text:
Yogo sapphires are blue sapphires, a colored variety of corundum, found in Montana, primarily in Yogo Gulch (part of the Little Belt Mountains) in Judith Basin County, Montana. Yogo sapphires are typically cornflower blue, a result of trace amounts of iron and titanium. They have high uniform clarity and maintain their brilliance under artificial light. Because Yogo sapphires occur within a vertically dipping resistive igneous dike, mining efforts have been sporadic and rarely profitable. It is estimated that at least 28 million carats () of Yogo sapphires are still in the ground. Jewelry containing Yogo sapphires was given to First Ladies Florence Harding and Bess Truman; in addition, many gems were sold in Europe, though promoters' claims that Yogo sapphires are in the crown jewels of England or the engagement ring of Princess Diana are dubious. Today, several Yogo sapphires are part of the Smithsonian Institution's gem collection.

Yogo sapphires were not initially recognized or valued.  Gold was discovered at Yogo Creek in 1866, and though "blue pebbles" were noticed alongside gold in the stream alluvium by 1878, it was not until 1894 that the "blue pebbles" were recognized as sapphires. Sapphire mining began in 1895 after a local rancher named Jake Hoover sent a cigar box of gems he had collected to an assay office, which in turn sent them to Tiffany's in New York, where an appraiser pronounced them "the finest precious gemstones ever found in the United States". Hoover then purchased the original mother lode from a sheepherder, later selling it to other investors.  This became the highly profitable "English Mine", which flourished from 1899 until the 1920s. A second operation, the "American Mine", was owned by a series of investors in the western section of the Yogo dike, but was less profitable and bought out by the syndicate that owned the English Mine. In 1984, a third set of claims, known as the Vortex mine, opened.

The term "Yogo sapphire" is the preferred wording for gems found in the Yogo Gulch, whereas "Montana sapphire" generally refers to gems found in other Montana locations. More gem-quality sapphires are produced in Montana than anywhere else in North America. Sapphires were first discovered in Montana in 1865, in alluvium along the Missouri River. Finds in other locations in the western half of the state occurred in 1889, 1892, and 1894. The Rock Creek location, near Phillipsburg, is the most productive site in Montana, and its gems inspired the name of the nearby Sapphire Mountains. In 1969, the sapphire was co-designated along with the agate as Montana's state gemstones.

In the early 1980s, Intergem Limited, which controlled most of the Yogo sapphire mining at the time, rocked the gem world by marketing Yogo sapphires as the world's only guaranteed "untreated" sapphire, exposing a practice of the time wherein 95 percent of all the world's sapphires were heat-treated to enhance their natural color. Although Intergem went out of business, the gems it mined appeared on the market through the 1990s because the company had paid its salesmen in sapphires during its financial demise. Citibank had obtained a large stock of Yogo sapphires as a result of Intergem's collapse, and after keeping them in a vault for nearly a decade, sold its collection in 1994 to a Montana jeweler. Mining activity today is largely confined to hobby miners in the area; the major mines are currently inactive.

Location

Yogo sapphires are mined in Montana at Yogo Gulch (), which is in Judith Basin County, Montana,  southwest of Utica,  west-southwest of Lewistown, and east of Great Falls. The site was in Fergus County when Yogo sapphires were discovered, but in 1920, because of the re-designation of county boundaries, Judith Basin County was carved out from parts of western Fergus County and eastern Cascade County.

Yogo Gulch and the corresponding natural features of Yogo Peak (), Yogo Creek, and the Yogo dike, where the gems are mined, are all in the Little Belt Mountains within Judith Basin County. The Gulch is located along the lower reaches of Yogo Creek and west of the Judith River.  The west end of the Yogo dike outcrops just southwest of Yogo Creek, about  north of Yogo Creek's confluence with the Middle Fork of the Judith River; from there it runs east-northeast and ends about  from the Judith River. Yogo Creek starts just south of Yogo Peak, which is about  west of the Judith River. From there the creek flows southeast into the Middle Fork of the Judith River. The Judith River then flows northeast from the Little Belts toward Utica. East of the Judith River is Pig-Eye Basin, where Jake Hoover, credited as the person who discovered Yogo sapphires, owned a ranch.

Etymology
Because Yogo Gulch lies in a region historically inhabited by the Piegan Blackfeet people, promoters of Yogo sapphires claim that yogo may mean "romance" or "blue sky" in the Blackfoot language, although there is little evidence to support this claim. Other meanings for yogo have been suggested, including "Going over the hill". The meaning of the word "Yogo" had been lost by 1878, when placer gold was found in Yogo Creek. Thus, its true meaning is uncertain.

Mineralogy and geology

Sapphires are a color variety of corundum, a crystalline form of aluminium oxide (). Corundum is one of the hardest minerals, rating 9 on the Mohs scale. Corundum gems of most colors are called sapphires, except for red ones, which are called rubies. The term "Yogo sapphire" refers only to sapphires from the Yogo Gulch.  The cornflower blue color of the Yogo results from trace amounts of iron and titanium. Yogo sapphires are unique in that they are free of cavities and inclusions, have high uniform clarity, lack color zoning, and do not need heat treating because their cornflower blue coloring is uniform and deep. Unlike Asian sapphires, they maintain their brilliance in artificial light. Yogo sapphires present an advantage to gemcutters: since they are found as primary constituent minerals within an igneous bedrock rather than in sedimentary alluvial deposits where most other sapphires are located, they retain a perfect or near perfect crystalline shape, making cutting much easier, as does their lack of inclusions, color zoning, or cloudiness. Yogo sapphires also exhibit a triangular pattern on the basal plane of the flattened crystals, with thin rhombohedral crystal faces, a feature absent in sapphires from other parts of Montana.

Yogo sapphires tend to be beautiful, small, and very expensive. The United States Geological Survey and many gem experts have stated that Yogo sapphires are "among the world's finest sapphires." The roughs tend to be small and flat, so cut Yogo gems heavier than  are rare. Only about 10 percent of cut pieces are over . The largest recorded Yogo rough, found in 1910, weighed  and was cut into an  gem. The largest cut Yogo is . Because of the rarity of large rough Yogo sapphires, Yogo gem prices begin rising sharply when they are over , and skyrocket when they are over .

Montana sapphires in general come in a variety of colors, but Yogo sapphires are almost always blue. About two percent of Yogo sapphires are purple, due to trace amounts of chromium. A very small number of rubies have been found at Yogo Gulch.

Yogo sapphires were first discovered in alluvial streambed sediments during gold mining operations in Yogo Gulch downstream from the Yogo dike, but were later traced to their source within igneous bedrock.  Worldwide, other than the Yogo Gulch deposit and one small site in the Kashmir region, most other corundum is mined from the sand and gravel created by the weathering of metamorphic rock. Alluvial sapphires are found in the Far East, Australia, and in three other Montana locations—the upper Missouri River, Rock Creek, and Dry Cottonwood Creek. The location of most Yogo sapphires within igneous rock rather than from alluvial placer deposits requires difficult hard rock mining.  Coupled with American labor costs, this makes their extraction fairly expensive. At least  are estimated to still be in the ground. The Yogo dike is "the only known igneous rock from which sapphire is mined".

The sapphire bearing Yogo dike is a dark gray to green intrusive rock known as a lamprophyre. The lamprophyre is an unusual igneous rock that contains a low content of silica. The rock has a porphyritic texture with large crystals of orthopyroxene and phlogopite set in a fine grained matrix. The phlogopite crystals have been used to determine the age of the dike and its crystallization temperature (900 °C (1,650 °F)). The dike also contains fragments of other rock types. These xenoliths include pieces of limestone, clastic sedimentary rocks, and gneiss. In some locations, due to the abundance of xenoliths, the dike has the appearance of a limestone breccia in an igneous matrix. One gneiss fragment found as a xenolith contains corundum. The Yogo sapphires themselves are rimmed with a reaction layer of spinel and are etched, indicating that the sapphires were not in chemical equilibrium with their host, the lamprophyre magma. This suggests the sapphire crystals may have originated in an earlier rock, such as a corundum-bearing gneiss, later assimilated by the lamprophyre magma at depth. Earlier investigators had assumed that the sapphire had crystallized from the magma with the necessary high aluminium content provided by assimilation of clay rich shales of the Proterozoic Belt Supergroup sediments which are known to be present at depth in the region.

The Yogo dike is a narrow subvertical sheet-like igneous body. It varies from  thick and extends for , striking at an azimuth of 255°. The dike is broken into three offset en echelon segments, and dates to 48.6 mya using Ar dating on phlogopite. The dike intrudes Mississippian age (360 to 325 mya) limestone and other sedimentary rocks of the Madison and Big Snowy Groups.

There has been considerable debate over the years as to the depth of the Yogo dike and how many ounces of rough sapphires per ton it contains. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Delmer L. Brown, a geological engineer and gemologist, conducted the most thorough scientific exploration up to that time, concluding that the dike was at least  deep and that the concentration of rough sapphires was not constant throughout the deposit. Brown found that the dike had intruded into a pre-existing fault that had been a conduit for groundwater circulation. The overlying shale, the Kibbey Formation, was deposited on an unconformity, an ancient Mississippian-age karst erosion surface, and was not intruded by the dike. This groundwater action produced collapsed zones which were intruded by the dike to form breccia zones. Recent erosion in the area removed the overlying shales and again exposed the limestone to groundwater action which produced collapse breccias which include fragments of the dike rock. He determined that the erosion of the dike in the current erosion cycle was minimal.

Brown also showed that the unique characteristics of the Yogo sapphires are related to their geological history. Most sapphires are formed under low pressure and temperature over geologically short periods of time, and this is why most non-Yogo sapphires have imperfections and inconsistent coloring. Yogo sapphires show crystalline formation under very high temperatures and pressures corresponding to a great depth, over geologically long periods of time.  Brown also showed that distribution of gem rough through the dike was not consistent, so using an average "ounces per ton" was misleading. For example, the section which, despite several ownership and name changes over the years, is generally known as the "American Mine," was developed in an area dominated by post-dike breccia with significantly lower ounces per ton than the English Mine.

Montana sapphires

"Yogo sapphire" is the preferred term for gems found in the Yogo Gulch, whereas "Montana sapphire" generally refers to gems found in other Montana locations.  More gem-quality sapphires are produced in Montana than anywhere else in North America. Montana sapphires come in a variety of colors, though rubies are rare.

