text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
Ferromagnetic (III, Mn)-V diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) have
attracted considerable attention among scientist during
the past years \cite{Ohno99,Dietl02}. Their investigation has been
driven by the idea of using their coupled electronic and magnetic
degrees of freedom to construct  electronic devices ranging from fast
nonvolatile memories to quantum computers \cite{ZuticEtal04}.
To date, however, technical applicability has been limited by the
fact that most known DMS have Curie temperatures $T_C$ below room
temperature\cite{ReedEtal01,Dietl02,EdmondsEtal02,KuEtal03,ParkEtal02}.

For the development of ferromagnetic DMS with higher Curie
temperatures, it is important to understand theoretically the
magnetism in these materials and to develop theories which provide
reliable qualitative {\em and} quantitative predictions.
The magnetism in these materials is due to magnetic moments localized
at magnetic impurities, which interact with each other indirectly
via holes in the valence and impurity band of the host
semiconductor. Therefore, for the description, one often employs an
effective Heisenberg model, whose exchange parameters are determined
by the interaction between the localized moments
and the holes \cite{DietlEtal00,KudrnovskyEtal04,BouzerarPareek02,
  LitvinovDugaev01,KaminskiEtal04,SchliemannEtal01,BreyGomezsantos03,
  BergqvistEtal04}.
However, the magnetic impurities are mainly randomly distributed
over the sites of the crystal lattice. This positional disorder breaks
the translational symmetry of the crystal and thus greatly complicates
the theoretical description of the material.
Studies based on the mean-field approximation (MFA)
\cite{DietlEtal00,KudrnovskyEtal04} or the random-phase approximation
(RPA) combined with the virtual-crystal approximation (VCA)
\cite{BouzerarPareek02} neglect effects of the positional disorder in
DMS. Approaches based on percolation theory
\cite{LitvinovDugaev01,KaminskiEtal04} account for the randomness of
the impurity positions, but require a simple functional dependence of
the exchange parameters on the inter-spin distance and treat the
magnetism itself only on a mean-field level. Monte-Carlo simulations (MC)
\cite{SchliemannEtal01,BreyGomezsantos03,BergqvistEtal04,SatoEtal04}
seem to provide a better way to include the positional disorder, but
these are numerically expensive and usually assume classical
spins. However, a proper treatment
of the positional disorder of the localized moments and their quantum
nature is needed to make reliable predictions about the magnetic
properties of DMS \cite{Schliemann03,Timm03}.

In a previously published article \cite{KudrnovskyEtal04}, the
exchange parameters of an effective (classical) Heisenberg Hamiltonian
have been calculated from first-principles for \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{} and
\chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{}. There, however, these had only been used to calculate Curie
temperatures within MFA. More recently, results of classical MC
simulations on the basis of these exchange parameters have been
presented \cite{BergqvistEtal04}. Here, we employ a different approach
\cite{Hilbert03,HiNo04} to investigate the properties of the effective
Heisenberg Hamiltonian. This approach generalizes the Tyablikov
approximation \cite{BogolyubovTyablikov59} to systems with positional
disorder, which is treated numerically exactly. Furthermore,
the method assumes quantum spins. The quantum fluctuations of the
spins are treated within random-phase
approximation, which goes beyond MFA and the classical-spin
approximation. It should be mentioned that a
similar approach has been proposed in \cite{BouzerarZimanKudrnovsky04}.

\section{Model}
\label{sec:Model}
Details of the electronic-structure calculation for \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{} and
\chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{} and the extraction of the exchange parameters
\mbox{$J(\mbf{R})$} as function of the Mn-Mn distance $\mbf{R}$ can be
found in Ref. \cite{KudrnovskyEtal04}.
Here, these exchange parameters are used as input for a `diluted' Heisenberg model
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Heisenberg_Hamiltonian}
  H=-\sum_{i,j=1}^{N} J_{ij}\, \mbf{e}_i\cdot \mbf{e}_j\;,
\end{equation}
in which only a fraction of the lattice sites is occupied by a spin.
Hence, $i$ and $j$ label the occupied lattice sites only, whose total
number is $N$, and \mbox{$\mbf{e}_i=\left(S_i^x,S_i^y,S_i^z\right)/(\hbar S)$}
is the normalized spin operator of the localized magnetic moment at lattice site
$i$ with lattice vector $\mbf{R}_i$ and
\mbox{$J_{ij}=J(|\mbf{R_i}-\mbf{R}_j|)$}. The magnitude $S$ of the
spins is absorbed by the exchange parameters due to the particular way
in which these are calculated from the electronic structure.

