Olga Dolinina, second from right, a Ukrainian alumna from the 2014 U.S. Department of State and espnW Global Sports Mentoring Program, returned to the United States last March for a special one-week activity with the National Hockey League and U.S. Women's National Hockey Team. During the visit, Dolinina reunited with her mentor, NHL Senior Vice President Susan Cohig, second from left, who says the GSMP helped make the NHL a better organization. Dolinina and Cohig posed for this picture with NHL Counsel Nicole Allison, at left, and NHL Executive Vice President for Media and Business Affairs Elaina Lombardo, at right.
Dolinina participated in the 2014 GSMP as head of development for the Ukraine Athletics Federation. Since then she has established "Break the Ice," an after-school ice hockey, table hockey and therapy program to support children in Donetsk who have been affected by the conflict and violence in the region.
Economic diplomacy works because of people. And the State Department's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs is in the people business. We are making the connections that are helping solve the business problems of today and tomorrow, both abroad and in the United States.
Take, for example, Ange Noelle Muco of Burundi and American Erica Hall, chief impact officer of the Akola Project, an international fashion design company with a flagship store in Dallas, Texas. On a recent State Department exchange for female entrepreneurs, the two women shared the story of how they connected their two supply chains at a critical time, benefiting both of their businesses. Ange and her fellow international businesswomen were in Dallas on an International Visitor Leadership Program, "Alumni as Economic Multipliers." All of the participants had previously been on an exchange and were returning to the United States to make new connections. They met with U.S. companies in Dallas and several other U.S. cities, sharing best practices with American colleagues.
"I think we can be really self-focused if we don't expose ourselves to things that are different, and ideas that are different, and people that are different," says American Stephanie Giddens of Vickery Trading, which hires refugee women to assist with making their clothing line. "Until you get to know people, until they become your friends, and you do business with them, that makes all the difference in the world," says American Valerie Freeman, CEO of the Imprimus Group, also of Dallas. Both Stephanie and Valerie took time from their schedules to meet with the international women.
Ange and the women in her group join thousands of State Department exchange participants who return home with new ideas after meeting with Americans across our great country. However, there is another story that is less often told—but as important—regarding how exchange programs also help American companies, like those of Erica, Stephanie and Valerie.
The U.S. National Security Strategy lays out four pillars, including the need to promote American prosperity. The strategy states that to succeed in this 21st-century geopolitical competition, America must lead in research, technology and innovation. And one way that American companies are achieving this goal is through connections made on exchange programs.
The economic benefit to Americans is also felt when participants come to the United States from other countries. On our Community Solutions program, Abdulsalam Mohammed of Ghana partnered with his host supervisor, Michelle Wilson from Global Ties in Akron, Ohio. Together they created the Accra-Akron Partnership Board, engaging the mayors of both cities to increase fair trade and collaborate to boost businesses in both cities.
One of the most powerful statements about exchange programs comes from Susan Cohig of the National Hockey League, who tells us that the espnW Global Sports Mentoring Program has helped her organization rethink their business challenges on a more global scale and take advantage of new opportunities. "It's helped make us better as an organization," she says. Her mentee Olga Dolinina returned to Ukraine to start "Break the Ice," which works with kids from war-torn areas to provide the support and training they need to succeed and contribute to society.
Each year 40,000 State Department-sponsored participants and more than 300,000 private sector sponsored participants, who are overseen by the State Department on programs like Camp Counselor and Summer Work Travel, bring direct economic benefits to the American people, while contributing to our nation's security. Well over 90 percent of ECA's appropriation is spent in the United States or invested directly in American citizens or American organizations.
Acquiring the skills to work in the global economy is enhanced through foreign language learning and exposure to foreign cultures and professional opportunities abroad.
We could not do the work we do without organizations like Global Ties, with their network of 100 organizations serving all 50 states. Mostly comprised of volunteers, these citizen diplomats make connections in their communities with businesses and organizations, then connect them to international participants. And I am proud that ECA is expanding our pool of U.S. private sector partners. These partners range from professionals who share their specialized skills with foreign exchange participants, to schools and universities hosting educational exchanges and businesses that host foreign professionals who, in the process, contribute to Americans' international expertise and networks.
We expand economic prosperity by increasing the capability of Americans to operate internationally and furthering the reach of U.S. businesses and institutions. Acquiring the skills to work in the global economy is enhanced through foreign language learning and exposure to foreign cultures and professional opportunities abroad.
Thousands of businesses across this country tell us they are stronger because of exchange participants. Seasonal businesses in destinations like Ocean City, Maryland, and Santa Cruz, California, tell us that they would not be open without exchange participants on Summer Work Travel, who can work in late spring or early fall when American students are in school. These participants bring new perspectives to American businesses, while also allowing these businesses to stay open longer, after American students return to school.
To increase global competitiveness, ECA helps to internationalize workplaces and U.S. campuses, supporting professionals and foreign students who study and work alongside Americans. State Department exchange programs are making a real difference in our economy and in our global economic and trade relationships—one exchange participant at a time.
Marie Royce was sworn in as assistant secretary of State for educational and cultural affairs in March 2018, following unanimous Senate confirmation. She is a businesswoman and former professor.


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Confucius Institute Confucius Institute
Confucius Institute Newsletter August 2016 Edition
CI Newsletter August 2016
CI Newsletter December 2015
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CI Updates
For UQ students & staff
For teachers & schools
HSK teaching resources
Professor Ping Chen
School of Languages and Cultures
p.chen@uq.edu.au
View researcher profile
Professor Ping Chen is Director of Confucius Institute at The University of Queensland. He obtained his MA in Chinese from the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) in Beijing, and MA and PhD in Linguistics from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He held teaching, research and administrative positions at UCLA, University of Oregon, Institute of Linguistics at CASS, and City University of Hong Kong before joining The University of Queensland in 1991. He served as Head of Department of Asian Languages and Studies, and Acting Head of the School of Languages and Comparative Cultural Studies at UQ.
Researcher biography
Professor Ping Chen is Chair in Chinese Studies. His research interests include functional syntax, discourse analysis, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and historical linguistics. His current research projects are related to information structure in Chinese, and uses of languages in present-day China.
He teaches in the areas of Chinese language and linguistics.
Chen, Ping The Chinese Language: Form, Meaning and Function. Beijing, China: Commercial Press, 2017.
Chen, Ping Introduction, Integration and Innovation. Beijing, China: Commercial Press, 2017.
Chen, Ping Language in a Modernizing China. Beijing China: Commercial Press, 2017.
Chen, P. Modern Chinese: Its History and Sociolinguistics. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999.
Chen, Ping (2015). Referentiality and definiteness in Chinese. In William S-Y. Wang and Chaofen Sun (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics (pp. 404-413) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chen, Ping (2015). Language reform in modern China. In William S-Y Wang and Chaofen Sun (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics (pp. 531-540) Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
陳平 Chen, Ping (2013). 從結構主義語義學角度看「葷(菜)」與meat 的釋義和翻譯. Definition and translation of hun (cai) and meat from the perspective of structural semantics. In 高亮 (Leong Ko) and 主編 (Ping Chen) (Ed.), 翻譯研究與跨文化交流 (Translation Studies and Cross-Cultural Communication) (pp. 111-122) Taipei, Taiwan: Bookman.
Chen, P. (2008). Languages in a modernizing China. In K. Louie (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture (pp. 198-217) New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521863223.010
Chen, P. (2007). China. In Simpson, A. (Ed.), Language and National Identity in Asia (pp. 141-167) Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Chen, P. (2001). Development and standardization of lexicon in modern written Chinese. In N. Gottlieb and P. Chen (Ed.), Language Planning and Language Policy: East Asian Perspectives (pp. 49-74) Surrey, UK: Curzon Press.
Chen, P. (2001). Language policy in Hong Kong during the colonial period before July 1, 1997. In N. Gottlieb and P. Chen (Ed.), Language Planning and Language Policy: East Asian Perspectives (pp. 111-128) Surrey, UK: Curzon.
Chen, P. (2001). Policy on the selection and implementation of a standard language as a source of conflict in Taiwan. In N.Gottlieb and P. Chen (Ed.), Language Planning and Language Policy: East Asian Perspectives (pp. 75-94) Surrey, UK: Curzon.
Chen, P. (2001). Functions of phonetic writing in Chinese. In N.Gottlieb and P. Chen (Ed.), Language Planning and Language Policy: East Asian Perspectives (pp. 75-94) Surrey UK: Curzon.
Chen, Ping (2001). Development and standardization of lexicon in Modern Written Chinese. In Gottlieb, Nanette and Chen, Ping (Ed.), Language planning and language policy: East Asian perspectives (pp. 49-73) Surry, UK: Curzon Press.
Gottlieb, N. R. and Chen, P. (2001). Language planning and language policy in East Asia: An overview. In N.Gottlieb and P. Chen (Ed.), Language Planning and Language Policy: East Asian Perspectives (pp. 1-20) Surrey, UK: Curzon Press.
Chen, Ping (2018) On empirical evidence in the studies of modern Chinese grammar. Contemporary Rhetoric, 5: 1-12.
Chen, Ping (2018) Chinese linguistics: past, present and future. Yuyan Zhanlue Yanjiu (Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning), 3 1: 25-31.
Chen, Ping (2017) Inheritance and Abandonment - on the True Significance of the Vernacular Written Chinese Movement. Yuyan Zhanlue Yanjiu (Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning), 2 61-70.
Chen, Ping (2017) Structure and Meaning of Discourse and Practice of Discourse Analysis. Contemporary Rhetoric, 2 1-11. doi:10.16027/j.cnki.cn31-2043/h.2017.02.001
Chen, Ping (2017) Politics, economics, society, and overseas Chinese teaching: a case study of Australia. Chinese Education and Society, 49 6: 351-368. doi:10.1080/10611932.2016.1252215
Chen, Ping (2016) Definiteness and grammaticalization in Chinese. Dangdai Xiucixue, 4 1-13. doi:10.16027/j.cnki.cn31-2043/h.2016.04.001
Chen, Ping (2015) Opposition with the system as the foundation principle of Saussurean Modern Linguistics. Dangdai Xiucixue, 2 1-11.
Chen, Ping (2015) Referentiality: a core concept in linguistics. Dangdai Xiucixue, 3 1-15.
Chen, Ping (2015) Researching for publication in linguistics: what can we learn from classic works in the field. Dangdai Xiucixue, 6 1-22.
陈平 Chen, Ping (2013) 政治、经济、社会与海外汉语教学——以澳大利亚为例. Political, economical and ethnographical perspectives on teaching Chinese as a second language: a case study of Australia. Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue, 27 3: 400-412.
Chen, Ping (2012) Discourse analysis and studies of meaning. Dangdai Xiucixue, 4 2-9.
Chen, Ping (2009) Aspects of referentiality. Journal of Pragmatics, 41 8 (Childhood and Social Interaction in Everyday Life): 1657-1674. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2009.03.002
陳平 Chen, Ping (2008) 語言民族主義:歐洲與中國. 外語教學與研究, 40 1: 4-13.
Chen, P (2006) Introduction, integration and innovation: Reflections on the interaction between western linguistics and Chinese linguistics. Contemporary Linguistics, 8 2: 165-173.
Chen, Ping (2004) Han Yu Shuang Xiang Ming Ci Ju Yu Hua Ti - Chen Shu Jie Gou. Zhongguo Yuwen, 6: 493-507.
Chen, P. (2004) Double NP construction and topic-comment articulation in Chinese. Zhongguo Yuwen [Chinese Language & Writing], 6 493-507.
Chen, Ping (2004) Identifiability and definiteness in Chinese. Linguistics, 42 6: 1129-1184. doi:10.1515/ling.2004.42.6.1129
Chen, Ping (2003) Indefinite determiner introducing definite referent: a special use of 'yi 'one' + classifier' in Chinese. Lingua, 113 12: 1169-1184. doi:10.1016/S0024-3841(02)00163-8
Chen P. (1996) Toward a phonographic writing system of Chinese: A case study in writing reform. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 122: 1-46.
Chen P. (1996) Pragmatic interpretations of structural topics and relativization in Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 26 3: 389-406. doi:10.1016/0378-2166(95)00042-9
Chen, Ping (1996) Modern written chinese, dialects, and regional identity. Language Problems and Language Planning, 20 3: 223-243. doi:10.1075/lplp.20.3.02che

