is multidimensional, including mental disorders but also positive mental functioning. According to Keyes, there is wide variation in levels of mental health in the general population, with some people 'flourishing' (enthusiastic about life and actively engaged with other people), others 'languishing' ('a life of quiet despair') [2], and the remainder 'moderately mentally healthy' [3]. Keyes' view that mental health should be regarded not just as the absence of mental illness but as a state of complete emotional, psychological, and social wellbeing is part of a growing international interest in what has come to be called positive mental health, often referred to as mental wellbeing [3, 4].
Adolescent mental health problems are risk factors for future mental distress and psychopathology. Adolescent conduct problems are strongly associated with risk of psychiatric disorders, such as depression and substance abuse, in later life [5–8]. Many studies have also reported that adolescent depression is associated with a strong, specific, and direct risk of recurrence in adulthood [9–13]. Recent reports from birth cohort studies have indicated that not only conduct and emotional problems during adolescence, but also low self-organisation (defined in terms of 'effortful regulation of the self by the self') [14], may be a significant developmental precursor predicting future mental health problems including substance dependence, depression, and hallucinations [13, 15, 16]. While such empirical evidence leaves no doubt that adolescent mental health problems are associated with poor mental health in later life, to our knowledge no study has investigated adolescent mental health problems in relation to mental wellbeing in later life.
Childhood factors, particularly childhood cognitive ability and early-life socioeconomic position may affect adolescent mental health [17], and educational attainment by early adulthood may be a possible mediator between adolescent mental health problems and future mental wellbeing [6, 9]. Analyses that consider the effects of these variables are needed when examining association between adolescent mental health problems and mental wellbeing in old age. In addition, an analysis that considers mental ill health such as symptoms of anxiety/depression in later life as a confounder is needed to assess whether association between adolescent mental health problems and mental wellbeing in later life are fully explained by mental ill health in later life or whether adolescent mental health problems also have implication for future mental wellbeing.
The current study aims to investigate associations between adolescent mental health problems (lower self-organisation, conduct and emotional problems) and mental wellbeing and life satisfaction in early old age considering the effects of childhood cognitive ability, early-life socioeconomic position, educational attainment and mental ill-health in early old age, using longitudinal data from The Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD, the 1946 British birth cohort study) which is one of the longest continuously running studies of human development and aging in the world [18].
The NSHD originally consisted of a socially stratified sample of 5362 singleton children (girls: n = 2547, boys: n = 2815) born within marriage during 1 week in March 1946 in mainland Britain, and includes regular follow-ups throughout life [18]. Mothers, school teachers and the study members themselves provided information in childhood and adolescence. This study used outcome data from the follow-up at 2006–2010 (when study members were 60–64 years old). In total, 2856 eligible study members (those known to be alive and with a known address in England, Scotland, or Wales) were invited for an assessment at one of six clinical research facilities (CRFs) or, for those unwilling or unable to travel, during a visit from a research nurse at home. Mental wellbeing and life satisfaction were measured using self-report assessments included in this visit. Invitations were not sent to those who were known to have died (n = 778), were living abroad (n = 570), had previously withdrawn from the study (n = 594), or had been lost to follow-up (n = 564). A total of 2229 study members out of the 2856 invited (78.0 %, age range 60.3–65.0 years, mean–63.4, SD = 1.1) underwent assessment: 1690 attended the clinic (CRF) and the remaining 539 were seen in their homes [19]; 229 of these were part of a feasibility stage at which mental wellbeing and life satisfaction were not measured. The current study protocol received ethical approval from the Greater Manchester Local Research Ethics Committee for the four English sites; the Scotland A Research Ethics Committee approved the data collection taking place in Edinburgh. Written informed consent was obtained from participants at each stage of the data collection.
Mental wellbeing and life satisfaction at 60–64 years of age
Mental wellbeing was assessed using the Warwick-Edinburgh mental wellbeing scale (WEMWBS) [20]. This scale was developed to measure a broad conception of mental wellbeing, including positive affect, psychological functioning (autonomy, competence, self-acceptance, personal growth), and interpersonal relationships, and to be suitable for monitoring mental wellbeing at the population level. Confirmatory factor analysis suggests that it measures a single underlying concept [20]. It has been validated on a representative general population sample of adults. The scale consists of 14 positively worded statements. Examples include: 'I've been feeling optimistic about the future', 'I've been feeling interested in other people', 'I've been dealing with problems well', 'I've been feeling good about myself', 'I've been feeling useful'. For each statement, respondents are asked to indicate which of five options best describes their experience over the last 2 weeks [scores range from none of the time (1) to all of the time (5)]. The overall score is calculated by summing the scores for each item. A higher score indicates a higher level of mental wellbeing. The Cronbach's alpha for the 14 items from the NSHD used in this study was 0.91, indicating high internal consistency.
The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was developed by Diener et al. [21] to capture this cognitive-evaluative component of mental wellbeing and is widely used [22, 23]. There are five items: 'In most ways my life is close to my ideal', 'The conditions of my life are excellent', 'I am satisfied with my life', 'So far I have got the important things I want in life', and 'If I could live my life again, I would change almost nothing'. Respondents are asked to answer each item on a 7-point Likert scale (ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree). Answers are added together to create a summary score from 5 to 35. A higher score indicates a higher level of satisfaction with life. The Cronbach's alpha for the five items from the NSHD used in this study was 0.90, indicating high internal consistency.
