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La història de la Vall d'Aosta concerneix els esdeveniments històrics relatius a la Vall d'Aosta, la més petita regió italiana. Moltes vegades, per qüestions organitzatives i administratives, Aosta es defineix com l'única província de la regió. En realitat, la província d'Aosta va ser abolida per decret legislatiu del set setembre de 1945.
La Vall d'Aosta és una de les quatre primeres regions autònomes instituïda en Itàlia el 1948.

Fronterera amb França i Suïssa, és caracteritzada pel seu particularisme lingüistic. La població parla una llengua gal·loromànica, definida francoprovençal, el patois valdostà. L'evolució històrica va donar lloc a l'establiment d'una regió oficialment bilingüe, on l'italià i el francès gaudeixen d'un estatut de llengües oficiales paritàries.

Orígens
Arpitània ja fou habitada en el neolític, i le restes de la IV Glaciació mostren que estava habitada per preindoeuropeus i ligurs. S'ha trobat tombes neolítiques, potser ligúriques, a Saint Nicolas, Mongiove i Villanova Baltea. Els primers habitants coneguts del territori, però, són els salasses, població mixta celtoligur, que vivia a la vall del Duria Maior (Dora Baltea) i en els Alps de Sant Bernard, entre les poblacions de Taurini (Torí) i Libici, potser del segle X aC, amb capital a la vila de Cordelia, on adoraven Poeninus i es conserva un cromlech al Petit Saint Bernard i cinc monedes d'or del 500 aC. Segons Estrabó, foren exterminats i deportats en massa. Tot i així, en el segle I ja hi havia una població homogènia i amalgamada per oferir resistència als invasors romans.

Cap al 216 aC el romà Gai Terenci Varró hi envià una expedició per tal d'evitar atacs cartaginesos, però la conquesta l'iniciaria Appi Claudi el 62 aC.

Conquesta romana
Entre el 62 i el 58 aC el romà Api Claudi inicià la conquesta de al vall, i hi funda la vila d'Eporedia. D'antuvi fou poc romanitzada, malgrat la fundació de nombrosos assentaments com Ad Quartum ab Augusta lapidem (avui Quart), Ad Decimum (avui Diémoz), Ad Quadragesimum (avui Carema, vila piemontesa), Ad Sextum (avui Chétoz) i Ad Nonum (avui Nus). El 25 aC, Aule Terenci Varró Murena fundaria Augusta Praetoria (Aosta), on hi construirien un arc de triomf i un teatre amb capacitat per a 4.000 espectadors, i passà forma part de la província Itàlica. S'hi establirà la XI Legió Itàlica i no sols conquerirà la vall principal, sinó també les secundàries, als Alpis Poenina (Grand Saint Bernard) i als Alpis Graia (Petit Saint Bernard), i atribuït a la tribu Sergia.

El 285, en la nova divisió administrativa establida per Dioclecià, formarà part de la província Alpes Graiae et Paenniniae, dins la Diòcesi de la Gal·lia, fet que fou confirmat més tard per Constantí. Amb la cristianització, serà atribuïda a la diòcesi de Vercelli, sufragània de Milà, fins al , en què esdevindrà diòcesi. El 404 es construí un díptic per commemorar la victòria d'Honori contra el visigot Alaric I a Pollenza. El 443 Aosta, que ja és seu episcopal, formarà part de la regió de la Sapaudia (Savoia) i serà cedida al regne dels burgundis.

Domini franc i burgundi
El 522 fou ocupada pel regne ostrogot de Teodoric el Gran, i després pels romans d'Orient de Justinià I, però el 534 serà incorporada al regne franc. Des del 575 els merovingis la incorporaren a la Borgonya i s'emprengué la llatinització del país, i com que s'hi va prendre el model de la Gàl·lia Transalpina, la llengua romanç que hi evolucionarà serà llengua d'oïl i no pas italià. El 630 foren atacats pels llombards d'Alboí, però no aconseguiren dominar el país i la cediren a Borgonya. El 774 foren destruïts els llombards i tornà a mans franques; també va patir atacs dels sarraïns establits a Narbona, que la dominaren durant 50 anys.

Durant la divisió de l'Imperi carolingi, passà un temps a Lluís II d'Itàlia i a Carles el Calb. El 843, pel Tractat de Verdun, fou atribuïda al regne de Lotari, però el 888 passarà a formar part del patrimoni de Rodolf, rei de Borgonya. Finalment, el 904 formaria part de la Borgonya Transjurana, a la qual fou cedida com a feu comtal al bisbe local. El 923 fou escenari de batalles entre el rei d'Itàlia, Guiu de Spoleto, el seu fill Lambert, Rodolf de Borgonya, i el seu competidor, Berengari. Del 938 al 1000 patí algunes incursions sarraïnes que travessaven la Borgonya vers el Jura i el llac Leman. Per això s'hi construïren fortaleses com el castell de Mountmajeur.

El comtat i ducat de Savoia i les llibertats valldostanes
Cap al 976 es formarà el comtat de Savoia (l'antiga Sapaudia), que s'imposarà en poder temporal sobre el bisbe d'Aosta. El comte Humbert I Blanca Mà (1032-1048), qui apareix en un text de permuta entre el bisbe d'Aosta i el prior Lantelm de Saint Orso, el 1032 esdevé comte d'Aosta i dividirà l'autoritat del bisbe; dominarà tot el territori de parla francoprovençal, inclosa la vall d'Aosta i els convents de Sant Bernard i Sant Anselm, com a premi a la seva fidelitat al rei germànic Rodolf III. El valldostà més cèlebre del moment fou sant Anselm (1033-1109), abat benedictí a Canterbury i autor dels estudis Monologion, Proslogion i Cur Deus homo?, on volia demostrar racionalment l'existència de déu.

El comte Tomàs I de Savoia va concedir als valldostans el 1191 una Charta de Franquesas Valdostanas, estatut autònom particular de la vall, amb drets i privilegis, que serà considerada com un acte d'infeudació a canvi de la submissió de la vall a la casa de Savoia. Serà governada per un Conseil des Commis i per una Assemblée des Trois États per a clergues, burgesos i ciutadans, massa considerada com a bé immoble sense cap estatut jurídic, que no serà establida, però, fins al . Quan el 1249-1250 s'apoderà de l'Imperi Germànic l'usurpador Guillem d'Holanda, i aquest concedí Aosta i Savoia al gibel·lí Eberard von Nydow, els valldostans es mostraren fidels a Amadeu IV de Savoia, qui va punir els rebels i el 1253 guarantí els drets comunals, confirmats per Amadeu V el 1296 i Aimon el 1337.

Mercè un decret de l'emperador Frederic II del 1238 es va reforçar l'autoritat dels Commis. La legislació serà compilada en un Coutumier, codificació tant civil com penal, i la seva organització es regia a les Congregations Generals, reunides cada set anys, les quals en el  esdevingueren una mena d'Assemblea Constituent que donava autonomia al ducat, de manera que saberen defensar les franquícies comunals contra els atemptats d'Amadeu VIII de Savoia i els seus successors, així com més tard dels francesos i dels calvinistes de Ginebra.

Carles III de Savoia (1504-1553) va conservar Aosta com a feu particular, mentre que el 1553 els francesos atacaren el país i setjaren Ivrea; el seu lloctinent valldostà René de Challant va crear el 1536 el Conseil des Commis, institució permanent dels Tres Estats a Aosta i altres possessions. El seu successor Manuel Filibert de Savoia (1553-1580) va fer una política absolutista i intentà convertir l'acte de dedictio valldostana en un acte d'infeudació, tot i que reconeixia els privilegis del Ducat d'Aosta per tal de controlar el Conseil des États. Endemés, el Decret Oficial del 1561 va introduir l'ús oficial del francès a l'administració del ducat per a tots els actes jurídics, que fins aleshores es feien en llatí. La vall era poc poblada, i la vila d'Aosta tenia 3.000 habitants el 1573.

Durant els segles XIV al XVII es va preservar de les ruïnes de la guerra per un tractat de neutralitat amb França. Es van fer algunes lleves, però només amb finalitat de vigilància militar, a Carema. El 1689 el valdenc Henri Arnaud (1641-1721) revoltà els valdesos del Piemont i els instal·là a la vall d'Aosta i a Savoia fins al 1710, amb suport d'una petita invasió francesa a la vall el 1691 i el 1708. La vall es mantindrà com a país poc poblat, i la ciutat d'Aosta passarà dels 3.100 habitants el 1734 a 5.000 el 1774 i a 5.300 el 1787. Tot i així, hi havia una alta taxa d'escolarització a la vall mercè la xarxa d'écoles de hameau (escoles de vila), que cresqueren molt durant els segles XVII i XVIII.

Per tal de solucionar els problemes del domini d'aigües, el 1736 l'Estat sard reconeixeria la validesa de les concessions de la propietat d'aigua a la vall a canvi del pagament de 720.000 ducats d'or. El 24 de setembre del 1770 una Patent Règia va suprimir el Coutumier, regulació del dret valldostà, i aboleix la Cour de Connaissances que regulava i jutjava en dret civil i penal, alhora que el Conseil des Commis es transforma en només un cos consultiu que serà abolit oficialment el 1793.

El 10 de setembre del 1792 França va declarar la guerra al rei de Sardenya i va invadir tot el Piemont. Penetraren pel Col du Mont i pel Petit Saint Bernard. Destruïren La Thuile i Valgrisenche, però les milícies locals populars, animades pels capitans Chamonin i Darbelley, oferiren una forta resistència. Tot i així, els francesos ocuparen la vall el 1798-1799.