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A well-done introduction to history can fascinate students for the rest of their lives! Pandia Press' History Guides will help bring young students through a year-long, comprehensive study of literature, world geography, and the history of the Modern Age.
Easy-to-use lessons are arranged chronologically by region, with three 'Timeline Timeouts' designed to help students synthesize the chronological events on their timeline. Lessons are designed for parents to guide students through the study, and include checkboxes for the day's reading, assignments, and activities. The Modern Age covers the Victorian Era, world wars, the rise of fascism, inventions & technology, and more.
This Level 1 guide is designed for students in grades 3-6, who are in the classical 'grammar' stage of education. Full of engaging activities that tell history as an exciting story, Level 1 utilizes many activities that provide a hands-on experience through craft projects, art projects, cooking, and coloring. A keepsake book final project is also included.
22 lessons plus 21 reproducible maps. Loose-leaf pages with cover sheet. Reproducible for home use only.
Please note that unlike other Level 1 guides, this guide is recommended for grades 3-6, and is designed to act as a bridge between Level 1 and level 2 courses.


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Stichting Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD) is a not-for-profit foundation established under the laws of the Netherlands and has its registered seat in Amsterdam.
The Dutch abbreviation ANBI means "Algemeen Nut Beogende Instelling", or Public Benefit Organization. Institutions can only be qualified as a public benefit organization if at least 90% of their efforts are focused on the common good. AIGHD is awarded the ANBI status.
To realize its vision of achieving access to high quality health care for all, AIGHD closely collaborates with implementing partners and organizations from both public and private sectors around the globe. AIGHD works by linking expertise, resources and programs from organizations involved in health-related research, education, capacity building and policy making, bringing a 'delivery perspective' to health research and a 'quality aspect' to health care services.
AIGHD is governed by its Supervisory Board, an Executive Board and Operational Management Team.
The 'DG-norm' (also called 'MFS II norm') was introduced by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the end of 2009. According to this salary standard, the directors of organizations involved in development cooperation do not earn more than the basic salary earned by a Director-General (DG) at a Dutch Ministry. AIGHD adheres to this norm, and is also compliant with the 'VFI-norm' and the Dutch Standard Remuneration Act.
Supervisory Board members are unpaid. They receive no remuneration or expense allowance. They do have the right to request compensation for costs incurred, such as travel expenses or telephone costs.
For our recent activities, please view our 2016 Annual Report.
AIGHD's financial resources may consist of subsidies, donations, bequests, assets acquired by testamentary disposition and any further revenues.


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What's Onopinion
Food Review: Indian Express in West Kensington has the right ingredients for success
Steve Bax tries out the food at Indian Express, 3 North End Parade, West Kensington. Tel: 020 7610 1777; www.indian-express.net
Steve Bax
Indian Express on North End Parade, West Kensington
Good things come in small sizes is a popular saying, and it rings true insofar as Indian Express in West Kensington is concerned.
The food and the service at this gem of a restaurant, just a five minute walk from West Kensington Tube station, is among the best Indian and Bangladeshi food I have experienced in a long while, and it appears to be very popular with the locals who have discovered it.
It becomes apparent when you walk in that's there is a lack of space. This is a restaurant that deserves to expand, and may be forced to as it gets better established.
It's not that the owner Abdul Rokib – known affectionately to his customers as 'Rocky' – is the new kid on the block. Indian Express has been in its current location for three years but was previously well established in West Kensington's Charville Road.
To some extent it is still rebuilding following the move, explained Rocky, with former customers still discovering that they are back in business after a spell of several months between closing the old restaurant and reopening.
Rocky shifted some tables to make a space for my wife and I, in the packed dining area, and impressed us with his knowledge of the menu and the process with which the dishes are prepared and cooked.
Garlic Green Chicken Shashlick and Honey Luscious
At his recommendation I plumped for the Garlic Green Chicken Shashlick as my main dish. I like to think I have a high tolerance for hot, spicy food, but have got a bit out of my depth in the past. I'm pleased to report that this tasty chilli dish was perfect.
Rocky explained that the chicken is marinated overnight in garlic, ginger, coriander and pepper and grilled. A signature dish, it is among the most popular at Indian Express.
My wife who is a bit of chicken korma devotee was also persuaded out of her comfort zone by Rocky and ordered Honey Luscious – a concoction of coconut, almond, cottage cheese, mushroom and creme, cooked in honey, which met with her enthusiastic approval.
We enjoyed popadom starters and naan bread, as well as side dishes of onion bhaji, but by this point I was reaching full and felt a little guilty for not having the room for much of the side order of Bombay aloo potatoes.
As something a little different we sampled 'gulab juman', a kind of dumpling made of milk, sugar and spice as a dessert. It was a little rich for my wife but hit the spot for me.
Rocky was certainly the attentive host and a natural people person. He explained that the restaurant is a family business. He works the front of house while his brother Hannam is head chef, responsible for concocting the tasty dishes that seal the deal. Both brothers have previously worked in restaurants before taking the decision in 2003 to go it alone, and I for one am pleased they did.
They have plans for the business and with a larger premises all the ingredients will be here for future success.
Charville
Arts & CultureThe abandoned castle in Crystal Palace Park that no one knows is thereThis may surprise you
Olympia LondonWho's on the RuPaul's DragCon UK lineup at Olympia London?Here's a full guide to who will be appearing at DragCon UK this weekend
HealthTesco, Waitrose and Sainsbury's urgently recalling these 20 productsShoppers have been warned to check for these items
Electric BrixtonRina Sawayama announces Electric Brixton show on UK tour - how to get ticketsThe Dynasty Tour will head to the UK in May


SermonIndex.net : Christian Books : Chapter 1.--It is Shown by Reason that in God Three are Not Anything Greater Than One Person.
Chapter 1.--It is Shown by Reason that in God Three are Not Anything Greater Than One Person.
2. For we say that in this Trinity two or three persons are not anything greater than one of them; which carnal perception does not receive, for no other reason except because it perceives as it can the true things which are created, but cannot discern the truth itself by which they are created; for if it could, then the very corporeal light would in no way be more clear than this which we have said. For in respect to the substance of truth, since it alone truly is, nothing is greater, unless because it more truly is. But in respect to whatsoever is intelligible and unchangeable, no one thing is more truly than another, since all alike are unchangeably eternal; and that which therein is called great, is not great from any other source than from that by which it truly is. Wherefore, where magnitude itself is truth, whatsoever has more of magnitude must needs have more of truth; whatsoever therefore has not more of truth, has not also more of magnitude. Further, whatsoever has more of truth is certainly more true, just as that is greater which has more of magnitude; therefore in respect to the substance of truth that is more great which is more true. But the Father and the Son together are not more truly than the Father singly, or the Son singly. Both together, therefore, are not anything greater than each of them singly. And since also the Holy Spirit equally is truly, the Father and Son together are not anything greater than He, since neither are they more truly. The Father also and the Holy Spirit together, since they do not surpass the Son in truth (for they are not more truly), do not surpass Him either in magnitude. And so the Son and the Holy Spirit together are just as great as the Father alone, since they are as truly. So also the Trinity itself is as great as each several person therein. For where truth itself is magnitude, that is not more great which is not more true: since in regard to the essence of truth, to be true is the same as to be, and to be is the same as to be great; therefore to be great is the same as to be true. And in regard to it, therefore, what is equally true must needs also be equally great.


