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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting
using frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin
Armstrong, wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast
radio. FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than DAB/+ radio, and AM broadcasting
under normal listening conditions, so it is used for most music broadcasts. Theoretically
wideband AM can offer equally good sound quality, provided the reception conditions are ideal.
FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies. The term "FM band" describes the frequency
band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting.==Broadcast bands==Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band
falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some
portion thereof, with few exceptions: In the former Soviet republics, and some former
Eastern Bloc countries, the older 65.8–74 MHz band is also used. Assigned frequencies
are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being
phased out. Where the OIRT band is used, the 87.5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the
CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used.The
frequency of an FM broadcast station (more strictly its assigned nominal center frequency)
is usually a multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines
and the Caribbean, only odd multiples are used. Some other countries follow this plan
because of the import of vehicles, principally from the USA, with radios that can only tune
to these frequencies. In some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples
are used. In the UK odd or even are used. In Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. In
most countries the maximum permitted frequency error of the unmodulated carrier is specified,
which typically should be within 2000 Hz of the assigned frequency.There are other unusual
and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in some countries, with non standard spacings
of 1, 10, 30, 74, 500, and 300 kHz. However, to minimise inter-channel interference, stations
operating from the same or geographically close transmitter sites tend to keep to at
least a 500 kHz frequency separation even when closer frequency spacing is technically
permitted. The ITU publishes Protection Ratio graphs which give the minimum spacing between
frequencies based on their relative strengths. Only broadcast stations with large enough
geographic separations between their coverage areas can operate on close or the same frequencies.==Technology=====
Modulation===Frequency modulation or FM is a form of modulation
which conveys information by varying the frequency of a carrier wave; the older amplitude modulation
or AM varies the amplitude of the carrier, with its frequency remaining constant. With
FM, frequency deviation from the assigned carrier frequency at any instant is directly
proportional to the amplitude of the input signal, determining the instantaneous frequency
of the transmitted signal. Because transmitted FM signals use more bandwidth than AM signals,
this form of modulation is commonly used with the higher (VHF or UHF) frequencies used by
TV, the FM broadcast band, and land mobile radio systems.
The maximum frequency deviation of the carrier is usually specified and regulated by the
licensing authorities in each country. For a stereo broadcast, the maximum permitted
carrier deviation is invariably ±75 kHz, although a little higher is permitted in the
United States when SCA systems are used. For a monophonic broadcast, again the most common
permitted maximum deviation is ±75 kHz. However, some countries specify a lower value for monophonic
broadcasts, such as ±50 kHz.===Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis===
Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system, with the effect that noise
occurs predominantly at the highest audio frequencies within the baseband. This can
be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and
reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high audio frequencies
in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then
reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, respectively.
The amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a
simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used. In the Americas
and South Korea, 75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions. For
stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing.
The use of pre-emphasis becomes a problem because of the fact that many forms of contemporary
music contain more high-frequency energy than the musical styles which prevailed at the
birth of FM broadcasting. Pre-emphasizing these high frequency sounds would cause excessive
deviation of the FM carrier. Modulation control (limiter) devices are used to prevent this.
Systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable
pre-emphasis; e.g., dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all.===Stereo FM===
Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level
information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment
with multiplexing, at his experimental 41 MHz station W2XDG located on the 85th floor
of the Empire State Building in New York City. These FM multiplex transmissions started in
November 1934 and consisted of the main channel audio program and three subcarriers: a fax
program, a synchronizing signal for the fax program and a telegraph "order" channel.
These original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated.
Two musical programs, consisting of both the Red and Blue Network program feeds of the
NBC Radio Network, were simultaneously transmitted using the same system of subcarrier modulation
as part of a studio-to-transmitter link system. In April 1935, the AM subcarriers were replaced
by FM subcarriers, with much improved results. The first FM subcarrier transmissions emanating
from Major Armstrong's experimental station KE2XCC at Alpine, New Jersey occurred in 1948.
These transmissions consisted of two-channel audio programs, binaural audio programs and
a fax program. The original subcarrier frequency used at KE2XCC was 27.5 kHz. The IF bandwidth
was ±5 kHz, as the only goal at the time was to relay AM radio-quality audio. This
transmission system notably used a 75 µs audio pre-emphasis, a technical innovation
that became part of the original FM Stereo Multiplex Standard.
In the late 1950s, several systems to add stereo to FM radio were considered by the
FCC. Included were systems from 14 proponents including Crosby, Halstead, Electrical and
Musical Industries, Ltd (EMI), Zenith, and General Electric. The individual systems were
evaluated for their strengths and weaknesses during field tests in Uniontown, Pennsylvania
using KDKA-FM in Pittsburgh as the originating station. The Crosby system was rejected by
the FCC because it was incompatible with existing subsidiary communications authorization (SCA)
services which used various subcarrier frequencies including 41 and 67 kHz. Many revenue-starved
FM stations used SCAs for "storecasting" and other non-broadcast purposes. The Halstead
system was rejected due to lack of high frequency stereo separation and reduction in the main
channel signal-to-noise ratio. The GE and Zenith systems, so similar that they were
considered theoretically identical, were formally approved by the FCC in April 1961 as the standard
stereo FM broadcasting method in the United States and later adopted by most other countries.
It is important that stereo broadcasts be compatible with mono receivers. For this reason,
the left (L) and right (R) channels are algebraically encoded into sum (L+R) and difference (L−R)
signals. A mono receiver will use just the L+R signal so the listener will hear both
channels through the single loudspeaker. A stereo receiver will add the difference signal
to the sum signal to recover the left channel, and subtract the difference signal from the
sum to recover the right channel. The (L+R) Main channel signal is transmitted
as baseband audio limited to the range of 30 Hz to 15 kHz. The (L−R) signal is amplitude
modulated onto a 38 kHz double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) signal occupying the baseband range
of 23 to 53 kHz. A 19 kHz±2 Hz pilot tone, at exactly half the 38 kHz sub-carrier frequency
and with a precise phase relationship to it, as defined by the formula below, is also generated.
This is transmitted at 8–10% of overall modulation level and used by the receiver
to identify a stereo transmission and to regenerate the 38 kHz sub-carrier with the correct phase.
The final multiplex signal from the stereo generator contains the Main Channel (L+R),
the pilot tone, and the sub-channel (L−R). This composite signal, along with any other
sub-carriers, modulates the FM transmitter. The instantaneous deviation of the transmitter
carrier frequency due to the stereo audio and pilot tone (at 10% modulation) is [ 0.9 [ A
+ B 2 + A
− B 2 sin
 4
π f p t ] +
0.1 sin
π f p t ] ×
H z {\displaystyle \left[0.9\left[{\frac {A+B}{2}}+{\frac
{A-B}{2}}\sin 4\pi f_{p}t\right]+0.1\sin 2\pi f_{p}t\right]\times 75~\mathrm {kHz} }
where A and B are the pre-emphasized left and right audio signals and f p {\displaystyle f_{p}}
=19 kHz is the frequency of the pilot tone. Slight variations in the peak deviation may
occur in the presence of other subcarriers or because of local regulations.
Another way to look at the resulting signal is that it alternates between left and right
at 38 kHz, with the phase determined by the 19 kHz pilot signal. Most stereo encoders
use this switching technique to generate the 38 kHz subcarrier, but practical encoder designs
need to incorporate circuitry to deal with the switching harmonics. Converting the multiplex
signal back into left and right audio signals is performed by a decoder, built into stereo
receivers. Again, the decoder can use a switching technique to recover the left and right channels.
In addition, for a given RF level at the receiver, the signal-to-noise ratio and multipath distortion
for the stereo signal will be worse than for the mono receiver. For this reason many stereo
FM receivers include a stereo/mono switch to allow listening in mono when reception
conditions are less than ideal, and most car radios are arranged to reduce the separation
as the signal-to-noise ratio worsens, eventually going to mono while still indicating a stereo
signal is being received. As with monaural transmission, it is normal practice to apply
pre-emphasis to the left and right channels before encoding and to apply de-emphasis at
the receiver after decoding. In the U.S. beginning around 2010 using single
sideband subcarriers for stereo was proposed. It is theorized to be more power efficient
and have less noise at the receiver. A handful of radio stations around the country are broadcasting
stereo in this way. It may not be compatible with very old receivers, but it is claimed
most newer receivers cannot tell the difference.===Quadraphonic FM===
In 1969, Louis Dorren invented the Quadraplex system of single station, discrete, compatible
four-channel FM broadcasting. There are two additional subcarriers in the Quadraplex system,
supplementing the single one used in standard stereo FM. The baseband layout is as follows: 50 Hz to 15 kHz Main Channel (sum of all 4
channels) (LF+LR+RF+RR) signal, for mono FM listening compatibility.
23 to 53 kHz (sine quadrature subcarrier) (LF+LR) – (RF+RR) Left minus Right difference
signal. This signal's modulation in algebraic sum and difference with the Main channel is
used for 2 channel stereo listener compatibility. 23 to 53 kHz (cosine quadrature 38 kHz subcarrier)
(LF+RR) – (LR+RF) Diagonal difference. This signal's modulation in algebraic sum and difference