El maig del 1800 Napoleó I va incorporar la vall d'Aosta directament a França, tot formant el Departament de la Doire, amb seu jurídica a Ivrea, fins al 1814. Tant la seu episcopal, com els convents i els capitolis foren abolits. La caiguda de Napoleó no modificarà jurídicament l'estructura administrativa de la vall. El centralisme francès i més tard piemontès hi imposarà un cadastre obligatori, als alcaldes els imposaran regidors monàrquics i clericals, però mantindran l'ús quotidià de la llengua francesa i conservaran viu el record dels antics privilegis i llibertats. El 1841 es fundaria el primer diari valldostà, la Feuille d'Announces, en francès.

El 1848 el rei del Piemont abolirà definitivament les darreres institucions autònomes valldostanes, alhora que comença l'emigració de valldostans a causa de la manca de desenvolupament industrial i econòmic. La vila d'Aosta, que tenia 7.126 habitants el 1839 es mantindrà en 7.376 el 1881 i en 7.875 el 1901. El 1853 esclataria la Insurrection des Socques, breu i violenta expressió de fanatisme popular provocada per l'abandó social i econòmic de la vall; el comerç pel Saint Bernard s'havia reduït al mínim, ja que el govern piemontès encoratjava i dirigia el flux per les valls de Susa, Cuneo i el Sampione; l'empenta a la iniciativa industrial fou reduïda a les mines de Cogne i als molins paperers. Endemés, la població local estava molesta amb l'absentisme monàrquic a la vall, tot i que es mantingueren reialistes i fidels a la casa de Savoia.

Incorporació a Itàlia
El 1860 la Vall d'Aosta, com a part del regne del Piemont, fou incorporada al nou Regne d'Itàlia, mentre que la resta de Savoia, amb Niça, era cedida a França. Fins aleshores, l'ús oficial del francès estava garantit a la cort de Torí, i ara passaran a ser minoria lingüística. Però la política centralitzadora de la burocràcia piemontesa no accepta les minories, i com que el francès és considerat com a "idioma estranger", els valldostans seran tinguts com a "element estrany" de la vida nacional, i intentaran dificultar l'assimilació al país dels piemontesos que hi viuen. Això produirà enfrontaments amb els funcionaris hostils enviats a la vall, i provocarà la marginació dels nadius.

L'ús del francès a la vall es mantindria incontestable fins al 1861. Des del 1861 s'inicià una campanya italiana contra l'ús del francès, fomentada amb l'actitud prepotent dels funcionaris italians. L'intent d'eliminació s'intentarà fer per etapes: a les escoles, on intentaren suprimir bruscament l'ensenyament a les escoles superiors el mateix 1860, però la reacció unànime dels valldostans va fer que el ministre retirés el projecte; als tribunals (des del 1881), a l'estat civil, i finalment a l'església. El 1885 l'ensenyament del francès serà reduït a totes les escoles valldostanes a la categoria de matèria facultativa a impartir fora de l'horari escolar.

El 1909 es crearà la Ligue pour la Protection de la Langue française, comme langue maternelle de la Vallée d'Aoste, després Ligue Valdôtaine, moderada i legalista, dirigida per Anselme Réan i Joseph Trèves, per tal de defensar l'ensenyament i la cooficialitat del francès, sense reivindicacions polítiques. El 1911 exigirà la derogació de la Llei Credaro, per la qual els ajuntaments perdrien el dret a contractar mestres.

Durant la Primera Guerra Mundial es desenvolupà l'energia elèctrica del Dora Baltea, les mines de ferro de Cogne, l'electrosiderúrgica a Cogne i Ansaldo, i l'arribada del ferrocarril de Torí-Aosta fins a Pré-Saint-Didier. Alhora, el 1914 es va crear la Institució del Domini de l'Aigua, per la qual l'Estat es reservava el dret de judici i benefici del repartiment i concessions de repartició de derivacions d'aigua per a ús industrial, agrícola o artesanal, ja que es tractava d'un problema força viu a la vall.

Entre 1923 i 1925 es produí una escissió dins la LV. Anselme Réan ingressà al Partit Popular Italià i intenta obtenir concessions cultural i salvaguardar els valors "tradicionals" a canvi de fidelitat política, raó per la qual sol·licitarà el vot als feixistes el 1924. Joseph Trèves va fundar el 1923 el Groupe Valdôtain d'Action Regionaliste (GVAR), influït pel Partit Sard d'Acció. Intentà mantenir l'ensenyament del francès mitjançant les reunions amb catequistes i amb escoles clandestines mantingudes per les parròquies en col·laboració amb els mestres locals.

Però les seves peticions al ministre d'educació italià, Emilio Gentile, no tingueren cap fruit, i el novembre del 1925 el govern feixista va suprimir l'ensenyament del francès a primària, i fins i tot fou eliminat a secundària com a segona llengua estrangera, imposant-hi l'alemany el 1926. El 1923 Benito Mussolini ordenà suprimir 108 écoles de hameau, últim baluard contra la italianització, i suprimí l'ensenyament del francès. També s'italianitzaren 18.000 cognoms, i es canviaren el noms de les viles i dels carrers.

El feixisme va introduir una praxi opressiva, italianització i colonització burocràtico-industrial amb mà d'obra immigrada de la resta d'Itàlia, cosa que provocaria que el 1936 els valldostans deixessin de ser la població majoritària a la vila d'Aosta. La resistència l'encapçalà la Jeune Vallée d'Aoste (JVA), antifeixista i políticament eclèctica dirigida per Joseph Trèves, Rodolphe Coquillard i Émile Chanoux i Lino Binel. Chanoux fou un actiu resistent i el 1943 va promoure la Declaració de Chivasso, on reclamen la legalització i el reconeixement de la realitat etonlingüística autonomia administrativa i econòmica.

El maig del 1944 es constituïa el Mouvement de la Resistance Valdôtaine (MRV) en una reunió a Cogne amb Lazzaro (Federico Chabod), Renato Chabod, Plik (capità Cavagnet), Berti i altres, mentre que el Comandant Mézard (César Olietti) constituïa a Cogne el Comitè d'Alliberament Nacional (CLN). El 18 de maig del 1944 Chanoux fou fet presoner amb Lino Binel, i foutorturat i assassinat a la presó pels feixistes de la República de Saló. Cresqué la propaganda separatista fomentada pels capellans de la vall per motius diversos (defensa contra l'estat, promeses franceses, aliança dels sentiments nacionalistes i regionalistes). Durant la primavera i l'estiu del 1944 s'organitzaren de manera espontània els primers nuclis de partisans, malgrat l'escassetat d'armament, i s'editen els diaris Montagnes Blanches i La Clicca Dzusta.

Constitució com a regió autònoma
Pel Decret Legislatiu de 7 de setembre del 1945 aconvertí la vall en regió autònoma de règim especial provisional dins l'Estat Italià, alhora que la vall era declarada zona franca. L'avantprojecte fou presentat per Chabod a una reunió d'alcaldes d'Aosta del CLN el 26 d'agost del 1945. L'antiga província d'Aosta, que tenia 4.459 km², es veurà reduïda a 3.262 km², ja que cedirà a la província de Torí els 1.494 km² corresponents a l'anfiteatre morrènic d'Ivrea i el Canavese, mentre que per la Pau de París del 10 de febrer del 1947 haurà de cedir a França els 3 km² del Petit Saint Bernard. Alhora, es va constituir Unió Valldostana, per tal d'aplegar tots els autonomistes i que reclamava l'autodeterminació.

A les eleccions regionals de 1949 es va escollir el primer Consell de la Vall, dominat per UV. Tanmateix, s'hi havia imposat les tesis de Chabod i Severino Caveri, oblidant l'autodeterminació a canvi de desenvolupar l'autonomia, cosa que la lligava políticament a la DCI, que aconseguí el govern de la vall el 1953. El 1959 la UV vencé a les eleccions regionals gràcies a una aliança política amb l'esquerra (l'anomenada Junte o Front du Lion, format per UV, PSI i PCI) i aconseguí la presidència regional per a Oreste Marcoz (1905-1972) fins al 13 de maig del 1963, en coalició amb el PSI, i mantindrà una política autonomista en contestació al viratge "centralista" de la DCI. Aconseguiria que els llibres de text fossin gratuïts a l'escola primària, una llei urbanística, una altra de sanejament agrícola i l'adopció d'una llei proporcional per a les eleccions regionals. El 1966 el senador Renato Chabod va presentar una proposta de llei per a la creació d'una École valdôtaine únicament en francès.

El 1970 fou nomenat president regional Cesare Dujany dels Demòcrates Populars. S'aconsegueix del govern central una revisió de l'estatut d'autonomia, amb més competències i el reconeixement del fet lingüístic valldostà. Entre 1971 i 1973 la regió, sota la línia de la Llei 1102, hi deliberà la constitució de "zones homogènies", previstes com a ens de dret públic, com a municipis "mínimes unitats territorials de programació socieconòmica", per tal de descentralitzar la vall, però al final no es va fer. Des del 1972 augmentà la dependència de l'estructura econòmica externa a la regió, amb fuga de capitals i despoblament de la muntanya. El capital extern explota els recursos mentre es produeix una forta urbanització incontrolada al fons de la vall.

Bruno Salvadori (1942-1980), nou cap de la UV des del desembre del 1976, imposa un programa polític federalista que respongui als problemes econòmics i socials, recollit al seu opuscle Pourquoi je suis nationaliste (1975) essencialment fidel als orígens, però centrista, partidari del "capitalisme dels petits", economia de mercat corregida per l'Estat, i extensió del cooperativisme agrícola. Va morir el 1980. El 1979 també apareix el Moviment Arpitanista, defensor de la promoció de l'arpità com a llengua pròpia de la vall.