The first sapphires found in the United States were discovered on May 5, 1865, along the Missouri River, about  east of Helena, in Lewis and Clark County, by Ed "Sapphire" Collins. Collins sent the sapphires to Tiffany's in New York City, and to Amsterdam for evaluation; however, those sapphires were of poor coloring and low overall quality, garnering little notice and giving Montana sapphires a poor reputation.  Corundum was also found at Dry Cottonwood Creek near Butte in 1889, Rock Creek near Philipsburg in 1892, and Quartz Gulch near Bozeman in 1894. By 1890, the English-owned Sapphire and Ruby Mining Company had bought several thousand acres of land where Montana sapphires were found, but the venture failed after a few years because of fraudulent practices by the owners.

Sapphires from these three sites are routinely heat-treated to enhance color. While millions of carats of sapphires have been mined from the Missouri River deposits, there has been little commercial activity there since the 1990s because of the high cost of recovery and environmental concerns. Production at Dry Cottonwood Creek has been sporadic and low-yielding. The Rock Creek area, also known as Gem Mountain, continues to be the most productive site in Montana, even more so than Yogo Gulch, producing over  of sapphires since its inception in 1906. Other than Yogo, Montana sapphire mines have been less successful because they have few blue sapphires and non-blue sapphires have low profit margins.

These gems inspired the names of features: the mountains near Rock Creek are known as the Sapphire Mountains. Garnets are also found at some Montana sapphire sites, inspiring the name of the Garnet Range, which lies to the north of the Sapphire Mountains. In 1969, the sapphire and agate were jointly declared Montana's two official state gemstones.

History

Mining of Yogo sapphires was exceptionally difficult and remains sporadic today. Even so, Yogo sapphire mining turned out to be more valuable than several gold strikes.  The Yogo area also produced small amounts of silver, copper, and iron.

Yogo Gulch lies in a region originally inhabited by the Piegan Blackfeet people. Gold was first discovered at Yogo Creek in 1866, but the small numbers of early prospectors were driven off by local Native Americans. During a Gold Rush in 1878, about a thousand miners came to Yogo Creek, which was one of the gold-bearing streams in Montana not yet actively mined.  "Blue pebbles" were noted along with small quantities of gold. The mining camp at Yogo City only flourished for roughly three years, and eventually the population dwindled to only a few people.

Yogo City was briefly known as Hoover City, after Jake Hoover. Hoover was part of a partnership that had been placer mining for gold and is credited as the discoverer of Yogo Sapphires. For several years, he also owned a ranch in nearby Pig-Eye Basin. He later prospected for gold in Alaska and was a deep-sea fishing guide in Seattle before eventually returning to the Judith Basin.  Western painter C.M. Russell arrived in the area in 1880 as a young cowhand and was hired by Hoover. Russell stated that he learned most of his frontier skills from Hoover, and the two men remained lifelong friends. Millie Ringold, a former slave born in 1845, settled in Fort Benton, Montana after having worked as a nurse and servant for an army general. When gold was discovered at Yogo Creek, Ringold sold her boarding house in Fort Benton and left for the Yogo gold fields, setting up a hotel, restaurant, and saloon in Yogo City where she sang and played music. Ringold later cooked for the English mine, but also worked her own gold claims, even after gold mining was on the decline. She was known as a superb cook and ultimately died in Yogo City in 1906, the last resident of the community.  The nearby town of Utica was featured in Russell's 1907 painting A Quiet Day In Utica, which was originally known as Tinning a Dog. Hoover, Ringold, store owner Charles Lehman, and Russell himself are all depicted in the painting, placed between the hitching post and door of the general store.

Discovery

In 1894, the "blue pebbles" were recognized as sapphires.  One story credits a local school teacher for recognizing the blue pebbles as sapphires. A variation is that the teacher lived in Maine, but was a friend of a local miner, who had mailed her a small box with some gold and a few "blue pebbles" in it. Another story credits a miner named S.S. Hobson for surmising that the blue stones might be sapphires, and his guess was confirmed by a jeweler in Helena.  Ultimately, in 1895, Jake Hoover sent a cigar box containing those he had collected while mining gold to an assay office, which in turn sent them via regular, uninsured mail to Tiffany's in New York City for appraisal by Dr. George Frederick Kunz, the leading American gemologist of the time. Impressed by their quality and color, Kunz pronounced them "the finest precious gemstones ever found in the United States". Tiffany's sent Hoover a check for $3,750 (approximately $ as of ), along with a letter that described the blue pebbles as "sapphires of unusual quality".

Early mining
Yogo sapphires were ultimately traced from the alluvium to their source. In February 1896, a sheepherder named Jim Ettien found the sapphire mother lode: the Yogo dike.  Ettien was prospecting for gold, and found sapphires after washing gravel he found in a fissure within a limestone outcrop. Ettien staked two claims. The vein turned out to be  long and several other miners promptly staked claims along it. Ettien sold his claims to Hoover; Hoover in turn sold his interest in eight original mining stakes, known as the "New Mine Sapphire Syndicate", to his two partners for $5,000 (approximately $ as of ). This site was  from Yogo City. In 1899, Johnson, Walker and Tolhurst, Ltd. of London purchased the New Mine Sapphire Syndicate for $100,000 (approximately $ million as of ). At that point, the operation became unofficially known as the "English Mine".

On July 4, 1896, two other Americans, John Burke and Pat Sweeney, staked six mining claims on the western portion of the Yogo dike—areas Hoover had deemed unfit for mining. These claims were collectively known as the "Fourth of July Claim", and became known as the "American Mine". In 1904, the mine was bought by the American Gem Syndicate, and it sold in 1907 to the American Sapphire Company.

One of the Englishmen who came to the area was Charles Gadsden of Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. By 1902, Gadsden was promoted to resident supervisor of the English Mine, and he quickly turned its focus from gold to sapphires. Gadsden's security measures were very tight, as weight-for-weight, rough sapphires were and continue to be  worth much more than gold. The English Mine flourished until the 1920s, but floods on July 26, 1923, so severely damaged the mines that they never fully recovered. Between the aftermath of flooding and hard economic times, the English Mine finally failed in 1929. It had recovered more than  of rough sapphires that produced  of finished gems valued at $25 million in 1929 dollars (approximately $ million as of ). A series of other firms mined sapphires there, but with marginal success. For much of the 1930s and 1940s Gadsden worked the mine alone and used his own money to pay its property taxes.  He remained caretaker of the mines until shortly before his death on March 11, 1954.

The American Mine operations were less profitable than those of the English Mine. While the English Mine used superior mining and management techniques on a richer lode, the American Mine suffered from insufficient space and lack of water for ore weathering. Roughs from the English Mine were shipped to London and sold in Europe, often with claims they were sapphires from the Far East, while the American Mine had difficulty marketing its gems within the United States. The American Sapphire Company, which used local gemcutters from Great Falls, went bankrupt in 1909; a new firm, the Yogo American Sapphire Company, bought the American Mine, but was bankrupt by 1913. Gadsden and his wife had convinced the New Mine Sapphire Syndicate to buy out the Yogo American Sapphire Company in 1914, and in doing so, the English syndicate gained control of all known Yogo deposits.  They quickly recouped the purchase price by washing the tailings left behind by previous operators of the American Mine.

1940s–1970s

Montana sapphires were heavily mined during  for industrial abrasive and cutting purposes. As the Yogo mines were still owned by the English, the United States government could not control those operations, so the mines were little affected by the war, even though industrial sapphires were critical to the war effort. The Yogo Sapphire Mining Corporation of Billings, Montana, was the next company to try to run the English Mine. They made an initial offer in 1946, and reached a deal by 1949, but the purchase was not complete until 1956 because of legal issues. The sale was finally completed for $65,000 cash and some stock considerations because the company's capital was exhausted, similar to previous Yogo ventures. The Yogo Sapphire Mining Corporation then changed its name to be the same as the former English firm's name: New Mine Sapphire Syndicate. It became informally known as the "American Syndicate" to distinguish it from the previous "English Syndicate". Production was poor and mining ceased in September 1959. From 1959 to 1963, the mine itself was left unattended and unsecured, resulting in hobbyists, picnickers, and rockhounds' coming from all over the US and Canada to gather loose rough sapphires. The American Syndicate took action to stop this in 1963, with fences and threats of prosecution. The American Syndicate then tried leasing the mine to several operators. One of these was Siskon, Inc. of Nevada, which lost a significant amount of money. They sued, and in May 1965 the Montana Supreme Court ruled in Siskon's favor. Siskon bought the mine at a sheriff's sale and in turn leased it to a group headed by Arnold Baron, who had a background in gemcutting and jewelry. Baron organized German and Thai gemcutters and had success in marketing Yogo sapphires in America—the first such success in 50 years. However, owing to the difficulty in mining the hard rock site, he did not exercise his option to buy the mine, and Siskon sold it in August 1968 to Herman Yaras of Oxnard, California, for $585,000.

In 1969, Yaras' Sapphire Village, Inc. created the Sapphire Village, a nearby homesite development offering buyers limited mining rights to gather their own sapphires with hand tools. Having done no significant mining or marketing, Sapphire Village, Inc. sold in 1973 to one of its investors, Chikara Kunisaki, a celery farmer from Oxnard, California. Kunisaki renamed the business Sapphire International Corporation and attempted to create a commercial mining operation. He built a modern  tunnel at the site of the old American Mine, named the "Kunisaki Tunnel". But operation costs were so high that Sapphire International Corporation shut down in late 1976. This was the last actual attempt to mine the American Mine section of the Yogo dike, and today, only the locked portal to the tunnel still exists.

In January 1977, Victor di Suvero and his firm Sapphire-Yogo Mines became the next owner to tackle the Yogo dike. Di Suvero was a native-born Italian who grew up in Tientsin, China, and had been successful with a jade mine in California. Di Suvero's expertise was in marketing: he formed a company called Sapphire Trading to cut and market the Yogo sapphires. He had novel marketing ideas but was not knowledgeable about the mining side of the business. Unable to make payments, his venture folded in late 1979.

By 1980, only four American owners had been successful at Yogo Gulch, all early in its mining history. The English syndicate had been the most profitable of any venture, and even that venture was short-lived.  At least thirteen American-owned Yogo mining efforts had failed. Besides inherent difficulties with financing and the challenges of hard rock mining, the American owners generally did not understand how to effectively market the gems.

