text:
Studios Hergé
Created in 1986 by Fanny Rodwell, Hergé's sole legatee, Studios Hergé is a not-for-profit organisation based in Brussels, the birthplace of the creator of Tintin. The aim of the organisation is to protect the work of Hergé, and to promote the wider understanding of this work.
Protecting the work of Hergé involves safeguarding its form as well as its spirit. In this context, Studios Hergé is involved in authorising non-commercial reproductions of extracts from Hergé's books on a daily basis. Generally, Studios Hergé also supports initiatives, which it believes are faithful to the work of Hergé and of particular interest.
© Hergé / Moulinsart
In order to promote the wider understanding of the work of Hergé, it is first necessary to make an inventory of the vast heritage that has been left under the responsibility of the Studios. It is of the utmost importance that this heritage should be made available to the public through the publication of archived material and through the organisation of themed exhibitions. In the long term the creation of a museum in Louvain-la-Neuve, entirely given over to the life, career and work of the creator of Tintin, allows Studios Hergé to fully achieve its objectives.
With this in mind, Studios Hergé is currently engaged in examining and classifying archived material including artwork, correspondence, photographs and audiovisual material. It is important to note that Hergé created thousands of drawings, and wrote and received thousands of letters, giving some idea of the size of the task that Studios Hergé has undertaken.
At the same time, so as to respond to continuing enthusiasm for a body of work considered to be timeless and universal, Studios Hergé has regularly arranged varied exhibitions covering every aspect of Hergé's creativity.
Musée Hergé - Photo © Nicolas Borel - Architecte : Christian de Portzamparc
The Hergé Museum in Louvain-la-Neuve, open since June 2009, was the biggest challenge yet for the Studios. This challenge was successfully met with hard work and dedication. The treasure chest that is the museum, dedicated to the work of Hergé, presents every facet of this work in a context faithful to the principles which have governed the activities of Studios Hergé since its inception.


On 9 July Damon Klotz from The Fetch City Ambassador team in London went along to Social CRM 2013 to learn about building valuable customer relationships through social media.
#SCRM13 was a two-day workshop and conference that saw a combination of brands and thought leaders come together to talk about how social fits internally within an organisation and about how to move beyond just engagement and develop sustaining customer relationships. I've summarised some of the key points from the speakers and links to my favourite slideshares of the day.
Bian Salins from Now TV raised the point that when you get rid of the social tag you'll realise that the functions already exist within the business.
A fitting way to summarise the day was when Martin Hill-Wilson posed the question why should you do social media customer service? Because it's the first real time corporate mirror. Service is now a strategic asset. Ben Kay from EE backed this up when he said that the first place the CEO heads to after a company announcement is the social hub (which I'm very jealous of as I bootstrap my way through social with only a MacBook in hand).
About our Ambassador // Damon Klotz splits his time between being an intrepreneur at Ramsay Health Care where he heads up digital strategy. He also cofounded men's mental health campaign, Soften The Fck Up, and blogs about the application of digital tools in business and the startup world.


The Market Common is a new upscale community, located on the old Myrtle Beach Air Force Base. Since opened in 2008, Market Commons is a very well-known area to all locals and tourists! With endless options of entertainment, shopping and fine dining, this section of Myrtle Beach is truly special. Market Commons offers many different styled homes, whether you would like to live in a quiet neighborhood, in a townhouse, or even on top of a shop!
Besides these great amenities, The Market Common has much more to offer! With Horry Georgetown Technical College located inside, it allows for everyone to use their Crabtree Gymnasium, Soccer Fields, Baseball fields, Basketball Courts, and MUCH more! Market Commons is a great complex for growing families, small families, and even retiree's! For more information on The Market Common, call our office at 843-796-2111.


text:
Buy eBook $19.99 Buy eBook $26.99 Buy Paperback $39.99 Buy Paperback $52.49 Buy Hardcover $44.99 Buy Hardcover $58.99
Antiques & Collectibles, Art
Antiques & Collectibles, Tobacco-Related
Cigar boxes, Vintage Post Cards, Antiques, History, Art history, Historical photos, Antique collecting
Cigar Box Lithographs
The Inside Stories Uncovered by Charles J. Humber
CIGAR BOX LITHOGRAPHS: The Inside Stories Uncovered is a thought-provoking production exposing its readership to more than 160 vintage cigar boxes manufactured during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Most convey stunning litho- graphs that portray prominent historical figures. Such cigar boxes during the 19th century attracted a massive smoking cliental numbering in the millions.... While puffers more than one hundred years ago likely recognized the prominent personalities peering at them from the inside labels of these wooden cigar boxes, those same headlined names, today, are now essentially erased from memory. Lew Wallace (1827- 1905), portrayed in this stunning portrait label, is virtually a forgotten name today. World-famous during his day, he was not only a Major General during the Civil War but became more famous when he wrote what some consider to be the best-selling novel of the 19th century. His Ben Hur (see page 34), a novel that was turned into a Hollywood blockbuster winning a record eleven Oscars in 1959, was certainly the most read and the best-known book title during the 20th century, that is, until it was superseded by Gone with the Wind in the 1930s. By examining the cartouche to the left of this stunning label portrait, one detects Wallace's role as a General during the Civil War, especially at the Battle of Shiloh. The cartouche to the right of his portrait details his writing studio in Crawfordsville, Indiana. This is where his most famous novel was written. Cigar boxes from the past often became an educational platform inadvertently recording and preserving history. To this day, this nearly 120-year old collectible cigar container whispers its provocative past, that is, providing one takes time out to lift its lid and peer at the lithographic image waiting to be re-discovered or uncovered.... Peer long enough and the box just might whisper its past to you.
Charles J. Humber was born in St. Lambert, Quebec, July 14, 1936. A graduate of Temple University, B.A. (1962) and The University of Wisconsin, M.A. (1970), Humber also attended The University of Alaska (Fairbanks campus, 1960-61) and studied under H. Northrop Frye at The University of Toronto (1969-1970). Humber and his wife, Gayle Jenkins, a native Californian, are the parents of two daughters, Kristy and Karyn and twin sons, Charlie and Scott. Following a 20-year career as a high school teacher, Humber entered the publishing world when he edited LOYAL SHE REMAINS, a best-seller launched to coincide with the 1984 Ontario Bicentennial celebrations. At the time he was national president of The United Empire Loyalists Association of Canada. In 1986, Mr. Humber co-founded Heirloom Publishing Inc. which produced the nationally acclaimed seven-volume CANADA Heirloom Series. In retirement, Charles Humber has published Family Sleuthing (2006) and Dad's Best Memories (2016), two volumes that trace, among other matters, his family's links to the American Revolution. Cigar Box Lithographs (2018) unquestionably reveals Mr. Humber's passion for collecting antiques and vintage memorabilia. His interest in collecting wooden cigar boxes is showcased in this publication, an extraordinary endeavour that is accentuated with a series of historical lithographs. This ambitious 200-page volume illustrating some 160
vintage cigar boxes, all enhanced by dramatic lithographic images, Cigar Box Lithographs is, in reality, a portrait gallery of various personalities who have inextricably contributed to our rich heritage. Each cigar box is culminated by an ex- tended vignette signifying its historical importance to our rich culture and heritage.
Charles J. Humber

