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Foot-and-mouth disease virus could help target deadly pancreatic cancer – study
Researchers have developed 'a promising new drug' that uses a protein present in the foot-and-mouth disease virus to kill off tumours in the pancreas.
A virus that causes fever and blisters in cattle could hold the key to tackling the deadly pancreatic cancer, scientists say.
Researchers have developed "a promising new drug" that uses a protein present in the foot-and-mouth disease virus to kill off tumours in the pancreas.
Scientists hope that the results of the study, published in the journal Theranostics, could pave the way for new treatments for the disease which causes around 9,200 deaths every year.
Commenting on the research, Dr Emily Farthing, senior research information manager at Cancer Research UK, said: "This early-stage research has developed a promising new drug that reduces the growth of pancreatic tumours in the lab.
"And with further research to see if it's safe and effective for patients, we hope that this could one day offer new hope for people with this disease."
Pancreatic cancer is the 11th most common cancer in the UK, according to Cancer Research UK.
Only 1% of people diagnosed with the disease are expected to survive for 10 years or more.
The researchers found that a protein fragment taken from the foot-and-mouth disease virus targets another protein, called ΑvΒ6, found on the surface of a majority of pancreatic cancer cells.
Working with drug companies AstraZeneca and ADC Therapeutics, the team combined the virus protein fragment with a highly potent drug, called tesirine, to target pancreatic cancer cells.
When mice with pancreatic cancer tumours were treated with the protein-drug combination, the tumours were completely killed.
The rodents that had ΑvΒ6-positive tumours were given a tiny dose of the protein-drug combination three times a week, which stopped the tumours growing completely.
But when the dose was increased and given twice a week, the researchers found all the tumours in mice were completely killed.
Professor John Marshall, from the Queen Mary University of London and the lead author on the study, said: "Foot-and-mouth disease virus uses ΑvΒ6 as a route to infect cattle, as the virus binds to this protein on a cow's tongue.
"By testing pieces of the protein in the virus that attaches to ΑvΒ6, we've developed a route to deliver a drug specifically to pancreatic cancers."
The team also used the protein-drug combination on human cancer cells in the lab.
Some of these cells had ΑvΒ6 on their surface while others did not.
The researchers found that cells with ΑvΒ6 responded well to the treatment, while the ΑvΒ6 negative cells needed much higher doses of the drug for the cells to be killed.
The team now plans to perform further protein-drug combination tests on mice before moving to clinical trials.
The research was funded by the national medical research charity Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund.
PancreaticCancer
Foot-and-mouth disease
12 February, 2020 00:01 Science
Giant pandas stay chubby on bamboo diet thanks to gut bacteria – study
ExoMars rover closer to launch after landing test
Virgin Orbit space rocket is launched over Pacific

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) otherwise known as Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that affects how the brain processes information. Early signs of autism are seen generally before the age of 2 years old.
Many more children are currently diagnosed with mental health disorders. If signs of concern persist for a long time and start impacting a child's functioning, it is critical to seek professional help and the sooner the better.
Good character values develop through an interplay of school, family and community influences. Try these parenting strategies in character building and see your children grow into well-adjusted individuals.
When your child plays, learns, acts, moves and speaks differently on a regular basis compared to most of his or her peers, that is normally a red flag for a possible developmental problem.
Physical inactivity or inactive lifestyle is a global health problem affecting not only adults but also children the world over.
ADHD is NOT caused by too much screen time, poor parenting or eating too much sugar. ADHD can improve with the correct treatment, a healthy diet, an adequate sleep and exercise regime plus supportive parents who know how to respond to ADHD.
Spanking Your Child - Is It Really That Bad?
For those of us having grown up with spankings, we grew up in an environment that didn't know any better. In fact, spanking negatively affects various child developmental aspects like their IQ as well as social and language skills.
With technology being readily available in this age and time, it's becoming increasingly common for parents to use this as a way to keep their children happy and distracted.
Everybody and their grandparents know that kids love to ask "Why?". Let the kids know that school is the place where they can get all the answers to their whys and the wherefores.
Life still goes on even if your child does not say 'please' or 'thank you', or greet others accordingly, for lack of good manners isn't punishable by law. Still, there are positive outcomes if a child is found to be polite and courteous at all times.


Speaking to the Forest. Feeling Affinity for the Woods.
There's no Half Measures. Face Every Challenge Seriously.
The still popular dish Poche Potatoes is made by burying potatoes in the snow in winter to ferment. The fermented potatoes are peeled in spring, then crushed and washed repeatedly to wash out the starch and then dried. The dried potatoes are milled into flour to make dumplings.
"Everyone loved being with grandma, so we'd work on that box while she taught us how to do it.
"You have to make each one carefully. The things we sell to our customers are made with care, and with the memory of our grandmother. That's the kind of thing I want to offer our customers, I want them to know that we're confident in these Poche potatoes, that they will be delicious.
"Cooking that was handed down from grandmother, to mother. From mother, to us. I want to do something that we know is right. Even if someone tries to tell us different, we can show them how it should really be. It's not 'This! This is what real Ainu cooking is!' but this is how our family does it, the Ainu cooking that has been passed down to us."
"We also serve wild plants that we go out and pick ourselves, which is fun, but hard work too. We were taught not to pick everything in one place." If you pick everything in one place, then the next year no plants will grow to be picked. You take only what you need, then leave the rest for the next year. It's the way it is done here.
"We go to the mountains and woods with my aunt and mother a lot, but I don't think they're intending on teaching us or anything. I felt more like we learned by standing by and watching what they did. And my aunt would talk to the trees, like if she saw one fallen down she'd say, 'Oh, looks like you're tired. You just lay there and take a rest!' Or she'd talk to the plants. 'Well hello there, how are you? Listen... Oh, really?' she'd say. Watching her like that made me feel closer to the woods. It was more just watching than being taught, you know. I love the wilds."
The bracelet she's making now uses thread made from elm, irakusa nettle, and oriental bittersweet fibers. Making thread from plants means drying them, shredding them, and then spinning the fibers into one long thread.
was seeing an Ainu nettle exhibition at the museum.
"I saw an emush-at (sword hanger) made with irakusa weft, and the threads were so strong it was still in perfect shape. The threads themselves were still strong and beautiful. The colors were still clear, and I thought they were so different from cotton . So, I decided to try it out this time and see if I could make them."
There's a traditional way to make emush-at, but bracelets are something new.
This idea of making something totally original is causing worries of its own.
"If the bracelet fastener is ugly, the whole thing is ruined. Right now, I'm trying all kinds of things. I'm thinking about how to handle the fastener if we attach some of Ague's silver.
"There are traditional patterns our ancestors made, and I've come up with some of my own. I'm thinking about whether to use a single pattern, or a series of connected ones, but sometimes the finished product comes out totally different. Sometimes I have to unravel it and start from scratch. "
She says that it's quite fun once the weaving begins, but the problem is kaeka, making the thread.
"If you rush kaeka, then the thread will break, and you'll mess it all up. You can only do it right if you're careful and you focus. It's more fun if you're making it for someone.
"It's kind of exciting to think about that person, and you can make it better. It takes a lot of work, and even embroidery uses things made from natural materials, so you have to really put your heart into it and do it with care or you'll never get anywhere. "
Ainu handicrafts require working with natural materials. "This person told my grandmother they would hand something over to her. So, our family all went to that person's mountain for kamuynomi [a special prayer ceremony]. He'd marked a tree for grandma, so we had a kamuynomi for that tree, then cut it down and took the bark. Grandma taught us what to do the whole time. We also took our kids along. My sister and cousins were there too, everyone learned so much from grandma. "
When going into the woods for a tree, first they hold a kamuynomi, a special prayer ceremony to offer thanks to the spirits of the forest, and to the tree they are going to cut down. Then they fell the tree and remove the bark. Removing the bark will kill a tree, so they make sure to only do it from trees already marked for logging.
Their grandmother planted seedlings in her own yard and spent 40 or 50 years raising two elm trees.
"The thread I'm using now came from those trees grandma raised. I'm using materials my grandmother helped grow, so feel like I can't do this half-way. "
Together with her sister, Fukiko sings Ainu upopo folk songs as part of Kapiw & Apappo.
When they first began, she hated getting up in front of people, but she's now grateful for the experience and the chance to meet so many new people.
"At first, it was a struggle with myself. I had this feeling like, 'What do you think you're doing?' and I was scared. I didn't want to do it. I think it's fun to watch people who are naturals on stage.
"Now I don't like to let someone else lead the group while I'm just one of the people in the background like everyone else.
"I feel like my work with Kapiw & Apappo has helped me understand how to face myself, and to have confidence when I'm out in front of people. It's the same with dancing for the Foundation dances. You can't do it half-way. It's just like handwork. "
Cooking Ainu food, singing Ainu upopo, dancing, and using natural materials.
In everything she does, Fukiko faces each task head on with all her heart, just like her handicraft.


