text:
Q: How to execute operation on a dataframe according to another dataframe? I've got a dataframe named df on which I want to convert amounts in certain columns in euros (given by the variable $currency.Code). For this, I've got another dataframe named taux_change_vers_EUR with two variables: (1) the name of the currency, (2) the exchange rate to convert in euros.
I would like to apply the coefficients of the second column of my dataframe taux_change_vers_EUR to several columns of my dataframe df. The problem is that my df is quite large and so the operation has to be optimized (nor for loop). Do you have an idea?
Here is a part of code. This code does not work but does show you what I'm expecting:
for (devise in unique(df$currency.Code)){
    df[df$currency.Code==devise,c(4:37,44:48)] <- df[df$currency.Code==devise,c(4:37,44:48)]*rep(as.numeric(taux_change_vers_EU    R[taux_change_vers_EUR[,1]==devise,2]),39)
}

Here is how my second dataframe looks like:
taux_change_vers_EUR
     V1        V2
1   USD   1.14720
2   CAD   1.48836
3   GBP   0.87869
4   EUR   1.00000
5  <NA>   1.00000
6   DKK   6.50221
7   SEK   9.10235
8   PLN   3.76455
9   CZK  22.49280
10  NOK   8.28273
11  TRY   6.12973
12  TWD  30.98320
13  CNY   6.92256
14  HKD   7.83296
15  JPY 113.16000

A: You should be able to merge the two data.frames by the actual currency then convert. Below is a reproducible examples using dplyr.
library(dplyr)

# create dummy data
currencies <- data.frame(
    currency = c("USD", "GBP", "JPY", "CAD"),
    rate = c(1.2, .9, .8, 1.5)
)

moneyz <- data.frame(
    value = runif(100, 5, 100),
    currency = sample(currencies$currency, 100, replace = TRUE)
)

# merge and convert
moneyz %>%
    left_join(currencies, by = "currency") %>% # merge
    mutate(
        converted = value * rate # convert
    )

We simply merge the two tables together to obtain one table with the value, the currency it is in and the appropriate rate to convert to EUR.

A: We can use match:
# example data borrowed from @JohnCoene
df1 <- data.frame(
  currency = c("USD", "GBP", "JPY", "CAD"),
  rate = c(1.2, 0.9, 0.8, 1.5))

set.seed(1); df2 <- data.frame(
  value = 1,
  currency = sample(df1$currency, 5, replace = TRUE))

df2$velueNew <- df2$value * df1$rate[ match(df2$currency, df1$currency) ]
df2
#   value currency velueNew
# 1     1      GBP      0.9
# 2     1      GBP      0.9
# 3     1      JPY      0.8
# 4     1      CAD      1.5
# 5     1      USD      1.2

A: I created an example which you can reuse by running this:
df <- structure(list(c("EUR", "EUR", "USD", "CAD"), c(1654, 68797,
                                                6546, 736), c("CNY", "HKD", "HKD", "HKD"), c(6876, 63, 687, 354
                                                )), .Names = c("currency1", "amount1", "currency2", "amount2"
                                                ), class = "data.frame", row.names = c(NA, -4L))

So a fast way to do this, provided you have unique currencies in taux_change_vers_EUR is using a merge for each one of your columns of interest in df, which you can even loop through.
cur1.rate  <- merge(df, taux_change_vers_EUR, by.x="currency1", by.y="V1", all.y=FALSE)
cur2.rate  <- merge(cur1.rate, taux_change_vers_EUR, by.x="currency2", by.y="V1", all.y=FALSE)
result <- cur2.rate
result$amount1.eur <- result$amount1*result$V2.x
result$amount2.eur <- result$amount2*result$V2.y
result
  currency2 currency1 amount1 amount2    V2.x    V2.y amount1.eur amount2.eur
1       CNY       EUR    1654    6876 1.00000 6.92256    1654.000  47599.5226
2       HKD       CAD     736     354 1.48836 7.83296    1095.433   2772.8678
3       HKD       EUR   68797      63 1.00000 7.83296   68797.000    493.4765
4       HKD       USD    6546     687 1.14720 7.83296    7509.571   5381.2435


