Discussion in 'Works In Progress' started by sebas77, Oct 28, 2017.
It's a real Entity-Component-System fully fledged framework with minimal boilerplate and painless integration with whatever platform, including Unity.
Real Entity-Component-System for c# and Unity (it can be adapted for other c# platforms too). Enables to write encapsulated, uncoupled, highly efficient, data oriented, cache friendly, code without pain. Its perfect companion is Svelto.Tasks, which will enabled multi-threaded fiber-like routines.
Svelto is the official framework of Freejam, so it's extensively used to run Robocraft, Robocraft Infinity and Cardlife (plus new upcoming titles). I know other companies are using it, but unluckily I am not getting much feedback. Please let me know if you use it, as I'd like to be in contact.
Do you offer support for Svelto?
Svelto is open source and offered as it is. Unluckily I don't have much time to invest on it beside what I need for our projects, but I will be glad to answer your questions as they come. Of course, being open source and hosted on github, feel free to send me pull requests.
OK, but what can I do with it?
I wrote a lot of articles about why ECS is currently the best pattern to use in game development (links at the bottom). Of course, I am not the only one to agree with it, but it's true that there is a great confusion around what ECS is, but mostly about how to implement it, as some inherent problems never had a standard solution. Svelto.ECS works very well within other systems, including Unity. It allows to write clean and efficient code, less affected by the constraints of the 10 years old unity framework (did you know that they actually finally writing a new one?) and by the loss of performance due to the engine marshalling (urgh). Svelto.ECS is the perfect solution to write complex projects where the maintainability of the code is essential.
What can I do that I can't do with Unity already?
Enables to write uncoupled and encapsulated logic for the entities of your game.
The rigid infrastructure allows to focus more on the problem than on the code design.
The innovative DispatcherOnChange and DispatcherOnSet simplify the messaging between entities and engines.
The Sequencer logic simplifies the messaging between engines (systems).
Two different ways to store entity components allow either flexibility or cache friendly code.
Intuitive framework, or at least I hope it is once understood the fundamental concepts.
Designed to be fast and light.
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Hi. Thank you. Do you have any plans to offer a series of simple examples or article on how to use your framework step by step ? This would greatly simplify start.
The bundled example is a good starting point, but I definitely need to write more. I hope in some help from the community too.
I am new to game development with a long background in OOPy software engineering - I have been intent on not developing bad habits from the get-go with Unity and have been trying to figure out the best way to decouple logic details from my Monobehaviors. I came across your article series this afternoon while reading up how folks approach DI and IoC in Unity. Read all of them back to back.
Your posts really resonated with me. Original plan was to experiment on my own with Zenject but I think I will try learning from your own lessons and experiments and see how I find applying Svelto to the project I'm getting off the ground. Thank you for sharing.
- write a presentation to explain why even the Unity devs are now developing an official ECS system, in terms of code design, not optimizations.
I don't have much doubts anymore about what approach to take. You can Google svelto ECS to find my solution. New articles and possibly a unity talk will come too.
Considering the amount of work you put on code architecture in Unity, I think we are on the same route of mindset, the only difference being you are already a couple of miles ahead of me.
So I committed the holy sin of starting with a huge project, which wasn't horrible actually. But as the project got bigger, I started to feel like my code was getting messier and messier. In order to implement a new feature or fix a bug, I had to travel between at least 3 classes, work with about the same amount of methods at the same time... etc. It became exhausting to maintain at some point and I had to give up on that huge project.
Do you think adopting a framework like your SveltoECS will automagically fix these problems, or, at least make the majority of them disappear?
Really? May you give a citation? I'm actually very excited to hear that. I hope they finally implement proper C# practices instead of magical methods and a serialization system that only the god knows what it is doing.
Let me start saying that there isn't a standard way to implement an ECS framework. There are several problems that arise from this architecture that haven't been solved in a standard way. That's why Svelto.ECS has some unique features that I never seen in other frameworks. All that said I can't say which one is the best, but I can tell you that Svelto.ECS has been designed with two things in mind: simplicity and rigidity. Simplicity is still something I am improving, I want to the coder to write as less as possible boiler plate code and find what they is writing intuitive. Rigidity is all about revealing the coders from the burden to design their code and focus only on their problem to solve. If coders can write their code in one way only, he wouldn't need to wonder if their solution is correct in terms of code design (And its repercussion in maintainability). I am still improving the rigidity of the framework either at compiling time and a runtime, trying to warn the coders when their are doing something wrong.
So if what I am doing is successful, after the due time to adjust to the new way of thinking, you should be able to write productive code without thinking about how messy your code is.
Now I understand I have a global vision of what's going on and Svelto.ECS is still not super simple to grasp at first, but I am committed to write new articles to try to overcome this issue.
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linked the video in the original post.
I am trying to make game using Svelto. But, just for starting my code look like this.
I am curious "am I doing it right?" or "Am I using svelto in the right way?"
Can you give some opinions?
ah cool! this must be the longest sequence I have seen so far! I don't use sequences that much, but I don't see anything wrong in what you wrote, it seems almost a state machine. If you have any feedback, please let me know.
I am going to write this in the new article, but it's essential that the first step in the design is to identify your entities and components. Then your engines and nodes. Engines and Nodes must come together and fit purposely to the entities that must be managed.
ah cool! this must be the longest sequence I have seen so far! I don't use sequences that much, but I don't see anything wrong in what you wrote, it seems almost a state machine.
And yes it adopts state machine, because the state machine pattern is easier for me.
it's essential that the first step in the design is to identify your entities and components.
I have a case: Team and Player.
How to implement this in my code?
Should I make component ITeamMemberComponent for Team Entity?
Thanks for the feedback, I will write more about the sequencer in my new article I am preparing.
You need to be careful about not overusing any of the tools available in Svelto.ECS. Everything must make logically and semantically sense. When I say semantically, I mean that ever just reading the code must make sense.
The power of Systems (engines) is the encapsulation. With ECS is possible to achieve the holy grail of the perfect code encapsulation, something that is very hard to achieve otherwise. Encapsulated systems need to handle the logic of one or several entities in their entirety. The difference between any ECS implementation and Svelto.ECS is that engines can know entities through different nodes, so the same entities can be handled in different way by different engines, keeping the encapsulation intact.
For example, in Robocraft, we have an engine that handles the physic of all the wings, another engine that handles the graphic of the wings and another engine that handle the audio of all the wings.
These engines do not know each other and they don't need to know each other, the three engines handle logic that are not coupled in any way (except for the entity data, I obviously assume that data is not a dependency).
Another engine, that knows the entity through the HealthNode will instead manage the health when healing or destruction happens, enabling or disabling the wing entities according the health.
This is the best way to have Single Responsibility designed engines. However Sequence born for those cases where engines need to communicate with each other. They create a sort of chain of responsibility (something I am going to explain better) that creates a flow of logic through separate modular engines. Although this sounds cool, must not be overused, otherwise the risk is that the code wouldn't readable unless knowing the sequence. More complex is the sequence, more difficult will be to understand the code flow.
Sorry I forgot to reply about this. I need to understand better what you are trying to achieve, but the only thing that doens't look right here is the ITeamMemberComponent implementing an IList interface.