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How do I set up Slingbox Pro HD?
NG NETWORK 1 Connect the power adapter to the Slingbox POWER jack. 2 Plug the power adapter into an electrical outlet. 3 The power light illuminates, and the network light starts blinking. Wait a moment until both lights turn solid red, and the Slingbox is ready for use.
Is Slingbox Pro HD still supported?
The company announced today that it will discontinue all products and services. If you happen to still be using a Slingbox, it will become inoperable two years from now, on Nov. 9, 2022. Slingboxes connect video from your cable or satellite box to your computer, mobile device, or streaming device through the internet.
Does Slingbox Pro HD have WiFi?
easy-to-use software and set-up;. controls almost all cable and satellite boxes and DVRs;. good video quality via the Internet. The bad No built-in wireless networking support;.
What does a Slingbox Pro do?
The Slingbox PRO-HD Internet TV Broadcaster from Sling Media allows you to watch live television streamed from your home cable or satellite connection via the Internet.
How do you set up a new Slingbox?
To set up a new Slingbox, or change the settings on an existing one, use SlingPlayer for Windows or SlingPlayer for Mac (they're free). We've streamlined the ways that you watch TV and work with Slingbox settings:
How does sling box connect to your TV?
We apologize for the inconvenience. Your Slingbox connects to your home network (via WiFi or Ethernet) and sits between your cable or satellite services set-top box and your TV. The TV signal comes from your set-top box and your Slingbox slings your TV programming to any of your devices, anywhere in the world.
Which is Slingplayer software works with my Slingbox?
5 Slingbox M1/M2 streaming requires Windows Phone 8 as the minimum OS version. 6 This does not apply to older versions of SlingPlayer for Connected Devices. See the article linked below instead, Slingbox models compatible with SlingPlayer for Connected Devices.
What kind of inputs does Slingbox SOLO have?
Details The Slingbox SOLO incorporates high-definition component, S-Video and composite video inputs as well as outputs, making it compatible with just about every HD or standard-definition satellite receiver or set-top boxes and DVRs on the market.
How do you write not equal to in Perl?
What does adnexal tenderness indicate?


I'm sure I've said it before, but many items of baby jewellery (in recent history) came from a practical need. In ancient history, it was a form of decoration that denoted the baby's place in the tribe, his/her place in the family, but in recent history, jewellery evolved from a need to hold a matinee jacket closed, a bib in place, or prevent a dummy from being lost, etc. The little baby brooches that emerged over the years, stayed with us for 200 years before such items as baby bracelets and necklaces appeared. I came across a page from an ancient, yellowed newspaper which was rather unique, I thought, and, I bet, very rare. It was a full page advertisement for 22k yellow gold baby jewellery. If the "post image" facility on my blog was working, I'd post it here. I will, when we get it working! The items are stunning, quite ornate and have similarities to today's children's jewellery. Many of the baby necklaces in this advertisement, have heart pendants, similar to today's, but most of them look like medallions. Some were inscribed with the word "Baby", others have a gemstone in the centre, others have a picture, engraved on the pendant. The photographic quality isn't great but it looks to me like some of the pictures are of a baby's head. Others, some sort of design, possibly Celtic. Others have cross pendants. The chains are quite chunky. There are baby bangles, some with a simple design on a plain background, others completely covered in engraving. Brooches make up the major style of jewellery, with pins and safety chains, mostly bars in a rectangle or oval shape. Most of these are plain, I would imagine that this was to allow the plate to be engraved with Baby's birthdate, or name. It occurred to me that many of these items would still be in families, ancient keepsakes passed down from generation to generation, items too valuable to give away. Their monetary value would be great, being 22K gold AND vintage, but the sentimental value would be immeasurable. Imagine owning something that was worn by your great, great, great grandmother, when she was a baby!


Pleasure seekers flock in Nassau from around the world to relax in the warm, tropical climate & bask on the creamy sands.
Discover Puerto Plata traditions and flavors.
Catamaran party cruise and dunn's river falls.
Relaxing trip through the streets of Grand Cayman.


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Olive Wilson (* um 1905; † 1948) war eine nordirische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Olive Wilson war eine der bedeutendsten irischen Badmintonspielerinnen der 1930er Jahre. Sie gewann mehrfach die Irish Open und war auch bei den nationalen Titelkämpfen, den Welsh International, den Denmark Open und den Scottish Open erfolgreich. Olive Wilson starb 1948 an Tuberkulose; sie war unverheiratet geblieben.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
http://www.badmintonmuseumireland.ie/100701_home_page.html

Badmintonspieler (Nordirland)
Irischer Meister (Badminton)
Nordire
Brite
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1948
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Welcome to the 25th issue of the Columbia College Class of 1963 eNewsletter.
Last month Lee Lowenfish joined his classmates at lunch for the first time at the Columbia Club. Lee's latest book, BRANCH RICKEY: BASEBALL'S FEROCIOUS GENTLEMAN will be published officially on April 12 by U of Nebraska Press. and he will have a reading next Monday, April 9 at Labyrinth on 112th East of Broadway at 7 pm. I hope that some of you who are in town will be able to attend. If not, join us at our next lunch on Thursday April 12 (details below).
Just an early reminder, but did you know that our 45th Reunion is just a year away? Who ever thought we'd come this far? Watch this space for the big buildup to this epoch event.
David Norris sent me news over a year ago, which I unfortunately misfiled. He was kind enough to accept my apologies and send these updated Notes: "Though I've always made it a point to read the class notes in every issue, this is the first time I'm contributing something about myself, so do forgive me if I give you the longer tour. After graduation I went on to get an M.A. and then a PhD in English & Comparative Lit from Columbia. In the middle of that I spent two years in Berlin on a Fulbright to research my dissertation. The subject was Bertolt Brecht, which meant that 3-4 times a week I went through Checkpoint Charlie to East Berlin where the Brecht Archive was located. I got a deep insight into the mentality behind the "Iron Curtain" in a country that no longer exists. This was the beginning of my appreciation for how culture shapes consciousness.
Mid-East. In 1994 at the age of 51 I left that organization and moved to Europe, where I became a free-lance consultant and coach for individuals and companies, which is what I'm still doing now. Along the way I married, divorced and then married again, this time to Brigitta, with whom I now live in a small village in the Black Forest region of Germany—in the southwest, about 20 minutes from France and an hour from Switzerland.
Europe is really a collection of tribes rather than countries and it's been fascinating for me as an American to watch the struggle of so many cultures to become one European Union. And whether as professor, seminar leader or consultant, I've always considered myself to be an educator and still do."
If any of you have sent me notes and never seen them published, let me know. It's embarrassing to admit, but even I am guilty of losing email messages.
Late word from Nicholas Zill, "I'm producing a musical comedy/political satire revue, called "Persons of Interest," that will be playing at the Warehouse Theater in Washington, DC from April 19th through May 13th. Classmates can learn more about it and purchase tickets at www.cityinaswamp.com. Hope some alumni in the D.C. area can catch one of our performances."
Alexis Levitin sends a quick update, "I am beginning a semi-retirement of sorts: teaching full time each fall and not at all in the spring. This spring, I have enjoyed the free time mightily: first I gave guest lectures on translation at the Vermont College low-residency MFA program in Montpelier, Vermont, just as the new year was ringing in. Then I flew to Guayaquil, Ecuador, and spent a month translating ten different contemporary Ecuadorian poets into English, work that should lead to an anthology in the next year or so. Then I flew back to New York and began a reading tour in which I spoke at FDickinson, Rutgers at Newark, Swarthmore, Drexel, North Carolina State, North Carolina at Greensboro, Salem College, Radford University, North Carolina at Charlotte, Emory University, Florida International University, Tampa University, Louisiana State University, Univ. of Texas at Dallas, Trinity University (San Antonio), St. Mary's University (San Antonio), Central Missouri State University, University of Louisville (Kentucky), Evansville University (Indiana), Wabash College, Purdue University, Central Michigan University, Indiana University at South Bend, and I am driving up to Kalamazoo to lecture at Western Michigan University in a couple of hours. Must rush off.
As you can see, though I grow old, I keep busy." You certainly do, and you cover a lot of ground, Alexis!