The finite-temperature properties of Hamiltonian
\eqref{eq:Heisenberg_Hamiltonian} are studied using a generalization
of the Tyablikov approximation to systems without translational
symmetry \cite{Hilbert03,HiNo04}.
The generalization treats the
positional disorder in the spin system numerically exactly except that a
uniform magnetization is assumed. Furthermore,
the effects of low-energy quantum excitations, i.e. magnons, are
included. Within this approximation, the local magnon spectral density
is given by \cite{Hilbert03,HiNo04}:
\begin{equation}
S_{ii}\left(E\right)= 2\hbar^2\EW{S^z}\frac{1}{N}\sum_{r=1}^{N}
  \delta\left(E- \frac{2\hbar\EW{S^z}}{\hbar^2 S^2}E_r\right)\;,
\end{equation}
where the $E_r$ are the eigenvalues of the
Hamilton matrix $\mbf{H}$, which is defined by its matrix elements
\mbox{$H_{ij}=\delta_{ij}\sum_{n=1}^{N}J_{in}-J_{ij}$}.
These eigenvalues also determine the Curie temperature:
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:Tc}
  {k_B} T_C=\frac{2}{3}\frac{S\left(S+1\right)}{S^2}
  \left(\frac{1}{N}\sum_r\frac{1}{E_r} \right)^{-1}\;.
\end{equation}
To evaluate this expression for a given set of $E_r$'s, the value of
$S$ has to be fixed.
For  Mn ions in \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{} and \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{}, $S=5/2$ should be
appropriate \cite{Dietl02}. However, this choice is not consistent
with the calculation of the exchange parameters from the electronic
structure, where classical spins are assumed.
Therefore, we will use Eq. \eqref{eq:Tc} in the limit
$S\to\infty$, which yields $T_C$ values a factor $5/7$ less than
for $S=5/2$.

Due to the positional disorder of the spins present in DMS,
the eigenvalues cannot be computed by Fourier transformation of
$\mbf{H}$.
However, the eigenvalues may be obtained by the numerical
diagonalization of the Hamilton matrix for a finite system. In our
calculations, we used systems of $\sim10\,000$ spins, which were randomly
distributed over the lattice sites of a cubic section of an fcc lattice
with periodic boundary conditions. For each concentration $x$ of
Mn ions, we averaged the spectral densities over eight random
configurations.

\section{Results}
\label{sec:Results}

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]
{J_GaMnAs.eps}}
\vspace{1ex}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]
{J_GaMnN.eps}}
\caption{
\label{fig:J}
Exchange interactions $J(\mbf{R})$ between Mn ions of distance
$\mbf{R}$  in (a) \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{} and (b) \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{}  for various concentrations $x$
(from \cite{KudrnovskyEtal04,KudrnovskyPrivate04})}
\end{figure}

In Fig. \ref{fig:J}, the Mn-Mn exchange interactions $J(\mbf{R})$ in
\chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{} and in \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{} are shown as functions of the Mn-Mn distance $R$ for
several concentration $x$. In \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{}, the
falloff of the interaction with $R$ is comparably slow.
In \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{}, the interaction between nearest neighbors is much larger than in
\chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{}, but Mn moments further apart are only very weakly coupled.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]
{Sii_GaMnAs.eps}}
\vspace{1ex}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]
{Sii_GaMnN.eps}}
\caption{
\label{fig:Sii}
  Local magnon spectral density $S_{ii}(E)$
for (a) \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{} and (b) \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{} for various concentrations $x$ of
Mn
}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:Sii} shows the resulting magnon spectral densities. For
\chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{}, the spectrum is smooth and continuous.
For \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{}, one can recognize remnants of peaks typical for
nearest-neighbor interaction at low concentrations, which are
broadened by small long-ranged interactions. Compared to \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As},
there is a large spectral density at low energies for \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{}. For
concentrations $x\geq0.08$, antiferromagnetic interactions come into play
and negative magnon energies appear indicating a ground state which is
not a saturated ferromagnet \cite{HiNo04}.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]
{Tc_GaMnAs.eps}}
\vspace{1ex}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]
{Tc_GaMnN.eps}}
\caption{
\label{fig:Tc}
  Calculated Curie temperature $T_C$ of
  (a) \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{} (compared with experimental values of annealed samples
  \cite{PotashnikEtal02,EdmondsEtal02,EdmondsEtal04,KuEtal03})
  and (b) \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{} for various concentrations $x$ of Mn ions
}
\end{figure}

The Curie temperatures calculated using  Eq. \eqref{eq:Tc} are shown in
Fig. \ref{fig:Tc}. For \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{}, the calculated values agree remarkably
well with the experimental values of optimally annealed samples
\cite{PotashnikEtal02,EdmondsEtal02,KuEtal03}. Furthermore, the calculated
curve suggests that slightly higher $T_C$'s might be achieved by further
increasing the Mn content $x$, but values above 300K seem rather
unlikely.

