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The Pre-Pauline Creed of 1 Corinthians 15:3-8
[The following is a paper that I submitted for the Pauline Epistles class at Nazarene Bible College]
ORIENTATION AND CONTEXT
Significance of Text
In 1 Corinthians 15:3-8, we have an incredibly early creedal formulation of the death, resurrection, and post-mortem appearances of Jesus Christ. In fact, there is a consensus among scholars that this passage "contains a carefully preserved tradition pre-dating Paul's apostolic activity and received by him within two to five years of the founding events" (Ware 475). This creed is incredibly significant for several reasons.
First, this pre-Pauline creed is significant because it provides the earliest known formulation of Christian beliefs regarding Jesus' death, burial, resurrection, and post-mortem appearances. Kirk MacGregor clearly states the early date for the formulation of this creed when he writes, "the terminus ante quem for the original creed is AD 35, assuming the truth of the majority view that Jesus' crucifixion occurred in AD 30 and Paul's conversion in AD 32" (MacGregor 227). This places the formulation of the belief in Jesus' crucifixion, resurrection, and post-mortem appearances within 5 years of Jesus' crucifixion, which is amazing for ancient sources.
Second, this pre-Pauline creed holds significance in understanding the earliest apostles' teaching regarding Jesus Christ. It is vital that we understand the teaching of the apostles, since they form part of the foundation of the church, along with the prophets, and with Christ as the chief Cornerstone (Ephesians 2:19-22). This early teaching, therefore, becomes incredibly important for understanding the teaching of the apostles and the foundational teaching of the Body of Christ since the earliest days of its existence. Because of this creed, we can be confident that what is related by the later Gospel writers does, in fact, go back to the earliest teaching of the apostles concerning Christ's death, burial, resurrection, and appearances.
Third, this pre-Pauline creed is significant because it gives us an insight into the nature of Christ's resurrection. There are some who claim that the apostles did not intend to portray a resurrection of Jesus's crucified body, but rather meant to portray the resurrection in a spiritual sense. This is not what the apostles would have had in mind. As William Lane Craig points out, "The idea that a man could be buried and then be raised from the dead while his body still remained in the grave is a peculiarly modern notion. For the first-century Jews there would have been no question but that the tomb of Jesus would have been empty" (Craig 365). James Ware concurs, pointing out that most scholars agree that this creed was "from its inception transmitted as the good news of Jesus' bodily resurrection from the tomb on the third day" (Ware 476). This understanding of the resurrection is seen in this pre-Pauline formula, as will be seen later in this paper.
Finally, this pre-Pauline creed is significant for its apologetic value. This is especially important because, as Gary Habermas has pointed out, "In recent years, some of the old, naturalistic theories that rejected the historicity of Jesus' resurrection have reappeared after a lengthy hiatus" (Habermas 179). This pre-Pauline creed is regularly referenced in apologetics-related works on the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The reason for this is obvious. Since the three points above are true, it effectively refutes the idea that the resurrection of Jesus Christ was a later legendary development. Two to five years is too short of a time frame for legend to develop in the very area in which Jesus was condemned, crucified, and buried. The probable Semitic origin of this creed also means that this belief in Christ's bodily resurrection likely took off in the location where it was most likely to die out if it could be demonstrated that the bodily resurrection of Christ was false. While this creed does not prove that Christianity is true in and of itself, it does oppose some common lay objections to the bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Several questions arise as we read this pre-Pauline creed. One vital question is what this creed tells us about the nature of the resurrection. Another vital question pertains to the list of eyewitnesses to which Christ appeared, who were mentioned in the creed. Why these individuals? Why not someone else? Finally, the question arises whether or not Paul understood his experience of the risen Jesus to be of the same nature as the experiences of the other apostles. Each of these questions will be answered in the body of this paper.
Historical and Social Setting
There is little doubt that Paul wrote 1 Corinthians. In fact, some have pointed out that "the Pauline authorship of 1 Corinthians has never been disputed and the letter is already attested in the 90s by Clement of Rome" (Hawthorne 175). The few who would dispute Pauline authorship are in an extremely small minority of scholars. The historical and literary evidence provides a compelling case that Paul did, in fact, author this epistle, as well as at least 3 others to the church in Corinth. Unfortunately, only two of these four letters survived.
While there is little question that Paul wrote 1 Corinthians, there are some who would argue that 1 Corinthians 13 is an interpolation, or at least is non-Pauline. William Walker, for example, argues that "1 Corinthians 13 is in fact a non-Pauline interpolation, that is, that it was composed by someone other than Paul and that it was inserted at its present location in the Corinthian letter by someone other than Paul" (Walker 485). His case, however, is not convincing. Jeremy Corley points out that, "Close examination of all factors not only suggests the probability of Pauline authorship of 1 Corinthians 12:31b-13:13 but also sheds light on Paul's theology" (Corley 257). Other potential interpolations have been offered, as well, but the case for their being non-Pauline fares about as well as Walker's hypothesis. It is sometimes argued that the previous letter that Paul wrote to the Corinthians (1 Corinthians 5:9) is embedded in 1 Corinthians. The bases for this hypothesis is supposed contradictions between Paul's discussion of various topics. Thus, the epistles to the Corinthians are often separated into four different letters. Polhill explains the problem with this by stating, "The resolution of a few seeming inconsistencies by such partitioning raises more problems than it solves" (Polhill 232).
It is significant to note that 1 Corinthians 15:3-8, the subject of this paper, is not in question as a later interpolation. While the creed itself is non-Pauline in origin, we have no reason to think that it was added to 1 Corinthians at a later date or by anyone other than Paul.
It is generally accepted that 1 Corinthians was written in the mid-50's AD. Polhill believes that Paul received bad news which prompted the writing of the letter in the Spring of AD 56 (Polhill 230). Varughese appears to date this letter slightly earlier, pointing out that it was written during Paul's third missionary journey, which lasted from 52-55 AD (Varughese 235). During this time, Paul stayed in regular contact with the church at Corinth because of the problems that the church was experiencing. Paul's letters were written during his third missionary journey to address these problems and to answer questions that the Corinthians had. It seems reasonable to give 1 Corinthians a date of around AD 55.
It is argued that Paul wrote this epistle from Ephesus. It is believed that he wrote this epistle during his third missionary journey, which was primarily focused on Ephesus. Even though Paul was focused on ministering to the Ephesians, he still would have had concerns about the church at Corinth. Paul received information about the state of the Corinthian church from the servants of Chloe, from a letter that the Corinthians wrote to Paul, and from the delegation sent to deliver the letter to Paul. The Corinthian church was fracturing into various groups, such as the "Cephas" party and the "Paul" party. Furthermore, the Corinthians were abusing the Lord's Supper and appear to have had an issue with the proper use of spiritual gifts. Beyond this, it seems that there were even some within the church who denied the bodily resurrection of Christ. When the disunity and problems of the Corinthian church came to Paul's ears, Paul wrote 1 Corinthians as a means of addressing the issues that were arising within the church.
In summary, Paul wrote 1 Corinthians from Ephesus around AD 55. This fact is rarely questioned by scholars. Paul wrote this epistle to address major problems that were brought to his attention and to address questions that the Corinthians had in response to an earlier letter that Paul sent to the church.
Literary Context
1 Corinthians is an epistle written to correct issues within the Corinthian church. Some portions of this epistle, though still part of the epistle, could be classified under a different genre. I believe that this is the case with 1 Corinthians 15:3-8. This could be classified as an ancient creed. It is formulated as a creed that made memorization easier. Since not everyone could read and write in the ancient world, rabbis and teachers would rely on formulations such as this to help make their teaching easier to memorize. This appears to be the purpose of the creedal formulation of this passage.
1 Corinthians 15:3-8 is found in the context of a discussion about the resurrection from the dead and what Jesus' resurrection means for believers. Immediately prior to this discussion, Paul was giving the Corinthians direction concerning the charisma (χάρισμα) gifts of the Spirit. After 1 Corinthians 15:3-8, Paul goes on to expound the implications for believers of Christ's resurrection from the dead.
The pre-Pauline creed in 1 Corinthians 15:3-8 has been recognized as a 4-line creed centering around the verbs "died," "was buried," "was raised," and "appeared." These four verbs provide a summary of the final days of Christ's life and a springboard for Paul's discussion about the implications of Christ's resurrection for believers.
It should be noted that this passage contains what might be called Pauline commentary alongside the creed. Thus, there has been some debate over which portions of this text belong to the creed and which portions of the text are Pauline commentary. On the basis of the Semitic characteristics and the distinctly non-Pauline language of the creed, it can be strongly argued that the creed should include everything after and including the statement "Christ died," with the exception of verse 6b and 8, which are Pauline commentary on the creed.
PRESENTATION OF TEXT
1 Cor. 15:3 "For what I received I passed on to you as of first importance: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, 4 that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures, 5 and that he appeared to Cephas, and then to the Twelve. 6 After that, he appeared to more than five hundred of the brothers and sisters at the same time, most of whom are still living, though some have fallen asleep. 7 Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles, 8 and last of all he appeared to me also, as to one abnormally born" (NIV).
Text Critical Notes
The Greek of this passage does not appear to contain many variants. One does exist, and it warrants a brief consideration. In the Greek texts used to translate the King James Version, the word "appeared" in the fourth line of the formula is the Greek word "optanomai" (ὀπτάνομαι). The Greek texts used to translate other versions uses the word "horao" (ὁράω). There is little difference between the meaning of the two words, and this difference should not cause us to question the meaning of the passage. Both properly mean that someone has been seen or has allowed themselves to be seen.