1980s and beyond
Kunisaki put his mine up for sale, asking $6 million to recoup his expenses. Even though mine profits had been poor over the decades, prices of precious gems were very high at the time due to the worldwide oil crises of the 1970s and early 1980s. Four individuals or groups seriously considered Kunisaki's offer. Relying heavily upon Delmer Brown's expertise, Harry C. Bullock and J. R. Edington formed the limited partnership American Yogo Sapphire Limited, becoming the 14th American company to work the Yogo dike. Bullock and Brown had Yogo mine experience, as they had worked with di Suvero. Bullock's plan included mining, cutting, making jewelry, and marketing—the whole spectrum of the business. They paid the $6 million asked by Kunisaki and then raised another $7.2 million in funding by October 1981. Brown located quality gemcutters in Thailand, and set up the American Yogo Sapphire Company there. Brown also set up a thorough, computerized security system that tracked gems from the mine to the gemcutters. Bigger roughs were sent to American cutters, specialty cuts were done in Germany, a few cuts were done in Hong Kong, and the vast majority were done in Thailand. American Yogo Sapphire Limited secured a $5 million line of credit with Citibank. Desiring a more modern name, American Yogo Sapphire Limited changed its name to Intergem Limited in early 1982. Intergem marketed the Yogo as the "Royal American Sapphire." Their first line of jewelry appeared in mid-1982, first marketed regionally in the American west and later at the national level. Intergem also developed a system of authorized dealers, and found success in its first four years, with sales over $3 million in 1984 alone.

Intergem rocked the gem trade by marketing the Yogo as the world's only guaranteed untreated sapphire. By 1982, the practice of routinely heat treating gems had become a major issue in the industry. At the time, 95 percent of all the world's sapphires were being heated to enhance their natural color. Thai traders had even purchased large quantities of naturally colorless Sri Lankan sapphires, known as geuda, and heated them to turn them into a marketable range of blue colors. Intergem's marketing of guaranteed untreated Yogo sapphires set them against many in the gem industry. In 1985 there was a movement in Pennsylvania to require disclosure that a gem had been treated. Intergem's strategy resulted in large numbers of gem professionals visiting Yogo Gulch.

Intergem began planning to dig even deeper into the Yogo dike, which held more known reserves than all the world's other known sapphire deposits combined, albeit deep underground rather than near the surface in the manner of the other known deposits.  They also set up a washing plant and maintenance sheds at the site of the former American mine. Intergem had made a $1.5 million down payment and agreed to make semi-annual payments to Kunisaki's Sapphire International Corporation, which had been renamed to Roncor. Intergem also had loan and interest payments on the $7.2 million loan to make to Citibank. While the company's sales were steadily increasing, their profits were still too low and in May 1985 they missed a $250,000 payment to Roncor. Simultaneously, their collateral of gems, held by Citibank, declined because the value of their collateral was declining; as a result, Citibank called in its loan. Intergem had over $1 million in sales lined up for the 1985 Christmas season, but could only fill a tiny portion because they did not have enough operating capital to manufacture the Yogo jewelry. In mid-1986, Roncor regained full ownership even though Intergem had sold loose gems and jewelry worth millions of dollars.

Various companies attempted to lease the mine from Roncor, but in the meantime, two local couples, Lanny and Joy Perry and Chuck and Marie Ridgeway, discovered a new site at Yogo Gulch in January 1984 by following a trail to an unused section of the dike that had previously been deemed unsuitable. They began mining the site and named it the "Vortex Mine", forming a company named Vortex Mining. The mine shaft was  deep and contained two Yogo ore-bearing veins. The portion of the dike they had mined was an extension of the main dike. The Vortex Mine, renamed Yogo Creek Mining, was successful for years but eventually declined and closed in 2004.

In 1992, Roncor found an  rough. AMAX Exploration, operating as the Yogo Sapphire Project, signed a 22-month lease with Roncor in March 1993 and had some success in the middle and eastern portions of the dike; it decided not to continue after the end of its lease due to the cost of underground mining, depletion of easily accessible Yogo sapphires, and the relatively small size of Yogo sapphires then easily accessible. During this time, additional dikes were found in the area using geophysical magnetometer surveys. Low-grade sapphire rough was found in the Eastern Flats Dike, a parallel dike some 500 feet northeast of the main dike. Pacific Cascade Sapphires, a Canadian company, had a mining lease with Roncor in 2000 and 2001 but ran out of funds and their option expired. By this time, most of the easily accessible Yogo sapphires had been mined and miners had to dig deeper, further increasing costs.

In 1995, Intergem's stock of gems began to reappear on the market because the company had paid its salesmen in sapphires during its financial demise. After Intergem collapsed, many of its salesmen continued to sell Yogo sapphires, especially after AMAX ceased operations. Citibank also had obtained a large stock of Yogo sapphires, reputedly worth $3.5 million (approximately $ as of ), as a result of Intergem's collapse:  of rough,  of cut gems, and 2,000 pieces of jewelry, all of which sat in the bank's vaults until 1991 when Sofus Michelsen, director of the Center for Gemstone Evaluation and creator of the Michelsen Gemstone Index, became interested. In 1992, he and Jim Adair, a Missoula, Montana, jeweler who is the world's largest retailer of Yogo sapphires, got together, and by October 1994 Adair had purchased Citibank's four sealed bags of Yogo material. However, only one of the bags was truly valuable. Adair and Michelsen designed custom cutting techniques for Yogo sapphires.

A new owner, Michael Duane Roberts, bought the Vortex Mine in 2008. Its operations were designed to be environmentally friendly, using methods such as recycling all water and not using other chemicals. Roberts died in a mining accident in 2012. , there was also mining activity by individual hobby miners on small parcels at Sapphire Village, but the Roncor mines remained inactive.  In 2017, Vortex Mines was sold to Don Baide who plans to continue operations.

Notable specimens

Several Yogo sapphires are kept at the Smithsonian Institution. The earliest donations were noted in the museum's annual report on June 30, 1899, when the institution reported that Dr. L. T. Chamberlain gave them two cut Yogo sapphires and 21 other sapphires for their Dr. Isaac Lea gem and mineral collection. The record-setting  cut Yogo is also held by the Smithsonian. In 2006, gemologist Robert Kane of Fine Gems International in Helena, donated 333 Montana sapphires, weighing a total of , to the Smithsonian's Gem and Mineral Collection, along with 98.48 grams of 18K yellow gold for the creation of a piece of jewelry. A representative of the Smithsonian asked Paula Crevoshay, a jewelry designer from Albuquerque, New Mexico, to create a piece of finished jewelry from these gems. Crevoshay felt that a butterfly motif would best represent America's natural beauty, honor her mother's love of butterflies, and display the wide range of colors found in Montana sapphires. Crevoshay named the brooch "Conchita" in honor of her mother; it is also referred to as the "Sapphire Butterfly Brooch", "Conchita Sapphire Butterfly", and the "Montana Butterfly Brooch". Two of the sapphires used are cabochon cut and the rest are brilliant cut. The majority are from the Rock Creek deposit. The largest one, however, is a blue Yogo used for the butterfly's head. Other sapphires used included yellow, purple, pink, and orange gems. Crevoshay completed the brooch in 2007; she and Kane presented the finished brooch to Smithsonian curator Jeffrey Post on May 7, 2007, in Washington, DC.

In the earliest years of Yogo sapphire mining, before Yogo sapphires achieved their own reputation, Oriental sapphires were sold in Montana with claims they were Yogo sapphires, while in Europe, Yogo sapphires were sold as Oriental sapphires. However, Yogo sapphires became notable in their own right. Paulding Farnham (1859–1927) used Yogo sapphires in several jewelry pieces he designed for the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris, where Yogo sapphires received a silver medal among all gems for color and clarity. An entry of uncut loose Yogo sapphires also won a bronze medal at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri. Farnham was the creator of the most elaborate piece of jewelry ever made with Yogo sapphires, the life-size Tiffany Iris Brooch, a brooch ornament, which contains 120 Yogo sapphires set in platinum, and sold on March 17, 1900, for $6,906.84. In 1923, First Lady Florence Harding was given an "all Montana" ring made from a Yogo sapphire and Montana gold. In 1952, Gadsden gave cut Yogo sapphires to President Harry Truman, his wife Bess, and their daughter Margaret. Many Yogo sapphires were also sold in Europe, as some Yogo mining was conducted by British interests. Yogo sapphires may have been in the personal collections of some members of the British royal family in the 1910s, but promotional claims that Yogo sapphires are in any of the crown jewels of England cannot be conclusively proven or disproven. Claims that the gem in the engagement ring of Lady Diana Spencer and Kate Middleton is a Yogo are dubious; the gem is thought to be of Sri Lankan origin. The story that the gem is a Yogo can be traced to a 1984 Los Angeles Times article that described the ring as a  sapphire, and quoted Intergem president Dennis Brown's claim that the gem may have come from a British-owned Yogo mine.

See also

 Bismarck Sapphire Necklace
 Hall Sapphire and Diamond Necklace
 Logan sapphire

Notes

Footnotes

References

External links

 Birth of a Yogo sapphire (photo sequence showing cutting of 7.73 rough to a 2.62 carat finished gem)
 Development of Montana Sapphire Industry
 New Mine Sapphire Syndicate Records, 1889-1967 (University of Montana Archives)

Aluminium minerals
Dielectrics
Corundum gemstones
Geology of Montana
Optical materials
Oxide minerals
Superhard materials
Transparent materials
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 167

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package com.tranway.Oband_Fitnessband;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;

import android.graphics.Bitmap;
import android.graphics.BitmapFactory;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.util.Base64;

public class Tools {

	public static boolean hasSdcard(){
		String state = Environment.getExternalStorageState();
		if(state.equals(Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED)){
			return true;
		}else{
			return false;
		}
	}	/**
	 * bitmap转为base64
	 * @param bitmap
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String bitmapToBase64(Bitmap bitmap) {

		String result = null;
		ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
		try {
			if (bitmap != null) {
				baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
				bitmap.compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.JPEG, 100, baos);

				baos.flush();
				baos.close();

				byte[] bitmapBytes = baos.toByteArray();
				result = Base64.encodeToString(bitmapBytes, Base64.DEFAULT);
			}
		} catch (IOException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		} finally {
			try {
				if (baos != null) {
					baos.flush();
					baos.close();
				}
			} catch (IOException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		return result;
	}

	/**
	 * base64转为bitmap
	 * @param base64Data
	 * @return
	 */
	public static Bitmap base64ToBitmap(String base64Data) {
		byte[] bytes = Base64.decode(base64Data, Base64.DEFAULT);
		return BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


CABERO is one of the leading producers of heat exchangers for refrigeration and air-conditioning technology. As independent supplier of innovative solutions, we have been making a name for ourselves world- wide since 1980 with well designed products and dynamic processes. The focus here is always on the goals of our customers: Our experienced engineers do not just follow short-lived trends, but it is their declared objective to perfectly support your intentions with state-of-the-art technology - flexibly, solution oriented and forward-looking.
Whether it is refrigeration technology, air-conditioning technology, power plant or industrial cooling: We cooperate closely with operators, planners and refrigeration plant mechanics and know their needs. Our sales engineers define the optimum complete or individual solution with specifically developed software, naturally including a range of accessories, and they determine the operating costs for each design of the required system. Equally evident is the sustainability of our products with regard to production and operation. CABERO pays off – for your company as well as for the environment.
Our well attuned organisation designs, plans and realises customised solutions from the CABERO headquarters in Grafrath near Munich. Furthermore, we have established state-of-the-art production facilities and warehouses in Germany, Hungary and China. Those choosing CABERO also choose unlimited service: We are at your service with sales offices in 22 national and international locations. This enables us to get active immediately if required.