Since experimental values for $T_C$ in \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{} are quite controversial
(reported values range from 0K to 940K
\cite{TheodoropoulouEtal01,OverbergEtal01,ReedEtal01,SonodaEtal02,ThalerEtal02,PloogEtal03}),
we refrain from a comparison here.
However, the Curie temperatures we calculated are quite low
compared to earlier mean-field estimates (e.g. in
Ref. \cite{Dietl02}).
These low $T_C$ values despite the high
values of the nearest-neighbor exchange may be explained as follows:
For concentrations well below the nearest-neighbor percolation
threshold $c_P\approx0.2$ \cite{Stauffer95}, even a large nearest-neighbor exchange
does not contribute substantially to the stability of the magnetic
phase. Since the exchange parameters for larger inter-spin distances
are very small in \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{}, ferromagnetic order can only be established
at very low temperatures.
Note that the drop of $T_C$ for $x\geq0.08$ may be due to the used
approximation: As indicated by the magnon spectra
seen in Fig. \ref{fig:Sii}, the system's ground state is different
from a saturated ferromagnet, but a such uniform magnetic state is
assumed in the approximation.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]
{Tc_compared.eps}}
\caption{
\label{fig:Tc_compared}
 Comparison of the Curie temperatures $T_C$ of \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{} (diamonds) and
 \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{} (squares) obtained
 by the presented approach (solid line, filled symbols), VCA-RPA
 (dashed line, filled symbols),  MFA  (dotted line, filled symbols)
 and MC (dash-dotted line, open symbols, taken
 from \cite{BergqvistEtal04}).
}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:Tc_compared} presents a comparison of the
the Curie temperatures calculated using different approximations for
the effective Heisenberg model. The $T_C$ values obtained by MC simulations
are slightly higher than the ones calculated by the presented approach,
whereas both MFA and VCA-RPA yield much higher $T_C$'s.
For \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{}, the difference is about a factor two to eight.
For \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{}, the difference is even
much larger. This is due to the fact that the MFA and VCA-RPA do not take into
account percolation effects: Large nearest-neighbor interactions yield
large Curie temperatures even for concentrations well below the
nearest-neighbor percolation threshold. However, for such
concentrations, the nearest-neighbor interaction strength should not
play an important role for the ferromagnetic stability, which can be
easily seen by considering the case of nearest-neighbor interaction
only \cite{HiNo04}.

\section{Summary}
\label{sec:Summary}

In this paper, we presented a method for calculating the magnetic
properties of ferromagnetic DMS. The method applies a Tyablikov-like
approximation for systems with positional disorder to an effective
Heisenberg Hamiltonian, whose exchange
parameters where obtained by first-principle calculations.
Unlike in MFA or VCA-RPA, no approximations with respect to the
positional disorder are made apart from the simplification of a uniform
magnetization. As the main advantage over classical MC simulations, the
presented treatment of the effective Heisenberg model admits quantum
spins and thus may open up a way towards a fully quantum-mechanical
treatment of magnetism in DMS.
Furthermore, the numerical effort is fairly low compared to MC
simulations.

Our calculations of $T_C$ for \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{} show excellent agreement with
experimental data. For \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{}, we obtained very low Curie
Temperatures despite high effective nearest-neighbor exchange
parameters, which shows the importance of percolation effects. Moreover,
for both \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}As}{} and \chemical{Ga_{1-{\it x}}Mn_{\it x}N}{}, the $T_C$ values we found are much lower
than MFA and VCA-RPA values. These results support recent findings
obtained by using MC simulations in combination with first-principle
methods \cite{BergqvistEtal04,SatoEtal04}.