with the Main channel and all the other subcarriers is used for the Quadraphonic listener.
61 to 91 kHz (sine quadrature 76 kHz subcarrier) (LF+RF) – (LR+RR) Front-back difference. This
signal's modulation in algebraic sum and difference with the main channel and all the other subcarriers
is also used for the Quadraphonic listener. 105 kHz SCA subcarrier, phase-locked to 19
kHz pilot, for reading services for the blind, background music, etc.The normal stereo signal
can be considered as switching between left and right channels at 38 kHz, appropriately
band limited. The quadraphonic signal can be considered as cycling through LF, LR, RF,
RR, at 76 kHz.Early efforts to transmit discrete four-channel quadraphonic music required the
use of two FM stations; one transmitting the front audio channels, the other the rear channels.
A breakthrough came in 1970 when KIOI (K-101) in San Francisco successfully transmitted
true quadraphonic sound from a single FM station using the Quadraplex system under Special
Temporary Authority from the FCC. Following this experiment, a long term test period was
proposed that would permit one FM station in each of the top 25 U.S. radio markets to
transmit in Quadraplex. The test results hopefully would prove to the FCC that the system was
compatible with existing two-channel stereo transmission and reception and that it did
not interfere with adjacent stations. There were several variations on this system
submitted by GE, Zenith, RCA, and Denon for testing and consideration during the National
Quadraphonic Radio Committee field trials for the FCC. The original Dorren Quadraplex
System outperformed all the others and was chosen as the national standard for Quadraphonic
FM broadcasting in the United States. The first commercial FM station to broadcast quadraphonic
program content was WIQB (now called WWWW-FM) in Ann Arbor/Saline, Michigan under the guidance
of Chief Engineer Brian Jeffrey Brown.===Noise reduction===
Various attempts to add analog noise reduction to FM broadcasting were carried out in the
1970s and 1980s: A commercially unsuccessful noise reduction
system used with FM radio in some countries during the late 1970s, Dolby FM was similar
to Dolby B but used a modified 25 µs pre-emphasis time constant and a frequency selective companding
arrangement to reduce noise. The pre-emphasis change compensates for the excess treble response
that otherwise would make listening difficult for those without Dolby decoders.
A similar system named High Com FM was tested in Germany between July 1979 and December
1981 by IRT. It was based on the Telefunken High Com broadband compander system, but was
never introduced commercially in FM broadcasting.Yet another system was the CX-based noise reduction
system FMX implemented in some radio broadcasting stations in the United States in the 1980s.===Other subcarrier services===FM broadcasting has included subsidiary communications
authorization (SCA) services capability since its inception, as it was seen as another service
which licensees could use to create additional income. Use of SCAs was particularly popular
in the US, but much less so elsewhere. Uses for such subcarriers include Radio reading
services for the blind, which became common and remain so, private data transmission services
(for example sending stock market information to stockbrokers or stolen credit card number
blacklists to stores,) subscription commercial-free background music services for shops, paging
("beeper") services, non-native language programming, and providing a program feed for AM transmitters
of AM/FM stations. SCA subcarriers are typically 67 kHz and 92 kHz. Initially the users of
SCA services were private analog audio channels which could be used internally or leased,
for example Muzak type services. There were experiments with quadraphonic sound. If a
station does not broadcast in stereo, everything from 23 kHz on up can be used for other services.
The guard band around 19 kHz (±4 kHz) must still be maintained, so as not to trigger
stereo decoders on receivers. If there is stereo, there will typically be a guard band
between the upper limit of the DSBSC stereo signal (53 kHz) and the lower limit of any
other subcarrier. Digital services are now also available. A
57 kHz subcarrier (phase locked to the third harmonic of the stereo pilot tone) is used
to carry a low-bandwidth digital Radio Data System signal, providing extra features such
as station name, Alternative Frequency (AF), traffic data for commercial GPS receivers
and Radio text (RT). This narrowband signal runs at only 1,187.5 bits per second, thus
is only suitable for text. A few proprietary systems are used for private communications.
A variant of RDS is the North American RBDS or "smart radio" system. In Germany the analog
ARI system was used prior to RDS to alert motorists that traffic announcements were
being broadcast (without disturbing other listeners). Plans to use ARI for other European
countries led to the development of RDS as a more powerful system. RDS is designed to
be capable of being used alongside ARI despite using identical subcarrier frequencies.
In the United States and Canada, digital radio services are being deployed within the FM
band rather than using Eureka 147 or the Japanese standard ISDB. This in-band on-channel approach,
as do all digital radio techniques, makes use of advanced compressed audio. The proprietary
iBiquity system, branded as "HD Radio", currently is authorized for "hybrid" mode operation,
wherein both the conventional analog FM carrier and digital sideband subcarriers are transmitted.
Eventually, presuming widespread deployment of HD Radio receivers, the analog services
could theoretically be discontinued and the FM band become all digital.===Transmission power===
The output power of a FM broadcasting transmitter is one of the parameters that governs how
far a transmission will cover. The other important parameters are the height of the transmitting
antenna and the Antenna gain. Transmitter powers should be carefully chosen so that
the required area is covered without causing interference to other stations further away.
Practical transmitter powers range from a few milliwatts to 80 kW. As transmitter powers
increase above a few kilowatts, the operating costs become high and only viable for large
stations.===Reception distance===
VHF Radio waves usually do not travel far beyond the visual horizon, so reception distances
for FM stations are typically limited to 30–40 miles (48–64 km). They can also be blocked
by hills and to a lesser extent by buildings. The knife edge effect can permit reception
where there is no direct line of sight between broadcaster and receiver. The reception can
vary considerably depending on the position. One example is the Učka mountain range, which
makes constant reception of Italian signals from Veneto and Marche possible in a good
portion of Rijeka, Croatia, despite the distance being over 200 km. Other radio propagation
effects such as tropospheric ducting and Sporadic E can occasionally allow distant stations
to be intermittently received over very large distances, but cannot be relied on for commercial
broadcast purposes. Good reception across the country, is one of the main advantages
over DAB/+ radio. This is still less than the range of AM radio
waves, which because of their lower frequency can travel as ground waves or reflect off
the ionosphere, so AM radio stations can be received at hundreds (sometimes thousands)
of miles. This is a property of the carrier wave's typical frequency (and power), not
its mode of modulation. The range of FM transmission is related to
the transmitter's RF power, the antenna gain, and antenna height. Interference from other
stations is also a factor in some places. In the U.S, the FCC publishes curves that
aid in calculation of this maximum distance as a function of signal strength at the receiving
location. Computer modelling is more commonly used for this around the world.
Many FM stations, especially those located in severe multipath areas, use extra audio
compression/processing to keep essential sound above the background noise for listeners,
occasionally at the expense of overall perceived sound quality. In such instances, however,
this technique is often surprisingly effective in increasing the station's useful range..==
History=====
United States===FM broadcasting began in the late 1930s, when
it was initiated by a handful of early pioneer stations including W8HK, Buffalo, New York
(now WTSS); W1XOJ/WGTR and W1XTG/WSRS, both transmitting from Paxton, Massachusetts (now
listed as Worcester, Massachusetts); W1XSL/W1XPW/WDRC-FM, Meriden, Connecticut (now WHCN); W2XMN/KE2XCC/WFMN,
Alpine, New Jersey (owned by Edwin Armstrong himself, closed down upon Armstrong's death
in 1954); W2XQR/WQXQ/WQXR-FM, New York; W47NV Nashville, Tennessee (signed off in 1951);
W1XER/W39B/WMNE, whose studios were in Boston but whose transmitter was atop the highest
mountain in the northeast United States, Mount Washington, New Hampshire (shut down in 1948);
W9XAO Milwaukee, Wisconsin (later WTMJ-FM, off air in 1950, returning in 1959 on another
frequency). Also of note are General Electric stations W2XDA Schenectady and W2XOY New Scotland,
New York—two experimental frequency modulation transmitters on 48.5 MHz—which signed on
in 1939. The two were merged into one station using the W2XOY call letters on November 20,
1940, with the station taking the WGFM call letters a few years later, and moving to 99.5
MHz when the FM band was relocated to the 88–108 MHz portion of the radio spectrum.
General Electric sold the station in the 1980s, and today the station is called WRVE.
WEFM (in the Chicago area) and WGFM (in Schenectady, New York) were reported as the first stereo
stations.The first commercial FM broadcasting stations were in the United States, but initially
they were primarily used to simulcast their AM sister stations, to broadcast lush orchestral
music for stores and offices, to broadcast classical music to an upmarket listenership
in urban areas, or for educational programming. By the late 1960s, FM had been adopted for
broadcast of stereo "A.O.R.—'Album Oriented Rock' Format", but it was not until 1978 that
listenership to FM stations exceeded that of AM stations in North America. During the
1980s and 1990s, Top 40 music stations and later even country music stations largely
abandoned AM for FM. Today AM is mainly the preserve of talk radio, news, sports, religious
programming, ethnic (minority language) broadcasting and some types of minority interest music.
This shift has transformed AM into the "alternative band" that FM once was. (Some AM stations
have begun to simulcast on, or switch to, FM signals to attract younger listeners and
aid reception problems in buildings, during thunderstorms, and near high-voltage wires.
Some of these stations now emphasize their presence on the FM dial.)===Europe===
The medium wave band (known as the AM band because most stations using it employ amplitude
modulation) was overcrowded in Western Europe, leading to interference problems and, as a
result, many MW frequencies are suitable only for speech broadcasting.
Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and particularly Germany were among the first countries to
adopt FM on a widespread scale. Among the reasons for this were: The medium wave band in Western Europe became
overcrowded after World War II, mainly due to the best available medium wave frequencies
being used at high power levels by the Allied Occupation Forces, both for broadcasting entertainment
to their troops and for broadcasting Cold War propaganda across the Iron Curtain.
After World War II, broadcasting frequencies were reorganized and reallocated by delegates
of the victorious countries in the Copenhagen Frequency Plan. German broadcasters were left