text:
DeepL Blog
At DeepL, our mission is to bring AI products of the future to everyone, right now. Here in the DeepL Blog, we will keep you updated about our ideas and the innovations that we will bring to the world.
Further information about DeepL and our history can be found on our press page.
DeepL 2021: A Year in Review
With a few days left before the holiday season begins, we want to reflect on our journey over the past 12 months. Our 230-strong team, spread across four different countries, worked extremely hard to realize our mission—breaking down language barriers and bringing cultures closer together.
By adding 13 new languages to DeepL Translator earlier this year, we reached 105 million more native speakers worldwide and provided them with natural-sounding, high-quality translations. All thirteen languages are now available on DeepL.com, via the DeepL API, and in our desktop and mobile apps.
We also enhanced the file translation feature by adding PDF as a file format. Over 70% of DeepL Pro users requested it in early 2021. And when our users ask, we listen! After releasing it to the public, PDF is now the most popular file format translated on DeepL.
Whether you use DeepL in a professional setting or after hours, we want to ensure you can always access our high-quality translations. With the release of our first mobile app for iOS, you can now use DeepL's core functionality on the go. Download the app for free here. Android users shouldn't feel left behind. Our team is currently developing the Android app, which is scheduled for release in Q1 2022.
As we grow and welcome more new users year over year, we continuously strive to add new languages and further improve the translation quality provided by our neural networks. This includes advances in the architecture, training methodology and efficiency of the neural networks as well as the intelligent usage of the data that is used in the networks' training.
Last but not least, we continued to invest in our API products this year to enable developers with advanced features. With the recent release of glossary support for the DeepL API, users can specify their translations for words or phrases and customize their translations consistently and at scale. Furthermore, to make it easier for developers to build with the DeepL API, we also released official client libraries in Python and .NET. Read more in the API documentation.
On this note, we'd like to thank you for using DeepL. If there's something you've always wanted to see in our product, click here to let us know.
We wish you a wonderful holiday season and a great start into the new year!
Real-Time PDF Translation Is Here
Our real-time file translation feature now supports PDF as a file format.
As we continue to provide a best-in-class translation experience for over half a billion people globally, adding the PDF format was important for our community. Over 70% of DeepL Pro users requested it in early 2021. And when our users ask, we listen!
Fast and accurate PDF file translations
Whether it's an eBook or a document from an international client, you can now translate entire PDF files with just a few clicks. All fonts, images, and formatting remain in place so you can enjoy unbeatable translation quality and increase your efficiency in one go.
The number of document translations available to you per month depends on your plan. Free users can translate up to three documents per month (5 MB file size, 100K character limit), while DeepL Pro subscribers have more flexible options. The PDF translation feature is also available for API users who want to build this feature directly into their custom business applications.
DeepL teams up with Adobe Inc.
DeepL uses an Adobe API to convert PDF content to formatted text and then to convert the translated document back to a PDF. It only takes a few seconds, but it's important to note that your PDF file and the translated document will be sent to Adobe Inc., located in the US, to be converted. The translation will, of course, be performed by DeepL. You can find more information in our Privacy Policy.
Two ways to translate PDF files
If you use one of DeepL's desktop apps, you'll soon have two options for translating PDF files:
Real-time PDF translation allows you to retain file formatting. However, your PDF file will be sent to Adobe Inc. in the US for technical reasons. This feature is not available in the desktop apps yet, but will be released soon.
Or you can translate your file via OCR (optical character recognition), which is a process that identifies text within files. Simply upload or drag and drop your PDF file into the app. The text will then be extracted from the file and inserted into the text translator for translation, so it won't retain its formatting. If you use OCR, your file won't be sent to Adobe Inc.
Real-time PDF translation is now available via the web translator, the DeepL API, and will soon be available via the desktop apps, DeepL for Windows and DeepL for Mac.
Please keep in mind that custom fonts and large image sizes might impact the quality of your translation. If possible, use documents with fewer visual elements to ensure the highest standards of translation.
If you need more information, please refer to this Help Center article.
Have a PDF you've been waiting to translate? You can try it out now on DeepL Translator.
How does DeepL work?
We are frequently asked how it is that DeepL Translator often works better than competing systems from major tech companies. There are several reasons for this. Like most translation systems, DeepL Translator translates texts using artificial neural networks. These networks are trained on many millions of translated texts. However, our researchers have been able to make many improvements to the overall neural network methodology, mainly in four areas.
It is well known that most publicly available translation systems are direct modifications of the Transformer architecture. Of course, the neural networks of DeepL also contain parts of this architecture, such as attention mechanisms. However, there are also significant differences in the topology of the networks that lead to an overall significant improvement in translation quality over the public research state of the art. We see these differences in network architecture quality clearly when we internally train and compare our architectures and the best known Transformer architectures on the same data.
Training data
Most of our direct competitors are major tech companies, which have a history of many years developing web crawlers. They therefore have a distinct advantage in the amount of training data available. We, on the other hand, place great emphasis on the targeted acquisition of special training data that helps our network to achieve higher translation quality. For this purpose, we have developed, among other things, special crawlers that automatically find translations on the internet and assess their quality.
In public research, training networks are usually trained using the "supervised learning" method. The network is shown different examples over and over again. The network repeatedly compares its own translations with the translations from the training data. If there are discrepancies, the weights of the network are adjusted accordingly. We also use other techniques from other areas of machine learning when training the neural networks. This also allows us to achieve significant improvements.
Network size
Meanwhile, we (like our largest competitors) train translation networks with many billions of parameters. These networks are so large that they can only be trained in a distributed fashion on very large dedicated compute clusters. However, in our research we attach great importance to the fact that the parameters of the network are used very efficiently. This is how we have managed to achieve a similar translation quality even with our smaller and faster networks. We can therefore also offer very high translation quality to users of our free service.
Of course, we are always on the lookout for very good mathematicians and computer scientists who would like to help drive development, further improve DeepL Translator, and break down language barriers around the world. If you also have experience with mathematics and neural network training, and if it fulfills you to work on a product that is used worldwide for free, then please apply to DeepL!
Announcing Glossary Support for the DeepL API
We're excited to announce glossary support for the DeepL API!
Glossaries are available to both DeepL API Free and Pro subscribers. You can create an account here if you don't already have one.
We first added glossary support for our web translator and desktop apps in 2020, and it's become a much-loved feature amongst our users. The use cases are many and varied—whether you're translating…
An e-commerce website full of niche product or brand vocabulary
Contracts and other documents with legal terminology (sometimes even in Latin)
Technical manuals that use certain words in a unique and distinct context
...there's often brand- and industry-specific vocabulary that you need to account for.
Glossaries allow you to specify your own translations for words and phrases, making it possible to customize your translations consistently and at scale so you can deliver the best possible results to your users without pushing a bunch of manual work onto your translation and content teams. And it's an especially important capability for us to offer to our API users, who are often building automated translation workflows that, with the help of glossaries, can be automated even further.
Glossary support for the API will also make it possible for CAT tool providers with a DeepL plug-in to build glossary functionality into their products.
If you'd like to learn how to use glossaries in the API, or you're ready to get started, you can check out the API documentation.
In the rest of this post, we'll share a bit more about what you can expect from the feature.
Supported language pairs
Currently, glossaries for the API can be created for the same language combinations available for glossaries on the DeepL web translator and desktop apps:
English into German (EN -> DE)
German into English (DE -> EN)
English into French (EN -> FR)
French into English (FR -> EN)
English into Spanish (EN -> ES)
Spanish into English (ES -> EN)
Our team is working on adding more language combinations soon.
A couple of other things to know
Glossaries created via the DeepL API are distinct from glossaries created via the DeepL web translator and desktop apps. This means that API glossaries can't be used on the web translator and desktop apps and vice versa.
And both DeepL API Free and Pro users can create up to 1000 glossaries. The maximum size limit for a glossary is 10 MB.
Getting started and getting help
To wrap it up, here's everything you'll need to get started with glossaries in the API and to get help if you need it:
Read about managing glossaries in the API documentation
Be sure to create a DeepL API Free or Pro account, if you don't already have one
Check out this Help Center article on glossaries in the API
Create a ticket in the Help Center if you're having issues
Announcing the Python Client Library for the DeepL API
We're excited to announce the release of our Python client library for the DeepL API. This is the first programming language-specific library we've built for the API, and our goal is to make it much easier for developers working with Python to build applications with DeepL.
Just how much easier?
Here's a text translation example. What used to be:
result = requests.get(
"https://api.deepl.com/v2/translate",
params={
"auth_key": auth_key,
"target_lang": target_language,
"text": text,
translated_text = result.json()["translations"][0]["text"]
Is now:
import deepl
translator = deepl.Translator(auth_key)
result = translator.translate_text(text, target_lang=target_language)
translated_text = result.text
We intend to support all functions of the DeepL API with the Python library, though support for new features may be added to the Python library after they're added to the API.
If that's all you needed to hear, and you'd like to get started right away, you can find the Python client library and documentation here.
(By the way: you'll need an API authentication key to use the Python library. If you don't yet have a key, you can sign up for a Free or Pro API plan here.)
In the rest of this post, we'll share more about the Python library project and how you can get involved.
Why start with Python?
Python was an ideal fit for our first client library. It's one of the most widely used programming languages in the world, and it's popular amongst our API user base. It's also a language that we have a lot of experience with at DeepL.
That said, use cases for the DeepL API are wide ranging, and there are many languages beyond Python that are important to our users. We're exploring other client libraries we might develop in the future, and if you have any feedback on the languages that are most important to you, please get in touch and let us know.
The Python client library is also DeepL's first ever open source project. We're always looking for new ways to learn from our users and ensure that our products are solving real problems for them.
We believe that open sourcing the project is the best way to foster transparent discussion about what users need and what problems they're running into, and we encourage you to create an issue if you have ideas or feedback.
How can I get help with the Python library?
Of course, GitHub issues isn't the right place for every challenge you might run into while working with the Python library. If your help request includes sensitive data, please contact our support team. We're happy to help.
To recap, if you'd like to get started with DeepL's Python client library, you can:
Check out the GitHub repo for installation instruction and documentation
If you don't already have an API authentication key, sign up for a Free or Pro API plan
Create a GitHub issue to give feedback or suggest new functionality
Thanks for reading. We're excited to see what you build.
Translate on the Go with DeepL for iOS
Have you ever wished for instant fluency in another language? Maybe you were traveling and couldn't read a menu, or you met a new friend but didn't speak the same language.
With our new mobile translation app for iOS, you can say goodbye to language barriers. No matter where you are or who you're with, you can get your iOS device out and easily access DeepL's accurate translations.
The app is accessible on iPhone and iPad and allows users to translate on the go. It supports all 26 DeepL languages and language variants, as well as other DeepL benefits like fast translations, quick language detection, and best-in-class translation quality.
Additionally, you can try the speech to text translation feature, which allows you to use your device's microphone to translate speech input. It also works the other way around with the text to speech feature, which allows you to listen to your text input and its translation.
This is yet another exciting milestone for our team at DeepL as we continue to work towards eliminating language barriers and bringing cultures together.
Eager to start translating on your iOS device? You can download the app for free here.
DeepL Translator Launches 13 New European Languages
We're excited to share that DeepL Translator now supports thirteen new European languages: Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Estonian, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, and Swedish.
Over the years, many people have asked us to add more languages to our translator so that they could enjoy DeepL's accurate translations. We're thrilled to be able to honor several of those requests at once with the release of the new languages.
With this launch, DeepL can now reach an estimated 105 million more native speakers around the world with natural-sounding, high-quality translations. This allows us to further our company vision of breaking down language barriers and bringing cultures closer together.
We're continually working to ensure the translation quality for all languages remains exceptional and that the translation process is seamless for all our users. And if your preferred language isn't offered yet, don't worry, we will add more languages in the future.
From "Sziasztok" to "Hej", we're ready to say hello to our new users and are already looking forward to their feedback. All thirteen languages are now available on DeepL.com, via the DeepL API, and in our desktop apps, DeepL for Windows and DeepL for Mac.
Ready to try out the new languages for yourself? Head over to DeepL Translator now to start translating.
DeepL Translator now offers both American and British English!
DeepL has now made it easier to get English translations in your preferred style: DeepL Translator can now produce translations that reflect the particularities of American and British English.
Variations in spelling are covered: American neighbors become British neighbours, and they can call each other on their cell phones or on their mobile phones, depending on your preference.
Similarly, terms that have completely different equivalents across the pond are also taken into account. American cookies become British biscuits. That is, of course, unless they're on your web browser.
This expanded control over DeepL Translator enables you to more quickly get translations that respect the language conventions that you prefer. To set the language variety you would like, simply select either "English (American)" or "English (British)" as the target language.
American and British English are now available as target languages on DeepL.com, via the DeepL API, and in our desktop applications, DeepL for Windows and DeepL for Mac. Combining this feature with other features, such as the Glossary, allows you to take full control of the English texts DeepL Translator produces for you.
*Please note that these two language variants are not currently available for translations from Japanese and Chinese. These two source languages will be added in the near future.
DeepL Pro - now available in Japan!
Since we added Japanese to DeepL Translator, we've been amazed by how quickly people in Japan have taken to using our services. We made it a priority to make our paid subscription service, DeepL Pro, available in Japan and we can now announce that that has become a reality.
All DeepL Pro subscription plans, providing added data protection, unlimited translation capacity, API access, and more, are now available in Japan. Japanese customers also benefit from prices in Yen.
We continue to expand DeepL Pro coverage around the world and will add further countries and currencies in the near future.
Customize DeepL Translator with the Glossary
What's better than finding the exact right word to express yourself? Always finding the exact right word to express yourself! Our new Glossary feature gives you the power to determine exactly how DeepL Translator should translate terms for you.
Whether you translate legal contracts, technical manuals, or company newsletters, the Glossary can save the terms you use and the translations you like, ensuring consistency and saving you time.
All you need to do is click on a word in the translated text, click on your preferred formulation, and save the Glossary pair when asked. Alternately, you can click on "Customization" and enter it manually.
You can create Glossary entries for nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and even multi-word entries, and DeepL Translator will adapt the grammar and formulation to accommodate your preferences. You always have the option to turn the Customization feature on or off, giving you full control over how and when the rules you create affect DeepL Translator. Free users of DeepL Translator can create a limited number of Glossary pairs, whereas DeepL Pro subscribers can create as many as they like!
Currently, Glossary pairs can be created for the following language combinations: German into English, French into English, English into German, and English into French. Further language combinations will be added in the near future, as will further options to customize DeepL Translator's results and make the translations your own.