Els successors de Salvadori, Carlo Perrin i Guido Grimod, comencen a establir lligams amb el que després serà la Lliga Nord per tal d'arribar a la reforma federal de l'Estat italià. Des de les eleccions regionals de 1993, UV ha format part de la coalició de govern al Consell de la Vall, i el fet que a les legislatives italianes la Vall d'Aosta sigui un col·legi uninominal li ha permès presentar-se a les eleccions en solitari o en coalició amb altres grups nacionalistes.

Referències

Bibliografia

 Imma Tubella i Casadevall i Eduard Vinyamata Camp (1978) Les nacions de l'Europa capitalista La Magrana, Barcelona
 Xosé M. Núñez Seixas (1998) Movimientos nacionalistas en Europa en el siglo XX Ed. Síntesis, Col. Historia Universal Contemporánea, 26 Madrid.
 Felipe Fernández-Armesto (1996) Los hijos de Zeus Grijalbo Barcelona
 GARCIA, Xosé Lois (1978) Naciones colonizadas de Europa Occidental Follas Novas, A Cruña.
 Rolando del Guerra; Genoveva Gómez (1986) Llengua, dialecte, nació, ètnia (Llengua i poder a Itàlia) La Magrana, Col. Alliberament, 19 Barcelona.
 Daniele Conversi Qüestions regionals i qüestions nacionals a Itàlia a Revista de Catalunya núm 21, agost 1988.
 Daniel Seiler (1982) Les partis autonomistes PUF Col. Que sais je, nº 1997 París
 Guido Corniolo Insignamento della lingua dei valdostani, ma quale? a NATIONALIA VI, IV Jornades del CIEMEN 18-24 agost 1980, "La llengua i mitjans de comunicació social".
 Valdo Azzoni Intervista sul regionalismo a ETHNOS, EAC-CIEMEN, Aosta, 1987
 Valdo Azzoni Autonomia? Osservazioni giuridiche… a ETHNOS, EAC-CIEMEN, Aosta, 1987
 Guido Corniolo, Claudio Magnabosco, Joseph-Gabriel Revolin i Alberto Linty I valdostani MINORANZE núm. 5, 1r trimestre 1977.
 Alexis Betemps Une culture et una langue bien vivantes a Le Monde Diplomatique, novembre 1995


Can Forum members help Fecepa via Go Fund Me?
Just an idea... I have no time to set up something, nor the insight. But hopefully some can..
@alexwalker, thanks for trying to set this up. I will be glad to contribute if someone can take it on. Meantime, let's focus on positive energy and discovery of where the blinking money is!
Someone please enlighten me...please, what are you talking about @alexwalker ?
Anyone out there with the tech skills and heart to take this on?
I have set up a GoFundMe page, but I am concerned about a few things.
1- I have set it up on behalf of the community in this forum, hope this is ok with every one.
2- Will Fecepa hang around long enough to receive the donations?
3- I emailed fecepa at 8:30 am Los Angeles time, and asked for more info, he/she has not responded yet.
4- Will this open up an opportunity for individuals to fake emergencies on the Camino?
5- Will this be ok with the moderator?
6- This is my first GoFundMe attempt and still don't know how this campaign will wrap up and how long it would take, so please be friendly.
I am willing to donate, but I appreciate your concerns. I think we need to talk to Fecapa, see how/she is doing.
Camino de Frances - Sarria to Santiago (2013), Burgos to Leon (2014), St Jean Pied de Port to Logrono (2015), Logrono to Burgos (2016), Leon to Sarria (May 2017).
Surely, if anyone has the misfortune to suffer such a monetary loss on the Camino he/she will be able to call on family and/or friends to help out? In extreme cases I expect that one's country's embassy in Madrid will be able to assist.


Doing just a drive-by of this charming lake cabin simply will not do it justice! It's much larger than it looks and actually has one of the more gentle walks to the water that Rough River Lake has to offer!The plentiful windows & vaulted wood ceilings on the main floor makes the space feel open & airy while casting off that lake-cabin vibe.Step outside from the kitchen area onto the covered deck for a perfect gathering spot to grill and dine outdoors. Or just sit back, relax and soak in the sounds of nature and the buzz of boats going by.There's a full bath on each floor and you'll have plenty of room for guests with the 2 bedrooms downstairs and a bonus room, ideal for extra sleeping arrangements.A short stroll from the walkout basement deck will lead you to thequaint fire pit area and the "U" shaped dock. It's located just at bottom of the property and is currently in a string of its own (which is subject to change without notice). This could potentially be the whole lake package deal! Contact the listing agent today and ask me about the furnishings, pontoon and wave runner which could also be yours! Central heat/AC. City water & septic system. Internet available. Dock to transfer with COE approval.
I was searching for a Property and found this listing (MLS® #1524240). Please send me more information regarding 1555 Lake Forest Ln, Westview, KY, 40178. Thank you!
I'd like to request a showing of 1555 Lake Forest Ln, Westview, KY, 40178 (MLS® #1524240). Thank you!
J and D Realty Inc.
This property is located at 1555 Lake Forest Ln and has been listed on GarrettsRealty.com for 76 days and is currently priced at $188,900. Before buying a home it is important to understand all of the details about the property. Additional information, streetview maps, high-quality images, and more can all be found right here to help you along the way. The home at 1555 Lake Forest Ln is 1728 square feet and sits on a 0.38 acre lot and has 2 bedrooms and 2.00 baths. This house was built in 2007. To give you the most accurate and up to date information on 1555 Lake Forest Ln, GarrettsRealty.com, is updated every 15 minutes directly from the local MLS. That way we can provide you with the information that you need to help you find your next dream home in Westview, KY 40178.


text:
how to reference – trees
Davies (2000b) claims that "we have many modes of speaking and writing, many possible ways of knowing. It is amongst and within this complex web that one form of knowing can be used to trouble another" (p. 169).
Yet where are the limits of where knowledge comes from, what knowledge is acceptable, and what remains excluded or illegitimate?
At a recent conference, I attended a presentation on human relationships with sacred trees (Pike, Haberman, Taylor, 2008). During the panel presentation, several stories were told illustrating different peoples' close relationships with trees. In one of the accounts (see Lyons, 2005), a white man, Dana Lyons had an experience which completely shifted his understanding of trees – and where music comes from.
Lyons had been recovering from a back injury and spent four days sitting under a large Douglas fir tree in a park in Washington State, reading and playing his guitar while he healed. While there, a song come into his head. He called it the 'tree song,' and in a light-hearted way, he thought that it belonged to the tree. He recorded that song and a few years later, was visiting the Lummi Indians, an Aboriginal community on Orcas Island, off the coast from Washington State. They wanted him to play the 'tree song'. As he started singing, the Lummi "were riveted, holding on to every note, every word" (Lyons, 2005). The chief confirmed that it was indeed the "tree song," given to them by a tree in that region. He explained:
"'In Lummi tradition, and for many of the peoples of this region, we get our music from trees. Each tree has its own song. We go out and spend three or four days next to a tree where we fast and pray and listen for that tree's song. We take the song and sing it or play it on the flute....." (p. 1656).
At the end of the conference session, I asked: Has anyone ever included, in peer-reviewed journal article, a reference that suggests their insights came from communication with a tree? I could imagine it looking like this: (Spruce tree, personal communication, May, 2006). The answer was no.
Where are the limits of where knowledge comes from, what knowledge is acceptable, and what remains excluded, illegitimate?
How is it that it is completely appropriate – as it was in this conference forum– for academics to write and speak of Others who communicate with and gain insights from trees or other non-human entities, but not comfortable nor encouraged* for academics to acknowledge this possibility for their own research? Who is doing the policing here? What technologies of power, and self, (Foucault, 1988) are in operation? Can naming these policing discourses help dissipate their power? ∞
*Although research anthropologists are writing more frequently about their 'extraordinary' experiences in the field, it is often still an uncomfortable and sometimes risky practice (Young & Goulet, 1994; Wallis, 2000). Furthermore, those areas of psychology (e.g. transpersonal psychology and studies in psychical research) which study these kinds of phenomenon remain largely marginalized within mainstream academic institutions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home News Mobile Quiz Bug Bites China as a Slew of HQ Trivia Clones...
Mobile Quiz Bug Bites China as a Slew of HQ Trivia Clones Emerge
Rachit Agarwal -
Rachit Agarwal
HQ Trivia has been a lot in the news lately and if somehow you have not heard about the popular trivia game, you must have been living under a rock. Recently, the game surpassed a major milestone by registering over 1.6 million players on a single day. The game has become so popular that the makers have recently released an Android version of the game along with a UK specific version.
The popularity of the game has caught the eye of Chinese tech giants as we are seeing the release of many Chinese clones of HQ Trivia in the recent days. As you all know, China has a rather restricted internet service which has allowed homegrown me-toos of popular apps to flourish in the country. The biggest example is Weibo which is a Chinese version of Twitter, and now it seems like HQ Trivia is also getting this treatment.
According to Reuters, "Some of China's biggest tech companies, looking to hook in new consumers, are using cash prizes to draw millions of contenders to mobile-based online quiz shows."
The report states that more than 6 million players are logging in to play the live trivia games on their smartphones, which just like HQ Trivia allows the participant to win real money if they answer all the questions correctly. The popularity of the game has caused multiple tech companies in China to join the fray. According to the report,
"Over the weekend, search engine giant Baidu Inc and video game maker NetEase Inc launched their own online shows, joining news feed platform Toutiao, Alibaba Group Holding Ltd-owned UCWeb, and Wang Sicong, the scion of Chinese billionaire Wang Jianlin."
Although app companies are joining the bandwagon, no one really knows whether they will be able to keep the game running for long, without coming under the radar of China's restrictive internet policies, especially as it involves winnings. The report indicates that at least one of the companies involved, Qihoo, is not certain when it comes to monetization.
"If you ask me why I do this, to be honest, I don't really know if I can make money," Zhou Hongyi, chairman of Qihoo, said at an event where he presented a contestant with a 1 million yuan ($156,115.84) prize cheque two weeks ago. "But from a user's perspective, I think this is really fun."
What is certain is that Chinese players will be able to enjoy the live trivia games and make some real money if they win the game, for the time being. Given it's popularity, it was only a matter of time before Trivia HQ had to fight off such clones around the world. Though, how long this craze is going to last is not something even the most die-hard HQ Trivia lover can answer.
Featured image: ImagineChina
Chinese Apps
Qihoo
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Baidu Ready to Beat Google in China, says CEO
Baidu Denies Recording Conversations In the Background on Vivo NEX
China's Baidu Launches Blockchain-based Stock Photo Service 'Totem'
Baidu's New Tool Helps you Determine if your Website will Work in China