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nowPlaying: Bioshock Infinite
Bioshock was one of the first Xbox 360 games I ever played. I bought the console from a friend, along with a few games, and that was the only one that looked interesting to me. (I had yet to go pick up my copy of Fallout 3, which was my reason for buying the console in the first place.) I remember being surprised at how much fun it was: Not your average first-person shooter, the game implements the use of biological powers called plasmids, which ultimately led to the fall of the game's utopian underwater city, Rapture. The game introduced the Big Daddy, one of the most iconic video game characters to appear in recent time, and the story's twist ending was something I hadn't seen much in the world of video games.
I remember playing Bioshock 2 and finding it to be a little too familiar. It's a solid game, but it didn't offer much that the first game didn't. Perhaps this is to be expected; the game is made by a different team.
The team behind the first Bioshock would later go on to make the third entry in the series, Bioshock Infinite. This one leaves the underwater city of Rapture in favor of the floating city of Columbia. It's clear from the beginning that this isn't going to be more of the same.
Welcome to Columbia.
The protagonist of Bioshock Infinite, Booker Dewitt, is much more present than in past games. In recent years, there's been an influx of silent protagonists. This is something that isn't always successful in terms of storytelling; when done correctly, the player will feel like they're in the game, but if not, it tends to feel more like you're playing as a wall that other characters keep asking to do things. It's refreshing to see the concept of the pre-made, vocal protagonist is still around and can still be successful.
While you don't control what Booker Dewitt says, several decisions are left up to you, the player. These range from trivial to very difficult, but great care has been taken to make sure they aren't out of place. This is the downside to playing as a pre-made protagonist: Sometimes you, the player, make them do things that character would never do. Bioshock Infinite treads this line perfectly. Nothing Booker does is out of place, and he reacts to things the way you'd expect him to react.
Strong storytelling isn't limited to Booker Dewitt. Bioshock Infinite is one of the strongest games I've seen in a long time, in terms of story. Booker's journey begins on a boat trip to a lighthouse, and takes him into a floating city. His mission: Bring us the girl and wipe away the debt. "Whatever that means" will likely be your first thought, and this is intentional: Booker is the kind of guy who does things he needs to do and doesn't ask questions. At least, that's how he starts out.
Things in Columbia quickly take a dark turn, and Booker finds himself fighting for his life, trying to reach a distant statue so he might "find the girl". It seems Booker is Columbia's prophesied antichrist figure, recognizable by the "AD" carved into the back of his right hand. Columbia's prophet, Zachary Comstock, has seen Booker coming, and wants him stopped at all costs.
Columbia is made up of floating islands, and to traverse them, Booker will use a device called the Sky-Hook to latch on to rails connecting the islands. This makes for an interesting mechanic: While sliding along these rails, called Sky-Lines, combat is still possible, and sometimes even required.
The Sky-Hook also makes for a powerful melee weapon.
While interesting, the Sky-Line and Sky-Hook system never realize their full potential. Whatever you do the first time you use them is probably going to be all you do with them throughout the game. Shooting from the Sky-Line is difficult, and you'll most likely miss most of your targets. There also isn't much complexity to be found: Most of the Sky-Lines in combat areas just take you in a circle around a platform your enemies will be shooting at you from. I couldn't help but feel like a lot more could've been done with this system.
This brings me to my other main complaints about the game. Instead of the plasmids found in earlier games, Booker will use Vigors. The concept is the same: Your DNA is altered, allowing you to use biological attacks. If I had to summarize the game's use of these, it would be "too much shock and not enough bio". In most cases, you'll just end up pulling the trigger of your regular old rifle until everyone else stops shooting at you. I found the Vigors to be mostly useless; one of them, called Devil's Hand, was just about the only one I used, and it wasn't particularly creative: Throw a ball of fire and it explodes. As far as first-person shooters go, they may as well have given you grenades.
The exception to the rule is a Vigor you acquire later in the game called Return to Sender. This one is easily my favorite, and the only one I found creative or even fun to use: Booker summons a ball of energy into his hand that allows him to catch incoming bullets and then throw them back at enemies. Doing this requires the use of Booker's shield, so it isn't unlimited, and timing is everything.
Return to Sender is particularly useful against Patriots, robotic renditions of the Founding Fathers equipped with machine guns.
Return to Sender aside, Bisohock Infinite is a pretty basic first-person shooter. There isn't much variety in the enemies (the iconic Big Daddies are nowhere to be found, instead replaced with Handymen, which are far more annoying than frightening or formidable). Where the game surpasses your run-of-the-mill FPS is in its art direction. You'll be using the same guns to fight the same enemies you'll find in any FPS, but they're going to look a lot more beautiful.
It takes more than looks to make a great game (which Bioshock Infinite is). With breathtaking visuals but standard gameplay and game time (a playthrough will take about 8-10 hours), where Infinite succeeds is its story, and this really takes off when you meet "the girl", Elizabeth.
It's difficult to meet Elizabeth and not be immediately reminded of a Disney character (Belle from Beauty and the Beast comes to mind). She's a young, naive girl who's spent her life alone in a tower with her books (and a certain guardian I won't spoil for you). Sounds easy, right? Find the girl, protect the girl, get her to New York, wipe away the debt. Looks can be deceiving; Elizabeth is no sucker, and she's not going to obey Booker as easily as Booker obeys the man who hired him. She has a mind of her own, and this lends to what is perhaps the game's biggest charm.
The first time Booker meets Elizabeth, she attacks him with a book on quantum physics. and thus, a legend was born.
Elizabeth makes for an interesting character in so many ways. I said she has a mind of her own, and this extends to the gameplay itself: Elizabeth will be with you for most of the game. She'll stay out of the way during combat, searching for ammo and health for Booker, sometimes finding money, lockpicks, and other useful items. The game's AI is often mentioned, and with good reason. She'll walk ahead of you toward your goal, sit down, chat with strangers, lean against walls, look through shelves; Elizabeth acts like a human being. She'll talk with Booker about everything from his mission to her missing pinky finger. Her personality and programming make her one of the most likable video game characters I've ever met.
It's hard to talk about the game's story without ruining it. From the point you meet Elizabeth onward, Bioshock Infinite carries one of the strongest stories in video gaming. You'll meet a lot of characters and factions with their own reasons and purposes, and the story carries what would otherwise be a decent game into greatness. Enemies become friends, motives change. Something as small as the tip of a pinky finger can have life-altering ramifications.
When the screen finally cut to black and the credits began to roll, my first thought was "That's it?" This quickly gave rise to "What in the world did I just witness?" which was then followed by me sitting in silence for about a half hour playing back everything I'd just experienced in my head. What seems at first like a tangled, nonsensical web of plot holes becomes a complex, intricate, purposeful and meaningful series of events the more you pick at it, the further you unravel it, and I'm not convinced it's possible to straighten everything out. There's a reason the title contains the word "Infinite".
Look up any list of the most mind-blowing endings in video game history, and you'll probably see the first Bioshock on it. Bioshock Infinite puts it to shame. If I hadn't rented the game, I would have popped it right back into my Xbox and played through it again to see what else I could see. I look forward to my next playthrough (but I'm aiming for PC next time; the Xbox 360 version suffers from an unfortunate amount of lag, especially during the last battle).
The game's developer, Irrational Games, recently announced a massive scaling-down, as well as an intent to make no further Bioshock games. I have no doubt their publisher, 2K Games, will assign another team to make sequels, but it'll be hard to see them as true Bioshock games. Bioshock ends with Infinite; you can't take a story this well planned and executed and simply add on to it. It's rare in the world of video games to see a complete story with a beginning, middle, and end. Bioshock and Bioshock Infinite create one of the exceptions to this rule, and I think I'd be happier if they remained that way.
All images taken from the official website and not owned by me.
nowDoing, Reviews, Video Gamesbioshock, bioshock infinite, gaming, review, video games