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Recently there was a pancake breakfast at the Turkey Hill Grange in Belleville, with the $1,370 raised going to the United Methodist Committee on Relief to help recent hurricane victims.
At the same time, some of our readers asked how you can know your donation is going for the purpose you intend.
Think disaster relief, you think of whom? Not some Methodist committee. You think of the America Red Cross.
Here's why you should start thinking about Methodists, and checking out those who seek your cash.
The American Red Cross gets a B+ rating on Charity Watch. The Methodists get an A+. The difference is that the Red Cross spends 11 percent on overhead and spends $30 to raise every $100. The Methodist group spends 6 percent on overhead and spends $4 to raise $100.
You might decide the reach and breadth of Red Cross makes them a better choice. That's fine, but that's also an informed choice.
▪ Deal with an established charity, not someone who sounds pitiful or convincing on Facebook or GoFundMe.
▪ Send a check so the charity can efficiently target money to the need. Clothing or other goods must be shipped, sorted and stored, creating too many warehouses filled with yard sale junk as we saw 12 years ago during Hurricane Katrina.
▪ Check out the charity online. GuideStar, Charity Navigator and Charity Watch are all sources used by journalists to verify claims. You can even find some local groups and their tax statements to see if your donation is supporting a lavish salary for a nonprofit executive or if the group is all volunteer with low overhead.
▪ Don't give to those telemarketers, unless you are OK with 90 cents of your $1 going to those overworked phone jockeys. Do not open attachments from e-mail solicitations.
You worked hard for that dollar. If you want to be sure it helps, you should work a little more before giving it away.


text:
CredibleNewsPost.com Health Child Hepatitis Case Reported In North Dakota
Child Hepatitis Case Reported In North Dakota
According to the AP, the child is recovering at home after a short hospital admission. The Washington Post has reported an increase in ongoing and confusing hepatitis. Meanwhile, the disease that causes meningitis has hit Tallahassee as the outbreak in Florida: Three new cases of meningococcal disease have been reported.
AP: A mysterious case of hepatitis has been detected in a North Dakota child
North Dakota has become the latest in a growing number of states to investigate a mysterious case of a child's hepatitis where all normal causes have been ruled out. The Grand Forks County baby is recovering at home after a brief hospital stay, North Dakota Health Department officials said Thursday. (5/5)
Washington Post: Unusual incidence of hepatitis in children: Your question, answer
According to the CDC, symptoms in Alabama children range from gastrointestinal problems such as vomiting and diarrhea to upper respiratory symptoms. The white part of the eyes of eight people has turned yellow. Seven had enlarged livers and one had evidence of encephalopathy or brain effects, the CDC said. Three children have had liver failure and two need a liver transplant. Everyone is either recovering or recovering. (Stead Sellers, 5/5)
Meningitis news-
WFSU: Leon County confirms three cases of meningitis-causing disease
A potentially deadly disease that could cause meningitis is now in Tallahassee after health officials warned of a statewide outbreak last month. The Florida Department of Health in Leon County reports that three college students, aged 18 to 22, have contracted meningococcal disease. Health officials say fraternity and community members with students living on campus face a higher risk of contracting the disease. (Cowder, 5/5)
Other health news across the United States –
AP: New Alabama's Transgender Care Fellows Face Federal Exam
A federal judge will hear arguments Thursday challenging Alabama's plan to outlaw the use of sex-specific drugs to treat transgender youth. U.S. District Judge Liles Burke has set a date for the hearing of a request to block law enforcement while challenging the court. The law, which would otherwise take effect on Sunday, makes it a punishable offense for up to 10 years in prison to provide medical blockers and hormones to people under the age of 19 to help medical providers confirm their gender identity. (Chandler, 5/5)
Cincinnati Inquirer: In some cases, pilot programs to send mental health professionals instead of police
A new pilot program in Cincinnati will give the 911 sender the option to send a mental health professional to some less-risk event instead of the police, officials announced Thursday. The programs have been dubbed "alternative responses" as cities seek to reform police departments in the wake of the 2020 protests over the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis. "There [911] Callers who can be best helped by other resources, "Mayor Aftab Pureval told a news conference on Thursday." Our communities are asking for this service. "(Knight, 5/5)
San Francisco Chronicle: Berkeley Council Creates New Division, Votes on Public Security Review
City leaders in Berkeley took a major step Thursday to redesign policing by creating a new community protection department and expanding the city's efforts to remove nonviolent 911 calls away from police. Berkeley is already working to launch a team of social workers and citizens to respond to some calls for mental health and homelessness – part of a Bay Area trend. But Mayor Jesse Areguin wants the program to be overseen by a nonprofit to become part of a new community protection department made up of city employees. He wants to create a new unit of mediators to finally respond to community conflict. (Ravani, 5/5)
AP: The governor of Arkansas has named the interim health secretary, director
Arkansas Gov. Asa Hutchinson on Thursday named the interim Secretary of Health and a new director of the state Department of Health. Hutchinson nominates Renee Mallory as interim secretary, outgoing secretary He was replaced by Jose Romero. Romero announced last month that he would be serving as director of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. (5/5)
CIDRAP: Connecticut has confirmed its first tick-borne Powasan case of 2022
The Connecticut Department of Public Health (CDPH) yesterday confirmed the first Poison virus infection of the year in a 50-year-old man from Windham. The state has filed three cases of sometimes fatal tick-borne diseases last year. The man fell ill on March 4 and was hospitalized for symptoms of central nervous system involvement after a tick bite, the CDPH said in a press release. Tests by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have confirmed the presence of the poisan virus. The man is now well at home. (5/5)
AP: Military college students have filed a lawsuit against the armed forces over HIV policy
A military college student said in a lawsuit filed Thursday that he had been disqualified by the armed forces because he had tested positive for HIV. A 20-year-old student of the River Massachusetts in Massachusetts has filed a lawsuit against state and federal military officials, alleging that he tested positive for HIV in October of his second year at Norwich University in Northfield, Vermont, the country's oldest private military college. (Marcelo, 5/5)
This is part of the KHN Morning Briefing, a summary of the health policy coverage of major news organizations. Sign up for an email subscription.
VPN Service Suppliers Elevate Issues Over Authorities's Order, Set to Depart Nation If No Choices Given
White Home Involved Booster Provide Might Quickly Run Dry