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Q: convert HTML symbol Code to actual symbol using Javascript I am Building a quiz app for React.js practice and I'm having trouble with HTML Symbol codes in the API response. Codes like &#039 are in the response instead of the actual apostrophe symbol. I understand the use of these codes, and why the JSON I am receiving from the API uses them I just cant find a way to make what is displayed be the symbol instead of the code. The same situation with & and quotation marks.
Is there a way to parse the string that I receive so that The questions and answers in my app look correctly when read?
I have tried using DOMparser to convert to html but that throws an error. And String() just gives me the same thing as the direct string from API.
example question:
API sends this:
Which band had hits in 1975 with the songs, 'One Of These Nights' & 'Lyin Eyes'?
should look like this in App:
Which band had hits in 1975 with the songs, 'One Of These Nights' & 'Lyin Eyes'?

A: Try using HTML element as placeholder:
let container = document.createElement('div');
container.innerHTML = 'Which band had hits in 1975 with the songs, 'One Of These Nights' & 'Lyin Eyes'?';

console.log(container.textContent);

A: You can use dangerouslySetInnerHTML React prop, though like the name suggest it's dangerous. But if you're sure that this text will never insert any <script> tags, then you're fine

function MyComponent() {
  const text = "Which band had hits in 1975 with the songs, 'One Of These Nights' & 'Lyin Eyes'?";

  return <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{__html: text}} />;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


HD digital radio is the new standard in the 2018 Corvette. New stitch colors and a jet-black suede-wrapped interior are also in the lineup for this year's model. The standard 6.2-liter, V-8 engine features 460 horsepower in every trim option except the Z06, which clocks in at 650 horsepower. The 7-speed manual transmission and rear wheel drive allow for ultimate driver control. An 8-speed automatic transmission with overdrive is also available. Convertible options let drivers automatically lower the roof at speeds up to 30mph. Safety is a priority in the Corvette with dual front-side airbags, fixed front head restraints, and side-impact bars all standard features. An upgraded rearview camera also comes standard in 2018, with a higher resolution view while in reverse. The 2018 Chevy Corvette comes with a bumper-to-bumper 36-month/ 36,000-mile warranty. It is available in 16 exterior and 11 interior colors, as well as several additional stitch colors, to suit any taste.


12 Mar Tenant Breach may not mean termination!
In our last article we described how it is necessary for a Queensland landlord to issue a form 124 notice before taking any steps to retake possession of premises from a tenant who holds those premises under a Queensland Commercial Lease. A commercial tenant will always have the right to apply to the courts for something called "relief against forfeiture". The relief may be given even if the tenant is in default of the lease and even though the lease specifically provides that the landlord has the right to terminate. Courts have a wide and unfettered discretionary power to take into account all of the circumstances before deciding if the Court will allow a landlord to retake possession from a tenant. Therefore a landlord may not have the ability to terminate a lease even if the tenant is in default. A tenant cannot claim relief against forfeiture before the landlord has commenced proceedings for possession or has taken possession. If the tenant anticipates that the landlord is making preparation to take possession then the tenant may apply for an injunction. The tenant may do this once the section 124 notice is served. So how does the court decide if it will grant this "relief against forfeiture"?
08 Mar How to remove a defaulting tenant.
If your Tenant has failed to pay rent or is in breach of some other essential term of the Lease, you may decide that terminating the Lease and searching for a new Tenant is the best way for you to limit your losses. It may be, for instance, that the tenant is impecunious.
Before you will be able to "change the locks" and re-enter your property, Section 124(1) of the Property Law Act provides that you must first serve on your Tenant a notice which states the breach complained of and what the Tenant has to do to remedy the breach.
It is in your best interests that any breach notice is issued correctly the first time. You must ensure that the breach notice is factually accurate and complies with the technical requirements imposed by law.
Providing a defective notice can be costly.
Firstly, a defective notice may give the Tenant the ability to have the notice set aside. This would force you to re-issue the notice thus delaying your efforts to terminate the Lease. This may allow the Tenant to continue to occupy the Premises while in breach until such time as the notice is re-issued correctly.


Today... Showers and thunderstorms. Windy with highs in the lower 80s. South winds 15 to 20 mph with gusts up to 35 mph, increasing to 25 to 30 mph with gusts up to 45 mph this afternoon. Chance of rain 90 percent.
Tonight... Cloudy with showers and thunderstorms in the evening, then partly cloudy with a slight chance of showers after midnight. Some thunderstorms May be severe. Breezy with lows in the lower 50s. South winds 15 to 25 mph with gusts up to 40 mph, becoming southwest around 15 mph with gusts up to 25 mph after midnight. Chance of rain 90 percent.
Saturday... Partly cloudy. Highs in the mid 60s. Southwest winds 15 to 20 mph.
Sunday... Partly cloudy in the morning, then becoming mostly sunny. Highs around 70. West winds 5 to 10 mph.
Monday... Clear. Highs in the upper 70s. Lows in the mid 50s.
Monday Night... Clear. Highs in the upper 70s. Lows in the mid 50s.
Pembroke, NC Weather Forecast - Find local 28372 Pembroke, North Carolina weather forecasts and current conditions. Continually striving to be your best resource for Local Pembroke, North Carolina Weather!


Kashish Jain whom he calls as the half of his page and is mainly into marketing and branding. Lets meet this young influencer and know more about him.
On the cover of forbes magazine, smiling next to Oprah and the queen. Just kidding don't know where the destiny takes me.
Currently a bba graduate from Amity University Noida . And my brother is an electronic engineer.


Rahul Gandhi said last week in Chennai that to take on the BJP and its mentor, who are committed to a Hindu nationalist agenda.
RSS leader Indresh Kumar invited Rahul Gandhi to attend the meetings.
Congress leader Rahul Gandhi received an invitation today from RSS leader Indresh Kumar to attend the organization's shakhas or meetings. "That will help him learn about India," said Mr Kumar in an interview to NDTV.
The RSS or Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh is the ideological parent of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party. Mr Gandhi said last week in Chennai that to take on the BJP and its mentor, who are committed to a Hindu nationalist agenda, he is reading texts like the Gita and Upanishads, ancient and sacred texts for Hindus. "If he reads (the texts), he wouldn't want to fight RSS, he will want to befriend RSS. I invite him and all opposition leaders to come to shakhas," said Mr Kumar.
At a time when the BJP is the undisputed dominant political force in the country, the crackdown on abbatoirs, succeeded by a diktat banning the sale of cattle for slaughter at open markets is being seen as a big filip to right-wing hardliner groups and cow vigilantes who have been attacking cattle traders and slaughterhouses. The centre's ban on cattle trade for slaughter has provoked large protests from states including Kerala and several in the North East which say that beef-eating is part of cultural and culinary tradition. Mr Kumar's response to that: "If you have a bad habit, should you continue? It is the government's duty to stop bad habits like tobacco...this is the same thing."