This truly magnificent, large-format volume traces the progress of the fresco from visual stories linked to popular religious belief in the mid 13th century to the increasingly lavish mythological and courtly scenes of the 17th and 18th centuries. More than 550 pages of colour reproductions present some of the world's most treasured works of art, among them, Piero della Francesca's Resurrection, Leonardo's Last Supper and many details of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel. Introductory text in English, German, French and Dutch.


Midwest Flood Restoration is the premier source in servicing both residential and commercial property owners in Hazelwood, MO 63042.
You can expect a totally trained expert at the door who's prepared to start to work after an all-embracing appraisal of the damage. Give us a call night or day. We now have staff working night and day to make sure your call doesn't go right to voicemail. Whether you've got a storm damage, mold repair or water removal project for us, Midwest Flood Restoration is kitted out to handle all of your wishes. We can manage enormous commercial water damage restoration and residential water extraction and anything in-between, for example, sewage removal and decontamination. We now have top-notch water removal and drying apparatus and can help you to get an office or home normal again.
Our flood damage Restoration team also provides safe Hazelwood sewage cleanup and sewage removal to keep you and your loved ones safe. We are trained leaders in sewage cleanup and restoration and help relieve owners, managers, coworkers, family, and friends from the severe emotional trauma and physical hazards of cleaning the location of a sewage incident. Hazelwood sewage damage can be hazardous to both your health and your home and could end up costing you hundreds to thousands of dollars in damage.


the evolution of standard production processes and waste disposal practices.
Building on extensive knowledge of the regulatory history of the industry, History Associates has tapped documents from local, state, and federal governments as well as trade associations, historical societies, and other institutional collections to establish the facts crucial to the litigation involving these sites.
Our MGP and environmental research investigations have led us to courthouse basements, long-neglected company archives, and even the personal collections of former gas company employees. We have found state utility commission records of the volume and sales of gas plant residuals, reports of fish and game inspectors that detail the construction of tar holders for ground disposal of MGP waste, and regulatory filings detailing nineteenth-century dredging and filling activities on gas plant and adjacent properties.
For several clients we have implemented custom document management solutions to help them sift through these sources in a variety of ways.
Note: Although the confidential nature of our work precludes detailed descriptions of specific projects, we will be happy to provide relevant references upon request.
To confidentially discuss your historical research project, call us at (301) 279-9697 or contact History Associates.


text:
Q: automatic test tool for .net I am really new to unit tests and I don't know if my question is actually relevent to unit tests - so correct me if I wrong.
I am writing c# code and I have service class that contains many methods I wish to test. I am looking for simplicity and don't have the time right now to get into the real world of unit tests. Is there any tool that I can load dll, specify the class and then it will allow me test each method and explore the return value?
I am just looking for automatic tool, which allow me to test my code in the very low level.
Thanks.

A: NUnit is a great testing framework for .NET, or the testing framework that comes built into Visual Studio is also pretty good.
Have a look at the NUnit quick start guide here http://www.nunit.org/index.php?p=quickStart&r=2.2.10
One point, no tool exists to my knowledge that does what you ask, you have to write the tests yourself

A: Micorosoft Pex  is a Visual Studio add-in for testing .NET Framework applications, it automatically generates test suites with high code coverage. Right from the Visual Studio code editor, Pex finds interesting input-output values of your methods, which you can save as a small test suite with high code coverage.
HTH

A: Typemock's isolator has a feature which invokes unit-tests for your methods absolutely autonomously, it wont take your time as a developer.
It can generate tests both on Nunit and Mstest unit-testing frameworks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Christ loves the church. The local churches love Christ. Watchman Nee and Witness Lee were proponents of the local church. Watchman Nee and Witness Lee were co-workers for 20 years. Witness Lee saw the local churches as the procedure for building up the Body of Christ. A book entitled The History of the Church and the Local Churches by Witness Lee is recommended for further reading on this topic. The Bible reveals two aspects of the church: the universal church and the local church. The universal church includes all regenerated believers throughout time and space. The local church includes all the believers living in a particular locality in space and in time. For more information on the local churches, Watchman Nee, Witness Lee, Recovery Version study Bible, or the Lord's Recovery, please go to the Living Stream Ministry website www.livingstream.com. Witness Lee wrote a biography on Watchman Nee.


text:
Mr Mancuso
By Greg Wilson on December 5, 2013 in Dance, Disco, DJ / Club Culture, DJ Appearances
I've just gone and bought myself a painting – a first for me. It's only a small one, not quite the size of an A4 sheet, acrylic paint on canvas, but when I realised it was for sale I figured it would be rude not to buy it.
The subject is David Mancuso, whose legacy goes way back to the very foundation of the New York Disco movement, which did so much to influence dance culture as we know it. As the 'musical host' of his inspirational Loft parties, which are still held to this day, over 40 years on, he's an absolutely seminal figure – a true living legend. I wrote about him in a piece called 'David Mancuso And The Art Of Deejaying Without Deejaying', which explores the Loft's spiritual and psychedelic roots:
http://blog.gregwilson.co.uk/2013/05/david-mancuso-and-the-art-of-deejaying-without-deejaying/
The artist is Pete Fowler, who I met back in 2007 when we appeared alongside Don Letts and Andy Votel as a collective of DJs, the Invisible Players, at a series of festivals – Lovebox, Rockness, Big Chill and Bestival. We played in an outdoor Rizla sponsored space, which looked amazing when the crowd were packed in – its amphitheatre vibe making it a proper arena of dance, with the DJs housed in a 1920s van and a Funktion-One Sound System cranking it out.
The Invisible Players really helped me establish myself on the festival circuit – the Rizla arena a massive success. The following year I was back, this time with Annie Nightingale, Justin Robertson and Kid Acne (I was the only Invisible Player to do more than the one season).
I hadn't seen Pete since, but recently bumped into him at Festival No.6 in North Wales, where he told me he had an exhibition coming up at London's Book Club on the theme of 'Smooth Overlords'. He showed me a photo of the Mancuso painting on his phone, and I mentioned that I'd like to do something about it on the blog.
I emailed him, but never heard anything back. Then, last week, he contacted me via Twitter – seems I'd been trying to reach him via an old email, so I'd missed the opportunity to flag up his Book Club exhibition. I hadn't realised the painting was for sale until then, so, with a print of the Invisible Players (below), which Pete had done for the cover of Blowback magazine, already adorning one of the walls of my home, the chance to own an original piece of his, especially something so relevant to DJ culture, was too good to miss.
Pete Fowler Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Fowler
About Greg Wilson
View all posts by Greg Wilson →
The Norwegian Connection: Paul Rae & Nicky Flavell
Essential Mix 10th Anniversary
Annie Nightingale, Bestival, Big Chill, Blowback, Book Club, David Mancuso, Disco, Funktion One, Greg Wilson, Invisible Players, Justin Robertson, Kid Acne, ovebox, Pete Fowler, Rizla, Rockness, Smooth Overlords, The Loft
Life Begins At 40 – DJ Derek Kaye Man And Boy
10th Anniversary Flashback
3 Responses to Mr Mancuso
nicserp December 5, 2013 at 2:33 pm #
R.I.P Invisible Players! Best festival summers ever.
lovely stuff Pete
Paul Wright December 6, 2013 at 12:16 pm #
Fond memories of the Rizla amphitheatre Greg! 🙂 Remember being drawn in on a gorgeous sunny August afternoon, it was going off nicely! Quickly rounded up a few mates to join the festivities, some good times had there fella.
First time I've seen those pictures, really like Pete's style, think I recognise it from a picture of Richard Norris 🙂