Despite the confidence in the text itself, scholars have debated over the meaning of the resurrection language within the passage. One of the most significant words in question is the Greek word for "raised" (ἐγείρω). Some have contended that this word does not imply a bodily resurrection, while others contend that it necessitates the idea of a bodily resurrection. The latter is the more convincing argument.
Outline of Passage
I. Christ's Burial and Resurrection (v. 3-4)
A.) Death (v. 3)
B.) Burial (v. 4)
C.) Resurrection (v. 4)
II. Christ's Post-Resurrection Appearances (v. 5-8)
A.) Cephas (v. 5)
B.) The Twelve (v. 5)
C.) 500 Brethren (v. 6)
D.) James (v. 7)
E.) All of the Apostles (v. 7)
F.) Paul (v. 8)
CHRIST'S BURIAL AND RESURRECTION
Paul begins this section by using very technical language that is often used by rabbis who were passing on sacred truth. Paul states that he delivered (παραδίδωμι) what he had also received (παραλαμβάνω). This language implies that Paul was passing on a prior tradition that was given to him, likely when he visited Jerusalem to meet with Peter. Paul passed this tradition on to the church at Corinth as though it were of the utmost importance. In the words of Matthew Henry, "It was that doctrine which he had received, and delivered to them, among the first, the principal. It was a doctrine of the first rank, a most necessary truth. Christ's death and resurrection are the very sum and substance of evangelical truth" (Henry 1822). Paul considered the truth contained in this creed to be foundational and of vital importance. It is clear that he was not answering a question raised by the Corinthian church, which is a prominent theme throughout this epistle. However, it appears that Paul heard of some within the Corinthian church who denied the physical resurrection. Ironside notes that, "It is evident that there was a small party in the Corinthian assembly who had imbibed Sadducean notions and were seeking to foist them upon believers as the truth of God" (Ironside 459). In addition, Paul may have heard that the Corinthians had some misunderstandings about the implications of the resurrection for the believing community. Paul answers both of these issues in this creed and with the exposition that follows.
This pre-Pauline creed links Christ's death to the forgiveness of our sins. Eiselen states, "That Christ's death was in some way related to human sin, and conformed to a spiritual principle taught in the O.T., was undoubtedly a conviction of the primitive church" (Eiselen 1190). There can be little doubt that the Christians who first formulated this creed saw Christ's death as a sacrifice for the forgiveness of mankind's sins.
This creed also links the forgiveness of sins through Christ's sacrifice to Scripture. This creed was formulated far too early for the authors to have in mind anything we presently have in our New Testament. Rather, they must have drawn a connection between Old Testament Scripture and the forgiveness of sins offered by Christ's sacrifice. In Paul's mind, and in the mind of the formulators of this creed, passages of Scripture such as Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22:16-18 must have had a profound influence. Regardless of what specific passages were in the heads of these early Christians, they undoubtedly saw Christ's sacrifice as an atonement for our sins in accordance with Old Testament prophecy.
Some have claimed that this passage implies Christ's sinlessness. If He died for our sins, wouldn't that imply that He was sinless? In a sense, it seems that this conclusion can be deduced from the creed. Paul definitely understood Christ to be sinless, as can be seen throughout the entire Pauline corpus. Martin Pickup's connection of the phrase "on the third day" with Jewish beliefs about decomposition would appear to imply to the Jewish mind that Christ was sinless (Pickup 520).
The second line of this formula speaks of Christ's burial. Some skeptical scholars have argued that, since Joseph of Arimathea is not mentioned in this portion of the creed, that he was merely a later invention created by the Christian community, and that the burial of Jesus in his tomb is not a reliable historical fact. The claim often made by these skeptics is that Jesus was simply buried in a common grave for criminals. This objection, however, fails to take into account three major factors. First, a creed of this nature was not intended to give every detail of an incident. Rather, the purpose of a creed was to summarize religious and doctrinal truth. It was meant to be a memorable way of passing on religious truth. By its very nature, a creed will not contain incidental details. Second, these objections fail to acknowledge that the resurrection of Jesus, not His burial, was Paul's focus in the context in which this appears. If the burial were Paul's focus, we should expect him to say more about the burial. However, the Corinthians that he was addressing had no problem with the burial. It was the resurrection they misunderstood. Third, some of the aspects of the burial found in the later Gospel accounts, such as the empty tomb, are implied in the creed's account of the resurrection. Despite this, the creed cannot tell us who buried Jesus or where He was buried. This must be left for other accounts.
The third line of this formula deals with Christ's resurrection from the dead. Scholars have debated what this passage implies concerning the nature of Christ's resurrection from the dead. Some contend that this line of the formula necessitates a bodily resurrection from the dead. Others contend that it does not necessitate a bodily resurrection. This second group of scholars sometimes argue that those who formulated this pre-Pauline creed had in mind a kind of spiritual resurrection, exaltation to glory, or assumption of the body of Jesus into heaven.
Those who argue that the formula necessitates a bodily resurrection sometimes use a contextual argument in support of this thesis. Throughout the entire chapter of 1 Corinthians 15, Paul assumes a bodily resurrection of Christ and the future bodily resurrection of believers. This was in keeping with first-century Jewish beliefs concerning the resurrection. John Granger Cook writes, "Paul could not have conceived of a resurrection of Jesus unless he believed his tomb was empty" (Cook 56). When he spoke of resurrection, Paul had in mind a bodily resurrection and not simply a 'spiritual resurrection' or assumption of Jesus into heaven. However, as Ware points out, "this evidence in my view falls short of conclusive proof, for Paul's own understanding can hardly constitute decisive evidence for the conception of Jesus' resurrection within a pre-Pauline formula which predates Paul's writing of 1 Corinthians by approximately two decades" (Ware 489). While this does indicate that Paul understood the resurrection to be bodily, it is not decisive proof that the original formulators understood the resurrection in this way.
The fact that the empty tomb is not expressly mentioned in the creed is sometimes asserted as evidence that the disciples did not understand the resurrection of Jesus to be bodily, but spiritual. This objection, as with the objection raised against Jesus' burial, fails to take into account the nature of the creed. Furthermore, an empty tomb is implied by the nature of the resurrection of Jesus as stated in this creed. The formulators of the creed clearly had in mind a bodily resurrection, which implies an empty tomb.
Some scholars have argued that Paul did, in fact, understand the resurrection here to be something other than the resurrection of Christ's crucified body. The argument is typically made that Paul's contrast of the natural man with the spiritual man in 1 Corinthians 15:42-44 implies that the spiritual man is raised, not the natural, physical, man. The strength of this argument is that it comes from the context of Paul's discussion of the resurrection along with the creed being discussed. However, there are at least two problems with this theory. First, William Lane Craig notes that "The word translated 'natural' (psychikos) literally means 'soul-ish'…..by this word he means 'dominated by or pertaining to human nature.' Similarly, when he says the resurrection body will be 'spiritual' (pneumatikos), he does not mean 'made out of spirit.'" (Craig 382). Second, this objection fails to take into account other moments in Paul's exposition of the significance of Christ's resurrection for the believer in which Paul clearly implies the bodily nature of the resurrection (v. 20-22).
This creed implies that the resurrection of Christ was a bodily resurrection. That is, the resurrection event involved the bringing back to life of the crucified corpse of Jesus. This is most strongly attested by the Greek word usage contained within the creed. The formula uses the Greek word "egeiro," (ἐγείρω), which implies a body standing up from a position of lying down. As Ware notes, "it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the formula's proclamation that Jesus has been 'raised' denotes an event involving the revival of Jesus' entombed body" (Ware 491). Furthermore, Martin Pickup has argued that the inclusion of the phrase "on the third day" in the creed implies a bodily resurrection and therefore an empty tomb. Pickup connects the notion of the third day with the Jewish rabbinic belief that the decomposition of the body starting on the fourth day after death was "divine recompense for the person's sin" (Pickup 521). He also notes that the numbering of the days would have followed the Jewish methodology, which counts any part of one day as a whole day. He notes that the three-day formula is the only time designation mentioned in the creed (Pickup 512). He writes, "the early kerygmatic formula of 1 Cor 15:3-5 implied that Christ experienced no bodily decay when it said he rose 'on the third day.' The creators of the formula, therefore, intended this language literally" (Pickup 520). Ironside sums up the meaning of the resurrection in this formula well when he writes, "the body that hung on the cross is the body that was raised from the grave" (Ironside 466).
As with Christ's crucifixion for our sins, the formula also connects the resurrection of Jesus with Old Testament Scripture. Eiselen suggests that the formulators had in mind Psalm 16:8-11 and Isaiah 33:10 (Eiselen 1190). Regardless of which passage in particular was in the mind of the formulators, there can be no doubt that they saw Christ's resurrection from the dead on the third day as a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy.
CHRIST'S POST-RESURRECTION APPEARANCES
The fourth line of this kerygma asserts that Christ appeared to several prominent individuals and groups within the Christian community. Each of these individuals and groups served as eyewitnesses to the resurrected Christ. Matthew Henry notes, "How uncontrollably evident was Christ's resurrection from the dead, when so many eyes saw him at so many different times" (Henry 1823). In addition to serving as eyewitnesses, each of these individuals and groups to whom Christ appeared after His resurrection were instruments that He used in spreading the Gospel. Thus, "All of the witnesses were instruments. Their evidence was not to outweigh the motive: That others might believe. The testimony of the Resurrection is a united one, and the event central to the gospel and to Christian belief" (Reed 159). Christ appeared to each person and group because He had a purpose for them to fulfill.
Scholars often debate the nature of the resurrection appearances. Some scholars, such as Gerd Lüdemann, argue that the resurrection appearances were merely hallucinations. These scholars often argue that some kind of grief caused the disciples and Paul to see the resurrected Jesus, even though He did not undergo a bodily resurrection. These scholars find support for this position by asserting that Paul equated the nature of his experience of the risen Christ with the nature of the experience of the other witnesses mentioned (v.8). These hypotheses fail to have enough explanatory power and are not supported by the text of this passage. Furthermore, it fails to understand the larger context of Paul's writing. The Greek word for "appeared" is "horao" (ὁράω), which properly means "to stare at" (Strong 1). While it can mean something along the lines of seeing something in the mind, it is unlikely that Paul would have included this in the context of a discussion about the bodily resurrection of Christ and its meaning for believers if Paul thought that these experiences were merely hallucinations.