with only two remaining AM frequencies and were forced to look to FM for expansion.Public
service broadcasters in Ireland and Australia were far slower at adopting FM radio than
those in either North America or continental Europe.====United Kingdom====
In the United Kingdom, the BBC began FM broadcasting in 1955, with three national networks: the
Light Programme, Third Programme and Home Service. These three networks used the sub-band
88.0–94.6 MHz. The sub-band 94.6–97.6 MHz was later used for BBC and local commercial
services. However, only when commercial broadcasting
was introduced to the UK in 1973 did the use of FM pick up in Britain. With the gradual
clearance of other users (notably Public Services such as police, fire and ambulance) and the
extension of the FM band to 108.0 MHz between 1980 and 1995, FM expanded rapidly throughout
the British Isles and effectively took over from LW and MW as the delivery platform of
choice for fixed and portable domestic and vehicle-based receivers. In addition, Ofcom
(previously the Radio Authority) in the UK issues on demand Restricted Service Licences
on FM and also on AM (MW) for short-term local-coverage broadcasting which is open to anyone who does
not carry a prohibition and can put up the appropriate licensing and royalty fees. In
2010 around 450 such licences were issued. When the BBC's radio networks were renamed
Radio 2, Radio 3 and Radio 4 respectively in 1967 to coincide with the launch of Radio
1, the new station was the only one of the main four to not have an FM frequency allocated,
which was the case for 21 years. Instead, Radio 1 shared airtime with Radio 2 FM, on
Saturday afternoons, Sunday evenings, weekday evenings (10pm to midnight) and Bank Holidays.
Eventually in 1987 a frequency range of 97.6-99.8 MHz was allocated as police relay transmitters
were moved from the 100 MHz frequency, starting in London before being broadly completed by
1989.====Italy====
Italy adopted FM broadcast widely in the early 1970s, but first experiments made by RAI dated
back to 1950, when the "movement for free radio", developed by so-called "pirates",
forced the recognition of free speech rights also through the use of "free radio media
such as Broadcast transmitters", and took the case to the Constitutional Court of Italy.
The court finally decided in favor of Free Radio. Just weeks after the court's final
decision there was an "FM radio boom" involving small private radio stations across the country.
By the mid 1970s, every city in Italy had a crowded FM radio spectrum.====Greece====
Greece was another European country where the FM radio spectrum was used at first by
the so-called "pirates" (both in Athens and Thessaloniki, the two major Greek cities)
in the mid 1970s, before any national stations had started broadcasting on it; there were
many AM (MW) stations in use for the purpose. No later than the end of 1977, the national
public service broadcasting company EIRT (later also known as ERT) placed in service its first
FM transmitter in the capital, Athens. By the end of the 1970s, most of Greek territory
was covered by three National FM programs, and every city had many FM "pirates" as well.
The adaptation of the FM band for privately owned commercial radio stations came far later,
in 1987.===Australia===
FM broadcasting started in Australian capital cities in 1947 on an "experimental" basis,
using an ABC national network feed, consisting largely of classical music and Parliament,
as a programme source. It had a very small audience and was shut down in 1961 ostensibly
to clear the television band: TV channel 5 (102.250 video carrier) if allocated would
fall within the VHF FM band (98–108 MHz). The official policy on FM at the time was
to eventually introduce it on another band, which would have required FM tuners custom-built
for Australia. This policy was finally reversed and FM broadcasting was reopened in 1975 using
the VHF band, after the few encroaching TV stations had been moved. Subsequently, it
developed steadily until in the 1980s many AM stations transferred to FM due to its superior
sound quality and lower operating costs. Today, as elsewhere in the developed world, most
urban Australian broadcasting is on FM, although AM talk stations are still very popular. Regional
broadcasters still commonly operate AM stations due to the additional range the broadcasting
method offers. Some stations in major regional centres simulcast on AM and FM bands. Digital
radio using the DAB+ standard has been rolled out to capital cities.===New Zealand===
Like Australia, New Zealand adopted the FM format relatively late. As was the case with
privately owned AM radio in the late 1960s, it took a spate of 'pirate' broadcasters to
persuade a control-oriented, technology-averse government to allow FM to be introduced after
at least five years of consumer campaigning starting in the mid-1970s, particularly in
Auckland. An experimental FM station, FM 90.7, was broadcast in Whakatane in early 1982.
Later that year, Victoria University of Wellington's Radio Active began full-time FM transmissions.
Commercial FM licences were finally approved in 1983, with Auckland-based 91FM and 89FM
being the first to take up the offer.[1]. Broadcasting was deregulated in 1989.===Trinidad and Tobago===
Trinidad and Tobago's first FM Radio station was 95.1FM, now rebranded as 951 Remix, was
launched in March 1976 by the TBC Radio Network.===Turkey===
In Turkey, FM broadcasting began in the late 1960s, carrying several shows from the One
television network which was transferred from the AM frequency (also known as MW in Turkey).
In subsequent years, more MW stations were slowly transferred to FM, and by the end of
the 1970s, most radio stations that were previously on MW had been moved to FM, though many talk,
news and sport, but mostly religious stations, still remain on MW.===Other countries===
Most other countries implemented FM broadcasting through 1960s and expanded their use of FM
through the 1990s. Because it takes a large number of FM transmitting stations to cover
a geographically large country, particularly where there are terrain difficulties, FM is
more suited to local broadcasting than for national networks. In such countries, particularly
where there are economic or infrastructural problems, "rolling out" a national FM broadcast
network to reach the majority of the population can be a slow and expensive process. Despite
this, mostly in east European counties, national FM broadcast networks were established in
the late 1960s and 1970s. In all Soviet-dependent countries but GDR, the OIRT band was used.
First restricted to 68–73 MHz with 100 kHz channel spacing, then in the 1970s eventually
expanded to 65.84–74.00 MHz with 30 kHz channel spacing.===ITU Conferences about FM===
The frequencies available for FM were decided by some important conferences of ITU. The
milestone of those conferences is the Stockholm agreement of 1961 among 38 countries. A 1984
conference in Geneva made some modifications to the original Stockholm agreement particularly
in the frequency range above 100 MHz.==FM broadcasting switch-off==In 2017, Norway became the first country so
far to completely switch to Digital audio broadcasting, the exception being some local
stations remaining on FM until 2022. The turnover to DAB+ meant that especially rural areas
obtained a far more diverse radio content compared to the FM-only period, as several
new radio stations had started transmissions on DAB+ in the years before the FM switch-off.==Small-scale use of the FM broadcast band
Consumer use of FM transmitters===In some countries, small-scale (Part 15 in
United States terms) transmitters are available that can transmit a signal from an audio device
(usually an MP3 player or similar) to a standard FM radio receiver; such devices range from
small units built to carry audio to a car radio with no audio-in capability (often formerly
provided by special adapters for audio cassette decks, which are becoming less common on car
radio designs) up to full-sized, near-professional-grade broadcasting systems that can be used to transmit
audio throughout a property. Most such units transmit in full stereo, though some models
designed for beginner hobbyists might not. Similar transmitters are often included in
satellite radio receivers and some toys. Legality of these devices varies by country.
The U.S. Federal Communications Commission and Industry Canada allow them. Starting on
1 October 2006, these devices became legal in most countries in the European Union. Devices
made to the harmonised European specification became legal in the UK on 8 December 2006.The
FM broadcast band is also used by some inexpensive wireless microphones sold as toys for karaoke
or similar purposes, allowing the user to use an FM radio as an output rather than a
dedicated amplifier and speaker. Professional-grade wireless microphones generally use bands in
the UHF region so they can run on dedicated equipment without broadcast interference.
Some wireless headphones transmit in the FM broadcast band, with the headphones tunable
to only a subset of the broadcast band. Higher-quality wireless headphones use infrared transmission
or UHF ISM bands such as 315 MHz, 863 MHz, 915 MHz, or 2.4 GHz instead of the FM broadcast
band.===Microbroadcasting===
Low-power transmitters such as those mentioned above are also sometimes used for neighborhood
or campus radio stations, though campus radio stations are often run over carrier current.
This is generally considered a form of microbroadcasting. As a general rule, enforcement towards low-power
FM stations is stricter than with AM stations, due to problems such as the capture effect,
and as a result, FM microbroadcasters generally do not reach as far as their AM competitors.===Clandestine use of FM transmitters===
FM transmitters have been used to construct miniature wireless microphones for espionage
and surveillance purposes (covert listening devices or so-called "bugs"); the advantage
to using the FM broadcast band for such operations is that the receiving equipment would not
be considered particularly suspect. Common practice is to tune the bug's transmitter
off the ends of the broadcast band, into what in the United States would be TV channel 6
(107.9 MHz); most FM radios with analog tuners
have sufficient overcoverage to pick up these slightly-beyond-outermost frequencies, although
many digitally tuned radios have not. Constructing a "bug" is a common early project
for electronics hobbyists, and project kits to do so are available from a wide variety
of sources. The devices constructed, however, are often too large and poorly shielded for
use in clandestine activity. In addition, much pirate radio activity is
broadcast in the FM range, because of the band's greater clarity and listenership, the
smaller size and lower cost of equipment.==See also=====FM broadcasting by country===
FM broadcasting in Australia FM broadcasting in Canada
FM broadcasting in Egypt FM broadcasting in India
FM broadcasting in Japan FM broadcasting in New Zealand
FM broadcasting in Pakistan FM broadcasting in the UK
FM broadcasting in the United States===FM broadcasting (technical)===
AM broadcasting AM stereo (related technology)
FM broadcast band FM stereo
Frequency modulation Long-distance FM reception (FM DX)
Ripping music from FM broadcasts RDS (Radio Data System)===Lists===
List of broadcast station classes Lists of radio stations in North America===History===
History of radio Oldest radio station===Bands===
Band I Band II
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation | Wikipedia audio article
This Week in the Headlines: November 10-14, 2014
and broadcast engineering fm broadcasting for improves your listening skills learn while on the move learning by listening radio communications reduce eye strain text to speech the wikipedia audio article