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Misconceptions about Disease - mental_floss on YouTube (Ep. 42)
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A weekly show where we debunk common misconceptions. This week, Elliott discusses some misconceptions about diseases!
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Hi, I'm Elliott and this is Mental_Floss on YouTube. Today, I'm gonna talk about some misconceptions about diseases.
(Mental_Floss intro plays)
Misconception number one: Ebola spreads through contact with other people. The Ebola virus can only spread through bodily fluid to mucous membrane or broken skin. In other words, someone with Ebola has the virus in their blood, sweat and urine. One of those needs to come into contact with a non-infected person's eyes, mouth, nostrils, ears, genitals, or an open wound, then the virus would spread. It won't spread through regular contact or through the air or water.
Misconception number two: people who have recovered from Ebola might still be contagious. Nope. According to the World Health Organization, people remain infectious as long as their blood and body fluids, including semen and breast milk, contain the virus. So once the virus is gone, they're no longer infectious, although it's worth noting that in semen the virus is transmissible for up to seven weeks after recovery, and it can also hide in your eyes for a long time after you get rid of it.
Misconception number three: Alzheimer's isn't deadly. In the US it's actually the sixth leading cause of death. As the disease progresses, people tend to have increased difficulty swallowing both food and liquid. This can lead to deadly pneumonia or aspiration problems. They may also forget to take their medications. Because of this, people usually live an average of 8-10 years after being diagnose with Alzheimer's.
Misconception number four: Alzheimer's is all genetics. Actually, environmental factors, age, and lifestyle may have an impact too, and according to the Alzheimer's Society of Canada, there are a few things you can do that may lower the risk of developing Alzheimer's. These include being physically active; eating healthy foods including fresh fruits, vegetables, and fish; keeping your brain challenged; reducing stress, keeping an eye on your cholesterol levels; avoiding traumatic brain injury; and keeping socially active.
Misconception number five: death from rabies is common. As far as diseases go, rabies is fairly uncommon. There are about 25,000 to 55,000 deaths by rabies in the world each year. Compare this with the 56 million people that die of cardiovascular disease each year. The problem is that 95% of rabies cases occur in poor parts of Asia and Africa where there are limited rabies vaccines, so those cases almost always end in death. In the US, on the other hand, there were only two reported instances of rabies in 2010. We have effective vaccines, so the World Health Organization is currently aiming to half the amount of deaths by rabies each year.
Misconception number six: celiac disease is extremely rare. Because "gluten free" has become a diet trend, a lot of people don't take it seriously or realize the prominence of celiac disease. Celiac disease, by the way, is a digestive disorder in which eating gluten can cause issues in the small intestine, and many people do have it. According to the National Foundation for celiac awareness, an estimated 1 in 133 Americans, or about 1% or the population, has celiac disease."
Misconception number seven: eating sugar and/or being overweight causes diabetes. First, it's worth distinguishing between type one and type two diabetes. Only five to ten percent of people have type one, which is when symptoms appear early in life, it's also completely unpreventable. Type two can usually be either prevented or delayed if someone has a healthy lifestyle. It develops later in life and typically isn't diagnosed until adulthood.
It's usually type two that people are talking about when it comes to this misconception, but there are other factors besides sugar and weight, although those two things do have an impact if you're already at risk for diabetes. The majority of overweight people will never develop type two diabetes, 30% of overweight people are type two diabetic and 85% of type two diabetics are overweight. Some other risk factors include family history, high blood pressure, being over 45 years old, and giving birth to a baby who weighed over nine pounds. Mom.
Misconception number eight: heart disease primarily affects men. It actually depends on the age. For instance, men are more likely to have heart disease between the ages of 20 and 59, ut by age 60, the genders start to even out. 70% of people at that age have heart disease, and at 80 and older, women are actually more likely than men to have it. And, it's worth noting that heart disease is the number one cause of death in American women.
Misconception number nine: measles is a mild disease, like chicken pox. Measles typically presents itself as a rash and a fever. It usually lasts for about eight days, but in one in 1,000 cases, the infection can spread to the brain, then doctors can't do much. These patients may experience brain swelling and convulsions. Sometimes they recover, but they may die or go deaf or blind. Luckily, there has been a 75% worldwide drop in measles between 2000 and 2013 thanks to vaccines. So that's cool, also, I should clarify that chicken pox isn't always a mild disease either, it can lead to complications as well.
Misconception number 10: people can be immune to malaria. There's no such thing as 100% immunity to malaria, but some people have what experts call "partially protective immunity." Basically, after repeated exposure to malaria, a person may stop showing the regular symptoms. It still needs to be studied more, but experts believe the immunity protects people from severe symptoms and death, but they can still be infected.
If you have a topic for an upcoming misconceptions episode that you would like to see, don't bottle it up, OK? Leave it in the comments down below and we'll check it out. Thank you for watching misconceptions on Mental_Floss on YouTube and I'll see you next week. Bye.
(endscreen)


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\section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{introductionhan}

One of the main goals of relativistic heavy-ion collision experiments is to study the properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), which can be produced at extremely high temperatures and densities at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In order to search for the signals of the critical point of the quark-hadron phase transition, RHIC beam energy scan (BES) program has also been proceeding collisions at relatively lower energies. As a relativistic heavy-ion collision lasts for a very short time, our understandings of its dynamics often rely on transport models~\cite{Bas98,Xu05,Lin05,Cas09}, hydrodynamic models~\cite{Huo01,Bet09,Sch11,Boz12}, or hybrid models~\cite{Pet08,Wer10,Son12}. Since the experimental observables are final hadrons, the hadronization mechanism converting partons to hadrons in these dynamic models is extremely important for us to understand the properties of the QGP indirectly.

There are various treatments describing the quark-hadron phase transition used in the dynamic models for relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The quark coalescence model has been used to successfully describe the hadron yield and elliptic flow~\cite{Gre03,Gres03,Fri03,Fris03,Hwa03}. For the hadronization of high-momentum partons, the fragmentation mechanism becomes the dominating one (see, e.g., Ref.~\cite{And83}). In the hydrodynamic models, the Cooper-Frye mechanism~\cite{Coo74} that produces locally thermalized hadrons is generally employed. The dynamical quasiparticle approach, that forms ground-state mesons or octet baryons from sequential decays of the $q\bar{q}$ or the $qqq$ resonants, has also been used in transport model simulations~\cite{Cas08}. These different hadronization treatments are expected to affect the simulation results that are used to extract the properties of the QGP.

Collective flows are important experimental observables characterizing the properties of the QGP. The number-of-constituent-quark (NCQ) scaling law of anisotropic flows $v_n$, i.e., $v_{n} / n_{q} \sim p_{T} / n_{q}$~\cite{STAR04,STAR05a,STAR05b,PHENIX07a,PHENIX07b,STAR08}, with $p_{T}$ being the transverse momentum, and $n_q$ being the number of constituent quarks, was considered as an evidence of the QGP formation, and can be well explained by the naive coalescence model which assumes that hadrons are formed by constituent quarks with the same momentum~\cite{Mol03,Kol04}. It was also found that different orders of anisotropic flows may follow the scaling relation $v_n \sim v_2^{n/2}$~\cite{ATLAS12}, studying which is helpful in understand the behavior of the initial eccentricities~\cite{Lac10,Lac11b}, the viscous property of the QGP~\cite{Gar12}, and the acoustic nature of anisotropic flows~\cite{Lac11a}. In our previous study~\cite{Zha16}, we found that the hadronization mechanism has large impacts on the scaling relation of anisotropic flows. On the other hand, the slope of the directed flow $v_{1}$ at midrapidities ($y \sim 0$) has been shown to be sensitive to the equation of state of the produced matter from both hydrodynamic~\cite{Sto05} and transport~\cite{Bas98} model studies. These studies predicted that the slope of $v_{1}(y)$ near the midrapidity region ($d v_{1} / dy|_{y=0}$) changes sign from positive to negative~\cite{Bra00,Cse99,Sne00} with increasing collision energies, and this was indeed observed from the RHIC-BES program~\cite{Ada14,Ada18}, where the slope of the proton directed flow at midrapidities changes sign from positive to negative between $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7$ GeV and 11.5 GeV. Considerable efforts~\cite{Ste14,Kon14,Nar16} have been devoted to explaining the directed flow results, but so far no approach can reproduce the experimental directed flow at various collision energies very satisfactorily. In our previous studies~\cite{Guo17,Guo18}, it was found that the hadronization mechanism affects significantly the proton directed flow.

The relative particle yield ratios in relativistic heavy-ion collisions are also important observables, which can be used to extract the temperature $T$ and the chemical potential $\mu$ at chemical freeze-out based on the statistical model~\cite{sta,Cel06}. This is of special importance in the RHIC-BES program, where values of $(T, \mu)$ extracted at different collision energies leave trajectories in the QCD phase diagram~\cite{STAR17}, from which the information of the QCD critical point can be obtained. In transport simulations, the relative hadron yield ratios are not only determined by the initial quark species but also affected by the hadronization mechanism.

Recently, the ALICE Collaboration have measured the di-hadron correlations in p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7$ TeV~\cite{Ada17a}. At the near side, it was found that the meson-meson correlation exhibits an expected peak, while the baryon-baryon and antibaryon-antibaryon correlations show an anti-correlation structure. It was argued that this phenomenon can be related to the baryon production mechanisms in the fragmentation process~\cite{Ada17a}. It was later found that an improved hadronization mechanism indeed helps to  reproduce the anti-correlation structure at the near side of the baryon-baryon and antibaryon-antibaryon correlations~\cite{Zha18}.

In the present study, we attempt to improve the hadronization algorithm in the string melting version of a multiphase transport (AMPT) model~\cite{Lin05}, and investigate the effect on anisotropic flows, energy dependence of the proton directed flow, relative particle yield ratios, as well as di-hadron correlations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Different from the previous spatial coalescence approach, parton combinations with a small relative distance in coordinate and momentum space now have a larger probability to coalesce into hadrons, while the corresponding Wigner functions describing the coalescence probability are determined by properties of pions and protons as representative mesons and baryons. We found that the improved coalescence algorithm preserves better information of the partonic dynamics in transport simulations of relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

The rest part of the paper is organized as follows. Section~\ref{theorywang} gives a brief review of the structure of the AMPT model, and describes in detail the improved coalescence algorithm. Section~\ref{resultwang} compares results of anisotropic flows, energy dependence of the directed flow, relative particle yield ratios, and di-hadron correlations from the original and the improved AMPT model. A summary is given in Sec.~\ref{summary}.

