text:
Ве́сна Ву́лович (; 3 января 1950, Белград — 23 декабря 2016, там же) — югославская сербская стюардесса, работавшая в компании JAT и попавшая в книгу рекордов Гиннесса как обладательница мирового рекорда высоты для выживших при свободном падении без парашюта — 10 160 м, став единственным человеком, пережившим катастрофу DC-9 над Хинтерхермсдорфом.

26 января 1972 года Весна Вулович работала стюардессой на рейсе 367, который, пролетая над немецкой деревней Хинтерхермсдорф, взорвался в воздухе, а его обломки упали в районе чехословацкой деревни . Вулович оказалась единственной выжившей в этом рейсе, поскольку занимала место в хвосте самолёта и была пристёгнута ремнями безопасности. Обстоятельства гибели рейса не были установлены, хотя властями Югославии рассматривалась версия о теракте, совершённом хорватскими националистами.

Сама Вулович попала на рейс благодаря чистой случайности, заменив другую стюардессу по имени Весна Николич, но момент катастрофы не помнила. Она провела несколько месяцев в больнице (в том числе несколько суток в коме): у девушки были зафиксированы перелом черепа, сломаны обе ноги и три позвонка (в том числе один компрессионный перелом позвонка), из-за чего Весна некоторое время была парализована ниже пояса. После многочисленных операций она всё же сумела встать на ноги, однако карьеру стюардессы не возобновила, несмотря на многочисленные просьбы общественности, которая прославляла Весну как национальную героиню в 1970-е годы. Она заняла административную должность, на которой работала в компании JAT вплоть до распада Югославии.

Из компании JAT Вулович была уволена после участия в антиправительственных протестах, однако власти, опасаясь усиления народных возмущений, так и не решились арестовать Вулович. В дальнейшем она была активной деятельницей Демократической партии и поддерживала вступление Сербии в Евросоюз. Последние годы провела в одиночестве в своей квартире в Белграде, получая небольшую пенсию вплоть до своей смерти. Состояла в браке, детей не было.

Ранние годы
Весна Вулович родилась 3 января 1950 года в Белграде. Её отец занимался деятельностью в сфере коммерции, а мать была инструктором по фитнесу. Отучившись первый год в университете, Весна отправилась в Великобританию, чтобы улучшить свой английский язык, и стала фанаткой группы The Beatles. Изначально она жила у друзей своих родителей в Ньюбери, однако желала перебраться в Лондон. В Британии она встретила друга, который предложил ей перебраться в Стокгольм. По возвращении в Белград Весна приняла решение стать стюардессой, взяв пример с одной из своих знакомых. Она стала работать в авиакомпании JAT.

Авиакатастрофа

26 января 1972 года самолёт McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 авиакомпании JAT (сокращение от Jugoslovenski Aerotransport, международное название — Yugoslav Airlines) совершал перелёт по маршруту Стокгольм — Копенгаген — Загреб — Белград на участке Копенгаген — Загреб. На борту находилось 28 человек, из них 5 членов экипажа, включая стюардессу Весну Вулович, и 23 пассажира. Взлёт, набор высоты и выход на воздушную трассу прошли в обычном режиме. Полёт проходил на высоте около 10 тысяч метров.

22-летняя стюардесса Весна Вулович не должна была лететь на этом рейсе, но из-за ошибки авиакомпании направлена на него вместо другой бортпроводницы с таким же именем (Весна Николич). На день катастрофы Весна ещё не окончила обучение и в экипаже находилась в качестве стажёра. Когда произошёл взрыв, Весна Вулович работала в пассажирском салоне. Она сразу потеряла сознание, и впоследствии не смогла вспомнить, что делала и где именно находилась (в средней части фюзеляжа или в хвосте).

Спустя час после взлёта DC-9 прошёл очередную точку маршрута (приводную радиостанцию Hermsdorf в Восточной Германии) и занял высоту 10 160 метров. Вскоре самолёт неожиданно разрушился: носовая часть с кабиной пилотов отделилась от основного корпуса. Обломки упали рядом с деревней  недалёко от города Ческа-Каменице в Чехословакии (теперь территория Чехии). При этом крупные части фюзеляжа оказались на расстоянии не более километра друг от друга, тогда как обычно разрушения на большой высоте приводят к существенному рассеиванию фрагментов.

По данным официального расследования, до разрушения в воздухе системы самолёта работали в штатном режиме, а пилоты находились на своих местах. Экспертиза не обнаружила в крови лётчиков алкогольных или наркотических веществ. Сигналов бедствия или сообщений о поломках на землю не передавалось. Самолёт был сравнительно новым: начал эксплуатироваться менее чем за год до катастрофы.

Причиной трагедии назван взрыв в багажном отсеке в передней части фюзеляжа. Спустя 10 дней после катастрофы Служба государственной безопасности Чехословакии представила фрагменты будильника, который был определён как часть взрывного механизма. Подозревались в организации теракта последователи хорватской ультраправой организации «Усташи». Однако официально преступление, если оно было совершено, осталось нераскрытым, а имена исполнителей не установлены.

После аварии

Местные жители оказались на месте падения обломков самолёта раньше спасателей. Они разбирали фрагменты и пытались найти выживших. Лесничий Бруно Хонке (немец по национальности, участник Второй мировой войны, военный фельдшер) обнаружил Весну, оказал ей первую помощь и передал прибывшим медикам. Весна находилась в коме и получила множество травм: переломы основания черепа, трёх позвонков, обеих ног и таза.

По словам самой Весны Вулович, первое, что она попросила, вернувшись в сознание, — покурить.

Лечение заняло 16 месяцев, из которых в течение 10 месяцев у девушки была парализована нижняя часть тела (от пояса к ногам).

Известность

По воспоминаниям Весны Вулович, страха полётов у неё не появилось, так как момент катастрофы она не запомнила. Поэтому после выздоровления девушка пыталась вернуться к работе стюардессой в Yugoslav Airlines, но в итоге получила офисную должность в авиакомпании.