Adolescent mental health problems
Full details of the measure of adolescent mental health problems have been presented elsewhere Xu et al. [24]. School teachers were asked to rate the behaviour of study members on a three-category response scale where they compared each participant's behaviour to that of 'a normal child' at age 13 and again at age 15, using 28 items (see Table 1 in Xu et al. [24] for descriptions of factor loadings and item wordings) that were forerunners of those included in the Rutter A scale [25, 26]. These data were subjected to separate exploratory factor analysis using item response theory methods in the statistical software package Mplus 6.1 [27]. Data were modelled as ordinal variables using weighted least squares means and adjusted variance estimates with a probit link. Examination of scree plots, eigenvalues, and model fit indices suggested a three-factor solution (see Table 1 in Xu et al. [24] for descriptions of factor loadings and item wordings). Specifically, the factor 'self-organisation' was identified as a dimension separate from 'conduct' (e.g. disobedience, evading truth to keep out of trouble) and 'emotional' (e.g. gloomy and sad, extremely fearful) problems. The self-organisation factor, which correlates more with the conduct factor than the emotional factor, was defined by items relating to attitude to work, concentration, neatness in work, and not daydreaming in class [24]. Factor scores were exported for each factor at age 13 and 15 years (scores at these two ages were moderately correlated: self-organisation (r = 0.48), emotional problems (r = 0.41) and conduct problems (r = 0.51), respectively) and summed to create overall scores for these dimensions, with a higher score indicating lower self-organisation and more severe emotional and conduct problems. To facilitate interpretation, the new combined scales were then standardized to form z-scores.
Table 1 Descriptive statistics for all study variables; the top panel presents means (SD) and the bottom panel presents n (%)
Covariates
Childhood cognitive ability at age 8 was represented as the sum of four tests of verbal and nonverbal ability devised by the National Foundation for Education Research [28]. These tests include (a) reading comprehension (selecting appropriate words to complete 35 sentences); (b) word reading (ability to read and pronounce 50 words); (c) vocabulary (ability to explain the meaning of 50 words); and (d) picture intelligence, consisting of a 60-item nonverbal reasoning test. We used confirmatory factor analysis to construct a scale summarizing these data. Model fit indices were Chi square = 63.145 with one degree of freedom, RMSEA = 0.121, CFI = 0.994, and TLI = 0.966. Factor scores were computed and then standardized to a mean of zero with a standard deviation of one. Early-life socioeconomic position was assessed using the occupational social class of the father when study members were aged 11 years (or at 4 or 15 years, if this was unknown). Cognitive ability and social class may be selective for adolescent self-organisation, conduct, and emotional problems and were considered as possible confounders in the association between these mental health problems and mental wellbeing at age 60–64. Educational attainment was based on the highest educational qualifications and their training equivalents attained by 26 years of age, and were classified as none, vocational only, ordinary secondary (O levels), advanced secondary (A levels), or degree level or equivalent. Symptoms of anxiety and depression at age 60–64 were assessed by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) [29]. The GHQ-28 is a self-administered screening questionnaire detecting common mental disorders in the general population. Each item on the questionnaire asks respondents if they have had recent complaints (over the past few weeks) such as losing sleep over worry. Each individual item was scored using a 4-point Likert scale, and a total score was calculated.
Associations between total scores for adolescent self-organisation, conduct, and emotional problems, and total scores for the WEMWBS and SWLS were tested using multivariable regression models for each outcome. The first model also adjusted for each score derived from teacher ratings at ages 13 and 15, and also adjusted for gender. The second model adjusted for father's social class and childhood cognitive ability. In the third model, we additionally adjusted for educational attainment. In the fourth model, we additionally adjusted for GHQ-28 total score at age 60–64 years. All models were estimated using IBM SPSS version 21.0 for Windows (New York).
A total of 1936 study members had complete data on WEMWBS and SWLS and, of these, 1561 had complete data on adolescent mental health and covariates (Table 1). Those with missing outcomes had more adolescent mental health problems (more conduct and emotional problems and lower self-organisation), lower social class assessed by occupational group of father in childhood, lower childhood cognitive ability and lower educational attainment than those who had complete outcome data (All P < 0.01). While there were no gender differences in mean WEMWBS or SWLS score (p = 0.886 and p = 0.072, respectively), female sex was positively associated with higher prevalence within the top quartile of emotional problems (p < 0.05) and also negatively associated with lower prevalence within the top quartile of self-organisation and conduct problems (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). WEMWBS and SWLS were moderately positively correlated with each other and moderately negatively correlated with GHQ-28 at age 60–64 (Table 2). Adolescent emotional problems were moderately positively correlated with adolescent self-organisation problems but more weakly correlated with conduct problems.
Table 2 Correlation matrix of variables
Adolescent mental health and mental wellbeing in later life
Table 3 shows the multivariable linear regression coefficients for total WEMWBS scores. Model 1 (adolescent mental health variables mutually adjusted, and also adjusted for gender) shows that adolescent emotional problems were independently inversely associated with this outcome, whereas adolescent self-organisation and conduct problems were not significantly associated with mental wellbeing. On the whole these coefficients were not substantially changed by further adjustments for childhood cognitive ability and social class of origin (Model 2), or by the addition of educational attainment (Model 3). Adjustment for GHQ-28 scores at age 60–64 years attenuated but did not fully explain the association between mental wellbeing and emotional problems (Model 4). Higher childhood cognitive ability was associated with higher mental wellbeing in later life (Model 2), although this significant association did not remain after additional adjustment for educational attainment (Model 3). Higher GHQ-28 scores at age 60–64 years was independently inversely associated with mental wellbeing (Model 4).