What I mean is how to implement ownership when design entity and component. For the example how to implement "Entity A has many Entity B" and "Entity B has many Entity C".
oh OK, ECS and OO design are quite different, almost diametrically opposed. It's not responsibility of an entity to know other entities. Engines (Systems) must handle entities. What you probably need is the concept of grouping entities, which I am adding in the new version of Svelto. You will be able to query entities by group, so that you will be able to say, inside an engine, return all the nodes of the entities that belong to this other entity.
In Robocraft, for example, you can say: return all the wings that belong to this specific machine. You can already do it without the new feature, but you will need a custom structure to be used inside your engine.
And sorry for my slow response. I was trying to search more resources about ECS and Svelto.
It is clear enough about ownership for now.
And about my code before, I tried to change it. This is how it look like now. What do you think?
I am currently working on Svelto.ECS 2.0. I am writing as much documentation as possible and I will need to write several articles since I cannot focus just on the theory or just on examples, people need both. The theory is necessary to understand why the ECS paradigm is superior, the examples are needed to figure out the details.
The problem about designing engines is that they must be designed with the entities in mind through their nodes.
In svelto.ECS 2.0 Nodes are now called EntityView in order to try to clarify their goal. I understand that the EntityView concept, while very simple (is just a mapping of Entity components) is hard to get at first.
this means that if you write a SocketEngine you would likely need a SocketNode. This SocketNode is a set of references to the Entity components needed by the SocketEngine. I am not sure what components your SocketEngine needs, but if you made this reasoning, then you are on the right path!
I also understand that using sequencers can be confusing because you may see Engines just as a mere collection of code. It must not be like this, engines must still handle entities and the sequencer is just a way to step through several engines that handle logic of the same or different entities.
I made SystemConfigurationDescriptor which has SocketComponent, and the SocketComponent has port and max connection properties.
Wow this sounds super exciting! My project is in a stadium where everything has been refactored to small, highly modular components following the SOLID principles, except for the fact that I haven't decided on what IoC framework to use. According to your last comment you are no more recommending any IoC framework and instead suggest to integrate an ECS. I havent dealt with any of that before, but if your work is as good as you say, then I'm seriously willing to put a ton of time to integrate this system in my project. Sigh, .. already 2:30 am. Well then, I'm going to check out your github project tomorrow and dive into what you have created for us!
thanks for the message. Yes absolutely Svelto.ECS supersedes either Svelto.IOC and all the available IoC container for Unity. I will explain in an article why using an IoC container is not a good idea anymore, at least under my point of view obviously. The principles are that once an IoC container is used with real Inversion of Control in mind, will lead to something close, but less effective, than the ECS paradigm anyway.
If you start to play with Svelto.ECS now, be sure to use the alpha branch as soon I will merge it down to the master one and it contains the new version of the framework.
Alright, will do. Thanks Sebas! Looking forward to this article!
as usual, feedback is appreciated!
Sadly, the project can't compile svelto.dll. I also installing .NET standard 2.0, but VS (I use VS Community 2017) is not able to compile the project as it finds members being already defined or that inherited members have the same signatur as some other types and thus cannot be overridden.
Bear with me I will write some instructions about how clone the repository. Unluckily git sub modules are useful but not intuitive to use.
Yes, that's true. I was not expecting problems when pulling the submodules in a recursive manner, but it was a silly assumption.
Thanks for your quick update on the wiki pages! Now Unity no more complains and your Example is running perfectly.
Time for learning on your examples.
After having a solid understanding I'll try to integrate your ECS in the cube collision demo on Adam Martin's blog here.
I found this little setup very useful in the sense of being able to quickly scale up numbers while observing performance and having visual debugging about what's going on.
Check, I'll do, mate! Will spend my next evenings after work on this. Give me a week or two.
@sebas77, could you please explain about meta entity and how to use it by an example?
I knew that someone soon or later would have asked this .
MetaEntity is a slightly confusing concept that has rare applications. I introduced it because actually Robocraft had few good use cases. It's slightly confusing because a MetaEntity is not defined in terms of Game Design entity, so it's abstracted and thus harder to conceive. A MetaEntity is a way to control a group of other entities that share the same implementation of an entity component.
You can build N normal entities using a specific entity component and then just one Meta Entity with one EntityView using the same component, in this way the engine that uses the MetaEntity can control N entities with just one EntityView.
Basically you don't need to iterate N entities and set a value if this value must be the same for all N entities. In robocraft we use it to control weapons of the same type grouped by size.
This "trick" is possible thanks to the use of shared implementors. While the Meta Entity and the N Entities will build different EntityViews (different instances in memory), they will point to the same implementation for that specific component.
//build N entity using the shared implementor.
if you understood how the entity components are implemented through the implementors, you can understand why you are enable to exploit this kind of tricks.
If you don't get it at glance, don't worry. This is an advanced scenario that you will understand once get used of the framework logic.
I finally wrote an important article with many details. One more will come in due time explaining the best practices, maybe another one next for the advanced scenarios!
I am super glad to announce that finally another Svelto user started to write articles! Dario uses it for a while now and the articles are pretty insightful! 3 articles so far, but he is planning to write the fourth and improve the examples!
Some colleagues and I are doing a simple game of "rock, paper, scissors" using Svelto.ECS and we have some doubts about the development.
On the one hand I've a component "IUserMovementButton" and its implementor is a monobehavior, this implementor with the component is responsible for fire an action with the movement selected by the player.
I also have an "IHandComponent" with its monobehavior implementor that will animate the hand.
On the other hand I have an "IUserComponent" and its implementer that isn't a monobehaviour.
The question I have is how to relate everything in an entity. In the MainContext I'm creating an entity that contains the IUserComponent implementor and I'm creating an entity for each monobehavior implementor (I copied it from your example, BuildEntitiesFromScene), but I don't know how to relate them.
What I want is that when player 1 presses on a button his hand is animated and when player 2 (AI) makes his move, the other hand is animated.
A solution that I have applied has been to modify "UnityContext" to access to "_applicationRoot" and call an method "BuildEntities" that receives a container with all the implementers of the scene. But I don't like this solution.
first of all I suggest you to update to Svelto.ECS 2.0. From the code I see, it seems you have studied Svelto from the previous version. The Survival example has been re-factored heavily and commented a lot to help more.
Second it's awesome crazy that you are using Svelto for a Rock Paper Scissors game . It's super cool to learn how to use it though! If you can share something in future it would be great for the whole svelto community.
I added in the example just to show what it's possible to do, but really I should remove it. Actually I will, it's not needed and confusing as you are showing me.
The right pattern is to use BuildEntity<T> directly, but not like you showed in the code, you don't need to do that.
//a bad practice, use a Json file instead.
//explicitly, I have to create if from the existing gameobject.
Note while I don't limit using references and events inside components I don't suggest you to do so. I rewrote the whole exampled to avoid this case.
Hello, thanks for your quick response.
I think that I have Svelto.ECS 2.0, but I will check it.
When we finish it game we want to publish the code, I will share the link here.
I have pending change the action to DispatchOnSet or Observer, I'm not sure which one is better.
I had seen the solution of the json but I hadn't understood all the potential that this has, I'm going to change the creation of entities with the json file .