text:
Gender difference in the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 and oral glucose tolerance test in dental students
Santosh Mahajan1, Khushboo Bhardwaj1, Raunak Mahajan2
1 Department of Biochemistry, BJS Dental College, Hospital and Research Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
2 IX Standard Student, BCM School, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Date of Submission 01-Apr-2019
Date of Acceptance 29-May-2019
Date of Web Publication 13-Nov-2019
Ms. Khushboo Bhardwaj
Department of Biochemistry, BJS Dental College, Hospital and Research Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab
DOI: 10.4103/ijohs.ijohs_14_19
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus, one of the major noncommunicable diseases, has emerged as a global societal catastrophe and is the leading cause of illness, disability, and death. The risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 such as age, gender, and family history are nonmodifiable factors while others such as smoking, diet, physical activity, and hypertension are modifiable factors. Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) provides a useful tool to identify the people at risk of developing the disease and to target those individuals for further screening and educating them for healthy lifestyle so that the occurrence of the disease can be delayed or prevented.
Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted on 102 BDS 1st year students (17 boys and 85 girls) of the age group 17–21 years. All the students were assessed for their risk to develop the disease using Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) and oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) using Glucometer (CareSens™II).
Results: The study revealed that out of 102 students, 35.3% and 64.7% students were in low- and moderate-risk groups, respectively. No student belonged to the high-risk group. Percentage of girls in moderate risk was significantly higher than boys. Mean blood sugar in girls was more. Two girls were suffering from impaired fasting glucose. Seven students (6.9%) including 2 boys (11.8%) and 5 girls (5.9%) depicted flat GTT curve with all values below 100 mg/dl.
Conclusion: Higher risk of disease in girls is largely due to their lack of exercise which is a modifiable factor and can thus be protected from the disease by adopting healthy lifestyle. History of the disease (nonmodifiable factor) is the risk factor in boys to be prone to the disease in their future and thus requires a regular screening and monitoring of blood sugar level.
Keywords: Dental students, diabetes mellitus type 2, IDRS, oral glucose tolerance test
Mahajan S, Bhardwaj K, Mahajan R. Gender difference in the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 and oral glucose tolerance test in dental students. Int J Oral Health Sci 2019;9:72-8
Mahajan S, Bhardwaj K, Mahajan R. Gender difference in the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 and oral glucose tolerance test in dental students. Int J Oral Health Sci [serial online] 2019 [cited 2021 Jan 16];9:72-8. Available from: https://www.ijohsjournal.org/text.asp?2019/9/2/72/270874
Lifestyle related transition in the 21st century has led to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) becoming a major public health problem on a growing magnitude. Diabetes mellitus, one of the major NCDs, has emerged as a global societal catastrophe and is the leading cause of illness, disability, and death. It is linked directly or indirectly to the behavior, nutritional, and environmental factors and is considered as the disease of urbanization.[1] According to the International Diabetes Federation, 415 million adults have diabetes, and it is estimated that it would rise to 642 million by 2040.[2] The WHO projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death by 2030.[3] According to the latest global figure on diabetes, India leads the world with 65 million diabetic people earning the dubious distinction of being labeled as the "Diabetic Capital" of the world.[4] Over the past three decades, the incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) has increased markedly in children and adolescents, and about one-third of the new cases are being diagnosed in adolescents globally.[5],[6],[7] Pinhas et al.[8] were the first to highlight the rising trend of T2DM in children and adolescents. The search study group (an US multicenter observational study) found that the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was highest among American Indian individuals aged 15–19 years followed by Asian Pacific Islanders and black individuals of the same age.[9] Contradictory reports are available regarding the differential distribution of NCD across gender. A multicentric cross-sectional survey in five Asian countries including India argued that male gender is a risk factor for NCD[10] while the survey conducted in Pacific island revealed increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus and other NCD among women.[11] Unfortunately, diabetes mellitus remains highly undiagnosed leading to increased risk of morbidity and mortality further adding the disease burden to the patients, their families, and the health-care system.[12] Among the youth of today, the students due to their busy academic schedule generally do not have much time for physical exercises and are also addicted to the unhealthy food habit resulting in obesity. There is enough evidence suggesting the beneficial effect of physical exercises but less data are available on the gender differences of these effects.[13] The onset of diabetes at an early age resulting in rapid progression to chronic vascular complications and end-organ damage[14] warrants early detection and prevention using simple and cost-effective screening tools. The use of risk scores to detect undiagnosed T2DM, namely the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score, the American Diabetes Association, and the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) has been increasingly widespread in literature. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) can help uncover glucose intolerance. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance, collectively called prediabetic states, have a high risk of conversion to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases[15],[16] and are the indicators of future diabetes prevalence. T2DM and insulin resistance syndrome are preventable to a large extent if intervened during prediabetes state.[17] The present study was an attempt to screen BDS 1st year students with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus and those at high risk to develop the disease in their future using IDRS and OGTT and to correlate the risk with various risk factors, i.e., gender, age, physical activity, waist circumference, family history of diabetes, and blood sugar level. The study was also aimed to reveal if IDRS alone or in combination with OGTT will help unmask the at-risk T2DM participants.
The present study was a cross-sectional study. It was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Baba Jaswant Singh Dental College, Hospital and Research Institute, Ludhiana. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the institute. The BDS 1st year students were detailed about the importance of the study, and a written consent was obtained from the interested students. The students who were diabetic, taking hypoglycemic drugs or following diet restrictions were excluded from the study. A total of 102 students (17 boys and 85 girls) of the age group 17–21 years were screened for their risk for developing T2DM using Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS). IDRS is a simple, fast, inexpensive, validated, and reliable screening tool and has proved as a successful method for the detection of undiagnosed diabetes in community.[18],[19] This tool, devised by Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, is based on multiple logistic regression models and takes into account age, physical activity, waist circumference, and family history of diabetes mellitus.[20] The score distribution according to IDRS is mentioned in [Table 1]. A score of zero (0) was allotted to all the students as they all belonged to age group <35 years. The waist circumference (indicative of central and general obesity) was measured using a measuring tape with an accuracy of 0.5 cm after normal expiration with the individual standing erect in a relaxed position. Abdominal/central obesity was considered to be present when the waist circumference was ≥80 in girls and ≥90 in boys. Besides parental history, the diabetic history of their grandparents and other relatives was also inquired. The students were also checked for acanthosis nigricans (a marker of insulin resistance) present as a velvety hyperpigmented thickening of the skin of the neck and the flexural areas. All the screened students, irrespective of their IDRS, were assessed for their OGTT after a glucose load of 75 g dissolved in 300 ml of distilled water unlike as recommended by Mohan et.al.[20] in person with IDRS >60. Only blood and urinary sugar during fasting and at different time interval after glucose load was checked using Glucometer (CareSens™II) and Benedict's test, respectively. The number of students and their percentage for each parameter and in each risk group was calculated and tabulated. The data thus obtained were analyzed statistically using t-test and Chi-square test. The significance of the results was established at P < 0.05.
Table 1: Indian Diabetes Risk Score (Mohan et al., 2005)
Frequency distribution of the students as per their age and IDRS is given in [Figure 1]. About 11% of the students belonged to 17 years of age, 81% were from 18 to 19 years of age, 7% were from 20 years, while the age of only 1 student was 21 years. The mean age of the students was 18.5 ± 0.8 years. The mean age of boys and girls was 18.8 ± 0.8 years and 18.4 ± 0.8 years, respectively. The risk score of each student was calculated, and the students were divided into three risk group, i.e., low-risk group (IDRS < 30), moderate-risk group (IDRS = 30–50), and high-risk group (IDRS ≥ 60) as suggested by Mohan et al.[20] The study revealed that out of 102 students, 35.3% and 64.7% students were in low- and moderate-risk groups, respectively. No student belonged to the high-risk group. Ten boys (59%) and 26 girls (31%) accounted the low-risk group while the percentage of girls and boys in the moderate-risk group was 69% and 41%, respectively (P < 0.05) [Table 2] and [Figure 2]. Out of 48 students, 29% of boys and 51% of girls were not doing any physical exercise. Percentage of boys doing regular exercise and/or strenuous work was significantly more (71%) than girls (49%) (P < 0.05). The IDRS for the waist circumference was zero in 59% of both the sexes. It was 10 in 41.2% of boys and 29.4% of girls. IDRS 20 was found in 12% of girls. No boy was having IDRS 20 for abdominal obesity. Diabetic history was significantly higher in boys. Nearly 59% of the boys and only 7% of the girls were having a history of diabetes in one of their parents (P < 0.001). Fathers contributed more for the diabetic history than mother, and it was significantly higher (P < 0.001) for boys (35%) than girls (7%). No student was having their both parents suffering with the disease. Diabetic history in grandparents and relatives was also more in boys (70%) than in girls (57%). One boy was also having diabetes in his sister and his total IDRS was 50. No student was having the signs of acanthosis nigricans [Table 3], [Table 4] and [Figure 3]. Range and mean ± SD values in blood sugar during fasting and at different time intervals after glucose load in both the sexes are shown in [Table 5]. It increased after glucose load, attained the peak at 1 h, and decreased below fasting at 2 h. Mean sugar level was higher in girls than in boys, and the difference was significant during fasting (P < 0.05) and at 2 h (P < 0.01). Individually, blood sugar of all the students at all time intervals was within the normal reference range as prescribed by the WHO criteria of diagnosis of diabetes (i.e., fasting <110 mg/dl, 2 h <200 mg/dl) except two girls who showed IFG having blood sugar 114 mg/dl and 117 mg/dl during fasting and their IDRS was only 20 and 30, respectively. Of 102 students, seven students including two boys and five girls did not show change in blood sugar level following glucose load and exhibited flat curve with mean blood sugar level at fasting (95 ± 6.75 mg%), 1 h (97.14 ± 8.9 mg%), 1½ h (92.5 ± 10.1 mg%), and 2 h (90 ± 10.75 mg%) [Figure 4]. Students were divided into four subgroups as per the time at which their blood sugar attained peak value. Peak sugar level in 4 students was during fasting (101.75 ± 1.52 mg/dl) (subgroup 1), in 74 students at 1 h (127.21 ± 20.2 mg/dl) (subgroup 2), in 23 students at 1½ h (118.85 ± 10.7 mg/dl) (subgroup 3), and in 1 female, it was at 2 h (106 mg/dl) (subgroup 4) after glucose load [Figure 5]. Difference in the diabetic history and blood sugar in moderate-risk students and low-risk students was not found to be statistically significant [Table 6] and [Figure 6]. Sugar was not present in the urine of any student at any time interval.