Port Orange Police Department will be conducting a DUI checkpoint on Friday, May 18. The checkpoint is scheduled to occur between the hours of 10:00 PM and 2:00 AM in the 1300 block of Dunlawton Avenue.
The checkpoint is being funded by a $12,000 grant from the Florida Department of Transportation. Evan Doyle, Port Orange Police Department's Community Relations and Public Information Officer, says the department is planning to hold "monthly saturation patrols in the city" which are intended to catch drivers under the influence and money from the grant will be utilized to pay any overtime to the police officers who are manning the checkpoints.


text:
Ben Stein's Diary
Hating the Rain
There's always Vietnam instead, and maybe some good news.
by Ben Stein
April 7, 2020, 1:32 PM
Rainfall in Southern California (YouTube screenshot)
It's raining here, and I hate that. But I was in Rancho Mirage yesterday, and that was fabulous. The sky was a perfect light blue. The temperature was about 80, and a pleasant breeze blew across my swimming pool and moved the fronds of our giant palm trees. There was not one soul on the golf course, but the course was a lush green, and there was snow on the mountains behind it.
I do not deserve to have a house as beautiful as this. Of course I won't have it forever. I'm old.
I was driven down by a friend who says he's totally broke from the slowdown. He was so nervous about it that he was literally shaking as he was driving. But we talked about it, and he calmed down considerably. He's a genius, and he'll figure out something.
When I got home, my wifey and our nurses had some filet of sole that I sautéed in olive oil. It was great. I think by some stroke of luck, I am a chef of fish as long as it can be sautéed. Extra virgin olive oil. Must be fresh and preferably Spanish or Italian.
Then we watched about three hours of Ken Burns' incredibly well-made documentary about the Vietnam War. It was painfully sad. The suffering of all the people involved was lengthy and pointless. We had super motives in going into it. The communists were killers, and we were trying to keep the South a fairly free country. But the communists were tough as nails and extremely determined. And it's a big country, and the people there were smart, and many of them hated America.
So almost 60,000 Americans died and about a million Vietnamese. And the results? Suppressed rage against Nixon that got him kicked out of office, an office he was great at doing. A genocidal regime in neighboring Cambodia. Unimaginable cruelty. Vietnam a communist country where bribes have to be paid for anything important or even trivial.
But you have to give the Vietnamese communists credit: they got rid of the Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot, and that was one of the best things any country has ever done.
We have a Vietnamese woman as my wife's manicurist and masseuse. She often asks me why the U.S. waged a war in Vietnam. "It was a well-intentioned mistake," I always tell her. "A terrible mistake."
She's a U.S. citizen, but she sometimes goes back to Vietnam and says it's totally corrupt and people are very poor and only the party bosses live decently.
"What were the Vietnamese fighting so hard for then?" I ask her.
"Honestly, Ben," she answers, "I have no idea."
"Heart rendering," as my wife would say.
The documentary shows the way we students lived then, too. Demonstrations. Sex. Rock and roll. We lived like kings while our fellows were getting killed right and left, maimed, living in filth. It was a horrible combination for the fighting men and women, but wow, did we students have fun. (I was lucky. I had joined NROTC in 1962 and been kicked out for having asthma, which kept me out of the draft for Vietnam.)
I feel very guilty about it. BUT, and this is a big BUT, my father-in-law, a Silver Star, Bronze Star, Distinguished Service medal winning career Army officer who fought in World War II and Vietnam, told me in 1966, "If I were young and in school, I would do everything I could to end the war. It's a pointless meat grinder. Please demonstrate all you can."
So, what am I to think?
Anyway, today I had a long talk with my dear friend and fraternity brother at Columbia, Larry Lissitzyn, an extremely accomplished lawyer and a combat Marine in Vietnam. He is so self-effacing about his time in Vietnam it brings tears to my eyes. Also my classmate at Yale Law School, John Keker, was a combat Marine in Vietnam, who suffered serious injuries, and he never brags about it ever. He is one of the most capable lawyers in America and a name to be conjured with in law. He's a dear friend and a super-smart graduate of Princeton. He grew up near me in Montgomery County, Maryland, and his mother was a power in county politics. John is a genuinely amazing man, as is Larry. Marines are amazing people.
Today there is a lot of good news about the fight against coronavirus, but I think I'll stay home today anyway. The stock market went up like Sputnik today, and that helps my mood, too. Money is an amazing mood-changer.
But what must it be like to be Larry Lissitzyn or John Keker and know that you are smart and brave and modest and can fight in combat situations and then come home and make a brilliant career in law?
It must be glorious, just as it must have been to be my father-in-law, Col. Dale Denman Jr. None of them ever boasted. Never.
Thank you, dear Lord, for sending us men like them.
Ben Stein
Ben Stein is a writer, actor, economist, and lawyer living in Beverly Hills and Malibu. He writes "Ben Stein's Diary" for every issue of The American Spectator.