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Urban Armor Gear products reflect the independent spirit of our designers and represent a dedication to superior quality and craftsmanship. Our Metropolis case features a flip folio with a hidden compartment that hold up to two cards. Our design provides 360-degree protection and allows full access to your device's controls and ports. Openings are designed for glare-free flash snapshots and uncompromised audio. The marriage of these design elements and materials working in unison maximizes protection for your device.
Urban Armor Gear products reflect the independent spirit of our designers and represent a dedication to superior quality and craftsmanship. Our feather-light rugged cases feature a hard-outer shell and a soft impact resistant core. Although visually striking, the unique shape of the case also provides strength while minimizing size and weight. Our design allows full access to your device's controls and ports, while openings are designed for glare-free flash snapshots and uncompromised audio. The marriage of these design elements and materials working in unison maximizes protection for your device. UAG cases are Apply Pay & wireless charging compatible and available in an array of vibrant colors. There is a twelve-month manufacturer warranty.
Urban Armor Gear products reflect the independent spirit of our designers and represent a dedication to superior quality and craftsmanship. Our innovative Trooper card case solution features a hidden backpack compartment that holds up to 4 cards. Although visually striking, the unique shape of the case also provides strength while minimizing size and weight. Our design allows full access to your device's controls and ports, while openings are designed for glare-free flash snapshots and uncompromised audio. The marriage of these design elements and materials working in unison maximizes protection for your device. UAG cases are available in an array of vibrant colors.
Urban Armor Gear products reflect the independent spirit of our designers and represent a dedication to superior quality and craftsmanship. Our feather-light composite cases feature a hard-outer shell and a soft impact resistant core. Although visually striking, the unique shape of the case also provides strength while minimizing size and weight. Our design allows full access to your device's controls and ports, while openings are designed for glare-free flash snapshots and uncompromised audio. The marriage of these design elements and materials working in unison maximizes protection for your device. UAG cases are available in an array of vibrant colors. There is a twelve-month manufacturer warranty on each case.
Lightweight, Rugged design - protects your Galaxy Note 8 from bumps, bruises and scratches.
Color: Floral Butterfly LU2000 is a registered brand producing handmade phone cover, Unique design guaranteed with best quality and protection IPHONE 6 / 6S CASE: Updated design compatible with Apple iPhone 6 (2014) and the new iPhone 6S (2015) Design: Henna White Floral Paisley Flower Mandala Material: Hard Plastic Protection : provides protection against daily wear and tear, scratches, marks and scrapes. Lightweight: durable with no added bulk Cutout: Full access to all ports, buttons, and features Packing: -1 x case for iphone 6 6S (4.7 inch) -1 x stylus pen Notes: 1.Picture may be a bit different with real product due to color variation by computer displaying 2.Phone on pictures are not for sell 3.Feedback is very important for sellers, so if you have any details not satisfied, please feel free to contact with us, we will give you a solution out of your mind, please don't just give us a neutral negative feedback or low star rating on details. Thanks in advance.
Heavy-Duty, Rugged design - protects your Galaxy Note 8 from bumps, bruises and scratches.
Easy access to all phone ports and buttons. Includes Belt-Clip/Holster.
The OtterBox® Defender Series case is made up of 3 pieces - a hard inner polycarbonate lining with a soft but rugged silicone outer shell. It covers the back, sides, top and bottom of your phone. Each case comes with the snap-on OtterBox® belt clip / holster! 100% Guaranteed Authentic OtterBox Defender Series cases - We purchase these cases directly from an authorized OtterBox reseller, so we know they're the real deal! We customize them just for you and ship them out to you in the original OtterBox packaging. The design is only printed on the back of the case, so the front and sides remain plain black. Please note that because we modify the case by printing the design on it, the OtterBox warranty does not apply. Custom Made To Order! These OtterBox cases are custom made-to-order. We purchase the cases from an authorized OtterBox reseller and customize them with any design you choose using our special process that makes it almost impossible to scratch, peel or fade!
STORAGE ORGANIZER ONLY: It's To Store Your For UTG Med-pro Compact Riser Mount, Streamlight 69260 TLR-1 HL Weapon Mount Tactical Flashlight In It, Doesn't Come With It! Does Not Come With Accessories Or For UTG Med-pro Compact Riser Mount. This Complete Portable For UTG Med-pro Compact Riser Mount, Streamlight 69260 TLR-1 HL Weapon Mount Tactical Flashlight Case Measures 12.0 X 9.8 X 3.6". Made In USA.
PERFECT CARRYING CASE: A Sturdy Handle With Compressed Locks To Ensure Protection From Drops, Bumps And Bad Weather. Hard Shell Exterior Made Of Durable Composite Blow-Mold Plastic Prevents Your Riser Mount & Tactical Flashlight From Being Crushed.
PROTECT & PRESERVE :The Pick and Pluck 2.0" Thick Layer Of Foam Consists Of Individually Pluckable Dense Foam Cubes, For Secure Positioning. Electronics Are Expensive Help Them Last Longer With This Sturdy Case.A Sturdy Handle With Compressed Locks To Ensure Protection From Drops, Bumps And Bad Weather.
CUSTOMIZE & ORGANIZE: Customizable Foam Interior Allows You To Design Separate Compartments For Your Riser Mount & Tactical Flashlight And Accessories. Remove The Desired Amount Of Foam Blocks From The Diced Foam Interior To Create Needed Compartments.
IDEAL RISER MOUNT & TACTICAL FLASHLIGHT ORGANIZER : Designed To Perfectly Fit UTG Med-pro Compact Riser Mount, Streamlight 69260 TLR-1 HL Weapon Mount Tactical Flashlight and Accessories. All In One Case Helps You To Be Responsible And Organized, Anywhere They Go.With A Handle For Easy On-The-Go Transportation, Keeping All Of Your For UTG Med-pro Compact Riser Mount, Streamlight 69260 TLR-1 HL Weapon Mount Tactical Flashlight Organized.
Perfect Storage For Riser Mount & Tactical Flashlight, Compatible With For UTG Med-pro Compact Riser Mount, Streamlight 69260 TLR-1 HL Weapon Mount Tactical Flashlight -Tight Lid and Lock Helps Prevents Damaging Your Electronics-This Perfect Storage Case Contains A Large Sturdy Compartment To Neatly Organize Your Electronics.-No Breaking Plastic Pieces Apart To Build Your Organizer, Like Other Storage Boxes.-Sturdy Handle For Easy Carrying -IMPORTANT: THIS ORGANIZER DOES NOT COME WITH UTG MED-PRO COMPACT RISER MOUNT & STREAMLIGHT 69260 TLR-1 HL WEAPON MOUNT TACTICAL FLASHLIGHT -Compact Travel And Storage This Hard Case Is Made For UTG Med-pro Compact Riser Mount, Streamlight 69260 TLR-1 HL Weapon Mount Tactical Flashlight And Accessories.- It Is Easier To Transport Using Its Convenient Carrying Handle Rather Than Placing It Inside A Loose Bag. -Measuring 12.0 X 9.8 X 3.6" In Exterior Dimensions, And Internally Fitting Devices And Accessories. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION GUARANTEED: We Love Our Customers And Will Do Everything To Guarantee Your Satisfaction, If For Any Reason You Are Unhappy, We Offer A Full Refund - No Questions Asked. Order Yours Now And Wait To See The Joy On Your Face When You Receive This Beautiful Life Changing Storage Box.
This is a canvas print, named Adolph Menzel - The Thetre du Gymnase,1856.
Beautiful Paint on Canvas no frame, no stretch ,Adolph Menzel - The Thetre du Gymnase,1856, is for Home Decoration, or Wall Art Decoration, Home Decor. There are fiber canvas, cotton canvas, or linen canvas. And it is also the best gift for your relatives, or girl friend and boy friend.
Canvas named Style of Bonifazio di Pitati The Madonna and Child with Saints .
Beautiful Paint on Canvas no frame, no stretch ,Style of Bonifazio di Pitati The Madonna and Child with Saints , is for Home Decoration, or Wall Art Decoration, Home Decor. There are fiber canvas, cotton canvas, or linen canvas. And it is also the best gift for your relatives, or girl friend and boy friend.


We make booking extra lessons super simple and affordable fees per hour. Chat and book you lessons with your tutor. We handle all payments, feedback and reports so you can just focus on your extra lessons.
With the wide variety of tutors available nearby, we guaranty your first lesson satisfaction else you get a full refund.
Check out and compare hundreds of amazing tutors available to you and find the one best suited to your specific needs and preferences.
Scheduling lessons with your perfect tutor is as easy as 1, 2, 3 with our online messaging system. Simply send your tutor a message and you're on your way!
Make use of our amazing online messaging system to contact and chat to your tutor, or pop one of our friendly staff an email and we will have you on your way to achieving those goals!
Turtlejar is the best place to find a tutor to help you with your Business Studies lessons Claremont. Our tuition service for in-person and online tutoring classes is backed up by 1000's of happy customers reviews. Our extra Business Studies classes in Claremont will be specialised to your needs.
After meeting with your In-Person or Online Business Studies in Claremont, we can also set you up with quality teachers or tutors in similar subjects in Claremont.
No more tutors found except the "business studies" , "claremont"
Get Business Studies help anytime! We only accept the best online business studies tutors. You can take regular lessons or schedule last-minute ones to get homework help right when you need it.
Our team at Turtlejar are here to help you in any way possible. We provide help in all parts of South Africa including Cape Town, Pretoria, Johannesburg and Durban. Contact us today!


Dice Gambling High Low Tibia Casino ec elv - Solo poker onlineWinspark . Skrill (former Moneybookers) is an e-wallet service allowing you to deposit and. Find out more about What is ELV - Elektronisches Lastschriftverfahren with a list of SpeedCard; PayzWin; Truslty Online Banking; 1-Tap by Skrill; ELV through. And is that not what you would want in Moneybookers elv casino You may Moneybookers elv casino certain instances where you will find.
Online Casino ReviewsAll the online casinos on this list accept minimum deposits from 5 pounds, or dollars, or euros. Basically I had so much to say, but you cannot get carried away and let it ruin you financially. Time after time another player who hits his hand gets the card that would have made the other person's hand a winner OR at least a push. Credit or debit cards Credit and debit cards are a more traditional way to deposit your funds at an Android Casino. You have everyone by a gift that needs something else to complete it? It is also delightful to see that the Casino Cruise goes all in on their gimmick, unlike most online casinos that tend to sit on the fence.


text:
Mmpi-2
Graham, John R.
The MMPI-2 is the most widely used personality test in the U.S. and around the world. It is employed in mental health settings, medical centers, and correctional programs, and is frequently admitted as evidence in legal proceedings. In addition, the MMPI-2 is widely used in screening applicants for jobs that involve public trust and safety. The fifth edition of MMPI-2: Assessing Personality and Psychopathology describes effective uses of all aspects of the MMPI-2 and explains how to accurately interpret test results. Current and comprehensive, it presents detailed instructions for administering and scoring the MMPI-2 and discusses using the MMPI-2 with such diverse population groups as older adults, ethnic minorities, medical patients, and prisoners. It provides guidelines for interpreting the tests Validity, Clinical Content, and Supplementary scales, illustrating points with case studies and examples. The book also covers the Restructured Clinical (RC) scales, which help focus the interpretation of the original Clinical scales, and the Personality Psychopathology 5 (PSY-5) scales, which assess major dimensions of normal and abnormal personality.
Auteur Graham, John R.
Verwachte bezorgdatum: 11-02


I'm a SEO expert and I love to do Off-Page Analysis, and along with Analysis I also create effective back links for my client's websites, so that their website gets back links from the niche relevant Articles, Blogs, Journals and many more. Here I'll explain you how to get valuable back links in easy manner.
In SEO, we do Off-Page by using some helpful tricks, so that we get better links. If you want to get effective Back links to increase the traffic on your website, then forum posting and blog commenting is very useful. In other words, If one want their website to rank first on Google search engine result pages (SERP'S) by getting as many back links to their website, then there is no better way than forum commenting. But we can't compete with trends. These days blog commenting is gaining more popularity despite the fact that forum posting is also an effective way. Now a days, SEO Experts are giving more importance to forum commenting.
By following these tricks one can easily get backlinks for any particular website and can get high PR for their website, which will not only promote their business among people but also get potential customers.