\section{Framework of AMPT model with improved hadronization algorithm}
\label{theorywang}

The string melting version of the AMPT model~\cite{Lin05}, which is used in the present study, mainly consists of four parts: the initial condition generated by the heavy-ion jet interaction generator (HIJING) model~\cite{Xnw91}, the partonic evolution described by Zhang's parton cascade (ZPC) model~\cite{Zha98}, the hadronization process, and the hadronic evolution described by a relativistic transport (ART) model~\cite{Li95}. The initial momentum distribution of partons is obtained by melting hadrons produced by elastic and inelastic scatterings of participant nucleons in HIJING. The positions of partons in the transverse plane are set as the same as colliding nucleons that produce these partons, while the longitudinal coordinates of initial partons are sampled uniformly within $(-lm_N/\sqrt{s_{NN}}, lm_N/\sqrt{s_{NN}})$, where $l$ is the size scale of colliding nuclei, and $m_N=0.938$ GeV is the nucleon mass. The partonic interaction in the ZPC model is described by two-body elastic scatterings with the cross section given by $\sigma \approx {9 \pi \alpha_{s}^{2}}/{2 \mu^{2}}$, where the parton screening mass $\mu$ is fixed at 3.2264 $\mathrm{fm}^{-1}$ and the strong coupling constant $\alpha_{s}$ is set to be 0.33, 0.38, and 0.47 for the cross section of 1.5 mb, 2 mb, and 3 mb, respectively. The partons freeze out kinetically after their last scatterings at different times, and afterwards a coalescence algorithm is used to combine partons into hadrons to be detailed in the following. The hadronic evolution is described by the ART model with various of elastic, inelastic, and decay channels, until all hadrons freeze out kinetically.

In the original AMPT model, a pair of quark and antiquark, which are nearest in coordinate space in their center-of-mass (C.M.) frame, can form a meson. Similarly, three nearest quarks (antiquarks) can form a baryon (antibaryon). The species of the hadron after coalescence is determined by the flavors and the invariant mass of its constituent partons. The 3-momentum is conserved in the coalescence procedure, and the formation time of the hadron is also related to the freeze-out times of its constituent partons. In addition, the numbers of mesons, baryons, and antibaryons after coalescence are the same as their initial numbers before hadrons from HIJING are melted into partons.

The original coalescence algorithm has the ambiguity of the coalescence ordering for mesons or baryons (antibaryons), and there is no physics foundation of fixing the numbers of mesons, baryons, and antibaryons as the initial ones. Recently, He and Lin~\cite{He17} made an improvement to the above algorithm by introducing a parameter controlling the preference of partons to coalesce into mesons or baryons (antibaryons), helping to better reproduce the relative particle yield ratio and removing the ambiguity of the coalescence ordering. Since all partons are forced to be used up, the net baryon, electric, and strangeness charges are always conserved as in the original hadronization. However, so far the hadronization algorithm is still restricted to the parton combinations close in coordinate space.

The hadronization algorithm can be further improved based on the dynamical coalescence approach~\cite{Gre03,Gres03}, where the coalescence probability is described by the hadron Wigner function depending on the relative coordinates of constituent partons obtained from Jacobi transformation (see, e.g., Ref.~\cite{Sun17}). For a pair of quark and antiquark to form a meson, the corresponding Wigner function is expressed as
\begin{equation}
f_{M}(\boldsymbol{\rho}, \boldsymbol{k}_{\rho})=8 g_{M} \exp \left(-\frac{\boldsymbol{\rho}^{2}}{\sigma_{\rho}^{2}}-\boldsymbol{k}_{\rho}^{2} \sigma_{\rho}^{2}\right).
\end{equation}
In the above, $g_{M}$ is the statistical factor for mesons and set to be 1/36 for pions, and
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned} \rho &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\boldsymbol{r}_{1}-\boldsymbol{r}_{2}), \\ \boldsymbol{k}_{\rho} &=\sqrt{2} \frac{m_{2} \boldsymbol{k}_{1}-m_{1} \boldsymbol{k}_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}} \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
are the relative distance in coordinate and momentum space in the C.M. frame of the quark-antiquark system, with $\boldsymbol{k}_{i}$, $\boldsymbol{r}_{i}$, and $m_{i}$ being the momentum, coordinate, and mass of the $i$th parton, respectively. The width parameter $\sigma_{\rho}$ is determined by the root-mean-square (RMS) radius $\sqrt{\langle r_{M}^{2}\rangle}$ of the meson through the relation
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\langle r_{M}^{2}\rangle &=\frac{3}{2} \frac{m_{1}^{2}+m_{2}^{2}}{(m_{1}+m_{2})^{2}} \sigma_{\rho}^{2} \\ &=\frac{3}{4} \frac{m_{1}^{2}+m_{2}^{2}}{m_{1} m_{2}(m_{1}+m_{2}) \omega}. \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
In the second line of the above expression we used the relation $\sigma_{\rho}$ = 1$/ \sqrt{\mu_{1} \omega}$  in terms of the reduced mass $\mu_{1}=2(1 / m_{1}+1 / m_{2})^{-1}$ and the frequency parameter $\omega$.
Similarly, the probability for three quarks (antiquarks) to form a baryon (antibaryon) can also be given by the corresponding Wigner function as
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{l}{f_{B}(\rho, \lambda, k_{\rho}, k_{\lambda})}
{=8^{2} g_{B} \exp\left(-\frac{\rho^{2}}{\sigma_{\rho}^{2}}-\frac{\lambda^{2}}{\sigma_{\lambda}^{2}}-k_{\rho}^{2} \sigma_{\rho}^{2}-k_{\lambda}^{2} \sigma_{\lambda}^{2}\right)},
\end{array}
\end{equation}
where $g_{B}$ is the statistical factor for baryons and set to be 1/108 for protons, the Gaussian width parameter can be expressed as $\sigma_{\lambda}$ = 1$/ \sqrt{\mu_{2} \omega}$ with $\mu_{2}$ = $(3 / 2)[1 /(m_{1}+m_{2})+1 / m_{3}]^{-1}$, and
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\boldsymbol{\lambda} &=\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\left(\frac{m_{1} \boldsymbol{r}_{1}+m_{2} \boldsymbol{r}_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}-\boldsymbol{r}_{3}\right), \\
\boldsymbol{k}_{\lambda} &=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \frac{m_{3}(\boldsymbol{k}_{1}+\boldsymbol{k}_{2})-(m_{1}+m_{2}) \boldsymbol{k}_{3}}{m_{1}+m_{2}+m_{3}}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
are the relative distance in coordinate and momentum space in the C.M. frame of the three-parton system, respectively. Although the value of an individual Wigner function for baryons (antibaryons) can be different by generally $10-20\%$ depending on the ordering of constituent partons, the statistical results are expected to be independent of the ordering from a smooth parton distribution. The Gaussian width parameter is determined by the RMS radius $\sqrt{\langle r_{B}^{2}\rangle}$ of the baryon (antibaryon) through the relation
\begin{equation}
{\langle r_{B}^{2}\rangle=} \\  {\frac{1}{2}\frac{m_{1}^{2}(m_{2}+m_{3})+m_{2}^{2}(m_{1}+m_{3})+m_{3}^{2}(m_{1}+m_{2})}{(m_{1}+m_{2}+m_{3})m_{1} m_{3} \omega}}.
\end{equation}
As representatives for mesons and baryons, the RMS radii of 0.61 fm for $\pi^{+}$ and 0.877 fm for protons~\cite{Ber12} are used to determining the widths of the corresponding Wigner functions, so there is no free parameter in the new coalescence algorithm.

Instead of choosing combinations of nearest partons in coordinate space, we now choose combinations of partons with the largest Wigner function in their C.M. frame. Practically, based on the phase-space information of freeze-out partons, we search for all possible combinations of quark-antiquark pairs, three quarks, or three antiquarks, which can potentially form mesons, baryons, and antibaryons, respectively, and the maximum values for each kind of combinations are $f_M$, $f_B$, and $f_{\bar{B}}$, whose values decide which kind of hadrons is first formed from which two or three partons, i.e.,
\begin{gather}\label{originalLag}
f_{B} = {\rm Max}\{f_{M},f_{B},f_{\bar{B}}\} : \rm form\; a\; baryon; \notag \\
f_{\bar{B}} = {\rm Max}\{f_{M},f_{B},f_{\bar{B}}\} : \rm form\; an\; antibaryon; \notag \\
f_{M} = {\rm Max}\{f_{M},f_{B},f_{\bar{B}}\} : \rm form\; a\; meson.
\end{gather}
Then the combinations for the rest of partons are considered, and this process lasts until all partons are used up. It is thus see that the preference to form a meson or a baryon (antibaryon) is entirely determined by the distance among the constituent partons in phase space, and there is no ambiguity of the coalescence ordering or number constraints. In addition to combining partons close in coordinate space to preserve the collision geometry, the improved coalescence algorithm combines partons with the similar momentum in a more physical picture. This may help to preserve the information of the dynamics in the partonic phase after hadronization. Furthermore, the 3-momentum conservation condition is satisfied in the improved coalescence algorithm, and the hadron species are determined in the same way as in the original AMPT model.