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The ratcheted-up security was planned, even parts of it being put in place, well in advance of this past weekend's security breaches at the official home of U.S. presidents, the White House in Washington, DC.
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The security has been beefed up simply two days before the opening of the UN Climate Summit on Tuesday Matthew Tkachuk Youth Jersey , at which more than 120 heads of state or government are expected to speak on climate change.
The annual UN high-level debate of the UN General Assembly, also known as the General Debate, is scheduled to kick off on Wednesday. Heads of state, government or foreign ministers form 193 UN member states will speak on pressing issues at the week- long debate.
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Sniffer dogs are posted at some checkpoints.
Along the river, U.S. Coast Guard and New York Police Department (NYPD) vessels patrol. In addition to a cutter or two, the Coast Guard posts small, fast response boats mounted with machine guns.


text:
What is the expected date of the first interest rate increase?
I was reading this econbrowser post , and I was surprised to see this graph, from the San Francisco Fed, of the median expected exit from the zero lower bound.
Here is how it compares to my very basic estimate, using treasury yields:
Now, the estimate I show in this graph is from a very broad analysis of treasury yields, with a blunt adjustment made to account for the asymmetry of the yield curve near the zero lower bound (ZLB). I have a more rigorous model that starts with Eurodollar futures data in September 2012, but the blunt estimate from treasury data fits the estimate from that model surprisingly well. (Below is a comparison of my two estimates since September 2012.) The graph above is similar to this previous graph that I posted. Keep in mind that the two graphs above measure the distance to the ZLB exit at any given time, whereas the graph in my previous post, and this little graph comparing my two models are showing the expected exit date on a fixed calendar.
And, the pattern fits the pattern of the estimate from the Fed pretty well, too, up to QE3. We both see a spike before QE2, which is reversed during QE2, before spiking again at the end of 2011 and moving sideways into 2012.
But, after that, they seem to move in opposite directions. My model shows the exit moving back, from 2.5 years to 1.5 years, from the beginning of QE3 until September 2013, when it levels off at about 1.5 years. The Fed model shows the exit date remaining fairly level, around 2 years, until September 2013, after which it declines steeply toward 1 year.
This is an important difference. My data would support what I would call the market monetarist version of events. The expected exit date had been moving ahead over time, so that we were not making progress on escaping ZLB. But, QE3 improved economic and inflation expectations, which stabilized the expected exit date until economic improvements in early 2013 caused the exit date to move toward us. Taper talk in June 2013, followed by the establishment of a tapering schedule later in the year, reversed some of these expansionary expectations, which moved the expected exit date back into late 2015. Continued improvements in the economic outlook, in spite of the taper, have continued to have a positive influence on the expected exit date. This is my interpretation, and I expect the exit date to remain fairly stable. I expect continued economic progress pulling the exit date back a little more, and my main fear is that the economy's inherent growth won't maintain enough momentum to overcome the slightly disinflationary effect of the taper, and the expected ZLB exit date will start to recede again. (Here is a more detailed review of summer 2013 rate changes.)
But, the Fed data would tend to support what I call the "Wizard of Oz" view of the Fed, which ascribes a powerful ability to target interest rate levels over time to the Fed. With this data, and in this view, QE3 signaled a plan from the Fed of holding rates lower for longer, so the expected exit date kept moving into the future, but with the talk of taper in June 2013 and the subsequent implementation after September 2013, the Fed has signaled that they will raise rates sooner than they had previously planned, so the expected date of the exit has moved back toward us.
My model is constructed by assuming that the range of possible dates for the ZLB exit is described by a normal curve. My model fits the forward yield curve to a curve defined by that normal distribution's mean and standard deviation, combined with the expected slope of the yield curve from that date. I am reporting the mean expected date of the ZLB exit, which, by assumption, is the same as the median expected date.
The Fed's model is much more sophisticated than mine, and they are measuring a set of inputs that, through Monte Carlo simulations, produce unique distributions of the expected exit date. These distributions tend to have a positive skew, which should be expected. The Fed is reporting the median expected date of the exit, which because of the skew, is sooner than the mean expected exit. This is why the Fed's expected median dates tend to be earlier than my expected mean dates.
It looks to me like the mean exit date from my model is stable, regardless of the shape of the distribution, at least within the range of skew that we have experienced. If the positive skew did become so excessive that a measurable percentage of potential ZLB exits would happen in the range of the yield curve where the slope levels off to the long term yield levels, it should cause my model to report a future yield curve slope that is slightly understated, and possibly slightly understate the amount of time to the mean. And some of the skew would increase the measured standard deviation of the distribution of the expected exit date, which makes the yield curve less convex around the exit date. I don't believe that these distortions were significant.
Now, while both the mean and the median would be useful if you are trying to assess the shape of expected outcomes and risks of taking positions on the yield curve, the mean date would be the more important measure for determining the intrinsic value of forward rate contracts. So, I believe that my measure is useful.
But, looking at both the mean and the median might allow a more fine interpretation of market reactions to Fed policies since the beginning of QE3.
Here is the mean from my model, compared to the median (estimated from the Fed graph above).
For a period in 2013, the median date of the ZLB exit was farther away than the mean date. That suggests a negatively skewed distribution, which seems implausible. I don't have the Fed's data, but either I am misunderstanding something here, or there seems to be either an error in the published chart or something wrong with the Fed data.
y-axis is Eurodollar contract price, which is 100 minus the interest rate.
It is inverted, so that the graph represents the yield curve.
The next chart compares the forward Eurodollar yield curve for the three dates noted in the mean vs. median chart. On May 1, 2013, forward rates were very low, signifying both a distant exit from the ZLB and a low slope rising from the ZLB. By September 6, the date had moved much nearer and the subsequent slope had steepened. By December 16, 2013, the expected date of the ZLB exit had reverted into the future, but the slope of the post ZLB curve had continued to steepen.
Following are three charts comparing each of these specific yield curves, showing the estimated locations of the mean date of the exit from ZLB (from my model) and the median date of the expected exit from ZLB (estimated from the Fed's graph).
(A brief note on these charts.
The mean date appears to be shifted by 3 months, because these are 3 month Eurodollar contracts. So, if the first rate increase is in September 2015, the June 2015 contract would be the last contract settled at the ZLB and the September contract would reflect the higher rate.)
On May 1, 2013, we can see the signatures of a positively skewed distribution of expected exits. A median date that is sooner than the mean date, and a long stretch of curvature that reflects a wide range of expectations. You can tell from the slope of the linear plot of my modeled forward curve that my model is able to pick up the expected slope of the post ZLB curve from the shape of the convexity, even though the slope of the actual yield curve never quite gets that high, because a measurable proportion of expected ZLB exits occur very far in the future.
By September 6, rates had risen substantially. My model shows a quicker ZLB exit and a steeper subsequent slope. Two issues are very clear in this graph. Because at this point, the ZLB exit had become very near, the yield curve became very convex around the mean date of the exit, nearly mimicking my linear model of future rates. The mean expected exit has to be at the center of that convex area.
I can't think of a plausible way for the mean and median dates to fall in these ranges in a way that leads to a yield curve with this shape. I don't see how the Fed's stated median date at this point in time can be accurate.
By December 16, 2013, rates had fallen from the September levels, and the mean and median exit dates return to their expected positions.
Since December, the curve has flattened slightly, and the mean expected exit date has moved back to about August 2015.
Labels: confirmation bias (in practice), fixed income, Monetary policy
Yancey Ward February 24, 2014 at 8:33 AM
Anyone modeling the BOJ's expected exit from the ZLB?
Kevin Erdmann February 24, 2014 at 8:57 AM
Wow, I hadn't looked that closely at Japanese yields. Here is the 10 year zero coupon rate:
http://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/quickview.do;jsessionid=3A6493AACB543D598AE2E7BA9A5CFC89?node=2018775&SERIES_KEY=143.FM.M.JP.JPY.RT.BZ.JPY10YZ_R.YLDE
It still looks like the expected date is roughly "never", doesn't it?
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text:
Peter Benjamin Golden (* 1941) ist Professor für Geschichte an der Rutgers University.

Goldens Forschungsschwerpunkte sind die türkischen Nomaden des mittelalterlichen Eurasien, deren Interaktionen mit Russland, Byzanz, dem Kaukasus und islamischen Ländern, türkische Philologie, ungarische Protogeschichte, kaukasische Studien und Ethnogenese. Das Hauptwerk des polyglotten Wissenschaftlers ist die Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples (1992), die auch ins Türkische übersetzt worden ist.