I have corrected these errors but I have another doubt. I have an engine that reacts to the button and asks the entityViewsDB for a view, through the sequence another engine has to consult another view of the same entity. Should the first engine send the view the second one needs or send it the ID? Or is there another way to solve this?
Another way that occurs to me is to mark a property in the component and the other engine to react to it, but I would like to know if the first one would be correct.
you send the ID absolutely. You can use the QueryEntityView as many times as you wish, it has been designed to be fast!
I have 3 buttons with the same implementor that communicate with the engine through DispatchOnSet. This implementor has a button component that launches the event and another component where it saves the user's movement before launching the event.
In the engine I need to consult the component that stores the movement, but for this I need the ID of the entity, how can I know its ID? or how do I send the ID of the entity with DispatchOnSet?
I know that with DispatchOnSet you can send the ID, but I don't know how to know the ID from the component.
if the ID never changes, then it's easy, as the DispatchOnSet has a constructor where you can set the id sender. The id of the sender can be retrieved then afterward from the dispatch on set itself (it comes as parameter in the listener).
remember that you could potentially use a DispatchOnSet<struct> for complex cases.
I was creating the DispatchOnSet on implementor, but to use the constructor with entityID y should create it on the engine, isn't it?
usually I use the gameobject ID as id, so in the implementor you could use this.GetInstanceID(), otherwise you should pass the ID as implementor constructor parameter (not a MB though ). You can create it in the Engine otherwise.
I've read most of the articles you wrote about IoC, ECS and stuff and still reading the rest. I try to read many articles from other people as well since I've no experience with the approach and it's almost totally opposite of what we'd been doing since we started using Unity (other than using components for behaviours, gameobjects for entities etc). I still have couple of questions about the approach which are not clear enough for me to start using ECS. I'd be grateful if you could give some insight about these questions really briefly.
P.S: I haven't dove deep into the example project you provided and if I will find the answers in the project, you can just direct me to the example. These questions are in my mind since I started digging ECS. None of the examples, use cases I have seen answer those questions.
1) In ECS, do we need to implement Systems (or Engines in Svelto.ECS) for every behaviour we want to add or the Systems are just needed for the behaviours that are shared/used for more than one entity. For example, for Camera Movement/Follow Behaviour, do we implement a System that will only responsible this specific behaviour on only one specific camera entity?
2) How do we handle situations like Movement systems with different movement behaviours like run, fly etc. All of these behaviours are "Movement" however, one movement system can't handle all kinds of movements. What is the common approach for this kind of situation? Should I have an master movement system that controls different kind of movement sub-systems and handle common things like updating the position etc and the sub-systems implement the movement behaviour itself? Or is this approach totally wrong?
Sorry if these questions sounds wierd or dumb, but I am trying to understand the underlyning concept of ECS and a lot confused since this methodology changes a lot from what I am used to.
The articles are mostly about the theory. In the latest versions of the Survival example I tried to add as many as possible comments so that you can have a better idea of what's going on in practice.
2) Actually this is an important point that I try to highlight multiple times in my articles, your systems must follow the Single Responsibility Principle, so you are going to have a walk engine a fly engine and so on. You have to think it as modular composition. In reality you should do the same with monobehaviours too, as you shouldn't have a single movement monobehaviours, but a flymb, walkmb and so on so you can compose attributes to have different kind of abilities per character. The engines rarely need to know each other, you should be able to write code that can act only on the data found in the components. However if for some reason an order of execution is needed, you can use the sequencers, as this is what they are for.
Using inheritance saves here saves a bit of code re-writing (copy&paste) and also defines it as a Movebehaviour. It can also be defined by using interfaces however the MoveProgress coroutine should be imlplemented in both behaviour in that case. I can't imagine how can I avoid copy&paste code in these kind of situations without inheritance and that's where I get lost. Of course the problem for this specific example is easy to solve but I guess you got the general idea.
With ECS you don't use inheritance, not even to save code. What you usually do is to write different levels of abstracted engines, like I explain in the articles, from the more generic (handling different type of entities through a unique generic entity view), to the more specifics (let me know if this is not clear I will explain it more).
However from the code I can see, you are not saving code that runs logic, you are saving code to setup stuff. In this case you can easily use static stateless classes or extension methods if you really need to save code.
it's ok to call external static functions that are pure code. Btw if you want to use Svelto.ECS you need to use Svelto.Tasks to run coroutines.
-Yes that would be great!
In the meantime, I will start digging the example project. I hope it will become more clear once I'm done with exploring a bit more.
Btw, also thanks for the articles and the framework. Last year I started to think that the methodology I was using (and most of the Unity users) was not the best way to write code for big game projects and started to explore a new way and came across ECS. However, at that time it seemed like it was only a theory and impossible to implement at some point. With the Unite 2017 talk (and upcoming talk in GDC), it became obvious that the future is ECS for game development for both performance and maintability. Your guideance with the article series help a lot to understand the underlying theory.(it still seems like I have a long way to go but I'll get there).


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Doughmore Bay, Co Clare
Chosen for his "least disturbance philosophy," the Doonbeg Golf Course was designed by the Greg Norman and opened on July 9, 2002, when the "Great White Shark" defeated Padraig Harrington ...
Ballybunion Golf Club - Old Course
The Irish Atlantic coast is home to some of the largest and most formidable dunes seen on links land anywhere and the Old Course at Ballybunion uses these large dunes and ruthless bunkering to provide...
Hogs Head Golf Club
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text:
What Has Athens To Do With You?
By Eva Brann|2019-08-12T12:29:46-06:00September 2nd, 2019|Categories: Art, Classics, Culture, E.B., Eva Brann, Great Books, History, In Honor of Eva Brann at 90 Series, Liberal Learning, Philosophy, Plato, Senior Contributors, St. John's College|
The humanly full life is concretely local and intellectually wide, to be lived in a face-to-face community whose members can talk to each other about anything, where nothing of human interest is interdicted; where no one owns a specialty so that others have to venture opinions with the disclaimer, "Of course, that's not my subject."
As far as I know, a sense of guilt was not a recognized affect in the pagan world where about forty-nine percent of my moral allegiance lies; otherwise, I would apologize to you—apologize for being about to suggest to you a way of life, a way that may not jibe with your purposes and plans as graduate students, who have chosen your place in the academic organization of studies at a large university, as I did over half a century ago. The least I can do, however, is to give you my bona fides, although, as I will tell you in a moment, I did not exactly keep the faith.
About fifty years ago I haunted Phelps Hall, as you do now. The tutelary deities of those days were called Bellinger, Bennett, Dawson, Immerwahr, and Silk. I recall them with the tenacious affection that the young conceive for their teachers. Not that we were all that well taught: We learned not what we needed to know but what our professors wanted to teach. It is my impression, gained from our students' reports and appointment interviews, that you graduate students are far more rationally and rigorously prepared than we were. Perhaps that, too, has its downside. In any case, our teachers were giants, but our education was haphazardly splintered.
Nonetheless we scrambled ourselves into some semblance of learning, but above all we achieved what we really wanted: to get to Greece, or Rome, or wherever our hearts lay.