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text:
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Russian Izba. Its Origin and Interior
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Russian izba is part of Russian culture. Its unique architecture reflects the loyalty to ancient traditions in dwelling construction, but its characteristic feature is its durability and unique construction. Organization and interior of izba had been created for many years. Today there are not many traditional Russian houses left, but they still can be found in some regions.
What is Russian izba?
Russian izba is a house build from square frames of logs. Slavic people used to live in this type of houses for centuries. At that time, the ancestors of the Russian people loved their home, so their whole life took place within the walls of this unique building. The word "izba" originates from "истьба", which in Old Slavic means "house" or "banya".
Origin of Russian izba
Until the 10th century Russians used to build their houses from wood. Logs of trees which were partially put into the ground to ensure greater reliability and durability of the structure served as the foundation for the future building. Then the main part of the izba was build. There were no doors or windows. There were 1-metre high holes. There was a stone hearth inside, but since there was no chimney, all the smoke went through the entrance hole. In the beginning, the floors in the house were earthen, but later people started to cover them with wooden boards. People step by step improved Russian izba, and in the end, there appeared the type of Russian izba which is familiar to everyone: with windows, a door, and a Russian stove.
External and internal organization of Russian izba
In Russian izba, there was only one room which the owners separated into several parts. The stove corner which was separated with a curtain was an obligatory part of the izba. There were also separate zones for men and women. All corners in the house were built according to the four cardinal points, and the most important among them was the Eastern (red) corner, where the family had the iconostasis. It was the icons that the guests had to pay attention first after entering the izba.
Hosts always paid special attention to the construction of the porch. It was carefully thought out. Artistic taste, ancient traditions, and creativity were the main components in the construction. Porch connected izba with street and was seen by guests and passersby. Traditionally, in the evenings the whole family and neighbors gathered on the porch, where they sang songs and danced.
Seni is a room that was built in order to separate the living area from the street and keep the house warm. A high threshold was built to separate seni and the heated area, which prevented the cold air getting into the house. Also, seni was used to store necessary things and food.
Russian stove
Russian stove used to be the center of Russians' everyday life. It was used for cooking and heating; it also was a sleeping place and a bath. There were places for various utensils in the walls of the stove. In the traditional Russian izba the stove was the main element of the house; it was placed in the main area, to the right or to the left of the entrance.
Since ancient times, there were a lot of beliefs associated with the stove. People believed that domovoy lived on the stove. People also never took out the garbage from the house. As a rule, they used to burn it in the stove, believing that this way all energy remains in the house and it contributes to prosperity and wealth in the family.
Stove corner
Stove corner or as it is called "babiy kut" is an important space in the life of Russian women. It performed a number of functions. It was separated with a curtain, sometimes with a wooden wall. All kitchen utensils were kept in the corner. In the stove corner women washed and dried linen, cooked food, healed children, and read fortune. Brides were waiting for their grooms on the day of their wedding. Here, women gave birth to their children and breastfed their children, hiding from behind the curtain.
In those days, almost every woman did handicraft, so the stove corner was the most convenient place for privacy. Men were absolutely banned from the stove corner, even the men from the family, and especially great insult to the hosts was if a stranger man got behind the curtain.
Men's corner (conik)
Men's corner was always situated on the right from the entrance. There was a wide bench which had wooden fence on both sides. Boards were cut in the form of a horse's head, that is why the men's corner got its second name – conik. Men kept their tools and other things they used for construction work or other male jobs under the bench.
In the corner men used to mend shoes and utensils, as well as made baskets. All guests who came for a short time could have a sit in the corner. The most important function of the corner – men slept and had rest here.
Red corner
Red corner is a sacred, lightest and most important place in Russian izba. It had always been clean; there were icons and embroidered towels. The icons of the Virgin and Savior were the most important ones. Freshly baked bread was always kept under the icons and it was covered with towels. There was a big table in the red corner and people had their meals there.
If you come to a Russian village today, you'll see that a lot of houses look similar. They are the final result of the development of the traditional Russian izba, but despite their similarity, each house is still unique because of its individual design.
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Do you only love to collect paper stationery or does your love extend to gift cards, pens, and notebooks? You're not alone!
The Lisa Frank collection explodes with bright glittery neon rainbowy colors full of glitz and glam! The stuff of a kid's dreams!
As a little girl, Lisa loved to… color, and color, and color, and she also liked to read, do artwork, and do all kinds of girly stuff. Her birthday presents were always some kind of artsy thing; her favorite was her weaving loom. Well, all this kind of made sense for her, as her father was an art collector and her mother a pottery designer.
Lisa started out designing plastic jewelry that sold in upscale stores like Bloomingdales and Neiman Marcus under the brand Sticky Fingers. When she switched her line of design from jewelry to stationery, some of her characters are shown wearing those earrings and necklaces. Once she started designing her stationery, she couldn't stop; she spent hours with her paints and brushes getting it just right.
You think anyone could print Lisa Frank items? The company ordered a specially made ink that printed bolder and brighter. The recipe was a huge secret and any company they worked with had to sign a special confidentiality agreement. And once finished, one copy of every item was placed in a fireproof vault!
Gotta be the most well-dressed cat you've ever seen! Meet Purrscilla the Cat — wearing gorgeous colorful clothing and jewels, frolicking around, living the life of absolute luxury, and loving to get pampered and puffed.
The personal favorite of Lisa. And can't forget Markie, the unicorn prancing around on Airfluff Island in swirls of clouds, colors, and hearts. He was a happy-go-lucky animal and friends with all!
Tzirel, age 34: In my class, you were super cool if you had the Lisa Frank Trapper Keeper. After much begging and cajoling, my parents finally agreed to buy me one. It was super colorful and had a picture of a panda painting.
Devora, mother of four: I had a massive collection of everything Lisa Frank. I was totally obsessed. I got Lisa Frank stuff for every occasion I could. Even my teacher was giving it out as prizes. And she got us to work hard! I think I learned the most that year! Don't tell anyone but I recently saw a super-duper colorful sweatshirt on the rack and knew right away it was a Lisa Frank piece. I couldn't resist. I bought it!
A favorite for kids and teachers. Can be found in virtually every classroom and on every bulletin board. Bright and friendly with their trademark smile. Can you guess? Carson-Dellosa. Do those friendly guys add a bit of color and cheer to your school day? Chana N. remembers the days of her youth colored with lots of stationery collecting. Her favorites? The smiley school buses — on notepads, on Post-its, and postcards.