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Mark Edwards has an M.Psych in Developmental Psychology and a PhD in organisation theory from the University of Western Australia. He now works at Jönköping University in Sweden where he teaches and researches in the area of sustainability and ethics. Before becoming an academic he worked with people with disabilities for twenty years. He is the author of Organizational Transformation for Sustainability: An Integral Metatheory (Routledge, 2009) .
of Holons
This concept has a long and respectable ancestry. So much so that defenders of orthodoxy are inclined to dismiss it as "old hat" - and often in the same breath to deny its validity. Yet I hope to show as we go along that this old hat, handled with some affection, can produce lively rabbits.
(Arthur Koestler, 1967, p.45)
The idea of hierarchy and of their constituent part-wholes, or holons, has, as Arthur Koestler points out in the opening quote, a long and distinguished history. There are many philosophers who have proposed abstract systems for explaining natural and social phenomena. In pre-Socratic Greece Leuciddus and Deocritus developed the abstract concept of the atom and used it to develop a philosophy that could explain all observed events. Aristotle used hierarchy as the methodology for accumulating and connecting biological knowledge. Hierachy was perhaps the dominant way of viewing the connection between the natural, the human and the supernatural orders of being through the middles ages. In the 17th century Leibnitz proposed his "monad" as an irreducible unit for explaining not only the material world but the inner world of the soul.
In the early twentieth century there was a flurry of interest in holism and hierarchy that owed its genesis to the impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory. I think the contribution of Jan Smuts in his publication of "Evolution and Holism" in 1926 is particularly important. Smuts was a soldier, a revolutionist republican, a lawyer, the Premier of the Republic of South Africa for several years (before the instigation of political apartheid), a globalist, and one of the founders of the United nations. writers of the UN founding charter. He also was a philosopher who saw the deep connections between the natural and social worlds and his concept of holism clearly influenced Wilber's ideas in this area. Wilber quotes Smuts at the very beginning of his first major work that fully utilised the concept of hierarchy – "The Atman Project" - "Everywhere we look in nature we see nothing but wholes" (cited in Wilber, 1980). While all these various threads of ideas included the consideration of hierarchical networks and levels and orders of development it was not until the work of writer-philosopher Arthur Koestler that a fully theory of holarchy and holons was proposed.
Arthur Koestler – The father of Holon theory
Some 35 years ago, in 1967, Arthur Koestler proposed the term "holon" in his book "The Ghost in the Machine". Arthur Koestler was born in 1905 and died in 1983. During the 1930's and 1040's Koestler was a journalist who covered the Spanish civil war and World War II from the perspective of the ordinary people who were swept up in the great social tumult of those times. After the war he turned to turned to writing books in both fiction and non-fiction genres. He was one of the most widely read political novelists of all time. Koestler said that he wrote his novels, "out of my quarrels with the human condition". His other non-fiction books, including, "The Ghost in the machine" were "attempts to analyse that same condition in scientific terms".
Like Jan Smuts, Arthur Koestler led an extremely eventful life and he participated fully in some of the most important political and social events of his times. Again, similarly with Smuts, Koestler's engagement with the events of the day included not only social action and participatory involvement at a personal level but he also lived a life of deep connection with the world of culture and inner experience. In the following quote from his book, "The Act of Creation", Koestler is referring to the relationship between subjective and objective knowledge quests and it shows the awareness he had of both interior and exterior aspects of life.
Einstein's space is no closer to reality than Van Gogh's sky. The glory of science is not in a truth more absolute than the truth of Bach or Tolstoy, but in the act of creation itself. The scientist's discoveries impose his own order on chaos, as the composer or painter imposes his; an order that always refers to limited aspects of reality, and is based on the observer's frame of reference, which differs from period to period as a Rembrant nude differs from a nude by Manet.
Arthur Koestler, 1970, p. 253
It is interesting to look at Koestler's life in terms of Wilber's Quadrants framework. He was a philosopher and held a rich interest in art and cultural concerns. He was active socially and for many years was involved in various social movements and was nominated for the Nobel prize for literature three times. His personal life was one of great behavioural involvement with the great dramas of revolution, war and social dislocation that characterised the early and middle twentieth century. He also explored the inner worlds of subjective experience and imagination and wrote some of the most memorable political novels of his times. Looking at his life it is clear that his great span and depth of involvements and experiences should be reflected in his philosophy and in the specific detail of the holon theory that he largely created.
Koestler's Holon
The idea of the holon occupies a central position in Koestler's thinking about the human condition. He developed the construct to deal with three central problems that he saw facing the social sciences of the post-war generation. First he saw the need for some model that could unite and integrate the reductionist and mechanistic worldview of the "scientific" and behavioural psychologies with the holistic and humanistic worldview of the Freudian, Rogerian and Gestalt psychologies. Second, he recognised the importance and relevance of evolutionary processes in the social sciences and wanted to provide some theoretical system that could apply evolutionary conceptualisations to both realms. Third, he wanted to develop a model of human social systems that was equally at home in analysing the micro-level of individuality and the macro-level of collectivity. He wanted to propose some basic model of explanation that was relevant across the great span of human activity and involvement.
Koestler acknowledged that his "holon" construct had, in fact, a very venerable and ancient ancestry in western philosophy. Several important philosophers including Leibniz and Hegel had drawn attention to the importance of such things as hierarchy and developmental levels. Koestler saw himself in a line of such thinkers who wanted to bring together different knowledge quests and schools of scientific endeavour instead of pursuing the ongoing specialisation in scientific knowledge that has characterised modern scientific schools. Holon theory was Koestler's attempt at an integrative philosophy of science and he expected that the holon theory or something similar would form the basis for any truly holistic future scientific worldview. He approvingly quotes one Needham who said that, "The hierarchy of relations ... will perhaps be the leading idea of the future". So, the holon construct was no small thing for Koestler and it is clear that he regarded his holonic principles as a solid attempt at an integrative philosophy of human existence.
So what is a holon. The word is a combination of the Greek "holos" meaning whole, with the suffix "on" which, as in proton or neutron, suggests a particle or part. The holon, then, is a part-whole. It is a nodal point in a hierarchy that describes the relationship between entities that are self-complete wholes and entities that are seen to be other dependent parts. As one's point of focus moves up, down, and/or across the nodes of a hierarchical structure so one's perception of what is a whole and what is a part will also change.
The evolutionary holon
In introducing the idea of the holon Koestler quotes the story told to him by Herbert Simon, a Nobel prize winner, and called the 'parable of the two watchmakers'. The parable goes like this:
There once were two watchmakers, named Bios and Mekhos, who made very fine watches. The phones in their workshops rang frequently; new customers were constantly calling them. However, Bios prospered while Mekhos became poorer and poorer. In the end, Mekhos lost his shop and worked as a mechanic for Bios. What was the reason behind this?
The watches consisted of about 1000 parts each. The watches that Mekhos made were designed such that, when he had to put down a partly assembled watch (for instance, to answer the phone), it immediately fell into pieces and had to be completely reassembled from the basic elements. On the other hand Bios designed his watches so that he could put together subassemblies of about ten components each. Ten of these subassemblies could be put together to make a larger sub-assembly. Finally, ten of the larger subassemblies constituted the whole watch. When Bios had to put his watches down to attend to some interruption they did not break up into their elemental parts but only into their sub-assemblies.
Now, the watchmakers were each disturbed at the same rate of once per hundred assembly operations. However, due to their different assembly methods, it took Mekhos four thousand times longer than Bios to complete a single watch.
Koestler relates this story to show that the hierarchical organisation of systems is an inbuilt feature of life – biological life but also any complex evolving system. not only is the time needed for the development greatly shortened when hierarchical methods are used but there are also inherent benefits in terms of maintenance, regulation and restoration. Koestler sees the hierarchical ordering of life as such a fundamental aspect of development that he says (1967, p. 47),
We do not know what forms of life have evolved on other planets in the universe, but we can safely assume that wherever there is life, it must be hierarchically organised (emphasis in the original)
Koestler wants to show two things with this parable. First, that complex systems will evolve from simple systems much more rapidly if there are stable intermediate forms than if there are not, i.e. if they are hierarchically organised. Second, and more importantly, he wants to show that the resulting complex systems will always be hierarchic and that hierarchy is the natural and ubiquitous outcome of the development of structural form. After establishing the universal importance of hierarchy to the development of complex systems Koestler went on to propose that these hierarchies could be analysed in terms of the stable intermediate nodes or forms through which their structure is defined. It was to these intermediate forms that Koestler conferred the new label of "holon".
Koester was a keen student of psychology and was well aware of the problems besetting the reductionist behavioural approaches to psychological theory. He was also conversant with the European schools such as the more holistic Gestalt psychology and he saw his holon theory as a way to move beyond the inadequacies of these contending models. He saw the great dehumanising effect of atomistic psychologies but also recognised the limitations of the holistic schools. As he puts it (1967, p.49)
in spite of its lasting merits, 'holism' as a general attitude to psychology turned out to be as one-sided as atomism was, because both treated 'whole' and part' as absolutes, both failed to take into account the hierarchic scaffolding of intermediate structures of sub-wholes ... the Behaviourist never gets higher that the bottom layer of stones, and the holist never gets down from the apex.
Koester saw holon theory as a broad philosophy of science that showed a way out of the interminable and centuries-long debate over the relative merits of reductionism and holism.
Holons and holarchies
Koestler noted that in every order of existence, from physical to chemical to biological and social systems, entirely self supporting, non-interacting entities did not exist. And more importantly, that entities can be seen to lie in holarchical relationship with each other. He called systems of such entities Open Hierarchical Systems (OHS) and these have subsequently been called holarchies. Every identifiable unit of organization, such as a single cell in an animal or a family unit in a society, comprises more basic units (mitochondria and nucleus, parents and siblings) while at the same time forming a part of a larger unit of organization (a muscle tissue and organ, community and society). A holon, as Koestler devised the term, is an identifiable part of a system that has a unique identity, yet is made up of sub-ordinate parts and in turn is part of a larger whole.
Koestler's holons were not thought of as entities or objects but as systematic ways of relating theoretical structures. In other words, holons were arbitrary points of reference for interpreting reality. To quote Koestler (1967, pg. 55), "Whatever the nature of a hierarchic organisation, its constituent holons are defined by fixed rules and flexible strategies" (emphasis in the original). So Koestler's holons are posited and "fixed" only out of the relational rules and strategies that help us make sense of reality.
Because holons are defined by the structure of a hierarchy each identified holon can itself be regarded as a series of nested sub-hierarchies in the same way that a set of Russian dolls is an inclusive series of dolls contained within each other. Holons are, then, both parts and wholes because they are always parts of larger hierarchies and they always contain sub-hierarchies. Holons simultaneously are self-contained wholes to their subordinated parts, and dependent parts when seen from the inverse direction. Hence, holons can be seen as reference points in hierarchical series or holarchies.
Koestler also recognised that holons are the representative stages or nodal structures that define the developmental hierarchies. As he says (1967, p. 61),
the different levels represent different stages of development, and the holons ... reflect intermediary structures at these stages.
It is this crucial stage-like characteristic of holons that Wilber takes up, expands and utilises in his spectrum model of human growth and later in his quadrants framework for describing Kosmic development. It is interesting to note that Koestler also recognised that the stage-like nature of hierarchies that existed in the inorganic world and in "the interplay of cohesive and separative forces in stable inorganic systems, from atoms to galaxies".
So, we see that Koestler not only introduced the nomenclature of holons but he also described their place in developmental theory and saw how they could be used to overcome many of the philosophical problems that were plagued the social and psychological sciences of the early twentieth century. Even more than this, Koestler developed a very detailed set of holonic principles that actually defined a new theory of social development and general evolutionary theory. These principles are outlined in an appendix to "The Ghost in the Machine" and are titled "General Properties Of Open Hierarchical Systems (O.H.S.)". Many of these principles have been taken up and expanded on by Ken Wilber in his holonic tenets but there are many that have not. Before comparing Koestler's OHS properties with the twenty tenets of Wilber I will give a brief overview of how Wilber has adopted the holon and how it fills a central role in his most recent writings on Integral theory.
Ken Wilber's Holonic Tenets
Wilber adopted Koestler's holon construct during, what Wilber has called, the phase-2 period in the development of his philosophy. This phase, which occurred around the late seventies and early eighties, is characterised by a focus on the spectral transcend-and–include nature of all developmental structures. It is no surprise that Wilber would be drawn to the holon as a construct given his developmental interests and particularly his revolutionary pre/trans theorem which is so useful to unravelling the boundary stages of growth. So, it was quite early on that the holon construct was incorporated into the basic theoretical scheme Wilber's writings as a way of emphasising the hierarchical/holarchical nature of reality. To my knowledge, the first reference that Wilber makes to the holon construct is in his 1983 book, "Eye to Eye" but he may well have been aware of the term for some time. This was at least 15 years prior to the great expansion of his ideas that culminated in 1995 in the publication of "Sex, Ecology, Spirituality" (SES) which introduced the Four Quadrants of Kosmic evolution (Wilber's Phase-4). From 1995 the holon and its various defining qualities have held an increasingly important position in Wilber's writings.
Wilber holonic theory or as he refers to it "the twenty tenets" were first laid out in the opening chapters to SES. They provide the foundation for his mapping out of the All Quadrants, All Levels framework (AQAL). It is clear from the very beginning of SES that Wilber now regards the idea of the holon as the primary explanatory unit in his AQAL framework. This is conveyed in his famous statement that,
"Reality as a whole is not composed of things or processes, but of holons".
This groundbreaking statement sets the holon construct at the very heart of Wilber's whole explanatory endeavour. And, I believe, that this marks a major turning point in the history of Western philosophy of science and in our more general attempt to develop scientific explanations of social phenomena. The reason for this is because in clearly identifying the holon as the central unit of explanation Wilber provides a basis for connecting all fields of scientific and cultural knowledge.
Wilber's AQAL framework and the Holon
As with Koestler, Wilber uses the holon theory to, "undercut the traditional argument between atomism .. and wholism". For Wilber to incorporate holonic theory into the theoretical structure of the AQAL framework was easy at one level because both theories were founded on the idea of hierarchical inclusion. The difference between them was that Wilber's AQAL framework was a way of seeing the whole developmental and evolutionary nature of all relative knowledge, experience and activity. Wilber took Koestler's holon to its logical end and, placing within the AQAL framework, saw the holon as a way of analysing all aspects and domains of reality. The subtitle of SES is "The Spirit of Evolution" and to my mind the book is an attempt to bring evolutionary theory out of its traditional biological home and to apply to all levels of existence – from matter to spirit. Wilber does this through the identification of the holon as his core explanatory device. This is the absolutely crucial part that holons play in his model.
In taking up Koestler's wonderful theory of holons, Wilber too has stressed the sliding and contextual, yet hierarchical, nature of holons. Wilber has creatively used the holon construct to highlight the holarchical nature of his AQAL framework. The framework is derived from an immense amount of scientific, cultural and experiential knowledge. In adopting the holon construct the AQAL model becomes more than just a new way of connecting existing fields of knowledge in a developmental overview. It is also a new way of looking at the referential "units" of that knowledge - holons. Built into the heart of the model is the concept that all developmental phenomena can be viewed as aspects of dynamic, holonic events that are nested within a holarchy of evolving/involving structural patterns.
The holons construct is so critically important to the utility of the Integral model because it enables the AQAL framework to be focused on any point in the holarchy or, to put it another way, it enables any developmental event to be analysed in terms of an Integral methodology. As such, the concept of the "holon" does away with the endless quest of trying to find the fundamental parts or wholes that constitute reality and it releases us from the basis mythologies inherent in materialistic, mentalistic, animistic, relativistic, or idealistic conceptions of reality. Quantum physics, that most advanced of all natural sciences, now overtly recognises the completely mythological nature of "matter" (Davies & Gribble, 1992), and of ideas that regard reality as simply permutations of solid substance, empty space, and linear time. The AQAL model, when it is used as an interpretive schema, extends this demythologising awareness across all explanatory systems (including itself) and brings to the fore the holarchic and developmental nature of reality. With the idea of a nested holarchy of holons, Wilber has opened a vision of reality that does not fall into the errors associated with various forms of reductionism, elevationism or relativisim. In bringing Koesler's holon concept into his model, Wilber has not only opened up the possibility of a truly open-ended Theory of Everything but also a systematic theoretical approach towards any thing/process/event.