Regarding the claim that Paul equates the nature of his experiences with the nature of the experiences of the other eyewitnesses, there are at least two issues. First, this objection fails to acknowledge the fact that Paul himself concedes that his experience was not like the experiences of the other apostles. That is, his experience of the risen Christ was as to one "abnormally born" (v.8). Second, these claims fail to acknowledge that Paul's experience was not entirely subjective. Paul's travelling companions heard the voice that Paul heard, even though they did not see Christ (Acts 9:7). This indicates that what Paul experienced was an objective event, not a merely subjective one. It can therefore be confidently asserted that the resurrection experience of Paul, as well as the experiences of the other eyewitnesses listed in this creed, were not subjective hallucinations.
It may be charged that this creed is inconsistent with later accounts of the resurrection of Jesus because it does not list every eyewitness in its list. Other eyewitnesses, such as Mary Magdalene, had seen the risen Lord and are not mentioned. Again, this charge misunderstands the nature of this creed. The purpose of a creed is not to give all of the details. It is to summarize religious truth and to make it memorable.
Each of the eyewitnesses mentioned in this creed served a purpose in the spreading of the Gospel. The creed asserts that Christ appeared to Cephas. That is, Jesus appeared to Peter. Many scholars connect the mention of Christ's appearance to Peter with the mention of Peter's seeing the Lord in Luke 24:34. As Reed notes, "Apart from Mary Magdela, it was Peter to whom the risen Christ first appeared" (Reed 158). Peter was likely seen as the leader of the earliest disciples, both because he was often the spokesman for the group, because he was one of Christ's inner circle of disciples, and because he was likely the oldest. Christ appeared to Peter, and a short time later Peter preached the first sermon on Pentecost (Acts 2:14-40). Simon Peter was one of the pillars of the Jerusalem church (Galatians 2:9) and had a commission to preach to the "circumcised" (Galatians 2:7-8). Peter was incredibly instrumental in spreading the Gospel message.
The creed asserts that Christ appeared to "The Twelve". This should be understood as the original twelve disciples minus Judas Iscariot. "The Twelve" is probably a formal name that was not affected by the suicide of Judas Iscariot. Reed connects this appearance with the scene in Matthew 28:16 (Reed 158). Whether or not this is the incident described cannot be definitively determined from this creed. The important point is not when the meeting took place, but why. It took place so that Christ could commission the Twelve and prepare them for the mission that He had for them.
The appearance to the five hundred does not appear to have any parallels in the Gospels. It is often argued that this appearance occurred in Galilee, but the location of the appearance is not the point. Reed attempts to link this appearance with the giving of the Great Commission (Reed 158). This, however, seems like a stretch. Eiselen speculates that the five hundred were "possibly disciples not at the feast, or, with such, some who had gone up to Jerusalem" (Eiselen 1191). There does not appear to be any viable parallel within the Gospel account, nor need there be. Christ had a reason and a purpose for appearing to the five hundred, and the inclusion of this group within this creed is not a coincidence. Whoever was part of this group of five hundred, we can be confident that Christ utilized them in fulfilling the mission of the church.
Paul takes the time to comment on the appearance to the five hundred. The statement "most of whom are still living, though some have fallen asleep" has been identified as part of Paul's commentary on the creed, and not part of the creed itself. It appears, on this basis at least, that Paul knew some of the five hundred brethren. It would not be possible for Paul to claim that some of the five hundred brethren had "fallen asleep," or died, unless Paul personally knew about at least some of these five hundred. Furthermore, this Pauline commentary has an interesting implication. It is almost as if Paul mentions this fact to challenge any doubters to ask the witnesses. Willian Lane Craig comments on this challenge, stating, "Paul…could not have challenged people to ask the witnesses if the event had never taken place and there were no witnesses. But evidently there were witnesses to this event, and Paul knew that some of them had died in the meantime. Therefore, the event must have taken place" (Craig 379). This challenge also fits well with the context. If there were individuals at Corinth who denied the bodily resurrection of Jesus, it would make sense for Paul to insert a challenge such as this into his commentary on this creed.
The pre-Pauline creed asserts next that Christ appeared to James. The James that is meant here is most likely the younger brother of Jesus. James appears to have been a skeptic of Christ's claims before Christ was crucified. Afterwards, he became one of the pillars of the Jerusalem church (Galatians 2:9), and eventually its leader. This only strengthens the case for the bodily resurrection, since the crucifixion of Jesus would have reaffirmed James' belief that his brother was not the Messiah. As Craig points out, "Jews had no conception of a Messiah who, instead of triumphing over Israel's enemies, would be shamefully executed by them as a criminal" (Craig 388). That Christ would appear to James to address his skepticism and to commission him for his task is conceivable.
This creed also asserts that Christ appeared to "all the apostles." This was almost certainly a group slightly larger than the Twelve. Gill attempts to link this to the ascension of Christ, asserting that, "this was the last appearance of him on earth after his resurrection" (Gill 17-18). This, however, cannot be confidently asserted. What can be asserted is that Christ appeared to a group slightly larger than the Twelve in order that they may be eyewitnesses to His resurrection and to prepare them for the mission that He called them to. This is where the creed ends.
Paul's last statement in this passage is his commentary. Paul is trying to demonstrate his status as an apostle, asserting that he is an apostle by God's grace on par with the other apostles (v.9-11). He admits that his experience of the risen Christ was in some way different from the others (v.8). Nevertheless, he had an experience of the risen Christ and was commissioned as an apostle. Thus, Paul himself becomes an eyewitness to the resurrection, on par with the other eyewitnesses.
In summary, this pre-Pauline creed is an incredibly early formula that dates within two to five years of the crucifixion of Christ and which was received by the apostle Paul and passed on to the Corinthian church. Paul passed this on as if it were the most important thing for him to share with the church at Corinth. Paul did this because this creed contains the heart of the Gospel message. This creed centers around the four verbs "died," "was buried," "was raised," and "appeared." This creed clearly communicates the good news of Christ's death and atonement for our sins, burial, bodily resurrection from the tomb, and objective appearances to numerous individuals and groups of disciples. These individuals served as eyewitnesses to Christ's resurrection and as the early communicators of the Gospel message.
Paul used this creed as a way to oppose the misunderstanding of some within the church at Corinth that the resurrection of Christ was not a bodily resurrection and that we will not experience a similar resurrection. Finally, by concluding with his own experience of the risen Christ, Paul was asserting that he was an apostle on par with others, although his experience of the risen Christ was different than that experienced by the other apostles.
In my opinion, we should examine this creed from time to time and ensure that our doctrine of the resurrection of Christ aligns with this early affirmation of the Christian church. We should do this as a way of heeding Paul's warning to Timothy, to "Watch your life and your doctrine closely. Persevere in them, because if you do, you will save both yourself and your hearers" (1 Timothy 4:16). It is just as important for us to watch our doctrine as it is for us to watch our lifestyle, because our doctrine will eventually spill over into the way we live our lives. Therefore, a regular examination of our doctrine in this area is warranted.
We should always remember that our Lord is risen from the dead, conquering death and leaving an empty tomb behind Him. We should always remember and look to the hope that this brings to the body of believers. Those believers who have died before Christ's return will be raised with an imperishable body (1 Corinthians 15:50-56). This should give us unending hope and joy, and we should live with this hope on display in our lives.
We should also follow the example of the eyewitnesses who were mentioned in this creed and proclaim this good news of Christ's resurrection from the dead. The death and resurrection of Jesus are at the heart of the Gospel, and they must be proclaimed. We should do this knowing that the Holy Spirit will enable us to carry out this task.
We should also keep the truths presented in this creed in our minds as we defend the Gospel against those who would deny these core truths of the Christian faith. We should do this in accordance with the biblical mandate to "in your hearts revere Christ as Lord. Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect" (1 Peter 3:15).
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Polhill, John B. Paul and His Letters. Nashville, TN: B&H Academic, 2009. Print.
Reed, Oscar F., William M. Greathouse, and Willard H. Taylor. Corinthians. Vol. 7. Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill of Kansas City, 1976. Print. Beacon Bible Expositions.
Strong, James. "Horao." Bible Study Tools. Salem Web Network. Web. 17 May 2018.
Varughese, Alex. Discovering the New Testament: Community and Faith. Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill, 2005. Print.
Walker, William O. Jr. "Is First Corinthians 13 a Non-Pauline Interpolation?" The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 60.3 (1998): 484-99. ProQuest. Web. 12 May 2018.
Ware, James. "The Resurrection of Jesus in the Pre-Pauline Formula of 1 Cor 15.3-5." New Testament Studies 60.4 (2014): 475-98. Proquest. Web. 30 April 2018.
Updates: 11/17/2013
Today, I have updated the page on the Prophetic Argument. Each time you click on one of the links marked by Scripture verses, it will take you to the particular Scripture on www.biblegateway.com. Also, each time you click on one of the links marked by a prophecy, it will take you back to the old BlogSpot blog. This will soon be fixed, but it will have to stay for now.
I am also in the process of making the outlines for the first few podcasts that will be available under the "Audio Podcasts" header at the top of this page. Please look forward to listening to those.
I am also in the process of outlining some more lessons on the Bible, which will be available under the "Biblical Doctrine" header. The first of these will probably come out shortly after the first podcasts do. At this point, the plan is to create lessons geared toward new Christians, then work on some of the theological aspects of the Bible.
As always, I appreciate any feedback. If you have a comment or concern, please email me at apologetics100@gmail.com.
Travis Stockelman
Travis Stockelman is the Chapter Director for the Columbus, Indiana chapter of Reasonable Faith. He currently resides in Columbus, Indiana.
Candid Apologetics
Candid Review
Egeiro
Exegetical Paper
Horao
Optanomi
Pre-Pauline Creed
Prophetic Argument