\section{Results and discussions}
\label{resultwang}

In this section, we investigate the effects of the hadronization mechanism on anisotropic flows at the top RHIC energy and the LHC energy, directed flows at RHIC-BES energies, relative particle yield ratios at all collision energies, and di-hadron correlations in p+p collisions at the LHC energy. Results from the original AMPT model with the spatial coalescence, the improved AMPT model with the quark coalescence using the Wigner function approach, and the available experimental data are compared. It is found that the improved AMPT model has the similar multiplicity distribution as the original AMPT model, so the Lund string fragmentation parameters are set to be the same as those used in our previous studies, i.e., $a$ = 0.5 and $b$ = 0.9 $\mathrm{GeV}^{-2}$ for Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV~\cite{Xu11} and Pb+Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV~\cite{Xu11s}, and $a$ = 2.2 and $b$ = 0.5 $\mathrm{GeV}^{-2}$ for Au+Au collisions from 7.7 GeV to 39 TeV~\cite{Zha17}. The relation between the impact parameter b and the centrality $c$ is taken from the empirical relation $c=$ $\pi {\rm b}^{2} / \sigma_{\rm in}$~\cite{Bro02,Xu11,Xu11s}, where $\sigma_{\text { in }}$ is the total inelastic cross section at the corresponding collision energy. The parton scattering cross section is fitted so that the final charged particle elliptic flows from the AMPT model reproduce the experimental data.

\subsection{Relative distance among partons in hadrons}

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.15]{rpf.eps}
	\caption{(Color online) Histograms of the relative distance in coordinate space ($\Delta r$) [(a), (d)], in momentum space ($\Delta p$) [(b), (e)], and the value of the Wigner function $f$ [(c), (f)] among valence partons in their C.M. frame for the initial mesons (upper) and the initial baryons (lower) in the hadronization process in minibias Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV. Results from the original (black) and the improved (red) AMPT model are compared.} \label{rpf}
\end{figure}

Before discussing the physics results, we first check with the distribution of the distance in coordinate space ($\Delta r$) and that in momentum space ($\Delta p$) among valence partons for the initial hadrons after hadronization. For initial mesons, $\Delta r$ and $\Delta p$ are those between their constituent quarks and antiquarks in their C.M. frame. For initial baryons, $\Delta r$ and $\Delta p$ are the average distances in coordinate and momentum space among the three constituent quarks. These initial hadrons includes resonances with their masses determined by the invariant masses of constituent partons. Figure~\ref{rpf} displays the corresponding histograms for minibias Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV as an example. Compared with the histograms from the original AMPT model, the combinations of valence partons for both mesons and baryons from the improved AMPT model have on average slightly larger $\Delta r$ but smaller $\Delta p$. It is thus seen that the improved AMPT model scarifies slightly the $\Delta r$ distribution in order to achieve a better $\Delta p$ distribution, and gives essentially on average larger values of the Wigner function $f$ compared with the original AMPT model, as shown in the right column of Fig.~\ref{rpf}. The scenario with parton combinations that have overall larger values of the coalescence probability is more physical. On the other hand, the coalescence for partons close in momentum space helps to enlarge the hadron transverse momenta and thus stiffen the transverse momentum spectra, which are generally soft in the AMPT model due to massless partons less driven by the radial flow. Although the transverse momentum spectra from the improved AMPT model are found to be still softer than the experimental data, they can be stiffer with a very small Lund string fragmentation parameter $b$, such as that used in Ref.~\cite{He17}.

\subsection{Effect of coalescence algorithm on hadron elliptic flow}

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{v2compare.eps}
	\caption{(Color online) Comparison of the initial and final hadron elliptic flows ($v_{2}$) at midpseudorapidities as functions of the transverse momentum ($p_{T}$) in midcentral ($10 \%-40 \%$) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV and midcentral ($40 \%-50 \%$) Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV from the original and the improved AMPT model using the same parton scattering cross section of $\sigma=1.5$ mb.}
	\label{v2compare}
\end{figure}

Despite the fact that the elliptic flow from the AMPT model can be affected by many sources (see, e.g., Ref.~\cite{Mol19}), it has been used to extract the specific shear viscosity of the quark medium at RHIC and LHC energies~\cite{Xu11,Xu11s}. However, the elliptic flow of hadrons is not only dominated by the parton scattering cross section, but is also affected significantly by the hadronization algorithm. Figure~\ref{v2compare} compares the transverse momentum dependence of $v_2$ at top RHIC and LHC energies from the original and the improved AMPT model using the same parton scattering cross section but different hadronization algorithms. From the same parton freeze-out phase-space distribution, it is seen that the initial hadron $v_2$ right after hadronization is generally larger from the original AMPT model using a spatial coalescence, compared with the improved AMPT model favoring parton combinations close in phase space. This is possible if the momentum spectrum of freeze-out partons in the reaction plane is stiffer than that out of the reaction plane as observed in ZPC/AMPT, thus hadrons even from the spatial coalescence keep the strong in-plane motion. The improved coalescence algorithm, which is closer to the naive coalescence scenario, leads to the comoving of constituent partons, while the motions of formed hadrons are actually more randomized, leading to a weaker hadron $v_2$. It is found that $v_2$ is even smaller from the usual dynamical coalescence method based on the same freeze-out parton phase-space distribution. The eccentricity of the initial hadronic phase is found to be slightly larger in the original AMPT model than in the improved AMPT model, since the former preserves better the spatial distribution during the hadronization, as can be expected from the $\Delta r$ histogram in Fig.~\ref{rpf}. The final hadron $v_2$ after the hadronic evolution is also seen to be larger from the original AMPT model than from the improved AMPT model.

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{v2pt.eps}
	\caption{(Color online)  Transverse momentum dependence of the charged hadron elliptic flow at midpseudorapidities in midcentral ($10 \%-40 \%$) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV (a) and midcentral ($40 \%-50 \%$) Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV (b). Results from the original and the improved AMPT model using different parton scattering cross sections are compared with the experimental data from the STAR~\cite{Abe08} and the ATLAS~\cite{Aad12} Collaborations.}
	\label{v2pt}
\end{figure}

In order to reproduce the transverse momentum dependence of the elliptic flow at top RHIC and LHC energies, a parton scattering cross section of 1.5 mb is needed at both collision energies~\cite{Xu11,Xu11s} for the original AMPT model. For the improved AMPT model, the parton scattering cross sections of 3 mb at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV and 2 mb at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV are needed, respectively. Using the same event plane method as in the experimental analysis detailed in Appendix~\ref{flow}, the $p_T$ dependence of $v_2$ from AMPT model calculations can reproduce the STAR and the ATLAS data reasonably well, as shown in Fig.~\ref{v2pt}.

\subsection{Scaling relation of anisotropic flows at RHIC and LHC}

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.15]{200ncq.eps}
	\caption{(Color online) Baryon-to-meson ratios of $v_{n} / n_{q}$ at the initial stage of the hadronic phase right after hadronization (left) and at the final stage of the hadronic phase after hadronic evolution (right) as a function of $p_{T} / n_{q}$ characterizing the NCQ scaling of anisotropic flows. Results from the original and the improved AMPT model in midcentral ($10 \%-40 \%$) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=200$ GeV are compared.}
	\label{200ncq}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.15]{2760ncq.eps}
	\caption{(Color online) Same as Fig.~\ref{200ncq} but in midcentral ($40 \%-50 \%$) Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}= 2.76$ TeV.}
	\label{2760ncq}
\end{figure}

In this subsection, we investigate the effects of the hadronization mechanism on the scaling relation of anisotropic flows in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV and Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV. Theoretically, the NCQ scaling of $v_n$ can be obtained in the naive coalescence scenario by neglecting higher-order corrections if the relative distance in momentum space among valence partons is negligible~\cite{Mol03,Kol04}. The baryon-to-meson ratios of $v_{n} / n_{q}$ as a function of $p_{T} / n_{q}$ at top RHIC and LHC energy from different hadronization algorithms are compared in Figs.~\ref{200ncq} and \ref{2760ncq}, respectively. At both collision energies, elliptic flows ($v_2$), triangular flows ($v_3$), and quadratic flows ($v_4$) from both the original and the improved AMPT model satisfy the NCQ scaling law reasonably well, while the improved AMPT model seems to have systematically larger flows for baryons relative to mesons compared with the original AMPT model. After the hadronic evolution, the NCQ scaling seems to be violated to some extent, especially for low-$p_T$ hadrons that suffer from more collisions.

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{vnv2.eps}
	\caption{(Color online) Ratios of anisotropic flows for different orders as a function of the transverse momentum for final hadrons in midcentral ($10 \%-40 \%$) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=200$ GeV and midcentral ($40 \%-50 \%$) Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}= 2.76$ TeV from the original and the improved AMPT model.}
	\label{vnv2}
\end{figure}

The $v_n/v_2^{n/2}$ ratios for different order $n$ as a function of the transverse momentum for mesons and baryons at top RHIC and LHC energies from the original and the improved AMPT model are compared in Fig.~\ref{vnv2}. It is seen that the $v_n/v_2^{n/2}$ ratios are generally larger for mesons than for baryons, consistent with that observed in Ref.~\cite{Zha16}.  The improved AMPT model generally leads to smaller $v_n/v_2^{n/2}$ ratios and better scaling relations than the original AMPT model. This shows that the larger parton scattering cross section used in the improved AMPT model leads to the same $v_2$ but different $v_3$ and $v_4$ compared with the original AMPT model. The scaling relation as a function of $p_T$ is seen to be better satisfied at the LHC energy than at the top RHIC energy, presumedly due to more particles and violent collisions at higher energies. It is thus seen that the $v_n/v_2^{n/2}$ ratios are not only sensitive to the initial eccentricities~\cite{Lac10,Lac11b}, the viscous property of QGP~\cite{Gar12}, and the acoustic nature of anisotropic flows~\cite{Lac11a}, but depend on the hadronization mechanism as well.