The holon - Integral theory's unit of analysis
The development of the human, in both its personal and social forms, is the most complex phenomena that we yet know about in the Kosmos. To understand this process in any sort of detailed and valid fashion is, to put it mildly, a big task. It is my opinion that Ken Wilber's Integral theory is the only philosophical/epistemological/theoretical framework that attempts to present a comprehensive understanding of the complex and multi-layered reality that we see about us. One of the most attractive central features of Integral theory is that it does not rely on ontological reductionism to simplify that complexity, as do many other branches of science. The neurologist and the medical specialist reduce the human to the biochemical with their unit of study being the chemical compound. The behaviourist reduces the human to physical action with their unit of study being the behavioural stimulus-response cycle. The cognitivist reduces the human to the world of behaviour and thought with their basic unit of explanation being the pattern of thought, belief or feeling. The evolutionist reduces it to reproductive advantage with the locus of explanation being the adaptive interaction between environment and phenotype. The sociologist reduces the human to the world of interpersonal relations and group dynamics with their focus of explanation being the social event. The humanist reduces the human to the world of being and identity with authenticity in word and deed being their centre of interest. The transpersonalist reduces, or more correctly elevates, the human to the world of spirit and finds explanation in the analysis of the mystical event.
All these disciplines simplify human complexity to find something of certainty, something that is true, something that will have lasting validity. And, in their own way, each of the main perspectives on human reality does contribute unique knowledge to the quest for understanding that so occupies us. As Wilber has often pointed out, all these contributions are partially correct. The human can be understood and explained through the study of the physical, the chemical, the animal, the social, the political, the cognitive, the existential, the spiritual, and the historical. Once this partiality is recognised, we are then faced with the problem of truly integrating the valid and the true of each and bringing them into some semblance of coherency. And the very first task that is required for this integrative endeavour to be successful is to identify a unit of analysis or explanation that does not privilege any of the units of analysis or explanation associated with partial views.
In my opinion it is one of Wilber's greatest insights that he has been able to identity an explanatory reference point that avoids the ontological pitfalls that have so plagued all previous explanatory elements. In so doing Wilber allows Integral theory to transcend (and integrate) all the reductionisms of the partial views to boldly propose that the true locus of explanation does not reside in any particular level of reality and cannot be limited to any single domain of investigation. The basic unit of analysis for Integral theory is not the atom, or the molecule, or the mathematical unit, or the interpretive perspective, or the cognitive pattern, or the historical event, or the spiritual revelation. For Integral theory the unit of analysis, it's basic point of explanation, analysis, reference and "measurement" is the holon. This is why students of Wilber work, if they are to understand what Integral theory/philosophy, the AQAL framework and IMP's are truly about, will have to have a good grounding in holon theory.
The reductive research paradigm has been immensely successful for investigating physical and chemical phenomena. More recently holistic approaches like the various systems theories, humanistic disciplines, and developmental theories have been successfully applied to social phenomena. The holon, the "part-whole", has a built in non-reductive perspective that allows for the simultaneous recognition that anything can be studied holistically and anything can be analysed reductively at the same time. This combination of holistic and reductive methodologies also introduces a new element and immensely important capacity for explanatory methodologies that utilise this part-whole focus of explanation. It now means that the various types of reductive science can now be carried out in relational context. The disciplines of physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, the humanities, sociology, theology, and cultural studies can now be pursued within a cross-disciplinary framework that connects and situates their disparate findings and truths instead of juxtaposing them. By allowing for both holistic and reductive methodologies, the holon framework introduces an integrative dimension of implementing those approaches that no other approach can claim. This new capacity lies at the heart of Wilber's (2002) recent call for a revolutionary Integral Methodological Pluralism (IMP) – "a project of synthesis".
Holism, reductionism and pluralism
The holon is the holarchic (i.e. hierarchic plus heterarchic) reference point through which the various principles of the AQAL model can be applied. This is the real point behind Wilber's first tenet of holons, "Reality as a whole is not composed of things, or processes, but of holons". He is really pointing out here that holons permit an analytical holism that can evade the reductive errors that result from explanations that rely on some fundamental thing or process. Unfortunately the wording of this tenet suggests that holons themselves are building block composites that in some way fit together to make up Kosmic reality. But this is not at all Wilber's intended reading for this tenet. The holon construct allows Integral theory and it's AQAL methodology to step away from and the methodological battles engaged in by other disciplines and to avoid the reductive pitfalls that abound wherever science seeks to understand complex phenomena. The use of the holon as the means for applying Integral theory also allows the many other truths that have been uncovered by human knowledge quests to be honoured and rightfully situated within a non-reductive context. It is not just that the holon in conjunction with the AQAL principles can investigate systemic and elemental aspect of reality but that it can also, as Wilber says, "acknowledge, honor, and include all authentic modes of human inquiry " (and their valid findings). In short, the full integration of the holon and the AQAL model enables Integral theory to overcome the traditional reductionist propensity to privilege very biased methodologies for gathering observations and experiences and very narrow modes of explanation for understanding them. As Wilber (2002) has recently said:
AQAL, then, is a metatheory that attempts to integrate the most amount of material from an integral methodological pluralism, thus honoring the primary injunction of an integral embrace: Everybody is right.
Everybody, i.e. all major theorists, philosophies and stores of cultural knowledge, are right (within context) and it is the holon construct that allows Integral theory to move without prejudice around these vast domains of human knowledge and pursue its agenda of holistic exploration and analysis. This process of acknowledging the validity and value of established personal and cultural knowledge quests can be viewed from a broader perspective than simply that of Wilber's integral theory. Wilber has recently termed any such endeavour as Integral Methodological Pluralism (IMP). Integral theory is an example of such an approach to the investigation of events, experiences, and knowledge. But I believe that any such method will need to be based on the holon construct in some form because it is the only explanatory concept that can accommodate the three definitive criteria for an IMP.
Similarities and Differences
I have pointed out that Koestler has proposed a quite detailed set of holonic principles and shown that the holon construct has a very wide application. Wilber, in turn, has placed the holon construct firmly at the centre of his comprehensive integrative framework for connecting knowledge. Wilber has expanded holon theory into a new approach to understanding the relationship of many different knowledge domains. It should, however, be noted that Koestler provided Wilber with much more than just a new term to label the "building blocks" of his Integral theory/AQAL framework. Koestler's principles of Open Hierarchical Systems (OHS) and Wilber's twenty tenets are clearly very related and the following table shows the correspondences between the two types of holon theory.
Table 1: Correspondences between Koestler's OHS principles
and Wilber's twenty Holonic Tenets
Wilber's Twenty tenets Koestler's OHS principles*
1: Reality can be seen in terms of an endless series of holonic relations 1.3 Parts and wholes in an absolute sense do not exist in the domain of life. The concept of the holon is intended to reconcile the atomistic and holistic approaches. "The [holarchy] is open-ended in the downward, as it is in the upward direction"
2a: Holons have agency, individuality, deep autonomy. 4.1 Every holon has the ... tendency to preserve and assert its individuality as a quasi-autonomous whole; 9.2 the holon's agency is that which controls the part from the next higher level.
2b: Holons have communality, mutuality, and collective relationships 4.8 The canon of a social holon represents not only constraints imposed on its actions, but also embodies maxims of conduct, moral imperatives and systems of value.
2c: Holons have a capacity for self-transcendence, and active transformation into greater wholes 5.6 A holon on the n level of an output-hierarchy is represented on the (n+ I) level as a unit, and triggered into action as a unit. A holon, in other words, is a system of relata. which is represented on the next higher level as a relatum.
2d: Holons have a capacity for self-immanence, and the active integration of its parts 4.1 Every holon has the tendency to function as an integrated part of an (existing or evolving) larger whole.
4.1 a holon's Integrative (INT) tendencies are inherent in the concept of hierarchic order and a universal characteristic of life. The INT tendencies are the dynamic expression of the holon's partness.
3: Holons emerge creatively and indeterminately 8. Holons on successively higher levels of the hierarchy show increasingly complex, more flexible and less predictable patterns of activity. while on successive lower levels we find increasingly mechanised stereotyped and predictable patterns.
4: Holons emerge holarchically, i.e. through dynamics between hierarchy and heterarchy 6.1 Hierarchies can be regarded as 'vertically' arborising structures whose branches interlock with those of other hierarchies at a multiplicity of levels and form 'horizontal' networks
5: Each emergent holon transcends but includes its predecessors	 "A hierarchy of holons should rightly be called a holarchy"
8: Each successive holon level within a holarchy produces greater depth and less span 2.2 The number of levels in a hierarchy is a measure of its "'depth", and the number of holons on any given level is called its "span".
12a: Evolution displays increasing complexity 8.4 Each upward shift is reflected by a more vivid and precise consciousness of the ongoing activity; and, since the variety of alternative choices increases with the increasing complexity on higher levels, each upward shift is accompanied by the subjective experience of freedom of decision. ("We find [holons] in an ascending order of complexity" )
Holarchies possess interiority and consciousness 8.6 Consciousness appears as an emergent quality in phylogeny and ontogeny, which, from primitive beginnings, evolves towards more complex and precise states.
* All direct quotes from "The Ghost in the Machine"
Table 1 shows the clear concordances between Koestler's OHS principles and Wilber's twenty tenets. I have pointed out these overlaps to show that Wilber's extended use of the holon construct clearly builds on Koestler's quite extensive and detailed explications of holon theory and that therefore the two models should be seen as a single continuum of development in the theory. Wilber has taken the foundational theorems laid down by Koestler and greatly extended their theoretical and practical application. As a whole holon theory needs to be seen as a new and very promising philosophy of knowledge that may well open up an entirely new and genuinely integrative understanding of the natural and social worlds and how they relate to each other.
There are several aspects of Koestler's theory that have, as yet, not been explored by Wilber or any other Integral theory writers. These include the concept of holonic exchange/input-output systems which looks at the way holonic outputs are triggered and how holons scanners and filter inputs. Koestler's concepts of "arborisation", "reticulation" and "regulation channels" also show promise as ways of seeing how holons can relate to each other. There is also the issue of holonic health and how holons change and Koestler's principles on holonic equilibrium, disorder and regeneration offer fertile ground for further study.
Holons and the Future
I noted earlier that Ken Wilber (2002b) has recently suggested some principles that define, what he calls, an Integral Methodological Pluralism (IMP). This idea refers to the broad characteristics of a discipline that can be considered to be an integral approach to a topic. Wilber maintains that any future over-arching model of knowledge will have posses the main principles that define an IMP. These principles are non-exclusion, enfoldment/unfoldment, and enactment. Wilber defines non-exclusion as follows:
Nonexclusion means that we can accept the valid truth claims (i.e. the truth claims that pass validity tests for their own paradigms in their own fields, whether in hermeneutics, spirituality, science, etc.) insofar as they make statements about the existence of their own enacted and disclosed phenomena, but not when they make statements about the existence of phenomena enacted by other paradigms. (2002b, ¶52)
This principle refers to the acceptance of partial but valid knowledge that has been gleaned by disciplines focusing on particular aspects of holons. Much of this knowledge has been the result of reductionist paradigms (disciplinary matrices/methodologies). The second principle, enfoldment/ unfoldment is defined as:
nonexclusion often discloses an unfoldment that is enfoldment: in any particular developmental stream, successive waves transcend and include their predecessors, and thus each wave is adequate, each succeeding wave is more adequate. (2002b, ¶73)
In short, in healthy unfolding, each wave is holistic, each succeeding wave is more holistic. (2002b, ¶81)
The unfoldment/enfoldment principle refers to the acceptance of the holistic and developmental nature of knowledge and methods. This principle relates to the idea that all knowledge bases and methods are connected and can illuminate each other. Wilber's third principle, the Enactment principle is explained as follows:
Putting all of these modes of inquiry together, as an enactment and disclosure of turquoise cognition, results in what we are calling integral methodological pluralism, which embodies the more practical side of an Integral Post-Metaphysics (Wilber 2002a, ¶64)
phenomena are enacted, brought forth, and disclosed by practices, then we realize that what appeared to be "conflicting phenomena" or experiences are simply different (and fully compatible) experiences brought forth by different practices. (2002b, ¶89)
So enactment refers to the novel capacity of an IMP to situate and provide a new integrative context for all other partial approaches be they reductionist or holistic. It is precisely these three IMP capacities that are made available when the holon is seen as the unit of analysis for Integral theory. This leads to what Wilber calls Integral indexing or conferencing.
"AQAL indexing" ("integral indexing" or "holonic conferencing" [see below]) allows individual paradigms to be seated next to each other at the integrative table, in such as a way that each individual paradigm is honored and acknowledged. (2002b, ¶75)
Richard Slaughter, in an essay on the possibilities of an Integral Futures discipline, has pointed out that any futures studies practitionsers will not only need to understand the potentials and limitations of their own worldviews but will also need to be "proficient in exploring other perspectives" and the relationships that come out of the meeting of different perspectives. There seems to be an imperative here for scholars who deal with Big Pictures to take on the IMP framework. As part of this move, I would further add that the holon construct and holon theory may well be an essential aspect of any IMP. I say this simply because the holon framework presents a methodological basis for the IMP principles. The holon construct allows for the discriminative analysis of phenomena through non-exclusion, it allows for the inclusion of holistic and developmental through unfoldment/unfoldment, and it allows for the active discovery of insight and connective knowledge through its capacity to generate the enactment of integrative practices. The holon is the core unitary construct that will define any IMP approach to investigating, experiencing and analysing the human encounter with our world.
The holon construct and it associated theory has the potential to play a crucial role in the movement to combine and synthesise scientific and cultural knowledge about psychological and social realities. While there is a long tradition of attempts to derive a comprehensive philosophy for understanding human realities it is only with the 19th and 20th centuries contributions of evolutionary theory and developmental models of human growth that this synthesising project has really come of age. In many ways holon theory is the culmination of this integrative movement and its development comes at a time when such connective knowledge and holistic approaches are most needed. The global systems that threaten the development of healthy and sustainable social development require systemic and integrative modes of imagination and action. Holon theory as an example of an IMP provides the scope and insight that global crises demand.
It is not by accident, I believe, that the two founders of holon theory have both come from outside of academia. One from the world of journalism and real politic and the other from the world of contemporary spirituality and the human potential movement. Out of their visionary thinking these two writers/philosophers have forged a new approach to seeing the breadth and depth of reality and the challenges that are inherent in it. Koestler and Wilber's lives and writings are very different but also in a deep way very complementary. One comes from the experience of war and revolution in continental Europe while the other comes from a secluded life of inner journeys. One writes fiction as a way of wrestling with the world of human suffering the other writes non-fiction as a way of mapping out the potential for life. One is immerses himself in the psychologies and philosophies of the western tradition and the other follows contemplative paths of Eastern spirituality. Together they bring a new vision to how we and our realities are connected to each other. In the chapter which introduces the neologism "holon" for the first time, Koestler quotes the writer L.L. Whyte who said that, "fertile vistas may open out when commonplace facts are examined from a fresh point of view." In my view the holon, and its associated theoretical principles, will open up the richest and most crucial fields of scientific and cultural endeavour in the 21st century.
Koestler, A. (1967) The ghost in the machine. London: Arkana
Wilber, K. (1995) Sex, ecology and spirituality: The evolution of spirit. New York: Shambhala.
Wilber, K. (2002) Excerpt B: The Many Ways We Touch -Three Principles Helpful for Any Integrative Approach