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text:
Ping ×
Grip Type
Mallet×
Cadence TR
Discount Eligible (1)
All / Ping
Ping Putters
Ping Cadence TR Ketsch Mid Heavy Putter
The PING golf company is one of the most well-known and respected companies in the industry, with Ping golf clubs found in the bag of many of the great players and tournament winners in the sport.
PING was started in 1959 by Karsten Solheim, making putters in his Redwood City, CA garage. That same year, Solheim files a patent for the PING 1-A putter. Boasting a heel-toe balance and perimeter weighting, that putter would go on to influence future club head designs for the entire industry.
Just 3 years after the company started, PING got its first PGA tournament victory. John Barnum used a PING 69 putter to win the Cajun Classic in 1962. That victory total is over 2000! PING putters have also been used to win over 50 major championships!
The iconic "Anser" putter was designed in 1966. The famous misspelling is credited to Karsten's wife, Louise. She suggested leaving the "w" out of the name so it could be fit on the toe of the putter. Patented in 1967, the timeless "Anser" design is seen in models by virtually every putter manufacturer. It is a testament to its function and innovation.
Solheim took the perimeter-weighted design from his putters and translated them to irons, and Ping drivers. First experimenting with idea in early 1960s, Solheim introduced the K1 iron in 1969. It is the first club to use perimeter weighting. PING expanded their lineup, launching the iconic PING EYE and PING EYE2 irons in the late 1970s and early 1980s, respectively. These irons became the aesthetics standard in cavity back clubs.
The famous PING color coded system was first introduced in 1972. The system identifies the lie angle of the club based on the color dot on the club. The idea shone a light on the importance of lie angle when it came to club performance. Today, the color code fitting system is recognized as one of the best in the industry.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The NPFL (National Pro Fitness League) is the world's first professional sports league with co-ed team's competition in "human performance races". Basically, it's a professional sports league where the best fitness athletes compete in teams and in front of spectators (also televised) throughout a season to win the league for that season – much like soccer, rugby, NBA, etc.
It could to turn the sport of fitness into a full time job for some of the world's best fitness athletes, raising the levels at which they currently compete at. The implication and impact on CrossFit and other forms of fitness training are immense.
Two teams of eight athletes (four men and four women, with one of each being over 40-years-old) will go head-to-head in "matches" throughout a season. Each match would be two-hours long, will feature eleven races and will have fixed yet flexible rules, allowing teams to strategize and possibly even beat "fitter" teams through smart tactics. Each event will be known beforehand and there will be a consistent structure for each match.
Initially, at the launch, only eight teams will compete until the full season kicks off. Athletes can't sign up to participate, but would need to be drafted and signed to teams. Teams will draft athletes to participate, allowing them to perform a series of individual lifts, skills, drills, and workouts. The top men and women will be invited to team-based try-outs and the best of them will then be invited to a final series of try-outs. Each team would be run like a typical league based sports team (again, think soccer, rugby, NBA, etc.), and each would be operated independently.
It is a USA based initiative, but it'll likely expand to the rest of the world, with Europe surely being the next stop, if it is successful. So far teams will come from San Francisco, New York, LA, Phoenix and Philadelphia (three more teams might be added in the next phase and even more in 2015).
The planned date is for late August 2014 for the initial eight teams. The first full season is planned to launch from 2015.
Tony Budding. He is one of the originals from CrossFit who effectively ran the media for them. It would then seem obvious that it's likely not a very nice split between them, but let's wait and see what develops.
Whether this takes off is yet to be seen. Undoubtedly the biggest base of interest and the athletes for the teams would come from CrossFit and so far there seems there's a lot of interest in the initiative and what it's about, but how much is also yet to be seen.