\subsection{Directed flow at RHIC-BES}

In this subsection, we investigate the effects of the hadronization mechanism on the proton directed flow at RHIC-BES energies. We first reproduce the transverse momentum dependence of the charged particle elliptic flow at midpseudorapidities in midcentral Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=7.7$ GeV to 39 GeV, as shown in Fig.~\ref{7739v2}. For the original and the improved AMPT model, the parton scattering cross sections of 1.5 mb and 3 mb are needed, respectively.

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{7739v2.eps}
	\caption{(Color online) Transverse momentum dependence of the charged hadron elliptic flow at midpseudorapidities in midcentral ($20 \%-30 \%$) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, and 39 GeV from the original and the improved AMPT model with the parton scattering cross sections of 1.5 mb and 3 mb, respectively, compared with the STAR data taken from Ref.~\cite{Ada12}.}
	\label{7739v2}
\end{figure}

The slopes of the directed flows at midrapidities ($d v_{1} / dy|_{y=0}$) at different stages in midcentral Au+Au collisions are compared at different RHIC-BES energies in Fig.~\ref{proton}. For all results, the slopes are obtained from a cubic fit of the rapidity dependence of the directed flow, i.e., $v_{1}(y)=$ $F_{1} y+F_{3} y^{3}$. For both the original and the improved AMPT model using different parton scattering cross sections, the slopes of freeze-out parton directed flows change from positive to negative between 11.5 and 19.6 GeV. For the original AMPT model with spatial coalescence for partons, the negative slope of the directed flow is not preserved during the hadronization, as shown in Refs.~\cite{Guo17,Guo18}, and the slopes of the initial proton directed flow become positive at all collision energies. After hadronic rescatterings, the slope of the proton directed flow becomes even positively larger, inconsistent with the STAR data. For the improved AMPT model, the initial proton directed flow is more consistently converted from the freeze-out parton directed flow, and has a negative slope at the collision energy larger than 7.7 GeV. It is found that these directed flow slopes are qualitatively similar to those from the usual dynamical coalescence method based on the same freeze-out parton phase-space distribution. After the hadronic rescatterings, the slope of the proton directed flow becomes smaller but still negative at higher collision energies, qualitatively consistent with the STAR data. To reproduce quantitatively the STAR results of the $v_1$ slope requires handling more accurately the dynamics, while the significant effect of the hadronization mechanism on the directed flow has already been observed here.

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{proton.eps}
	\caption{(Color online) Directed flow slope $d v_{1} / dy|_{y=0}$ of the final freeze-out quarks (final $q$), the initial protons (initial $p$) right after hadronization, and the final freeze-out protons (final $p$) versus the collision energy in midcentral ($20\%-30\%$) Au+Au collisions from the original (left) and the improved (right) AMPT model with the parton scattering cross sections of 1.5 mb and 3 mb, respectively. Results for final protons from the STAR Collaboration~\cite{Ada14} in midcentral ($10\%-40\%$) Au+Au collisions are also shown for comparison.} \label{proton}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Relative particle yield ratios}

In this subsection, we investigate the effects of the hadronization mechanism on the relative particle yield ratios from $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7$ GeV to 2.76 TeV. We first compare the meson-to-baryon yield ratio and the baryon-to-antibaryon yield ratio at midrapidities at RHIC-BES energies in Table~\ref{table1} and Table~\ref{table2}, respectively, for different scenarios. With the baryon chemical potential $\mu_B$ and the temperature $T$ at chemical freeze-out extracted from the STAR data~\cite{Ada17}, we are able to calculate the experimental meson-to-baryon yield ratio and baryon-to-antibaryon yield ratio according to the statistical model (see Appendix~\ref{statisticalmodels}). For the original AMPT model, there are two scenarios with different quark coalescence ordering, i.e., doing quark-antiquark coalescence for mesons first, or doing three-quark (three-antiquark) coalescence for baryons (antibaryons) first. For the improved AMPT model with the quark coalescence probability described by the Wigner function, there is no ambiguity of the coalescence ordering. Compared with results from the statistical model using the experimentally extracted chemical potentials and temperatures, none of the scenarios reproduces the meson-to-baryon and baryon-to-antibaryon yield ratios satisfactorily at all RHIC-BES energies. Typically, it is difficult to reproduce both the meson-to-baryon and baryon-to-antibaryon yield ratios correctly based on the same numbers of quarks and antiquarks, since enhancing the number of mesons generally reducing the numbers of baryons and antibaryons simultaneously, thus increasing both the meson-to-baryon and baryon-to-antibaryon yield ratios. Other mechanisms are needed to reproduce the relative particle yield ratios at RHIC-BES energies, such as modifying the initial quark components or introducing inelastic scatterings between partons.

\begin{table*}\small
	\centering
	\caption{The meson-to-baryon yield ratios at different RHIC-BES energies from the statistical model using the experimentally extracted baryon chemical potential $\mu_B$ and temperature $T$ at chemical freeze-out~\cite{Ada17}, from the original AMPT model with the hadronization for mesons before baryons and antibaryons (meson-baryon) or with the hadronization for mesons after baryons and antibaryons (baryon-meson), and from the improved AMPT model.}
	\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
		\hline
		meson/baryon & 7.7 GeV & 11.5 GeV & 19.6GeV & 27 GeV & 39 GeV \\
		\hline
	    statistical model using exp $(\mu_B,T)$ & 2.24  & 3.59  & 5.91  & 7.20  & 8.01 \\
		\hline
		 original AMPT (meson-baryon) & $2.45 \pm 0.02$ & $4.28 \pm 0.02$ & $5.76 \pm 0.03$ & $6.62 \pm 0.04$ & $7.66 \pm 0.05$ \\
		\hline
		 original AMPT (baryon-meson) & $2.44 \pm 0.01$ & $4.22 \pm 0.02$ & $5.49 \pm 0.03$ & $6.07 \pm 0.04$ & $6.85 \pm 0.04$ \\
		\hline
		 improved AMPT & $2.19 \pm 0.01$ & $3.82 \pm 0.02$ & $5.16 \pm 0.03$ & $5.72 \pm 0.04$ & $6.18 \pm 0.04$ \\
		\hline

	\end{tabular}
	\label{table1}
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}\small
	\centering
	\caption{Same as Table \ref{table1} but for the baryon-to-antibaryon yield ratios.}
	\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}

\hline
		baryon/antibaryon & 7.7 GeV & 11.5 GeV & 19.6GeV & 27 GeV & 39 GeV \\
		\hline
		statistical model using exp $(\mu_B,T)$ & 200.65  & 38.04  & 9.68  & 5.31  & 3.48 \\
		\hline
		original AMPT (meson-baryon) & $193.34 \pm 12.83$ & $29.28 \pm 0.43$ & $9.64 \pm 0.10$ & $6.10 \pm 0.06$ & $3.95 \pm 0.03$ \\
		\hline
		original AMPT (baryon-meson) & $288.97 \pm 9.88$ & $35.54 \pm 0.59$ & $10.65 \pm 0.11$ & $6.56 \pm 0.06$ & $4.12 \pm 0.03$ \\
		\hline
		improved AMPT & $95.24 \pm 2.43$ & $28.36 \pm 0.51$ & $9.64 \pm 0.09$ & $5.54 \pm 0.05$ & $3.56 \pm 0.03$ \\
		\hline
	\end{tabular}
	\label{table2}
\end{table*}

Figure~\ref{ratio} compares the $\pi^{-}/\pi^{+}$, $K^{-}/K^{+}$, $\overline{p}/p$, $\overline{\Lambda}/\Lambda$, $\overline{\Xi}^{+}/\Xi^{-}$, and $\overline{\Omega}^{+} / \Omega^{-}$ yield ratios from the original and the improved AMPT with those from STAR and ALICE Collaborations, in central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV and Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV, respectively. It is seen that the scenario of the original AMPT model, which does quark-antiquark coalescence first for mesons and then three-quark (three-antiquark) coalescence for baryons (antibaryons), overestimated significantly the $\overline{\Lambda}/\Lambda$, $\overline{\Xi}^{+}/\Xi^{-}$, and $\overline{\Omega}^{+} / \Omega^{-}$ yield ratios. This is understandable since in this scenario there are not too much choices for the combinations of strange baryons (antibaryons) after meson formation. This defect can be overcome by changing the coalescence ordering for mesons and baryons (antibaryons) in the original AMPT model. It is also remarkably seen that the improved AMPT model reproduces reasonably well these relative particle yield ratios at top RHIC and LHC energies. Although the results can be slightly dependent on the ordering of partons for baryon (antibaryon) coalescence, the difference turns out to be very small. These ratios can also be reproduced reasonably well by adjusting the coalescence parameter for meson and baryon formations in Ref.~\cite{He17}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{ratio.eps}
	\caption{(Color online)  Antiparticle-to-particle yield ratios at midrapidities in central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV (left) and Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV (right) from the original AMPT model with the hadronization for mesons before baryons and antibaryons (meson-baryon) or with the hadronization for mesons after baryons and antibaryons (baryon-meson), and from the improved AMPT model. Results from the STAR Collaboration~\cite{Ada07,Sui03,Abe09} and the ALICE Collaboration~\cite{Abe13,Sch15,Abe14} are also shown for comparison.} \label{ratio}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Di-hadron correlations in p+p collisions}