Are you a soup person? Because I've got the most killer butternut squash and apple soup with toasted croutons to share. It's got sweetness from the apple and carrots, it's got a bite from the onion and curry powder, and it's just all around comfort food… without the guilt! If you leave off the toasted croutons, this soup is both gluten-free and whole 30 compliant. Now that's something I can definitely get behind.
I am the kind of person who could eat butternut squash year round, so it is extra nice when it is actually in season. This soup is exactly what I crave after a long, cold, fall day. The good news? It doesn't have to sit on the stove for hours. With less than 60 minutes cooking time, the soup can be on the table relatively quickly, even after a busy work day. And the leftovers? They seem to get better daily!
What takes this soup over the top is the layer of crispy pancetta and toasted croutons added on top. You might not think that the pancetta is necessary, but it adds a salty crunch to each bite that takes this soup to another level. But if you're vegetarian, you can feel free to leave them out. And the crispy bread crumbs? Absolute perfection. They soak up all that delicious, creamy soup. Guys, I'm convinced this may become your favourite butternut squash soup recipe. It is so, so good.
I've got the most killer butternut squash and apple soup with toasted croutons to share. It's got sweetness from apple and carrots, a kick from onions and curry powder, and it's just all around comfort food… without the guilt!
Heat oil in a large dutch oven over medium-high heat. When shimmering, add pancetta (if using) and cook until crispy, about 5 minutes. Remove with a slotted spoon and place in a paper towel-lined bowl or plate. Set aside.
In the same pot, add onion, carrots, and celery. Cook, stirring often, until just beginning to brown, about 5 to 7 minutes. Season with 1/2 teaspoon salt and pepper.
Add potatoes, butternut squash, and apples. Cook for 10 minutes, stirring as needed, then pour in apple cider vinegar, chicken stock (or vegetable stock), and water. Add another 1/2 teaspoon of salt, curry powder, cinnamon, and whole sage leaves. Bring to a boil, reduce heat, then simmer, covered, for 20 minutes. Test vegetables with a knife to see if they're cooked through and tender.
When ready, discard the herbs and carefully transfer soup to the bowl of a food processor or blender. Process, in batches if needed, until soup is fully puréed. Return soup to the pot. If it's too thick, add a little water. Taste and adjust seasoning as needed.
Preheat oven or toaster oven to 375 F. Place cubed bread in a small bowl, then drizzle with olive oil and salt. Place bread on a foil lined baking sheet, then bake for 5-7 minutes, or until bread is lightly toasted and brown.
Top soup with toasted croutons and reserved pancetta.
You can make this recipe vegetarian by omitting the pancetta.
You can make this recipe gluten-free and whole 30 compliant by skipping the toasted croutons.
This soup looks FANTASTIC!! Would this work with pumpkin too?


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
null

#### Original name
Pyrenastrum plicatum Eschw.

### Remarks
null


text:
Stephanie Grisham's White House salary: What will she earn as press secretary?
By Ann Schmidt Published June 25, 2019 PoliticsFOXBusiness
Sarah Huckabee Sanders has kept her dignity despite the insults piled on her: Varney
FBN's Stuart Varney on the media coverage of President Trump and outgoing White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders.
Stephanie Grisham was just named the new White House press secretary, replacing Sarah Huckabee Sanders in the role.
Grisham had previously served as director of communications for First Lady Melania Trump, who announced the Grisham's new position on Twitter Tuesday.
With the title change, it is possible Grisham will also receive a pay increase — potentially up to $25,000 (if not more).
Grisham previously had an annual salary of $155,000 under the first lady, according to the White House's 2018 report on salary data. Her official title on the report was deputy assistant to the president and director of communications for the office of the first lady.
Sanders, whose official title was listed as assistant to the president and press secretary, had an annual salary of $179,700, according to the report. That was the highest listed salary on the report, which 22 other staffers shared.
Stephanie Grisham, spokeswoman for first lady Melania Trump, has been named as the new press secretary and White House communications director. (AP Photo/Jacquelyn Martin)
However, Grisham will also become the new White House communications director on top of her press secretary duties. It is unclear if her salary will match Sanders' or will reflect holding both the press secretary and communications director position.
Grisham has developed a reputation as a fierce defender of the first lady during her tenure as her spokeswoman.
"I am pleased to announce @StephGrisham45 will be the next @PressSec & Comms Director!" the first lady tweeted Tuesday. "She has been with us since 2015 - @potus & I can think of no better person to serve the Administration & our country. Excited to have Stephanie working for both sides of the @WhiteHouse.
When asked about the possibility of choosing her during a recent "Fox & Friends" interview, President Trump said, "Stephanie is terrific."
Sanders announced her plans to step down as White House press secretary earlier this month. On Tuesday, Sanders tweeted Grisham "will be an incredible asset to the president and the country."
"I'm sad to leave the WH, but so happy to leave our team in such great hands," Sanders said. "Stephanie will do a phenomenal job. Proud to have another mom and a great friend in this role."
The role of White House press secretary, while still prominent, has changed during the Trump administration.
Under Sanders, the traditional televised press briefings in the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room have largely gone away. Earlier this year, the president said he told Sanders "not to bother" giving those regular briefings anymore, saying the press covers her "rudely and inaccurately." It's now become more common for White House spokespeople to take questions from reporters in informal gaggles outside the West Wing.
Sanders, the daughter of former Arkansas Republican Gov. Mike Huckabee, worked on her father's presidential campaign during the 2016 Republican primary until he dropped out of the race. She then joined the Trump campaign and, subsequently, the Trump administration as a White House communications aide. She was promoted to White House press secretary in 2017, after the president's first top spokesman, Sean Spicer, resigned from the position.
Fox News' Alex Pappas and Matt Leach contributed to this report.


text:
Michael Bronstein
http://usi.to/m4s
Michael Bronstein is a professor of Informatics at USI Lugano in Switzerland and a professor at Imperial College London, where he holds the Chair in Machine Learning and Pattern Recognition and the Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award. Since 2012, he also serves as a Principal Engineer at the Intel Perceptual Computing group. He holds or has previously held visiting appointments at Stanford, Harvard, MIT, TU Munich, and Tel Aviv University. He got his Ph.D. with distinction in Computer Science from the Technion in 2007.
Michael is a Fellow of IEEE and IAPR, alumnus of the Technion Excellence Program and the Academy of Achievement, ACM Distinguished Speaker, and a member of the Young Academy of Europe. His research appeared in the international media such as CNN and was recognized by numerous prestigious awards, including several best paper awards, the Hershel Rich Innovation Award (2003), four ERC grants (Starting Grant 2012, Proof of Concept Grant 2016, and Consolidator Grant 2016, 2018), two Google Faculty Research Awards (2015, 2017), Amazon AWS Machine Learning Research Award (2018), Radcliffe Fellowship from the Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University (2017), Rudolf Diesel Industrial Fellowship from TU Munich (2017), and Dalle Molle Foundation award (2018). In 2014, he was invited as a Young Scientist to the World Economic Forum, an honor bestowed on forty world's leading scientists under the age of forty. He was a guest speaker at the World Economic Forum meeting in Dalian, China in 2015.
Michael is the author of the first book on deformable 3D shape analysis, editor of four books, more than 150 papers in top scientific journals and conferences, and inventor of over 30 granted patents. He has chaired more than a dozen of conferences and workshops in his field, and has served as area chair at ECCV 2016 and ICCV 2017 and as associate editor of top journals is his field (IJCV, SIAM J. Imaging Sciences, CVIU, and Computers and Graphics). He has given over 100 invited and keynote talks during his career.
Besides academic work, Michael is actively involved in the industry in leading technical and management positions. He was a co-founder and VP technology at Novafora (2005-2009), co-founder and technical advisor at Videocites, and one of the chief technologists at Invision (2009-2012). Following the multi-million acquisition of Invision by Intel in 2012, Michael has been one of the key developers of the Intel RealSense 3D sensing technology. His most recent start-up Fabula AI exploits a novel class of geometric deep learning algorithms to address the global scourge of fake news in social media.
Our research focuses on mathematical models for large-scale and complex data analysis, and applications in the domains of machine learning, computer vision, computer graphics, and geometric processing.
Intel 3D Sensors
Kinetic, Biometric and Fingerprint Recognition
michael.bronstein@usi.ch
Informatics Building, Office 109 (Level 1)
Via Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano
Full Professor - Faculty of Informatics
Institute of Computational Science (ICS)
Website or personal page
Update data


Please contact Crossroads Shopping Centre directly for shopping hours information.
Crossroads Shopping Centre offer more than 5 brand name stores. Crossroads Shopping Centre is located in Edmonton, Alberta - 4212 Calgary Trail South, Edmonton, AB T6J 6Y6, Canada (GPS: 53.478396, -113.496092).
Look at the list of stores in Crossroads Shopping Centre, hours, location and information about mall and special events, sales, coupons. You can choose store from list below and get detail information - other stores locations for the brand, location, shopping hours, phone, map, directions contact. Crossroads Shopping Centre is one of the best shopping place for spend your free time - mall/shopping center has all types of stores - outlets, department, fashion, traditional and more.
Have you ever visited Crossroads Shopping Centre? Do not forget to write shopping review and rate your satisfaction.
Crossroads Shopping Centre - Edmonton Area, Alberta . Click on the button and get directions to Crossroads Shopping Centre. Mall/Shopping center is also displayed on the map with gps for your navigation.
Give us your experience with Crossroads Shopping Centre by writing a short review.


text:
info@obrienarch.com
5310 Harvest Hill Rd #136, LB 161
3401 + 3501 Olympus
O'Brien Architects October 14, 2021 Case Study, Interiors, Master Planning, Office
3401 & 3501olympuscarefully designedto make a place of health + wellness.Cypress Waters sits along the south edge of Northlake in Dallas, Texas. With its large, 200-acre lot that serves as a location for both office spaces and residential communities, it …
Raising Cane's
O'Brien Architects October 11, 2021 Case Study, Interiors, Office, Restaurants
RaisingCane'sthoughtful designfor a space where "the crew" can test new ideas.Raising Cane's is a Baton Rouge, LA-based restaurant company known for its great crew, cool culture, and active community involvement. The company's vision is "to grow restaurants all over the …
xxiibrands October 8, 2021 Case Study, Interiors, Office
Photos by: Parrish Ruiz de VelascoFounded in 1964, KVP entered the veterinary marketplace by introducing its Saf-T-Shield™ Elizabethan Collar, widely praised by veterinarians. More than 50 years later, KVP decided to move it's company headquarters from Chino, CA to McKinney, …
We See What You're Saying.
Do you have a project that you would like to talk about, or are you curious to hear more about how we can help? Get in touch today! We look forward to hearing from you.
About O'Brien
Collaboration across architecture studios.
From visual concepts to architectural details.
From culture and strategy to news and musings.
Let's start with a cup of coffee and a conversation.
© 2021 O'Brien Architects - All rights reserved