Figure 1: Frequency distribution of students as per their age and IDRS
Table 2: Number (n) and percentage (%) of students in different IDRS groups
Figure 2: Percentage of students in low- and moderate-risk groups
Table 3: - Number (n) and Percentage (%) of students in different risk parameters
Table 4: Chi-square test for the risk factors for developing diabetes mellitus
Figure 3: Risk factors for diabetes mellitus type 2 in boys and girls
Table 5: Blood sugar (mg%) during fasting and at different time intervals after glucose load
Figure 4: Glucose tolerance test curve
Figure 5: Peak time for blood sugar in subgroup 1–4
Table 6: History of diabetes in low and moderate risk students
Figure 6: Blood sugar (mg%) during fasting and at different time intervals in low- and moderate-risk groups
Diagnosis of NCD due to lack of clear etiological agent is highly dependent on identifying and tackling the risk factor. The risk factors for the development of T2DM such as age, gender, and family history are nonmodifiable factors while others such as smoking, diet, physical activity, and hypertension are modifiable factors.[21] IDRS provides a useful tool to identify the people at risk of developing the disease and to target those individuals for further screening and educating them for healthy lifestyle so that the occurrence of the disease can be delayed or prevented. It also helps to know the gender-based prevalence of the disease, its correlation with the associated factors, and the sex-related transmission of the disease to the future generation. The present study revealed girls to be more prone to the disease in their near future than boys as of 102 dental students, 58% of girls and 7% of boys were at moderate risk of developing the disease. The risk of developing the disease in girls is significantly associated with the lack of exercise (P<0.026) and more abdominal obesity as 51% of girls were not doing any physical activity and abdominal obesity of 12% girls was ≥90 (IDRS 20). In comparison to this, only 29% of boys were not doing physical exercise and waist circumference of no boy was above ≥100 (IDRS 20). It has been concluded that obesity increases insulin level but decreases insulin receptors on the target tissue causing clinical insulin resistance. On the other hand, exercise increases the number of insulin receptors and improves insulin sensitivity.[22] Positive family history of the disease could largely be responsible for the boys to be at risk of developing type 2 DM (P < 0.001). The present study also revealed that the percentage of father suffering from the disease was more than mothers in both the sexes and was more in boys thus indicating that fathers might be responsible for the transmission of disease more to their son. This hypothesis finds support from Gale and Gillespie[23] who revealed that fathers affected with type 1 diabetes mellitus were more likely to transmit the disease than the affected mothers. Acanthosis nigricans is not found in any student supporting the fact that this manifestation is a marker of the disease in children than in the adults.[24] A significant association of the risk of the disease with acanthosis nigricans (P = 0.004) was found in our previous study on school children aged 9–15 years.[25] Significantly higher blood sugar level in girls is attributable to their low basal metabolic rate in girls as compared to boys or less insulin receptor on the target organ due to obesity and physical inactivity.[22] Significantly low fasting blood sugar (P < 0.05) has been observed in females as compared to males of 17–25 years of age both of which undertook more than 3 h of supervised physical exercise daily for 1 year.[26] Vikram et al.[27] observed significantly higher fasting insulin and skinfold thickness in females than males of 14–17 years of age. These findings reveal that high risk of women to NCD is less biological, and more social and physical exertion could be protective for the females against the outcome of the diseases. IFG (>110 mg %) in two girls suggests these girls to be more prone to the disease in their future. Further, diagnosis of IFG in girls and flat curve in seven students with IDRS <60 suggest the importance of doing GTT in all the students rather than in person with IDRS >60 as suggested by Mohan et al.[20] which otherwise would have left undiagnosed with the problem other than diabetes mellitus such as Addison's disease (hypoadrenalism), Simmond's disease (hypopituitarism), hypothyroidism, and Steatorrhea due to impaired glucose absorption. Pickens et al.[28] observed flat curve with 110 mg/dl in 15% of the healthy children of age 1–13 years without the family history of diabetes. Different time for the peak blood sugar level in subgroups 1–4 suggested that normal curves pertaining to these subgroups might be considered pathological if referred to the statistical values of the whole groups. These results are in accordance with Knopf et al.[29] who found peak blood sugar at different time after glucose load in 100 normal nonobese children of 14–15 years of age with negative family history of diabetes. Among those, six exhibited flat curves also.
Previously considered a disease of middle-aged and elderly people, diabetes mellitus, has now escalated in all age groups and is being detected in young adults at alarming rate all over the world. IDRS provided a useful tool for screening the at-risk students for developing T2DM in their future and help identifying the cause of the disease. Girls included in the present study are at more of risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or other communicable diseases as evidenced by their high blood sugar, IFG, and flat GTT curve. Pronounced diabetic history in the family put the boys at risk of the T2DM. Fathers might be responsible for the transmission of T2DM more to their sons. Risk of developing the disease in girls would largely be because of their less physical activity and higher IDRS for abdominal obesity. GTT in all the students had unmask the students suffering from the diseases other than diabetes mellitus.
Pitfalls and future recommendations
This was a cross-sectional study with short sample size. The findings of the present study may not be similar in students from other regions of different socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic backgrounds. To our surprise, most of the students were not aware of the basics of the disease. T2DM can, therefore, be prevented to a large extent by creating health awareness in terms of healthy eating habits and exercises. Blood sugar should be estimated in the entire screened person irrespective of their IDRS.
We are thankful to the students and the staff of the Department of Biochemistry for their cooperation during the study. We are thankful to Dr Kusum Chopra for the statistical analysis of the data.
All the expenses were borne by the institute.
Anand K, Shah B, Yadav K, Singh R, Mathur P, Paul E, et al. Are the urban poor vulnerable to non-communicable diseases? A survey of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in urban slums of Faridabad. Natl Med J India 2007;20:115-20.
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 7th ed. International Diabetes Federation; 2016.
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1047-53.
Mohan V, Sandeep S, Deepa R, Shah B, Varghese C. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: Indian scenario. Indian J Med Res 2007;125:217-30.
McGrath NM, Parker GN, Dawson P. Early presentation of type 2 diabetes mellitus in young New Zealand Maori. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999;43:205-9.
Ehtisham S, Hattersley AT, Dunger DB, Barrett TG; British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinical Trials Group. First UK survey of paediatric type 2 diabetes and MODY. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:526-9.
Eppens MC, Craig ME, Jones TW, Silink M, Ong S, Ping YJ. Type 2 diabetes in youth from the Western Pacific region: Glycaemic control, diabetes care and complications. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:1013-20.
Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. American Diabetes Association. Pediatrics 2000;105:671-80.
Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, Burrows NR, Geiss LS, Valdez R, et al. Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: An epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. J Pediatr 2000;136:664-72.
Ahmed SM, Hadi A, Razzaque A, Ashraf A, Juvekar S, Ng N, et al. Clustering of chronic non-communicable disease risk factors among selected Asian populations: levels and determinants. Global Health Action 2009,2:68-75.
Collins VR, Dowse GK, Toelupe PM, Imo TT, Aloaina FL, Spark RA, et al. Increasing prevalence of NIDDM in the Pacific Island population of Western Samoa over a 13-year period. Diabetes Care 1994;17:288-96.
Mohan D, Raj D, Shanthirani CS, Datta M, Unwin NC, Kapur A, et al. Awareness and knowledge of diabetes in Chennai – The Chennai urban rural epidemiology study [CURES-9]. J Assoc Physicians India 2005;53:283-7.
García-Ortiz L, Grandes G, Sánchez-Pérez A, Montoya I, Iglesias-Valiente JA, Recio-Rodríguez JI, et al. Effect on cardiovascular risk of an intervention by family physicians to promote physical exercise among sedentary individuals. Rev Esp Cardiol 2010;63:1244-52.
Subramani R, Devi U, Shankar V, Karthik S. Assessment of risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among rural population in Tamil Nadu by using Indian diabetic risk score. Middle East J Sci Res 2014;21:223-5.
Nóvoa FJ, Boronat M, Saavedra P, Díaz-Cremades JM, Varillas VF, La Roche F, et al. Differences in cardiovascular risk factors, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion in individuals with normal glucose tolerance and in subjects with impaired glucose regulation: The Telde study. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2388-93.
Petersen JL, McGuire DK. Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose – A review of diagnosis, clinical implications and management. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2005;2:9-15.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2011. Diabetes Care 2011;34 Suppl 1:S11-61.
Mohan V, Deepa M, Deepa R, Shanthirani CS, Farooq S, Ganesan A, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in urban South India – The Chennai urban rural epidemiology study (CURES-17). Diabetologia 2006;49:1175-8.
Nandeshwar S, Jamra V, Pal DK. Indian diabetes risk score for screening of undiagnosed diabetic subjects of Bhopal city. Natl J Community Med 2010;1:176-7.
Mohan V, Deepa R, Deepa M, Somannavar S, Datta M. A simplified Indian diabetes risk score for screening for undiagnosed diabetic subjects. J Assoc Physicians India 2005;53:759-63.
Vardhan A, Adhikari Prabha MR, Kotian Shanidhar M, Saxena N, Gupta S, Tripathy A. The value of Indian diabetic risk score as a tool for reducing the risk of diabetes in Indian medical students. J Clin Diagn Res 2011;5:718-20.
Vernillo AT. Diabetes mellitus: Relevance to dental treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91:263-70.
American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Section 2. In Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2017;40 Suppl 1:S11-24.
Gale EA, Gillespie KM. Diabetes and gender. Diabetologia 2001;44:3-15.
Mahajan S, Kaur P. Diabetes mellitus type II in school children: Risk evaluation and its genetic correlation. Int J Oral Health Sci 2017;7:4-9.
Anish TS, Shahulhameed S, Vijayakumar K, Joy TM, Sreelakshmi PR, Kuriakose A. Gender difference in blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol in young adults with comparable routine physical exertion. J Family Med Prim Care 2013;2:200-3.
Vikram NK, Misra A, Pandey RM, Luthra K, Bhatt SP. Distribution and cutoff points of fasting insulin in Asian Indian adolescents and their association with metabolic syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India 2008;56:949-54.
Pickens JM, Burkeholder JN, Womack WN. Oral glucose tolerance test in normal children. Diabetes 1967;16:11-4.
Knopf CF, Cresto JC, Dujovne IL, Ramos O, de Majo SF. Oral glucose tolerance test in 100 normal children. Acta Diabetol Lat 1977;14:95-103.
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]
Mahajan S
Bhardwaj K
Mahajan R
IDRS
oral glucose tolerance test
© International Journal of Oral Health Sciences | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow


text:
using System.Linq;
using aaLogReader.Helpers;
using NUnit.Framework;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System.IO;
using System.Diagnostics;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;

namespace aaLogReader.Tests.aaLgxReaderTests
{
    [TestFixture]
    public class aaLgxReaderTests : aaLogBaseTest
    {
        public readonly string LOG_FILE_PATH;
        public readonly string REF_FILE_PATH;
        public readonly string LOG_FILE_INSTANCE;

        public static string GetRootFilePath
        {
            get { return Path.Combine(TEST_PATH, @"aaLgxReaderTests"); }
        }

        public aaLgxReaderTests()
            : base(GetRootFilePath)
        {
            LOG_FILE_PATH = Path.Combine(ROOT_FILE_PATH, @"logFiles");
            REF_FILE_PATH = Path.Combine(ROOT_FILE_PATH, @"refFiles");
            LOG_FILE_INSTANCE = Path.Combine(LOG_FILE_PATH, @"test.aaLGX");
        }

        [Test]
        public void CanReadHeader()
        {
            LogHeader actualHeader = aaLgxReader.ReadLogHeader(LOG_FILE_INSTANCE);
            Compare(@"refFiles\CanReadHeader.json", actualHeader);
        }

        [Test]
        public void ReadsCorrectNumberOfRecords()
        {
            var header = aaLgxReader.ReadLogHeader(LOG_FILE_INSTANCE);
            var records = aaLgxReader.ReadLogRecords(LOG_FILE_INSTANCE);
            Assert.That(header.MsgCount, Is.GreaterThan(0));
            Assert.That(header.MsgCount, Is.EqualTo(records.Count()));
        }

        [Test]
        public void CanReadFirstRecord()
        {
            var records = aaLgxReader.ReadLogRecords(LOG_FILE_INSTANCE);
            var record = records.First();
            Compare(@"refFiles\CanReadFirstRecord.json", record);
        }

        [Test]
        public void CanReadEighteenthRecord()
        {
            // Picked this one because it has a long-ish message and a warning flag.
            var records = aaLgxReader.ReadLogRecords(LOG_FILE_INSTANCE);
            var record = records.Skip(17).Take(1).First();
            Compare(@"refFiles\CanReadEighteenthRecord.json", record);
        }

        [Test]
        public void CanReadLastRecord()
        {
            var records = aaLgxReader.ReadLogRecords(LOG_FILE_INSTANCE);
            var record = records.Last();
            Compare(@"refFiles\CanReadLastRecord.json", record);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Edwin Phillips listens as contentious Pro Vice-Chancellor of controversial Swansea University, Hilary Lappin-Scott (HLS), returns to be offered New Year greetings by a colleague (C), and tells him about the effect on her career of the recent high-profile suspension of the Vice-Chancellor (VC), after a dirty tricks campaign which appeared to back her was revealed exclusively by The Eye, and after she had enraged staff with tweets from around the world, at an institution where a convicted fraudster exposed by us was employed on a contract, and which hit the headlines over previous people in charge of its management school.
C: A belated Happy New Year – Blwyddyn Newydd Dda.
HLS: Happy New Year to you, and, er, whatever it is you said. 2019 will be recorded in history as the year of my coronation.
HLS: (Appearing to bounce) well, this will be the year of my accession to the throne of the VC-ship at Swansea University.
C: (Sighing) you really think so?
HLS: Yes. Just think … I will be sending them postcards from all over the world as I attend those important conferences in my role as an academic superstar.
C: (Sighing again) so it is more of the same then?
HLS: (Ignoring the sarcasm) yes, but from now I will be attending conferences as Vice-Chancellor of Swansea University. (Staring into far distance) economy airline tickets are so 2018. It will be first class from now on. No more turning right when I board a plane. From now on I will only be turning left except, of course, when I travel on a private jet. Which reminds me to raise this at the next meeting of the University Council.
(Holding head higher) if captains of industry can have corporate jets, it stands to reason that a woman at the helm of Swansea University should not have to travel with the common herd but should have a private jet. And instead of the university backing a second class football team, we can divert the money to a much more deserving cause … (coughs) me.
C: (Staring at sky and to self) nothing has changed then… still in a fantasy world of self-promotion. (Louder) so what can we expect under your leadership?
HLS: (With self-satisfied air) I'm glad you asked that question. As you know, I am very big on inclusivity and collegiality and I will be insisting on having compulsory mass meetings of all staff where they can have the pleasure of seeing me. Only a favoured few female twitter-users would, of course, actually meet me. These meetings will be held on the lawn at the front of the university and I will address the multitudes from the balcony. They would probably be televised by Fox News and other reputable stations. If it is good enough for Donald, it is good enough for me.
C: So it is rather like Kim Jong-un in Pyongyang, North Korea, then.
Does Hilary know who these people are?
C: (Staring at sky and to self again) and they say that travel broadens the mind. (Louder and heavy with irony) might there be a case for creating a department for vetting dissidents and non-believers among the staff?
HLS: Oh that is simple. There will be no dissent. I shall see to that.
C: (Mischievously) but what would happen if your accession did not come to pass? It could be a case of the 'bridesmaid but never the bride'?
HLS: (Angrily) the chances of my promotion not happening are vanishingly small, if not zero. I simply will not begin to consider it. As soon as the interview panel meets me, they will be overwhelmed by my modesty, dynamism, and charisma. Not to mention my dress sense. The other candidates should be advised not to even bother turning up. That means the university would at least save on transport expenses.


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Scouters from the LDS Church are again hosting a free, fall merit badge clinic. As always it will be on the second weekend of November (11/8-9/2013). The LDS Merit Badge Clinic will be held at nine locations around the Triangle. We are offering over 65 different merit badges.
Please visit www.LDSMeritBadgeClinic.com for details and registration information. There is no cost to attend the LDS Merit Badge Clinic. Instead, Scouts will be invited to donate food for local food banks.
Want the chance to win a new Apple Ipad? Sign up to be a volunteer during the state fair, support scouting and have fun with other members in an easy 3 hour shift. Sign up as often as you like.


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Tag: Wellbeing
Canary Wharf: How Third Space has all the facilities you need to forge a healthy habit
Senior lead trainer Danny Cunningham on the importance of consistency when it comes to fitness
Danny pushes a sled at Third Space in Canary Wharf – image James Perrin
"For people to see that exercise is something to do on a regular basis, like brushing your teeth is incredibly important," said Danny Cunningham.
To describe the senior lead trainer at Third Space as passionate about fitness would be similar to saying Tigger is partial to the odd bounce.
Anyone who's been fortunate enough to attend one of his classes in Canary Wharf knows he all but vibrates with exactly the sort of infectious energy you need when trying to summon up the motivation to inch that ambitiously heavy kettlebell you accidentally selected at the start of the session, off the ground.
He also makes it plain, crucially, that if you'd rather just squat using your own bodyweight, then that's just as valid and equally worthy of celebration.
"Even if somebody turns up and just does 10 minutes of something, that's going to have a more positive impact on their mental and physical health, than if they neglect exercise altogether that day," said Danny.
"It's consistency that enables people to progress. Like cleaning your teeth, you might not do it as hard or as long on certain days, but you know it's important to do it regularly.
"Exercise is really great, it makes people feel more cheerful. Getting into the habit of training regularly tends to have a beneficial knock-on effect – those who do often finish tasks more efficiently at work or at home, creating real positive momentum.
"The opposite is often true as well – clients often end up telling me they've had a bad day when they've missed their morning workout, woken up a bit later and turned up to their first meeting feeling a bit rubbish. It all stems from starting off on the wrong foot.
"Morning exercise is great, but it isn't for everyone – training at lunchtime or in the evening is excellent too."
Danny knows what he's talking about – having been thrown in the boxing ring by his east London dad as a boy to "toughen him up", he studied sports and exercise science at college and university before embarking on a career as a personal trainer and fitness instructor in 2008.
"After several years as a PT, I really wanted to broaden my horizons," he said. "So in the mornings, evenings and at weekends I continued to train clients, while also holding down nine-to-five jobs. For me, personally, that was also an insurance policy – if you work in a physical job and you get injured, what are you going to do?
I deliberately sought sales and marketing roles because those skills are transferable back into the fitness sector, a lot of which is about online presence now."
While Danny now works full-time for Third Space, that previous experience afforded him a particular level of insight into corporate life and how exercise fits into it, having spent two years working for KPMG in Canary Wharf.
Danny says carving out an hour is vital – image James Perrin
"The most important thing for people to do is to make sure going to the gym works around their schedule, but at the same time to be flexible enough to prioritise their training," he said.
"If you're really busy and literally don't have any spare time, then you need that discipline to carve out a regular one-hour time-slot in the same diary you use for work.
"You need to see it as a non-negotiable meeting you have to attend. You could argue it's the most important one in terms of your own positivity.
"People are often happy to prioritise deadlines at work, but they often neglect themselves.
"If they're able to look after their own health and fitness, they're much more likely to hit other deadlines and the process will be a lot more enjoyable because they'll be approaching everything with a positive mindset."
As many people go back to the office and people's lives return to pre-pandemic rhythms, Danny said well-equipped and organised gyms offered a potent alternative to working out alone at home.
"One of the things Third Space offers is the variety of its classes and, in terms of the equipment available, it has everything you could think of all under one roof," he said.
"In terms of classes, you've got the mind and body workshops, which are good for injury prevention and rehabilitation.
"Then you've got the HIIT classes, which are a lot of fun and the strength-related classes, which are good for people who want to build muscular power.
"You've got The Yard, which is the biggest functional training space in London, a huge selection of exercise machines and weights and brilliant studios that are incredibly atmospheric to train in.
"Then, on top of that, there's a climbing wall, saunas, steam rooms, a swimming pool and other things like the Powerplates where people can come and do low-intensity exercise that gets transformed into something really worthwhile.
"That's a real contrast to doing boring home workouts where it's burpee after burpee."
Third Space's facilities include a combat area – image James Perrin
"We design our classes to be suitable for every level from complete beginners to seasoned athletes, by giving multiple options and pushing the culture that you don't have to hit certain targets," said Danny.
"Instead, as long as you achieve what you are comfortable with, that's what matters. Music is very important too.
"People probably take it for granted that there's a certain beat when they first come in – it will have that feel-good factor and a bit of energy in the room.
"Then we start the session, which is supposed to be thought-provoking so we'll have ambient sounds and dim the lights to get everyone in the right physical and mental zone.
"Throughout the session people can expect epic lights and music plus fun and friendly chat from the instructors to help keep everyone motivated and take away the pain.
"It's important for them to be enjoyable because as well as the physical benefits, it's about the mental benefits of turning up and having a good time.
"People come to realise how valuable getting away from their desks and having a release is. Not everyone wants to be pushed to their absolute limits.
"Some want to come in, have a good workout and not feel like they're dying. But it works for those who do want to push themselves.
"It's being in an inclusive environment where everyone can train at their own level next to each other."
Danny said, for people completely new to exercise, the key thing initially was getting into good habits early.
"For people in that position, one of the things to think about is why they didn't go to a gym before," he said. "A lot of that may come down to the fear and intimidation of thinking that everyone's got to be super fit and it wouldn't be for them. But it's not like that.
"First of all, people should focus on turning up, because that's something to celebrate – just building exercise into their lifestyle is the important thing.
"For the first two to six months, their mindset should be: 'I'm just going to go'.
"Nobody should be putting pressure on themselves to get an eight-pack or huge biceps – they should be celebrating having the motivation and dedication to show up on a regular basis. In the long run, that's what's going to keep them healthy and fit throughout their lives."
Exercise should be about positivity and enjoyment – image James Perrin
Having developed an extensive online offering, Danny said Third Space was also well-placed to offer members a balance of on-site services and at-home expertise.
"What's interesting and not much discussed is that it's great to have a healthy mix of home and gym workouts to suit your routine," he said.
"Personal trainers are aware of this and may well prescribe certain sessions to do that will be helpful in terms of technique if people can't get to the gym because of their schedule."
Membership at Third Space Canary Wharf cost £170 per month, which works out at £5.59 a day.
The company is currently waiving its joining fee and offering new members a free meal or shake at Natural Fitness Food, 25% off their first Third Space Spa treatment and two guest passes.
Readers can follow Danny on Instagram here.