As an illustration of the improved hadronization using Wigner functions as parton coalescence probabilities in the present study, we employ the parameter set B in Ref.~\cite{Xu11} and calculate the azimuthal angular dependence of di-hadron correlations for midrapidity hadrons in p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7$ TeV. The di-hadron correlation is defined as
\begin{equation}
C(\Delta \phi)=S(\Delta \phi)/B(\Delta \phi),
\end{equation}
where $\Delta \phi$ is the azimuthal angle difference between two hadrons of transverse momenta $p_T<2.5$ GeV/c, and $S(\Delta \phi)$ and $B(\Delta \phi)$ are the correlations in the same event and in mixed events, representing the signal and the background, respectively. As shown in Fig.~\ref{correlation}, both the original and the improved AMPT model lead to a near-side ($\Delta \phi \sim 0$) peak for the meson-meson correlation. However, the original AMPT model gives weak positive baryon-baryon and antibaryon-antibaryon correlations at the near side, while clear anti-correlation structures are observed from the improved AMPT model. The latter results are qualitatively consistent with the ALICE data, confirming that the near-side anti-correlation structure can be obtained with a more reasonable hadronization. Similar results and conclusions are obtained in Ref.~\cite{Zha18}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.18]{correlation.eps}
	\caption{(Color online) Azimuthal angular dependence of the meson-meson (M-M) (a), baryon-baryon (B-B) (b), and antibaryon-antibaryon ($\rm\bar{B}$-$\rm\bar{B}$) (c) correlations in p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7$ TeV from the original and the improved AMPT model.} \label{correlation}
\end{figure}

\section{summary and outlook}
\label{summary}

Based on the string melting AMPT model, we have discussed the impact of the improved hadronization algorithm that favors parton combinations close in phase space. It was found that the improved AMPT model using this coalescence algorithm generally leads to a weaker elliptic flow from the same parton freeze-out phase-space distribution once parton combinations with similar momenta are favored. Thus, a larger parton scattering cross section is needed to reproduce the same experimental elliptic flow, compared with the original AMPT model using a spatial coalescence approach. Both the original and the improved AMPT model give reasonably well although slightly different scaling relations for anisotropic flows. Since the AMPT model with the improved quark coalescence algorithm preserves better the parton dynamics during the hadronization process, it shows a qualitatively correct collision energy dependence of the directed flow slope for protons. The relative particle yield ratios are also shown to be sensitive to the detailed hadronization algorithm, but other mechanisms are still needed to reproduce the experimental data especially at RHIC beam-energy-scan energies. The anti-correlation structures at the near side of baryon-baryon and antibaryon-antibaryon correlations are observed in p+p collisions from the improved AMPT model, but not in the original AMPT model.

The improved coalescence method developed in the present study can be further extended to the mix-event coalescence scenario in the spirit of the test-particle method when mean-field potentials for particles are incorporated, as in Ref.~\cite{Liu19}. Similar to the original spatial coalescence method, there are still partons left which are largely separated in phase space, since all partons are forced to be used up. These partons can be fragmented~\cite{And83} rather than coalesce into hadrons. On the other hand, the usual dynamical coalescence method using the perturbative treatment is generally used for rare particles (see, e.g., Ref.~\cite{Che03}). If one wants to compare in more detail results in the present study with those from the usual dynamical coalescence method, some modifications are needed in the later case by subtracting the formation probability once a parton is used to form a hadron in the later case. These go beyond the scope of the present study and need further investigations.

\begin{acknowledgments}

We thank Chen Zhong for maintaining the high-quality performance of the
computer facility. This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China under Grant No. 11922514.

\end{acknowledgments}

\begin{appendix}

\section{Anisotropic flow analysis}
\label{flow}

The momentum distribution of freeze-out hadrons can be expressed in terms of Fourier series for its azimuthal angular dependence as follows:
\begin{equation}
E \frac{d^{3} N}{d^{3} p}=\frac{1}{2 \pi} \frac{d^{2} N}{p_{T} d p_{T} d y}\left\{1+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 2 v_{n} \cos [n(\phi-\psi_{n})]\right\},
\end{equation}
where $\phi$ is the azimuthal angle of emitted particles, $p_{T}$ and $y$ are respectively the transverse momentum and the rapidity, the Fourier coefficient $v_{n}$ denotes the $n$th-order anisotropic flow, and $\psi_{n}$ denotes the corresponding event plane angle. In the following, we briefly review the event plane method in calculating the anisotropic flows. For more details, we refer the reader to Refs.~\cite{Pos98,Voloshin}.

The relationship  between the event flow vector $Q_{n}$ and the event plane angle $\psi_{n}$ for the $n$th-order harmonic term in the above distribution can be given by the following expressions
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
Q_{n, x} &=Q_{n} \cos (n \psi_{n})=\sum_{i} \omega_{i} \cos (n \phi_{i}), \\ Q_{n, y} &=Q_{n} \sin (n \psi_{n})=\sum_{i} \omega_{i} \sin (n \phi_{i}),
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where the summations go over all particles used in the event plane calculation, and $\omega_{i}$ and $\phi_{i}$ are respectively the weight and the azimuthal angle for the $i$th particle. Here we set the weight factor $\omega_{i}$ as the transverse momentum of the $i$th particle. The event plane angle can thus be calculated from
\begin{equation}
\psi_{n}=\left[\operatorname{atan2} \frac{\sum_{i} \omega_{i} \sin (n \phi_{i})}{\sum_{i} \omega_{i} \cos (n \phi_{i})}\right] / n.
\end{equation}
With respect to the above event plane $\psi_{n}$, we can calculate the magnitude of the $n$th-order anisotropic flow $v_{n}^{obs}$ according to
\begin{equation}
v_{n}^{obs}(p_{T}, y)=\langle\cos [n(\phi_{i}-\psi_{n})]\rangle,
\end{equation}
where the angle bracket means averaging over particles in all events with their azimuthal angle $\phi_{i}$ for a given transverse momentum $p_{T}$ and rapidity ${y}$. To remove auto correlations, the contribution of the particle of interest from the total $Q_{n}$ vector must be subtracted, in order to obtain a $\psi_{n}$ uncorrelated with that particle. Since the finite multiplicity limits the estimation of the event plane angle, $v_{n}$ must be corrected by the event plane resolution for each ${n}$ given by
\begin{equation} \label{resolution}
\Re_{n}(\chi)= \frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2} \chi \exp (-\chi^{2} / 2)[I_{0}(\chi^{2} / 2)+I_{1}(\chi^{2} / 2) ]
\end{equation}
with $\chi=v_{n}\sqrt{M}$, where ${M}$ is the multiplicity of particles, and $I_{0}$ and $I_{1}$ are the zeroth-order and first-order modified Bessel functions, respectively. In order to calculate the event plane resolution, the complete event is divided into two independent subevents with the same multiplicity of particles. Therefore, the resolution of subevents is just the square root of this correlation, i.e.,
\begin{equation}
\Re_{n}^{sub}=\sqrt{\langle\cos [n(\psi_{n}^{A}-\psi_{n}^{B})]\rangle},
\end{equation}
where $A$ and $B$ represent two subgroups of particles. In our calculation we divided particles within the pseudorapidity window, e.g. $|\eta|<1$, into two groups of forward and backward spheres with a gap of $|\Delta \eta|<0.1$. The complete event plane resolution can be obtained from
\begin{equation}
\Re_{n}^{full}=\Re(\sqrt{2} \chi_{sub}),
\end{equation}
where $\chi_{s u b}$ is inversely obtained from the subevent resolution $\Re_{n}^{sub}$ via Eq.~(\ref{resolution}). The final anisotropic flow is
\begin{equation}
v_{n}(p_{T}, y)=\frac{v_{n}^{obs}(p_{T}, y)}{\Re_{n}^{full}}.
\end{equation}

\section{Statistical model}
\label{statisticalmodels}

The chemical potential and the temperature at chemical freeze-out can be extracted experimentally from the relative particle yield based on the statistical model~\cite{sta,Cel06}. In the grand canonical ensemble, the density of the hadron species $i$ can be expressed as
\begin{equation}
\rho_{i}=g_{i} \int \frac{d^{3} p}{(2 \pi)^{3}} \frac{1}{e^{-(\sqrt{p^{2}+m_{i}^{2}}-\mu_{i})/T}\pm 1},
\end{equation}
where $\mu_{i}$, $m_{i}$, and $g_{i}$ are respectively the chemical potential, the mass, and the spin-isospin degeneracy of hadron species $i$, and $T$ is the temperature. The minus (plus) sign in the denominator is for mesons (baryons). The chemical potential of particle species $i$ can be expressed as
\begin{equation}
\mu_{i}=B_{i} \mu_{B}+Q_{i} \mu_{Q}+S_{i} \mu_{S},
\end{equation}
where $B_{i}$, $Q_{i}$, and $S_{i}$ are respectively the baryon number, the electric charge number, and the strangeness number of the hadron species $i$, and $\mu_{B}$, $\mu_{Q}$, and $\mu_{S}$ are the corresponding chemical potentials. Here we take the values of the chemical potentials and the temperatures at different RHIC-BES energies from Ref.~\cite{Ada17} extracted experimentally using the grand canonical ensemble ratio approach. The relative meson-to-baryon yield ratio and baryon-to-antibaryon yield ratio from the statistical model can thus be respectively expressed as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{N_M}{N_B} &=& \frac{\sum_i^M g_{i} \int d^{3} p \{\exp[-\sqrt{p^{2}+m_{i}^{2}}/T]- 1\}^{-1}}{\sum_i^B g_{i} \int d^{3} p \{\exp[-(\sqrt{p^{2}+m_{i}^{2}}-\mu_B)/T]+ 1\}^{-1}}, \notag\\
\frac{N_B}{N_{\bar{B}}} &=& \frac{\sum_i^B g_{i} \int d^{3} p \{\exp[-(\sqrt{p^{2}+m_{i}^{2}}-\mu_B)/T]+ 1\}^{-1}}{\sum_i^B g_{i} \int d^{3} p \{\exp[-(\sqrt{p^{2}+m_{i}^{2}}+\mu_B)/T]+ 1\}^{-1}}.\notag
\end{eqnarray}
The above ratios representing the experimental results are compared with those from the AMPT model.