I went to Athens, full of philhellenic fervor. It was an uneasy first year at the American School of Classical Studies. I learned that the Hellas of my dreams—partly, I guess, a legacy of my German childhood, but more, I like to think, the manifestation of some aboriginal memory—was most reliably accessible in the secure irrealities of my imagination, as I was before long to learn that the Greeks were most inexpugnably alive in the volumes of my then incipient library. Yet the place, Greece itself, was pervading my reading and imagining with its sensory lucidities: the pungent aroma of the thyme at landfall on Ceos after a wild, nauseated crossing from Sunion, the backlit blown poppies growing on Hymettus, but above all the then still pristinely diaphanous atmosphere of Attica, which gave sensory truth to Aristotle's saying that light is the activity of a transparent medium. (De Anima 418 b9)
Unfortunately, this nominal landscape was overrun by latter-day squatters, the modern Greeks. I must have been infected with this attitude from my elders, but I certainly colluded in it. It was only eventually that I began to wonder with some empathy what it must feel like to be the rightful, yet very remote heirs to all that broken and buried glory. We archaeologists were, in any case, called to be intent on ruins above ground which were meant to be salvaged from the daily business of a modern—and then very poor—city, and from the detritus—a treasure trove to us—from which we scraped the earth away, careful trowelful by trowelful. Not that I did that myself; I wasn't any good at it, capable of sweeping away millennia at a trowel-stroke, while inspecting at puzzled length what a discerning eye would have immediately identified as discombobulated fill. Also, I was intimidated by the Greek workmen who had been competently at this job for generations.
But I saw what we were doing, and I studied what we brought to light. For one thing, there was a melancholy to it. A colleague of those years, Seth Benardete, once said to me that Roman buildings were enhanced by ruination, while Greek temples were diminished. It seemed true, but why? I now think it is because Roman edifices anticipate romanticism, as it were, for they have in them something that lends itself to the deconstruction into that suggestive incompleteness which is indeed one characteristic of the romantic. A cracked Roman column will gather around itself a pastoral veduta; a Greek column drum will focus the eye on its collapsed perfection. For romantic is what the Greeks are not, at least at their canonical best: plan and detail participate in each other reciprocally; ruination cannot enhance them. A shorn or broken temple or treasure house is a kind of animadversion on passage. One might say, fancifully, that temples disapprove of time.
I am going somewhere with these divagations. (You will, by the way, forgive all the vocabulary. There is an expansive pleasure in being among people who, by reason of their profession, are able to decode, even if they don't know, all the excellent words our Grecolatinate Anglosaxon English holds in store for us.) What I'm wandering toward are all the intellectual aporiai, the perplexities, that bedeviled that essentially glorious first year—the intellectual ones, I mean; I'll spare you the personal ones brought on by youth and Attic nights. These perplexities were far more engaging than the mere, idly sweet melancholy of being too late in history.
First, I should say that I fell heart and soul into the activity that engendered these perplexities. I was endlessly lucky and still feel full of gratitude for falling in with an organization like the American Excavation of the Athenian Agora—if there are many like it. To put it succinctly: These were fanatics; they worshiped at the fanum of scrupulousness: of digging technique, of cataloguing protocol, of generous collegiality. In the fifties, not all the foreign schools were up and running, and visiting unhoused scholars would marvel at the institutional hospitality they received. The Agora was a model for canonicality: everything that was done was done exemplarily, from spelling to photography, from restoration to exhibition. There was a kind of communal concentration on the work, any joining of two sherds, each discovery of a pottery workshop or (glory of glories) of a pot painter, every convincing serialization of artifacts was noted with interest.
I got into this meticulous enterprise in a way I can't account for to this day. I was invited to come down from Soudias Street on the slopes of Lycabettos to the Agora below the Acropolis. Homer Thompson, the director, took me through the show rooms where the unpublished potsherds were laid out and asked me what I'd like to work on. I pointed at some attractive looking stuff; never was there a luckier index finger. It landed on the Late Geometric and Protoattic pottery, the period when the black praying-mantis like figures of the Dipylon funeral amphorae were morphing into rounded polychrome human representations, and the funerary somberness was replaced by sometimes intentionally comical exuberance.
I might inject here that that very inclusive respect for all times and populations of the Athenian market place which is now doctrine in the humanities was practiced earlier in the American excavation, perhaps there first and most paradigmatically. But there was—or seemed to me—to be something behind it, something tacit but palpable, which lent both backbone and pathos to the studious objectivity of the research: Everyone knew that there was a center, quite literally evident in the study vitrines of our museum and workrooms, the Stoa of Attalus. There was a culmination, a standard, a reference point: the Athenian mid-fifth century, the Classical Period. No one would have dreamed of saying so, but it was known, the way in a decently egalitarian community everyone knows to whom the aristeia would go if there were to be a competition, but no one has the bad taste to say so.
I left archaeology. One way to explain it is that there were just too many issues no one had the bad taste to broach. I might as well mention the tacitly proscribed word: It was philosophy. My leaving was, in a very mild way, felt to be a defection by those who had helped me and meant me to have a career in archaeology. I still feel a twinge.
We were all deeply engaged in our work. I remember a night when those funereal stick-figures off a Geometric pot marched across my brain in a dream. But what was that work?
We were erecting what had fallen and turning up what had been buried, often in actual graves. Were we mounting a renaissance for real life or a reburial in display cases? What, to leap to the largest context, was the human intention behind all those latter-day "-logies" and "-graphies"—archaeology, topography, chronology, epigraphy? What did we mean by reaching back into time, resurrecting the dead through their artifacts and making what was earliest appear latest? I recall sitting in my apotheke, my work and storage room, with all those eighth- and seventh-century pots, when Homer Thompson, who was not only a brilliant but an attentive director, stuck his head in and asked: "What's new?" What could be new? I was cluing out laboriously what the most ignorant potter's ten-year-old paidion would have known as a matter of course. A friend and I once figured out that it took fourteen times as long to study one of those little oil lamps the excavation produced by the thousands as it did to make one.
What were we doing? Were we not systematically and well-intentionedly, yet literally, abusing what we had seized on in research? Take drinking cups: kotylai, sky phoi, kantharoi—I could type and serialize them, yet I'd never drunk from one of them; it would have been against protocol. Take ancient texts: We mined them for topography, chronology, prosopography, but we didn't read them, not as words meant to tell human truths.
I learned the lingo, the serviceable dialect of the trade, the necessary initiation into the mysteries of the guild, one dialect in the very language you are now learning to speak with aplomb. I used it appropriately, but did I know what I was saying?
Archaeology is, if anything, grass-roots history. Who can doubt that there is Herodotean history? Historia is inquiry; of course one may inquire, as he does, into great and wonderful human deeds to keep them from falling into oblivion. It makes immediate sense. But historical research as an academic discipline, and particularly archaeology, is concerned also with pots and pans and babies' potty chairs. (The Agora has several.) A sophisticated intellectual structure is needed to warrant the study of what one might call "deedlets," ergidia (to coin a term) rather than a deed, an ergon, a significant action. For we should wonder under what hypothesis the essentially surd realia of the long dead begin to speak: How does an artifact, especially an undistinguished one, express its maker's world? And how should we care: engagedly to learn of our advances and our losses, or objectively, just for the heck of it, just because what is buried beneath asks to be exhumed, just as a mountain is climbed because it is there?