The Royal Central School of Speech and Drama – graded gold standard for its teaching, the highest achievable level - has been cleared of racism by rejecting quotas for black and mixed ethnic applicants.
But the external and independent Halpin Partnership Race Equality Review, commissioned the drama school's board of governors, made a number of recommendations to improve its inclusivity.
Last year Central's principal Professor Gavin Henderson faced calls for his resignation by a group of students when he rejected diversity quotas, insisting the first criterion had to be quality. Students staged a protest.
But the review found no evidence of racism.
This year Central has over 1,000 students from 60 countries.
But it recommended, among other things, clarification of race equality at every level; a more systematic approach to measuring the progress of improvement; publication of equality strategies, targets and progress; consultation with students and staff; and an increase in visible role models from different races.
The national average for BAME undergraduates is 15.2%, while at Central it is 16.4%, and the school has already set a target to increase the percentage by 5%. 12.5% of the UK population identifies as BAME.
John Willis, chair of Central's governors, said the board were accepting al the recommendations, and investing £100,000 in accelerating improvements in diversity, including appointing a full-time equality and diversity advisor.
"The statistical evidence in the Halpin report indicates that Central performs well in race equality when measured against other arts providers in higher education" he said. "However, it is also clear that for some students and staff there is a gap between those statistics and their lived experience.