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is dean hardscrabble a villain
Home / Uncategorized / is dean hardscrabble a villain
Your character is Gabby Gabby from Toy Story 4. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. Friends During the Scare Games, Dean Hardscrabble is secretly watching Mike and Sulley competing from afar, aware that they are both going to fail. He is Mike Wazowski's best friend and former arch-rival. Dean Hardscrabble (full name Dr. Abigail Hardscrabble) is the tertiary antagonist of Monsters University. Particularly when new films are released. If you're not scary, what kind of a monster are you?" Add a photo to this gallery Aspiring Scare students must be up for the challenge to impress her, thou… While Hardscrabble takes authority in school, Calhoun takes authority in Hero's Duty. Impressed by Sulley and Mike, and wishes them well while indirectly giving them a suggestion to work at MI's mailroom (Monsters University), Impressed Sulley and Mike for having Boo in the factory for letting the monsters laugh instead of scaring And Sulley, despite already being scary, never studies or completes his homework. Aspiring Scare students must be up for the challenge to impress her, though she is convinced that her assessment of who is truly scary and who is not is never wrong. And as a result, Mike makes a deal with the dean that if they and OK win the Games, he and Sulley will be readmitted to the program. Villains Below is a list of the villains featured in Disney media. More icons from Monsters University … She is the dean of the School of Scaring at Monsters University. Monsters University, Monsters Recruitment, The Grand Councilwoman from Lilo and Stitch, Dean Hardscrabble, Hardscrabble, Dr. Abigail Hardscrabble, Educated, intimidating, keen, expecting, judgmental, mysterious, strict, respectable, stern, Red head with spiky hair, hidden red wings, red body with centipede legs and a brownish-maroon button-up shirt and white collar, Dean of the M.U. Also, it is mentioned that Dean Hardscrabble opposed Watternoose line "Sullivan, open this door!!" Both Elsa from Frozen and Abigail Hardscrabble act as antagonists and later redeem themselves (even if they are not villains). But after OK wins the Games when they beat Roar Omega Roar in the final round with the scare simulators, Sulley tells Hardscrabble that he cheated by setting Mike's simulator level to easy just to make OK win since to him it's a no-win situation for them otherwise due to Mike's inability to scare. - Read the results on this kura ya maoni and other Disney kura za maoni 1,939 Pages. Unfortunately, Mike, despite wanting to be a scarer very badly, is unable to scare anyone. Villains can help teach protagonists important lessons. Its a movie I am DESPERATE to make a Mad Munchkin Blethers video on, and its mostly because of Dean Hardscrabble. While Dean Hardscrabble is seen as a villain within the movie, the Headmistress is really only an antagonist, as she isn't someone who is going out against Mike and Sulley throughout the movie. Goal To Dean Hardscrabble, there are scary monsters and there are all other monsters. After Mike bravely makes a bet with her and indeed surprises her at the end of the Scare Games, Hardscrabble warms up to both him and Sulley, and is visibly upset at the idea of expelling them from the university, and does her best to encourage them and wish them the best of luck in the future. Use Ctrl-V to paste image to Gmail or Outlook text editor. As Mike and Sulley leave, Hardscrabble catches them at the exit and encourages them to "keep surprising people," wishing them luck in the process. After the events of MU, she makes it normal, and ends her terrible ways. xSoulKitty (who has a total academically or socially on campus. Click to download Monsters, Villain, Dean, Hardscrabble icon from Monsters University Iconset by DesignBolts Helen Mirren voiced the villain known as Dean Hardscrabble in the Monsters Inc. prequel Monsters University.Like in Finding Nemo, this was another Disney movie that switched a character's sex last minute.The original design showed Hardscrabble as a male alligator, and just a few weeks before production began, Dan Scanlon decided the character had to be a female. Dean Hardscrabble(full nameAbigail Hardscrabble) is an anti-hero of Monsters University. Dean Hardscrabble (full name Abigail Hardscrabble) is the dean of Monsters University. your own Pins on Pinterest https://heroes-and-villians.fandom.com/wiki/Dean_Hardscrabble?oldid=53076. Wikis. Wiki Content. Edit. He is Mike's rival and the confident president of Roar Omega Roar (RΩR), a Monsters University fraternity that prides itself on its notable Scarers. She was voiced by Helen Mirren. Character information Lord Shen's Family. While Hardscrabble takes authority in school, Calhoun takes authority in Hero's Duty. She sees Mike Wazowski as a non-scary monster and made a bet with him … Discover (and save!) But after OK wins the Games when they beat Roar Omega Roar in the final round with the scare simulators, Sulley tells Hardscrabble that he cheated by setting Mike's simulator level to easy just to make OK win since to him it's a no-win situation for them otherwise due to Mike's inability to scare. So we have a category now for Revolutionary Villains. Appearance Add new page. Dean Hardscrabble of Monsters University also has a cameo. Even I now have knowledge about villains. Feature films For Use on Gmail or Outlook: Click Copy to Gmail or Outlook button. Hardscrabble then has both Mike and Sulley expelled from Monsters University permanently, but was sad to let them go because their actions, while considered as a major offense to her school, ended up surprising her. He is voiced by John Goodman, who also voiced Hound, Rex (We're Back! A little accident then happens, making Randal… Download: png icon (14.71KB) 16x16 ico 32x32 ico 64x64 ico 128x128 ico Share your thoughts, experiences and the tales behind the art. During the Scare Games, Dean Hardscrabble is secretly watching Mike and Sulley competing from afar, aware that they are both going to fail. She's a dark red dragon-like monster with millipede-like legs and red bat wings. fanpop poling Results: Who's your favorit Villain of All times? Remove Ads. Monsters University, Monsters Recruitment Her design, her demeanor, the way she carries herself tells you so much about her that I wanted to know her story more than Mike and Sully's. Helen Mirren She is not afraid to point out somebody's shortcomings and even lightly taunts students who do not impress her. Hardscrabble then has both Mike and Sulley expelled from Monsters University permanently, but was sad to let them go because their actions, while considered as a major offense to her school, ended up surprising her. Personality Being a dean, scream power, fear, scary monsters, great monsters Scaring School; Scarer (retired), To train great students and "make them greater, Being a dean, scream power, fear, scary monsters, great monsters, Non-scary monsters, her or other monsters getting scared, Mike Wazowski (Formerly), mediocre monsters, Impressed by Sulley and Mike, and wishes them well while indirectly giving them a suggestion to work at MI's mailroom (Monsters University), Impressed Sulley and Mike for having Boo in the factory for letting the monsters laugh instead of scaring, "Scariness is the true measure of a monster. She is the dean of the School of Scaring at Monsters University. James Phil Sullivan, or Sulley for short, is the main protagonist of Pixar's 4th full-length animated feature film, Monsters Inc. and the deuteragonist of its 2013 prequel Monsters University. Dean Hardscrabble is a character in 2013 Disney/Pixar's animated film Monsters University. Anyone who has read one of my blogs will probably have noticed a recurring theme; Pixar! Dislikes But if they lose, they will have to leave the school forever. Flight A teenaged Randall starts off as a shy, sweet, and lonely nerd who was Mike's only friend and roommate before he met Sulley. Evil Kung Fu Panda Villains is a 2009 American computer-animated adventure comedy film produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Other names May 1, 2014 - Explore Alexander Morse's board "Villain" on Pinterest. Copy to Forum [+] Add to Favorites. Villains Series 5 Dean Hardscrabble-Monster U Vinylmation 3" inch Figure Brand: Disney Vinylmation. Because of this, Hardscrabble sees Mike and Sulley get into a big roar-off, ending with both monsters accidentally breaking the dean's prized scream canister. Even her cool design and the way she speaks makes her look like the villain. This blog might change, so check back! Edit source History Talk (0) Comments Share. Inspiration Dean Hardscrabble's soft-spoken, calm demeanor may well have been developed during her current occupation; the Librarian strongly dislikes noise in her library, and the Dean must have learned to speak in a tone that satisfied her employee's pet peeve as opposed to simply replacing her. Both Dean Hardscrabble and Sergeant Calhoun act as strict people. But as Pixar proved with Soul, Finding Nemo, and more, they're not always necessary in movies. Collection of Stickers for use on Email & Facebook. She's a dark red dragon-like monster with centipede legs and red bat wings. There's a lot of shipping between Dean Hardscrabble and other In this film, Storm makes it clear that he isn't there to make any friends. Monsters, university, villain, dean, hardscrabble Free Icon. Unfortunately, Mike, despite wanting to be a scarer very badly, is unable to scare anyone. I went to see MU with my boyfriend, and my 7 year old cousin...me and my boyfriend thought she wasn't a villain, just a cliche "mean dean" type thing, my 7 year old cousin was adamant she was a "bad guy". … By: DesignBolts; License CC Atribution; Icon pack Monsters University Icons; Categories Cartoon, Kids, Cinema, Tv & Films; Style Photorealistic, 3D; Downloads: 327 ; Tags Monsters University Villain Dean Hardscrabble; Size (Px) 256 128 96 72 64 48 32. Both Dean Hardscrabble and Sergeant Calhoun act as strict person. Dean Hardscrabble appears in 1 issues View all Monsters University. "To Dean Hardscrabble, there are scary monsters and there are all other monsters. (Swoobatman 02:41, December 18, 2013 (UTC)) Revolutionary Villain. -Dean Hardscrabble - "Monsters University" - Like Ego, I didn't find her a villain either. Heroes and villians Wiki is a FANDOM Movies Community. PNG ICO ICNS. Hardscrabble then tells all of Prof. Knight's students (including Mike Wazowski and James P. Sullivan) that they all have to complete a final exam so that they can enter the Scaring Program or else they will be kicked out of the program. If Dean Hardscrabble really did do this, it would explain how it knew that Randall had polka dots on … Likes But despite her sarcastic exterior, the climax of the film depicts Hardscrabble as capable of a certain degree of sympathy. Aug 4, 2016 - Abigail Hardscrabble is a major character in Disney/Pixar's 2013 animated film, Monsters University, prequel to the 2001 film.1 She is adark red dragon-like monster with millipede-like legs and red bat wings, who serves as the dean of the School of Scaring at Monsters University. Format: png Width: 128px Height: 128px File size: 14.71KB Upload: 2016-09-08; Tags: Monsters Villain Dean Hardscrabble Belong to icon sets: Monsters University icon sets Description: This icon is a transparent background png icon, you can use our free online tool to generate css sprites . Hardscrabble then shuts down the door in question, which led to a cabin at a campsite until the authorities arrive, but Mike and Sulley manage to escape back by scaring several human adults in the form of a team of police officers. And Sulley, despite already being scary, never studies or completes his homework. The video, uploaded in 2013, … And as a result, Mike makes a deal with the dean that if they and OK win the Games, he and Sulley will be readmitted to the program. She is not afraid to point out somebody's shortcomings and even lightly taunts students who do not impress her. https://pixarvillains.fandom.com/wiki/Dean_Hardscrabble?oldid=7834, Hardscrabble bears some resemblance to Maleficent, the villainess of Disney's, She also bears some resemblance to Giratina, a Ghost/Dragon-type legendary Pokémon from, In some ways, Hardscrabble appears to be the complete opposite of, Hardscrabble's personality resembles Anton Ego's from, When Hardscrabble sees Sulley go into the door leading to the girls' cabin to save Mike Wazowski from several human policemen by roaring at them she yells, "Don't go in there!" Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Disney Vinylmation Villain Pixar DEAN HARDSCRABBLE Monster Inc University Figure at the best online prices at eBay! The first page of results for "Dean Hardscrabble" on YouTube brought me to user Griffin-Richi-Richi's take on Hardscrabble. This high-quality Monsters Villain Dean Hardscrabble emoticon will look stunning when you use it in your email or forum. There's a lot of shipping between Dean Hardscrabble and other In this film, Storm makes it clear that he isn't there to make any friends. into "Sullivan, don't go into that door!!" It's no surprise she feels this way—she is, after all, a legendary Scarer and Dean of the School of Scaring at Monsters University. To Dean Hardscrabble, there are scary monsters and there are all other monsters. RELATED: Pixar's First 10 Movies (Ranked By Metacritic) Despite staying calm about it, Hardscrabble has the two both kicked out of the School of Scaring. Dean Hardscrabble is first seen flying into Professor Knight's classroom, causing all of the lights in the room to go out with a single flap of her wings. After Mike bravely makes a bet with her and indeed surprises her at the end of the Scare Games, Hardscrabble warms up to both him and Sulley, and is visibly upset at the idea of expelling them from the university, and does her best to encourage them and wish them the best of luck in the future. It's no surprise she feels this way—she is, after all, a legendary Scarer and Dean of the School of Scaring at Monsters University. This character is at a level of character design I one day want to reach and surpass. Alignment Rainbow Dash and Soarin: Pegasus with a Kiss is a 2021 animated musical comedy-drama fantasy thriller film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Warner Bros. Pictures and Warner Animation Group and distributed by United Artists Releasing (USA) and Universal Pictures (UK). It's no surprise she feels this way—she is, after all, a legendary Scarer and Dean of the School of Scaring at Monsters University. Customers also shopped for. Educated, intimidating, keen, expecting, judgmental, mysterious, strict, respectable, stern Powers and abilities Dean of the M.U. At the same time, however, she believes in fair circumstances, as she is angered when one of the teams in the Scare Games cheats and when Sulley admits that he rigged the machinery on the last event to help Mike win. Dean Hardscrabble (full name Abigail Hardscrabble) is an anti-hero of Monsters University. Quote At the same time, however, she believes in fair circumstances, as she is angered when one of the teams in the Scare Games cheats and when Sulley admits that he rigged the machinery on the last event to help Mike win. Think of any Pixar villain. Dean Hardscrabble, Hardscrabble, Dr. Abigail Hardscrabble Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. Format: png Width: 128px Height: 128px File size: 14.71KB Upload: 2016-09-08; Tags: Monsters Villain Dean Hardscrabble Belong to icon sets: Monsters University icon sets Description: This icon is a transparent background png icon, you can use our free online tool to generate css sprites . His antagonistic role in the film comes from him frequently belittling the Oozma Kappa fraternity. Lord Shen and Dean Hardscrabble's Channel. Because of this, Hardscrabble sees Mike and Sulley get into a big roar-off, ending with both monsters accidentally breaking the dean's prized scream canister. Evil Kung Fu Panda Villains is a 2009 American computer-animated adventure comedy film produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Available from these sellers. 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Ein Antennendiagramm ist die grafische Darstellung der Strahlungscharakteristik einer Antenne (Intensität, Feldstärke, Polarisation, Phase, Laufzeitunterschiede) in einem räumlichen Koordinatensystem. Antennendiagramme werden messtechnisch aufgenommen oder durch Simulationsprogramme am Computer generiert, um die Richtwirkung einer Antenne grafisch darzustellen und so deren Leistungsfähigkeit einzuschätzen. Sie können als Oberfläche in dreidimensionalen Kugelkoordinaten oder für einen flächenhaften Schnitt als Liniendiagramm in kartesischen oder Polarkoordinaten dargestellt werden. Ein Antennendiagramm, welches die Richtcharakteristik einer Antenne darstellt, wird auch Richtdiagramm genannt. Es stellt die relative Intensität der Energieabstrahlung oder die elektrische oder magnetische Feldstärke im Fernfeld in Abhängigkeit von der Richtung zur Antenne dar.