text:
Morbidology
Morbid Curiosities & Oddities
Unexplained Deaths
Unidentified People
Unsolved Disappearances
Bizarre and Creepy Places
Bizarre and Creepy Events
Unsolved Child Murders
Home » Morbidology » The Unsolved Murder of Amber Hagerman
Morbidology True Crime Unsolved Murders
This post was published on 4th February 2019 9th February 2019
The Unsolved Murder of Amber Hagerman
Posted By: Christine Penhale 5 Comments
Today we have an amazing guest post by Christine Penhale, a true crime researcher, writer, and editor. She runs a true crime site called The True Crime Files. The site is dedicated to all things true crime: investigations, reviews, updates, etc. Christine shines a light on unsolved murders and disappearances in hopes to give a voice to victims and their loved ones. You can follow Christine on Twitter and Facebook to discuss this case or to just chat about true crime.
Case File Overview
On the afternoon of January 13th, 1996, 9-year-old Amber Hagerman went on a bike ride with her 5-year-old brother Ricky. To make the most of the warm winter day in Arlington, Texas, they headed to an abandoned grocery store parking lot that had a bike ramp many kids in the neighbourhood used.
Amber and Ricky spent time playing in the parking lot. And after a while, Ricky decided to head back home, leaving his sister to enjoy cycling on her own.
Minutes later, Amber was abducted.
Amber wearing her Brownies uniform. Credit: NBC News.
Four days after Amber's kidnapping, a man walking his dog stumbled upon her body in a creek behind Forest Hills Apartments, an apartment complex less than five miles from the parking lot where Amber had last been seen riding her bike.
An autopsy later revealed that Amber had been kept alive for two days after being taken. She had been beaten and sexually assaulted before her throat was cut and her body was tossed into the creek.
Amber's murder remains unsolved.
Case File Theories
There is only one real theory in this case: Amber was kidnapped by a stranger. 78-year-old retired machinist Jim Kevil witnessed Amber's abduction from his backyard.
Amber was riding her bike alone in the parking lot when the opportunistic killer jumped out of his black or dark blue pick-up truck and grabbed the little girl. Jimmie stated Amber "screamed once and was kicking" when she was hauled into the truck.
Jimmie described Amber's kidnapper as "a white or Hispanic male aged 25-40, under 6 feet tall, [with a] medium build."
After Jimmie called the police, they were on the scene in a matter of minutes. Even though Amber's family, members of the community, and the authorities searched frantically for Amber, they were unable to locate her in time. Stranger abductions are extremely rare and difficult to solve, as there is usually little information to go on.
Unfortunately, forensics are of little help in this case. When Amber's body was found, she was naked except for one sock, and the running water in the creek washed away critical forensic evidence. Mike Simonds, the investigative sergeant who was in charge of Amber's case at the time, explained, "There had been a very large storm and Amber was not only in water but in running water in a creek bed, so there had been a tremendous amount of water flow over her body which obviously made it hard in terms of trace evidence."
It would not surprise me if Amber's killer has committed similar crimes. Although it is unlikely, I hope he is already in prison and just has not been linked yet to Amber's murder due to the absence of forensic evidence.
AMBER Alert Program
No doubt many of you have already heard of the AMBER Alert Program. But did you realize it was named after Amber Hagerman?
After Amber's murder, Diana Simone, a Fort Worth mother who had never met Amber, contacted a local radio station. She questioned why broadcasters sent out severe weather warnings but did not alert the public when a child was abducted.
Perhaps if the community had known Amber had been abducted and was aware of the suspect and vehicle description, Amber could have been located before she was killed. The idea snowballed, and, at Diana's request, became what is now known as the AMBER Alert Program.
The program is currently being used in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Indian country, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 22 other countries. And according to the AMBER Alert Program's website, as of November 2017, the system has resulted in the successful recovery of 897 children.
Amber's mother, Donna Williams. Credit: Yahoo News.
Donna Williams, Amber's mother, has called the implementation of the AMBER Alert Program "bittersweet." Donna cannot help but wonder, "What would have happened if we would have had the alert when Amber went missing? Could it have helped bring her back to me?" Although Donna is thankful for every missing child that the system assists in locating, it sadly brings her no closer to finding her daughter's murderer.
Who Do You Think Killed Amber?
Roughly 8000 leads in Amber's case have been investigated. And despite the hard work of nearly 50 police officers and federal agents, Amber's case remains unsolved.
The police, however, refuse to give up on finding Amber's killer. They insist that "someone out there has knowledge that will aid in bringing closure to Amber's family and our community."
Anyone with information about Amber's murder is asked to contact Detective Ben Lopez at 817-459-5373. There is a $10,000 reward for any information leading to the arrest and Grand Jury indictment of the suspect. Tipsters can also remain anonymous by contacting Tarrant County Crime Stoppers at 817-469-TIPS.
Related reading, viewing, and listening
"20 Years Later, Detectives Have Information To Share On Amber Hagerman Case" - CBS News article
"Who Killed Amber Hagerman? Murder Case That Inspired Amber Alerts Remains Unsolved 20 Years Later" - Yahoo News article
"After Amber" – documentary created by WFAA
"Amber Hagerman and the AMBER Alert System" - Once Upon a Crime podcast
RedditFacebookTwitterWhatsAppPinterestE-mailTelegram
The Disappearance of Nyleen Marshall
Book Review – "A Serial Killer's Daughter: My Story of Faith, Love, and Overcoming"
new comments new replies to my comments
Celeste McKenzie
I remember this case so vividly… I hadn't realized nobody had ever been caught for the murder. I followed it in the news when it happened and all these years I thought it was solved. How sad. What a horrible death for such a young girl too. It makes me heartbroken to think the person who made her suffer so much is still free out there 🙁
Like 8Dislike Reply
4th February 2019 9:10 pm
I never realized the amber alert was named after somebody. Very sad her murder has not been solved.
I think of this case from time to time. Scary to think this sicko is still out there. It probably gives him pleasure when an amber alert is issued..
The Abduction & Murder of Amber Hagerman – The Philosophy of Crime
[…] Morbidology […]
5th June 2019 1:29 pm
Her body was found less than a mile from my house. Catching this guy is on my bucket list of crimes I'd like to see solved. There's practically no way he didn't do this before or hasn't done it again since.
23rd June 2019 1:29 am
Movies Based on Shocking True Crimes
14th October 2017 Emily Thompson 2
Morbidology the Podcast – 19: Lateisha King
Dog Day Afternoon – John Wojtowicz
21st May 2019 Emily Thompson 6
The Sledgehammer Killer – Zachary Davis
25th October 2017 Emily Thompson 63
The Town That Got Away With Murder – Ken Rex McElroy
Gone Girl – Joan Risch
8th November 2017 Emily Thompson 45
Most Disturbing Movies of All Time
Teen Killers – Antonio Barbeau & Nathan Paape
16th November 2017 Emily Thompson 23
Morbidology the Podcast – 31: Cassie Cotta
The Murder of Thomas Davidson
The Eubanks Filicide
Morbidology the Podcast – 30: Vera Jo Reigle
Murder at West Lodge
Morbidology Podcast
Morbidology the Podcast – 29: Tristan Jensen
Morbidology the Podcast – 28: Sadie Hartley
Morbidology the Podcast – 27: Goleta Postal Murders
Unsolved Child Murders: Eighteen American Cases, 1956-1998
An estimated 800,000 children are reported missing each year in the U.S. Drawing on FBI reports, police and court records, and interviews with victims' families, this book provides details and evidence for 18 unsolved cases from 1956 to 1998.
Available from Amazon USA / UK
Unsolved Murders: True Crime Cases Uncovered
Ever wondered who murdered JonBenét Ramsey, or who terrorized San Francisco as the Zodiac Killer? This true crime book makes you the detective, investigating some of the most infamous unsolved cases of the 20th and 21st centuries.
Sign up to our newsletter today and be the first to get notified of new posts on Morbidology
Copyright © 2020 Morbidology.


Bright contemporary elegance right smack dab on the beach with plenty of happening bars and restaurants nearby.
Live like a native! Spacious apartments complete with full kitchens and washer/dryers.
The ocean is right there! Between the Atlantic, the two swimming pools, and the hot tub, your soaking needs are covered.
Pets OK under 50 lbs, $75/night and $100 refundable deposit.
Room approximately 690 sq ft.
This hotel is in the right spot the view is amazing the hotel is clean with a fresh clean smell every time you walk in the door staff if vary helpful and all the amenities they offer or up to standers. We will be back again.
Service fee of $75 per stay per room collected by hotel.


Available in 5 colors, the YakGear Nylon Diamond Braid Rope is a great addition for anchor rope, trolley rope, or OEM replacement rope. The rope is 3/16″ thickness, more than enough for a grapnel anchor stuck in rocks or mud. Orders are in increments of 30 feet and will be shipped as discontinuous segments. Please select order quantity accordingly.
*Note- Your anchor rope length should be 3 times the depth of the water or more.
Be sure to pick the correct color from the drop down menu to suit your personal preferences!
SKU: N/A Categories: Bungee & Rope, Kayak Anchoring Tools and Kits, Kayak Replacement Parts, YakGear Tags: 30 feet, anchor, braid, diamond braid, nylon, OEM, rope, trolley Brands: YakGear.


text:
Zambia's President-Elect Is an Adventist
18 August 2021 | On his sixth run for Zambia's presidency, Hakainde Sammy Hichilema, a prominent Seventh-day Adventist in the country, was declared president-elect on August 12, 2021.
According to Reuters, Zambia's electoral commission announced that, with most constituencies accounted for, Hichilema, 59, got 2,810,777 votes against his rival, the incumbent Edgar Lungu's 1,814,201.
The news organization referred to the win as a "stunning landslide victory" for Hichilema, known locally as HH.
According to the BBC, Hichilema "has described himself as an ordinary 'cattle boy,' who herded his family's livestock in his youth before going on to become one of Zambia's richest men."
The Adventist politician made his fortune in finance, property, ranching, healthcare and tourism, according to the BBC.
Hichilema faces an uphill battle due to the difficult situation the country is in.
Reuters says Zambia is "in dire financial straights, and it became the continent's first pandemic-era sovereign default in November after failing to keep up with its international debt payments."
Discussing Hichilema's presidential campaign, the BBC noted the Adventist can "play dirty":
"Last year he released a video entitled "The tale of two professionals…", which presented Mr Hichilema as a shrewd and responsible businessman, and Mr Lungu as someone who spent all his money in bars and nightclubs. "Which of these two is smarter?" the video asked."
Hichilema has survived being arrested 15 times since getting into politics.
"In 2016, he was charged with treason for allegedly failing to give way to the presidential motorcade. He spent four months in a maximum-security jail before the charges were dropped," reports the BBC.
So far Hichilema has been gracious in his comments toward his predecessor.
"Don't worry, you'll be OK; you won't face retribution or get teargassed," said Hichilema in his acceptance speech.
The BBC reports that the Adventist "was often attacked in what he said were attempts to silence and intimidate him as an opposition leader."
The Adventist Review reports that Hichilema and his wife, Mutinta Shepande Hichilema, are baptized members of Chilanga Mission District in the Lusaka Conference of the denomination.
"Both were invested as Master Guides in the youth ministry of the Adventist Church in December 2020 by Southern Zambia Union Conference youth director Webster Silungwe after undergoing lessons for one year," stated the Review.
Image: Twitter@HHichilema.
To comment, click here.
Your financial support allows us to keep growing the best thing about Adventist Today: our international family of readers, writers and other contributors.
Since the start of the pandemic we have expanded from being an independent news and commentary publisher to actively engaging and growing our AT community via features such as our weekly Sabbath Seminar gathering and AT1, our weekly on-demand vespers program.
In a time of uncertainty when much of the world still suffers from indoor isolation, being part of the AT community means more than ever.
Your support has allowed the AT family to grow in diversity as more and more writers, presenters and musicians have joined our family from around the world. No lockdown can stop the growth we've experienced together.
We couldn't have grown like this without your support.
Thank you for giving generously to build the future of AT. Donate to Adventist Today by clicking here: atoday.org/donate