В 1977 году вышла замуж (развелась в 1992 году). Детей у неё не было.

В 1985 году имя Весны Вулович было внесено в Книгу рекордов Гиннесса.

Последние годы жизни

23 декабря 2016 года тело Весны Вулович было обнаружено в её квартире в Белграде, которую вскрыла полиция. Друзья женщины обратились в полицию в связи с тем, что Вулович несколько дней не появлялась на улице и не отвечала на телефонные звонки. Причина смерти властями не была оглашена.

См. также
 Савицкая, Лариса Владимировна
 Кёпке, Джулиана Маргарет
 Список единственных выживших в катастрофах пассажирских воздушных судов гражданских авиакомпаний и ВВС

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

 Intervju Vesne Vulović 40 g. posle nesreće
 Čudo preživljavanja u avio nesrećama
 Vesna Vulović i još devetoro koji su prevarili smrt
 Serbian stewardess who survived jet crash in 1972 dies at 66

Персоналии:Сербия
Рекордсмены Книги рекордов Гиннесса
Выжившие в авиакатастрофах
Стюарды и стюардессы
Выжившие при падении с высоты


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text:
package com.picassotransformations.jhlabs;

/**
 * A filter which allows the red, green and blue channels of an image to be mixed into each other.
 */
public class ChannelMixTransformation extends PointTransformation {

    private int blueGreen, redBlue, greenRed;

    private int intoR, intoG, intoB;

    public ChannelMixTransformation() {
        canFilterIndexColorModel = true;
    }

    public void setBlueGreen(int blueGreen) {
        this.blueGreen = blueGreen;
    }

    public int getBlueGreen() {
        return blueGreen;
    }

    public void setRedBlue(int redBlue) {
        this.redBlue = redBlue;
    }

    public int getRedBlue() {
        return redBlue;
    }

    public void setGreenRed(int greenRed) {
        this.greenRed = greenRed;
    }

    public int getGreenRed() {
        return greenRed;
    }

    public void setIntoR(int intoR) {
        this.intoR = intoR;
    }

    public int getIntoR() {
        return intoR;
    }

    public void setIntoG(int intoG) {
        this.intoG = intoG;
    }

    public int getIntoG() {
        return intoG;
    }

    public void setIntoB(int intoB) {
        this.intoB = intoB;
    }

    public int getIntoB() {
        return intoB;
    }

    public int filterRGB(int x, int y, int rgb) {
        int a = rgb & 0xff000000;
        int r = (rgb >> 16) & 0xff;
        int g = (rgb >> 8) & 0xff;
        int b = rgb & 0xff;
        int nr = PixelUtils.clamp( (intoR * (blueGreen * g + (255 - blueGreen) * b) / 255 + (255 - intoR) * r) / 255);
        int ng = PixelUtils.clamp( (intoG * (redBlue * b + (255 - redBlue) * r) / 255 + (255 - intoG) * g) / 255);
        int nb = PixelUtils.clamp( (intoB * (greenRed * r + (255 - greenRed) * g) / 255 + (255 - intoB) * b) / 255);
        return a | (nr << 16) | (ng << 8) | nb;
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "Colors/Mix Channels...";
    }

    @Override
    public String key() {
        return ChannelMixTransformation.class.getCanonicalName() + "-" + blueGreen + "-" + redBlue + "-" + greenRed + "-" + intoR + "-"
                + intoG + "-" + intoB;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Naked Minnesota - gay and bisexual naturist social group based in Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Photo used under Creative Commons from markndennis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Meek Mill To No Longer Address Cassidy Beef, Says Cassidy's Not Welcomed In Philadelphia
by Danielle Harling
After feuding with Cassidy for several weeks now, it appears that Philadelphia rapper Meek Mill is beginning to tire of his feud with the Philly emcee who once referred to their lyrical battle as being "good for Hip Hop." While speaking with HipHopSince1987.com, Meek revealed that it's no longer enjoyable releasing diss records aimed at Cassidy and that at this point he believes the rapper is merely trying to benefit from their quarrel.
"If we [release] diss records and whatever and after your diss record the next day you gotta try and drop a new song and you try to benefit off me that's when it becomes not a game anymore," Meek Mill explained. "You ain't benefitting off of me. That little shit, your interviews, that go in four or 50 days…So when it becomes that it ain't fun no more to me. It's a nigga trying to steal from me basically."
After stating that he would no longer speak on his beef with Cassidy in interviews, Meek Mill addressed Ar-Ab's recent comments on Cassidy and revealed that Cass is no longer welcomed in the city of Philadelphia.
"He can't come back to the city really," said Meek. "Last five times he been back to the city he was back here with me or either Ar-Ab. He ain't addressed everything Ar-Ab said in none of his raps because he won't address it, he scared to address it. He won't dare address that. And Ar-Ab ain't saying nothing new he been saying shit like this. He only saying it because of the camera."
In the span of their beef both Meek Mill and Cassidy have released a handful of diss records including "Raid," "Me, Myself & iPhone," and "Repo."
RELATED: Meek Mill Responds To Cassidy Diss "Me, Myself & iPhone," Wants To Battle


text:
Home•Commercial vehicle production stable in...
Commercial vehicle production stable in October
UK commercial vehicle (CV) production was stable in October down just -0.2%, with 9,065 units manufactured, according to figures released by the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT).
Output for crucial overseas markets was up some 9.3%, but production for the domestic market fell -8.5% in the face of weakening demand.
In the month, factories turned out just 15 units fewer than in the same period in 2018, as key new model production ramped up, with just over half of all those made heading abroad, 51.3%.
Performance in the year to date remains down, however, falling by -11.5% overall, with the decline driven primarily by dwindling exports, down -16.6%, but also a fall in production for the UK market by a more modest -3.6%.
In total, just over 62,000 new CVs have been made in Britain this year.
UK commercial vehicle production was stable in October with 9,065 units manufactured, according to figures released by SMMT / Picture: DAF Trucks
Mike Hawes, SMMT chief executive, said, "Some stability for commercial vehicle production in October is welcome, but it's far too early to tell if this will last, not least due to a fluctuating fleet buying cycles and model changeovers affecting output.
"Year-to-date figures paint a clearer picture; with CV output decreasing, and orders at home and abroad down. Preserving beneficial trading arrangements with the EU and other global markets is crucial to the future success of the industry, so we need a new relationship based on free and frictionless trade."