The presented model should be improved by using a self-consistent method
describing the electronic degrees of freedom at finite
temperature (such as, e.g., in
\cite{NoltingEtal97,SantosNolting02}). In order to obtain
a fully quantum mechanical theory, quantum spins
should be used instead of classical spins in
in the calculation of the effective exchange parameters from the
electronic structure. This will also remove the ambiguity in the choice
of $S$.
Furthermore, the treatment of the effective Heisenberg model may be
extended to allow for a site-dependent $\EW{S_i^z}$.
In addition, the model might be improved in order
to handle systems with a ground state deviating from a saturated ferromagnet.
Furthermore, clustering and
other forms of short-range chemical ordering may also be included into
the model in order to investigate their effects on the magnetic stability.
Finally, the method should be applied to other DMS.

\begin{acknowledgments}
This work benefited from the support of the SFB290 of the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft. Thanks to J. Kudrnovsk{\'y} for
supplying the exchange parameters and for helpful discussion.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Singles in the spotlight; How are you still single?! | The Kansas City Star
Money Manners
Singles in the spotlight; How are you still single?!
Note: This story originally appeared Thursday,November 24, 2005
Mandy Durhamaka Princess Anna CondaAge: 26Town: Kansas CityJob: Jammer and blocker for the Kansas City Roller WarriorsBest thing about being single: "I don't feel obligated to entertain anyone ... I'm so busy, especially with roller derby. There are quite a few other girls who have boyfriends or husbands complaining, `Roller derby, that's all you do.' "The worst: "I don't know if there is a worst thing. But sometimes it'd be nice to have a dependable Friday night date, you know?"What she's looking for: A creative, well-read, tall, bearded, athletic, lumberjack-type guy who is not overly concerned with fitting into any kind of mold.What friends say: "In 10 years she will probably be touring all over the U.S. with Kansas City roller derby and making documentaries about her life. She's really passionate about her filmmaking and staying creative outside of roller derby ... She's a pretty amazing gal." - Richard RodriguezLast words: "I tend to go for more quiet, introspective, serious types. It's funny because (the Roller Warriors) take on these personas, including myself, when we're out there doing our thing, so a lot of people think we're wild and crazy and loud ... As individuals, a lot of us are a little more quiet."
Tuition fundraisers aren't the new normal
By Jeanne Fleming and Leonard Schwarz
DEAR JEANNE AND LEONARD: Friends have invited my sister to a "fundraiser spaghetti feed" to raise money for their daughter. The "door charge" is $20 per person, and there also will be a raffle and a silent auction.
It seems that "Taylor," who is 20, needs $8,200 for tuition and expenses to enroll in a program where she will earn a certificate as a dog obedience instructor.
MORE MONEY MANNERS
Brother stole from mom, so make him pay it back
Contact lawyer, not vindictive sister, about father's trust
Get a lawyer to play hardball with ex-wife
Mom should not expect reimbursement for gifted bridesmaid dresses
If you know what's detailed in trust, you'll know what you're due
Be honest with in-laws about finances

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Eric was honored to receive the SupportMusic Champion award at the NAMM Grand Rally for Music Education. As well as speaking about how music brings people together, Eric conducted performances of Cloudburst and Fly to Paradise with singers from all over the States.
Check out some pictures of the event in the gallery.


The Zarafa Heights Junior SkyTrek is a joint venture operation with Excel Adventure, locally based specialists in High Ropes Adventure Courses.
Junior SkyTrek, located within the zoo next to the Giraffe House and Zarafa Heights Walkway, consists of a number of high level elements which will challenge the bravest of junior visitors from high wires, tricky crossings and finish with a great wind-in-your-face zip wire. Ideal for those in search of their inner Tarzan.
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All those under 16 must have consent from a parent or guardian.
Dress Code: No high heel shoes or flip flops. Pockets must be empty. No large jewellery. Safety helmet provided must be worn.
Those participating in this activity do so on the condition that they have read and understood the conditions.