Table 3 Associations between WEMWBS at age 60–64 years and scores for self-organisation, conduct, and emotional problems in adolescence
Adolescent mental health and life satisfaction in later life
Table 4 shows the multivariable linear regression coefficients for total SWLS scores. Model 1 (adolescent mental health variables mutually adjusted, and also adjusted for gender) shows that adolescent emotional problems were independently inversely associated with this outcome, whereas adolescent self-organisation and conduct problems were not significantly associated with life satisfaction. These coefficients were not substantially changed by further adjustments for childhood cognitive ability and social class of origin (Model 2), or by educational attainment (Model 3). However, adjustment for GHQ-28 scores at age 60–64 years fully explained the association between adolescent emotional problems and life satisfaction in later life (Model 4). Higher childhood cognitive ability was itself significantly inversely associated with life satisfaction even after adjustment for all covariates (Model 4). Higher GHQ-28 score at 60–64 years was independently inversely associated with life satisfaction (Model 4).
Table 4 Associations between life satisfaction at age 60–64 years and scores for self-organisation, conduct, and emotional problems in adolescence
Using longitudinal data from a national birth cohort, we found that emotional problems in adolescence predicted mental wellbeing and life satisfaction in early old age, after controlling for gender, social class of origin, childhood intelligence, and educational attainment. The association with life satisfaction may operate through symptoms of anxiety/depression in early old age. We did not find any significant associations between adolescent self-organisation or conduct problems and future mental wellbeing or life satisfaction.
Empirical evidence leaves little doubt that adolescent emotional problems are associated with risk of future mental ill-health such as depression [9, 30]. Our current study revealed that adolescent emotional problems may also affect mental wellbeing (positive mental health based on an instrument that captures positive mental functioning and satisfying personal relationships as well as positive affect and the cognitive-evaluative dimension of wellbeing) in early old age even after controlling the effect of concurrent symptoms of anxiety/depression, suggesting that a pathway which was not fully explained by symptoms of anxiety/depression may be operating. On the other hand, in our study, a significant association between adolescent emotional problems and life satisfaction measured by SWLS in early old age was fully attenuated after adding concurrent symptoms of anxiety/depression. Life satisfaction has been defined as an overall assessment of individual's quality of life according to his/her chosen criteria [21]. It may be reasoned that mental health problems such as depression may play important role in the cognitive-evaluative process of life satisfaction. In contrast, data from the 1970 British Cohort Study show that greater conduct problems in childhood and adolescence were associated with lower life satisfaction at age 34 [31]. Explanation for this discrepancy may possibly be due to the ages at which outcomes were assessed, the different life satisfaction or conduct instruments employed, or different long-term implications of conduct problems during the adult lives of those born more recently.
Some birth cohort studies have reported that poor self-organisation in adolescence might be a significant developmental precursor predicting a broad range of adverse outcomes in later life including educational and occupational underachievement, poor physical health, and trouble with the criminal justice system [13, 15]. However, these studies have not considered the effects of both conduct and emotional problems in adolescence as confounders. Our previous study revealed that poor self-organisation in adolescence was a risk factor for future psychopathology, such as hallucination, after controlling for the effects of adolescent conduct and emotional problems [16]. On the other hand, our current results suggest that self-organisation in adolescence was not associated with mental wellbeing and life satisfaction after controlling for the effects of adolescent conduct and emotional problems. Together, these pieces of evidence suggest that lack of self-organisation in adolescence might be a driver for later mental illness, but that self-organisation is not related to later positive mental wellbeing once we consider the effects of past conduct and emotional problems.
Our current results indicate that conduct problems in adolescence were not associated with mental wellbeing or life satisfaction in later life (after controlling for the effects of emotional problems and self-organisation in adolescence). Among teenagers, rates of comorbidity between depression and conduct problems are high [32]. Conduct problems are strongly associated with early-onset depression, the most common pattern being that conduct problems precede the expression of affective symptomatology [9]. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the mutual effects of these two factors when investigating the associations between conduct and emotional problems in adolescence and future outcomes.
It is also worth noting that childhood cognitive ability was associated with poorer life satisfaction in early old age after adjustment for social class in origin, educational attainment, and symptoms of anxiety/depression in later life. Analysis of a younger birth cohort to age 34 showed a positive correlation between life satisfaction and childhood and adolescent cognitive ability, though this was smaller in magnitude than the correlations between life satisfaction and either emotional or conduct problems in childhood and adolescence [31]. In contrast, the Lothian birth cohort 1921 study, which consisted of 550 older adults, showed that correlations between IQ at age 11 and the life satisfaction measured by SWLS at age 79 were null (r = 0.00) [33], although the study did not control for adolescent mental health, educational attainment, or depression in later life. In order to explain the absence of this relation, the authors refer to the fact that higher ability is equally likely to lead to positive and negative outcomes (e.g. increasing one's resources through entry to better employment, and an awareness of alternative lifestyles or striving for greater achievement, respectively), which may be involved in measuring subjective wellbeing [34]. Our results suggest that higher childhood cognitive ability is more likely to lead to negative outcomes when considering the additional effects of adolescent mental health, educational attainment, and symptoms of anxiety/depression in later life.