I spoke, as we all did, of development: pot-shapes developed, evolved. How, by what detours through the potter's vision-governed hands, did inorganic pieces reenact the evolutionary lines of organic species? We spoke of chronology and were intent on establishing datings, but what was time that it could be accounted for through excavational strata, the spatial laminations of time, as it were? The measurement of time by motion is problematic enough, but its visible capture in vertical stasis—nothing is more anathema to an excavation than a disturbed stratification—is terminally puzzling.
We all talked of proportion: The masked standard was classical harmony. The degenerate members, say of a series of amphorae, were long and lank, while earlier examples were refreshingly, finely young, and tautly chubby, like those archaically smiling korai. But of the theory of proportion, probably the greatest topic of Greek mathematics, we never spoke, and to the question: "What must the world be like for the parts of a whole to be in a proportion, to have the same ratio to each other?"—of that we seemed never to think. Some of you probably know the remarkable answer to that very question: How is it possible that a first element of a shape is to a second as a third such element is to a fourth? Only in a Euclidean world is such proportionality possible; there are other realms in which two shapes may be the same, but no two can be similar, so that one canonical proportion cannot govern differently sized items.
One cold winter's week I went down to Corinth to look at the Protocorinthean pottery collection in the American excavations. I had the excavation house to myself; at night there was a fire in the common room and a hot meal. There I perpetrated a horrible deed, all unknowing—as Greek hamartiai are ever committed. I got hungry at midnight and ate up the Corinthian starter yogurt in the icebox, the one that made the far-famed, the finest, creamiest yogurt in the archaeological world. There also I found a bookcase of the olive-green Loeb series and determined in youthful hubris to master in the cozy evenings all thirty-six Platonic dialogues, both those certainly genuine and also those probably spurious. I came back with an anathema on me for the yogurt and treasure in my heart from the Plato.
I have been at my college, St. John's, for the past half-century, thinking back now and then on my early years as a graduate student of classics and archaeology. I think I am intended to wax wise on the basis of age, and I'll take the challenge. You must know that where I come from we have no professors, authorities, or specialists, and our students are meant to look on us as just better-prepared fellow learners. That is not hyperbole but actual practice. As a result, none of us tutors, as we call ourselves, wilt readily under scepticism. So if you find the following three lessons I've drawn from my two lives doubtful or even repugnant, I can't ask for anything more familiar than to hear you say so.
Some of you, very few I would guess, are scholars to the bone. The pursuit of a delimited problem through thickets of opinion and mountains of evidence gives you a soberly orgiastic pleasure. You don't need advice, you'll do what you love and gain the recognition you deserve. But others among you, quite a few I would again guess, know in your heart of hearts that your enthusiasm for scholarly research is a little forced, more drawn by duty than by joy; that the minuscule adjustments to previous opinions that you tweak into an issue and the slight variations you contrive upon old contextures give you only a meager satisfaction. When you acknowledge this condition in yourself, finish your degree, by all means. But, on the supposition that you do want a life of learning, forget about the university and go teach at a good small college. By good I don't mean prestigious. Lovely things go on in fairly obscure places, where unsophisticated but willing young students often bring their teachers back to basics, to elementary questions of the sort that scholarly research races too far ahead of. As Thomas More advises a promising but very corruptible young man in one of my favorite plays, "A Man for All Seasons:" "Be a teacher."
Try not to think, in fact never think, of the writing you do as "my work." Those of you who are researchers at heart must believe—though there is something problematic about it—that they are part of a common progressive work, the advancement of learning. As I say, it's problematic whether there is any actual progress in the humanities, or whether as the cutting edge digs into the future, the past silts up and sinks into sedimented oblivion. Yet, whoever is nonetheless committed to scholarship must surely believe that they can own no real estate on the orbis intellectualis where all is common ground tilled for the increase of knowledge. So much the sadder is it to hear teachers speak of "my work." Is teaching not their work?
To put it another way: The scholarly world is more and more a virtual world, spatially expansive but often topically constricted. For my part, I think the humanly full life is concretely local and intellectually wide, to be lived in a face-to-face community whose members can talk to each other about anything, where nothing of human interest is interdicted; where you don't have to mount a colloquium to have a colloquy, where there are no taboos except indifference and incivility; where discourse does not divide into either shop talk or chat but observes the truly interesting human mean; and above all, where no one owns a specialty so that others have to venture opinions with the disclaimer, "Of course, that's not my subject." Once I knew more about Protoattic pottery than anyone then alive in the world, an Englishman or two excepted. It is an experience everyone should have sometime. And then they should stop and live in that acknowledged semi-ignorance which is both proper to human inquiry and the ideal state of teachers, who, before producing another article, should set themselves to learn what their students ought to know.
Let me make sure here that I'm rightly understood: These instructions aren't meant as categorical imperatives, unconditional commandments. They are rather what Kant calls "hypothetical imperatives," of the "if-then" type. The protasis of each is: "If you want to live happily"—as Aristotle thinks of happiness: the soul activated in accordance with human excellence. The apodosis is: "then try doing it this way."
Socrates is said to have told the Athenians in his last public appearance that "the unexamined life is not worth living for a human being;" "ho… anexêtastos bíos ou biotôs anthrôpôi" (Apology 38A). I think he is being more absolute than "worth living" conveys. I would translate: "the un-inspected life is not a lived life." Socrates is uttering both a claim and an injunction. The injunction is to ask yourself what you're doing, and the claim is that if you don't, you aren't all there, not quite alive. To me, what Socrates says seems utterly true, and on that hypothesis I'll proceed. What are we mostly doing, we who are at home in the world of learning? That's plain: mostly we use words. To be human means to have logos—and indeed we do hardly anything but employ logoi—rational speech in general and special words in particular. It is, then, part of our peculiar business to know what we are saying.
So don't use words you don't understand or don't mean to come to understand, at least partly. Graduate school is rightly more training than education, more preparation for a profession than learning for the sake of being all there. Hence, the possession of a professional vocabulary, often well-invented and always serviceable for expressing yourself within the guild—and, I can't help adding, for marking greenhorns and amateurs—is not only an accomplishment but also a professional deformation. So talk human whenever possible and know something, at least a little, of the explicit or implicit theory behind the language of the humanities.
You might construe what I've just said as an invitation to theorize, to engage in theory. Not so, just the opposite. It is an incitement to philosophy, which is just the name for the questions Socrates thinks will make you come to be all there, all aware. Moreover, here's a claim some of you will resist and some of you will recognize as the articulation of your own suspicions: Theory is the enemy—were I given to hyperbole I would say, the deadly enemy—of philosophy, more accurately, of Socratic philosophizing. I mean, say, legal critical theory, literary theory, every kind of social theory; I've just come off a bout of reading "desire theory," and I know whereof I speak. I could talk for hours about this displacement of thought, perhaps with some of you for a while afterwards. But for now I'll put it in capsule form; I understand philosophy to be everyone's business, certainly a classicist's. It is the desire to look as straight, deep, and directly into yourself and out into the world as you can. (It has, of course, only a tenuous, occasional connection to the academic subject by that name.) That effort I am speaking of, introspective and contemplative, looking within and gazing at the heavens, used indeed to be called theory. Theoria has had a long and fascinating passage of diminution into "theory." Theory is a rational screen, a mental jig under which things are re-formed into pre-assigned shapes. It is a form of rationalization, but not always of thinking. It is logos, however, not plus receptive love but plus willful manipulation. A theory is fun to devise but the devil to inherit, because duty demands that we grasp it and wisdom asks that we resist it. Here's another way to put it: When you spot trendiness or recognize ideology—the marks will be a jigged and unnatural terminology—become a porcupine, all quills up.