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text:
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When using this general data and information, HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG does not draw any conclusions about the data subject. Rather, this information is required in order to (1) correctly deliver the contents of our website, (2) to optimize the content of our website and to advertise it, (3) to ensure the continued functioning of our information technology systems and the technology of our website, and ( 4) to provide law enforcement authorities with the necessary information for prosecution in case of a cyberattack. This anonymously collected data and information are therefore evaluated by HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG on the one hand statistically and further with the aim to increase the data protection and data security in our company, to ultimately provide an optimal level of protection for the personal data processed by us sure. The anonymous data of the server log files are stored separately from all personal data provided by an affected person.
5. Contact via the website
Due to legal regulations, the website of HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG contains information that enables fast electronic contact with our company as well as direct communication with us, which is also a general address of the so-called electronic mail (e-mail address) includes. If an affected person contacts the data controller by e-mail or through a contact form, the personal data provided by the data subject will be automatically saved. Such personal information provided on a voluntary basis by a data subject to the controller is stored for the purposes of processing or contacting the data subject. There is no disclosure of this personal data to third parties.
6. Routine deletion and blocking of personal data
The controller shall process and store the personal data of the data subject only for the period necessary to achieve the purpose of the storage or, if so required by the European legislature and other legislators in laws or regulations, that of the controller subject to was provided.
If the storage purpose is omitted or if a storage period prescribed by the European directives and regulations or any other relevant legislature expires, the personal data will be routinely blocked or deleted in accordance with the statutory provisions.
7. Rights of the person concerned
a) Right to confirmation
Each data subject has the right, as granted by the European guidelines and Regulatory Authority, to require the controller to confirm whether personal data relating to him / her is being processed. If an affected person wishes to exercise this right of confirmation, they can contact an employee of the controller at any time.
b) Right to information
Any person affected by the processing of personal data shall have the right granted by the European legislature and the legislature at any time to obtain from the controller information free of charge concerning the personal data stored about him and a copy of that information. In addition, the European legislator and regulator has provided the data subject with the following information: If a data subject wishes to avail himself of this right to information, he may, at any time, contact an employee of the controller.
the processing purposes
the categories of personal data being processed
the recipients or categories of recipients to whom the personal data have been disclosed or are still being disclosed, in particular to recipients in third countries or to international organizations
if possible, the planned duration for which the personal data will be stored or, if that is not possible, the criteria for determining that duration
the existence of a right to rectification or erasure of the personal data concerning them, or to the limitation of the processing by the controller or a right to object to such processing
the existence of a right of appeal to a supervisory authority
if the personal data are not collected from the data subject: All available information about the origin of the data
the existence of automated decision-making including profiling in accordance with Article 22 (1) and (4) of the GDPR and – at least in these cases – meaningful information about the logic involved and the scope and intended impact of such processing on the data subject
Furthermore, the data subject has a right of access as to whether personal data has been transmitted to a third country or to an international organization. If this is the case, then the data subject has the right to obtain information about the appropriate guarantees in connection with the transfer.
If a data subject wishes to avail himself of this right to information, he may, at any time, contact an employee of the controller.
Any person affected by the processing of personal data has the right granted by the European directive and regulatory authority to demand the immediate correction of incorrect personal data concerning them. Furthermore, the data subject has the right to request the completion of incomplete personal data, including by means of a supplementary declaration, taking into account the purposes of the processing.
If an affected person wishes to exercise this right of rectification, they may, at any time, contact an employee of the controller.
d) Right to cancellation (right to be forgotten)
Any person affected by the processing of personal data shall have the right granted by the European Directives and Regulators to require the controller to immediately delete the personal data concerning him, provided that one of the following reasons is satisfied and the processing is not required:
The personal data has been collected for such purposes or otherwise processed for which they are no longer necessary.
The data subject revokes their consent, to which the processing pursuant to Art. 6 para. 1 letter a DS-GVO or Art. 9 Abs. 2 (a) of the GDPR and that there is no other legal basis for processing.
The data subject submits pursuant to Art. 21 para. 1 DS-GVO objection to the processing and there are no legitimate reasons for the processing, or the data subject submits pursuant to Art. 21 para. 2 DS-GVO objection to the processing.
The personal data was processed unlawfully.
The deletion of personal data is necessary to fulfill a legal obligation under Union or national law, to which the controller is subject.
The personal data were provided in relation to information society services offered in accordance with Art. 8 para. 1 DS-GMO levied.
If one of the above reasons is correct and an affected person wishes to arrange for the deletion of personal data stored at HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG, they may at any time contact an employee of the controller. The employee of HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG will arrange for the extinguishing request to be fulfilled immediately.
If the personal data has been made public by HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG and our company is responsible as the person responsible pursuant to Art. 17 para. 1 DS-GVO commits to the deletion of personal data, the HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG takes appropriate measures, including technical, to other data controllers who process the published personal data, taking into account the available technology and the implementation costs to notify that the data subject has requested that these other data controllers delete all links to such personal data or copies or replications of such personal data, unless such processing is necessary. The employee of HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG will arrange the necessary in individual cases.
e) Right to restriction of processing
Any person affected by the processing of personal data has the right granted by the European directive and regulatory authority to require the controller to restrict the processing if one of the following conditions applies:
The accuracy of the personal data is contested by the data subject for a period of time that enables the person responsible to verify the accuracy of the personal data.
The processing is unlawful, the data subject refuses to delete the personal data and instead requests the restriction of the use of personal data.
The controller no longer needs the personal data for processing purposes, but the data subject requires them to assert, exercise or defend legal claims.
The person concerned has objection to the processing acc. Art. 21 para. 1 DS-GVO and it is not yet clear whether the legitimate reasons of the person responsible outweigh those of the data subject.
If one of the above-mentioned conditions is met and an affected person wishes to request the restriction of personal data stored by HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG, they can contact an employee of the controller at any time. The employee of HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG will initiate the restriction of processing.
f) Data transferability
Any person affected by the processing of personal data shall have the right granted by the European Directive and Regulatory Authority to receive the personal data concerning him / her provided to a controller by the data subject in a structured, common and machine-readable format. It also has the right to transfer this data to another person without hindrance by the controller to whom the personal data has been provided, provided that the processing is carried out on the basis of the consent pursuant to Art. 6 para. 1 letter a DS-GVO or Art. 9 Abs. 2 letter a DS-GVO or on a contract pursuant to Art. 6 para. 1 (b) of the DS-GVO and processing by automated means, unless the processing is necessary for the performance of a task of public interest or in the exercise of official authority delegated to the controller.