Während eine Rundstrahlantenne gleichmäßig in alle Richtungen einer Ebene strahlt, bevorzugt eine Richtantenne eine Richtung und erzielt daher in dieser bei geringerer Sendeleistung eine größere Reichweite. Das Antennendiagramm stellt die messtechnisch oder rechnerisch ermittelte Bevorzugung grafisch dar. Aufgrund der Reziprozität – die gleiche Sende- und Empfangseigenschaften der Antenne gewährleistet – zeigt das Diagramm sowohl die richtungsabhängige Sendeleistung als auch die Empfangsempfindlichkeit einer Antenne an. Die meistens durch ein Messprogramm gezeichnete Kurve zeigt also bei einer Sendeantenne maßstabsgerecht die Orte mit gleicher Leistungsdichte rings um die Sendeantenne herum an. Bei Empfangsantennen bedeutet die gleiche Kurve die gemessene Empfindlichkeit für ein konstantes Hochfrequenzfeld. Ein kleiner Messsender wird also in konstanter Entfernung um die Empfangsantenne herum bewegt und die Leistung, die von der Antenne empfangen wird, wird als Wert in das Diagramm eingetragen.

Horizontales Antennendiagramm
Horizontale Antennendiagramme stellen die Richtcharakteristik lediglich für die horizontalen Richtungen dar, meist in Polarkoordinaten, also mit der Antenne im Mittelpunkt. Es ist ein horizontaler Schnitt durch das dreidimensionale Diagramm. Teile des Antennendiagramms, die durch relative Minima begrenzt werden, bezeichnet man gemäß ihrem Aussehen in Polarkoordinaten als Keulen:

 Die Hauptkeule ist das globale Maximum und enthält die Hauptstrahlungsrichtung;
 Nebenkeulen sind ausgeprägte lokale Maxima enthalten die meist ungewollte Strahlung in eine andere Richtung als die Hauptrichtung;
 eine Rückkeule ist eine Nebenkeule direkt oder in einem weiten Bereich entgegengesetzt zur Hauptkeule;
 Gitterkeulen sind periodisch auftretende starke Nebenkeulen.

Antennendiagramme werden oft logarithmisch in Dezibel aufgetragen, da die Nebenkeulen um mehrere Größenordnungen kleiner sein können als die Hauptkeule und bei linearer Auftragung nicht zu erkennen wären.

Da die Richtwirkung von Antennen frequenzabhängig ist, kann als eine Sonderform des Antennendiagramms ein umhüllendes Antennendiagramm erstellt werden. Solche Sonderformen von Antennendiagrammen werden bei der Beurteilung von Strahlungsbelastungen durch Feldstärken benötigt. Hier werden die gemessenen Diagramme der höchsten und der niedrigsten Frequenz aufeinandergelegt und aus den höchsten Einzelwerten für jeden Seitenwinkel ein neues Diagramm gebildet. Bei einem durch Montagetoleranzen aufgeweiteten Antennendiagramm wird das gemessene oder das bereits als umhüllendes Antennendiagramm erstellte Diagramm drei Mal übereinandergelegt: einmal in der ursprünglichen Orientierung und je einmal um die Montagetoleranz im Uhrzeigersinn und gegen den Uhrzeigersinn gedreht. Aus höchsten Einzelwerten für jeden Seitenwinkel wird wiederum ein neues Diagramm gebildet.

Aus einem Antennendiagramm sind viele Parameter ablesbar, welche die Qualität und Richtwirkung der dargestellten Antenne bestimmen:

 das Vor-Rück-Verhältnis (VRV), auch Rückdämpfung genannt,
 das Vor-Seiten-Verhältnis (VSV) und
 die Nebenkeulendämpfung.

Vertikales Antennendiagramm
Ein vertikales Antennendiagramm ist eine Seitenansicht des elektromagnetischen Feldes der Antenne. Die Bemaßung des Antennendiagramms ist also die Entfernung zur Antenne in der x-Achse und Höhe über dem Standort der Antenne in der y-Achse. Man bekommt dadurch beispielsweise einen Eindruck, ob die Antenne als Flach- oder Steilstrahler einzusetzen ist.

Beispiel

In dem Diagramm ist an der vertikalen Achse (y-Achse) die Höhe in Fuß (engl. , ft) angetragen, in der horizontalen Achse (x-Achse) die Entfernung in Nautischen Meilen (Nm), beides Maßeinheiten, die bei einem Flugsicherungsradar verwendet werden. Die Maßeinheiten spielen im Diagramm eine Rolle für das Maßstabsverhältnis der Achsen. Bei den Messwerten handelt es sich jedoch um relative Pegel, die mit den Entfernungswerten der Achsen nichts zu tun haben.

Die strahlenförmigen Geraden aus dem Ursprung sind die Höhenwinkelmarken, gezeichnet in "Ein-Grad-Schritten". Durch die Überhöhung, das heißt, die vertikale Achse hat einen anderen Maßstab als die horizontale Achse, sind die Abstände zwischen den Höhenwinkelmarken ungleich.

Die an der vertikalen Achse angetragenen Höhen werden in das Diagramm nicht nur als Raster, sondern auch als gepunktete Linien hineinprojiziert, wobei diese die reale Höhe über Grund andeuten und somit keine Geraden, sondern gemäß der Erdkrümmung leicht nach unten abfallende Linien sind.

Das Diagramm ist ein reales Cosecans²-Diagramm eines Airport Surveillance Radars. Die "ausgefranste", vom Ursprung weit entfernte Flanke des Diagramms zeigt den Einfluss der Erdoberfläche auf das Diagramm (siehe Fresnelzone), da diese Antenne leider etwas zu tief aufgebaut wurde.

Räumliche Richtcharakteristik

Werden 2D-Antennendiagramme vieler Schnittebenen zu einem räumlichen Gebilde zusammengestellt, entsteht eine dreidimensionale Richtcharakteristik. Der Abstand vom Mittelpunkt der Antenne zu jedem Punkt der Oberfläche dieses Körpers gibt die in dieser Richtung bei gleichen Abständen gemessene Intensität an.
Die Aufnahme solcher räumlicher Charakteristiken würde jedoch einen großen messtechnischen Aufwand darstellen. Deswegen werden in der Praxis solche Antennendiagramme nur in Ausnahmefällen und dann auch nur in Ausschnitten erstellt.
Mit Hilfe von Computern kann jedoch jede Antenne mit ihren räumlichen Charakteristiken in einem Modell simuliert werden.