My third hypothetical imperative does verge on the categorical. There is a sort of human minginess that appears characteristically in academic settings—not that academics typically practice it, but that it lurks as an endemic danger of mutual infection. I have heard it said that its meanness is large in inverse proportion to the minuteness of the issues. Many of you will soon be members of departments and will be absorbed in departmental politics. The issues are not in fact so very small, since they concern the way the life of learning is lived, and it is right, or seems right to me, to be passionately involved. But passion is not pathos; beware of false moral drama. Be as little ignoble and ungenerous as you can.
I could fill Twelve Tables with negative advice, but I'll close with one piece particularly pertinent to this talk. In published research plagiarism is a serious offense. In reflective conversation it is a lovely compliment. If as teachers and colleagues you find ideas you thought were yours by priority turning up in your colleague's conversation, smirk with inner satisfaction and then offer a serious critique of your own thoughts, lest your borrowers fall into the original sin of the intellect: holding opinions that have been purloined but not appropriated.
I've kept you too long, but that's what happens when an elder of the tribe is urged to talk. Yet, before I stop, one afterthought: If you could all band together to found a movement for the abolition of the "original contribution" requirement of the doctoral dissertation you would do the world of learning a great service. For in the humanities the drive for originality and the search for insight are too often at cross purposes.
This essay was originally published here in September 2015, and appears again in celebration of Dr. Brann's ninetieth birthday. The occasion for this talk was the award of the Yale Graduate Alumni Association's Wilbur Cross Medal as well as the celebration of the sixtieth year of Yale's Directed Studies, a Great Books Program. It was delivered on October 12, 2006. It appeared in The St. John's Review (Volume 50, No. 1, 2007).
The Imaginative Conservative applies the principle of appreciation to the discussion of culture and politics as we approach dialogue with magnanimity rather than with mere civility. Will you help us remain a refreshing oasis in the increasingly contentious arena of modern discourse? Please consider donating now.
About the Author: Eva Brann
Eva Brann is Senior Contributor to The Imaginative Conservative, a distinguished and long-serving tutor at St. John's College, and the 2005 National Humanities Medal recipient. Dr. Brann's works include: Paradoxes of Education in a Republic, The Past-Present: Selected Writings of Eva Brann, What, Then, Is Time?, The World of the Imagination: Sum and Substance, Homeric Moments, Feeling Our Feelings, The Logos of Heraclitus, Un-Willing: An Inquiry into the Rise of Will's Power and an Attempt to Undo It, The Music of the Republic: Essays on Socrates' Conversations and Plato's Writings, and Then & Now: The World's Center and the Soul's Demesne. Dr. Brann has also published translations of Plato's Statesman, Sophist, Symposium or Drinking Party, and Phaedo.
January 20th, 2020 | 1 Comment


Tokyo, April 28, 2011 -- Moody's Japan K.K. has upgraded its ratings on three Japan SME CLOs by the Japan Finance Corporation (JFC; formerly, Japan Finance Corporation for Small and Medium Enterprise).
Arranger: Nomura Securities Co., Ltd.
These are cash CLO transactions backed by (1) SME loans originated by regional financial institutions and purchased by JFC under its "purchase scheme" securitization program, and (2) SME loans originated by JFC under its "self-origination scheme" securitization program. In both cases, the loans were originated for securitization.
Today's actions reflect the improvement in credit enhancement due mainly to deal amortization.
The main factor for the uncertainty in Moody's analysis is the macroeconomic environment for SMEs as well as the financing environment.
Since the March 11 quake, the Japanese economy has been under the downward pressure, in light of concerns about declines in production and consumption over the short term.
The business environment for SMEs, which had been improving before the disaster, is also being negatively affected, depending on region and industry. Thus, the disaster could be the reason for the increase in SME bankruptcies, at least in the short term.
However, Moody's believes that the government's quick reaction with regard to supporting SME funding will help the SMEs avert bankruptcy, at least in the short term. The government provides funding support through the safety net lending program and a guarantee program (No.5; regarded as an extension of the emergency guarantee program). The SMEs also receive funding support from financial institutions in accordance with the SME moratorium law.
Furthermore, SMEs affected by the disaster can also obtain disaster recovering funding, the disaster-related guarantee program by Credit Guarantee Corporation, and other disaster-related support programs run by regional governments.
Moody's considers it especially important to note that administrative processes in financial institutions were already in place because support schemes such as an emergency guarantee program and SME moratorium law were available before the quake occurred. Thus, the implementation of these support programs should be smooth, in contrast to the experience during global financial crisis.
Moreover, in light of the significant demand for goods and services expected later in the year (especially around the disaster area), Moody's believes that a substantial number of SMEs will be able to avert bankruptcy in the near term and that a large increase in SME bankruptcy numbers is thus unlikely.
Moody's also notes the ongoing concerns about prolonged power shortages and the resolution of the problems at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant. Moody's will keep a very close watch on both situations, as well as on any changes in the banks' lending attitudes, domestic and foreign demand, and the foreign exchange market, which can affect the SME business environment.
The portfolio default rate for JFC SME CLOs has risen since last April, on an increase in defaults in the first quarter of FY2011, most of which were out of long-term delinquencies. Defaults of normal assets and short-term delinquencies in FY2010 were almost same as FY2009.
New delinquencies still continue to occur in most transactions, and most of the existing delinquencies have become long-term. Moody's estimates that more than half of current long-term delinquencies will default by, or at least remain delinquent, until maturity. The remainder will probably catch up with payments, or be bought back by their originators. Moody's expects this situation to persist, as the business environment for SMEs will be severe for some time due to the quake.
However, Moody's has already incorporated these delinquency trends into its default rate assumption. As a result, Moody's is maintaining its current default rate assumption (annualized 2-3%) for most of JFC's transactions.
In its rating analysis, Moody's takes into account expected default rates, outstanding delinquency rates, and changes in credit enhancement, which comprise current subordination and excess spread, using the CDOROM model.
Total exposures among JFC SME cash CLOs to Miyagi, Iwate, and Fukushima prefectures severely affected by the quake is about 3%. Moody's incorporates the impact into the current analysis. The number of new delinquencies out of the affected area is from zero to three in each transaction.
Since last April, six defaults (JPY 86 million) have occurred, which is lower than Moody's assumptions. However, four short-term delinquencies (JPY 30 million) took place in the previous quarter.
There were 22 delinquencies (JPY 266 million), including 18 long-term delinquencies (JPY 236 million), as of end-March 2011. The amount declined from end-December 2010, only because five delinquencies (JPY 74 million) resulted in default.
Moody's expects the default rate for the underlying pool to be around 3% (annualized) as delinquencies continue to occur and become long-term.