\end{appendix}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Ocracoke Light was built in Hyde County, on Ocracoke Island, North Carolina in 1823 by Massachusetts builder Noah Porter. The lighthouse stands 75 feet tall. Its diameter narrows from 25 feet at the base to 12 feet at its peak. =The walls are solid brick – 5 feet thick at the bottom tapering to 2 feet at the top. An octagonal lantern crowns the tower and houses the light beacon.


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Arsenal Table Formal £13m Bid For Juventus Centre-Back
By Gooner Mac on June 12, 2015
As the opening of the summer transfer window approaches, managers are working hard identifying targets and lining-up potential deals so we'll bring you all the news and gossip. Today, Arsenal are linked with an Italian defender….
Arsenal have tabled a formal £13m bid for highly-rated Juventus centre-back Daniele Rugani as Arsene Wenger looks to strengthen his defensive options this summer, according to reports in Italy.
Rugani made a permanent move to Juve in the summer of 2013 but before making a single appearance for his new club, he was immediately sent back on loan to Empoli where he began his career as a youth player.
The 20-year-old has developed his game over the past two years and is now considered as one of the most highly-rated young defenders in Italy, with the player already having represented his country and every youth level up to Under-21.
However, the youngster is facing something of an uncertain future as he's due to head back to Juventus ahead of next season and he'd highly unlikely to break into Massimiliano Allegri's first team any time soon with the likes of Giorgio Chiellini, Angelo Ogbonna, Leonardo Bonucci and Andrea Barzagli all well ahead of him in the pecking order.
Another loan move back to Empoli could be on the cards but it seems Arsenal are ready to offer a more permanent arrangement with outlet Calcio Mercato claiming that we've tabled a formal £13m bid for the defender.
Arsene Wenger has been keeping track of Rugani for some time and the player was quoted earlier in the year as saying he was flattered to have caught the eye of such a great coach. However, he suggested that he sees his future at Juventus.
Rugani was quoted as saying:
"Wenger wants me? It's gratifying to know that such a great coach was interested,"
"But honestly I'm glad to have been redeemed by Juventus, I've been a Juventino since childhood and I hope to stay in Turin for 10 years."
After scouting him for several months it looks like the boss has finally made his move with the report suggesting our offer is worth £11m (€15m) up front with a further £2m (€3m) in additional add ons.
It remains to be seen whether Juventus will be tempted to cash-in but even if we do strike a deal with the Serie A champions, it seems the player may take some persuading to make the move to North London.
However, if Juve do decide to sell, there's not a lot the defender can do other than accept his fate and move on, so a deal could still be on the cards this summer.
READ MORE–> Arsenal transfer news
I wasn't expecting Arsene to bring in another centre-back after signing Gabriel in January so if we do land Rugani, or any other centre-half, then it could bring Per Mertesacker's future into question with the experienced German linked with a move back to his homeland.


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US issues warning to citizens in wake of Jerusalem decision
State Department advice a sign that officials fear violent reaction to Trump announcement
Wed, Dec 6, 2017, 21:31 Updated: Wed, Dec 6, 2017, 21:33
Suzanne Lynch Washington Correspondent
US president Donald Trump, with vice president Mike Pence standing behind him, announces his decision to recognise Jerusalem as the capital of Israel at the White House on Wednesday. Photograph: Jonathan Ernst/Reuters
The US State Department has banned its diplomatic staff from visiting Jerusalem's Old City and the West Bank for non-essential reasons, as president Donald Trump formally recognised Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.
US authorities also issued a statement asking US citizens to "avoid areas where crowds have gathered and where there is increased police and/or military presence", in a sign that the US government is bracing itself for possible violence in the wake of the announcement.
Mr Trump broke with decades of US foreign policy on the Middle East on Wednesday by formally recognising Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and announcing plans to move its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
While he signed a waiver delaying the embassy move, he directed the State Department to develop a relocation plan.
Administration officials said the actual process of relocating the embassy could take several years. "It is a practical impossibility to move the embassy tomorrow," one official said, noting that moving the US embassy in London took eight years.
Officials declined to specify whether the embassy would be located in West Jerusalem. Palestinians claim the eastern part of the city as their capital. Approximately 1,000 staff members work in the US embassy in Tel Aviv.
EU warns of 'repercussions' from Trump's embassy move
Trump announces plan to move US embassy to Jerusalem
May condemns Trump's retweeting but will not cancel state visit
Mr Trump made no mention of East Jerusalem or the Palestinians' claim on the city as their capital in his speech. He described the announcement as "a long-overdue step to advance the peace process and to work towards a lasting agreement".
"Israel is a sovereign nation with the right like every other sovereign nation to determine its own capital. Acknowledging this as a fact is a necessary condition for achieving peace," he said.
He said that ever since the United States recognised the state of Israel under president Harry Truman 70 years ago, Israel had made its capital in the city of Jerusalem.
"Today, Jerusalem is the seat of the modern Israeli government. It is the home of the Israeli parliament, the Knesset, as well as the Israeli supreme court. It is the location of the official residence of the prime minister and the president. It is the headquarters of many government ministries," he said.
Palestinian anger
As things stand the United States will be the only country to locate its embassy in Israel in Jerusalem, though Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte and the Czech government also indicated they may consider a similar move.
Officials stressed that the announcement did not have an impact on the US's broader policy in the region, or on the issue of borders, but the announcement risks igniting Palestinian anger over the United States's role in the peace process.
Mr Trump said he judged his course of action "to be in the best interests of the United States of America and the pursuit of peace between Israel and the Palestinians".
"There will of course, be disagreement and dissent regarding this announcement," he said, as he appealed for "calm, for moderation, and for the voices of tolerance to prevail over the purveyors of hate".
Several members of Congress welcomed Mr Trump's decision. "I fully support the Trump administration's decision to recognise Jerusalem as the capital of Israel because this statement reflects the reality on the ground for the last 3,000 years" Republican senator Lindsey Graham said on Twitter, adding that it did not take other options off the table regarding a two-state solution.
Graham Lindsey
Czech Government
Israeli Supreme Court
The Us Government
White House denies Mueller got subpoena for Trump accounts
US Supreme Court allows travel ban against six Muslim states
Trump lambasts US justice department on Russia collusion probe
Trump's Israeli stance 'very disappointing', says Coveney
SPD leader to lobby members for renewed Merkel alliance
Under assault: Cambodia's independent press fights for life
Turkey says Trump has plunged Middle East into 'fire with no end'
Latest World
Donald Trump renews attack on leftwing congresswomen 13:29
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Are you suffering from sitting pain?
Are you suffering from sitting pain? We all know we need to be more active, but there is increasing evidence that we also need to spend less time sitting down. The Australian Heat Foundation recommends 30 minutes of moderate exercise on most days to reduce risks of ill health from inactivity.
Studies have linked excessive sitting with being overweight and obese, type 2 diabetes and even some type of cancers. Sitting for long periods slows our metabolic rate, which affects the body's ability to regulate blood sugar, blood pressure and break down body fat. Not to mention added effects of lower back issues.
With advances in technology, both adults and children are now spending more time in sitting or lying, And this typically increases with age. This includes watching TV, using a computer, reading, doing homework, travelling by car, bus or train but does not include sleeping.
Get in touch with Physiotherapy Professionals Parramatta. Expert advice and treatment! Walking distance from Parramatta station.
Unless we are involved in a labour intensive job, for most of us we will spend a lot of time in sitting. This might include sitting to commute to work, sitting at work in an office or sitting down to have a meal. As such, having good sitting posture is important to prevent chronic joint and muscle injuries.


 Partner with the leadership team to promote GE culture by proactively finding and telling the stories and embedding the purpose in the day-to-day employee experience.
 Drive the continuous modernization of content distribution through digital, mobile, broadcast, online, audio-visual, print, and in-person channels to encourage meaningful conversations.
 Provide counselling to internal stakeholders and advise them on communications.