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text:
using System.Configuration;
using System;

namespace Autofac.Settings {
    public class AppConfigSettingsProvider : NameValueSettingsProvider {
        public AppConfigSettingsProvider() : base(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings) { }

        public AppConfigSettingsProvider(Func<Type,string,string> keySelector) : base(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings,keySelector) { }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This website is operated by Mexitreat. Throughout the site, the terms "we", "us" and "our" refer to Mexitreat. Mexitreat offers this website, including all information, tools and services available from this site to you, the user, conditioned upon your acceptance of all terms, conditions, policies and notices stated here.
TO CANCEL YOUR MONTHLY SUBSCRIPTION AT ANY TIME, YOU MUST EMAIL US AT [email protected] AND TELL US YOU WOULD LIKE TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION, AND WE WILL CANCEL IT FOR YOU. You will be provided with means of tracking your cancellation email by an auto-generated ticketing system, which will be stated as "Your Request" followed by a unique number, also referred to as a "Ticked ID." You may be asked to confirm your cancellation in writing. If you are asked to confirm your cancellation, you must express in writing that you would like to cancel your subscription. If you cancel your subscription, you may use your subscription until the end of your then-current subscription term. Please note that if you sign up for a Monthly Subscription, Mexitreat will submit monthly charges to the payment method you used to set up your Monthly Subscription without further authorization from you, until you provide prior notice that you have terminated this authorization or wish to change your payment method. Such notice will not affect charges submitted before Mexitreat reasonably could act.
From time to time Mexitreat will offer Special Subscription Incentive Deals. These Special Subscription Incentive Deals may include a free box or a discount for purchasing one month at the full or otherwise stated discount price. In order to receive the Special Subscription Incentive Deal, you are obligated to pay for the incentive (if applicable) and one month at the full or otherwise stated discounted price (the "Incentive Obligation Period"). After the Incentive Obligation Period expires, you can cancel any time after that obligation is fulfilled by emailing us at [email protected] and we will cancel your Limited Term Subscription for you. You will be provided with means of tracking your cancellation email by an auto-generated ticketing system, which will be stated as "Your Request" followed by a unique number, also referred to as a "Ticked ID." You may be asked to confirm your cancellation in writing. If you are asked to confirm your cancellation, you must express in writing that you would like to cancel your subscription. If you cancel your subscription, you may use your subscription until the end of your then-current subscription term. If you do not cancel your subscription after the Incentive Obligation Period, your subscription will be automatically extended each month and your payment method will automatically be charged for each successive month at the full or otherwise stated discount price. After the Incentive Obligation Period expires, the Special Subscription Inventive Deal will be governed by the "Continuous Services Agreement" section of these terms.
Gift Purchases are one time purchases and are not a subscription. Charges to your payment method will not be automatically renewed after the one-time purchase. You cannot cancel a Gift Purchase and the pre-paid fee is non-refundable. Gift Purchases are only offered under the "Give a Gift" section located here: http://www.mexitreat.com/subscribe/gift The "Gift Purchases" terms apply only to one time gifts located on the gift page (http://www.mexitreat.com/subscribe/gift).
If a Product is defective or if something is missing or damaged, you may return it and we will send you a new item or credit your account. To request a refund, please contact us at [email protected] When returning Products, it is your responsibility to take reasonable care to see that the Products are not damaged in transit and are received by us at our address as displayed on the postage label. Please note credits resulting from the monthly charge are only available up to 30 days past the date of the charge. Refunds are at the sole discretion of mexitreat.com.
In no case shall Mexitreat, our directors, officers, employees, affiliates, agents, contractors, interns, suppliers, service providers or licensors be liable for any injury, loss, claim, or any direct, indirect, incidental, punitive, special, or consequential damages of any kind, including, without limitation lost profits, lost revenue, lost savings, loss of data, replacement costs, or any similar damages, whether based in contract, tort (including negligence), strict liability or otherwise, arising from your use of any of the service or any products procured using the service, or for any other claim related in any way to your use of the service or any product, including, but not limited to, any errors or omissions in any content, or any loss or damage of any kind incurred as a result of the use of the service or any content (or product) posted, transmitted, or otherwise made available via the service, even if advised of their possibility. Because some states or jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or the limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, in such states or jurisdictions, our liability shall be limited to the maximum extent permitted by law.
You agree to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Mexitreat and our parent, subsidiaries, affiliates, partners, officers, directors, agents, contractors, licensors, service providers, subcontractors, suppliers, interns and employees, harmless from any claim or demand, including reasonable attorneys' fees, made by any third-party due to or arising out of your breach of these Terms of Service or the documents they incorporate by reference, or your violation of any law or the rights of a third-party.
These Terms of Service and any separate agreements whereby we provide you Services shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the state PO Box 212962 Chula Vista, CA 91921..


Climate change presents one of the greatest risks to society and to investors, in its magnitude and likelihood and in the longer term, for its impact on client portfolios. In this teach-in we will aim to show how investors can increase the resilience of their investment portfolios to climate change, help promote the transition to a low carbon economy and achieve this in an effective and efficient way.
Anyone who is responsible for monitoring or investing pension scheme portfolio.
Sessions take place at the Pension and Lifetime Savings Association's London offices.


text:
Sunseap to build one of the world's first and largest sea water floating solar systems
Sunseap Group, Southeast Asia's leading sustainable energy provider, is developing one of the world's largest offshore floating photovoltaic (OFPV) systems to be located north of Woodlands Waterfront Park, along the Straits of Johor.
Supported by the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB), the 5 MegaWatt-peak (MWp) floating solar system will generate about 6,388 MWh of renewable energy annually, once completed. This is equivalent to powering about 1,250 4-room flats, with a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of about 2,600 tonnes every year, over the next 25 years and beyond.
Most large-scale floating PV systems are built on freshwater ponds, lakes or reservoirs. Sunseap's latest is one of the largest sea-based photovoltaic (PV) projects.
Mr Frank Phuan, Co-founder and CEO of Sunseap Group, said: "Sunseap is excited to embark on this landmark project which demonstrates Sunseap's engineering capabilities in research and development. Our floating solar system supports Singapore's ambition to be a solar hub for Asia, and we hope it will ignite more deployment of alternative methods of tapping solar energy."
Mr Phuan added that in land-scarce countries like Singapore, the widespread use of PV systems is hindered by space constraints and limited roof space. The successful delivery of this project is important in opening up similar opportunities for sea-based floating photovoltaic systems in Singapore and the region.
Mr Rob Khoo, Vice President, Marketing Communications, Sunseap Group commented: "Solar energy is a key renewable energy source in Singapore and Sunseap is constantly innovating and exploring more efficient ways to deploy cutting-edge technologies that will help us protect the environment for future generations," he said.
Mr Damian Chan, Executive Director, Energy, Chemicals & Materials, EDB, said: "Solar is one of the most viable and sustainable clean energy options in Singapore, and we continue to see innovative solar solutions being developed and deployed here. Beyond contributing to Singapore's energy security and climate change commitments, Sunseap's offshore floating photovoltaic system will help the clean energy ecosystem build new, exportable capabilities for potential scale-up across the region."
Sunseap has previously participated in the world's largest floating PV test-bed in Singapore at Tengeh Reservoir. Results so far show that the floating PV systems perform better than typical rooftop solar PV systems in Singapore, due to the cooler temperatures of the reservoir environment.
The 5-hectare (equivalent to the size of 5 football fields) OFPV pilot in Woodlands is expected to be commercially operational early next year. This builds on Sunseap's experience with freshwater systems in reservoirs and is expected to produce similar benefits.
-The End-
Sunseap Group is the leading solar energy system developer, owner and operator in Singapore. It operates through three key units: Sunseap Leasing, Sunseap International and Sunseap Energy. Sunseap Leasing is the first and largest solar leasing company in Singapore. Sunseap International targets markets in the South East Asian and Pacific regions. These include a 140 MegaWatt-peak (MWp) solar farm in India and a 10 MWp solar farm in Cambodia. Sunseap Energy provides clean energy solutions utilising off-site arrangements by drawing on solar systems within the Group's portfolio of distributed generation assets. A notable client is Apple, which recently signed an agreement with Sunseap to procure 100% of its local energy requirements from renewable sources.
Sunseap Group Pte Ltd
Email: corpcomms@sunseap.com
Catherine Ong Associates
Jaslin Tan
Email: jaslin@catherineong.com