As a result of amortization, the subordination ratio for the mezzanine tranche rose to 12.1% as of end-March 2011, from 11.9% at end-December 2010.
Since April 2010, eight defaults (JPY 228 million) have occurred, which is higher than Moody's assumptions. The delinquencies also continue to occur, with two short-term delinquencies (JPY 28 million) in the first quarter 2011.
However, outstanding delinquencies have largely declined from eight (JPY 262 million) to five (JPY 118 million), including three long-term delinquencies (JPY 90 million), because all the defaults occurred in the previous quarter were out of long-term delinquencies.
Moody's expects the default rate for the underlying pool to be around 2% (annualized), as delinquencies continue to occur and become long-term.
The subordination ratio for the mezzanine tranche fell to 13.9% as of end-March 2011, from 15.1% at end-September 2010 due to defaults of some long-term delinquencies in the previous quarter, although this was offset by the decline in delinquencies in the rating analysis.
Since April 2010, five defaults (JPY 151 million) have occurred, which is lower than Moody's assumption. However, delinquencies continue to occur, with one short-term delinquency (JPY 9 million) in the first quarter of 2011.
Outstanding delinquencies have largely declined from eight (JPY 280 million) to five (JPY 154 million), including four long-term delinquencies (JPY 145 million) due to prepayments on two delinquent loans (JPY 73 million equal to 2% of the outstanding loans) and defaults out of long-term delinquencies.
Moody's expects the default rate for the underlying pool to be around 3% (annualized), as delinquencies continue to occur and become long-term.
Because of amortization, the subordination ratio for the mezzanine tranche rose to 12.8% as of end-March 2011, from 12.6% at end-December 2010.
The principal methodology used in this rating was "Moody's Approach to Rating Japan SME CDOs" published on September 30, 2010, and available on www.moodys.co.jp.
Moody's did not receive or take into account a third party due diligence report on the underlying assets or financial instruments related to the monitoring of this transaction in the past six months.
The principal information used to prepare the credit rating comprised Servicing Report, Trustee Report and Summary Report by JFC.
Information sources used to prepare the credit rating are the following: parties involved in the ratings (such as the Originator, the Servicer and the Trustee); public information; and confidential and proprietary Moody's information.
Measures taken to ensure the quality of this information include representations and warranties provided by the information sources.


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School computer chief and comptroller indicted in alleged Y2K scam
A pair of Douglas County, Ga., school district officials have been arrested on charges of using the year 2000 (Y2K) computer problem as a way to defraud the state. The two men allegedly tried to collect reimbursements from the state Department of Education (DOE) for Y2K computer corrections that were never made.
Curtis Alonso Briscoe, the school district's comptroller and chief financial officer, and John William Boulier, the district's computer system chief, were indicted on charges of first-degree forgery and conspiracy to defraud the state. Both have since been fired by the school district.
Briscoe and Boulier allegedly filed claims with the


If you are sick of designer or high street fashion and want to develop your own sense of style, there is only one way to go – vintage, darling. But if you can't face the idea of wading through moth-eaten rags and don't know the difference between vintage and archaic, head to One – the word in individuality. There, owner Marcelle Symons has done the hard work for you, so think more Sienna Miller and less Miss Haversham. These isn't t a granny garment in sight.
The emphasis behind the shop is, as its name suggests, that everything on sale is a one off – from the vintage dresses and jewellery to the original prints signed by Mick Rock. Every single item is a collectible, dating back to Victorian times and up until the late 80s, with later pieces only included if they are completely unique. Some of the accessories are Edwardian while other treasures include Ossie Clark and Balenciaga dresses, Chanel bags and old-fashioned Rolex watches.
All the shop assistants are trained seamstresses so any item can be adapted or reconstructed to fit – one dress was changed from a size 10 to a size 16. Marcelle has also introduced her own reworked vintage label called Mamie. For those who can't quite stretch to the real vintage gems, One offers a diffusion line at more affordable prices. But whatever you come out with – rest assured you won't spot it on anyone else or suddenly see it cloned in Topshop – it's one of a kind.


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Imagine a Vampire Squid in Camo
Interesting piece today in the New York Times opinion sections. Greg Smith has pulled chocks from Goldman Sachs after twelve years. He has decided the firm's culture has lost its way. He calls it toxic and destructive. His article reminds me of things I read and learned while working on my master's thesis. He says the culture has lost its integrity, and leadership role models peddling nonsense to its clients in order to make a profit at their expense. He projects that this role modeling will take the firm down a worse road in ten years, and he doesn't want to be a part of it anymore. He says a few individuals in leadership lost the culture on their watch.
How did we get here? The firm changed the way it thought about leadership. Leadership used to be about ideas, setting an example and doing the right thing. Today, if you make enough money for the firm (and are not currently an ax murderer) you will be promoted into a position of influence.
I agree with Greg, an organization cannot survive if it loses sight of the interests of its clients, and replaces that interest with self interest and careerist ambition. If leadership loses its integrity and has no concern for doing what is right (accountability), and thinks ideas and principles are quaint "beliefs" that get in the way of the immediate goal, then a culture will become short sighted, and populated with inferiors who will ruin an organization like a swarm of locusts eating the hard work of superiors before them. There is a lesson to be learned here for all organizations, including those of us in the service.
It's like you are in my head. Sadly, the lesson seems oblivious to a great number of leaders today. Still trying to fight the good fight.
-Sgt Snuffy
PickYourBattles.Net March 16, 2012 at 6:01 AM
Glad to hear it. Take pride in doing right, there often isn't any other reward. But given a retirement, or rank, I'll take pride every time.
The nation might ask us to fly a one way mission to defend our nation, and I suspect they ask us to do the same in our day to day careers. Fighting the good fight for the nation, in a careerist organization that has lost its way, is typically a one way mission.
Or as General Fogleman put it, service before self. Keep it up, and remember it's not a real sacrifice if you're not scared. The nation employs us to fight, not to be comfortable.
Jeremy Renken March 18, 2012 at 1:18 PM
I was impressed with Smith's Op-Ed contribution. Since culture is near and dear to your heart, here's my .02. I think that military culture is certainly vulnerable to the kind of negative drift that Smith claims is rampant in G.S. I think it is interesting that CEO's like Jack Welsh (G.E.), Lou Gerstner (IBM), Paul O'Neil (Alcoa), and Alan Mulaly (Ford) all talk about the importance of contributing a healthy culture to the organization. All of these men were brought in as "outsiders" to repair organizations which were on the verge of failing (Mulaly on Ford: "this company has been going out of business for 40 years, they just didn't know it.")
Unfortunately, by law the CC's of the military have to come up through the ranks: a process which weeds out disloyalty to the status quo. Now, I am not claiming the military and corporations are equivalent institutions, but it is interesting to me that the remedial mechanism of "the outsider" which is available to corporate America is a procedural impossibility in America's military. "Outsiders on the inside" are few and far between. (There's probably a reason why the best ex-mil strategic thinker's I've read/met lately all retired as E-7s or O-5s.)