Just as the September issue of British Vogue gives us a full report of what we will want to be wearing over the coming winter months, the March issue is a blissful reminder that Spring is on its way. So we may be ankle deep in snow in real life, but once those pages are opened, the sun shines and inspiration takes over. Having just watched the latest couture shows in Paris, the cycle of fashion moves so quickly now it is hard to keep up, but sometimes perennial names stand out.
This season the Maison Valentino show, under the guidance of Pierpaolo Piccioli, was just spectacular and a riot of colour, tailoring, floaty frills and haute hippie chic. But one model took centre stage, swathed in simple black and with tightly wound hair and simple make-up. When your lead model is Naomi Campbell, there is really no need to gild the lily. With one look, and one movement, she reduces everyone to the same state and it is the sign of a truly brilliant model: you simply want to wear what she is wearing.
Campbell also graces the cover of the March issue of British Vogue, again wearing Valentino, only this time the cover is more than just a status symbol for a supermodel. She is also a contributing editor for the magazine, under the stewardship of editor-in-chief Edward Enninful, who has absolutely transformed this style bible since he took over from Alexandra Shulman. Campbell has certainly earned her stripes, interviewing leading cultural figures and speaking out about diversity: she doesn't simply sprinkle supermodel dust over an issue. For someone who used to just be employed to walk the walk, she is now powerfully adept at talking the talk.
I remember the first time I saw a picture of Naomi Campbell. It was print ad for Miss Selfridge, and she looked like no model I had ever seen before. Before there were even modern British supermodels, advertising tended to be dominated by blonde, all-American types like Christie Brinkley. Naomi was someone who just jumped off the page: graceful and balletic, she also had a hint of pure mischief about her. It must have worked on me, as I went straight to the store and bought the same outfit.
Naomi wasn't an overnight superstar and she was already fighting battles on many fronts just to be seen. She was a working class girl, a young teenager and was starting at a time when British fashion was not the powerhouse it is now. But in a way, that served her well, as youthful, avante-garde designers loved her. Vivienne Westwood was a huge supporter of Naomi's, and they remain close friends. She wasn't the first black model to find fame, as Beverly Johnson and Iman had both forged successful careers a decade or so before, but the status quo in couture and high end fashion remained unchanged. It still felt elitist, and the narrow definition of what was deemed marketable in a model remained very narrow.
With hard work, and determination, though, Campbell kept pushing to knock down barriers and her extraordinary looks and sense of movement meant she was perfect for both editorial work and then on the place where she reigns supreme: the catwalk. There is simply no-one like her on any runway. When the Vogue covers started pouring in, some issues outside the UK found the choice of Campbell caused controversy. It's hard to believe now, but advertisers and subscribers complained about Campbell being a cover star. Naomi Campbell did what she does best: she carried on regardless.
She soon became a favourite of designers and editors alike. Azzedine Alaia was one of the first designers to really push Naomi, and his body conscious couture suited her lithe, athletic frame. Gianni Versace really embraced the new era of the supermodel which really took off after that infamous 1990 Vogue cover, and while so many models called themselves 'super' Naomi was part of a trio called 'The Holy Trinity' where she was joined by Linda Evangelista and Christy Turlington. Other models like Cindy Crawford, and Claudia Schiffer, where hugely popular and commercial but it was the top three who really ruled the fashion world. Naomi had no problems walking for top designers, or being used in their print ads, but when it came to more commercial areas, she was wholly absent. She was never awarded a major beauty campaign and they were the jobs that really earned the most. There was still a ceiling in place that Naomi was still not able to stick her Manolo Blanhiks through.
Her career, and her life, are always in the news. Yes, there have been controversies, and as I type she is allegedly romantically involved with singer Liam Payne. But there is also another side to Streatham's finest export. Her close relationship with Nelson Mandela was exceptional and genuine, and her work for charities like Fashion For Relief is more than a one season wonder. She rolls her sleeves up and has a go, whether it be singing or TV presenting, and now she is a a heavy hitter when it comes to promoting diversity in fashion and she has a powerful voice that is both heard and recognised.
When you look back at so many fashionable, cultural moments of the last three decades, Naomi has been involved. From that magical moment on the Versace catwalk, George Michael's 'Freedom' video or that groundbreaking cover of Time Magazine, her poise and elegance are simply unmatchable. And when the original supermodel juggernaut hit a wall, and the curvy, glamorous faces involved fell out of favour for a while, Naomi never did. She simply stood side-by-side with Kate Moss, and set to work once more. Their walk at the closing ceremony for the London 2012 Olympic closing ceremony lives long in the memory.
Naomi Campbell is 49 this year and graces this Vogue cover in an entirely different way than she did three decades ago. Then, she was there to sell you a couture dream. She still does that, of course. Her beauty and elegance remain undimmed. But now she also gets to speak, and write, as well as being a still hardworking model. And finally, this season also sees Naomi grace her first major beauty campaign for Nars, a brand which is certainly not shy when it comes to being both groundbreaking and controversial. It is the perfect match and once more I looked at the images and thought: get me that lipstick! It is not just Campbell's unique and magnificent beauty that draws you in, but a sense that she really is a woman's woman.
Will there ever be a new Naomi? It feels like an eternal question, and my sense is there never will be while the original is free to be her own industrious self. When you think of how far that shy schoolgirl has come since being discovered in her school uniform in Covent Garden, to the absolute power broker she is today, she has done far more than being the world's highest paid model, an award that has always been given to others. She has taken every opportunity and glided with it, majestically, and both through her walk and her words she has taken those Blanhiks and walked over every stereotypical hurdle placed in front of her. Bravo, Miss Campbell. You really are one in 7.7 billion.
About the author: Nancy Buckland Kirk is a writer with a keen interest in fashion and beauty and a career which has spanned modelling, teaching and spreading the word about leading beauty brands. You may also enjoy Nancy's recent skincare review, featuring one of this year's most wanted skincare ingredients, squalane: Putting GOW's 100% pure squalane oil through its paces.