Strengths of this study include the use of a national population-based sample, the availability of independent teacher ratings for adolescent mental health, and a comprehensive range of potential explanatory variables, including cognitive ability measured during childhood.
Against these strengths we acknowledge some limitations. A limitation of this study is attrition of survey members over the 60 year follow-up period. Typically for longitudinal health-related studies, there was disproportional loss to follow-up in the NSHD for those who were relatively less socially advantaged, had poorer adolescent mental health, and who had lower childhood cognitive ability. However, while this might have led to some degree of underestimation of association strengths, we have no reason to believe that this would have influenced the pattern of these associations. As there were no data on mental wellbeing and life-satisfaction in adolescence in NSHD, the autoregressive effect of them could not be controlled in our analysis. It therefore remains unclear whether adolescent emotional problems predict mental wellbeing once pre-existing level of mental wellbeing is controlled. The NSHD data contain only teachers' assessments of the children's emotional adjustment and behaviours, with no information from the parents or the children themselves. However, teachers can make an important contribution to the identification of adolescent behavioural problems, which is often missed when children or parents report on behaviour [35]. We used data of teachers' assessments of the children's emotional adjustment and behaviours collected almost 50 years ago to make a recently-identified construct, self-organisation. In our study, adolescent self-organisation was defined through secondary analysis by a relatively small number of items, rather than by an instrument specifically designed to capture this construct; however, the psychometric techniques used to distinguish it from adolescent emotional and conduct problems were rigorous, and the resulting measure was found to have discriminant properties [24].
In a prospective UK birth cohort study we found that adolescent emotional problems may be negatively associated with future mental wellbeing and life satisfaction, partly through symptoms of anxiety/depression. Adolescent self-organisation and conduct problems did not show this pattern. Our results suggest that prevention of and interventions for emotional problems during development might have important, long-reaching consequences for individuals' future mental wellbeing.
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Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ. Childhood self-control and adult outcomes: results from a 30-year longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52:709–17.
Nishida A, Xu KM, Croudace T, Jones PB, Barnett J, et al. Adolescent self-control predicts midlife hallucinatory experiences: 40-year follow-up of a national birth cohort. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40:1543–51.
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All authors contributed to the design of the study and interpretation of the results and approved the article for submission. AN undertook the analysis and drafted the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors are grateful to NSHD study members for their continuing support. AN was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan Scientific Research Grant on Innovative Area (23118004; Adolescent Mind & Self-Regulation), and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Scientific Research Grant (Strategic Young Researcher Overseas Visits Program for Accelerating Brain Circulation). MR and MS are funded by the UK Medical Research Council [Unit Programme numbers MC_UU_12019/4 and MC_UU_12019/5, respectively].
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa 2-1-6, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
Atsushi Nishida
MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, UK
Marcus Richards & Mai Stafford
Marcus Richards
Mai Stafford
Correspondence to Atsushi Nishida.
Nishida, A., Richards, M. & Stafford, M. Prospective associations between adolescent mental health problems and positive mental wellbeing in early old age. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 10, 12 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-016-0099-2
Conduct problems
Childhood intelligence


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Culture & Diversity Trumpet Trumpet News
WARTBURG STUDENTS OPEN UP ABOUT DIVERSITY ON CAMPUS
Events in the past few years both on and off Wartburg College's campus have caused student's to open up about their thoughts and feelings on diversity and inclusion.
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SILVIA OAKLAND, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Events in the past few years both on and off Wartburg College's campus have caused student's to open up about their thoughts and feelings on diversity and inclusion. From the discussion of politicians to mass shootings to what feels like a divide between races, students have held panels, walk-outs and other various events to raise awareness and educate others.
"Our diversity groups are working really hard to make an impact here on campus and we're branching out to reach a bigger audience that isn't just the minority groups on campus," Kaylee Michael, Black Student Union co-president, said.
Tony Onyia, a second-year computer science and political science double-major, advocates for the panels and events to continue on campus because he believes they're helping to keep the black student population at Wartburg engaged.
"The black retention rate is kind of low, we're losing a lot of multicultural students. I feel these panels and discussions will help retain them or show them they belong and they're not outsiders," Onyia said. "I think we should have more of it, but people don't like being put on the spot. I feel it's necessary to some extent to create a safe space that's welcoming for multicultural students."
From 2012 to 2016 the number of enrolled black or African American students at Wartburg saw a decrease of .5%, while the white student population saw a decrease of 3.5%.
Among these decreases, the Hispanic and Latino population saw an increase of 2.2%.
As students work to make change, there are still instances when students of color feel their voices are being ignored, according to Michael. Before school began, students held a panel for faculty members to better understand the needs of diverse and multicultural students on Wartburg's campus.
"I think it confirmed what some of the faculty were already feeling," Krystal Madlock, multicultural student services director, said. "We have a group of faculty who talk about classroom climate and what we need to do for students and it was an eye opener for others. I think it was a great start to something and we're in the process now of figuring out what are the next steps."
From the student perspective, these panels might cause students to feel as though they are representing an entire population that shares different experiences.