Elemente eines Antennendiagramms

Hauptkeule

Die Hauptkeule in einem Antennendiagramm weist bei Sendeantennen den Maximalbetrag der in eine Richtung gesendeten Energie oder bei Empfangsantennen die maximale Empfindlichkeit auf.
Eine Richtantenne bündelt diese Strahlung in eine Richtung und erhöht hierdurch die Reichweite der Antenne. Diese Reichweitenerhöhung heißt Gewinn und wird als Verhältnis der gemessenen Antenne zu den Werten eines Rundstrahlers angegeben. In einem Antennendiagramm wird dieser Antennengewinn nicht verwendet. Alle gemessenen und im Antennendiagramm grafisch dargestellten Werte sind auf den Maximalwert der Hauptkeule bezogen. Dieser wird mit 0 dB in das Diagramm eingetragen und alle anderen gemessenen Werte müssen daher negative Pegel (Dämpfungen) sein. Es sind deshalb nur relative Werte. Der Antennengewinn ist dagegen ein absoluter Wert, da er auf ein geeichtes Maß bezogen wird.

In den sehr einfachen Antennendiagrammen einer Dipolantenne (Antennendiagramm siehe dort) existieren nur zwei ausgeprägte Maxima, die entgegengesetzt gerichtet sind. In diesem Fall wird noch nicht von einer Hauptkeule gesprochen, da beide Maxima etwa gleich groß sind.

Nebenkeulen
Als Nebenkeule wird der Teil der elektromagnetischen Strahlung einer Antenne bezeichnet, der nicht in die gewollte Richtung abgestrahlt wird. Nebenkeulen sind meist unerwünscht, weil sie einen Teil der Sendeleistung der Hauptkeule vorenthalten, diese dadurch schwächen und den eindeutigen Richteffekt einer Antenne beeinträchtigen. Bei einer Empfangsantenne können Störungen, die über Nebenkeulen empfangen werden, die Empfangsqualität verschlechtern; sie werden von der Antenne nicht ausgeblendet. Bei Sendeantennen wird die Sendeleistung über die Nebenkeulen ungenutzt in eine ungewollte Richtung abgestrahlt.

Durch geschickte Konstruktion einer Antenne lässt sich die Intensität der Nebenkeulen verringern. Wenn die Empfängerdynamik allerdings größer ist als die von der Antenne konstruktiv vorgegebene Nebenkeulendämpfung, werden auch über die Nebenkeulen Signale empfangen. Um die Auswirkungen dieses ungewollten Empfanges zu verringern, werden bei der Radarortungstechnik zusätzliche Maßnahmen der Nebenkeulenunterdrückung getroffen.

Gitterkeulen

Gitterkeulen (engl.: ) sind Nebenkeulen, die annähernd die Größe der Hauptkeule erreichen und im Diagramm rasterartig verteilt sind. Sie entstehen manchmal bei Phased Array Antennen (und auch bei in der Sonografie genutzten Ultraschallsonden) und sind eine Folge eines zu großen und gleichmäßigen Abstandes der einzelnen Strahlerelemente untereinander im Verhältnis zur Wellenlänge. Bei einem guten Design eines Phased-Arrays mit optimal möglichem Abstand der Strahlerelemente sollten sie nicht auftreten, jedoch ist diese Forderung bei sehr großen Bandbreiten (UWB) schwer einzuhalten.

Rückkeule
Als Rückkeule wird in einem Antennendiagramm die Nebenkeule in der Richtung bezeichnet, die in die entgegengesetzte Richtung von der Hauptkeule zeigt. Sie ist meistens sehr viel kleiner als die Hauptkeule. Wenn die exakte entgegengesetzte Richtung im Antennendiagramm ein Strahlungsminimum aufweist, werden oft als Rückkeulen auch die Nebenkeulen bezeichnet, die sich innerhalb eines Winkels von ±15° von dieser exakten Richtung befinden.

Nullstellen
Die Punkte im Antennendiagramm, an denen die Strahlungsenergie praktisch null ist, werden als Nullstellen bezeichnet. Deren Lage im Koordinatensystem kann als Nullwertswinkel bezeichnet werden, der zwischen dem Maximum der Hauptkeule und der ersten Nullstelle gemessen wird. Eine Nullwertsbreite wird zwischen den ersten Nullstellen links und rechts von der Hauptkeule gemessen.

Aus dem Antennendiagramm ablesbare Parameter

Halbwertsbreite
Die Grenzwinkel einer Keule werden nach allgemeiner Konvention durch den Abfall der empfangenen Leistung bzw. der abgestrahlten Intensität auf die Hälfte des Maximalwertes definiert (Faktor 0,5 ≈ −3 dB). Die Strahlbreite (Halbwertsbreite, Öffnungswinkel) ist die Spanne zwischen diesen Winkeln und wird meistens mit dem griechischen Buchstaben Θ (Theta) bezeichnet. Die Hauptkeule der in nebenstehenden Diagrammen charakterisierten Parabolantenne hat eine Strahlbreite von 1,67°, ein sehr guter Wert für eine Radarantenne.

Nebenkeulendämpfung
Die Nebenkeulendämpfung ist einer der wesentlichen Parameter einer Antenne und stellt das Verhältnis des Gewinns der Hauptkeule in 0° zum Pegel der größten Nebenkeule (hier im Diagramm etwa bei 20°) dar. Dieses Verhältnis wird als relativer Pegel angegeben und sollte möglichst groß sein.

Vor-Rück-Verhältnis
Das Vor-Rück-Verhältnis (VRV, engl. ), auch Rückdämpfung genannt, ist ein wesentlicher Parameter einer Antenne und stellt das Verhältnis des gemessenen Pegels der Hauptkeule in 0° zum Pegel der Rückkeule in 180° dar. Dieses Verhältnis wird als relativer Pegel angegeben und sollte möglichst groß sein. Das Vor-Rück-Verhältnis ist neben der Nebenkeulendämpfung ein Maß für die Bündelung einer Richtantenne: Je größer das Vor-Rück-Verhältnis ist, desto besser ist die Antenne.

In einigen Veröffentlichungen wird das VRV nicht nur auf diese eine Rückkeule bezogen, sondern es werden unter dem Begriff Vor-Rück-Verhältnis alle Nebenkeulen zwischen 90° und 270° betrachtet und für die Bestimmung des VRV wird nur die stärkste Nebenkeule aus diesem Winkelbereich verwendet. Das ist zum Beispiel sinnvoll, wenn eine Antenne im Winkel von 180° ein ausgeprägtes Minimum aufweist und sich die Rückkeulen beispielsweise bei etwa 175° und 185° befinden.

Vor-Seiten-Verhältnis
Ein Vor-Seiten-Verhältnis wird manchmal anstelle des Vor-Rück-Verhältnisses angegeben. Das ist bei solchen Antennen sinnvoll, bei denen die die Größe der Rückkeule in der Größenordnung der Hauptkeule liegt, oder weil wie zum Beispiel bei dem vertikalen Antennendiagramm einer Dipolantenne zwei diametrale Strahlungsmaxima gebildet werden. Auch bei bestimmten Richtantennen ist eine Abstrahlung in zwei entgegengesetzte Richtungen gewollt. So zum Beispiel auch bei dem Radar Kabina 66 sowie dem Flugsicherungsradar SRE-LL, bei denen zwei Parabolspiegel Rücken an Rücken zu einer sogenannten Januskopf-Antenne montiert wurden.

Messmethoden
Aufgrund der Reziprozität von Antennen ist es möglich, eine Empfangsantenne als Sendeantenne zu vermessen (und umgekehrt) und aus den gemessenen Empfangsdaten auf Eigenschaften als Sendeantenne zu schließen (und umgekehrt). Eine zweite Variation besteht darin, entweder eine mobile Messapparatur (die als Sender oder Empfänger konfiguriert sein kann) um die starr aufgebaute zu vermessene Antenne im Fernfeld herum zu bewegen, oder dieses Messtool auf einem festen Platz zu entfalten und die zu messende Antenne zu drehen.

Freilandmessungen

Welcher Fall bei der Vermessung einer Antenne gewählt wird, hängt von Einflüssen der Umgebung ab und wieweit diese das Antennendiagramm verfälschen können. Oft verhindern jedoch schon die geometrischen Ausmaße der Antenne, diese in einer Ebene zu drehen. Prinzipiell sollte die Strahlungsquelle bewegt werden, wenn die zu messende Antenne eine starke Richtwirkung aufweist. Ist die zu messende Antenne drehbar, kann sie in eine Richtung gedreht werden, aus der eine möglichst geringe externe Störleistung zu empfangen ist. Damit dieser Störleistungspegel das Antennendiagramm nicht verfälscht, sollte dann der Messsender um die Antenne herum bewegt werden. Dieser sollte im Fernfeld der Antenne aber noch unter optischen Sichtbedingungen wirken, damit der aktuelle Seitenwinkel durch geeignete optische Messtools (Richtkreis oder Theodolit) bestimmt werden kann.

Eine Messung am endgültigen Standort mit einem fixierten Messsender und sich drehender Empfangsantenne ist sehr aufwändig, da hier das Messergebnis durch Umgebungseinflüsse verfälscht werden kann. Der Empfang von Reflexionen und von Störleistungen muss durch geeignete Maßnahmen möglichst gering gehalten werden. Aus großer Entfernung strahlt ein Richtstrahler mit konstanter Leistung genau in die Richtung der Antenne. Durch Drehung und Schwenkung der zu messenden Antenne werden die empfangenen Leistungen in verschiedenen Winkeln gemessen und dann grafisch dargestellt. Eine parallele Störfeldmessung mit einer kalibrierten Messantenne mit sehr breitem Öffnungswinkel oder sogar Rundstrahlcharakteristik kann für die Korrektur des Messergebnisses herangezogen werden.