text:
'Outlander' Season 3, Episode 11 Recap: A Deserted Island, a Wedding, and You'll Never Think of Turtle Soup the Same Way
David Bloomer/STARZ
Watch With Us
By Roxane Gay
This article centers on Season 3, Episode 11 of Outlander, "Uncharted." If you're not yet caught up with the show, be warned: Spoilers abound.
The first half of this week's episode is basically the worst episode of 18th-century Survivor ever. Or, maybe it's more like a retelling of Castaway, with a coconut Wilson (stay tuned). When we last saw Claire, she was jumping into the ocean for love (hot sex); and this week finds her wandering around a seemingly deserted island with no food or water, the sun beating down on her without mercy, and experiencing basically all the worst parts of the Bible—again for love (hot sex). She has somehow floated past Grand Turk and landed on a mystery island. She walks around, panting, getting sunburned, and probably longing for 20th century Boston, eventually licking some leaves, desperate for fresh water. (Unfortunately, the leaves don't have any water on them.) At one point, Claire stumbles upon some flint. In that moment, I understood that this episode was going to exist solely within the realm of the absurd. With that realization, I was thus able to enjoy it a lot more. Sometimes you simply have to surrender. This is a show where, whenever a character needs something, the universe will somehow provide after making them hurt for it a little or a lot. Let's just go with it. Time travel is a thing, after all.
For around twenty minutes and three days, Claire stumbles around suffering. She makes a fire the first night with her remarkably found flint and falls asleep, hungry and thirsty and probably horny. When Claire wakes, she is covered in thousands of ants. She frantically brushes them off and her legs are completely jacked up—we're talking Defcon Amputation. I lost my shit a little because I hate bugs and insects and I would have thrown myself in the ocean after such an incident. Claire wraps her legs with some fabric. Why? I do not know. Then she resumes her walkabout, heading into a jungle. There are scary sounds and it looks pretty sweltering and horrible, but Claire is surprisingly calm. Still no water to be found. When she falls asleep that second night, she is still deep in the jungle, nestled against a tree. This time when she wakes up there is a huge snake crawling across her and she lies there, perfectly still, making crazy eyes as the snake slithers across her and on to its original destination. Watching this episode was a trauma from which I will not soon recover.
On the third day, Claire is stumbling around, her legs raging with a scary ant infection, when she hears a man's voice. And, of course, she passes right the fuck out. When she wakes up, she's in a home of some kind, tied to the bed…but not in a sexy way. A woman named Mamacita (let us not even get into how problematic this is) speaks to Claire in Spanish, explaining that she has tied Claire up so she won't scratch herself. Mamacita gives Claire a little water and Claire, understandably, passes right back out. She comes to again, and is being stared at by a Father Fogden, who is giddy to encounter another Englishperson in the middle of wherever. Claire quickly learns that she is on Santo Domingo and that Father Fogden is a bit nutty. He has a coconut, Coco, whom he consults on various matters and with whom he has lengthy and elaborate conversations. Every single time Fogden chatted with Coco, I wanted to shout, "WILSON!!!!!!" Also, he gets high on his own supply, so who knows what all is going on there.
I'll just get Fogden's story out of the way—he went to Cuba for mission work and fell in love with a woman named Ermenegilda. There was some drama, so they fled for Santo Domingo where, alas, Ermenegilda perished. Now Fogden lives with her mother, Mamacita, who doesn't like having Claire around, worrying that Claire will take the place of her dead daughter in Fogden's heart. Mamacita is none too subtle, calling Claire a whore and other feminist terms of endearment. This is the silliest bit of plot but, like I said, surrender.
Claire, for her part, just wants to get to Kingston to warn Jamie, but Fogden says Coco doesn't approve and she must wait a week, two weeks, forever probably. Claire tries to strike up a conversation with Coco to change Fogden's mind but it isn't until Fogden realizes that Claire loves Jamie the way he loves dead Ermenegilda that he's willing to let her go, maybe, if Coco approves. Mamacita, meanwhile, is doing everything she can to get Claire on her way.
There is some excitement at the Fogden household when Mamacita comes running up with a skinned goat's head, as one does, talking about a Chinese sailor who spit-roasted Fogden's beloved goat Arabella. Fogden gets a jar of horrible bugs and lets them loose on the goat head and explains the provenance of the bugs—a cave in Jamaica. Then Claire has a flashback to that one guy's mentally ill sister from a few episodes back, who mentioned these same bugs. It's just… a lot. Claire, always quick about her wits, realizes that the Chinese sailor is probably Willoughby, and that Jamie is far closer than she realized. With a little direction from Mamacita, Claire takes off running, the spirit of Jamie's cock guiding her.
Casey Crafford/STARZ
Not at all far away, Jamie and Fergus are walking and talking on a beach, Jamie's pectoral muscles bared and well defined. It quickly becomes apparent that the Porpoise ran into some trouble. Captain Raines and a lot of the crew are dead. The remaining crewmembers are repairing the ship's mast and sails and Jamie is basically the boss of everyone. Fergus is worried that his dirty thoughts caused the accident but Jamie assures the younger man such is not the case.
When Claire makes it to the beach, Jamie and the crew are already back on the ship because the drama has to get a little more dramatic before it can be resolved. Will they reunite? Yes, they will. Claire takes a little mirror from her pocket and signals to the ship and Jamie spies her waving to him through a spyglass and then he's rowing back to the beach and they are running into each other's arms and the score is swelling to let us know that something romantically thrilling is happening. Guys, we know.
Jamie's kinsmen, Lesley and Hayes, have a funny little chat where one says, "MacDoon's wife turns up in the most unlikely places, does she not?" and the other says, "Aye, she just drops in out of nowhere." It's nice that the show is willing to acknowledge the absurdity of this couple's globe-trotting and the wild convenience with which they show up where they are wanted at the most opportune times.
As Claire catches Jamie up on her adventures, Willoughby stitches a cut in her arm from running into a sharp branch as she ran to her beloved. She is worried that Jamie is going to be arrested in Jamaica, but Jamie is determined to find young Ian and assures Claire that everything is going to work out even though their lives are constantly a disaster.
To cheer everyone up, Jamie decides there should be a wedding and Claire certainly knows a preacher. They head back to Father Fogden for a wedding. Willoughby apologizes for killing Arabella, offers a rooster as penance, and then smokes up with the priest.
While Marsali is getting dressed, Claire helps lace her into her corset and they have something of a sex talk and become a bit friendlier. Marsali asks about birth control and Claire, surprisingly, says, "You don't want a child?" It's quite bizarre to see Claire being so old-fashioned and gender conforming, particularly when she is so sexually…spirited. The show had the chance to do something really interesting with this scene and they fell short, though in the end Claire does tell Marsali she'll help her stay child-free so she and Fergus can have lots of newlywed sex without worrying about a wee bairn until they are ready.
The wedding ceremony itself is charming and quite sweet; true to who Fergus and Marsali are. When Fogden asks Fergus for his last name, it is Jamie who speaks up and says he is "Fergus Claudel Fraser." Awww, shucks. Back on the Porpoise, Claire eats some turtle soup like it's the last meal on earth. When Jamie kisses her, he realizes his wife has a fever. Claire says not to worry because she has her handy future antibiotics. She's perhaps a bit drunk and mad with fever, but when it comes time for Jamie to help out and give Claire a shot in her ass (heh), he wusses out. Claire gives herself the shot because a woman's work is never done.
With that taken care of, feverish Claire is feeling randy. She eats some more turtle soup and notes, "Turtle is supposed to be an aphrodisiac." Now the Frasers are really feeling each other. The flirting begins in earnest, with Jamie telling Claire, "Your nipples staring me in the eyes, the size of cherries." The size of cherries? But in Jamie's brogue, it actually sounds pretty sexy. At first, Jamie protests coyly about not taking advantage of Claire in her inebriated feverish state but before long they are making out and stripping and having incredibly hot sex, while standing up. Finally, FINALLY, in the waning moments of the episode, Outlander gets to the good stuff. Hopefully, next week feature even more hot sex on a ship in the Caribbean. Fingers crossed!
Roxane Gay is the author of Bad Feminist, Difficult Women, and most recently, Hunger. She is also the author of World of Wakanda for Marvel and a contributing opinion writer for The New York Times.
More Outlander:
Sam Heughan of Outlander Doesn't Mind if You Objectify His 'Fine Ass'
Caitriona Balfe Says There's Less Sex on 'Outlander' Than You Think—and That's a Good Thing
Topicsoutlanderwatch with us