"I felt like the spokesperson for the black community," Onyia said. "I'm not opposed to that, but I felt like my perspective is different than other people's. I tried to give as much insight as possible so people can get the right idea."
Students like Onyia are asked to be on panels because of their experiences and to give others a glimpse into the life of a multicultural student.
However, Michael and Onyia both recalled there were times some students and faculty relied on them to educate and inform people on their culture.
"There was a period of time were many students just felt burdened," Michael said. "They felt they were carrying an extra weight because it's like 'Okay, I'm being taught by someone who has a Ph.D. but I have to teach them how to respect me as a human'. And I think there was a period of time were a lot students were getting frustrated and things were happening that shouldn't be."
Micahel continued with a story of how within one of her classes a professor made a "scale of race" and had students place races next to colors.
Michael, Onyia and Ellison all noted that while it is great students are curious about other cultures, they need to remember students sharing their experiences are simply doing that.
Their experience is their own and cannot be applied to every student of color. The panels, discussions and events on campus are meant to be prompts to guide students in the right direction of how to ask questions.
Not every student will be willing to educate another, but there are other resources to find the answers they are looking for.
"It's unwarranted but I feel as though in the grand scheme of things they're trying to help people learn," Onyia said. "But I feel people have a hard time learning things by themselves. Some people don't like teaching people and they expect them to learn it themselves."
Not every student feels like Onyia and Michael, however. Monique Ellison, a fourth-year business administration major, views helping students and professors as an opportunity to be a part of a generation that changes ways of thinking.
"Honestly I don't mind it, we are the generation that is going to change," Ellison said. "Professors can be from an older generation, and they're still trying to understand it themselves. I can understand why students feel that [frustrated] but I feel that's a great benefit."
"When cheer began before all students were on campus another cheerleader and I talked about our hair, but they had asked us and we knew they were genuinely curious," Ellison said. "Now another black person may have taken it as them being ignorant or not wanting to teach themselves, but we took it upon ourselves to teach them. It's hard, but ask out of your most sincere heart the questions you have."
For more information on the college's diversity statement, go to wartburg.edu/diversity.
Tags multi-cultural series, Trumpet, Wartburg
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I made this image at Antelope Island, Salt Lake UT this summer.
Noise Reduction using Neat Image.
Last edited by Isaac Grant; 11-09-2018 at 12:04 PM.
I love the subtle tones in this picture.
I would however reduce the space above the bird slightly.
Very pretty and artistic image. Do you mean it for this month's theme of small in the frame? Also I wish the head was angled toward us.
Very artistic image. I prefer the bird without a head turn as I feel it preserves the symmetry of the image. Love the OOF sparkly circles.
Very nice. Like the bokeh balls and the overall design. Fits the theme well.
Ditto all the positives above and kudos for trying something different. It's not the head angle that is the slight problem, it is the subject to sensor plane orientation i.e., the whole bird is angled ever-so-slightly away from us.


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Article name The Image of Monarchs in Russian Memoir Literature of the the 18th Century: in Search of the Image of an Ideal Ruler
Authors Prikazchikova E.E. Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor, miegata-logos@yandex.ru
Bibliographic description Prikazchikova E. E. The Image of Monarchs in Russian Memoir Literature of the the 18th Century: in Search of the Image of an Ideal Ruler // Humanitarian Vector. 2019. Vol. 14, No. 5. PP. 119–128. DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2019-14-5-119-128.
Section POETICS AND HISTORY OF THE TEXT
UDK 82.94
DOI 10.21209/1996-7853-2019-14-5-119-128
Annotation The article explores the evolution of the monarch's image tradition in the Russian memoir literature of the18th century. The object of analysis in the article are the autodocumentary texts by I. Neplyuev, V. Nashchokin, Ya. Shakhovsky, G. Derzhavin, A. Bolotov, V. Golovina. The author proves that it was the memoir literature being the literature "alternative" to the main body of literary texts which possessed great possibilities for representation of the monarch in the traditions of private honest life, outside the context of typical for the literature of the Enlightenment odeo-satirical world view and state cultural mythology. The purpose of the article is to trace the change in the principles of the image of monarchs, depending on the influence on the author of the dominant literary and aesthetic trends of the 18th century and the memoir truth of the fact, which is the most important genre-forming feature of ego documents. The process of analyzing memoir sources shows how the search of the ideal monarch by various authors using the experience of "eyewitness" of events forces them to abandon the traditional literary cliches of the classical era in depicting the powerful. This is particularly evident in the notes of Ya. Shakhovsky, G. Derzhavin and A. Bolotov, who essentially destroyed the classic state myth. At the same time it was easier for women-memoirists like Countess V. Golovina to model the sentimental ideal of a ruler, which is proved by the image of Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich and his wife in the image of Cupid and Psyche. The analysis conducted contributes to better understanding of the principles of representation of the person in the Russian literature of the 18th century, preparing the tradition of its romantic modeling in the first third of the 19th century.