Auszeichnungen
Ehrenmitglied der Türk Dil Kurumu (1989)
Board of Trustees-Auszeichnung für Exzellenz in der Forschung (1994)
Provosts Auszeichnung für ausgezeichnete Forschung (2005)

Mitgliedschaften
American Historical Association
American Oriental Society
Asian Studies Association
Association for the Advancement of Central Asian Research
Byzantine Studies Conference
Central Asian Studies Association
Early Slavic Studies Association
Eurasian Linguistic Association
Institute for Advanced Study
Middle Eastern Studies Association
Middle East Medievalists Association
Mongolia Society
National Endowment for the Humanities
Society for Iranian Studies
Society for the Study of Caucasia
Turkish Studies Association
Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in US
World History Association
World Turkology Association

Werke
Khazar Studies. An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars (Chasaren-Studien. Eine geschichtlich-philologische Abfrage der Ursprünge der Chasaren), Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica, XXV, 1–2, Budapest : Akadémiai Kiadó, 1980, 2 Bände
The Byzantine Greek Elements in the Rasûlid Hexaglot (Byzantinisch-griechische Elemente im rasulidischen Wortschatz), Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, V(1985), pp. 41–166
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East, (Eine Einführung in die Geschichte der türkischen Völker: Ethnogenese und Staatsgründung im mittelalterlichen und frühmodernen Eurasien und im Mittleren Osten), aus der Reihe: Turcologica, Bd. 9 (hrsg. Lars Johanson), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1992
 türkische Übersetzung: Türk Halkları Tarihine Giriş (Eine Einführung in die Geschichte der türkischen Völker), übersetzt Osman Karatay, Ankara: KaraM Yayınevi, 2002
The King's Dictionary. The Rasülid Hexaglot : Fourteenth-Century Vocabularies in Arabic, Persian, Turkic, Greek, Armenian and Mongolian (Des Königs Wörterbuch. Der rasulidische Wortschatz: Vokabeln des 14. Jahrhunderts im Arabischen, Persischen, Türkischen, Griechischen, Armenischen und Mongolischen), ediert mit einer Einleitung und Kommentar, übersetzt von T. Halasi-Kun, P.B. Golden, L. Ligeti, Ö. Schütz, mit Essays von P.B. Golden und T.Th. Allsen, Leiden : Brill Publishers, 2000
Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe. Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs (Nomaden und ihre Nachbarn in der russischen Steppe. Türken, Chasaren und Kiptschaken) in Variorum Collected Studies series, Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing, 2003
Co-Autor mit C. Zuckerman, A. Zajączkowski, Hazarlar ve Musevîlik (Die Chasaren und das Judentum), editiert O. Karatay, Çorum: KaraM Yayınevi, 2005

Anmerkungen

Weblinks

Turkologe
Hochschullehrer (Rutgers University)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1941
Mann

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text:
GIVING THANKS, 6 DECADES LATER
Mike Thomas, Sentinel ColumnistTHE ORLANDO SENTINEL
Thanksgiving is a time for reunions. A most unusual one is going on today in Winter Park. It features the reuniting of two men who never really met.
But one did get a quick peek at the other 59 years ago. Then a 12-year-old child, he watched the American pilot struggle to gain control of his wounded P-51 Mustang. Fear had frozen the boy in place. He stood paralyzed as the smoke-spewing fighter headed right at him. . . .
Lt. Ben Griffin entered World War II in January 1945. He flew combat missions over Europe. On April 16, his squadron attacked a Nazi airfield on the outskirts of Prague, Czech Republic.
They strafed the runways, flying low and fast. Each P-51 had six machine guns. The hail of bullets ignited fuel in the parked planes and they exploded one after another like fiery dominoes.
Shrapnel from the fifth plane that Ben destroyed flew up and hit his plane. It cut the coolant hose. Even so, he made one last strafing run and took out another German plane. Then he zoomed up to 300 feet to get out of there.
That was a mistake. Popping up like that gave the German ground gunners a clean shot. One of their shells hit his engine.
Ben was almost blinded by smoke in the cockpit and oil that spewed out and hit the canopy. He wanted to put as much distance as possible between himself and the Germans. Nursing his dying plane across a small field, he saw a small village rapidly approaching straight ahead. Hundreds of people were outside watching, like this was some kind of big-screen movie.
"You people are crazy!" he thought. "This is war."
He was going to crash right into them. Fighting to control the plane and keep his air speed up, he managed to veer left at the last moment. He landed with a thud in a neighboring field. His face smashed into the gun sight, knocking him silly. There was blood all over the place. He staggered out of the cockpit and saw the glint of the bayonets from the German soldiers running toward him.
Jan Neumann ran, too, but by the time he got there, the American was gone . . .
The people in Jan's village looked up every day at the contrails of the American planes flying overhead. They cheered them on, but not loud enough for their German occupiers to hear.
On that day in April, the air-raid siren did not go off as it usually did when the planes appeared. And this time, the fighters did not pass harmlessly overhead. Instead, they screamed down to attack the airfield.
It was quite a show watching them blast the German planes.
Then they saw one of the American planes get hit. It began heading right for their village. As it came closer, Jan could see it was on a collision course with his house. His world suddenly went into slow motion. His legs would not move. He looked at the plane and could see into the cockpit. He could see the pilot wrestling with the control stick. Very soon, Jan would be dead. But then, the plane veered left and came down in the nearby field.
His legs came back to him and he started to dash over there. But his mother intercepted him. By the time he did get to the plane, the Germans had taken the pilot away. So Jan carefully inspected the downed P-51 and saw the pilot's name on the side of the cockpit: "Lt. Ben Griffin."
He wrote it down because Lt. Griffin had saved his life . . .
Ben tried to flee but was quickly caught. The Germans questioned him but he gave only the required name, rank and serial number. When he commented on one interrogator's command of English, the soldier told him, "I lived in Brooklyn."
Ben was sent to Stalag 7A near Munich. On the way, he observed German guards gunning down Soviet prisoners. But he never was mistreated. Only a few weeks after his capture, American troops arrived to free him. Gen. George C. Patton pulled up in a jeep, wearing his white helmet and pearl-handled revolvers. He stood with one hand on the windshield and the other on a holstered pistol. He cleared his throat and looked at the POWs: "You boys can go home now."
And then the jeep took off.
. . . Ben grew up along the St. Johns River. After the war, he eventually settled in Winter Park where he and his wife, Marian, raised their family. They had become engaged before he went off to war. Ben's sister called her with the news he was shot down. They never met but cried together over the phone. She didn't find out Ben survived until the war was over.
The joy Jan's village felt after it was liberated from the Germans was short-lived. The Soviets became their new occupiers. Jan escaped from behind the Iron Curtain in 1964 and made his way to America. He settled in California and became a teacher.
The piece of paper with Lt. Ben Griffin's name on it disappeared long ago. But Jan never forgot the name. He told the story over and over to whoever would listen. He tried to find Ben by doing research in libraries and museums but had no success. What he needed was a lucky break . . .
Ben and Marian Griffin went to a reunion of pilots from Ben's fighter squadron two years ago in Dayton, Ohio. There they met an artist who sold paintings and pictures, most of them of fighter planes. He sold a picture to Ben and wrote down his address.
Jan had a stepson who built model planes for a hobby. At a modeler's convention last August, he met an artist who had plenty of contacts in the world of former military pilots. One day, after listening to Jan once again talk about the war, his stepson decided to write the artist and ask he had heard of Lt. Ben Griffin. Much to his surprise, the artist not only had heard of him, he had his phone number.
Jan called . . .
Ben and Jan finally met this week. Ben is 82 and Jan is 71. But when you listen to them talk about their memories of April 16, 1945, they do so in such intimate detail it is as if they are talking about yesterday.
Jan brought a photo taken that day of he and two friends. Jan is a tall, gangly kid with dark hair. He is holding the binoculars he used to watch the attack on the airfield. Jan also has a picture of his old house, which still stands. Ben has his pictures too, as well as a Purple Heart and Distinguished Flying Cross. He also has his old flight jacket. The bloodstains from his head wound are visible.
Today their families will pass the gravy and probably listen to some more war stories.
Says Jan, "It is interesting that we are getting together on Thanksgiving because I am very thankful to Ben for saving my life."
He pauses, then continues, "And to the Americans for liberating us."