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Breaking Through to Redemption
In the Final Redemption, the miracles of the Egyptian exodus will seem like child's play.
From the teachings of the Lubavitcher Rebbe; adapted by Yehoshua Metzinger
When we look at the verse, "As in the days of your going out of Egypt, I will show you wonders" (Micha 7:15), two questions arise. First, this verse is one of the few instances in which the exodus from Egypt is described in the plural as "days" rather than simply "day", as is written in the verse, "So you should remember the day of your exodus". Why in this verse is the plural used rather than the singular?
The wonders of this era will surpass the wonders of the Egyptian exodus….
The second question deals with the comparison between the miracles of the exodus from Egypt compared to the miracles which will take place in the Ultimate Redemption. The miracles of the Ultimate Redemption are compared to the wonders the Jewish People saw as they were coming out of Egypt; however, after this redemption, there will be no exile, indicating that this redemption is on a higher level and is more complete. The wonders of this era will surpass the wonders of the Egyptian exodus to the extent that some of the sages have said that we will no longer mention the Egyptian exodus in the Era of Mashiach.
Another opinion is that we will continue to remember the Egyptian exodus since it is part of the Future Redemption, and was the first step in the process of bringing the Redemption. We will also mention the first exodus because the wonders of the Ultimate Redemption are compared to the wonders we saw coming out of Egypt. The Jewish People witnessed great miracles as they left Egypt, but the miracles of the Future Redemption will seem like wonders compared to those of the Egyptian exodus.
The Egyptian exodus is mentioned 50 times in the Torah….
What is the spiritual source for this difference? When the Jewish People were in Egypt, they needed to be elevated from the 49th gate of impurity (out of 50). As we counted the Omer, we ascended the 50 Gates of Bina. This is demonstrated by the fact that the Egyptian exodus is mentioned 50 times in the Torah. The Egyptian exodus represents the 50 Gates of Bina as they are drawn through the sefira of malchut. The Future Redemption will also represent the 50 Gates of Bina, but these will be drawn through keter which is beyond the sefirot, and concluded in Atik, which is higher than keter. This is not the external aspect of Atik, but the pnimiyut, the deepest part of the level that is beyond levels. This will result in a greater revelation of G‑d in the Redemption.
The revelation of G‑d during the Egyptian exodus was great but limited, since it was enclothed in malchut. In the Era of Mashiach, there will be no garments obscuring Divine Revelation.
We return to the question why we will mention the exodus from Egypt in the Era of Mashiach if the wonders and the revelation of G‑d will be so much greater. The Sixth Chabad Rebbe (the Frierdiger) has said that the Egyptian exodus will be mentioned because it created a kind of channel for all of the future redemptions, including the Ultimate Redemption. The Egyptian exodus was special because it was a necessary preparation for the giving of the Torah. Before the Torah was given, nothing in the world could be elevated to the higher worlds, and nothing occupying those levels could descend into the world of action. The ability to refine and to elevate the world was an important step toward the Ultimate Redemption, when the world will recognize its Creator and become a dwelling place for the Infinite Light Blessed Be He.
Every day a person should reflect on the idea that he is coming out of Egypt….
The answer to the first question why in the verse "As in the days of your coming out of Egypt, I will show you wonders", "days" is plural meaning that all of the days, from the Egyptian exodus to the Future Redemption, are part of a process of coming out of Egypt. Every day a person should reflect on the idea that he is coming out of Egypt. The First Rebbe of Chabad identifies the Reading of the Shema as the appropriate time to experience our personal exodus. The reason we mention tzitzit in the Evening Prayer at a time which is not connected to this mitzvah is that the same passage mentions the exodus from Egypt.
Every day, we are leaving behind more and more limitations until we will reach the point where we will break through all limits in the Ultimate Redemption. Mashiach is descended from King David, who is descended from Peretz, which sounds like the word "poretz", which means breaking through limits. Every morning before prayer, there is a physical exile which causes us to feel limited within the boundaries of our bodies.
The verse, "We draw from the man who has breath in his nostrils. For what is he deemed worthy?" describes the limited spirituality when we first awaken and the soul is only in the nostrils. During prayer, the soul spreads throughout the whole body, subduing the gross physicality and compelling the animal soul to say "amen" against its will; this is the only way of achieving complete service. As King David says, "My heart is void within me," demonstrating that one must conquer the left part of his heart before he can say "You shall love…" in the Shema, and to declare love for G‑d with both souls, the animal and the divine. Similarly, evil and the spirit of impurity will be conquered and then transformed into good in the Era of Mashiach.
So why do we need this conquering? Why not simply transform the impurity rather than conquering it first? This subjugation has an advantage in that, as the Alter Rebbe writes in the Tanya, a person is a true servant of G‑d when he is constantly battling against and subduing his nature. It is a battle which brings G‑dly light into the world.
The situation is similar to that of a king who distributes all of his treasures to his soldiers so that they can fight a war. In peace time, these treasures would never have been touched, much less, spent so freely. This war is the battle with the animal soul, and the victory brings treasures of Divine Revelation. This is another reason why the Egyptian exodus will be mentioned in the Era of Mashiach; the daily battle against the animal soul is our personal coming out of Egypt which will eventually lead to the Ultimate Redemption.
Adapted by Yehoshua Metzinger from Sefer Maamarim, Melukat, Adar-Sivan p. 147
Yehoshua Metzinger of Nahariya, a former counselor at Ascent, has since married and now lives in Jerusalem.
Based on the teachings of the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, of righteous memory
Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson (11 Nissan 1902–3 Tammuz 1994) became the seventh rebbe of the Chabad dynasty on 10 Shevat 1950. He is widely acknowledged as the greatest Jewish leader of the second half of the 20th century, a dominant scholar in both the revealed and hidden aspects of Torah, and fluent in many languages and on scientific subjects. The Rebbe is best known for his extraordinary love and concern for every Jew on the planet, having sent thousands of emissaries around the globe, dedicated to strengthening Judaism.
Moshe Yaakov Wisnefsky is a scholar, author and anthologist, and is editor-in-chief at Chabad House Publications of California. He is the author and translator of Apples from the Orchard, gleanings from the writings of the Arizal (Rabbi Isaac Luria, 1534–1572) on the Torah, and is the author and editor-in-chief of the Kehot Chumash produced by Chabad House Publications, featuring an interpolated translation of the Torah with commentary adapted from the works of the Lubavitcher Rebbe.
More from Yehoshua Metzinger | RSS
From Exile to Redemption
Perceiving Miracles
Saddling Up Mashiach's Donkey
Stages in Redemption
Moshiach: An Anthology
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danny Manchester via kabbalaonline.org April 16, 2019
I have an app that counts the word Mitzraim 336 times throughout the Torah ? Reply
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I do read some Norwegian, but hesitate to write it.
I have noticed that the is often several months between the date of burial and the "Jordfestelsesdato" (which I also do not quite know how to translate). My question is what is a "Jordfestelse" ? and what would be the American equivalent?
I would be thankful for getting your wisdom on this matter.
The simple version: "jordfesting" is the graveside ceremony held by the clergy; sprinkling three dashes of earth on the coffin with a certain ritual.
I think you can tranlate it into "graveside ceremony" or similar.
"begravelse", "gravferd" (and som more terms) are the act of bringing the coffin to the graveyard, lower it into the grave and fill the grave with earth.
Historically, this was conducted by the family, friends and neighbours.
The "jordfesting" can be done after lowering the coffin (usual today), in the church (rare, but happens) or after the grave is filled (usual before ~1900).
trown onto the coffin by the clergy. In this way, "jordfesting" could take place after the burial.
while some note the date of the burial. In many cases, it cannot be decided which of the dates that is actually recorded.
When the dates are far apart, it must be the graveside ceremony. If the intervals generally are short, you cannot say.
I suspect your "American equivalent" may be somewhat diverse.


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Give a coat, get a coat offered at Natural Remedies
Trista Thurston
LANCASTER - Hollie Aneshansley is hoping the rack in front of her business can help anyone who needs a warm, winter coat this season.
"Bring a coat, leave a coat, take a coat. You're not going to be judged. It's about folks that are in need. You never know what struggles people are going through," she said.
Aneshansley owns of Natural Remedies Massage at 323 S. Broad St.
Business offers a place to relax
The coats she has in front of her store are for anyone who needs them. The effort started with just five coats from her basement. Then, she told her staff, who were all for the idea and brought in their own gently used coats.
"I see a lot of people talking about it. Other than our local agencies, I don't see a lot of action," she said.
Aneshansley added that local agencies, such as Fairfield County 211, are great for connecting people in need to resources, but she wanted to help.
Lots of donations have come in since she put out the rack late December. Aneshansley estimates they've been able to help at least 100 people so far, and she's thrilled with the outcome.
She shared a photo of the rack online, and it quickly gained traction. She said she didn't realize how far it would spread or how big it would be.
"Every morning, I wake up and find a little bag on my doorstep," Aneshansley said. "As every day goes by, I'm even more grateful to be a part of Fairfield County."
But she emphasized she's not doing it for publicity for the store.
"It just feels good to help people," Aneshansley said. "Shucks, who knows? Maybe this will turn into an annual coat drive."
She said throughout the day, she'll see the donations dwindle, then someone will come by and replenish the supply with a fresh donation. She said they've gotten coats, hats, scarves, gloves, and even personal hygiene products and a dog coat.
"When a community can come together, we sure do," Aneshansley said. "We've got one heck of a town."
Aneshansley said her husband, Matt, also takes some donations to Maple Street United Methodist's free store at 438 E. Wheeling St.
"They actually have a way to get these coats to the people that need them," Aneshansley said.
She's still looking for other avenues to get the coats into the hands of people in need. Her business doesn't have that much storage, but as long as the donations keep coming in, she'll continue to put out the rack.
"That's one thing everyone has. We've got a gently used coat that we're no longer going to wear. Let's wipe the dust off of it and give it to someone that can very well benefit. The truth is, if I could save the world, I promise I would. But I can't, so this will be a good start."
Natural Remedies Massage is open daily from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
tthurston@lancastereaglegazette.com
Twitter: @tristathurston


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Which I think is an important thing to point out. If you're a Shikari fan, your view of The Spark will probably be very different from mine. For me, the idea that they were pushing towards a more mainstream orientated sound actually gave me a bit of hope. It gave me hope that if they stripped things back, they'd manage to write something I could finally connect with. Sadly, that doesn't appear to be the case.
Because while it's clear right from the start of The Spark what Shikari are going for, it doesn't change the fact that a lot of this just isn't very good. 'The Sights' is angled straight towards mainstream radio, and if you'd told me any number of generic pop bands had released it I'd believe you without a second thought. It's easy to get along because it's so light it almost floats away.
That, however, turns out to be a lot better than what is to come. 'Take My Country Back' takes those Standard Grade Modern Studies lyrics and turns them up to eleven. Lines like 'we've really gone and fucked it this time' are all well and good, but they're hardly cutting edge political commentary. I think we'd all figured that out. Still, it's better than 'Rabble Rouser' which sees Shikari go all grime in the most cringe-worthy of ways. That's not my world so I'm no expert, but my ears tell me that it's awful.
Annoyingly, when The Spark is at its best is when it's doing what I hoped it would do. When it strips everything back and lets Rou flourish it verges on being great. 'Airfield' builds to a rousing sing-along and shines thanks to its simplicity compared to the electronic messiness that surrounds it. While 'An Ode To Lost Jigsaw Pieces' is heartbreaking. You can hear Reynold's voice cracking as he sings that 'fear put me in a headlock and dragged me back from the unknown'. They're the moments on the album that feel the most genuine and are all the better for it.
I came into The Spark desperate to love it, but it just isn't working. I still love the idea of Enter Shikari, and if any band is going to go huge (not that they aren't already pretty big), I hope it's one like them. One which stands up for what they believe in and has something to say. Sadly, The Spark confirms that I'll still be watching from the outside rather than from down the front.


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text:
Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane.
Item No: pdcc00833
Title: Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane.
Additional Title: Department for Males.
Historic Street Address: 49th & Market Streets
Media Type: Scrapbooks
Depicts an exterior view of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane and its grounds near 49th and Market in West Philadelphia.The new hospital opened in 1859 as a twin to the original hospital building at 44th and Market. Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride, the hospital's superintendant became known as the "father of American psychiatry". He believed fervently in the humane treatment of the insane, and adopted the most advanced therapeutic techniques of the day. The new building, which at first served male patients only (females remained at the original building), allowed him the space he needed to practice his innovative ideas. Eventually both departments were consolidated with the construction of a five-story addition to this building, which was renamed The Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital. The hospital closed in 1997
Call Number: A917.481 P536 v.9
Creator Name: Castner, Samuel, Jr., 1843-1929 - Compiler
Asylums (welfare buildings)
Mental institutions
Castner, Samuel, Jr., 1843-1929 - Compiler. Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane.. [Scrapbooks]. Retrieved from https://libwww.freelibrary.org/digital/item/44621
Castner, Samuel, Jr., 1843-1929 - Compiler. Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane.. Scrapbooks. Free Library of Philadelphia: Philadelphia, PA. https://libwww.freelibrary.org/digital/item/44621. (accessed Jan 19, 2022)