Wenn sich das Antennendiagramm der zu messenden Antenne auch aus Komponenten von am Erdboden reflektierter Leistung zusammensetzt, ist eine Drehung der zu messenden Antenne nicht immer möglich. Oft verhindern auch die geometrischen Ausmaße der Antenne eine Drehung. In diesem Fall muss eine Strahlungsquelle in ausreichender Entfernung (also nicht im Nahfeld, sondern im Fernfeld der Antenne) von der zu messenden Antenne bewegt werden. Bei Antennen, die ohnehin mit einer Drehvorrichtung ausgestattet sind, wie zum Beispiel Radarantennen, kann diese Messung jedoch recht einfach mit einem speziellen Messtool ermittelt werden. Das im Bild gezeigte Analysegerät (engl. , RFA) ist Teil eines solchen Messtools.

Das horizontale Antennendiagramm wird von einem genügend entfernten Standort von der Radarantenne aus mit diesem Messtool aufgenommen. Hier arbeitet die Radarantenne als Sendeantenne und das Messtool empfängt eine Serie von Messimpulsen. Eine kleine logarithmisch-periodische Dipolantenne (LPDA) empfängt die vom Radargerät ausgestrahlten Impulse. Der RFA wird hier als Radarempfänger konfiguriert und demoduliert die empfangenen Hochfrequenzimpulse. Die Daten der Videosignale werden über ein USB-Kabel (früher über SCSI-Schnittstelle) an das Laptop übergeben.

Das Messprogramm muss die ungefähre Umdrehungsgeschwindigkeit der Antenne und die Impulsfolgefrequenz des Radars kennen. (Diese Werte können aber mit dem Programm selbst ermittelt werden.) Die Amplituden aller empfangenen Sendeimpulse einer kompletten Antennenumdrehung werden mit einem Zeitstempel versehen gespeichert. Der stärkste Impuls wird als Referenz genommen und als Zentrum der Hauptkeule interpretiert und somit in 0° dargestellt. Alle anderen Messwerte werden in der Auswertung einem Seitenwinkel relativ zu dem Winkel der Hauptkeule zugeordnet.

Das vertikale Antennendiagramm kann durch statistische Messungen, zum Beispiel des elektromagnetischen Spektrums der Sonnenstrahlung, bestimmt werden (Sunstrobe-Recording). Hier wird das Messtool innerhalb der Radarstation aufgebaut und an die Videoausgänge der Empfänger angeschlossen. Die Radarantenne arbeitet bei diesem Messverfahren als Empfangsantenne. Während des Sonnenaufganges oder -unterganges werden alle Videoamplituden des Sonnenrauschens aufgezeichnet und in einer späteren Auswerteroutine einem Höhenwinkel zugeordnet.

Da immer unwägbare Faktoren in die Messungen einfließen, können nur Werte einer einzigen Messreihe als relative Pegel miteinander verglichen werden, in der alle einzelnen Messwerte unter möglichst identischen Bedingungen gemessen werden müssen. Das bedeutet, dass im Vergleich verschieden datierter Messreihen nur die Diagrammform eine Aussagekraft haben kann.

Messungen unter Laborbedingungen

Um Antennenanlagen unter Laborbedingungen mit dem Ziel der Erstellung eines Antennendiagramms ausmessen zu können, muss die Antenne auf einen beweglichen Dreh- und Schwenktisch montiert werden. Die gesamte Messapparatur und der Proband befinden sich zum Schutz vor äußeren Störleistungen in einem massiven Faradayschen Käfig, z. B. aus verlöteten Kupferblechen. Decken, Wände und Böden des Messraums sowie die Messapparaturen müssen mit Dämpfungsmaterial verkleidet sein, um die Entstehung von Reflexionen zu vermeiden. Die meist pyramidenförmigen Strukturelemente bestehen aus einem stark grafithaltigen Hartschaum, um elektromagnetische Strahlungsenergie aufzunehmen und während einer verlustbehafteten Mehrfachreflexion zwischen den einzelnen Wandelementen in Wärme umzuwandeln. Sehr große Messlabore werden auch EMV-Absorberhalle genannt.

Hier wird die Antenne meist als Empfangsantenne genutzt. Ein Messsender sendet mit sehr schmalem Richtdiagramm in Richtung der zu messenden Antenne. Diese wird mit Motoren in einer Ebene gedreht oder geschwenkt.

Dieses Verfahren bringt brauchbare Messergebnisse, ist aber mehr von theoretischem Wert, da sich vor allem das vertikale Antennendiagramm durch den Einfluss der Erdoberfläche am endgültigen Einsatzort der Antenne ändern kann. Es wird hauptsächlich bei der Antennenkonstruktion und -instandsetzung verwendet. Bei sehr tiefen Frequenzen und damit geometrisch großen Antennen kann die Antenne mit ausreichender Genauigkeit verkleinert werden und die genutzte Messfrequenz maßstabsgerecht erhöht werden.

Beispiele
Es gibt eine Vielzahl von Antennen, die oft nach der geometrischen Form des Antennendiagramms benannt werden:

 Rundstrahlerantennen mit möglichst gleichmäßiger Abstrahlung in alle Richtungen innerhalb einer Ebene,
 Richtantennen mit stark ausgeprägter Hauptkeule,
 Pencil-Beam-Antennen mit einer extrem dünnen Hauptkeule und sehr hohem Antennengewinn,
 Fächerantennen und
 Cosecans²-Antennen, beide speziell für Radaranwendungen.

Literatur
 Edgar Voges: Hochfrequenztechnik. Dr. Alfred Hüthig Verlag, Heidelberg 1987, ISBN 3-778-51270-6.
 Karl Rothammel: Antennenbuch. 10. Auflage. Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Berlin 1984.

Weblinks

 , Vorlesungsscript (PDF-Datei; 1300 kB)
 Grundlagen der Antennentheorie (PDF-Datei; 411 kB)
 Antennentechnik – Radarantennen (PDF; 841 kB)
 Erläuterung des Begriffs "Zweiweg-Antennendiagramm"

Einzelnachweise

Diagramm
Elektrische Messtechnik
Technische Zeichnung


I no longer have a baby. You almost forget how little they were.
It seems over night, George has grown into a little boy.
Gone are the days where he sits in one spot, now he is like flash across the room.
Gone are the days were he just coos, now he is speaking in sentences.
Gone are the days where I am the one doling out kisses, now he is giving some of his own.
Gone are the days where we lead him on wild adventures, now he takes our hands and pulls us where we need to go.
Gone are the days where his curiosity is just following us with his eyes, now his curiosity gets him in cabinets and on counter tops.
Gone are the days where we laid him in Grace's lap to sleep, now he tries to ride her like a pony.
Gone are the days where we can complete a task without a shadow, now he attempts to do everything we do (including the dishes and watering flowers).
Gone are the days where I read him books, now he picks out his own and reads to himself.
Gone are the days where I was confident he was getting all his nutrition from me or his formula, now we have to make sure we have a balanced diet for a toddler appetite and he feeds himself with utensils.
Gone are the days of the sweet soft baby skin, now he has scraped knees, bruises, and mosquito bites from exploring the great outdoors.
Gone are the days where he sleeps soundly in my arms, now he climbs all over me expecting a piggy back ride.
Gone are the days of my baby, now he is building his personality and living it up as a toddler.
In a MONTH, George will be two, which he can count to now btw. Every day, I learn a little bit more about being a mom. We are growing together.
I love being his mom, but it is going too fast. However, I need to not spend too much time in the past and enjoy where he is now. Because soon he will be in school, and I will be missing his toddler sticky goodness and unruly hair.
This entry was posted in Baby, It is what it is and tagged George. Bookmark the permalink.
Oh my goodness, how is he two already????? I remember when you told me you were pregnant—time must stop!!


text:
The 20th Indian Infantry Division was an infantry division of the Indian Army in the Second World War, formed in India, and took part in the Burma Campaign during the Second World War. After the war, the bulk of the division was deployed to French Indochina to oversee the handover from Japanese to French rule. For nearly all is operational life the division was commanded by Major-General Douglas Gracey. The division's history is subject of open source and historical records research, including the Order of Battle, on an open access, WW2 history website and subject of updates in August 2021

Formation
The division was formed at Bangalore in April, 1942. It was commanded by Major-General Douglas Gracey and at first it consisted of the Indian 32nd, 51st and 53rd Brigades. In July that year, the 51st and 53rd Brigades were detached to form the Indian 25th Infantry Division and replaced by the Indian 80th Infantry Brigade and Indian 100th Infantry Brigade (the latter brigade being transferred from the 34th Division which had recently disbanded in Ceylon). The division was intended from the start for operations in jungle and mountain and was on a Mixed Animal and Mechanical Transport establishment for maintenance in rough country.

The division's insignia was a hand wielding a tulwar, in white on black. After training in Southern India and Ceylon, the division joined Indian XV Corps at Ranchi in Bihar in December but from July 1943 it was transferred to IV Corps in Imphal.

Battle of Imphal

At the start of the Battle, the 20th Indian Division was deployed forward to Tamu in the Kabaw Valley. To avoid being cut off, it retreated to the Shenam Saddle in the hills surrounding the Imphal Plain. Because the 17th Indian Infantry Division was in difficulty in its sector, the 32nd Brigade was temporarily detached to it. With other detachments, the 20th Division was reduced to only five battalions, to defend the Saddle against the Japanese Yamamoto Force.