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Played major role in support of Senate Bill 20 (Expanded Texas RPS) passage in 2005 Special Session. Led Competitive Renewable Energy Zone ("CREZ") efforts for TPUC 33672 in Spring/Summer 2007.
Successfully worked with Federal Aviation Administration to install first test location of new FAA lighting protocols for wind farms in U.S.
Successfully developed 200 MW Project in Cloud County, Kansas by turning siting challenge lessons learned into competitive advantage for project site.
Led comprehensive proprietary mapping effort to locate optimum site in Kansas with available transmission, minimum habitat impacts and economic wind resource.
Secured short list position with Westar Energy Summer 2007 (96 MW). Power purchase agreement secured by Horizon post resignation.
Secured 2X mega-scale development assets in eastern and south eastern Colorado in excess of 1G each.
Starting from scratch in Spring 2006, acquired 2.5 GW development pipeline in anticipation of PUCT 33672 Competitive Renewable Energy Zone ("CREZ") docket created by Texas Senate Bill 20 (Expanded Texas RPS) passage in 2005 Special Session.


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This was posted on November 30, 2012 .
Try using the shortened link https://wp.me/pdW1h-3Ye.


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text:
Home >Companies >News >Johnson & Johnson to submit trial data of single-dose covid vaccine this month
FILE PHOTO: Vials with a sticker reading, "COVID-19 / Coronavirus vaccine / Injection only" and a medical syringe are seen in front of a displayed Johnson & Johnson logo in this illustration taken October 31, 2020. REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration (REUTERS)
Johnson & Johnson to submit trial data of single-dose covid vaccine this month
1 min read . Updated: 12 Jan 2021, 10:07 AM IST Bloomberg
If the data show the one-dose vaccine to be safe and effective, J&J will approach U.S. regulators for an emergency use authorization in February, and 'other health regulatory applications around the world will be made in parallel'
Johnson & Johnson's preliminary data from the South African arm of a phase 3 Covid-19 vaccine trial will be ready for submission to U.S. regulators by Jan. 21, according to the head of the country's Medical Research Council.
The timing ties in with the U.S. drug giant's statement that interim data from the late-stage trial it is conducting in a number of countries is expected by the end of this month. If the data show the one-dose vaccine to be safe and effective, J&J will approach U.S. regulators for an emergency use authorization in February, and "other health regulatory applications around the world will be made in parallel," according to the company.
Also Read | How plant meat is coming of age in India
Moncef Slaoui, the chief scientific adviser to the U.S. Operation Warp Speed program, has said the emergency clearance could be granted by U.S. regulators by early February.
J&J is one of four vaccine developers running late-stage trials in South Africa. Business Day, a Johannesburg-based newspaper, reported the planned timing of the data submission earlier. It was confirmed by Glenda Gray, president of the research council and co-chair of the local study.
J&J has signed an agreement under which Aspen Pharmacare Holdings Ltd. will manufacture 300 million doses a year in South Africa if the vaccine is approved.


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Cobblers are one of the oldest cocktails, and were really popular in the latter half of the nineteenth century. They took off in America, as a way to mask the poor quality of the wine and sherry available! This is a nice and light cocktail, that won't get Mum too tipsy with her lunch!


text:
José Antonio Bautista (* 19. října 1980, Santo Domingo, Dominikánská republika) je dominikánský baseballista hrající americkou Major League Baseball za tým Toronto Blue Jays. V sezónách 2010 a 2011 dosáhl nejvyššího počtu homerunů v Americké lize i celé MLB. V roce 2010 to bylo 54 odpálených homerunů, čímž se stal jedním z 26 hráčů v historii MLB, kterým se podařilo za sezónu odpálit více než 50 homerunů. Momentálně už nehraje v Americe.

Ve své úvodní sezóně v roce 2004 hrál postupně za čtyři týmy a to Baltimore Orioles, Tampa Bay Rays, Kansas City Royals a Pittsburgh Pirates. V Pittsburghu vydržel až do roku 2008, kdy přestoupil do týmu Toronto Blue Jays.

První zápas v MLB odehrál 4. dubna 2004 v dresu Baltimore Orioles.

Ke konci sezóny 2012 odehrál v MLB 977 zápasů, jeho pálkařský průměr činí .253 a zaznamenal celkem 183 homerunů.

Externí odkazy

 profil na MLB.com
 profil na ESPN.com

Dominikánští baseballisté
Hráči Baltimore Orioles
Hráči Tampa Bay Rays
Hráči Kansas City Royals
Hráči Pittsburgh Pirates
Hráči Toronto Blue Jays
Narození v Santo Domingo
Narození v roce 1980
Narození 19. října
Žijící lidé
Muži

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Remember the mainframe? It used to rule the world of computing and was presumed by some to be extinct when the advent of Intel-based servers and GPU-powered supercomputers. Presumed is the key word here because the mainframe is still alive and kicking though it does not command the clout that it did in the past.
In 2017, IBM did introduce the z14, which is touted as the world's fastest microprocessor with a clock speed of 5.2 GHz and a 10 percent increase in performance per core and 30 percent for the whole chip compared to the z13.
Mainframes are still used for transaction processing in the business world in industries such as banking and finance.
Mainframe maker IBM and T-Systems have inked an agreement to jointly provide mainframe services.
According to an IBM reply to Reuters, existing customer contracts will not be affected by the arrangement, which is subject to standard approvals. T-Systems will continue to offer mainframe services, but will subsequently provide these services with IBM.


Each track was written by four artists within a group.
The first artist lay down a track and then forwarded it to the next person in their team.
When the second in line had completed their layer they then passed it on to the the next artist.
Third artist finished their layer and emailed it to the final producer to which it was completed.


The system is now perversely set up to encourage teams to go to one extreme or the other in terms of competitiveness, which hurts the overall product as well as specific things like the free agent market. It's not hard to see why Phillies managing partner John Middleton, along with general manager Matt Klentak and president Andy MacPhail, would be willing to issue a historic contract to Harper to play his home games at hitter-friendly Citizens Bank Park. But Boras is probably better known than a lot of the players he represents, after many decades of pronouncements and record-setting contracts, with some high-profile gaffes sprinkled in.
"It behooves us to have an expiration date", Rizzo told reporters, an indication the Nationals are prepared to move on in their plans without Harper because, as one person familiar with the situation said, they "can't have $300 million dangling out there for months". The deal would have been the second-richest in Major League Baseball history, trailing only Giancarlo Stanton's $325 million contract with the Miami Marlins signed in 2014, and the third-richest in sports history. The deal did not include a no-trade clause, per the same report.
Don't dismiss this news as Harper out-and-out rejecting the Nationals.
Acosta then stood up again to try and ask another question, prompting Trump to order him to "just sit down, please". He repeatedly shut down CNN's April Ryan when she tried to ask a question, refusing to cede the microphone to her.
That Nationals offer may be off the table in its current form, but Boras rarely lets a high-spending team drop out of the race for a high-priced client. Even though Harper is still only 26, a 14-year deal with an average annual value of $30 million per season felt a bit excessive. That means more than the $325 million that Stanton got, and likely considerably more. Harper will soon finally be available to sign with other teams after years of speculation about the Washington Nationals star's future. But no position player has ever earned an average annual value of more than $27.5 million (Alex Rodriguez and Yoenis Cespedes).


text:
Rekursja pośrednia to taka rekursja, w której jednocześnie jest definiowanych kilka (tzn. więcej niż jeden) obiektów, które nawzajem "z siebie korzystają".