Key words 18th century, Russian literature, memoir literature, state mythology, the image of an ideal ruler
References 1. Abramzon, T. E. Poetic mythologies of the 18th century: Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Kheraskov, Derzhavin. Magnitogorsk: Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Magnitogorsk. State University, 2006. (In Rus.) 2. Bitsilli, P. M. The tragedy of Russian culture. Research. Articles. Reviews. M: Russian way, 2000. (In Rus.) 3. Gachev, G. Private honest life. Alternative Russian Literature. Literary study, .no. 3, pp. 119–128, 1989. (In Rus.) 4. Zhivov, V. M. State myth in the Age of Enlightenment and its destruction in Russia at the end of the XVIII century. From the history of Russian culture of the XVIII ‒ beginning. XIX century: in 5 v. V. 4. M: Languages of Russian culture, 1996: 657–685 (In Rus.) 5. Zorin, A. L. "Nourishing double-headed eagle": Literature and state ideology in Russia of the last third of the XVIII ‒ the first third of the XIX century. Moscow: New Literary Review, 2001. (In Rus.) 6. Zorin, A. The appearance of the hero; From the history of Russian emotional culture of the end of the XVIII – beginning of the XIX century. M: New Literary Review, 2016. (In Rus.) 7. Klyuchevsky, V. O. Works: in 8 v. V. 3. M: Gospolitizdat, 1957. (In Rus.) 8. Levitt M. Visual dominant in Russia of the XVIII century. M: New Literary Review, 2015. (In Rus.) 9. Plamper, Yang. The history of emotions. M: New Literary Review, 2018. (In Rus.) 10. Prokopovich, F. Compositions. M.-L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1961. (In Rus.) 11. Proskurina, V. Myths of the Empire: Literature and Power in the Age of Catherine II. M: New Literary Review, 2006. (In Rus.) 12. Proskurina, V. The Empire of the Pen of Catherine II. Literature as a policy. M: New Literary Review, 2017. (In Rus.) 13. Semevsky, M. From the Publisher. Ya. P. Shakhovskoy. Zapiski. SPb: printing house of V. S. Balashov, 1872: XIII – XXII. (In Rus.) 14. Tartakovsky, A. G. Russian Memoiristics of the XVIII – the first half of the XIX century Moscow: Nauka, 1991. (In Rus.) 15. Tartakovsky, A. G. 1812 and Russian Memoiristics. M: Nauka, 1980. (In Rus.) 16. Baehr, S. L. "The Paradise Myth in Eighteenth Century Russia: Utopian Patterns in the Early Secular Russian Literature and Culture" Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. (In Engl.) 17. Bardon, F. Le, France Portrait of Sous Henri IV et Louis XIII: mythologie et politique. Paris: A. et J. Picard, 1974. (In France) 18. Wortman, R. S. Scenarios of power. Myths and ceremonies of the Russian monarchy: from Peter the Great to the death of Nicholas I: in 2 v. V. 1. M: Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. (In Engl.)
Full article The Image of Monarchs in Russian Memoir Literature of the the 18th Century: in Search of the Image of an Ideal Ruler
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Забайкальский государственный университет 2017


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text:
Fab Forever
With a drumbeat of 50th anniversaries, Beatlemania breaks loose all over again...
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With a drumbeat of 50th anniversaries, Beatlemania breaks loose all over again.
It was just a wall, a backdrop on a stage. It stood behind the performers on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1964, and after it outlived its usefulness, it was destined for the trash heap. Then the carpenter who was going to throw it away noticed that four mop-haired members of a rock 'n' roll band from Liverpool had signed it. He saved that section of the wall, gave it to a fan, and now that scrap of plywood and plastic has become a collectible item worth six figures.
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You have seen the wall, if you have seen clips of the historic Beatles performance on the Sullivan show on February 9, 1964. That moment launched John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr into a stratosphere from which they have never descended. And decades later, collectibles from the Fab Four continue to soar too. "Everyone argues about who was the best band—the Beatles, the Stones, or the Beach Boys," says Paul Fraser, founder of Paul Fraser Collectibles. "But there's no doubt about the most collectible band."
Particularly now. Beatles memorabilia is creating more buzz than at any time since the early 1980s, partly because enthusiasts are in the grip of a series of 50th anniversaries. Each year from 2014 until 2020—which will mark 50 years since the band's breakup—will bring a significant Beatles milestone, including album releases such as Help! (1965), Revolver (1966), Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), the White Album (1968), and Abbey Road (1969). "We're sort of reliving their career now, 50 years later; all these anniversaries will fall in chronological order, bang bang bang," says Russ Lease, a longtime collector who teamed with three others to open Fab Four Exhibits, a traveling museum of Beatles memorabilia.
"The Beatles are hotter than ever—that's the power of anniversaries for you," says Fraser, who has offices in the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Channel Islands. "Yet if there's one sector that doesn't require a helping hand from an anniversary, it's Beatles memorabilia. They are an evergreen investment."
Garry Shrum has been in the Beatles business since 1976, when he opened a record store called Blue Meanie Records—a reference from the Beatles movie Yellow Submarine. Now he is the consignment director for entertainment and music memorabilia at Heritage Auctions. In December, Heritage conducted a Beatles auction with more than 200 items, including a signed copy of With the Beatles for $19,375, and three Reslo microphones for $28,125, which came from the Cavern Club, the venue in Liverpool that helped launch the band's career in the early 1960s. Of the current incarnation of Beatlemania, Shrum says, "I'm blown away—it's the quality of stuff that's coming to market now, a lot of one-of-a-kind items. Some people have been saving them for the 50th anniversary, thinking they'll get more money because of this. They're probably right."