When BIG Data Becomes Intellectual Property: The Best Reason to Automate!
We technologists can really over use terms! Online reservation system, property management system, hospitality management system, campground software reservation system, cloud based system... and on and on it goes!
When all is said and done, think about what any software system does. It manages data so that we can report and make informed decisions about our businesses. By automating repetitive processes, we assure a more accurate collection of information about our business, finances, and customers and then are able to retrieve it at the right time and for the right purpose. And that is the BIG DATA affect. Consider this. . . all the data that is relative to your business is in effect, an intellectual property tool specific to your business!
So what's in your data? (or what's in your wallet!) And how are you using that information to better inform your decisions and forecast your business? And what might you consider collecting in the future?
Data on number of stays, what types of accommodations... RV site? Cabin? What type of bed? Queen or King? Type of RV? How long do they stay? How far in advance do they book? What times of years do they visit?
The intellectual property (or data) within your system will provide a roadmap to better forecast your business, optimize your rates, personnel scheduling, and analyze ROI on marketing expense to name a few. A few Key Performance Indicators (KPI) gathered from your 'intellectual property' system can go a long way in helping you manage the metrics.
As a hospitality provider, if you can not systematically extract information such as occupancy rates, ADR (average daily rates), RevPar (revenue per available site or room), LOS (length of stay), or source of business then you will not be able to set realistic goals for your business in the future.
Reduce cost of collecting information.
And most of all, it will give you peace of mind that you have the Big Data information needed to make the best decisions for your business!
Whether you are an independent hospitality business or a branded 'flag' property, managing your 'intellectual property' is key to business success!


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Hacılar è un comune dell'Azerbaigian situato nel distretto di Ağcabədi. Conta una popolazione di 1.240 abitanti.

Collegamenti esterni
Hacılar su GEOnet Names Server

Comuni del distretto di Ağcabədi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
National Sheep Association
NSA Community
Become an NSA Member
National Sheep Association relies on membership subscriptions to fund its work providing a voice for the UK sheep sector.
Every membership counts – it strengthens NSA's mandate to speak on behalf of the industry and provides vital financial support.
To subscribe via debit or credit card, click on the links below and do everything online.
To subscribe via direct debit, download a membership form at the bottom of this page and return it to NSA Head Office by email or post. You will receive a 20% discount in the first year that you pay by direct debit. We also accept payments by BACS and cheque. Please contact NSA Head Office to discuss these payment options on 01684 892661 or [email protected] .
All subscriptions are paid annually. Click here for terms and conditions for all types of subscription.
Are you an individual with an interest and / or involvement in the sheep sector?
This is a class of membership open to all individuals resident in the UK, aged 27 years or over who want to support NSA's vision of ensuring those keeping sheep are enthusiastic, knowledgeable and aspiring to best practice, and those not keeping sheep being increasingly aware of the contribution sheep make to society and of the core aspects of the sector.
Individual Membership + Annual Donation
£60 + donation of your choice
Do you value the work NSA does on behalf of the UK sheep industry?
NSA is reliant on membership subscriptions and therefore invites existing members to voluntarily over-pay on their annual fee to further support the vital work of the organisation. Choose to give a donation of £20, £40 or £60 per year to NSA, and make this go even further by adding Gift Aid to your subscription.
Under 27's Membership
Are you aged under 27 with an interest and / or involvement in the sheep sector?
This is a variation on individual membership, for members aged under 27 years old. In line with NSA's dedication to encouraging and supporting the sheep farmers and service providers of the future, the fee is half that of standard individual NSA membership.
Joint Membership
Are there two people in your household with an interest in the sheep farming enterprise?
Joint membership allows two people living at the same address to both receive the NSA Weekly Email Update, share a copy of Sheep Farmer magazine and both gain free (or discounted) entry to NSA Sheep Events – all for just £10 more per year than an individual subscription.
15% discount per member
Are you a large sheep farming business involving several family members and / or shepherds?
Access a 15% discount on each membership held every year if you pay for three or more (up to a maximum of 25) NSA subscriptions from the same bank account. Contact NSA Head Office to apply for a group package.
Do you live outside of the UK?
This is a class of membership open to all individuals living outside of the UK with an interest in the work of NSA.
Why be an NSA member?
The number one benefit of NSA subscription is ensuring your organisation continues to support individual sheep farming businesses and the whole support/work for the UK sheep industry. Other benefits of being an NSA member are linked to the work we do to provide top quality technical information, events and services.
Our Members Feedback
Ellen Helliwell, Gloucestershire
I think it is really important that we are members of NSA as it helps NSA give the industry a voice and if we don't try and get this voice heard by people in power and let them know what is important to our sector, then how are they to know? Being a member of NSA is also a really good education tool, keeping both farmers and the consumers aware of what is going on in our sector.
NSA is such good value. Lobbying Government and fighting for the interests of all sheep farmers, targeting diseases (scab, foot disease and others) encouraging best practice in welfare and good husbandry, supporting and encouraging young people in the industry, supporting the research work of Mordun. Far and away the best value for money of any subscription I have of any kind.
Matthew Tomkins, Cumbria
We joined NSA as we believe it is one of the farming organisations that is having a real positive impact on farming. We have been impressed by how forward thinking and progressive it is.
Lucy Beattie, Scotland
I joined NSA having had some good conversations with several NSA Scottish Region officeholders who explained to me how NSA can support youngsters and also upland livestock production, two things close to my heart. With ongoing change for our sector too, strength is in numbers and the more sheep folk who can get together and talk about sheep, and lobby those in positions of power, the better.
Joint Membership Form
Individual Membership + annual donation application form
The Sheep Centre
WR13 6PH
VAT registered (No. 273 3469 44)
NSA is a Company Limited by Guarantee, registered in England (No. 37818).
It is a registered charity in England and Wales (No. 249255) and in Scotland (No. SCO42853).
NSA complies with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
© Copyright 2021 NSA, All Rights Reserved | Designed and Developed by H&H Reeds


"Sewing the Sail" by Sorolla, Folkloric Spanish Painting.
Sewing the Sail is an oil painting by Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida. The composition illustrates a group of people mending the sail of a boat in Valencia, Spain. The work belongs to a series of Spanish folkloric art by the artist.


What are the main focuses of MBA in health care management?
MBA in health care management caters you a great support to your professional life. You will be able to receive advanced courses of health-care industry. You have to make a list of the major focuses so that you can plan your study-life accordingly. An educational expert can guide you in a better way and you should have a detailed consultation with him before you choose the field of health-care. You have to choose the best accredited institute so that greater value can be added to your MBA certification.
Health-economics: Models and theories of economics including health-care studies are mainly included under this stream. In this case, you will find a deep relation in between health-insurance and health-care. Health-protection involves some sorts of costs and these costs lie at the base of these economics. This part will help you understand how health-care expenses can be efficiently controlled. Different economic analytical-tools especially economic-evaluation and methods and microeconomic theories are being used. These tools are being used for proper reviewing purpose. These tools are required for analyzing and examining health-care issues from economics perspective. This part is one of the most important aspects of MBA in health care management.
Health-care administration: Management strategies, theoretical concerns and political issues are included within the basics of health-care administration. Patients should receive long-term caring services and these services need to be managed by the health-care authority. In fact, healthcare management will not fetch good results if the administration part is not being integrated properly.
Health behavior: This is one of the most important focuses of any MBA in health care management. Healthcare behavior's theoretical foundations need to be studied well so that efficient healthcare services can be catered to the patients. If the behavioral changes are not being determined properly then the best disease-preventing strategies or treatments cannot be decided. Different models are being included in order to make the students understand how to predict health-behavior. While acquiring MBA degree, you will learn the process of determining accurate treatments for patients on the basis of health-behaviors.
Clinical system: Before entering into the world of health-care you got to know the clinical-system and its functions first. The system of Health-care information includes clinical design, architecture and history. Innumerable disciplines need to be maintained so that clinical standards can be easily consistently. In this case, self-realization of the disciplines is not enough rather you have to take the responsibility of sharing the same with your colleagues so that patient-information can be carefully handled or managed.
Ethics and information-security: Ethics are treated as the most important elements of clinical industry. If you are ethical enough then only you will be able to preserve patient and clinical-administration relating information in a secured manner. Different kinds of advanced and technology-based security policies are now getting added within the courses of MBA health care and you should grab them for maintaining acute privacy. You also need to take courses on computer-applications so that you can learn the process how to preserve information with the use of computerized technology.
Health-care finance: Financial-management is a great thing in modern health-care industry. Best techniques of financial-management are included so that finances can be managed well. Financial-management makes you learn how to control funds in a better way. Funds should not be wasted rather they need to be utilized in a potential manner. If you study financial-management carefully then only you will be able to utilize the resources carefully.
Health-care policy: If health-care policies are being violated, then you will not be able to stay in the health-care industry for long. This is why you are recommended sticking to the same for proving your proficiency. Some of the major focuses of health-care policies are economic, social and physical environment, background or history, policy process, health-care reforms, indigent health-care, cost containment, rural vs. urban health-care and many more.
Health-care system: If the system of health-care is not known then you will not be able to establish yourself in the concerned industry. Payment, administration and patient-care are three main pillars of this system. If you fail to understand these parts, then you will never be able to receive a good position in this industry.


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