Przykład
Obliczamy wartości funkcji  i  które są przybliżeniami odpowiednio funkcji sinus i cosinus w sposób następujący:
 sposób na wyliczanie
 jeśli zachodzi warunek:  to za wartość  wstaw
 w przeciwnym wypadku za  wstaw wartość wyrażenia

 sposób na wyliczanie
 jeśli zachodzi warunek:  to za wartość  wstaw 1;
 w przeciwnym wypadku za  wstaw wartość wyrażenia

Stała  jest arbitralnie wybraną "małą" liczbą (od jej wielkości zależy dokładność przybliżenia). Zauważmy, że do wyliczenia wartości funkcji  potrzebna jest nam znajomość wartości funkcji  i odwrotnie.

Rekurencja


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9 Disney Animals Who Would Make Terrible Pets
By Kayleigh Roberts Updated December 17, 2021
We love Disney animals! In movies, they are spectacular. IRL, probably not as much though.
Here are nine iconic Disney animals who would make terrible pets.
Yzma As A Cat (The Emperor's New Groove)
Image Credit: wifflegif via GIPHY
As a human, Yzma was a powerful sorceress and a force to be reckoned with. As a cat, she's legitimately one of the cutest animals in the Disney animated universe. But she's also proof that adorableness alone does not a good pet make.
This kitten would constantly be scheming to murder you and become a human sorceress again — and she's smart and badass enough that she just might succeed. Adopt her at your own risk.
Abu The Monkey (Aladdin)
Abu is great. But he's also... well, not. Yes, he grows a lot over the course of the movie(s). He begrudgingly shares his bread with those orphans after Aladdin does, and he even becomes a weird-looking elephant to help his BFF. But he's also kind of a klepto.
And he has issues with sharing, so keep that in mind if you're trying to socialize him with other pets.
Stitch (Lilo & Stitch)
Image Credit: GIPHY
Are we counting Stitch as an animal? Let's, because he's basically a pet to Lilo and that's good enough for this list. Stitch has a lot going for him and deep down, a heart of gold. And yeah, his Elvis impression is heart-meltingly adorable.
But he also has... issues to work through. Only true lovers of mischief need apply.
Tigger (Winnie The Pooh)
Can you handle a lot of energy from your pet? Like a LOT a lot? Then maybe you'd be cut out for pet parenting Tigger. If not, though move along.
Sebastian (The Little Mermaid)
Sebastian is a good Assistant to the King of the Ocean. He's a great sea floor orchestra leader. But as a pet? Well, first of all, he's 100 percent not interested in being your pet/living in the human world at all.
Also, he might constantly try to set you up with people you haven't even spoken to. So there's that.
Zazu (The Lion King)
If you want a very bossy life coach, Zazu is your man. If you want a pet who is going to be up for your crazy adventures, probably not.
Cheshire Cat (Alice In Wonderland)
A lot of what we love about pets boils down to how reliable there are. We can count on them to love us basically unconditionally. To be there when we've had a bad day. To remind us that there IS joy in the world and that some things are easy to understand (like our love for them, for example).
The Cheshire Cat is the opposite of all these things. You can't count on him for anything, and it's his nature to keep you guessing and usually in a frustrating way — not a fun way.
Ed, Shenzi, & Banzai (The Lion King)
These guys are a dangerous combination of unpredictable and not super bright. Also, anyone who thought Scar should be in charge of anything isn't a person or animal or fictional character you want in your home.
Si And Am (Lady And The Tramp)
In addition to being wildly problematic, these two are sneaky to a disastrous degree, and they definitely don't play nice with other pets.
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Receiving money at any time is a great feeling, but what if you could get money while actually spending money? With the SIS Fast Lane Checking account, you will get cash rewards every time you use your debit card when you make a purchase!* How great is that? If you're the quick-spender who likes to use your debit card for your morning coffee, while catching a movie on the weekend, or just plain don't carry hard cash on you, then check out how Fast Lane can benefit you.
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Get free ATMs anywhere and earns a premium interest rate on balances over $2,500.
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A post shared by Pistol Annies (@pistolannies)
Are Pistol Annies Close to a New Album … Yet?
Wendy Hermanson
Wendy Hermanson Published: July 20, 2018
It's officially official: Fans of the Pistol Annies are good and ready for new music from the trio—composed of Miranda Lambert, Angaleena Presley and Ashley Monroe—by about, oh, yesterday at this point. Lambert has been teasing the group's third release for some time, and on Tuesday (July 17) whetted fans' appetites even further with an Instagram photo that declared they were "sangin' some songs."
A hashtag accompanying the post reading #staytuned added to the excitement, but it's anyone's guess really when the Annies will have their new material ready to share. Lambert revealed in 2017 that the Annies are reuniting and currently working on a new project, saying fans could expect an album in 2018.
However, she later revealed in an early 2018 interview that while the trio is working on new music, a project isn't close to completion.
"Everybody is kind of in different directions, which is why the Annies always takes a while," she says. "We're very much in the spirit of the Annies right now."
It seems that a project is slowly coming along, as the trio got together in May of 2018 for a poolside writing session.
In the meantime, Lambert is on the road with Little Big Town on the co-headlining Bandwagon Tour through August.
Female Trailblazers Who Are Changing Country Music
We Guarantee You'll Snort-Laugh Watching Our New Series That's What She Said
Source: Are Pistol Annies Close to a New Album … Yet?
Filed Under: Angaleena Presley, Ashley Monroe, Miranda Lambert, Pistol Annies
Categories: Music, Music News
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Carrie Underwood, Brett Eldredge + More to Take the Stage During 2021 'CMA Country Christmas'
Pistol Annies Get Flirty on New Holiday Song 'Come on Christmas Time' [Listen]
Pistol Annies Set to Celebrate 'Hell of a Holiday' With New Christmas Album
Ashley Monroe Says She's Feeling Optimistic After First Cancer Treatments, But Being Very Cautious


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London taxi drivers prepare plan for £1 billion Uber lawsuit
QUp World
London taxi drivers are reportedly drawing up a plan to sue Uber for over £1 billion (Dh4.82bn), according to Sky News, a couple of weeks after the San Francisco company was granted a temporary license to operate in Britain's capital.
The association is expected to argue that the 25,000 black cab drivers in London taxi companies have lost an average of £10,000 a year for at least five years because of being undercut by Uber. It has accused the company of failing to abide by the rules applied to other taxi and minicab drivers.
In a statement, the LTDA said: "We've been approached by a number of members to help them explore whether there would be grounds for a potential class action on behalf of all taxi drivers against Uber.
"We are in the very early stages of obtaining legal advice from leading law firm Mishcon de Reya on whether this is a possibility.
Unions have also criticized the firm for how it treats drivers. In 2016 the London Employment Tribunal ruled that Uber drivers were workers, not self-employed contractors as the firm had claimed.
As such they are entitled to basic rights such as the National Living Wage. The departure of London taxi was another loss for Uber. The ride-hailing company has been without a chief financial officer for years and has seen frequent defections from the department. Mr Adarkar's previous boss, Uber's acting CFO Gautam Gupta, left about a year ago for the real-estate start-up OpenDoor Labs as the company searched for a permanent CFO.
This is also a BIG opportunity for the traditional taxi industry to revamp and take back the market leader position. By leveraging the taxi dispatching system with the QUp Chauffeur Drive Platform, not only can they own a non-Uber market, but also they are on the way of obtaining a new sector which Uber London has achieved for years now. Our innovative travel management solution would let each travel operator outperform the competition, stay ahead and even expand globally.
Visit our website to make this come true: www.QUpworld.com
Uber threats to leave Austria. Your chance to move!
In Austria, ride-hailing using technology like Uber are classified as car rental services. That means Uber Austria can currently set the price for all of their rides following their own company policy. One of the most stand-out pricing policies is its "Surge" pricing model which charges passengers more when the
Jun 20, 2019 — 1 min read
ITB China 2019: Time to move fast because the opportunities are huge!
ITB China 2019 in Shanghai is the Chinese version of one of the largest tourism trade shows and exhibitions around the world. It is supposed to attract more than 850 buyers from Greater China each year. The convention's attendees include all the big names from the travel industry as
May 21, 2019 — 2 min read
Uber Technologies buys Careem: The next big thing in the Middle East
Uber Technologies has successfully acquired Dubai-based ride-hailing rival Careem for $3.1 billion, marking a big step in the growing Middle Eastern market ahead of its initial public offering. Founded in 2012 by Mudassir Sheikha and Magnus Olsson, Careem started in Dubai and has since grown to 22 cities across