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Mary Bronson Potter, 94, of La Cañada Flintridge passed away on March 5 at her residence at Windsor Manor in Glendale, surrounded by her family and close friends.
Mary was born on Dec. 21, 1924, in Detroit. She was the second daughter born to Karl Bronson and Catherine (Dunn) Bronson. Mary married Edward J. (Ted) Potter of Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, on June 29, 1946, in Detroit. Both Mary and Ted attended the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
Eileen Hanson O'Kane, beloved wife, mother, sister, aunt, friend and judge, passed away peacefully on April 4, surrounded by her husband, children and siblings. Eileen and her husband of nearly 45 years, John Joseph O'Kane III, were longtime residents of La Cañada Flintridge.
Mary (Kay) Fleming, 92, of La Cañada Flintridge passed away peacefully on March 21. Preceded in death by husband, Joel. Survived by stepdaughters Kathy and Mary; grandchildren Julie, Tony and Rachel; three great-grandchildren; and many other relatives and friends.
Kay retired after many years as a nurse for the Glendale Unified School District. She was also a talented painter and enjoyed being part of the Valley Porcelain Artist Club for many years.
Philip Klemmer finished 13th in the Vail Lake race to qualify for state.
The La Cañada High School mountain bike team returned to action at Vail Lake in Temecula.
Dane Grey won his second event and leads all freshmen with two races remaining. Philip Klemmer placed 13th and qualified for the SoCal High School Cycling League State Championship in May.
Klemmer had placed 18th and 21st in previous competitions and needed a top-15 finish to qualify for state.
The La Salle varsity boys' golf team defeated Flintridge prep, 205-215, in a nonleague match at the Altadena Golf Course on Monday.
The Lancers look to extend their league title streak to seven consecutive years as they improved to 9-5 on the season, including a 6-4 mark in league play. Flintridge Prep fell to 9-3 overall and 3-1 in league.
Jack, a 70-year La Cañada Flintridge resident, passed away peacefully last summer after living his 101 years to the fullest.
Jack grew up in Plymouth, North Carolina, and Williamsburg, Virginia, near areas occupied by Willoughbys since the 1600s. At an early age, Jack's gifts as a photographer, athlete and charming extrovert became evident.
Thelma Petersen Gerlach, beloved mother and wife, passed away Feb. 12. Thelma was born in Glen Ellen, California, on March 13, 1921. She was the fourth daughter of Irene Fleur Petersen and Daniel Christian Petersen. As a child, she lived with her family on the estate of Jack London in the Valley of the Moon, California. Thelma and her family moved to Covina and then to Pasadena.
Surrounded by loved ones, former La Cañadan of the Year Sherrill Carbonetti passed away March 13 at a memory care facility in San Dimas. She was 87.
In April 2016, Sherrill suffered a stroke resulting in dementia and aphasia, which is the loss of her ability to understand or express speech.


text:
Bob Hunter commentary: Rumblings ... the Clippers, Ohio State football, NFL and more
Mar 25, 2011 at 12:01 AM Mar 25, 2011 at 9:39 AM
The Clippers will present rings from the 2010 triple-A national championship to players and coaches before Wednesday's exhibition game with the parent Cleveland Indians; as many of 36 of the 49 rings could be presented.
"Most teams hand out their rings during spring training," Clippers general manager Ken Schnacke said from Goodyear, Ariz. "We just had a ceremony with (class-A champion) Lake County down here. But I wanted to give our fans a chance to be there to celebrate what turned out to be a magical year."
A handful of ring recipients will start the season at double-A Akron, but Schnacke said some of them might be in Columbus for the exhibition because the Indians may need extra players, especially pitchers, for the game. Players who have been traded will receive their rings when they visit town; the other rings will be mailed.
The ring ceremony is scheduled for 12:45 p.m. Wednesday, about 20 minutes before the game. The team also will raise three championship flags - one for the International League title, one for the Governors' Cup playoff title and one for the national title.
Ohio State offensive tackle Marcus Hall, who looked promising as a true freshman two years ago but sat out last year as a redshirt with academic issues, tweeted "SPRING BALL!! I'm backkk" this week.
With Mike Adams suspended for the first five games in 2011, Hall could compete with Andrew Norwell for the starting job at left tackle. Without Adams, Ohio State has only threetackles with game experience.
Michael Redd is expected to play for the Milwaukee Bucks on Saturday after missing nearly 14 months because of left knee injuries. In his time off, Redd worked with local shooting coach Johnny Clark, who must have done a good job.
Bucks coach Scott Skiles praised Redd upon his return to practice this week. "You can't tell he's missed any time in all in regard to his conditioning because during his rehab process he's done a lot of working out," Skiles said. "It's just a matter of getting his timing back."
Redd said he lost 25 pounds during his rehabilitation.
With the Carson Palmer trade-me-or-I-retire threat hovering over the Cincinnati Bengals, coach Marvin Lewis seems determined not to let it hold the team back. At the NFL meetings in New Orleans this week, Lewis made it clear that quarterback is the team's most immediate need on offense, which would seem to indicate the Bengals may use the fourth overall draft pick on Cam Newton of Auburn or Blaine Gabbert of Missouri.
Then again, maybe not. Georgia receiver A.J. Green likely will be available when Cincinnati makes its pick, and Lewis wants to make sure that the player Cincinnati selects is worth that high of a slot.
"I believe we have to get the right value at that pick, if it's a quarterback or another player," he said. "We're going to do our due diligence."
Scout.com has seven Ohio State players in its NFL draft projections, with defensive end Cameron Heyward the only Buckeye predicted to go in the first round. The others are cornerback Chimdi Chekwa (third round), receiver Dane Sanzenbacher (fifth), safety Jermale Hines (fifth), linebacker Brian Rolle (sixth), cornerback Devon Torrence (sixth) and guard Justin Boren (seventh).
Scout.com lists five Big Ten defensive lineman - tackle Corey Liuget of Illinois and ends Ryan Kerrigan of Purdue, J.J. Watt of Wisconsin, Adrian Clayborn of Iowa and Heyward - in its first-round projections. But the site projects only one Big Ten offensive player - Wisconsin tackle Gabe Carimi - going in the first round.
Indians reliever Jensen Lewis' demotion to the Clippers was another chapter in an old story. Though he is healthy, Lewis' arm wasn't in shape and he had trouble getting his velocity up. Scouts were clocking his fastball at 84 to 86 mph - adequate at the big-league level only for those with pinpoint control, and Lewis hasn't had it.
The same thing happened to him in 2008 after he had a big year for the Tribe in 2007. He had to clear waivers for the Indians to send him down this time, but the team had little choice; they have several relievers who were more effective than Lewis was this spring - he had a 14.29 ERA - and also needed roster spots for Travis Buck and Jack Hannahan.
When former Ohio State football player Leo Yassenoff decided to place a relief statue of Buckeyes great Chic Harley kicking a football on the front of the University Theater he opened on High Street across from the site of old Ohio Field in 1947, little did he realize that his monument to an old pal would be used as a way to sell sandwiches.
Lucy Wolfe, who spearheaded the idea for a Harley garden at the vacant lot once occupied by one of his boyhood homes on Champion Avenue, filed a complaint with code enforcement over the placement of the shop's electric sign - Penn Station East Coast Subs - on the statue's head, and the fact that Harley is now pictured punting a sub.
New coach Brady Hoke obviously is trying to temper the enthusiasm of those who are expecting to see an immediate change at Michigan. After three days of spring practice, he told AnnArbor.com that he doesn't think the Wolverines will be ready for a full-blown scrimmage during their spring game April 16.
"I'd like to, but we don't have the depth," he said.
He said there is "a Grand Canyon-sized gap" between where the players are and where he wants them to be but didn't seem troubled by that. "The last two places where I started, Ball State and San Diego State, I think it always takes a little bit of time in the spring to move the dial."
He said what needs the most work is no surprise - a defense that allowed 450.7 yards and 32.2 points per game, both team records.


text:
Q: PyQT5 proper layout alignment I have following code for my PyQt5 GUI:
import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QCalendarWidget, QMainWindow, QGridLayout, QLayout, QTableWidget, QHeaderView, QLabel, QHBoxLayout, QVBoxLayout, QLineEdit, QComboBox
from PyQt5.QtCore import QDate, Qt
from datetime import date, datetime

class CalendarWindow(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        super(CalendarWindow, self).__init__(parent)
        self.setUpUI()

    def setUpUI(self):
        self.setGeometry(50, 50, 1200, 700)
        # Labels
        self.label_events = QLabel(self)
        self.label_new_event = QLabel(self)
        self.label_event_name = QLabel(self)
        self.label_start_date = QLabel(self)
        self.label_repeat = QLabel(self)
        self.label_description = QLabel(self)
        # Labels parameters
        self.label_events.setAlignment(Qt.AlignCenter)
        self.label_events.setText("Wydarzenia danego dnia:")

        # self.label_new_event.setAlignment(Qt.AlignCenter)
        self.label_new_event.setText("Dodaj event:")

        self.label_event_name.setText("Nazwa eventu:")
        self.label_start_date.setText("Data eventu:")
        self.label_repeat.setText("Powtarzalność eventu:")
        self.label_description.setText("Opis:")
        # TextEdits
        self.text_event_name = QLineEdit(self)
        self.text_start_date = QLineEdit(self)
        self.text_description = QLineEdit(self)
        # TextEdits parameters

        # ComboBoxes
        self.combo_repeat = QComboBox(self)
        # ComboBoxes parameters
        self.combo_repeat.addItems(
            ["No", "Day", "Week", "Two weeks", "Month", "Half a year", "Year"])

        # Widgets
        self.setWindowTitle("Python Calendar App")
        self.calendar_widget = QCalendarWidget(self)
        # User date select event
        self.calendar_widget.clicked[QDate].connect(self.dateChanged)
        self.events_list_widget = QTableWidget(self)
        self.events_list_widget.setColumnCount(5)
        self.events_list_widget.setHorizontalHeaderLabels(
            ["ID", "Name", "Date", "Repetition", "Description"])
        # Columns stretched and fit
        self.events_list_widget.horizontalHeader().setSectionResizeMode(
            QHeaderView.Stretch)
        self.main_widget = QWidget(self)
        self.main_layout = QGridLayout(self.main_widget)
        self.main_layout.sizeConstraint = QLayout.SetDefaultConstraint
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.calendar_widget, 0, 0)
        self.init_sublayouts()
        self.main_layout.addLayout(self.sublayout_events, 0, 1)
        self.main_layout.addLayout(self.sublayout_new_event, 0, 2)
        self.main_layout.setColumnStretch(0, 1)
        self.main_layout.setColumnStretch(1, 3)
        self.main_layout.setColumnStretch(2, 2)
        self.main_widget.setLayout(self.main_layout)
        self.setCentralWidget(self.main_widget)

    def init_sublayouts(self):
        # Events sublayout
        self.sublayout_events = QVBoxLayout()
        self.sublayout_events.addWidget(self.label_events)
        self.sublayout_events.addWidget(self.events_list_widget)
        # New event sublayout
        self.sublayout_new_event = QVBoxLayout()
        self.sublayout_new_event.addWidget(self.label_new_event)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid = QGridLayout()
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.label_event_name, 1, 0)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.text_event_name, 1, 1)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.label_start_date, 2, 0)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.text_start_date, 2, 1)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.label_repeat, 3, 0)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.combo_repeat, 3, 1)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.label_description, 4, 0)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.text_description, 4, 1)
        self.sublayout_new_event.addLayout(self.sublayout_new_event_grid)

    def dateChanged(self, qdate):
        print("Date changed to:", self.getDaysEvents())
        selected_date = self.getDaysEvents()
        # self.events_list_widget.addItem(selected_date.strftime("%d/%m/%y"))

    def getDaysEvents(self):
        selected_date = self.calendar_widget.selectedDate()
        return selected_date.toPyDate()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    foo = CalendarWindow()
    foo.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