Furthermore, in exercising their right to data portability under Article 20 para. 1 DS-GVO the right to obtain that the personal data are transmitted directly from one person responsible to another person responsible, as far as this is technically feasible and if this does not affect the rights and freedoms of other persons.
In order to assert the right of data transferability, the data subject can contact an employee of HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG at any time.
Any person concerned by the processing of personal data shall have the right conferred by the European directive and regulatory authority at any time, for reasons arising from its particular situation, against the processing of personal data relating to it which, pursuant to Article 6 para. 1 letter e or f DS-GVO is filed to appeal. This also applies to profiling based on these provisions.
HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG will no longer process your personal data in the event of an objection, unless we can prove that there are compelling legitimate reasons for the processing that outweigh the interests, rights and freedoms of the data subject, or the processing the assertion, exercise or defense of legal claims.
If HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG processes personal data in order to operate direct mail, the data subject has the right to object at any time to the processing of personal data for the purpose of such advertising. This also applies to the profiling, as far as it is associated with such direct mail. If the data subject objects to HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG for the purposes of direct marketing, HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG will no longer process the personal data for these purposes.
In addition, the data subject has the right, for reasons arising from his or her particular situation, to process personal data relating to him / her for scientific or historical research purposes or for statistical purposes pursuant to Art. 1 DS-GVO, objections must be lodged unless such processing is necessary to fulfill a task of public interest.
In order to exercise the right to object, the data subject can directly contact any employee of HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG or another employee. The data subject is also free, in the context of the use of information society services, notwithstanding Directive 2002/58 / EC, to exercise his right of opposition by means of automated procedures using technical specifications.
h) Automated decisions in individual cases including profiling
Any person concerned by the processing of personal data shall have the right, as granted by the European legislature and the legislature, not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which has a legal effect on it or, in a similar manner, significantly affects it; unless the decision (1) is necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract between the data subject and the controller, or (2) permitted by Union or Member State legislation to which the controller is subject, and that legislation provides for appropriate measures to safeguard the rights and freedoms and the legitimate interests of the data subject; or (3) with the express consent of the data subject.
If the decision (1) is required for the conclusion or the performance of a contract between the person concerned and the person responsible or (2) it takes place with the express consent of the person concerned, HAWE-Wester GmbH & Co. KG shall take appropriate measures to ensure that Rights and freedoms, as well as the legitimate interests of the data subject, including at least the right to obtain the intervention of a person by the controller, to express his or her own position and to contest the decision.
If the data subject wishes to rely on automated decision-making rights, they may, at any time, contact an employee of the controller.
i) Right to revoke a data protection consent
Any person affected by the processing of personal data has the right, granted by the European directive and regulatory authority, to revoke consent to the processing of personal data at any time.
If the data subject wishes to assert their right to withdraw consent, they may, at any time, contact an employee of the controller.
8. Data protection in applications and in the application process
The controller collects and processes the personal data of applicants for the purpose of processing the application process. The processing can also be done electronically. This is particularly the case if an applicant submits corresponding application documents to the controller by electronic means, for example by e-mail or via a web form available on the website. If the controller concludes a contract of employment with an applicant, the data transmitted will be stored for the purposes of the employment relationship in accordance with the law. If no employment contract is concluded with the candidate by the controller, the application documents will be automatically deleted two months after the announcement of the rejection decision, provided that deletion does not prejudice any other legitimate interests of the controller. Other legitimate interest in this sense, for example, a burden of proof in a procedure under the General Equal Treatment Act (AGG).
9. Privacy Policy on Use and Use of Facebook
The controller has integrated components of the company Facebook on this website. Facebook is a social network.
A social network is an Internet-based social meeting place, an online community that usually allows users to communicate with each other and interact in virtual space. A social network can serve as a platform for sharing views and experiences, or allows the Internet community to provide personal or business information. Facebook allows social network users to create private profiles, upload photos and socialize via friend requests.
The operating company of Facebook is Facebook, Inc., 1 Hacker Way, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. The person responsible for the processing of personal data, if an affected person lives outside the US or Canada, is Facebook Ireland Ltd., 4 Grand Canal Square, Grand Canal Harbor, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Each time one of the individual pages of this website, which is operated by the controller and on which a Facebook component (Facebook plug-in) has been integrated, the Internet browser on the information technology system of the person concerned is automatically activated by the respective Facebook Component causes a representation of the corresponding Facebook component of Facebook to download. An overview of all Facebook plug-ins can be found at https://developers.facebook.com/docs/plugins/?locale=en_US. As part of this technical process, Facebook receives information about which specific subpage of our website is visited by the person concerned.
If the person concerned is simultaneously logged in to Facebook, Facebook recognizes with each visit to our website by the data subject and during the entire duration of the respective stay on our website, which specific underside of our website visited the person concerned. This information is collected through the Facebook component and assigned by Facebook to the respective Facebook account of the data subject. If the person concerned activates one of the Facebook buttons integrated on our website, for example the "Like" button, or if the person concerned makes a comment, Facebook assigns this information to the personal Facebook user account of the person concerned and saves this personal data.
Facebook always receives information via the Facebook component that the data subject has visited our website if the data subject is simultaneously logged in to Facebook at the time of access to our website; this happens regardless of whether the person clicks on the Facebook component or not. If such a transfer of this information to Facebook is not wanted by the person concerned, it can prevent the transfer by logging out of their Facebook account before calling our website.
The data policy published by Facebook, which is available at https://de-de.facebook.com/about/privacy/, provides information on the collection, processing and use of personal data by Facebook. It also explains which options Facebook offers to protect the privacy of the data subject. In addition, different applications are available, which make it possible to suppress data transmission to Facebook. Such applications can be used by the data subject to suppress data transmission to Facebook.
10. Privacy Policy for the use and use of Google Analytics (with anonymization function)
The controller has integrated the component Google Analytics (with anonymization function) on this website. Google Analytics is a web analytics service. Web analysis is the collection, collection and analysis of data about the behavior of visitors to websites. Among other things, a web analysis service collects data on which website an affected person has come to a website (so-called referrers), which subpages of the website were accessed or how often and for which length of stay a sub page was viewed. A web analysis is mainly used to optimize a website and cost-benefit analysis of Internet advertising.
The operating company of the Google Analytics component is Google Inc., 1600 Amphitheater Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043-1351, USA.