text:
Q: Laravel Search Sort filter by Button click Its Possible to make an Search filter with an Button click?
Thats what i have try and i think its work in this way:
I have in the Menu one Search Input Field and after i search an Word i see the results + the Sortby Button.
Route for Search:
Route::any ( '/search', function () {
    $q = Input::get ( 'q' );
    if($q != ""){
    $products = Product::where ( 'name', 'LIKE', '%' . $q . '%' )->orWhere ( 'description', 'LIKE', '%' . $q . '%' )->paginate (200)->setPath ( '' );
    $pagination = $products->appends ( array (
                'q' => Input::get ( 'q' )
        ) );

    if (count ( $products ) > 0)
        return view ( 'search' )->withDetails ( $products )->withQuery ( $q );
    }

$s = Input::get ( 's' );
    if($s != ""){
    $products = Product::where ( 'name', 'LIKE', '%' . $s . '%' )->orWhere ( 'description', 'LIKE', '%' . $s . '%' )->paginate (200)->setPath ( '' );
    $pagination = $products->appends ( array (
                's' => Input::get ( 's' )
        ) );

    if (count ( $products ) > 0)
        return view ( 'search' )->withDetails ( $products )->withQuery ( $q );
    }

        return view ( 'search' )->withMessage ( 'We dont found any Products with your search query. Please try again !' );
} );

The $s is what i have added now to try the Button:
$s = Input::get ( 's' );
        if($s != ""){
        $products = Product::where ( 'name', 'LIKE', '%' . $s . '%' )->orWhere ( 'description', 'LIKE', '%' . $s . '%' )->paginate (200)->setPath ( '' );
        $pagination = $products->appends ( array (
                    's' => Input::get ( 's' )
            ) );

        if (count ( $products ) > 0)
            return view ( 'search' )->withDetails ( $products )->withQuery ( $q );
        }

My $s Button:
<form action="/search" method="get">
  Choose your favorite subject:
  <button name="q" type="submit" value="{{ $query }}{{ $s }}">HTML</button>
</form>

The value from the Button is default only value="{{ $query }}"
I have added also {{ $s }} to it but first i must change the $s Route of Course later that i can Products sortby for example created_at.
I want an Url like this: /search?q=mysearchword&s=createdat
Possible?
If yes how i can add the & after q=mysearchword and what i must write in my Route instead of $s = Input::get ( 's' ); because its not an input.
Many Thanks!

A: You can not pass two parameters like that.
Instead, use an input hidden with the value you want to pass.
Also, you should do it as well for the $query var.
<form action="/search" method="get">
  Choose your favorite subject:
  <input type="hidden" name="s" value="{{ $s }}" />
  <input type="hidden" name="q" value="{{ $query  }}" />
  <input type="submit" value="SUBMIT" />
</form>

If yes how i can add the & after q=mysearchword and what i must write in my Route instead of $s = Input::get ( 's' ); because its not an input.

The way i showed you, you can get the $s var using Input::get('s') because it is now an input
Another way to do it, and following how you have your html you can add a delimiter in between your $query and $s var and explode the result in php:
<form action="/search" method="get">
  Choose your favorite subject:
  <button name="q" type="submit" value="{{ $query }}&{{ $s }}">HTML</button>
</form>

And php:
$q = Input::get ( 'q' );
$data = explode('&', $q);
$query = $data[0];
$s = $data[1];

https://secure.php.net/manual/en/function.explode.php

A: first of all, use a controller to avoid this spaghetti code inside your route:

*

*eg., modify your route to Route::any ( '/search', ['as'=> 'find', 'uses' => 'SearchController@find']);

*create SearchController.php, and add find method there
    public function find(Request $request){

        $input = $request->all();
        $q = $input['q'];
        $s = $input['s'];
        /*continue here your code*/
        }

*Then change your html to send q and s from your form:

    <form action="/search" method="get">
      Choose your favorite subject:
     <input id="q" name="q" type="hidden" value="{{ $query}}">
     <input id="s" name="s" type="hidden" value="{{ $s }}">
      <button name="button" type="submit">HTML</button>
    </form>

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A Goldman Sachs Group Inc. indicator designed to provide a "reasonable signal for future bear-market risk" has risen to the highest in almost 50 years.
The firm's Bull/Bear Index, which is based on measures of equity valuation, growth momentum, unemployment, inflation and the yield curve, is now at levels last seen in 1969.
While the gauge is at levels that have historically preceded a bear market, Goldman strategists including Peter Oppenheimer wrote in a note last week that a long period of relatively low returns from stocks is a more likely alternative.


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text:
NMS, Matatu Owners Face-Off Over CBD Ban
Africa-Press – Kenya. Matatu owners and the Nairobi Metropolitan Service (NMS) have been locked in a fresh battle as the ban on Public Service Vehicles (PSVs) from the Central Business District (CBD) is set to take effect.
The matatu owners have vowed not to adhere to the CBD ban throwing confusion into the plan by NMS who revised the deadline to mid-January.
According to the matatu owners, NMS Director General Major General Mohammed Badi has ulterior motives in banning matatus from the CBD.
National Matatu Owners Association chairman John Muthonga noted that they would defy the ban on matatus from the CBD.
"We will not be moved out of this city. We have enough rights like other Kenyans. We want the exercise done in an inclusive manner where our views will be well represented," he said.
Matatu Owners Association (MOA) chairman Simon Kimutai encouraged consultation between them and the NMS before effecting the ban.
"We support any attempt that will make this city a better place. But we must share our views as well," insisted Kimutai.
NMS Transport, Roads and Public Works director Michael Ochieng, however, vowed that the service will not relent on the matatu ban.
"We are in consultation with stakeholders to see if we can have a phased opening and commissioning of the termini to avoid the situation turning chaotic.
"We are in talks with real stakeholders, the ones complaining are people who don't even own vehicles. All serious investors are fully behind our plan," stated Ochieng.
Ochieng added that the exact date of the matatu ban would be communicated in due time by Badi after the initial directive that was set on Monday, December 14 failed to take off.
NMS also plans to revamp and rehabilitate traffic signals to improve traffic management and further decongest the CBD.
Africa Press-Kenya