It was a fitting end to an incredibly close series featuring two very talented teams. All 5 games were won by 1 goal with the home team taking each one.
Congratulations to the players and coaches on a fantastic season. GB Champs & OMHA Finalists.


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Q: convert a string in a column become Nan in python can I choose a specific string of a column to become NaN in python? My data frame shows like this:
type    size
A        1
B        1
C        1

and I want to convert 'B' become Nan, so the table will be like:
type    type
A        1
NaN      1
C        1

thankyou.

A: You can use np.where
df['type'] = np.where(df.type.eq('B'), np.nan, df.type)

You can also use df.loc
df.loc[df.type.eq('B'), 'type'] = np.nan

Output:
  type  size
0    A     1
1  NaN     1
2    C     1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Umit Benan wanted to be a filmmaker, but diverted to fashion rather naturally, keeping the urge to tell stories intact. He makes no real distinction between life, fantasy and fiction because really there isn't one. "I am interested in contrasts. That's what life is all about, isn't it?" he says. His clothes – real, bold, imaginative – follow suit.
Aesthetic imprinting leaves an indelible mark on fertile minds. Umit Benan was born to Turkish parents in Germany in 1980, and raised in Istanbul. As a kid in the 80s, he was bombarded with the assertive fashions and powerful masculine visions of the time, thanks to his clothing manufacturer father. As a teen in the 90s, he absorbed the contrasts and layering of the decade while growing up away from home at boarding school and university, in Switzerland and the US. His utterly personal point of view stems from these roots.
After graduation, Umit landed jobs with prestigious designers in New York and in Milan, where he finally settled in 2006. He launched his eponymous line in 2009 and swiftly won the 1st edition of Who's on Next/Uomo contest the year after at Pitti Uomo. In 2012 Umit Benan was chosen the best menswear brand in Japan. And between 2011/2013 Umit was the creative director of Trussardi designing mens, womens and accessories for the 1st line.
Umit Benan uses clothes to build personas, putting to good use the muti-culti life experiences accumulated in a chaotic city full of contrasts such as Istanbul or the mingling of different characters and cultures experienced in the dorms of boarding school. It's these mixes and frictions that get him going. "I don't like perfection" he states, having mastered the art of perfect imperfection. Street-casting, thereafter, becomes an essential tool: not as a show trick, however, but as an integral phase of the design process. When Umit finds the character who epitomizes the mood he has in mind for the season, he builds a whole fictional story around him, writing everything down in detail like the storyteller he is and finally getting down to the clothes.
Freedom of expression is Umit's main goal in life and the reason he decided to be a fashion-maker. With each collection, he addresses issues that touch him personally, be it misconceptions around a beard, the ethos of outlaw artists who wander metropolitan streets at night or memories of a girlfriend who loved menswear.
Umit's own brand of fashion-making might be charged with a narrative aura, but it's the the clothes that really speak by themselves, oozing a quintessential masculinity. They are sophisticated, luxurious and sturdy: the wardrobe of choice of elegant men who get their hands dirty. Refined yet raw, the Umit Benan man is authentic, powerful, full of lively contrasts. Like life.


How To Apply for the Right of Abode in Hong Kong – Without Any Professional Help – No Need to Take Notes!
This presentation has been designed to serve as the anchor or reference point in making your own application for a Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card.
You will find along with each slide, not only my narrative on each segment, but also links to further resources, videos, templates and commentary which are available in the Hong Kong Visa Handbook and also elsewhere on the Hong Kong Visa Geeza Blog.
So, there's no need for you to take any notes and the entire presentation is available with each video segment posted.
My best advice for you, then, is to watch the entire 15 segment presentation in its entirely once and then begin to work your way though the process of preparations-making, revisiting each segment in turn to glean what you need to do and think about as your own application begins to take shape.
14. How to Apply for the Right of Abode in Hong Kong – Without Any Professional Help – Losing It!!
Chinese family in the USA with the father born in Hong Kong – can they all get the right of abode and HKSAR passports?


Buckfastleigh Council's Rural Community Energy Fund project started in late 2016 and completed in September 2017. It was the first RCEF project where due to the support and relationship developed between DARE and the council we were the only organisation asked to tender for the feasibility study, business planning, financial forecasting and community engagement.
We investigated the biomass district heating opportunities and hydropower in this former mill community.


Orders received after 3:00 PM PST will be processed the next day. Product will normally ship within one day of processing of order.
For tracking information, click here to visit "Order Tracking & Account Information".