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Home > Television > Stream & Chill > Prime Video
Source: Prime Video
'The Summer I Turned Pretty' Author Jenny Han on "Inevitable" Season 2 Storylines (EXCLUSIVE)
By Allison DeGrushe
Jun. 20 2022, Published 11:55 a.m. ET
Spoiler alert: This article contains book spoilers for Jenny Han's The Summer I Turned Pretty trilogy.
If you're like us, your younger self is fangirling because the long-awaited book-to-screen adaptation of The Summer I Turned Pretty is finally here. Based on the young adult romance trilogy of the same name, the Prime Video series follows 15-year-old Isabel "Belly" Conklin, who is eager to spend yet another summer at Cousins Beach with her family friends.
However, the summer changes everything. Not only is Belly caught in a love triangle with Conrad and Jeremiah, but the boys' mother, Susannah, also reveals tragic news regarding her health.
As a result, fans can't help but ask: Does Susannah die?
Distractify spoke exclusively with author/showrunner Jenny Han about how closely the show will continue to follow the books and the importance of showcasing Susannah's bond with Belly's mother, Laurel.
Does Susannah die in 'The Summer I Turned Pretty'?
In the season finale of The Summer I Turned Pretty, we discover that Susannah is ill.
After Conrad and Jeremiah get into a heated exchange during the Cousins debutante ball, Susannah finally reveals to her sons and Belly that her cancer has returned with a vengeance. Now, if you're a fan of the books like us, then you know that this isn't Susannah's first encounter with the illness.
Prior to the show's events, she had breast cancer but went into remission. Unfortunately, the cancer returns right before the annual summer vacation, and, rather than spending her final days in a hospital bed, Susannah keeps her diagnosis a secret so she, her family, and her friends can have a peaceful and stress-free summer.
if anyone deserves a great summer, it's susannah pic.twitter.com/juYR613qDc
— The Summer I Turned Pretty (@thesummeritp) June 14, 2022
With that said, does Susannah die? Or does she overcome her long battle with breast cancer?
Sadly, Susannah does die in The Summer I Turned Pretty. Following her heartbreaking announcement, Susannah tragically passes away between the first and second novels. The second book, It's Not Summer Without You, opens with Susannah's death. Throughout the text, various characters have a hard time moving on and living life without her.
Since Susannah doesn't die at the end of the first season, it's likely she will be gone by the time Season 2 rolls around.
Speaking of this, Jenny Han exclusively told Distractify that Season 2 will follow the book "pretty closely," so grab those tissues because it's bound to be a tear-jerker.
Author Jenny Han
"I'll say that it will [follow], pretty closely, but there might be some twists and turns that people might not expect. I mean, it's, you know, I think the books are ... the second book takes place over only a few days. And then it has a bunch of flashbacks," the showrunner told us.
Jenny continued, "And so we are sort of approaching the second season with that same kind of energy where you can see, I think, some of what happened in the intervening months. I'll say that without spoiling, I mean, really, just google the book. Read the book, and maybe you'll have a good idea about what's going to happen, but it won't be the exact, but it's inevitable, though."
As for Susannah and Laurel's lifelong friendship, Jenny exclusively told Distractify that although it's atypical, it was extremely crucial for her to showcase their lasting bond in the coming-of-age story.
"I think that they are so essential to the story because they're the ones who have created this, this world, for these kids and their families," Jenny said. "And it was really important to me that it not just be them as the moms but that they had their own identities outside of being a mom, and I almost feel for them being in Cousins is where they kind of almost put a pause on being a mom, a wife, both of them are having their own story and doing their own thing."
laurel and susannah have the best friendship ever..they truly stole the show 🥹💗 #thesummeriturnedpretty pic.twitter.com/aQMls23wyI
— fis (@jihyunfilms) June 18, 2022
"And I think that there's something really special about this friendship and about women's friendship in general, that you really can have a friendship that carries over a whole lifetime," Jenny added. "Where, you know, I think romantic partners can come and go, but some of these friendships are more intimate, more foundational, in one's life and one's character than any romantic partner."
Season 1 of The Summer I Turned Pretty is now streaming on Prime Video.
Who Does Belly Choose in 'The Summer I Turned Pretty'? Actress Lola Tung Dishes on Love Triangle (EXCLUSIVE)
All the 'Summer I Turned Pretty' Book Spoilers You Need to Know
Prime Video's 'The Summer I Turned Pretty' Brings Cousins Beach to Life
Latest Prime Video News and Updates


WinXMedia AVI/WMV 3GP Converter is a powerful and easy-to-use 3GP/3G2 video converter. With it, you can convert AVI(DivX, XviD, MPEG-4, YUV...), MPEG1 MPEG2 WMV ASF video to 3GP/3G2 video files and play them in your 3GP/3GP mobile phone. Its' operation is simple, intuitive and very easy.
1. Converts AVI (DivX, XviD, MPEG4, YUV...) to 3GP/3G2 video.
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WinAVI iPod / PSP / 3GP / MP4 Video Converter is software for MP4/3GP file conversion of portable video device such as iPod/PSP, It can convert almost all video formats, for e.g., DivX, XviD, MOV, rm, rmvb, MPEG, VOB, DVD, WMV, AVI to iPod/PSP or other portable video device, MP4 player or smart phone. It has an unmatchable speed and high quality. And it supports transport your video files to your iPod/PSP directly.


MyUNISA Admin Login is available on the https://my.unisa.ac.za/portal/site/myadmin. MyUNISA Admin Login has made service to students more faster and efficient.
MyUNISA Admin Login is a login page where students can provide a user name and password to gain access to MyUNISA programs and other academic related materials.
Students use the Admin Login to access online course materials hosted on the school's servers. MyUNISA portals can be used to provide information about the school, special events, course details, calendars, academic resources and contact information.


Quests: Death Plateau and Troll Stronghold.
Skills: Level 28 Agility, must be able to defeat a level 171 Troll.
It is an advantage to have a games necklace to help you through your journeys while doing this quest. It teleports to you to the Troll Invasion D&D in Burthorpe for easy access to many of the quest locations.
Have the Tip.It world map and the Troll stronghold map open in the background so you can check them while questing, they are very useful.
If taking a friend along to cheer you on while fighting Arrg, they should wait in the arena for you to appear for the fight.
It is possible to safe spot Arrg. Range or melee him from the entrance and he should be trapped behind the wall near you.
Access to the Rogues' Den bank (Emerald Benedict) in the Burthorpe pub basement is very handy.


This book is about young girl Sierra who fell in love with the monster creations of the stop-motion animator Russell Boylan. She grows up and doesn't achieve her dream in the same field and instead works on a boat. Turns out Sierra was supposed to be on this boat that gets lost at sea in fog and ends up on an island full of Russell Boylan's monsters. From this point on in the story, you get taken on a wild adventure full of twist. The character Sierra is likable and so are the monsters. The adventure was the best part of the book for me. Overall the story was as convivial as the book cover. I recommend to all lost souls who are waiting, looking, and hopefully stumbling upon their purpose!