The controller uses the addition "_gat._anonymizeIp" for web analytics via Google Analytics. This addendum will shorten and anonymise the IP address of the data subject's Internet access if Google accesses our websites from a Member State of the European Union or from another state party to the Agreement on the European Economic Area.
The purpose of the Google Analytics component is to analyze visitor flows on our website. Among other things, Google uses the data and information obtained to evaluate the use of our website, to compile for us online reports showing the activities on our website, and to provide other services related to the use of our website.
Google Analytics uses a cookie on the information technology system of the person concerned. What cookies are, has already been explained above. By using this cookie Google is enabled to analyze the usage of our website. Each time one of the pages of this website is accessed by the controller and a Google Analytics component has been integrated into it, the Internet browser on the information technology system of the person concerned is automatically initiated by the respective Google Analytics component To submit data to Google for the purposes of online analysis. As part of this technical process, Google receives information about personal data, such as the IP address of the person concerned, which Google uses, among other things, to track the origin of visitors and clicks, and subsequently make commission settlements possible.
The cookie stores personally identifiable information, such as access time, the location from which access was made and the frequency of site visits by the data subject. Each time you visit our website, your personal information, including the IP address of the Internet connection used by the data subject, is transferred to Google in the United States of America. This personal information is stored by Google in the United States of America. Google may transfer this personal data collected through the technical process to third parties.
The affected person can prevent the setting of cookies through our website, as shown above, at any time by means of a corresponding setting of the Internet browser used and thus permanently contradict the setting of cookies. Such a setting of the Internet browser used would also prevent Google from setting a cookie on the information technology system of the person concerned. In addition, a cookie already set by Google Analytics can be deleted at any time via the Internet browser or other software programs.
Furthermore, the data subject has the possibility of objecting to and preventing the collection of data generated by Google Analytics for the use of this website and the processing of this data by Google. To do this, the person must download and install a browser add-on at https://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout. This browser add-on informs Google Analytics via JavaScript that no data and information about website visits may be transmitted to Google Analytics. The installation of the browser add-on is considered by Google as a contradiction. If the data subject's information technology system is later deleted, formatted or reinstalled, the data subject must reinstall the browser add-on to disable Google Analytics. If the browser add-on is uninstalled or disabled by the data subject or any other person within their sphere of control, it is possible to reinstall or re-enable the browser add-on.
Additional information and Google's privacy policy can be found at https://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/ and http://www.google.com/analytics/terms/en.html. Google Analytics is explained in more detail at https://www.google.com/intl/de_de/analytics/.
11. Privacy Policy for Use and Use of YouTube
The controller has integrated YouTube components on this website. YouTube is an internet video portal that allows video publishers to freely watch video clips and other users for free viewing, rating and commenting. YouTube allows the publication of all types of videos, so that both complete film and television broadcasts, but also music videos, trailers or user-made videos via the Internet portal are available.
Each visit to one of the pages of this website operated by the controller and incorporating a YouTube component (YouTube video) automatically causes the Internet browser on the subject's information technology system to be represented by the respective YouTube component to download an illustration of the corresponding YouTube component from YouTube. More information about YouTube can be found at https://www.youtube.com/yt/about/en/. As part of this technical process, YouTube and Google will be aware of which specific bottom of our site the person is visiting.
If the person is logged in to YouTube at the same time, YouTube recognizes by calling a sub-page containing a YouTube video, which specific bottom of our website the person concerned visited. This information will be collected by YouTube and Google and associated with the affected person's YouTube account.
YouTube and Google always receive information through the YouTube component that the data subject has visited our website if the data subject is simultaneously logged into YouTube at the time of access to our website; this happens regardless of whether the person clicks on a YouTube video or not. If such information is not intended to be passed on to YouTube and Google by the person concerned, the latter may prevent the transmission from logging out of their YouTube account before calling our website.
YouTube's privacy policy, available at https://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/, identifies the collection, processing, and use of personally identifiable information by YouTube and Google.
12. Legal basis of processing
Art. 6 I lit. a DS-GMO serves our company as the legal basis for processing operations in which we obtain consent for a particular processing purpose. If the processing of personal data is necessary to fulfill a contract of which the data subject is a party, as is the case, for example, in processing operations necessary for the supply of goods or the provision of any other service or consideration, processing shall be based on b DS-GVO. The same applies to processing operations that are necessary to carry out pre-contractual measures, for example in the case of inquiries about our products or services. If our company is subject to a legal obligation which requires the processing of personal data, such as the fulfillment of tax obligations, the processing is based on Art. 6 I lit. c DS-GVO. In rare cases, the processing of personal data may be required to protect the vital interests of the data subject or another natural person. This would be the case, for example, if a visitor to our premises were injured and his or her name, age, health insurance or other vital information would have to be passed on to a doctor, hospital or other third party. Then the processing would be based on Art. 6 I lit. d DS-GVO are based. Ultimately, processing operations could be based on Art. 6 I lit. f DS-GVO are based. Processing operations that are not covered by any of the above legal bases are based on this legal basis if processing is necessary to safeguard the legitimate interests of our company or a third party, unless the interests, fundamental rights and fundamental freedoms of the person concerned prevail. Such processing operations are particularly permitted because they have been specifically mentioned by the European legislator. In that regard, it considered that a legitimate interest could be assumed if the data subject is a customer of the controller (recital 47, second sentence, DS-GVO).
13. Qualifying interests in the processing that are being pursued by the controller or a third party
Is the processing of personal data based on Article 6 I lit. f DS-GVO is our legitimate interest in conducting our business for the benefit of all of our employees and our shareholders.
14. Duration for which the personal data is stored
The criterion for the duration of the storage of personal data is the respective statutory retention period. After the deadline, the corresponding data will be routinely deleted, if they are no longer required to fulfill the contract or to initiate a contract.
15. Legal or contractual provisions for the provision of personal data; Necessity for the conclusion of the contract; Obligation of the data subject to provide the personal data; possible consequences of non-provision
We clarify that the provision of personal information is in part required by law (such as tax regulations) or may result from contractual arrangements (such as details of the contractor). Sometimes it may be necessary for a contract to be concluded that an affected person provides us with personal data that must subsequently be processed by us. For example, the data subject is required to provide us with personal information when our company concludes a contract with her. Failure to provide the personal data would mean that the contract with the person concerned could not be closed. Prior to any personal data being provided by the person concerned, the person concerned must contact one of our employees. Our employee will inform the individual on a case-by-case basis whether the provision of the personal data is required by law or contract or required for the conclusion of the contract, whether there is an obligation to provide the personal data, and what would have resulted from the failure to provide the personal data.
As a responsible company, we refrain from automatic decision-making or profiling.
This Privacy Policy was created by the privacy statement generator of DGD Deutsche Gesellschaft für Datenschutz GmbH, which acts as External Data Protection Officer Hamburg, in cooperation with the privacy advocate Christian Solmecke.
(c) HAWE-Wester 2019