On to another issue...have you read AU's "Technology Horizons" report (or for that matter the "Blue Horizons" briefs)? I know we disagree on the role of drones (I may not be seeing the picture the way you are), but I was really surprised by the reports insistence on the use of Autonymouse drones (i.e., those which can perform all of the PID functions and authorization functions autonymousely). This seems like AU sophistry to me since I can not imagine the CFACC saying he's comfortable for drones to perform such autonymouse lethal ops except in the case of the most unrestricted combat contexts. Considering it is high-intensity, rather than low-, which has become the "niche" form of warfare; Big Blue's interest in autonomy seems unfounded.
JR, great point about the role of the outsider. I'd like to see our IG process replaced with an outside mechanism. Then we might be able to leverage a failed but existing military system to correct some of the more egregious cultural issues. Maybe.
I share your skepticism for autonomy with respect to fires, although I do think unmanned platforms are definitely the way forward. Autonomous ISR systems with reach back analysts would be good, but I agree the human can't be taken out of the loop if ordnance is to be expended. The one exception would be for air to air RPA in the initial days of an air campaign where "if it flies it dies" is the rule - and even after with proper IFF equipment on friendly aircraft. I think we could have an autonomous armed CAP cloud, but for fires on the ground we need a human in the loop.
Above all, with this technology increase and ground operations, we need moral and intelligent people at the controls. I think that is where were are failing today. I heard an F-15C flag officer bring up the moral dimension in opposition to RPA back before Buzz was fired. I didn't like his message on the whole, but he was right on the point that detached killing where the operator has no skin in the game doesn't help with moral and professional life/death decisions.
We need the technology for our defense, but we really need to focus on the quality of our operators who control it.
Jeremy Renken April 4, 2012 at 4:41 PM
The Air to Air vs. Air to Ground issue is interesting. There is a natural discriminator in the former case. Technology is the only thing that can get a human into the air. Since technology put you in the air, it seems a little more legit that technology should be able to shoot you down -- manned or unmanned. It feels wrong to apply that kind of arithmetic to the ground. People cannot help but be on the ground. It is our natural domain, we were here first. It seems wrong for a piece of tech to pick and choose who can live and die in a domain that is so fundamentally organic.
"[W]ith this technology increase and ground operations, we need moral and intelligent people at the controls." Now here's the common ground between us again. I simply wonder whether the moral engine, which is the human brain, can be adequately informed via virtual sensors to be "at the controls." My fear is not the tech. I would far rather send a machine to do my job (I'm fundamentally as lazy as my cave-man ancestors...laziness, as much as necessity, is the mother of invention). Are we convinced that we understand the sensory phenomena enough to really say it can all be reduced down to bit-streams and accurately conveyed to a brain far away. B.S.
Like I said before, I "get" what unmanned tech can do a LOT more than most other blue suiters. I am convinced it is a better instrument of killing than is any manned asset. You could also say it is a better recon platform. The issue I have is that war is not strictly about either killing or recon. War is about convincing someone that they're defeated. That is a very intimate human experience. Ever been beaten in a fight? Ever beat someone up? There's a powerful inflective moment at the end of the contest where you can see that the relationship has fundamentally changed. It is the whole point of the contest, (much the same as "the point of running the first 20 miles of the marathon is to run the last 6") it is a very human moment. It is where meme's die. It is spiritual and psycho-social. That's something I think could loose its value in machine warfare.
BTW, if this all seems like left field, it is because I think a lot of folks in the military could not really define what war, victory, defeat, and power are except in the most vulgar terms of simply death and life. There's a lot more to it than that.
"[W]e really need to focus on the quality of our operators who control it." John Boyd: "People, ideas, technology, in that order." Agreed. You know my email. Give me a shout. I'm interested in pinging some other ideas off of you.
The Big Blue Hamster Wheel
A General Who Deserves Our Thanks
Freedom of Speech in the Military - Sgt Gary Stein
Drone Strikes in Peoria?
Are Truthers Nuts?
The Comedy of Assassinating Americans
Holder's Rules on Assassinating Americans
Hearts, Minds and Defending the Assassination of A...
Captain Anonymous and Ron Paul


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Q: How to adjustTCP/networking options on windows 8.1? I am now busy with a PHP- frameworks benchmarking. There is already a benchmarking script for it, you can find it here https://github.com/kenjis/php-framework-benchmark
I have done that on my Ubuntu machine, and I got good results.
I want now to run the benchmarking on my windows 8.1 machine. The problem is I don't know how to configure TCP like I did on Linux.
These changes must be done to the kernel of linux:
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max = 100000
net.nf_conntrack_max = 100000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 180000
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 10

To do that I should put those changes above to /etc/sysctl.conf.
I want to make the same changes on Windows, but I don't know where can I do that.
Can anyone help me?!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ian Mortimer is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and was awarded the Alexander Prize in 2004 for his work on the social history of medicine. He holds a Ph.D. in history and a higher doctorate from the University of Exeter. He has penned five other medieval books, most recently the revolutionary study Medieval Intrigue: Decoding Royal Conspiracies. He has also worked for several archive and historical research organizations in the UK, where he lives with his wife and children.


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As an independent school, run by myself Stuart Wilkinson, I can provide a high quality of training with lessons tailored to the individual pupil so you can be taught at the best pace to suit you. I teach with a calm and patient manner which puts even the most nervous pupils at ease very quickly.
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text:
Treatment for anxiety disorder...
Treatment for anxiety disorders in Malaysia
This current study aims to systematically review the treatments for anxiety disorders in Malaysia. PsycINFO, MEDLINE databases, and 28 local journals were used to search published papers in this area. Eight articles were subjected to review after excluding 273...
Abdul Khaiyom, Jamilah Hanum, Mukhtar, Firdaus, Oei, Tian Po
Universiti Sains Malaysia 2019
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82435/1/Treatment%20for%20anxiety%20disorders%20in%20Malaysia.pdf
This current study aims to systematically review the treatments for anxiety disorders in Malaysia. PsycINFO, MEDLINE databases, and 28 local journals were used to search published papers in this area. Eight articles were subjected to review after excluding 273 papers that did not meet the inclusion criteria. A total of 598 participants with various types of anxiety disorders were included in the review. Based on the findings, the combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy provided better treatment outcomes if compared to psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy alone. The combination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behaviour therapy was considered as one of the most effective treatment to treat patients with anxiety disorders in Malaysia. This is in line with the clinical practice guidelines from the Ministry of Health Singapore and Canada. Even though there were some limitations in the methodology and reporting of the results, it can be concluded that efforts have been taken to conduct studies related to treatments for patients with anxiety disorders in Malaysia. Future studies are suggested to make conscious efforts to overcome these limitations.
A systematic review on the validated measures used to assess anxiety in Malaysia
by: Abdul Khaiyom, Jamilah Hanum, et al.
Determination of the effectiveness of unified group cognitive behaviour therapy for patients with heterogeneous anxiety disorders in Klang Valley, Malaysia
by: Abdul Khaiyom, Jamilah Hanum
Determination of the effectiveness of unified group cognitive behaviour therapy for patients with heterogeneous anxiety disorders in Klang Valley, Malaysia /
by: Jamilah Hanum Abdul Khaiyom.
A review on assessment and treatment for depression in Malaysia.
by: Mukhtar, Firdaus, et al.


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