(Continues on next page…)
When it comes to the beatles, absolutely everything is collectible. Every imaginable knickknack—lunch boxes, dolls, soap dispensers, purses, bobbleheads, and a thousand other things—was probably made at some point bearing the likenesses of John, Paul, George, and Ringo. But most of that stuff is not terribly valuable, unless it is rare, unopened, or in pristine condition. For example, in December Heritage Auctions sold a 1964 Beatles record player with its original box for $15,000.
The most sought-after collectibles have been personally touched by one (or all) of the Fab Four. In addition to autographs, musical instruments, clothing, handwritten notes, and especially lyrics, all fetch top dollar at auction or in private sales. That personal touch is what makes the Ed Sullivan Show wall so distinctive. As the story goes, a stagehand named Jerry Gort lifted Starr up so he could sign at the top. McCartney put "Uncle" in front of his name. Someone else scribbled, "The Beatles were here."
In 2002, Andy Geller, a voice-over actor and long time Beatles enthusiast, paid more than $100,000 for the 16-by-48-inch piece of wall. His attempt to sell it at auction last year caused a stir, though ultimately it failed to reach its $800,000 reserve. Since then, potential buyers have contacted Geller directly, but he may just keep it, partly because it is as unique as it is historic—the signatures are the largest Beatles autographs known to exist and are accompanied by caricatures drawn by the band members. But for Geller, the wall also represents a turning point in U.S. history: The Beatles arrived as the country still mourned the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. "Three months later," he says, "there's this band on television that kind of renews our faith in the magical, the possible."
Such sentiments have made Beatles signatures the most valuable autographs on the market and, as a result, the most forged. Kevin Martin, CEO of Piece of the Past, says nearly every item with all four authentic signatures predates 1970, and most pre-date 1967. In many cases, only experts can tell the difference between real and forged signatures. "You've got to be very, very vigilant and careful," Martin says.
The vigilant and careful are rewarded. Since 2000, signed Beatles photos have nearly quintupled in value, from an average of $8,970 to $43,000, according to an index kept by Fraser. Signed albums so rarely come to market that they almost always yield big-dollar bids. RR Auctions in Boston sold a signed copy of Meet the Beatles for $118,230 last February, and Heritage sold a signed copy of Sgt. Pepper's for $290,500 in 2013.
But the mere presence of four legit signatures does not a gold mine make. In April, Heritage Auctions sold a signed copy of Let It Be, the last studio album the band released. But all four signatures came post-breakup, which to collectors makes them less valuable. Plus, the cover was actually a composite of two. Lennon signed the first cover in 1975. In the 1990s, Harrison signed a separate cover, with Starr's signature joining his in 2006. A paper restorer melded the separate covers into one, and in 2010, McCartney's signature completed the quartet.
With those diminishing factors—post-breakup signings and the two covers in one—the album sold for just $32,500.
Many collectors consider handwritten lyrics the most valuable artifacts, and the more popular the song, the more valuable the lyrics. Early in the band's career, Lennon and McCartney wrote songs together. As their relationship deteriorated, they wrote separately, though the songs were still credited to both of them. "A Day in the Life" was a true collaboration. Lennon penned most of the lyrics, with McCartney contributing a bridge that starts with the famous line, "Woke up, fell out of bed, / Dragged a comb across my head."
The most recent auction of Lennon's handwritten lyrics speaks to the song's popularity: They were sold for $1.2 million by Sotheby's in 2010. By comparison, Lennon's handwritten lyrics to the more obscure "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!," which were inspired by a poster for a carnival, sold for $239,412 in June.
"The value of the Beatles' handwritten lyrics is due to the correct perception that their main talent was in the songwriting," Lease says. "While being a very good and tight rock band, none of the four were virtuoso musicians."
Which is not to say collectors do not care about the instruments used to play the music. Lease would know: The most valuable item in his collection is a 20-inch bass drumhead with "The Beatles" painted on it. He bought it for $44,000 at a Sotheby's auction in 1994. Through meticulous research, he discovered a secret: Starr played the drum in the famed Ed Sullivan appearance. Authentication of that fact, which came after the purchase, tripled the drumhead's value.
Lease, who owns a business that makes stage outfits for Beatles tribute bands, originally intended to sell the drumhead in 2014 to take advantage of the 50-year anniversary, but decided to keep it to show in his Fab Four Exhibits display. He will sell it when the exhibit is done, in late 2016 or early 2017. An appraiser estimates that its value then will be $1.5 million to $2 million—more than 30 times what he paid for it. Lease marvels at that increase, partly because it is not unusual. "There's no question that the value of anything that came into contact with them continues to rise," he says, "and it has never leveled off, and it has never fallen."
It is hard to imagine a surprise like Lease's drumhead hitting the market today, because there are no secrets anymore. The lots that make big money often come from collectors who bought the item years ago and let the equity build up. The deaths of Lennon in 1980 and Harrison in 2001 mean there have been no new items with all four autographs for decades, and neither their estates nor McCartney or Starr sell items from their private collections. "You're not going to get Paul's lyrics," Martin says. "It's definitely a case of the same items trading hands."
In November, TracksAuction sold tuning pegs and a pick guard that once belonged to Lennon. They were removed from his 1958 Rickenbacker 325 when he had it refurbished. Who cares about tuning pegs and a pick guard—or more to the point, who wants to pay $43,100 for tuning pegs and a pick guard? Beatlemaniacs, it turns out, because the pieces came from the guitar Lennon played on the Ed Sullivan Show and used from 1960 to 1964. Lease calls it "quite possibly the most significant guitar in rock history, which would make it the most significant guitar in history."