When you lanuch it, it looks like this:

I have a problem with that 3rd column. I want the Dodaj event: label to be at the top, and those textboxes with their labels to be not far away under it. The relevant code is in init_sublayouts under # New event sublayout comment. I tried to make those textboxes into QGridLayout and Dodaj event and this QGridLayout to QVBoxLabout, but u see what happened. I also tried to make every row of my QGridLayout a separate QHBoxLayout, and the result was pretty the same. Is there a way to do it? I did something similar in the column 2, where I have a QLabel stacked on top of QTableWidget, but in the column 3 it seems to be not working as expected.

A: void QBoxLayout::addStretch(int stretch = 0)
Adds a stretchable space (a QSpacerItem) with zero minimum size and stretch factor stretch to the end of this box layout.
Try it:
import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QCalendarWidget, QMainWindow, QGridLayout, QLayout, QTableWidget, QHeaderView, QLabel, QHBoxLayout, QVBoxLayout, QLineEdit, QComboBox
from PyQt5.QtCore import QDate, Qt
from datetime import date, datetime

class CalendarWindow(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        super(CalendarWindow, self).__init__(parent)
        self.setUpUI()

    def setUpUI(self):
        self.setGeometry(50, 50, 1200, 700)
        # Labels
        self.label_events = QLabel(self)
        self.label_new_event = QLabel(self)
        self.label_event_name = QLabel(self)
        self.label_start_date = QLabel(self)
        self.label_repeat = QLabel(self)
        self.label_description = QLabel(self)
        # Labels parameters
        self.label_events.setAlignment(Qt.AlignCenter)
        self.label_events.setText("Wydarzenia danego dnia:")

        self.label_new_event.setAlignment(Qt.AlignCenter)         # +
        self.label_new_event.setText("Dodaj event:")

        self.label_event_name.setText("Nazwa eventu:")
        self.label_start_date.setText("Data eventu:")
        self.label_repeat.setText("Powtarzalność eventu:")
        self.label_description.setText("Opis:")
        # TextEdits
        self.text_event_name = QLineEdit(self)
        self.text_start_date = QLineEdit(self)
        self.text_description = QLineEdit(self)
        # TextEdits parameters

        # ComboBoxes
        self.combo_repeat = QComboBox(self)
        # ComboBoxes parameters
        self.combo_repeat.addItems(
            ["No", "Day", "Week", "Two weeks", "Month", "Half a year", "Year"])

        # Widgets
        self.setWindowTitle("Python Calendar App")
        self.calendar_widget = QCalendarWidget(self)
        # User date select event
        self.calendar_widget.clicked[QDate].connect(self.dateChanged)
        self.events_list_widget = QTableWidget(self)
        self.events_list_widget.setColumnCount(5)
        self.events_list_widget.setHorizontalHeaderLabels(
            ["ID", "Name", "Date", "Repetition", "Description"])
        # Columns stretched and fit
        self.events_list_widget.horizontalHeader().setSectionResizeMode(
            QHeaderView.Stretch)
        self.main_widget = QWidget(self)
        self.main_layout = QGridLayout(self.main_widget)
        self.main_layout.sizeConstraint = QLayout.SetDefaultConstraint
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.calendar_widget, 0, 0)
        self.init_sublayouts()
        self.main_layout.addLayout(self.sublayout_events, 0, 1)
        self.main_layout.addLayout(self.sublayout_new_event, 0, 2)
        self.main_layout.setColumnStretch(0, 1)
        self.main_layout.setColumnStretch(1, 3)
        self.main_layout.setColumnStretch(2, 2)
        self.main_widget.setLayout(self.main_layout)
        self.setCentralWidget(self.main_widget)

    def init_sublayouts(self):
        # Events sublayout
        self.sublayout_events = QVBoxLayout()
        self.sublayout_events.addWidget(self.label_events)
        self.sublayout_events.addWidget(self.events_list_widget)
        # New event sublayout
        self.sublayout_new_event = QVBoxLayout()
        self.sublayout_new_event.addWidget(self.label_new_event)
        self.sublayout_new_event.addStretch(1)                            # +

        self.sublayout_new_event_grid = QGridLayout()
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.label_event_name, 1, 0)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.text_event_name, 1, 1)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.label_start_date, 2, 0)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.text_start_date, 2, 1)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.label_repeat, 3, 0)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.combo_repeat, 3, 1)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.label_description, 4, 0)
        self.sublayout_new_event_grid.addWidget(self.text_description, 4, 1)
        self.sublayout_new_event.addLayout(self.sublayout_new_event_grid)
        self.sublayout_new_event.addStretch(20)                            # +

    def dateChanged(self, qdate):
        print("Date changed to:", self.getDaysEvents())
        selected_date = self.getDaysEvents()
        # self.events_list_widget.addItem(selected_date.strftime("%d/%m/%y"))

    def getDaysEvents(self):
        selected_date = self.calendar_widget.selectedDate()
        return selected_date.toPyDate()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    foo = CalendarWindow()
    foo.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())


text:
From University of Bath
Evolution Education Trust PhD Studentships
Find out details about PhD funding opportunities offered by the Evolution Education Trust in conjunction with the Milner Centre for Evolution.
View more guides in University of Bath
About the Milner Centre for Evolution
Doctoral Recruitment Team doctoraladmissions@bath.ac.uk 01225 385949
The Milner Centre for Evolution was established in June 2015 and is now housed in a new, dedicated, multi-million-pound building which opened in September 2018 on the University of Bath campus.
The three core objectives of the Centre are:
To research fundamental evolutionary questions.
To apply evolutionary principals to real-world problems.
To improve the public understanding of evolution.
The research interests of the Milner Centre are very broad, encompassing molecular processes and comparative genomics, conservation and ecology, paleobiology and evolution in deep time, and the epidemiology of microbial pathogens. Our ambition is to apply basic evolutionary principals to help mitigate the greatest global challenges, such as climate change and the rise of antibiotic resistance. Our outreach program seeks to engage the general public in raising understanding of evolutionary concepts, and to seek more effective teaching of evolution in schools at all levels.
PhD students joining the Centre will find themselves in a supportive, academically stimulating, research-intensive environment which encourages them to reach their full potential.
Studentships
Two types of studentship are on offer: i) scientific projects addressing fundamental evolutionary questions (but with an outreach component), and ii) educational/outreach projects aimed at improving public understanding of evolution.
Studentships are available to candidates who qualify for 'Home' fee status. Following the UK's departure from the European Union, the rules governing fee status have changed and, therefore, candidates from the EU/EEA/Switzerland are advised to check their eligibility before applying. To understand your fee status, visit fee status guidance webpage and the UKCISA website.
A studentship provides funding for up to three and a half years and includes 'Home' tuition fees, maintenance at the UKRI doctoral stipend rate (£15,285 per annum, 2020/21 rate), a generous budget for research and training as well as funds to support outreach activities.
Identify a project
Identify a project or projects that interest you by browsing our FindAPhD feed for available Evolution Education Trust PhD projects, then follow the guidance below.
Candidates are strongly encouraged to discuss projects directly with the lead supervisor before submitting an application.
Please apply using the online application form for the relevant PhD programme, as identified in the project advert.
State clearly in the Finance section of the application that you are applying for an Evolution Education Trust studentship.
In the 'Your research interests' section, quote the name of the lead supervisor and the project title for all projects for which are applying. If you apply for more than one project, please identify your order of preference.
If you decide to apply for more than one project, you should upload a separate personal statement relevant to each one.
You must provide the names and contact details of TWO referees (one of whom must be from your most recent place of study) who are available and willing to provide us with a reference when requested.
It is essential that your application is complete with all necessary documentation uploaded. Incomplete applications cannot be considered.
Browse our Doctoral College website for more information on how to apply for a PhD at Bath, including a list of the supporting documents we require.
Applications will close at 23:59 (GMT) on Sunday 28 February 2021.


text:
using System;

using NUnit.Core;
using NUnit.Framework;

using Org.BouncyCastle.Utilities.Test;

namespace Org.BouncyCastle.Ocsp.Tests
{
	public class AllTests
	{
        public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Suite.Run(new NullListener(), NUnit.Core.TestFilter.Empty);
        }

        [Suite]
        public static TestSuite Suite
        {
            get
            {
                TestSuite suite = new TestSuite("OCSP Tests");
                suite.Add(new OcspTest());
                return suite;
            }
        }
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Robertsbridge United Reformed Church (originally Robertsbridge Congregational Chapel) is a former United Reformed Church place of worship in Robertsbridge, a village in the district of Rother in the English county of East Sussex.  Built for Congregational worshippers in 1881 following their secession from a long-established Wesleyan Methodist chapel, it was the third Nonconformist place of worship in the village, whose nearest parish church was in the neighbouring settlement of Salehurst.  Like the former Strict Baptist and Methodist chapels in the village, which have both closed, it no longer serves Robertsbridge as a place of worship.  Local architect Thomas Elworthy's distinctive design—a "rich" and highly decorated blend of several styles—has divided opinion amongst architectural historians.  English Heritage has listed the church at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance.