During April and the first part of May, the division held the saddle against attacks by infantry, tanks and heavy artillery. It was then relieved in place and ordered to counter-attack, north-east from Imphal to Ukhrul. The monsoon had broken and movement was very difficult. After several Japanese counter-attacks, at the start of July the division was transferred to the XXXIII Indian Corps and slowly eliminated large numbers of Japanese in and around the village, which had been made into a Japanese communication and logistic centre.

Battle of Central Burma

During the remainder of the monsoon, the division rested around Dimapur. As the monsoon ended, it moved into a bridgehead across the Chindwin River at Kalewa. It attacked southward on 4 December and cleared Japanese rearguards from Monywa. On 13 February 1945, the division made a crossing of the Irrawaddy River  west of Mandalay. The boats used were leaky and other items of equipment already worn out. The first precarious footholds were counter-attacked every night for a week but eventually linked up into a solid bridgehead. On 13 March, the 20th Division attacked southward, gaining immediate success against the understrength Japanese 31st Division. A column formed from the divisional reconnaissance unit and an attached tank unit, known as Claudecol, reached far into the Japanese rear, before turning north and mopping up the disorganised enemy.

Southern Burma
In early April, two brigades were converted to lorried infantry by acquiring the vehicles of the British 2nd Infantry Division which was being withdrawn to India. The division fought its way southward along the east bank of the Irrawaddy, until it met units of the XV Indian Corps, which had occupied Rangoon in Operation Dracula. During this period the 22nd (East Africa) Infantry Brigade was attached to the division, from 28 June to 11 August 1945.

Indochina

In August 1945, the Japanese surrendered after two atomic weapons were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Allied South East Asia Command (SEAC) area of responsibility, was expanded to embrace several countries including French Indochina. While Chinese Nationalist troops occupied the northern part of the country, Gracey's division occupied the southern part in Operation Masterdom. The division was to release former Allied prisoners of war and disarm and repatriate Japanese units. Later, the division was instructed to hand over to the returning French regime, before returning to India. There were several battles with Viet Minh, who were intent on achieving independence. Major Richard Holbrook McGregor, on Gracey's Intelligence Section Staff, learned of an impending Viet Minh attack on Saigon. Gracey, never one to mince his words, criticised the French for their dismissive attitude towards his Indian and Gurkha units. The division was disbanded in India in 1946.

Order of battle
The 20th Indian Division was constituted as follows in 1944–45: Note the division's British battalions were removed in April 1945

General Officer Commanding: Major-General Douglas Gracey
Artillery
Commander, Royal Artillery: Brigadier J. A. E. Hirst
9th Field Regiment, RA
114th (Sussex) Jungle Field Regiment, RA
115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, RA (on transfer from 19th Indian Division on 14 June 1942, later rejoined 19th Indian Division)
23rd Mountain Regiment, IA
55th Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment, RA (later became 111th Anti-Tank Regiment, RA)

Engineers
92nd, 422nd, 481st Field Companies, IE
309th Field Park Company, IE
9th Bridging Section, IE

Signals
20th Indian Infantry Division Signal Regiment

Divisional Infantry
4th Battalion, 3rd Madras Regiment (Divisional HQ battalion 1944)
4th Battalion, 17th Dogra Regiment (HQ battalion 1945)
4th Battalion, 2nd Gurkha Rifles (Reconnaissance battalion from March 1945)
Machine Gun Battalion, 9th Jat Regiment (Divisional Machine gun unit)

32nd Indian Infantry Brigade (Brigadier David Alexander Laurance Mackenzie; Brig E.C.J Woodford from 25 March 1945)
1st Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment (To 36th Division April 1945)
9th Battalion, 14th Punjab Regiment
1st Battalion, 1st Gurkha Rifles (From 36th Division April 1945)
3rd Battalion, 8th Gurkha Rifles

80th Indian Infantry Brigade (Brigadier Stuart Greeves; Brig D.E. Taunton from 18 March 1945)
1st Battalion, Devonshire Regiment (To 36th Division April 1945)
9th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment (Major Mian Hayauddin MBE)
1st Battalion, 19th Hyderabad Regiment (From 36th Division April 1945)
3rd Battalion, 1st Gurkha Rifles

100th Indian Infantry Brigade (Brigadier William Arthur Lester James; Brig C.H.B. Rodham 1945)
2nd Battalion, Border Regiment (To 36th Division April 1945)
2nd Battalion, 8th Punjab Regiment (From 36th Division April 1945)
14th Battalion, 13th Frontier Force Rifles
4th Battalion, 10th Gurkha Rifles

Medical
42nd, 55th, 59th Indian Field Ambulances

Divisional Units
604th Field Security Section

References

Sources

 Maj-Gen S. Woodburn Kirby, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War Against Japan Vol III, The Decisive Battles, London: HM Stationery Office, 1961.
 Maj-Gen S. Woodburn Kirby, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War Against Japan Vol IV, The Reconquest of Burma, London: HM Stationery Office, 1955.

External links

Indian World War II divisions
British Indian Army divisions
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II
D
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945


text:
LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
of December 7, 2021 No. 81-VII ZRK
About amnesty in connection with the thirtieth anniversary of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Due to the thirtieth anniversary of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, being guided by the principle of humanity, this Law is adopted.
Article 1. The concept used in this Law
For the purpose of this Law treat socially vulnerable persons:
veterans and other persons on whom operation of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On veterans" expatiates;
persons which did not reach eighteen-year age at the time of making of criminal offense;
women to whom fifty years were performed and are more senior, men who performed sixty years and are more senior on the date of enforcement of this Law;
women, pregnant women on the date of enforcement of this Law;
the women who are not deprived of the parent rights and having the children including adopted (adopted) or taken under guardianship and (or) guardianship, who did not reach eighteen-year age on the date of enforcement of this Law, or having at the time of making of criminal offense and condemnation dependent on the handicapped child (handicapped children), and also the disabled person (disabled people) since the childhood irrespective of their age;
the men who are not deprived of the parent rights and being on the date of enforcement of this Law by the single parent of the minor children including adopted (adopted), or having at the time of making of criminal offense and condemnation dependent on the handicapped child (handicapped children), and also the disabled person (disabled people) since the childhood irrespective of their age;
the disabled people of the first or second group recognized as those according to the procedure, established by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, before enforcement of this Law.
Article 2. Release from criminal liability or primary punishment
1. Are exempted from criminal liability or primary punishment:
1) persons who committed criminal offenses and (or) crimes of small weight;
2) persons who committed the crimes of average weight which did not entail damnification, or completely it compensated or on which the civil action is not made;
3) socially vulnerable persons who committed crimes of average weight regardless of availability of damage or the civil action.
2. Are exempted from primary punishment condemned for making of crimes of average weight, not having negative degree of behavior which on the date of enforcement of this Law needed to serve sentence no more than one year.
3. The cases on the criminal offenses specified in Item 1 of this Article which are in production are subject to the termination by the body conducting criminal procedure with release of persons from criminal liability.
4. On the cases on criminal offenses, crimes of small or average weight which are in production of courts for which making obligatory purpose of additional punishment is provided persons specified in Item 1 of this Article are exempted by court from primary punishment.
5. The convicts falling under action of Item 1 of this Article are subject to release from further serving only of primary punishment.
Article 3. Reducing terms or amount of primary punishment
1. To the persons who committed crimes of average weight, not falling under action of subitems 2) and 3) of Item 1 of article 2 of this Law, the term or the size of unexpired or unexecuted part of primary punishment is reduced by the one second part.
2. Terms or the sizes of unexpired or unexecuted part of primary punishment to socially vulnerable persons who serve sentence or still did not perform it, are reduced:
1) on serious crimes - on the one second part;
2) on especially serious crimes - on the one fourth part.
3. Terms or the sizes of unexpired or unexecuted part of primary punishment to persons, except for socially vulnerable persons who serve sentence or still did not perform it, in case of full recovery of the damage caused by criminal offense and the claims imposed to them or in case of their absence are reduced:
1) on serious crimes - on the one third part;
2) on especially serious crimes - on the one fifth part.
4. Terms or the sizes of unexpired or unexecuted part of primary punishment to persons which are not falling under action of Item 3 of this Article are reduced:
1) on serious crimes - on the one fifth part;
2) on especially serious crimes - on the one sixth part.
5. To the persons condemned for making of heavy and especially serious crimes, who do not have negative degree of behavior which on the date of enforcement of this Law needed to serve sentence no more than one year the size of unexpired part of primary punishment is reduced.
Article 4. Persons to whom amnesty is not applied
Operation of this Law does not extend to persons:
1) committed terrorist crimes;
2) committed the extremist crimes or crimes containing extremism signs;
3) made tortures;
4) penalty to which is imposed in case of recurrence or dangerous recurrence of crimes;
5) which capital punishment is replaced according to the procedure of pardon with imprisonment and also which appoints lifelong imprisonment;
6) committed crimes as a part of criminal group, organized group, the criminal organization, criminal society, transnational organized group, the transnational criminal organization, transnational criminal society, terrorist group, extremist group, gang or illegal paramilitary force;
Concerning which 7) punishment is performed and served sentence;
8) made criminal offenses in case of which set one of them does not fall under operation of this Law;
9) made the criminal offenses entering cumulative sentences, one of which does not fall under operation of this Law;