Auction houses expect to be flush again this year with Beatles items. In many cases, specific details about lots were still being sorted out as this issue went to press, but some intriguing items have emerged. In March, Bonhams will sell pieces from the family of the British journalist Peter Noble, including autographed copies of Meet the Beatles and Please Please Me.
In May, Julien's Auctions will offer a guitar played by Harrison at the Cavern Club. Martin Nolan, Julien's executive director, expects the guitar to fetch mid-to-high six figures, based on the $605,000 sale by Julien's last year of a Rickenbacker used by Lennon and Harrison. Over the years, Julien's has sold everything from Beatles guitars to Beatles eyeglasses, including a pair of Lennon's granny-style spectacles that fetched $25,000 in November, and Nolan sees no end to the band's tenure atop the memorabilia world. "Their legacy," he says, "will live on for generations to come."
The writing about that is on the wall.
A brief chronicle of the Beatles and Beatles memorabilia.
Paul McCartney meets John Lennon after Lennon performs with his band the Quarrymen. A man in the audience named Bob Molyneux records the performance. In 1994, the tape— Lennon's first known recording—sells at Sotheby's for $124,380.
The Beatles play for the first time at the Cavern
Club in Liverpool. A Maton MS500 guitar that George Harrison borrowed to use in those shows will be auctioned by Julien's in May and is expected to sell in the mid-to-high six figures.
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" becomes the band's first No. 1 hit in the United States, with Harrison playing a Rickenbacker 425 that he had refinished in b
lack to match Lennon's guitar. In May 2014, the Harrison Rickenbacker sells for $605,000 at Julien's.
The Beatles appear on the Ed Sullivan Show. In Ap
ril 2014, a photograph signed by the Beatles and Sullivan sells for $125,000 at Heritage Auctions.
John Lennon takes delivery of a Rolls-Royce. A few years later, he has it painted in psychedelic colors. On June 29, 1985, it is auctioned for $2.3 million to Jim
Pattison's Ripley International Inc. Pattison donates the car to the province of British Columbia, and it is now stored at the Royal British Columbia Museum.
The Beatles perform at Shea Stadium in their most famous concert in the United States. The amateur photographer Marc Weinstein was one of only two photographers granted access to the stage area, which he gained by showing a fake press pass and lying to security that he was in the band's entourage. In 2013, his 61 black-and-white negatives from the show are auctioned by Omega on the 50th anniversary of the album Please Please Me. Selling price: $46,700.
The movie Help! hits theaters. In March 2014, a coat worn by Ringo Starr in the film sell
s for $100,534.
Yesterday and Today is released with the "butcher c
over." The album is quickly recalled by Capitol Records, which glues on new covers. In 2006, Heritage Auctions sells one of ex-Capitol CEO Alan Livingston's pristine butcher-cover albums for $38,837.50.
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, one of the most influential albums in rock history, arrives in music stores. In 2010, Lennon and McCartney's handwritten
lyrics to "A Day in the Life" sell for $1.2 million. In June 2014, Lennon's handwritten lyrics for "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" sell for $239,412.
The Beatles perform "All You Need Is Love" live on "Our World,"
the first live, international satellite television special, for more than 400 million viewers. In 2005, Lennon's handwritten lyrics to the song fetch $1.25 million at a Cooper Owen auction.
The Beatles release the White Album. The records are numbered, and the four members of the group received Nos. 0000001 to 0000004. In 2008, No. 0000005 sells for $30,000.
The cover of Abbey Road is photographed and the album arrives in
stores a month and a half later. The cover is one of the most famous, imitated, and controversial images in rock 'n' roll history: Paul is out of step, barefoot, and smoking—sparking the urban legend that Paul is dead. Photos from the shoot sell at a Bloomsbury Auction in November 2014 for $281,500.
The Beatles' final studio album, Let It Be, is released after the band breaks up in April. In April 2014, a reconstructed copy of the album bearing the signatures of all fo
ur Beatles sells for $32,500 at Heritage Auctions.
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Over 50 professional players and 150 amateurs from Turkey, Belgium, France, the U.K., Germany, Russia and the Netherlands will compete in the 15th Golf Mad Pro Am Golf Tournament sponsored by Qatar Airlines, which will be played at the Carya Golf Club, a European Tour venue, and the National Golf Club, a Ladies European Tour (LET) venue, on six tournament days.
Defending professional Damien McGrane of Ireland, who won the Volvo China Open in 2008, will face tough competition from a strong field including Scottish Raymond Russell, 1996 Air France Cannes Open champion.
Amateur golfers to compete on the course include Ahmet Ağaoğlu, president of the Turkish Golf Federation, Limak Holding Board Chairman Nihat Özdemir, and Fikret Öztürk, Opet chair and owner of Regnum Carya Golf and Spa Resort in Belek.
The professional category prize fund for the event is over 80,000 euros ($100,000) and amateur team prizes include return flight tickets from Qatar Airlines and a week-long stay at the Regnum Carya Golf and Spa Resort.
The tournament will end on Feb. 3 with a gala dinner and award ceremony to be held at Regnum Carya.