Prodos Games LTD Forum • View topic - warzone players in burnley area ?
warzone players in burnley area ?
Post subject: warzone players in burnley area ?
hi just wondering is there anybody in burnley lancashire uk playing warzone ?


text:
Home Call for Applications The 2013/2015 Oxford-Princeton Global Leaders Fellowship Programme
The 2013/2015 Oxford-Princeton Global Leaders Fellowship Programme
Title of Post: Post-doctoral Fellowships in the Oxford-Princeton Global Leaders Programme
Number of posts: Up to 6
Status: Visiting Research Fellow
Stipend: GBP35,760 p.a. (year 1 in Oxford)
USD56,500 p.a. (year 2 in Princeton)*
fellowships to work on global governance and the role of developing and emerging countries in the world political economy. Up to six such fellowships will be awarded to start in September 2013, for a year's study at the Global Economic Governance Programme, University College, Oxford followed by a year at Niehaus Centre for Globalization and Governance, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University. Post-holders will be provided with appropriate stipends sufficient to cover full living costs.
The objective of this programme is to contribute to the training of a cohort of scholar-practitioners who will help devise innovative strategies to enhance the value of global institutions to the people of developing countries. We believe that for global institutions to fulfill their potential, they must be better-aligned with the interests of people in developing countries, and that only nationals of the developing countries have the in-depth local knowledge to be able to devise culturally appropriate and politically adept strategies to accomplish this goal.
The status during the period at the University of Oxford will be that of Visiting Post-Doctoral Research Fellow. Fellows' will not be employed by the University College but will receive a stipend.
* The second year of the appointment, at Princeton, will be at a level anticipated to be approximately $56,500.
• You must be a national of a non-OECD country;
• Substantial experience of working in a non-OECD country;
• A completed doctorate (or evidence of imminent completion) in a subject relevant to
global development and the role of developing countries in the world political
economy;
• Evidence of outstanding prior academic accomplishment and of plans to develop a
career in keeping with the purposes of the GLF programme;
• Evidence of outstanding analytical and research skills;
• Evidence of a clearly articulated research project which contributes broadly to our understanding of how policymakers and institutions in developing countries can develop more effective strategies – particularly in global politics – for dealing with the effects of globalisation in ways which benefit their populations.
Candidates are required to submit the following (only full applications will be considered):
1. An application form;
2. A current CV;
3. A one-page covering letter;
4. A personal statement describing his or her training, ambitions, and purposes in pursuing the Fellowship (not more than 500 words);
5. A project statement describing either a research project or policy proposal which contributes broadly to our understanding of how policymakers and institutions in developing countries can develop more effective strategies – particularly in global politics – for dealing with the effects of globalisation in ways which benefit their populations.
The project statement should be not more than 2500 words addressing an analytical puzzle whose solution is important to addressing global problems affecting developing countries. Successful applicants will specify clearly how they intend to conduct their
Candidates are also asked to arrange for no more than two referees to write or email in support of their application to the email or postal address below by the closing date.
Please email applications and references to [email protected] or post to Global Economic Governance, University College, High Street, Oxford OX1 4BH by midnight (GMT) on 19 November 2012.
Fellows will be selected by a committee consisting of six faculty members, three each from Oxford and Princeton. Interviews are expected to be conducted via telephone.
Applications are due by midnight (GMT) on 19 November 2012. For further information and to apply:
GLF Advertisment
How to Apply for the GLF
GLF Application Form
Previous articleCall for Applications: The 2013/2014 Chevening Scholarships.
Next articleThe Oppenheimer Fund scholarships for South Africans


text:
- Install JSON Pretty Print: `brew install jsonpp`
- Run `bash builder.sh`
- View OmniFocus tasks exported as JSON in "data.json"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


we believe in overcoming all challenges including our client's business pressures – endless design changes, project delays and impractical construction time schedules.
108/35,Deepanjali Apartment, Street No.93, Bharati Nivas Colony, Opp. Income Tax Office, Pune - 411004, Maharashtra, India.


text:
Azure AD integrated VPN client for other OSs
We need to get a iOS and MAC OS version of the Microsoft Azure VPN client.
The OpenSSL through Azure AD model is awesome! It is simple, users understand it and integration in the Azure AD SSO model works.
We need it to be available to the other operating systems as well. It currently works with Windows 10, but it also needs to cover MacOS, iOS and linux.
This needs to become the de facto way of securing remote access.
g038583207@gmail.com
จันทร์ สิงหาราช <g038583206@gmail.com>, g03858320@gmail.com <g03858320@gmail.com>, g038583203@gmail.com, จันทร์ สิงหาราช <g080642327@gmail.com>, จันทร์ สิงหาราช <g038583206@gmail.com>
g038583206@gmail.com.pdf 88 KB
nasıl kaynak çalışır
yu7ju
Job title translations
Some user properties are used by 3rd party applications as sharepoint, mails signs, etc ... that need to be align with language settings.
In my case, i would like to display job title in sharepoint people webpart depending of the language of the user / site / page.
Pronouns available across services
Please add an optional Pronoun field to a user object type. Ideally, this would be able to be used across M365, such as in SharePoint About Me pages, in Contact Card experiences across Outlook and Teams, etc.
Need to be able to create my own 'view' or dashboard. It's stupid that I can't create my own set of the most uses, or my own group of apps. Sick of scrolling through 100's of apps to find the one I use. PLEASE?
Privacy Violation by this action
My employer doesn't provide me with a mobile phone but I am required to give you my personal phone number in order to access my work environment. You are storing my personal information without my permission, how can I stop this???. Please find a better way to do to this.
Provide Ability to Customize Tenant Restrictions Block Notification Message
Provide ability to customize the error message when an employee is blocked from from accessing another company's tenant due to tenant restrictions.
Excesso de segurança prejudicando o cliente
Estou com muita raiva de Microsoft. Porque fiz um hard reset em meu celular e esqueci a senha do meu Office. Agora não consigo reconfigurar. UM LIXO
As an admin, I want to customize a message when users request admin consent
After the admin consent workflow is enabled, users can request admin approval for an application they're unauthorized to consent to. As an admin, I want to customize messages shown in the consent screen.
Two factor alternate methods are not presented. I cannot login.
Email notification for admin consent request workflow does not work (Enterprise applications)
Admin Consent request feature in AAD enterprise applications does not send email notifications to the concerned users when and a request is approved or denied
like it says in the documentation –https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/manage-apps/configure-admin-consent-workflow
Searchbox for accounts in Microsoft Authenticator
The Authenticator is great and I am using it for a lot of accounts (>30) and it would be great if you could search for an account instead of scrolling a large list.
I get very confused and very lost in the whole scheme of things i feel very left out and lost.
Make hyperlinks actually visible as such
I remember when the internet was invented, and this whole hyperlink thing was being worked out. I'm sure the idea was that you put a thing on a page that you clicked on to go somewhere else. That link was identified as such by a visual hint - underlined blue text seemed like a good idea at the time, but as HTML developed all sorts of funky graphic design options became possible, and the internet became a beautiful place to wander round.
How, then, in the name of all that's holy has it taken me 10 minute to find the app password link - https://account.activedirectory.windowsazure.com/AppPasswords.aspx.
Because it's on a page which is laid out as tabs, but the two tab hyplinks aren't bordered in any way. The text is the same colour as all the other text on the page, other than being 80% grey. Oh, hang on, there are conventionally typographically formatted underline blue hyperlinks on the page, so, there won't be any other hyperlinks on the page that aren't blue underline, would there, because that would be neither sensible nor logical GUX design. You're an industry leader in a mature field, you really should be able to do better than this. The facts that you've got machines in every office in the world, and your only serious competitor screws up on just as regular a basis as you, are not excuses for User Interface Design 101 failures that I wouldn't let my 13 year old get away with.
Cmd U should get you to underline, I'm sure there's a night school nearby that can tell you how to change the text colour...
How, then, in the name of all that's holy has it taken me 10 minute to find the…
get rid of this system as the verification app is not available
you click on the download and nothing happens. really great what a waste of time.
I NEED A QR CODE SENT TO ME!!
I NEED A QR SENT TO ME, my account is johnathan.m.weiss.mil@cvr.mil my email address is jweiss_09@yahoo.com
Don't make me sign in to github to submit feedback on a help page.
Toggle between all logged in accounts
Consider the existing logout functionality for users who want to use the same app with another account they own (e.g. Outlook, Power Apps...): (1) You have to click "Sign out" (tooltip says you will be redirected to login afterwards which is not true), (2) You get an account picker screen that looks exactly like the login account picker apart from one line which makes one think it is an account switcher screen. (3) You get a logged out message and you even have to close the window. When compared to how one can switch between Gmail accounts I think we need a fluent account switcher / toggle.
Consider the existing logout functionality for users who want to use the same app with another account they own (e.g. Outlook, Power Apps...): (1) You have to click "Sign out" (tooltip says you will be redirected to login afterwards which is not true), (2) You get an account picker screen that looks exactly like the login account picker apart from one line which makes one think it is an account switcher screen. (3) You get a logged out message and you even have to close the window. When compared to how one can switch between Gmail accounts I think we…