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A weekly email is not enough
By Editorial Board| August 10, 2020
Photo: Jakob Menendez
The entrance to Emerson's Walker Building on Boylston St.
Throughout the summer, Emerson administration has sent students sporadic emails. In June came the announcement that campus would reopen in late August. A few weeks later, updates on tuition and then dining flooded students' inboxes. And just recently, administrators proliferated a "Back to Campus Guide," telling students how life back in Boston will truly work.
But as the community slowly makes its way back to campus this month, it's clear those emails are not enough.
The frequency of the current periodic updates was acceptable in May, June, and even July when most students remained at home, locked away from the threat of the virus. Now we need a daily email or another form of regular briefing to help members of the community consistently understand how the college is operating safely.
The looming uncertainty about both the virus and the forthcoming semester has left many students and faculty stressed about what life will look like on campus. Some are inevitably experiencing increased anxiety due to financial constraints, health concerns, or job loss. In fact, 31.6 percent of American adults reported symptoms of anxiety in July, compared to the 8.2 percent benchmark from the first six months of 2019, according to a survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Providing students with detailed and daily communication would help alleviate at least some of this stress. In critical situations like this, honesty and transparency is key to creating an open and trusting environment. But how can the community rely on administration when some feel they've been left largely in the dark?
These daily updates could mend this gap. For one, they could clue students in about what is changing behind the scenes with class assignments, organization budgets, and schedules. And they could continuously update the community about whether the possibility of closing the campus before the fall semester—like a slew of other universities have recently done—is still on the table.
Most urgently though, once COVID-19 testing begins over the next few weeks, everyone should be in the loop about how many tests were administered, how many came back positive, and what administration is doing in response to potential outbreaks—information that could be made easily available in the form of a daily email. In fact, keeping these statistics private would be a violation of the community's trust in its administration and its right to health and safety. Even the state of Massachusetts publishes the statewide data daily at 4 p.m., which guides changes and keeps the public informed. We urge Emerson to do the same as soon as testing commences.
On Aug. 10, the college did promise to "publish data from our community's test results, updated regularly throughout the fall term, on the One Emerson Knowledge Center," in an announcement.
Members of the community would also benefit at this time from being told the number of cases the college expects to see throughout the semester, thereby allowing students, faculty, parents, and staff to assess the sacrifice and risks ahead of us.
International students are also hurt by the infrequency with which emails are currently being sent. Since leaving campus in March, most have dealt with having limited information from the Office of International Student Affairs about their future of the college. It wasn't until June 17 that students even received specific information from OISA about returning to campus.
Timely information is critical for these global students, who face unique challenges and must consider how going back to campus affects their immigration status. While most students could contemplate taking a gap semester, international students were unaware if they even had the chance to opt out, as it could hurt their chances of obtaining visa statuses necessary for gaining internships in the country. Others also struggled with travel restrictions, like the one imposed on China, where more than 64 percent of the international student population came from in the 2019-2020 school year, according to the college's fact-book.
Understandably, this is a stressful time for the Emerson community. The college has without a doubt been under scrutiny and pressure about the fall semester for months. However, addressing these student and faculty concerns is vital for the student body to effectively keep themselves and those around them safe. Classes resume in less than a month, and questions about campus facilities, resources, and life on campus will continue to arise.
Now is the time to prioritize regular communication. Now is the time to promote transparency. And now is the time to unite the entire Emerson community as we go into what is likely one of the most uncertain semesters in history.
The Berkeley Beacon Editorial Board is the voice of the student newspaper that looks to serve the Emerson College community with thoughtful insight into ongoings and occurrences affecting their everyday lives. The board's positions are determined by its members. The board consists of the editor-in-chief, managing editors, and opinion editors. The opinions expressed by the Editorial Board do not impact the paper's coverage. You can respond to a position brought forward by The Beacon Editorial Board in the form of a Letter to The Editor by email: [email protected].
The Berkeley Beacon intends for this area to be used to foster healthy, thought-provoking discussion. Comments are expected to adhere to our standards and to be respectful and constructive. As such, we do not permit the use of profanity, foul language, personal attacks, or the use of language that might be interpreted as libelous. Comments are reviewed and must be approved by a moderator to ensure that they meet these standards. The Berkeley Beacon requires a valid email address. The email address will not be displayed but will be used to confirm your comments.
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Home The Game Courses Port Aransas Comes of Age with the Luxury-Laden Palmilla Beach Community
Port Aransas Comes of Age with the Luxury-Laden Palmilla Beach Community
Being from Central Texas, our family knows Port Aransas well. It's our easy drive-to beach getaway. The kids love everything about, so that means we love it. So much about the venerable coastal town is so unspoiled and unpretentious, we always know what we're getting out of a Port A trip. We've got our regular favorites now like the homemade fudge from Winton's Candy Company, fresh shrimp and fish from Paul's Seafood and relaxing times at La Playa, where Mexican cuisine and mariscos live in harmony.
Mostly, though, we'll settle into a beach rental that's located a short walk from the sand and make it our home base for as many days as we can be away from the rat race and put a premium on relaxation. Increasingly, we've noticed that the rentals in Port A are more like HGTV Dream Homes than they are utilitarian fish-camp bunkhouses. Even after the widespread devastation of 2017's Hurricane Harvey, property owners rebuilt and brought an architectural panache and contemporary design approach to many of the beach houses in the town's most desirable beachfront locations.
Conventional sentimentality would hope Port A is always a destination that embraces the everyman and has a getaway option for every budget. Increasingly, connoisseurs of luxury lifestyle vacation properties and amenities are finding more premium vacation options than ever in Port Aransas and Mustang Island. Nowhere is that more evident than inside the Palmilla Beach Resort and Golf Community. Built on the "new urbanism" concept in which all the conveniences of your own high-end small town exist within the cobblestoned confines of the community and the homes exudes a posh, pleasing aesthetic, Palmilla Beach is raising the standard in luxury real estate and lifestyle on Texas' Gulf Coast.
From luxurious 1,800-sq-ft Signature Cottages and two-level "Duets" to 2,300-sq-ft Poolside and "Wild Indigo" Townhomes to expansive (I mean downright huge) custom homesites, every real estate offering at Palmilla Beach is currently selling like wildfire. The community, which currently includes the residential community, the golf course, clubhouse (with two pleasing dining options) and great lawn and a swimming and amenities center, is starting to take shape. Greg Carr of McCombs Enterprises (Palmilla Beach's ownership) says a small hotel near the Gulf of Mexico could be a possible addition to the community along with additional shopping and dining. In time, expect Palmilla Beach to put a resort community on the map that will be the kind of upscale coastal travel destination that draws guests and potential homebuyers from far and wide.
Presently, the quality of life is already high. All amenities, including the pool and fine dining at the Black Marlin and casual patio dining and cocktails at Red's, are within walking, biking or golf-cart-ride distance. Palmilla Beach has its own private access to the beach (on a bridge that glides over the ancient dunes) and a private section of cabanas and beach chairs that can be reserved with the concierge staff.
More than three dozen homes (of various sizes and floorplans) have already been constructed post-Harvey with a few phases left in the original residential footprint. What remains to be seen is what will be done with the land where a large portion of Palmilla Beach's original golf course once sat. Harvey devastated the 2007 Arnold Palmer design which was the only true championship links course in Texas.
First opened as Newport Dunes in 2008, the 6,821-yard, par-71 layout elevated the quality of public access golf in the Gulf region near Corpus Christi. With a washed-out course, the McCombs company and course management aficionados were faced with a challenging puzzle. Rebuilding the course in a way that best fits the land and the clientele became a priority.
Identifying their core customers as families and tourists with some locals and avid golfers sprinkled in, the team put together a plan that would put fun at the forefront of the golf experience and let golfers get around the layout quickly and easily.
"If you're coming to Port A, you don't have that many days where you can spend four to five hours away from your family or group," says director of golf Bradley Boyd. "We took cues from emerging trends in the golf industry and put our best nine holes into a routing, maintaining the signature stretch of seaside holes of the original golf course (holes 4, 5 and 6) and creating a layout that skilled avid golfers, kids and beginners can enjoy equally in a timeframe that still leaves plenty of time in your day for the beach, fishing or touring the old, classic areas of Port A."
"It was a revelation when someone at the table declared 'we're not a golf course with a restaurant. We're a restaurant with a golf course,'" Carr says. "We put a lot into having the very best, guest-pleasing food and beverage operation possible and make the golf course as fun as possible."
Now just nine holes stretching to 2,431 yards from the back tees plus three pitch-and-putt holes known as the Loop, featuring holes that range from 80 yards to 115 yards. Future plans might include an 18-hole putting course to keep with the fun and accessible theme. The practice areas are still in the same place, across the highway from the golf course, but upgraded with the same Platinum Paspalum grass on the greens and Seashore Paspalum that cover the teeing areas and fairways on the golf course.
With an entertaining collection of five par-4s and four par-3s, the par-32 course is largely wide open to start with an ever-present wind coming off the adjacent Gulf. The round starts with three manageable "fast-start" holes: a 332-yard par-4, a 150-yard par-3 and a 282-yard par-4 with no forced carries and generous landing areas. Then comes that signature stretch where the dunes and golf are visible and the dominant design trait. The par-3 fourth is postcard beautiful, playing directly toward the Gulf with a green guarded by native grass and framed by dunes. Bookend narrow par-4s that both stretch over 400 yards each look intimidating off the tee and demand accuracy tee to green.
The key to enjoying your round at Palmilla Beach is choosing the right set of tees to match your skills. The back set is the "Palmilla" tees. The middle set of "Beach" tees presents hole between 127 yards to 287 yards. The forward "Fun" tees, with holes 81 yards to 256 yards, make for an enjoyable time.
"We want this course to be accessible and inclusive of everyone. Juniors, women, bachelor parties, corporate groups and even beginners who just want to try something new on their beach vacation," Boyd says. "Our fleet of GolfBoards gives people another way to enjoy the round. It's not uncommon to see people playing barefoot. We stress intently that this place is meant to be fun."
Even if you're not a golfer, the Black Marlin Grill is reason enough to make your way to Palmilla Beach. And the locals do. In droves. Chef Gail Huesmann and her staff make tremendous use the readily-available local seafood with inventive dishes and pairings. The food and in the cocktails at the Black Marlin and the outdoor patio spot for casual dining, Red's have made Palmilla Beach one of the hottest spots on the island.
Over time, expect more homes to be built and for the ownership to add more exceptional lifestyle amenities within Palmilla Beach. If you're looking to enjoy a coastal getaway, don't look past the luxury offerings in Port A's most refined address. Visit www.palmillabeach.com to learn more.
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MUHS football eyes Otters, D-II playoffs
ADDISON COUNTY — The Middlebury Union High School football team scored twice in the second half to upset host Division I foe Mount Anthony on Friday night, 14-2, but a more critical game for the D-II Tigers will come this Friday at home vs. league foe Otter Valley.
The Patriots fell to 5-3, while Tigers improved to 6-2 overall, and remained at 4-2 in D-II. The Tigers also got good news elsewhere when Rice upset Milton, which had been ahead of them in the D-II standings. The Tigers, Milton and U-32 now all have 4-2 league records, behind Colchester (8-0 overall, 6-0 D-II), CVU (7-1, 5-1) and Mount Mansfield (6-2, 5-1).
Games this weekend will determine which teams will make the four-team D-II postseason. Colchester and CVU are assured of berths, and the MUHS coaching staff believes the Tigers have a good shot if they can win at home over improving OV (4-4, 3-3) on Friday in their final regular season game.
Other contenders face one another: Milton hosts Colchester, while U-32 hosts Mount Mansfield. CVU will entertain Fair Haven (3-5, 1-5). Because the teams do not all face each other, a "quality points rating" (QPR) index will be used to choose teams if they finish with identical records. The QPR is based on the won-loss record and strength of schedule of the teams that each contender defeats in the course of the season.
The Tiger coaches said their team has to win to reach the playoffs. If MUHS wins and Milton loses, the Tigers are in. But if both MUHS and Milton win, they said the Tigers will need help elsewhere — specifically, U-32 must defeat MMU and Rice must win at North Country — to give MUHS the playoff berth. Other scenarios are also possible, they said, but the bottom line is the OV game is a must-win for the Tigers to earn a No. 3 or 4 seed.
On Friday at MAU on a rainy evening, the first half was scoreless. The Tigers had the best chance, but quarterback Brendan Burrell was picked off on the goal line.
The Tigers took a 6-0 lead on a short Marshall Hastings run on their second possession of the third quarter; the score came at 2:12. The Tigers converted on two fourth downs on the drive, both on Burrell runs.
A Dillon Robinson interception then set up the Tigers deep in MAU territory, but a penalty and an interception killed that drive.
But the Tigers stopped the Patriots at the MUHS 43 on a fourth-down play, and then marched 57 yards, all on the ground, for the clinching score with 4:14 left in the game. Kaden Odell scored on a five-yard run, and Bryan Ashley-Selleck ran in a two-point conversion.
MAU scored a safety when the Tigers elected to run out of the back of their end zone on a punt late in the game.
Burrell led MUHS with 99 yards on the ground, and Hastings ran for 82.