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Division of Adelaide facts for kids
This page is about the Australian federal electorate. For the South Australian state electorate, see Electoral district of Adelaide. For the historical South Australian state electorate, see Electoral district of City of Adelaide.
Australian House of Representatives Division
Adelaide (dark green) in the city of Adelaide
Steve Georganas
76 km2 (29.3 sq mi)
Inner Metropolitan
The Division of Adelaide is an Australian electoral division in South Australia. It includes the Adelaide city centre and the suburbs of Ashford, Clarence Park, Enfield, Goodwood, Kent Town, Keswick, Kilburn, Maylands, North Adelaide, Northgate, Norwood, Parkside, Prospect, Rose Park, St Peters, Toorak Gardens, Unley and Walkerville.
It was set up in 1903 and is named for the city of Adelaide, South Australia's capital, which was named for Queen Adelaide, wife of William IV.
Charles Kingston
(1850–1908) Protectionist 1903–
11 May 1908 Previously held the Division of South Australia. Died in office
Ernest Roberts
(1868–1913) Labor 1908-1913 Previously held the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Gladstone. Served as minister under Andrew Fisher. Died in office
George Edwin Yates
(1871–1959) Labor 1914]] –
1919 Lost seat
Reginald Blundell
(1871–1945) Nationalist 1919 –
1922 Previously held the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Adelaide. Lost seat
(1871–1959) Labor 1922 –
Fred Stacey
(1879–1964) United Australia 1931 –
Cyril Chambers
August 1957 Served as minister under Ben Chifley. Retired
Independent August 1957 –
Labor June 1958 –
Joe Sexton
(1944–2015) Liberal 1966 –
Chris Hurford
(1931–) Labor 1969]] –
31 December 1987 Served as minister under Bob Hawke. Resigned in order to become Australian Consul-General in New York
Mike Pratt
(1948–) Liberal 6 February 1988-1990 Lost seat
Bob Catley
(1942–) Labor 1990]] –1993 Lost seat
Trish Worth
(1946–) Liberal 1993 –
(1977–) Labor 2004 –
2019 Served as minister under Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard. Retired
present Previously held the Division of Hindmarsh. Current member
Ernest Roberts was elected in 1908 after a by-election caused by the death of Charles Kingston. Kingston, a former Premier of South Australia, had been elected in 1903 unopposed. However Roberts died in 1913 which also caused a by-election. In 1988 Chris Hurford resigned to become the Australian Consul-General in New York, which also caused a by-election.
Electoral Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives in South Australia
Boothby
Makin
Abolished: Angas (1903–34)
Angas (1949–77)
Bonython
Divisions in: New South Wales
Australian Capital and Northern Territories
Coordinates: 34°54′25″S 138°36′07″E / 34.907°S 138.602°E / -34.907; 138.602
The city of Adelaide, the division's namesake
Division of Adelaide Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