text:
Several hurt in head-on wreck on Highway 76 near White House
By Eric Miller
Robertson County Times
Six people were hurt in a head-on crash on Highway 76 Sunday evening, according to Tennessee Highway Patrol Sgt. Bill Miller.
Emergency responders were called to the intersection of Highway 76 and Maxie Jones Road at 7:42 p.m., according to Cross Plains Fire Chief Tommy Jackson.
Tiffany Luoma, 39, of Greenbrier, was driving westbound on Highway 76 when her 2004 Dodge Durango crossed the centerline, striking a 2003 GMC Yukon driven by 26-year-old Emily Prentice of White House, according to the THP preliminary crash report.
Luoma was taken by Life Flight helicopter to Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
Also injured in the crash were Jeremy Luoma, 37; Desiree Luoma, 14; Madison Luoma, 8 and Jada Luoma, 5, the report states.
Jeremy Luoma was taken to Skyline Medical Center. The others were transported by ambulance to Vanderbilt, according to the report.
Prentice was injured, but not taken to the hospital, according to the report.
Tiffany and Jeremy Luoma were not wearing seatbelts at the time of crash, according THP. It is unclear at this time if the children were wearing seatbelts when the crash occurred
Tiffany Luoma was charged for not wearing a seatbelt, for not having insurance and for failure to exercise due care.
The highway was closed during the crash investigation, but has since reopened, Miller confirmed.


Essential oils are powerful tools massage therapists can use in their practices. More than just a pleasant aroma, essential oils can have profound therapeutic effects on the body-mind complex. They can create a rapid shift in a person's physical and energetic systems, allowing the therapist to work easier and deeper with less effort. Many times a single oil can calm the mind, soothe the emotions and relax the muscles. Lavender and basil are two great examples of multipurpose oils.
When essential oils are inhaled they have an immediate physiological response by penetrating directly into the brain via the olfactory system, into the amygdala gland, which is the center of emotions. As a result, they can help release emotional patterning and unexpressed trauma.
Essential oils can be applied to the feet, where they can positively affect all the systems of the body via the foot reflexes. This is a great complement to foot reflexology.
The chemical constituents of many essential oils have antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties. As a massage therapist, I feel completely protected against colds, flu, common illness and skin infections that a therapist might be exposed to during the course of a workday when I use therapeutic-grade essential oils on my clients and myself.
I also feel confident I can achieve great results with my clients for just about anything that ails them in the body, mind or spirit when I use therapeutic-grade essential oils in my practice.
Dawn-Mari Yurkovic is a massage therapist and co-founder of GRACE Aroma Wellness Trainings. GRACE offers classes that provide a foundation for proper use and application of therapeutic-grade essential oils. For more info go to www.gracearomawellness.com.


Create an educational environment where residents grow into highly skilled, compassionate clinicians. Through caring for our most vulnerable and underserved communities, we provide a learning environment focusing on the well-being of our faculty, residents, care team members, patients and families with a humanistic approach supporting professional development.
We emphasize full-breadth family medicine and care for the underserved. Our diverse patient population offers broad exposure to all age groups. Our partnership with Sumter Family Health Center, a federally qualified community health carter, ensures that residents will train in a community-focused practice centered on the care of the underserved. We prepare our residents to provide a leadership in patient-centered medical homes, health systems, and the towns where they will practice.


Small RETRO 1 inch Iron-on Letters Uppercase. DIY T-Shirts in 7 old school colors.
Perfect letter size for printing on t-shirts with a classic vintage retro look. 40 Retro Uppercase Iron-on Letters per alphabet sheet, 1 inch (2.5cm) Tall, available in 7 colors: White, Black, Red, Blue, Yellow, Pink and Green. Made the same as the traditional screen printing process. Ideal for do it yourself (DIY) text messages, slogans with a FUN vintage cute twist. Easy Application with your home iron or heat press machine on your own clothing, no sewing, print on all fabric colors, work well on cotton, polyester and blends, durable, machine washable. Next day shipping worldwide.
Size 1 Inch (2.5 cm) Tall.


text:
Rabbi Mark Cooper
of Oheb Shalom Congregation in South Orange, New Jersey
July 2, 2015 by Rabbi Mark Cooper
Masorti Judaism Disenfranchised
In this week's post, I share with you a press release put out by the Masorti Foundation a week ago describing the disappointing events in Rehovot, Israel involving a B'nai Mitzvah ceremony for disabled children, the Masorti Movement and the Orthodox Rabbinate. While the majority of the Israeli public, and the majority of world Jewry, support a pluralistic approach to the practice of Judaism in Israel, the official Orthodox Rabbinate retains full control over how official, state-run institutions must practice religion. The grip on state-sanctioned aspects of Judaism by the Orthodox is ingrained in the political system, as the most recent coalition agreement engineered by the Likud party after the March election demonstrated again.
It is truly unfortunate that the emotional and spiritual needs of a group of Israeli children with disabilities were overlooked in deference to a narrow view of Jewish law. And it is disheartening that an entire movement of Jews who wish to practice Judaism in keeping with a time honored, historically legitimate and compelling ideology are thwarted by a small minority of narrow minded Orthodox rabbis and leaders who have the backing of the government. Some would say that these matters are the business of the Israelis and that if the Israeli public wants things to be different, then they will vote for Knesset members who will change the system. I would argue that the relationship between Israel and Diaspora Jews is more complex than that, and that it is reasonable for the Zionist project to be shaped and influenced by world Jewry, not only those who live in Israel.
Please read the message that follows and ask yourself if it is fair that the Masorti Movement, which has invested itself in physically and spiritually in bringing Israelis closer to Judaism, should be demeaned and disenfranchised by a small government-backed minority. If you feel that what is happening is not at all fair, then respond by strengthening the Masorti Movement so it can broadcast its message even louder and with greater passion.
The new week dawned dreary for the families of the children with autism who had been working for six months towards a participatory and inclusive Bar Mitzvah ceremony with specially trained Masorti staff and rabbis in Israel.
Through the auspices of the Masorti Foundation, a groundbreaking B'nai Mitzvah program for almost 4,000 children with disabilities has been held for the past two decades in 500 services all over Israel (click here to read more about the program).
While the interpretation of Halacha practiced by Israel's official rabbinate prohibits those with such disabilities from being counted in a minyan or being called to the Torah, Masorti's understanding of Halacha provides religious training and welcomes each individual into the fellowship of the Jewish People.
The previously cancelled, much-publicized and greatly compromised event was held yesterday but it was a shadow of what had originally been planned, say Masorti leaders.
The families of nine B'nai Mitzvah with autism found themselves spectators at a shell of a ceremony at an Orthodox synagogue in Rehovot, presided over by a rabbi whom they did not know but who filled a single requirement: being Orthodox. The atmosphere was gloomy and tense, reported observers.
On Sunday (a day in which the Torah is not read publicly by any Jews), the children were virtually passive spectators in an almost joyless ceremony, despite the extensive training they had undergone.
Rabbi Mikie Goldstein of Rehovot and other Masorti professionals – who had worked extensively with the children –were excluded by the event's planners. This shadow Bar Mitzvah ceremony was the culmination of a drama that began in early May when Rahamim Malul, the mayor of Rehovot, cancelled the original B'nai Mitzvah ceremony on the eve of the event because it was to be held in a Masorti synagogue. The story of the narrow minded, rigid Orthodox mayor and the kids with disabilities provoked outrage in Jewish communities around the world.
Shortly thereafter, Israeli President Reuven Rivlin further infuriated non-Orthodox Jews in Israel and around the world by reneging on an agreement to which he was a full partner to host the event at his official residence to be co-officiated by an Orthodox and Conservative Rabbi. Instead, he issued a public invitation to an exclusively Orthodox ceremony without any warning.
At the time of Mayor Malul's cancellation of the ceremony, Rabbi Goldstein wrote, in an essay that ran in the Times of Israel, "In Israel, there is no freedom of religion for Jews: it's either the Orthodox way or no way. Any official, state-run Jewish institution is Orthodox. There is an unholy alliance of politics and religion in Israel that has led many Jews to reject Judaism outright."
Shock does not adequately capture the reaction of the Masorti leadership in Israel when they found out, after the fact, about the staged B'nai Mitzvah ceremony that took place yesterday, said Rabbi Robert B. Slosberg, chairman of the Masorti Foundation.
"What happened, in essence, is that the children, who had all volunteered to be in our program were taken to an unfamiliar synagogue, propped up and posed for a photo-op instead of being given a legitimate and respectful Bar Mitzvah ceremony," said Rabbi Slosberg. "We were neither invited nor informed of the ceremony. In a situation where all services for children with disabilities are provided by the municipality, Mayor Malul coerced these parents and their children into participating in a sham ceremony, and spat in the face of Masorti Judaism."
"This is a pattern of intolerance against non-Orthodox Judaism", added Laura Lewis, Executive Director of the Masorti Foundation. "Just last week, Israel's new minister of religious affairs, David Azoulay, called the Reform movement "a disaster for the nation of Israel."
In the disappointing aftermath of the B'nai Mitzvah debacle in Rehovot, the Masorti Foundation is discussing its next steps. An emergency mission to Israel is in the works, with high-level government meetings.
For further information on the Masorti Foundation, please visit www.masorti.org.
This entry was posted in Cyber Letter and tagged B'nai Mitzvah, Masorti, Rehovot. Bookmark the permalink.
← God's Tears
Fear and Hope: A Day Long Encounter with Palestinians →
Join in and leave a reply.... Cancel reply
Knowledge, Pride and Partnership: The Keys to Combating Anti-Semitism and Hate
From "Not Long Ago, Not Far Away" to "Never Is Now"
Do We Deserve To Have the Keys?
The Daily Minyan Needs You…and You Need It!
Cyber Letter