History
The ancient village of Salehurst, mentioned in the Domesday survey of 1086, had an extensive parish spanning the River Rother.  There was no settlement at Robertsbridge,  southwest of Salehurst village, until after 1210, when a Cistercian abbey founded in 1176 moved there from its site further up the valley.  By the 14th century, Robertsbridge was by far the larger village.  There was no place of worship serving the Established Church, though: a chapel associated with the abbey was last recorded in 1567 and was probably demolished soon afterwards, and the parish church remained in Salehurst.  In 1676, when a religious census was taken, Salehurst parish was found to have the second highest number of Nonconformists (28) of any parish in the area: it was behind only Rye, whose Nonconformist population was increased by refugees from continental Europe.  (In England, people and ministers who worshipped outside the Church of England but were not part of the Roman Catholic Church were historically known as Nonconformists or Dissenters.  Nonconformism became officially recognised after the Act of Uniformity 1662.)

Independents apparently dominated the early Nonconformist scene locally, but Wesleyan Methodism became prominent in the late 18th century.  John Wesley visited Robertsbridge five times between 1771 and 1784 and preached to large crowds.  A chapel was built in 1812 and extended in 1842, and a Sunday school was added in 1872.  One of the early lay preachers during this period of rapid growth, and a leading member of the local Methodist Society, was Edward Piper.

In 1876, there was a split in the local Methodist Society, causing some members of the Methodist chapel's congregation to secede.  This move was led by Edward Piper, who started holding meetings for Congregational-style worship in a house on Robertsbridge High Street.  Five years later, Piper commissioned the St Leonards-on-Sea-based architect Thomas Elworthy to design a new chapel on the site of this house.  It was founded on 29 June 1881 by Piper with the help of Rev. Charles New, incumbent at the Robertson Street Congregational Chapel in Hastings.  Construction finished soon afterwards, but Piper died almost immediately afterwards—on 20 November 1881, at the age of 70—just before he was due to preach his inaugural sermon.  An inscribed stone tablet commemorates him.  As well as the foundation (or Memorial) stone on the exterior, Thomas Elworthy inserted a stone inscribed with his name and the date.

The church maintained its connection with the Robertson Street Congregational Church in Hastings into the 20th century, and was served by ministers from Burwash at times.  The Methodist chapel closed in 1960, after which the remaining Methodists in Robertsbridge joined worshippers at the Congregational Church.  After this, the name Congregational Methodist Church was sometimes used for the building.  In 1972, the Congregational Church, Presbyterian Church of England and some other denominations merged to form the United Reformed Church, and the church at Robertsbridge became part of that denomination.  Until its closure it was part of the denomination's Southern Synod.

Under the name Robertsbridge United Reformed Church, the building was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 13 May 1987.  This defines it as a "nationally important" building of "special interest".  As of February 2001, it was one of 1,991 Grade II listed buildings, and 2,106 listed buildings of all grades, in the district of Rother.  It was licensed for worship in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 and had the registration number 33848.

Robertsbridge United Reformed Church closed on 5 September 2015.  The building was put up for sale for £200,000 in October 2015, and was later offered at auction at a lower price.  The members joined with others to form Community Church Robertsbridge, which is affiliated with the Baptist Union of Great Britain and which meets in the youth centre on George Hill in Robertsbridge.

Architecture and description

Congregationalism was traditionally "a prosperous denomination [that] built well-finished and well-furnished buildings"; by the late 19th century, the quality of some exceeded even that of contemporary Anglican churches, and as of 2006 26% of the surviving 1,115 such churches in England had listed status.  Thomas Elworthy, the local architect commissioned to design the church at Robertsbridge, was closely associated with the Hastings area and Nonconformist ecclesiastical architecture.  Most of his commissions were for Congregationalists, and most of his works reflect the localised reaction against the Gothic Revival style seen in several parts of Sussex in the 1880s.  His Congregational churches at Croft Road, Hastings (1877) and Mount Pleasant Road, Hastings (1878–79; both demolished) were Free Renaissance Revival and Early English Gothic Revival respectively; his St Leonard's Baptist Church of 1883 at St Leonards-on-Sea was a "rich Italianate"; and the Robertsbridge church displayed an eclectic mix of styles.  It has elements of the Classical, Renaissance Revival and Italianate styles with some Gothic Revival features.  As an architect, Thomas Elworthy is "often maligned", and critical reaction to the building has varied: Nikolaus Pevsner called it "truly horrible" and "most dissolute", whereas a more recent analysis by English Heritage saw it as a "rich and fruity example of a Nonconformist church".  Sussex church historian Robert Elleray described the church as "very Victorian" and "an unexpected Renaissance intrusion into the predominantly 18th-century High Street", and thought Pevsner had made "a harsh judgement".

The church is principally of red brick with extensive use of terracotta dressings.  The façade, on an elevated section of the High Street known as High Pavement, rises to two storeys and has three bays with a four-window range.  A stone cornice separates the lower and upper storeys, and another runs below the parapet upon which a central brick pediment stands.  This was originally surrounded by a balustrade with stone urns.  The bays are divided by brick pilasters.  The windows are all casements and are set below semicircular fanlights in ornately moulded round-headed surrounds.  The outer bays have single windows, but those above the entrance are paired.  The doorway has moulded pilasters and a cornice topped with stone urns, and the door is panelled.

See also
Bethel Strict Baptist Chapel, Robertsbridge
List of places of worship in Rother

References

Notes

Bibliography

1881 establishments in England
Grade II listed churches in East Sussex
Congregational churches in East Sussex
United Reformed churches in East Sussex
Robertsbridge


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My favorite author Douglas Coupland has written, in various ways in various books, that we as people have this seemingly innate desire to view our lives as stories. This, he argues, is a mistake.
Things happen. And then more things happen. No narrative.
I don't know why, but that idea kept coming back to me throughout reporting this week's feature story on sugar dating websites. I think that is because I started working on this story thinking that I was going to find some big, grand truth about why websites that connect young "sugar babies" with wealthy "sugar daddies" are so popular. What I found instead, was that I'm not sure anyone really knows.
The marketing of these sites often involves the claim that their members are simply putting all their cards on the table. If you're dating someone for their money or for their looks, at least you're being honest about it?
But what I found in a lot of the people I talked to was a lot of confusion. There was the man who set up his profile because he said he wanted something simple, but to me he portrayed a loneliness and an ache for something genuine. Then there were those who said they wanted something real but approached it from a detached, procedural manner. And then there were those who felt that the site gave them power and independence, but then they admit that they wouldn't know how to pay rent without it.
The impression that I took away was that nobody was really all that clear of their own intentions or desires. And how could they be? Is anyone ever? For more, see page 4.


Benjamin! Your words hit the nail on the head.
I love that. Everything is Spiritual, to quote Rob Bell.
This is great Benjamin! Thanks for sharing.
I find myself smiling as I read this. Thanks for sharing and for passing along the beautiful gift of love to others.
Kendra, thanks for sharing. I love those three pillars. I believe we all need some sort of framework that aligns with our values. Seems like you are offering that in amazing form to your clients!
So beautiful. Its very rare to see true surrender, but when you do, it is truly divine.
It is. But in the deepest and most exhilarating type of way.


text:
Вода за слонове () је романтична драма из 2011. године, снимљена по истоименом роману канадске списатељице Саре Груен.

Радња

Џејкоб као младић остаје без родитеља и куће те ускаче у први воз који је угледао. Када се ујутро пробуди, схвата да се налази у Путујућем циркусу Браће Бензини и да су свуда око њега животиње. Пре него што је отишао на разговор код Августа, власника циркуса, угледа његову атрактивну супругу Марлену како вежба са коњима. Иако је овај решен да га избаци из циркуса, Џејкоб му говори да је студирао ветерину и да његова помоћ око животиња може да му буде добродошла. Август прихвата да му да посао, не слутећи да ће се између младића и његове супруге развити бурна љубавна веза.

Улоге

|-
|Рис Видерспун || Марлена
|-
|Роберт Патинсон || Џејкоб
|-
|Кристоф Валц || Август
|-
|Хал Холбрук || Стари Џејкоб
|-
|Пол Шнајдер || Чарли О'Брајан
|-
|Кен Фори || Ерл
|-
|Џим Нортон || Кејмел
|}

Спољашње везе

Филмови 2011.
Амерички филмови
Филмови на енглеском језику
Филмови о слоновима
Филмови студија 20th Century Fox
Филмови MegaCom Film-а
Филмови студија Dune Entertainment


Nursery were lucky enough to have a visit from one of our local heros, Sue! Sue began helping the hedgehogs in her area and soon found herself building her own hedgehog hospital where she feeds and treats the animals until they are ready to be let back into the wild. We were so excited to meet Spike and listened carefully to how we can help. Everyone then presented Sue with a pack of cat or dog food to say thank you!


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text:
Hydroporus zimmermanni är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av G. Müller 1926. Hydroporus zimmermanni ingår i släktet Hydroporus och familjen dykare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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zimmermanni