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New Microchip PIC18 Flash Microcontroller Family with 48K & 64Kbytes of Flash
By Eric Lawson, Microchip
Aug 5, 2003 - 8:38:00 PM
Microchip is expanding their 16-bit PIC18 Family with up to 64Kbytes of onchip Flash memory
CHANDLER, Ariz., Aug. 4, 2003 [NASDAQ: MCHP] — Microchip Technology Inc., a leading provider of microcontroller and analog semiconductors, today announced it has expanded its popular PIC18F family of PICmicro® Flash microcontrollers to include low-cost 48 Kbyte and 64 Kbyte Flash memory devices that offer designers added I/Os, timers, a feature-rich peripheral set and the flexibility of field self-programmability.
Available in 64- and 80-pin TQFP packages, PIC18F8525/6525 and PIC18F8621/6621 16-bit microcontrollers are code-compatible with the Company's current 18-, 28- and 40-pin portfolio, allowing designers to migrate to higher performance devices, and to re-use software and hardware in existing platforms, thus lowering overall development costs and allowing for quicker time-to-market. These are the newest members of Microchip's 8-bit PICmicro microcontroller family, which recently secured the number one position in worldwide 8-bit microcontroller unit shipments, according to Gartner Dataquest
The microcontrollers feature Microchip's advanced PMOS Electrically Erasable Cell (PEEC) process technology, which provides best-in-class erase/write endurance, retention, and disturb reliability for both program and on-chip data EEPROM memory.
The on-chip Flash has the following features:
Entire memory array Erased/Program in less than 2 seconds.
Word erase/program time in less than 3 milliseconds.
Up to 1,000,000 data memory ERASE/WRITE cycles
Up to 100,000 program memory ERASE/WRITE cycles
40 years of data retention.
These new devices feature:
Either 48 or 64 Kbytes of Flash memory
4 Kbytes of RAM memory
1024 bytes of high-endurance EEPROM data memory
16-channel 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
2 Capture/Compare/PWM modules
3 Enhanced Capture/Compare/PWM modules
Up to 10 MIPS performance at 10 MHz
two 8-bit timers
three 16-bit timers
One watch-dog timer (WDT)
Dual analog comparators
Parallel slave port (PSP)
Operating voltage range of 2.0-5.5 volts
Programmable brown-out detection/reset (PBOR)
Programmable 16-level Low Voltage Detection module (PLVD)
32 kHz secondary oscillator clock input
4x phase lock loop (PLL) for high-frequency oscillators
SPI™
I2C™
and two LIN compatible addressable USART modules supporting RS485 and RS232.
The cost-effective devices are an ideal solution for a wide range of high-end applications requiring additional memory, in such markets as industrial (TCP/IP controllers, motor control, ballast control), computing (cable modems, POS terminals, voice/fax boards), telecommunications (GPS units), and consumer (MP3 players, security systems, thermostats).
Microchip's PIC18FXX20 TQFP 64- and 80-pin demonstration board shows the functionality of the digital and analog peripherals of the high pin-count PIC18F microcontrollers and complements the MPLAB® In-Circuit Debugger (ICD) 2 tool. The MPLAB ICD 2 development tool is a powerful, low-cost run-time tool that offers cost-effective in-circuit Flash programming and debugging from the graphical user interface of the MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE) tool. This enables a designer to develop and debug source code by watching variables, single-stepping and setting break points. Running at full speed enables testing hardware in real-time.
Samples and volume production are available now. For additional information, contact any Microchip.
Microchip Technology Inc. (NASDAQ: MCHP) is a leading provider of microcontroller and analog semiconductors, providing low-risk product development, lower total system cost and faster time to market for thousands of diverse customer applications worldwide. Headquartered in Chandler, Arizona, Microchip offers outstanding technical support along with dependable delivery and quality.