Soil is a finite resource, meaning its loss and degradation is not recoverable within a human lifespan. As a core component of land resources, agricultural development and ecological sustainability, it is the basis for food, feed, fuel and fibre production and for many critical ecosystem services. It is therefore a highly valuable natural resource, yet it is often overlooked. The natural area of productive soils is limited – it is under increasing pressure of intensification and competing uses for cropping, forestry, pasture / rangeland and urbanization, and to satisfy demands of the growing population for food and energy production and raw materials extraction. Soils need to be recognized and valued for their productive capacities as well as their contribution to food security and the maintenance of key ecosystem services.


text:
int			main(int ac, char **av)
{
	AGE::InitAGE();
	auto engine = AGE::CreateEngine();
	engine->displayFps(false);

	engine->launch(std::function<bool()>([&]()
	{
		auto configurationManager = engine->getInstance<AGE::ConfigurationManager>();
		configurationManager->setConfiguration<std::string>(std::string("ShadersPath"), std::string(engine->getApplicationPath() + "/../../Datas/Shaders/"));

		engine->setInstance<AGE::Timer>();
		engine->setInstance<AGE::AssetsManager>();

		TMQ::TaskManager::emplaceRenderFutureTask<AGE::Tasks::Basic::BoolFunction, bool>([=](){
			AGE::Imgui::getInstance()->init(engine);
			return true;
		}).get();

		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::WE::EntityRepresentation);
		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::MeshRenderer);
		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::RigidBody);
		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::PointLightComponent);
		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::SpotLightComponent);
		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::CameraComponent);
		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::FreeFlyComponent);
		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::DirectionalLightComponent);
		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::ArchetypeComponent);
		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::Collider);
		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::RigidBody);
		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::CharacterController);
		REGISTER_COMPONENT_TYPE(AGE::AnimatedSklComponent);

		RegisterComponents();

		engine->removeInstance<AGE::IArchetypeManager>();
		engine->setInstance<AGE::WE::ArchetypeEditorManager, AGE::IArchetypeManager>();
		engine->setInstance<AGE::WE::ArchetypeEditorManager>()->setLibraryFolder("../../Datas/Archetypes/");
		engine->getInstance<AGE::WE::ArchetypeEditorManager>()->load();

		engine->addScene(std::make_shared<AGE::MainMenuScene>(engine), AGE::MainMenuScene::Name);
		engine->addScene(std::make_shared<AGE::AssetsEditorScene>(engine), AGE::AssetsEditorScene::Name);
		engine->addScene(std::make_shared<AGE::WorldEditorScene>(engine), AGE::WorldEditorScene::Name);
		engine->addScene(std::make_shared<AGE::MaterialEditorScene>(engine, std::static_pointer_cast<AGE::WorldEditorScene>(engine->getScene(AGE::WorldEditorScene::Name))), AGE::MaterialEditorScene::Name);
		if (!engine->initScene(AGE::MainMenuScene::Name))
			return false;
		if (!engine->initScene(AGE::AssetsEditorScene::Name))
			return false;
		if (!engine->initScene(AGE::WorldEditorScene::Name))
			return false;
		if (!engine->initScene(AGE::MaterialEditorScene::Name))
			return false;
		engine->enableScene(AGE::MainMenuScene::Name, 1);
		return true;
	}));

	return (0);
}


text:
Унтера́ргле́тчер () — долинный ледник в Бернских Альпах в кантоне Берн, Швейцария.

Факты
Унтерарглетчер имеет длину 12,95 км и площадь 24,44 км² (по состоянию на 1999 год, ранее, в 1973 году площадь ледника составляла 29,48 км²).

Унтерарглетчер является бо́льшим из двух ледников, питающих истоки реки Аре в Бернских Альпах. Он формируется слиянием ледников Финстераар (находится между Финстерархорном и Лаутерархорном) и Лаутераар (восточнее Лаутераархорна) и течёт около 6 км на восток к озеру Гримзель у одноимённого перевала.

Первые исследования этого и соседних ледников проводились  в 1827 году и Луи Агассисом в 1840 году В тот момент Верхний Арский ледник переходил в Нижний Арский ледник, питая его. По состоянию на середину 2010-х годов разрыв между ними составляет несколько километров.

В декабре 2001 года Унтерарглетчер, наряду с Большим Алечским ледником, был включён ЮНЕСКО в список Всемирного наследия в составе региона Юнгфрау-Алеч-Бичхорн.

Ссылки
 Нижний Аарский ледник на Glaciers online
 Швейцарская сеть мониторинга ледников
 Сайт Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО — региона Юнгфрау-Алеч

Примечания

Бассейн Аре
Бернские Альпы
Ледники кантона Берн
Всемирное наследие в Швейцарии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
VOLVO RAISES EMPHASIS ON PRODUCT
Diana T. Kurylko
Volvo Car has increased its management focus on product.
Chief Executive Tuve Johannesson has trimmed three sales executives from the executive management board and realigned other assignments. Among the 10 executives remaining on the board after 1 July, five are directly responsible for product areas and two represent marketing.
By taking the overseas executives off the executive board, they will have more time to manage their operations in the Far East, Japan and North America. The board meets 22 times a year, and the executives were spending a lot of time in airplanes.
Volvo is also shedding a matrix organization where business and market functions were grouped by the 400, 800 and 900 models.
The new organization is more traditional, based on function.
However, the top product people now represent platforms, not models.
Luc Bracke in Brussels heads the small platform, which has produced the S40/V40 models built at the NedCar joint venture with Mitsubishi. Bertil Thoren is in charge of the larger platform, which will launch its first car by the end of the decade. Both are members of the management board.
Purchasing responsibility will move to board member Hans Gustavsson, who is also in charge of product and process development.
Christer Palm, now vice-president for purchasing, becomes president of Volvo Car International.
'We think we will be quicker to make decisions,' said Palm. The new structure simplified things, he said. 'Work between the functions will be more integrated.'
Palm will be in charge of sales in India, South Africa, South America, the Middle East and eastern Europe. He is based in Sweden.
Volvo's four other sales regions are Japan, the Far East, North America and Europe.
The marketing executives report to Johannesson. Hans-Olaf Olsson, in charge of sales in Europe, is also on the executive board.
Volvo has traditionally been strong in marketing, and most top executives have experience in the sales area.
The management changes put product concerns on a more equal footing with marketing at the board level.
Volvo is introducing new products rapidly as it tries to expand annual sales from 370,000 to 500,000 units over the next three years.


text:
'use strict'

const Buffer = require('safe-buffer').Buffer

module.exports = encode

const poolSize = 10 * 1024

function encode (opts) {
  opts = Object.assign({
    fixed: false,
    bytes: 4
  }, opts || {})

  // Only needed for varint
  const varint = require('varint')
  let pool = opts.fixed ? null : createPool()
  let used = 0

  let ended = false

  return (read) => (end, cb) => {
    if (end) ended = end
    if (ended) return cb(ended)

    read(null, (end, data) => {
      if (end) ended = end
      if (ended) return cb(ended)

      if (!Buffer.isBuffer(data)) {
        ended = new Error('data must be a buffer')
        return cb(ended)
      }

      let encodedLength
      if (opts.fixed) {
        encodedLength = Buffer.alloc(opts.bytes)
        encodedLength.writeInt32BE(data.length, 0)
      } else {
        varint.encode(data.length, pool, used)
        used += varint.encode.bytes
        encodedLength = pool.slice(used - varint.encode.bytes, used)

        if (pool.length - used < 100) {
          pool = createPool()
          used = 0
        }
      }

      cb(null, Buffer.concat([
        encodedLength,
        data
      ]))
    })
  }
}

function createPool () {
  return Buffer.alloc(poolSize)
}


The effect of austenitizing conditions on the lower bainite transformation (at 250°C) in a commercial eutectoid steel is reported as a part of the studies investigating the effect of austenitizing conditions on the transformation behavior in steels. The effect of austenitizing time after heat treated at 1200°C for 20 minutes on the bainite transformation was investigated mainly for the case keeping the time more than 60 minutes at an constant temperature. The principal findings are as follows.
(1) The amount of bainite formed during a certain transformation period increases as the time increases, and after reaching a maximum, it decreases. This tendency is irrespective of the austenitizing temperature.
(2) The higher the austenitizing temperature the shorter becomes the time to reach the maximum bainite formation. On the other hand the lower is the temperature the larger is the maximum amount.
(3) Bainite starts to nucleate at the grain boundaries and grows toward to inside of the grains in the case of shorter austenitizing time. As the austenitizing time becomes longer this tendency of nucleation at the grain boundaries decreases and bainite also nucleates inside the grains. In this case bainite plates at the grain boundaries as well as inside the grains are fine structures compared to those formed in a shorter austenitizing time.
(4) The value of activation energy obtained by assuming that a process to show the maximum amount of transformation is an thermally activated one is 34.7 kcal/mol.
(5) Nucleation of bainite inside the grains is caused by the nuclear action by AlN.