text:
Society of the Sacred Heart at the UN
Pause for Peace
RSCJ at the UN
Seeking asylum – seeking refuge – a big challenge for Australia
Photo: John Englart
Apart from the Aboriginal people who have been in Australia since somewhere between 60,000 and 80,000 years all Australians are migrants or descendants of migrants or of people who have sought refuge in Australia following civil strife, war, violence, and natural disasters. Yet, today in face of the terrible plight of people seeking asylum, Australia is demonstrating a reluctance to receive people who are in dire need, especially if they have come by sea (boat) in which case they are regarded as illegal which, in most cases, they are not.
Twelve months ago Bishop Vincent Long Van Nguyen was appointed the fourth bishop of Parramatta, a catholic diocese adjoining the Sydney Archdiocese. He himself, as a teenager, came as a refugee by boat from Vietnam in 1980, and his appointment is a reminder to all of the contributions migrants and people seeking refuge/asylum have made and continue to make to the Australian community. We have been exposed to the cultures of peoples from all countries of the world and have been greatly enriched by them.
The 2015-16 Social Justice Statement of the Catholic Bishops of Australia is entitled For Those Who've Come Across the Seas – justice for refugees and asylum seekers and is very timely in view of the stance of our political leaders and many in the general community. It begins with the quotation from the words of Pope Francis at Lampedusa in 2013 - "We are a society that has forgotten how to weep, how to experience compassion – 'suffering with' others: the globalisation of indifference has taken from us the ability to weep".
Our national anthem includes the words 'for those who've come across the seas we've boundless plains to share' and there are people who cannot sing those words knowing that we are not generous enough to share those plains. One of the scripture readings for our national day, Australia Day on 26th January, includes the words " … giving the stranger a loving welcome" (Rom.12:13). One form of deterrence is that of promising that those who come by boat will never be settled in Australia; some boats have been turned back prior to arrival, and those who have arrived have been taken to Nauru (Pacific) and Manus Island (Papua New Guinea) where conditions are appalling and people are languishing in hopelessness. Needless to say, many have lost their lives on the perilous journeys by boat.
Community groups in Australia are trying to bring about change, including a group of people from various religious groups some of whom are leaders of religious institutes or members who are particularly active. There have been public rallies and marches but still our political leaders are resisting change. Certainly Australian society is divided over the debate concerning people seeking asylum but now that we have had another election perhaps some change of heart and attitude may have the possibility of emerging.
Esmey Herscovitch, rscj
Province of Australia – New Zealand
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So, you have decided to get remarried, and you need second wedding dress ideas. Since you have already done this once, you should have some idea of what to expect when you venture out to find that perfect dress.
However, things are a little different the second time around. You are more mature, you have a better idea of what you want and overall your stress level should be lower (hopefully).
You may want to go with a dress that is more casual than your first, or maybe this is your chance to have the formal wedding you never had. We are here to help guide you on your way to finding your perfect dress for your second wedding.
For more ideas and hints for second weddings, be sure to visit our 2nd Wedding Ideas guide.
You have a lot of options available to you the second time around. First weddings typically mean traditional, formal gowns that are usually white.
For your second wedding there are not any rules written in stone. Most brides opt for a more casual dress for their second wedding; however it is perfectly alright to wear a formal gown if you want to.
A tropical or beach casual wedding dress is the perfect example of a popular choice. They are typically halter, spaghetti strap or strapless and on the less formal side.
Your second wedding is your chance to really let your personality and style shine through. You are older and have a better idea of who you are. Have some fun and get creative!
Is It OK To Wear White?
In generations past it was not considered good wedding etiquette for a second bride to wear white. Things have changed, however, and in today's society it is absolutely OK if you want to wear white.
Some brides opt for different alternatives to white like cream, red or even a black wedding dress. The choice is really up to you, but the dress color you choose should match your overall wedding theme and style.
Don't limit yourself to just bridal stores when searching for your second wedding dress. Check department stores and other dress shops as well as online.
Most second brides forgo the veil and other traditional items like garters. Again, if this is something you want to do it is perfectly OK to do so.
Make sure you match the rest of the bridal party. If you are going casual, your bridesmaids should also. Same thing with the men of the wedding party. Tuxedos would probably look awkward if you decided to go the casual route.


What was your go-to cologne or perfume as a teenager?
Listen to Neil and Leah's chat this morning about their go-to perfume and cologne they wore as a teenager.
I had my go-to perfume when I was teenager, actually quite a few of my friends and other girls wore the same. It was "Exclamation." So many of us girls at my high school would walk down the halls with the same scent, I mean many of us.
I would of course douse myself in it like most of us did because I truly thought it smelled amazing. I wore it for a few years and then eventually moved on to more mature scents. I recently had the chance to smell Exclamation when I was in Walmart the other day, yes you can still buy it. I smelled it and thought…ummm yes that brings me back but then I thought whey did I ever wear this stuff?
It didn't smell as good as I thought that it was all those years ago. I thought I would do a little research on the perfume and discovered it came out in 1988 but only became popular in the 90's. The description for Exclamation is a scent with a mixture of vanilla, peach, and apricot. Sounds yummy but really not so much, not anymore.
Drakkar smelled okay. I mean it's no Axe Spray but neither is Pepe Le Pew.
Rapper Drake has a Drakar Noir Tattoo.
I stopped using Drakkar after my first skin rash.
My father kept wondering how come his Old Spice was running low after 5 years.


text:
Džundži Sakata (* 10. května 1974 Obihiro, Japonsko) je někdejší japonský lední hokejista, která hrával na pozici útočníka. Vedle hokeje se zkoušel prosadit i v rychlobruslení.

Život
V juniorském věku, na počátku devadesátých let 20. století, hrával za celek Kokudo Tokio a rovněž nastupoval za japonskou reprezentaci v ledním hokeji. Postupně hrál i za muže, a to jak v Kokudu, tak rovněž v reprezentaci. Při své první sezóně za Kokudo jej odborníci vyhlásili nejlepším nováčkem a za osm let působení v tokijském mužstvu vybojoval šest mistrovských titulů. Zahrál si tak i na světových šampionátech, byť na domácí zimní olympijské hry 1998 v Naganu se do nominace nedostal. Roku 1999 nastoupil na mistrovství světa v zápase proti výběru České republiky (2:12) a během utkání přihrál na jeden z gólů svého mužstva. Své první reprezentační branky vstřelil v roce 2001 v zápasech kvalifikace Dálného východu, které předcházely mistrovství světa v ledním hokeji.

Tou dobou již měl za sebou roční angažmá v Evropě, a to na Britských ostrovech. Během ročníku 1999/2000 nastupoval v dresu celku Peterborough Pirates, jenž tehdy hrál Britskou národní ligu v ledním hokeji (BNL). Po ní se vrátil do Japonska, do Kokuda.

Další zahraniční angažmá získal Sakata na sezónu 2003/2004, kdy se z Japonska přesunul na sever Evropy. Za týmy Sollefteå HK a Olofströms IK odehrál celkem 14 soutěžních zápasů, než přestoupil do severní Ameriky do celku Lakeland Loggerheads hrajícího World Hockey Association 2 (WHA2). Další rok se stěhoval zpět do Evropy a ročník 2004/2005 hrál ve druhé francouzské lize za klub z Montpellier. Poté přestoupil do České republiky.

Hlavním sponzorem klubu HC Škoda Plzeň, jenž tehdy hrál pod názvem Lasselsberger, se stala japonská společnost Daikin. Do celku mužstva, které se začátku ročníku 2005/2006 trápilo, přibyl japonský hokejista. Příliš se ale neosvědčil, když během dvou sezón odehrál jen deset utkání a nezískal v nich žádný bod. Během ročníku 2005/2006 ještě hostoval v celku HC Berounští Medvědi, za něž v sedmnácti utkáních vstřelil jednu branku a na další dvě přihrál. Sakata se tak stal třetím japonským hokejistou, jenž nastoupil do soutěžních zápasů v české nejvyšší soutěži. Během sezóny 1993/1994 nastoupil k 21 zápasům v dresu Kladna útočník Hirojuki Murakami a během ledna 1999 odehrál za tentýž klub jeden zápas Masanori Kon. Před sezónou 2003/2004 navíc kladenští neúspěšně zkoušeli další dva Japonce, a sice Akifumiho Okujamu a Takešiho Saita.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

Japonští lední hokejisté
Hráči HC Plzeň
Hráči HC Beroun
Narození v Obihiru
Narození v roce 1974
Narození 10. května
Žijící lidé
Muži

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia