text:
Now That You've Got In! Inside NYC Elementary School
Congratulations! Your child has landed a place in a coveted NYC public school. Now that you've got in, what is it like inside NYC elementary school?
I'm an NYC public elementary school mum. Yay! We scored an apartment in the school zone, did the tour, provided a mountain of paperwork to the school, met the teachers, met the assistant teachers, forked over a few hundred bucks for classroom supplies, volunteered to become the class parent, and joined the school PTA. Phew!
If you're an elementary school mum too, then you have also endured one of the enrollment processes as described in several AWNY school series guides:
How to Apply to Kindergarten
Elementary School Zones & Choices
If you're about to embark on the process, these are recommended reading, as they provide a very thorough and accurate summary of the elementary school options in NYC and how to get in.
But once you're in, what then? What are some of the differences you'll notice from the Australian system? What can you and your little ones expect inside NYC elementary school?
Our two young boys attend public elementary school in the Upper East Side of Manhattan. One is in second grade, one is in kindergarten. Their school day runs on a similar schedule to Australia, it just starts and finishes a little earlier (8.10 am drop off and a 2.30 pm pick up). Curiously, the start and finish times vary by school. Most public schools have a website that you can access via NYC DOE school search, where you can check specific school hours.
Private schools have a very similar schedule (although the day gets a little longer as the kids progress through) and the Charter schools are longer still (the school day is typically 8.10 pm till 3.15 pm). There some exceptions to this: Success Academy Charter school day for elementary is 7.45 am till 3.45 pm. Unlike Australia, the dates and lengths of the summer school holidays and mid-term breaks are not standard between the public, charter and private systems. You can view the public school calendar on the NYC DOE site.
Free breakfast is available in all NYC public schools and the choices are quite good (yoghurt and fruit, cereal and milk, juice, and on some days muffins or waffles). You can check the menu online. An added benefit is that I can drop my boys off to the school cafeteria for breakfast 20 minutes early when I need to be in the office early or to avoid the subway crush.
Breakfast is important! There is no recess between starting lessons and lunch. Charter and private schools offer a snack but the policy varies greatly in the public system both by school and by teacher. For example, my second grader doesn't have a mid-morning snack, but my Kindergartener does. There's a public school in the UES that has a strict no-snack policy, claiming it distracts from learning (a friend of mine sends her two boys there and has resorted to smuggling goldfish and dried apricots in via their sticky pockets!). Check with your chosen school and feed up your troops accordingly. One AWNY member loads her kids up with a healthy snack (currently home-made banana bread!) on their daily walk to school.
Turns out there is such a thing! Anyone who has a kid in public elementary school in NYC is familiar with the term "hot lunch". It's the cafeteria-provided lunch and it's now free for all NYC public school students. It's convenient but I review the menu each month and choose the best days for hot lunch.
I send my boys with a packed lunch on days when things like "mozzarella sticks" and "popcorn chicken" are being served up. Come to think of it, I send them with a packed lunch most days. The nutritional value in public school hot lunches is dubious (where for art thou, Jamie Oliver?), but I believe kids in charter and private schools have far better offerings.
Photo credit: Joanna Hishon
School Security
NYC public schools have School Safety Agents, overseen by the New York Police Department, who hold the fort at the school entrances. Parents are strongly discouraged from entering the school buildings during the morning drop off period (I have been yelled at). When my boys first started school in NYC, this policy felt a little unfriendly. However, now that I've experienced drop off on a "snow day" I can see why it makes sense. The number of kids that need to pass through the one open door is immense – they don't need parents clogging things up, too. We all need to visit the school office or classroom from time to time, but in colder months I make sure I rug up as I'm often hovering outside for up to 30 minutes before being allowed to enter the building. I am always asked for photo ID and need to sign when entering the schools.
Playgrounds & Outdoor Space
"Um, where's the playground?". Fact is, not all schools have them. The school my boys attend has both a decent sized yard and roof top play space but this is not the norm. I live within a 5-block radius of several very exclusive private schools and I find it gob-smacking that many of these schools – commanding upwards of $42k per year per kid – block off the street outside their school building so the kids have somewhere to play.
Academics is of paramount importance in New York City schools. I almost want to write that twice, such is the emphasis on test results. This is most likely because of the state-wide, standardized tests that are the sole measure of student and teacher performance.
A school's academic results are both publicly available and often proudly broadcasted. I visited a school in Harlem recently for work and the principal bolted out each grade's results to me within minutes of arriving; I was given so many supporting brochures I could have started a bonfire. This approach helps take the guess work out of researching potential schools.
But once they're in, the emphasis on academics sees kids adopt a seriousness about their schooling and I feel this takes the fun and joy out of learning in some ways. The system drives a sense of nervousness and pressure and the kids feel it. And so do parents. After discussions with other mums both here in NYC and back home, I also feel homework loads are higher in NYC.
The Importance of Free Play
The heavy focus on reading, math and spelling needs a tonic and I have started prioritizing playground time and play-dates over more structured sports activities. My boys participate in a couple of sports after school because there is very little sport built into the school day. And with no recess, a sit-down cafeteria-style lunch, and frequent inclement (read: bloody cold) weather, there is little opportunity for kids to be kids.
Free play is important. One AWNY member takes her kids to the playground next to the school pretty much every day unless there is a blizzard. In fact, there is a core group of "fresh air friends" whose parents recognize the importance of unstructured outdoor play.
Is school here tough? Yes, a bit. Is it different to home? Yes, very. But my kids are thriving in school in NYC and this is due, in no small part, to the dedication of the teachers, despite almost all of them being resource constrained, constantly pressured by testing policies, and totally underpaid. Now there's a common thread with education back home!
This post was written in 2015 by Joanna Hishon, with input from Megan Jones and Allison Jurjens, and has been updated for 2019.
Do you have any experiences about what it's like inside an NYC elementary school? Let us know in the comments section.
Posted in Mums & DadsTagged AWNY School Series, Education NYC, Elementary School NYC, Public School NYC, School New York City, School Series
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56 years of experience and superior engineering in industries ranging from aggregate mining to brick manufacturing to metal finishing.
To provide a service to the aggregate and mineral processing industries by offering a broad range of technical knowledge of both capital equipment and engineering replacement products. We emphasize screening, crushing, and wash-related products in the mining and aggregate industries. The complete focus of our company is sales and application of process-related products.


"A world authority on global organised crime" (The Guardian), join award-winning author and journalist Misha Glenny in this illuminating exploration of his ground-breaking international best-selling book McMafia.
Now a critically acclaimed BBC TV series, don't miss this rare opportunity to discover what it took to bring an extraordinary cast of characters to life on the small screen as executive producer.
After years of courageously investigating and reporting on the most dangerous and sophisticated crime networks around the world, Glenny takes us on a tour through the dark depths of world capitalism and corrupt intelligence agencies to explain what's really happening behind the headlines – from Russian gangsters and Latin American cartel leaders to dodgy hedge funders and cyber hackers.
Frightening, funny and enlightening; a powerful exposé that's not to be missed!
Seriously organised crime, "for anyone who wants to understand the 21st Century" (Emma Thompson).


text:
«Not Enough Love in the World» — пісня в стилі софт-рок, написана Доном Генлі, Денні Кортчмаром і Бенмонтом Тенчем. У текстах описуються непрості стосунки, де співак заявляє, що любить. Існували чутки, що йшлося про стосунки Генлі зі Стіві Нікс (з якою пізніше зустрічався учасник «Eagles» Джо Волш), які тривали лише рік.

Історія
Генлі включив «Not Enough Love in the World» до свого альбому «Building the Perfect Beast» 1984 року. Пісня вийшла як сингл у 1985 році і посіла 34-е місце у «Billboard Hot 100». Музичне відео до неї було зняте Тімоті Гаттоном.

Оцінки
У журналі «Cash Box» писали, що «цей рокер середнього темпу і з важким бітом — ідеальний засіб для унікального вокалу колишнього "Eagles"».

Учасники запису
 Дон Генлі — головний і гармонійний вокали, клавішні, перкусія
 Бенмонт Тенч — клавішні
 Денні Кортчмар — гітара
 Тім Драммонд — бас
 Аян Воллос — ударні

Чарти

Версія Шер
У 1996 році Шер випустила свою версію «Not Enough Love in the World» як третій офіційний європейський сингл до свого 21-го студійного альбому «It's a Man's World». Синглова версія була коротша за альбомну і містила невеликий ремікс. «AllMusic» відзначили цю кавер-версію в альбомі Шер.

Трек-лист
 Британський касетний сингл
 «Not Enough Love in the World» (Single Edit) — 3:45
 «One by One» (Sam Ward W Mix) — 4:26

 Британський CD сингл
 «Not Enough Love in the World» (Single Edit) — 3:45
 «One by One» (Sam Ward W Mix) — 4:26
 «One by One» (Junior Vasquez Club Vocal Mix) — 8:45

Чарти

Примітки

Джерела
 «Not Enough Love in the World» на сайті discogs.com

Пісні Шер

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text:
Q: How to permanently disable payment button after successful payment in Android studio I have a android studio project that is an E-Book. There is a Razorpay payment gateway in this project. I want to disable payment button permanently after successful payment. That means if a user use back press or reopen the app this payment button do not show after one successful payment. Please help me and thank you for reading...
This is my code
public class DetailsActivity extends BaseActivity implements PaymentResultListener  {

ImageView RazerPayButn;
NestedScrollView ScroolBtn;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_details);

    ScroolBtn = findViewById(R.id.scrollviewid);
    RazerPayButn = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.razorpay);

}
public void startPayment() {
@Override
public void onPaymentSuccess(String s) {
    Log.d("ONSUCCESS", "onPaymentSuccess: " + s);

}

@Override
public void onPaymentError(int i, String s) {
    Log.d("ONERROR", "onPaymentError: "+s);

}

public void onClick(View v){
    startPayment();
    Toast.makeText(mActivity, "Please wait...", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

    RazerPayButn.setVisibility(View.GONE);
    ScroolBtn.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);

}

A: You could use data store or Room to save data permanently in a local database. Consider if the user clears the application storage your data will be lost. Another approach could be sending data to the server side and getting it from the server.

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Update to a bugfixed version of LegendCraft. If you're into code, we will be using this code.
Several minor tweaks to rank permissions.
I will continue updating this post as more things are set up.
I've had to push off the update for Au70 galaxy due to build issues. All other rank permissions will be changed however.


This stylish boatneck top has a flattering cut with shaping to the sides front and back. The neckline and mesh material on this top looks great when worn over a dance and fitness bra or over a number of camisole style leotards.
The High Tech, sustainable, compression fabric gives this top impeccable wearability with maximum retention of shape. Perfect for dance teachers who don't wish to wear a leotard.


Mirror neurons are pretty cool.
Clearly, they are important (or implicated) in everything from learning new physical skills to the experience of empathy. However, as much as I like VS Ramachandran, I suspect these little brain cells are being given far too much credit. Here is the press for his TED Talk (watch it below).
Ramachandran is the director of the Center for Brain and Cognition at the University of California, San Diego, and an adjunct professor at the Salk Institute. He is the author of Phantoms in the Brain (the basis for a Nova special), A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness and The Man with the Phantom Twin: Adventures in the Neuroscience of the Human Brain.
A few months ago, a construction worker named Wesley Autrey leapt in front of a moving subway train in New York City to save a stranger who had just collapsed onto the tracks. Five days later, the New York Times speculated that this act of apparent altruism—"I just saw someone who needed help," Autrey said—might be explained by a bunch of cells thought to exist in the human brain, called mirror neurons.
The idea that these particular cells might underlie a fundamental human impulse reflects the emergence of a new scientific myth. Like a traditional myth, it captures intuitions about the human condition through vivid metaphors. This isn't the first time that popular science has merged with the popular imagination. In the 1960s, for example, pioneering work on "split-brain" patients revealed real functional differences between the two cerebral hemispheres—an idea that quickly became a metaphor for ancient intuitions about reason and passion.
Mirror neurons have become the "left brain/right brain" of the 21st century. The idea that these cells could make a hero out of Wesley Autrey began with a genuine and important discovery about the brains of macaque monkeys. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, neuroscientists found a population of cells that fired whenever a monkey prepared to act but also when it watched another animal act. They called these cells "mirror neurons." It didn't take long for scientists and science writers to speculate that mirror neurons might serve as the physiological basis for a wide range of social behaviors, from altruism to art appreciation. Headlines like "Cells That Read Minds" or "How Brain's 'Mirrors' Aid Our Social Understanding" tapped into our intuitions about connectedness. Maybe this cell, with its mellifluous name, gives us our special capacity to understand one another—to care, to learn, and to communicate. Could mirror neurons be responsible for human language, culture, empathy, and morality?
First, it suggests that we can generalize directly from other animals to people. The evidence for individual mirror neurons comes entirely from studies of macaque monkeys. That's because you can't find these cells without inserting electrodes directly (though painlessly) into individual neurons in the brains of living animals. These studies haven't been done with chimpanzees, let alone humans.
Second, the myth suggests that brain structure is innate. It assumes that we're born with these special cells that then allow us to connect with other people. Similarly, the discovery of differences between gay and straight brains made people think that being gay was genetic. But we know that almost everything about the brain, including the tuning of individual neurons, is shaped by experience. It makes just as much sense to think that gay and straight people have different brains because they've had different sexual experiences.
Third, the myth leads us to believe that brain-imaging studies can tell us what neurons do. Despite all the enthusiastic press coverage, no one knows for sure if humans even have mirror neurons. FMRI machines can't provide any definite answers, because imaging studies, unlike the electrode studies in monkeys, don't measure the electrical activity of individual neurons. They tell us about the oxygen use of sections of the brain with many hundreds of thousands of individual neurons.
These are fascinating and important results. But they tell us about the functions and connections of large portions of the brain, not about individual neurons. Moreover, this mirror system is quite separate from the parts of the brain that are activated in language and everyday social understanding. And this kind of large-scale brain organization, like the tuning of individual neurons, is itself likely the result of experience.
A fourth misconception perpetuated by the myth holds that a single type of cell can be responsible for a single type of experience. Could the human "mirror system" work because it's made up of lots of mirror neurons? No. Experiences and behaviors are never going to be the result of just one kind of cell, or even several kinds. More than 40 years ago, scientists used electrodes to record from individual neurons in the visual system of cats. They found a group of cells that responded distinctively to certain kinds of shapes, and they called them "edge detectors." You might think we see edges because our edge detectors fire. But decades of research have shown that the real picture is much more complicated. Something as simple as seeing an edge results from a very complex pattern of interactions among hundreds of different types of neurons. You can imagine how many types of interacting neurons it would take to drive a social behavior.
The intuition that we are deeply and specially connected to other people is certainly right. And there is absolutely no doubt that this is due to our brains, because everything about our experience is due to our brains. (It certainly isn't due to our big toes or our earlobes.) But it's little more than a lovely metaphor to say that our mirror neurons bring us together.
Another perspective from The New Scientist: Role of mirror neurons may need a rethink.
OK, now you can watch Ramachandran preach the mirror neuron gospel. Just wanted to be sure this was a balanced presentation on this topic.


The 2016 Ford F150 is out and most truckers are excited with it. Vehicle offers a lot of features, a lot of options, from engines and trim levels, to cab configurations. Total four drivetrains are offered, also 6 trims. At the end, company launched three cabs for their best pickup truck. The 2016 Ford F150 Regular cab is entry level model. Other two configurations are Super Cab and Super Crew cab. Truck with Regular cab has fewest options, but in that case, price is advantage.
Entry-level cab configuration is available with base engine for entire F150 lineup. Although there are three more options, these are available for other trims. The 2016 Ford F150 Regular cab could be purchased as XL or XLT model, and both of these are propelled from 3.5-l V6 with FFV system. This powerplant is mated to electronic 6-speed gearbox. Tow and haul modes are available for better gear distribution if you need more power, or more speed. This transmission is switchable, so you can find it as manual and automatic. Further, auto gearbox has two modes, Progressive Range and Drive mode. There is no difference between two trims in towing capacity, with both pickups can load up to 5,100 pounds.
Accessories and equipment are pretty the same for two lower levels of 2016 Ford F150 Regular cab. The XL variant is equipped with manual air conditioning, meters for fuel, speed, odometer and tachometer, fading cabin lightning. Manual door locks and manual tilt/telescoping are available also. The XLT trim adds BoxLink feature, voice-activated SYNC technology and many more. Outside, black bumpers and stone cuffs are standard. Lower level vehicle has 3-bar grille, while XLT has chrome grille. Halogen headlamps and daytime running lights are standard, while higher trim offers fog lights.
Base model of 2016 Ford F150 Regular cab, as XL trim can be purchased for $26,000 at best price, without any additional packages. The XLT trim is loaded with more options, so price difference of $5,000 is not surprise. However, these trims with other cab configurations has different price.


text:
Q: Is pass-by-value/reference defined implementation or behavior wise? Q: Is pass-by-value/reference defined strictly by behavior or implementation wise in C++, and can you provide an authoritative citation?
I had a conversion with a friend about pass-by-value/reference in C++. We came to a disagreement on the definition of pass-by-value/reference. I understand that passing a pointer to a function is still pass-by-value since the value of the pointer is copied, and this copy is used in the function. Subsequently, dereferencing the pointer in the function and mutating it will modify the original variable. This is where the disagreement appears.
His stance: Just because a pointer value was copied and passed to the function, performing operations on the dereferenced pointer has the ability to affect the original variable, so it has the behavior of pass-by-reference, passing a pointer to a function.
My stance: Passing a pointer to a function does copy the value of the pointer, and operations in the function may affect the original variable; however, just because it may affect the original, this behavior does not constitute it to be pass-by-reference since it is the implementation of the language that is what defines these terms, pass-by-value/reference.
Quoting from the definition given by the highest voted answer here: Language Agnostic
Pass by Reference

When a parameter is passed by reference, the caller and the callee use the same variable for the parameter. If the callee modifies the parameter variable, the effect is visible to the caller's variable.

Pass by Value

When a parameter is passed by value, the caller and callee have two independent variables with the same value. If the callee modifies the parameter variable, the effect is not visible to the caller.

I still have an ambiguous feeling after reading these. For example, the pass by value/reference quotes can support either of our claims. Can anyone clear up the definitions of whether these definition stem from behavior or implementation and provide a citation? Thanks!
Edit: I should be a little more careful of my vocabulary. Let me extend my question with a clarification. What I mean when questioning pass-by-reference is not talking purely about the C++ implementation of & reference, but instead also the theory. In C++, is it that the & pass-by-reference is true PBR because not only can it modify the original value, but also the memory address of the value. This leads to this, example with pointers also count as PBR?
void foo(int ** bar){
    *bar = *bar+(sizeof(int*));
    cout<<"Inside:"<<*bar<<endl;
}

int main(){
    int a = 42;
    int* ptrA = &a;
    cout<<"Before"<<ptrA<<endl;
    foo(&ptrA);
    cout<<"After:"<<ptrA<<endl;
}

The output would be that After ptrA is equal to Inside, meaning that not only can the function modify a, but ptrA. Because of this, does this define call-by-reference as a theory: being able to not only modify the value, but the memory address of the value. Sorry for the convoluted example.

A: You talk a lot about pointers here, which they are indeed passed by value most of the time, but you don't mention actual C++ references, which are actual references.
int a{};
int& b = a;

// Prints true
std::cout << std::boolalpha << (&b == &a) << std::endl;

Here, as you can see, both variables have the same address. Put it simply, especially in this case, references act as being another name for a variable.
References in C++ are special. They are not objects, unlike pointers. You cannot have an array of references, because it would require that references has a size. Reference are not required to have a storage at all.
What about actually passing a variable by reference then?
Take a look at this code:
void foo(int& i) {
    i++;
}

int main() {
    int i{};

    foo(i);

    // prints 1
    std::cout << i << std::endl;
}

In that particular case, the compiler must have a way to send to which variable the reference is bound. Indeed references are not required to have any storage, but they are not required to not have one either. In this case, if optimizations are disabled, it is most likely that the compiler implements the behavior of references using pointers.
Of course, if optimizations are enabled, it may skip the passing and completely inline the function. In that case, the reference don't exist, or don't have any storage, because the original variable will be used directly.
Other similar optimization happens with pointers too, but that's not the point: The point is, the way references are implemented is implementation defined. They are most likely implemented in term of pointers, but they are not forced to, and the way a reference is implemented may vary from case to case. The behavior of references are defined by the standard, and really is pass-by-reference.

What about pointers? Do they count as passing by reference?
I would say no. Pointers are objects, just like int, or std::string. You can even pass a reference to a pointer, allowing you to change the original pointer.
However, pointers do have reference semantics. They are not reference indeed, just like std::reference_wrapper is not a reference either, but they have reference semantics. I wouldn't call passing a pointer "passing by reference", because you don't have an actual reference, but you indeed have reference semantics.
A lot of things have reference semantics, pointers, std::reference_wrapper, a handle to a resource, even GLuint, which are handle to an opengl object, all have reference semantics, but they are not references. You don't have a reference to the actual object, but you can change the pointed-to object through these handles.
There are other good articles and answers you can read about. They are all very informative about value and reference semantics.

*

*isocpp.org: Reference and Value Semantics

*Andrzej's C++ blog: Value semantics

*Stack Overflow: What are the differences between a pointer variable and a reference variable in C++?

A: Passing by value/reference (you forgot one which is passing the address to the location in memory by using a pointer) is part of the implementation of C++.

There is one more way to pass variables to functions, and that is by address. Passing an argument by address involves passing the address of the argument variable (using a pointer) rather than the argument variable itself. Because the argument is an address, the function parameter must be a pointer. The function can then dereference the pointer to access or change the value being pointed to.

Take a look here at what I have always thought to be an authoritative Source: Passing Arguments by Address.
You're correct in regards to a value being copied when passing by value. This is the default behavior in C++. The advantage of passing by value into a function is that the original value cannot be changed by the function when the value is passed into it and this prevents any unwanted bugs and/or side effects when changing the value of an argument.
The problem with passing by Value is that you will incur a huge performance penalty if you pass an entire struct or class many times into your function as you will be passing entire copies of the value you are trying to pass AND in the case of a mutator method in a class, you will not be able to change the original values and will therefore end up creating multiple copies of the data you are trying to modify because you will be forced to return the new value from the function itself instead of from the location in memory where the data structure resides. This is just completely inefficient.
You only want to pass by value when you don't have to change the value of the argument.
Here is a good source on the topic of Passing Arguments by Value.
Now, you will want to use the "Pass by Reference" behavior when you do need to change the value of an argument in the case of arrays, Classes, or structs. It is more efficient to change the value of a data structure by Passing a Reference to the location in memory where the data structure resides into the function. This has the benefit that you will not have to return the new value from the function but rather, the function can then change the value of the reference you have given it directly where it resides in memory.
Take a look here to read more about about Passing an Argument by Reference.
EDIT: In regards to the issue as to whether or not you are passing a non-const by reference or by value when using a pointer, it seems to me the answer is clear. When using a pointer to a non-const, it is neither. When passing a pointer as an argument to a function, you in fact are "Passing the Value" of the ADDRESS into the function and since it is a copy of the ADDRESS of the location in memory where the non-const resides, then you are able to change the Value of the data at that location and not the value of the pointer itself. If you do not want to change the value of the data located at the address pointed to by the pointer being passed by value as an argument into your function, it is good form to make the pointer to an argument a const since the function will not be changing the value of the data itself.
Hope that makes sense.

A: References are different from pointers. The main reason references were introduced is to support Operator Overloading. C++ is derived from C and during the process, Pointers were inherited from C. As Stroustrup says:
C++ inherited pointers from C, so I couldn't remove them without causing serious compatibility problems.
So, effectively there are three different ways of parameters passing:

*

*Pass by value

*Pass by reference &

*Pass by pointers.

Now, pass by pointer has the same effect as pass by reference. So how to decide on what you want to use? Going back to what Stroustrup said:
That depends on what you are trying to achieve:
If you want to change the object passed, call by reference or use a pointer; e.g. void f(X&); or void f(X*);
If you don't want to change the object passed and it is big, call by const reference; e.g. void f(const X&);
Otherwise, call by value; e.g. void f(X);
Ref: http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq2.html#pointers-and-references

A: Those terms are about the variable that is passed, in this case the pointer. If you pass a pointer to a function then the variable that is passed is the pointer - holding the address of the object - to an object and not the object it points to.
If you pass a pointer by value then chaning  the object it is pointing to in the function would not affect the pointer that was passed to the function.
If you pass the pointer by reference then you can change in the function where the pointer is pointing to and it would modifiy the pointer that was passed to this function.
Thats how it is defined. Otherwise you could argue that if you have a global std::map<int,SomeObject> and you pass  an int as key to the object, would also be a pass by reference because you can modify the objects in that global map, and the caller would see those changes.  Because this int is also just a pointer to an object.


text:
Bengals sign RB, extend contract tenders
Hawkins, Miles, Rey offered contracts
Updated: 5:07 PM EST Mar 7, 2013
The Bengals signed a backup running back and extended contract tenders to three restricted free agents. Cedric Peerman, a fourth-year player who posted career-best offensive numbers and played special teams, had been set to become a free agent Monday. The Bengals offered contract tenders to safety Jeromy Miles, wide receiver Andrew Hawkins and linebacker Vincent Rey. Miles is a fourth-year player who was second on the team in special teams tackles. Hawkins, who ranked third on the team in receptions and receiving yards, and Rey, who played in every game last season, are both third-year players.
CINCINNATI —
The Bengals signed a backup running back and extended contract tenders to three restricted free agents.
Cedric Peerman, a fourth-year player who posted career-best offensive numbers and played special teams, had been set to become a free agent Monday.
The Bengals offered contract tenders to safety Jeromy Miles, wide receiver Andrew Hawkins and linebacker Vincent Rey.
Miles is a fourth-year player who was second on the team in special teams tackles.
Hawkins, who ranked third on the team in receptions and receiving yards, and Rey, who played in every game last season, are both third-year players.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The popular press and politicians have expressed concerns regarding the potential destabilizing force of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs). This chapter addresses these concerns by presenting results from the literature on the volatility and compensation of risk of SWF target firms and target markets. SWF investments (sales) are associated with a reduction (increase) in the compensation of risk for a three-year (five-year) term. Firm volatility decomposition suggests that it is mainly idiosyncratic risk that drives these impacts. The chapter reviews evidence and data that show the relationship between SWF investment and firm volatility depends on the investment horizon examined. It explains that the evidence is consistent with the view that the relationship between SWF investment and firm volatility is mainly attributable to idiosyncratic risk.
April Knill is the Gene Taylor/Bank of America Professor of Finance and the Associate Director of the BB&T Center for Perspectives on Free Enterprise at The Florida State University. She received her PhD from the University of Maryland at College Park in August of 2005. While pursuing her doctoral degree she worked at The World Bank as a ↵consultant. Upon graduation, she went to work at Florida State University. Her research interests are international finance, venture capital/private equity, and the intersection between law, finance, and politics. She has published in academic journals including (but not limited to) Journal of Business, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Journal of International Business Studies, Financial Management, European Financial Management, Journal of Corporate Finance, Journal of Comparative Economics and Journal of Financial Intermediation.
Nathan Mauck is Assistant Professor of Finance at the Henry W. Bloch School of Management, University of Missouri—Kansas City. Professor Mauck's research focuses on sovereign wealth funds, mergers and acquisitions, payout policy, corporate finance, ↵and behavioral finance. He has published in Journal of Banking and Finance, Journal of Behavioral Finance, Journal of Corporate Finance, Journal of Financial Intermediation, Journal of Financial Research, Journal of International Business Studies, Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Financial Management, and Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting among others. He received the Elmer F. Pierson Good Teaching Award (2015), UMKC Chancellor's Early Career Award for Excellence in Teaching (2015), Bloch Favorite Faculty Member of the Year (2014) at the University of Missouri–Kansas City, and the College of Business Doctoral Teaching Award (2010) at Florida State University. Nathan received a BS in Finance from Kansas State University in 2006 and a PhD in Finance from Florida State University in 2011.


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Marital dissolution and associated factors in Hosanna, Southwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study
Likawunt Samuel Asfaw1 &
Getu Degu Alene1
BMC Psychology volume 11, Article number: 20 (2023) Cite this article
Marriage dissolution, divorce, or separation from a spouse or common-law partner is a serious public health concern due to its increasing prevalence and devastating health and socio-economic consequences. Evidence suggests an increased risk of marital instability in Ethiopia. In addition, the extent of marital dissolution and other related factors have increased in the study area. Despite these, the prevalence of marital dissolution and the influence of associated factors (main reason for marriage, and parental history of marital dissolution) on marital dissolution has not been assessed in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of marital dissolution and its associated factors among residents of Hosanna town in southwestern Ethiopia in 2022.
We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study among 459 randomly selected Hosanna Township residents. We used structured questionnaires to collect data. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were performed to describe the data and test-associated factors, respectively. A p-value less than 0.05 was used to define statistical significance. We used STATA 14 and IBM SPSS 25.0 computer packages to process data.
Out of the 459 potentially eligible individuals, 450 participants properly responded to the questionnaires yielding a response rate of 98.04%. Of these, 218 (52.9%) were female. The commonly reported reason for marriage was to have children 150 (36.9%). The prevalence rate of marital dissolution was 26.0% (95% CI: (21.7%, 30.3%)). The participant's level of education and the primary reasons (motives) why they get married were statistically significantly associated with marital dissolution. The odds of marital dissolution was higher among participants who completed secondary education (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.26–8.17) compared to those having no formal education. The participants who married for companionship reasons (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.11–0.83) had significantly lower odds of marriage dissolution compared with those who married for financial security.
In this study, the prevalence of marital dissolution was high. The participant's level of education and the primary reasons (motives) why they getting married were significantly associated with marital dissolution. Therefore, an integrated, community-based approach should be developed to prevent marital dissolution.
Marital dissolution, a break in the continuity of the matrimonial bond is appealed to be a serious public health challenge in the world [1,2,3]. It is a serious issue due to its rising prevalence and devastating health and socio-economic consequences. In earlier times, marriage was recognized as a lifetime commitment and ended due to the death of either of the partners [4]. However, empirical research suggests that the world is in a state of transition in the characteristics of bond formation and marriage dissolution [5]. Moreover, there is a growing acceptance of marital dissolution, weakening of marital bonds, and increased opportunity for marital instability [5]. Consequently, the magnitude of marital dissolution is rising Worldwide [6, 7].
Marital dissolution is one of the major social determinants of health and attributes to the majority of chronic physical and mental health disorders [1, 8]. It has been linked to worsening mental and physical health problems [1, 8]. Marriage dissolution affects health in different ways. Like most stressors, marital discord can lead to the production of stress hormones, which can lead to chronic systemic diseases [9]. More commonly, anxiety, depression, and cardiovascular disorders are the commonly reported physical and mental health problems after marriage dissolution [1, 8, 10]. In addition to physical and mental illnesses, it is also known to be associated with injuring oneself with the intent to die. A previous study [11] speculated that marital dissolution is associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation. It has copious consequences on children's psychological and physical well-being [12].
Furthermore, it exposes people to health risk behaviors such as changes in eating patterns and heavy alcohol consumption [13], and multiple sexual partners [14, 15]. Correspondingly, having multiple sexual partners seems to be a common problem that divorced/separated women were more likely to report five or more lifetime sex partners than never-married women [16].
Determining the rate of marital dissolution and potential associated factors is important for developing strategies to reduce the risk of divorce. Furthermore, it is used to notify researchers, programmers, and policy-makers about the burden of marital dissolution, thereby supporting the process of mitigating the problem [17]. Previous researchers have found inconsistent findings on the proportion of marital dissolution and the effect of partners' socio-demographic characteristics on the risk of marital dissolution [1, 16, 18, 19]. Moreover, most previous studies have used secondary data and have focused on divorce, not separation [18, 20, 21].
With the above issues in mind, this study assessed the factors associated with marital dissolution. The variables considered as associated factors in this study were the parental marital dissolution history, marital-related characteristics of spouses (the main reason for getting married, how many times have marriage concluded), and the information (knowledge and skill) about their marital relationship. These variables were selected based on their association with marital dissolution [22,23,24,25].
Based on prior studies [24, 26], we hypothesized that parents' divorce/separation history has an association with their children's marital dissolution suggesting that couples whose parents were divorced/separated had a higher risk of marital dissolution compared to couples whose parents were not divorced or separated. Empirical studies [24, 27] have shown that most children of divorced/separated parents experience emotional and communication problems, lack of commitment and self-confidence in marriage [24, 27]. These can subsequently harm future child marriage relationships. However, previous studies did not show the association between parental divorce and children's marital dissolution but rather the effects of parental divorce on children's behavior.
Furthermore, we hypothesize that the main reason for marriage is related to the dissolution of the marriage. A previous study identified that, one of the reasons related to marital dissolution was premarital reasons such as the clear purpose of marriage and the reasons for it [28]. The specific reasons (for financial reasons, to get children, for companionship, and or for falling in love) and their relationship to the marital dissolution have not been assessed.
In addition, we also hypothesize whether the number of marriages (first, second, third, etc.) contributes to the dissolution of marriage. Previous studies have assessed the association between the number of marriages and reported inconsistent results. Compared with first-married adults, remarried adults have positive attitudes toward divorce and are more likely to file for dissolution when experiencing marital distress [24]. However, another empirical study reported that the association between the number of marriages and marriage dissolution was questionable and suggested future research [25].
This study also hypothesizes that the marital information (knowledge and skills) possessed by partners is related to marital dissolution. Previous research has shown that factors such as lack of knowledge about marriage and relationship-building skills are significant predictors of marital breakdown [29]. It was also noted that married people who did not have basic information about their relationship experienced more problems in their marriage [30].
The effects of some of the aforementioned factors such as parental divorce/separation history, the main reason for marriage, and the number of marriages (first, second) were not assessed at the population level in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of marital dissolution and its associated factors among residents of Hosanna town in southwestern Ethiopia.
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence (point-prevalence) of marital dissolution among Hosanna residents.
Study setting
This study was conducted in Hosanna town. Hosanna is the administrative and commercial center of the Hadiya Administrative Zone in the Southern regional state of Ethiopia. It is located 232 km South West of Addis Ababa. As for demographic characteristics, the population of Hosanna has been rapidly growing since its inception. According to the housing and population census of Ethiopia, the population of the Town was 13,467 in 1984, and (31,701) ten years later in 19,944 [31]. In 2007, Hosanna had a population of 69,995 people [31]. According to Hosanna Municipality and the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey [31], the town of Hosanna is divided into six Kebele (smaller administrative units in Ethiopia). We used this pre-arranged structure of the town for the current study.
In Ethiopia, only Twenty-seven percent of women aged 15–49 have never married and 11 percent are divorced. Correspondingly, less than one percent of women aged 45–49 have never been married indicating that both marriage and marital dissolution are universal in Ethiopia [32]. Recruitment of participants and data collection were carried out from February 1 to March 30, 2022.
Individuals who lived in Hosanna town and were able to answer specific marital questions were included in this study. We used marital-specific questions such as the "current marital status," "the prime reasons for getting married", "age at marriage", and "parental marital dissolution history", to consider people as eligible for this study. These variables were considered because they were associated with marital dissolution, which was the outcome variable of this study. The prospective study participants were recruited from the framed source population. Those who met the eligibility criteria were included in the study population. We obtained the data of details of the existing government structure, the number of Households, and the total number of people living in each administrative unit of the Town from Hosanna Town Municipality, Kebele Administrations, and Urban Health Extension workers. The research team included field supervisors and data collectors.
The first eligibility criterion was living in Hosanna Town. Since this study was carried out in Hosanna, people who have been living in Hosanna Town for at least six months were included in the current study. We assessed this criterion by asking participants. The ever-married individuals with a marriage history: currently married (in marital union during the data collection period), divorced, or widowed were included in the study without age and sex restriction. In contrast, a few individuals who refused to participate in the study and were unable to provide adequate information due to health problems at the time of data collection were excluded from the study.
Variables and definitions
The prevalence of marital dissolution is the outcome of this study. The prevalence of marital dissolution was determined from the study sample. In other words, we estimated the point prevalence of marital breakdown (divorce or sedation) from the study sample that was identified during the data collection period. The marital specific characteristics prime reasons to get married, age at marriage, type of marriage, forms of marriage, parental marital dissolution history, General health status (presence of known chronic illness), behavioral correlates(substance use, Communication problem, conflicting behavior, marital commitment), and socio-demographic factors(sex, religion, level of education, house ownership) were the independent variables.
In this study, marriage was defined as the legal or formal union of two people (of the opposite sex), a man and a woman, as partners in a personal relationship. Moreover, divorce was defined as the legal termination of a marriage, the separation of husband and wife which confers on the parties the right to remarriage according to the laws of each country [33, 34]. Whereas, separation refers to the termination of a marriage on the basis of civil, religious, and/or other traditional provisions without conferring on the parties the right to remarry [33, 34]. Correspondingly, marital dissolution is defined as the termination of a marital relationship as a result of divorce or separation [33, 34].
Data sources and measurement
In this study, we collected raw data directly from the study participants. Thus, the study participants were the data sources. Data were collected using a series of forms completed using face-to-face interview techniques. The form includes demographics, general health, and marriage-specific characteristics.
Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A questionnaire was developed by reviewing relevant literature [22, 23, 33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. It was prepared in English and translated into Amharic. The questionnaire had three parts, the first part contained four questions and was about the socio-demographic characteristics of the individual participants, the second part contained three questions designed to collect data on general health and health risk behavior, and the third part contained eleven items designed to assess the marital specific characteristics and marital dissolution.
The questionnaire was pre-tested on 10% of the sample in an adjacent Town (Durame, capital town of Kembata Zone) where the study didn't take place. Therefore, a modification was made based on the results of the pre-test, and the modified version was used for actual data collection. The internal consistency of the items in the questionnaire was acceptable with the value of Cronbach's alpha (0.71), exceeding the index of 0.7 [40, 41].
Prior to data collection, the data collectors and supervisory teams contacted officials of each administrative unit with official letters. The households and individual participants were selected with the help of a guide from the respective administrative units. After contacting these individuals, the details of the concern of the team were explained to each participant by the assigned team leader, and the process of informed consent was secured.
Prior to the participant recruitment and data collection process, the research team received two days of training (basic principles of research ethics, data collection tools, and the roles and responsibilities of each team member). Six first-year health science students collected data. Two public health professionals were assigned to supervise the data collection process. The investigators of the research project coordinated the entire fieldwork.
Depending on the study design different techniques were undertaken to ascertain both the selection and information bias in this study. In the selection stage, the study participants were randomly selected based on the pre-determined criteria and included in the study. During the data collection process, revisits were scheduled to complete the missed data and reduced the information bias [42]. Furthermore, several individuals participated in the data collection to enhance the depth of the findings. The training was given to data collectors to familiarize them with the local culture, research instruments, and principles of research ethics. Statistical procedures were also performed to treat information bias due to missing data [42].
Study size and sampling techniques
We used a single population proportion formula to determine the number of individuals to be included in the study [43] that is appropriate for the estimation of a single proportion [44]. The proportion of marital dissolution was obtained from a previous study (45%) [20], estimated with 95% confidence and 5% precision, and took into account a 20% non-response rate to determine the sample size. Consequently, the sample size was 459.
This sample size was proportionally allocated to each Kebele based on the number of households in each Kebele (Fig. 1). The town of Hosanna is divided into six kebels. We used this pre-arranged structure of the town to frame the current study. We used the STAT CALC program of the EPI INFO statistical package to calculate the sample size.
Schematic presentation for the sampling procedure of the study "Marital dissolution in Hosanna town, Southwest Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study", 2022
A simple random sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. The list of Households in each sub-cities that were documented in the respective administrative units was used to select the study participants. We first randomly assign a numeric code from one to six to each of the six sub-cities. Arada 1 is the first English alphabet letter, Bobicho 2, Heto 3, Sech Duna 6, and so on. Depending on the number of Households in each Sub-cities, we assigned four-digit alpha-numeric codes for each household. For example in Sech Duna Kebele there are three thousand six hundred and twenty-nine registered Households, so, the code for the first Household was 6 and the code for the last Household was 30,629. Correspondingly, there were forty-thousand two hundred and fifty Households in Bobicho Kebele, the code for the first Household was 2 and the code for the last Household was 40,250. A similar procedure was followed to code and select study participants in all Kebele.
Finally, among all households, randomly selected households using computer-generated numbers were included in the study. In situations where there was more than one person who satisfy the inclusion criteria in a given household, an individual was selected using a simple random technique (lottery method) and included in this study These codes, which we posted on the existing family archives, were removed as soon as the data collection process was completed.
Statistical methods
The collected data were coded, cleaned, and entered into IBM SPSS 25 (International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 25 for analysis. We described the sample using frequencies, percentages, and diagrams. The distribution of the data set was tested using statistical tests (Shapiro–Wilk test, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test) and graphical (histogram) methods [45].
We used logistic regression (bivariate and multivariate) analysis to assess whether there was a significant association between the associated factors and dependent variables. Before fitting the final model and reporting the results, we performed the necessary evaluations, including Multicollinearity and goodness-of-fit tests. Therefore, the Variance Inflation Factors (VIFs) test was used to assess the Multicollinearity among the independent variables, and those that showed no Multicollinearity were fitted to the multivariable logistic regression model through a backward stepwise method to reduce the effects of cofounders. The variables with a p-value of < 0.2 in the Bivariable analysis were considered for multivariable logistic regression analysis.
The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit statistic was used to check the model fit. We used the adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval to examine the strength and direction of the association between the independent variable and the outcome variable. A P-value of less than 0.05 [46] was used to define statistical significance. Finally, the findings were presented in the form of tables, graphs, and text. STATA 14 software package (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, 77,845, USA) and IBM SPSS 25.0 was used for data analysis.
Out of the 459 potentially eligible individuals, 450 participants responded to each item listed in the questionnaires yielding a response rate of 98.04%.Overall, the data of 450 participants were included in the analysis. Of these, 218 (52.9%) were women. The age of the study participants was measured in years with a mean age of 36.91 years and a standard deviation (SD) of 6.67 years. Details of the background characteristics of participants are depicted in Table 1 below,
Table 1 Summary of the descriptive statistics of the study participants expressed as the mean (± standard deviation) or number (%)
Marital-related characteristics of study participants
Of a total of 450 participants, 407 (90.4%) had a marriage history, from which the majority of them 241(59.2%) did not get marital information regarding the reasons for getting married; 150(36.9%) of study participants chose to get married to have children. Two hundred and fourteen (52.6%) of ever-married participants reported marital conflicts and conflicts often occur during illness72 (33.6%) and holidays.72 (33.6%) (Table 2).
Table 2 Summary of marital-related characteristics of ever-married (n = 407) study participants
The prevalence of marital dissolution
The analyses of the prevalence of marital dissolution in the total sample suggest that 106 (26.0%) [95% CI: (21.7, 30.3)] of study participants reported that they had experienced marital dissolution. The proportion was 41 (38.7%) for males and 65(61.3%) for female participants. Correspondingly, the prevalence of marital dissolution is higher in those who reported no marital education (65 (61.3%)) compared to participants who ever had marital education (41 (38.7%)). The 57 (53.8%). participants reported the individual partners' behavioral factors as a major reason for marital dissolution (Fig. 2). Of those who experienced marital dissolution, 68.9% of them reported no parental history of marital dissolution and 28.3% had a parental history of marital dissolution.
Reasons for marital dissolution expressed in percent (%)
Logistic regression findings
The p-value of the final model is greater than the conventional threshold (0.05), indicating that the model fits well (chi-square = 4.323, P-value = 0. 827) [39],47. A VIF closer to 1 for a given range of independent variables (1.01–1.05) indicates the absence of Multicollinearity among the predictors in the model [48].
The binary logistic regression analysis showed that the participant's level of education and the primary reasons (motives) why they got married were statistically significantly associated with marital dissolution In multivariate analysis (Table 3), participants who had completed secondary education had higher odds of marital breakdown than those with no formal education (AOR: 3.2, 95% CI 1.26–8.17). On the other hand, although more women reported marital dissolution, the association was not statistically significant (P-value = 0.24). Nonetheless, participants who married for companionship reasons (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.11–0.83) had significantly lower odds of marital dissolution compared with those who married for financial security.
Table 3 Binary logistic regression findings of factors associated with marital dissolution, 2022
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of marriage dissolution among married people in Hosanna Township. The prevalence of marital dissolution in this study area was 26.0%, which was comparable to that of study in Ethiopia, where approximately 25% of married women were reported to be divorced from their first relationship [18].
However, the results of this study was lower than the reported rate of marital dissolution in Ethiopia. 45% of first marriages in Ethiopia end in divorce [20]. Furthermore, this finding is much higher than the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey report (2019), which showed that 6% of women (15–49 years) in Ethiopia were divorced or separated in Ethiopia [32].
Differences in the methods used, as well as the composition of the study populations, could explain the observed discrepancies between previous and current findings. For example, previous studies used National Family and Fertility Survey data and restricted [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49] group [20]. This finding builds on existing evidence showing the prevalence of marriage dissolution remained high in Ethiopia.
This finding raises concerns over the social tie in the community. Marriage is a huge social institution [49] and a foundation for society [22]. It is concluded through religious doctrines, traditional ceremonies (customs of the society in which it is found) [50], or a public act [51]. It is governed by the codes of ethics and family law [35]. On the other hand, divorce, or marital dissolution is a judicially administered process that legally terminates a marriage that permits remarrying [35]. So, a disturbance in this institution indirectly reflects the weakening of the social tie and the erosion of the entire system surrounding marital relations in Ethiopia.
Further, the cross-tabulation analysis revealed that more women (61.3%) than men (38.7%) reported marital dissolution. The logistic regression findings revealed a negative relationship between the highest level of education and marital dissolution, meaning that people who have completed secondary education were more likely to have marital dissolution compared to those who had no formal education. This finding is consistent with previous reports showing how education level affects the presence of marriage dissolution [36, 37]. Again, this study was consistent with previous reports in Ethiopia [39].
In contrast to this, a previous study reported that individuals who did not attend formal education had higher odds of experiencing marital dissolution [18]. Recent research has also concluded that marriages with at least one highly educated partner are less likely to divorce than uneducated couples [52]. Furthermore, another study in rural South Africa indirectly revealed the effect of education on marriage dissolution and reported that those with higher education were more likely to remain in one marriage than those who had never attended school [19]. Being limited to women and methodological differences between the previous and the current study could more likely explain the observed differences [18].
The negative aspects of education, for instance, giving more credit to scientific issues over social and religious values, the tendency to look at more options, the need not want to live deprived of one's rights, and coping with post-divorce/separation social and economic problems, etc., could more likely explain the negative effects of education on marital dissolution. Most distressed couples prefer to stay together rather than file for marital dissolution due to fear of the negative consequences of marital dissolution on their life and children [53].
In Ethiopia, couples who wish to divorce or separate are notified "You considered the consequences before you rush to divorce/separate?" by their family, court judges, and friends. Educated people will be better able to cope with the social and economic consequences of marital dissolution. Second; it is well-known that people with higher education tend to understand their roles and responsibilities [54]. Whereas, if either or both spouses fail to fulfill their obligations and put undue pressure on each other, the marriage may end in divorce or separation.
In addition to the effect of level of education, the present study also assessed the association between the circumstances of entry into marriage (prime reason to get married) and marital dissolution and identified that the proportion of marital dissolution was significantly lower among participants who get married to get children and for companionship reasons compared to those who get married with motives (such as for financial security (arranged marriage)).
We were unable to find similar studies that directly described the effects of arranged marriages (marriages entered into for financial security) on marriage dissolution. However, previous studies consistently reported the negative effect of "arranged marriages" (marriages proposed by other people for various reasons than by mates for love and companionship [23] on marital dissolution The risk of divorce was more common among residents whose marriages were arranged.
On the other hand, romantic marriages were stable because they were based on affection between the two individuals [38]. It is generally observed that the risk of marital dissolution was low among partners who get marry for love and companionship compared to those for financial security. Marriage is one of the ancient and socially acceptable companionships between a man and a woman, which is regulated by beliefs, customs, laws, and attitudes that prescribe the rights and duties of the partners [33, 55]. It must then be based on love and the free will of the couple. In contrast, pre-arranged and money-oriented marriages should be discouraged. The strength of this study is that it was based on a simple random sampling technique and therefore, the findings can be generalized to the studied population [56]. The limitation of the present study is that the temporal link between the outcome and the exposure cannot be established because data were collected at one point in time.
In conclusion, Ethiopia has a high marital dissolution rate. A partner's level of education and the primary reasons surrounding entry into marriage are the predictors of marital dissolution. Preventing arranged marriages, such as those for economic security, and developing strategies to balance marital relationships and education will reduce the rate of marriage dissolution in Ethiopia.
Notably, this research highlights the fact that unless corrective measures are taken, marital dissolution is likely to escalate further. This event infers the need for urgent and integrated actions to assure strong, happy, and enduring marriages. Society is also recommended to discourage marital dissolution and arranged marriages (marriages for social, economic, or other purposes than for love and companionship between the partners) to increase the likelihood that people have an enduring and presumably happier family life.
The datasets (SPSS, STATA, and data collection tools) used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
IBM:
SPSS:
Statistical package for social sciences
STATA:
Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, 77,845, USA
VIFs:
Variance inflation factors
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The authors would like to thank Bahir Dar University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Graduate studies for giving me the opportunity to do my Ph.D. education. We also thank the Institutional Review Board of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences of Bahir Dar University for reviewing and approving this study. We also sincerely thank the residents, individuals and organizations of Hosanna Township for their guidance and cooperation throughout the data collection process.
No funding, self.
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Likawunt Samuel Asfaw & Getu Degu Alene
Likawunt Samuel Asfaw
Getu Degu Alene
LSA: Conceived and designed the study idea, developed the proposal, organized the data collection tool, interpreted findings, and wrote the manuscript. GDA: Edited the proposal and approved the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Likawunt Samuel Asfaw.
Ethical approval and consent to participate.
Ethical Clearance. The ethical approval of the study was obtained from the "Institutional Review Board of the Bahir Dar University of College of Medicine and Health Sciences (No 356/2021/003)" and permission to conduct the study was sought from the Hosanna city administration and organizations. Furthermore, participants were informed that their involvement in the study would provide the opportunity to gain information that would be useful in improving marital life and reducing marital dissolution. They were also told that participation in this study was voluntary and the information they provided would be used for research purposes only. The purpose of the research and information confidentiality was briefly described to the potential participants. To ensure confidentiality, data collection processes were conducted in a comfortable environment such as the participant's house and offices, pseudo names were assigned during the interview and other personal identifiers were eliminated from the data collection tool. Finally, informed consent was taken and the participant was entitled to agree or disagree to be interviewed and to stop the interview. Overall, the entire methods in this study were performed in accordance with international and national ethical guidelines and regulations.
Asfaw, L.S., Alene, G.D. Marital dissolution and associated factors in Hosanna, Southwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol 11, 20 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01051-3
Marital dissolution
Submission enquiries: bmcpsychology@biomedcentral.com


On behalf of Bradley, Drendel & Jeanney posted in Motorcycle Accidents on Wednesday, December 31, 2014.
Motorcyclists on the road are at an immediate safety disadvantage. This is due to the obvious fact that motorcycles are much smaller and less protective than regular passenger vehicles on the road today. But how many motorcyclists are actually involved in accidents every year? Of those accidents, what percentage of accident victims are seriously injured or even killed?
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, deadly motorcycle crashes were up 7.1% from the previous year to a total of 4,957 deaths in 2012. An important statistic determined by the NHTSA, is that motorcycle riders are five times more likely than non-motorcyclists to be injured in a crash and 26 times more likely to be killed. These statistics do not bode well for motorcyclists. The reality is that motorcyclists need to take extra care because they are more susceptible to accidents with injuries or death.
On the upside, motorcycle rider fatalities have decreased from a high point of 5,312 deaths in 2008. There are also more motorcyclists registered than in 2008, which means that not only have the number of deaths decreased, but they have decreased per capita as well.
There are ways for motorcyclists to prevent themselves from sustaining an accident with serious injuries, but there is no way to stop it completely. This is due to the uncertainty that is left with negligent drivers that cause accidents with motorcyclists.
While it appears that motorcyclist deaths have decreased, they are currently at an alarmingly high amount. Nearly 5,000 motorcyclists were killed in 2012, thousands other were injured. Some of these accidents were due to negligent drivers in passenger vehicles. It is crucial that all motorcyclists and drivers in other vehicles understand the importance of motorcycle safety.


It has been a while since I last posted a blog update.
It's because my days are now infinitely busier. It's wonderful and amazing to be busy but also slightly overwhelming at times.
My lack of posting is certainly not due to lack of cooking – it's just the writing part that has been slowing down.
Today, however, I am going to share a little secret …..
……….that I am becoming a part time Vegan.
According to some studies a vegan diet is one of the best diets for weight loss and heart health. I was really tempted to become a vegan.
I cannot imagine giving up bacon, butter, and milk but …..I am so curious about the benefits of veganism.
Well, how about part-time vegan? It seems like the best option for me. So here I am now becoming a part time vegan.
I must admit that being Vegan is actually fun, perhaps because I do it only part time and also because I got to try new recipes, learn about nutrition and new vegetables and grains. I even learned that eggplant can be used as meat substitute. It's an interesting exploration of cooking, food and health.
Making homemade vegan Japanese curry is surprisingly simple and immensely satisfying. To help make this recipe even easier, we can use S&B Golden Curry Sauce Mix.
When I cooked the Japanese curry, I followed a recipe found in Japanese Cooking 101 with some modification. I also substitute the beef with Japanese eggplants and white button mushrooms.
Heat oil and fry the eggplant in a pot for a few minutes, then take the fried eggplants out, set aside.
In the same pot, fry onions for 8 minutes. Add carrots and potatoes.
Add water to the pot. After it boils, skim fat, and reduce heat to low.
Cover and cook for 15 minutes until the carrots and potatoes become tender.
Add curry sauce mix. Stir well so the pieces of the mix dissolve.
If you'd like to use the Optional Seasonings above, after remove from heat, add in the ketchup, Worcestershire sauce, apricot jam, and soy sauce. Let it simmer for 10-15 minutes (cook longer if you'd like it thicker). If you'd like to add the optional curry powder, stir it in just before serving.
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I've had this saying in my list of quotes for a number of years. I hadn't read it for awhile, but I sure love it. It's such a true statement. The simple things of life are so often sweet and they are most definitely real.
***Please remember that these graphics are designed by Netties Expressions for your personal use only. Please respect this and do not try to claim these as your own or use them for resale.
I've changed things up a bit. I've made this available in a square graphic as well as in a narrow size which should fit most phones if you want to use this for your phone wallpaper.
Click on the image below to download a free copy of this graphic.
This image should work as wallpaper on your phone if you're wanting something different.
Enjoy the sweet simple things of life today!


Young Conaway Bankruptcy Partner Joseph Barry will be moderating the "Ethics Do's and Don'ts" plenary session at today's ABI DE Views From the Bench Conference. The program, which takes place at the Hotel DuPont, features leading bankruptcy practitioners and perspectives from the Delaware bankruptcy and federal appellate bench. Sessions are divided into three tracks so that new, mid-level, and experienced practitioners are able to learn relevant information for their practice.


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Stewart & Susan
We purchased the Ffarm from Jeremy Platt in early 2013 having both decided we needed to get out of the rat race and away from the office politics in which we had been immersed for almost 30 years.
Our vision was simple – devote the next twenty years of our working lives to running a B&B that we could really be proud of and where "Excellence in Guest Accommodation" was not our mission statement but our minimum standard. The Ffarm building and its grounds have a natural "WOW" factor and many people say the photos don't do it justice. We wanted there to be a similar "WOW" factor in everything that we offer our guests – from the quality of the rooms, the breakfasts, our evening meals and every aspect of our service. If we haven't achieved this for you then please tell us how we can improve.
When Jeremy refurbished the Ffarm in 2006 he adopted a wine theme reflecting the years he and his father had worked in the wine business (Jeremy owns Ffarm Vintners, a member of the Independent Wine Buyers Consortium). The rooms were named after various wine regions and the wine theme was reflected in various of the interior detailing (notice the wine glass motifs on the fireplace in the hall).
We have chosen not to theme the Ffarm based on our working lives (too boring and mundane) but on our passion for two things – mountain walking and SCUBA diving.
The rooms on the second floor naturally reflect the really high altitude walks we've done.
The Hemingway Room celebrates our achievement in reaching the summits of Kilimanjaro (19,341 ft) and Mount Kenya (16,355 ft). Although Ernest Hemingway never actually climbed either mountain his books immortalised the region and naming a room after one or other mountain didn't quite feel right (Mount Kenya is actually by far the more interesting and beautiful mountain).
The Himalaya Room celebrates our first major ascent above 18,000 feet which we did over the New Year 1999-2000 (an incredibly cheap trek at the time because of the fears surrounding the "millennium bug" and its potential effect on computers in general and air traffic control in particular). Our summit was Kala Pattar at 18,514 ft which turned out to be a pretty unremarkable pile of rocks and prayer flags but does afford remarkable views of Everest (which you can't actually see from Everest base camp).
The Quito Room celebrates some stunning walks that we've done in Ecuador but also our only major failure. The summit of Chimborazo has an elevation above sea level of 20,564 ft but because of the planet's equatorial bulge is actually further from the centre of the earth than the summit of Everest. It proved a little too much for us and we had to turn back at just above 19,000 ft – so close yet so far (but we had just climbed to the top of Cotopaxi which at 19,347 ft is still our personal best altitude wise).
Coming down on to the first floor we drop altitude slightly with the Cusco Room celebrating our adventures in Peru. Our major trek was a circumnavigation of the mountain of Ausangate in the Willkanuta range of the Andes – a spectacular mountain in a region of fantastic natural beauty and isolation with 5 separate passes to scale at around 16,000 ft. Of course whilst we were there we had to "do" Machu Pichu but it was the peaceful wilderness around Ausangate that impressed us most.
The Borneo Room celebrates our 10th wedding anniversary trip to this beautiful island. At 13,435 ft MountKinabalu is a minnow but it was our first taste of high altitude and an addictive one. Overnighting at the Laban Rata rest house at 10,370 ft was awe inspiring – a terrace juts out over the cliffs and you feel like you could step off and walk across the layer of cloud that stretches like a carpet at your feet. This trip also inspired us to take up diving so in a sense was the origin of both our passions.
The Florence Room celebrates both our honeymoon there (1987) and a walk we did from Bologna to Florence in 2005. This obviously wasn't a high altitude walk but the Tuscan countryside was incredibly varied and walking into Florence after seven days of rambling was an absolute joy. Florence is probably our second favourite city after Venice and has that perfect blend of renaissance architecture and fine Italian food and wine.
The Venice Room is the best room at the Ffarm and celebrates our favourite city. Our first holiday together was here and we have since returned to Venice as often as we can – it never disappoints. Get off the beaten track and there is so much that catches the eye – fascinating little details and marvellous slices of Venetian life.
Descending to the ground floor we only have one room left – the Coral Room. This room celebrates our love of the oceans and diving. We admit we're only warm water divers and have never dived in the UK but we never tire of the coral reefs teeming with life and have notched up a varied collection of dives in sites in Thailand, the Philippines, the Maldives, Bali, Sulawesi, Madagascar, Kenya, Zanzibar, Belize, Tobago and of course the Red Sea. Reefs are fragile and vulnerable ecosystems but of immense beauty and incredible variety – truly awesome.