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Insured Through Your Job? Medicaid? The ACA? Here's What Could Change For You
Yahoo News reports:
"It's even clearer now how much the GOP plan to replace the Affordable Care Act will change health insurance for just about everyone.
The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office Monday released its estimates of the cost and impact of the House Republican plan known as the American Health Care Act. Chief among its findings is that the number of people without health insurance would increase by 14 million in 2018. By 2026, that figure would hit 24 million.
And the total number of people without insurance would reach 52 million in a decade, compared with 28 million if the ACA remained in place, says the CBO.
The changes wrought by the proposed legislation will have a much bigger effect on some groups—especially those who get insurance through their employers and those on Medicaid—than estimated by recent analysis from independent healthcare policy experts such as the Brookings Institution and credit rating agency S&P Global Ratings
House Speaker Paul Ryan, reacting to the report, said the loss in coverage is a concern but that additional steps by the Trump administration and Congress haven't been taken into account. Ryan also noted that the CBO projects that House plan would reduce the federal deficit by $337 billion over the next decade.
But those savings would be to the government, not individuals, says Caroline Pearson, senior vice president for policy and strategy at Avalere Health, a healthcare consulting firm that has analyzed the GOP legislation. In fact, the CBO estimates that premiums would rise sharply in the first few years.
Many consumers tell us they are worried. In a recent nationally representative CR Consumer Voices Survey, 55 percent of consumers said they are not sure they or their loved ones will be able to afford insurance to secure quality healthcare.
"The Congressional Budget Office confirmed the grave doubts we've had about the American Health Care Act," says Laura MacCleery, vice president of policy and mobilization for Consumer Reports. "Lawmakers promised 'more for less' but this bill delivers the opposite—fewer people with skimpier coverage and higher costs."
Based on the legislation as it stands and the CBO's projections, here's how you could be affected:
If You Buy Your Own Insurance
Under the Affordable Care Act, if you don't get insurance from your employer or a government program, you have to buy insurance on your own—or pay a penalty. For 2017, that comes to $695 for each uninsured adult and $347.50 for everyone younger than 18 without insurance (though the total penalty can't come to more than 2.5 percent of your household income).
The House plan does away with that penalty. If you don't want to buy insurance—say, because you are young and healthy and feel invincible—you don't have to.
Supporters of the House plan say that gives individuals more choice. But they also recognize that if too many young, healthy people opt out of insurance, it will drive up rates for everyone else.
That's what the CBO analysis projects will happen. In 2018 and 2019, the average premiums for individuals buying insurance on their own would be 15 percent to 20 percent higher than under the ACA.
And that, the CBO predicts, would drive millions of Americans to drop coverage: According to the CBO analysis, about 9 million people will drop out of the individual market in 2020. "Some people will leave because they don't face a penalty and others because insurance will be unaffordable," Pearson says.
The House plan tries to encourage people to maintain coverage by allowing insurers to charge 30 percent higher premiums for one year if people let their policies lapse. But that could get pricey, and could dissuade some people who opt out of insurance from joining again later.
If you opt to continue buying insurance, the GOP plan also changes how you will get help paying for your premiums.
Under the ACA, you can get tax credits to subsidize premiums based on your income and where you live. The less you make, the bigger your credit: Last year, subsidies averaged $290 per month, which covered a big chunk of the $396 average monthly premium for ACA marketplace plans. About 85 percent of people on ACA plans qualified for subsidies, according to the Department of Health and Human Services.
And because healthcare costs vary dramatically across the country, the ACA also gives more financial help to people who live in states where insurance tends to be more expensive.
The GOP formula, on the other hand, is based mainly on age, though in contradictory ways. On the one hand, it gives larger credits ($4,000) to people 60 and older, and smaller ones ($2,000) to those 30 and younger. But it also allows insurers to charge older people up to five times more than younger ones (vs. just three times more under the ACA).
The net result: Under the House plan, if you're younger and healthy and live in places where healthcare is relatively inexpensive, insurance could be less expensive for you than under the ACA. In fact, the tax credits might fully cover your premiums and even leave extra to put away in a health savings account, says Timothy Jost, a health policy expert and emeritus professor at Washington and Law School of Law.
But if you're older, poorer, or live in an area where healthcare is more expensive, the cost of insurance may be less affordable, according to an analysis comparing tax credits under the GOP plan and the ACA by the Kaiser Family Foundation, a nonpartisan, nonprofit research firm focused on health policy issues.
If You Get Insurance Through Your Job
The CBO report projects a larger impact on people with employer-based insurance than anticipated, where more than half of Americans get health coverage. About 7 million workers are expected to lose health insurance in the next decade under the House plan.
The impact is two-fold. Under the ACA, individuals who can have insurance through their employer but don't take it face a penalty. Without that motivation, some people will choose not to get coverarge. In addition, the House bill would remove the penalty imposed by the ACA on companies with 50 or more employees if they did not offer insurance to their workers.
Although some employers complained about that penalty, saying that it was a job killer or costly, it did help many previously uninsured Americans get health insurance.
Jost says that companies with more than 200 employees—most of which offered insurance to workers even before the ACA—would probably continue to offer insurance, even without the penalty, because it helps them retain and attract workers.
But in an effort to save money, some companies with 50 to 200 employees might stop offering health insurance, Jost predicts. If you work at a company in that size range, you could find yourself having to decide whether to buy insurance on your own or go without.
Eventually, the House plan might also have another effect people who continue to get insurance through their employers. Though the GOP plan does away with almost all the taxes that fund the ACA, it does keep one: the so-called Cadillac tax on employers that offer generous healthcare coverage. Although that tax wouldn't kick in till 2025, it could prompt your employer to offer less comprehensive coverage or plans where you shoulder more of the cost.
If You're on Medicaid
The biggest group of people expected to see changes are those on Medicaid, the government health insurance program for low-income Americans. The CBO estimates that under the House plan, 14 million people will drop out of Medicaid coverage in the next decade because of changes to how the program is funded.
But those changes will come more gradually, with most occuring in 2020. If you're getting health insurance through the Medicaid expansion program now, you'll be grandfathered in and still receive it. But starting in 2020, if you have a break in coverage for more than one month you won't be able to re-enroll.
In addition, the federal government now gives states money, allowing them to expand Medicaid to a broader group of low-income earners. As a result, more than 11 million people in 31 states newly qualified for coverage. The House bill proposes to freeze that expansion on Jan. 1, 2020, so you wouldn't be be able to enroll after that date.
Another change is that the federal government currently matches what state's put toward Medicaid, even if those costs continue to rise. But the GOP bill caps the amount of federal funding that states can receive. That would mean that when costs go up, states would either have to reduce coverage or come up with funds to offset the extra expense, according to a report by the Center on Budget Policies and Priorities, a progressive think tank..
Under the GOP plan, even if you remain in Medicaid there will be changes in your coverage. Now all insurance plans, including Medicaid, must cover 10 "essential" health services, including maternity coverage, prescription drugs, and mental healthcare. But under the GOP proposal, that requirement would go away starting in 2020.
"There are always trade-offs. The ACA had them, too," Jost says. "This bill will help some people, but for millions of Americans who are dependent on Medicaid, this is very bad news."
If You're on Medicare
Medicare is separate and apart from the ACA insurance marketplaces, so the current House plan to repeal the ACA won't cause Medicare premiums or co-pays to change.
But the GOP proposal still has some implications for people on Medicare, or at least those who hope to be in the future. That's because the House bill eliminates virtually all taxes used to fund the ACA starting in 2018, including a 0.9 percent payroll tax on higher-income workers that funnels money into Medicare.
Without those funds, Medicare could be insolvent in 2024 and have to start reducing the amount of benefits it pays out—four years sooner than previously predicted, according to the AARP, a nonprofit organization that advocates on behalf of people 50 and older and another analysis by the Center on Budget Policy and Priorities.
Tags: affordable care, Affordable Care Act, Government, health insurance, health savings account, medicaid coverage, Montgomery, Mooseheart, Mount Prospect, Naperville, Navigator, North West Suburbs, Northern Illinois, subsidies, the affordable care act
This entry was posted on Friday, March 24th, 2017 at 2:29 pm	and is filed under Health Insurance News. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


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NextThe Rock Cut Temples of Masroor
Astronomical Instruments of Bhaskaracharya
In India people had started the use of the astronomical instruments before 1000 BC. During this period one of the prominent books Surya Siddhanta was written for astronomical calculations. The content of this book is available but its author is not known. The title Surya Siddhanta means sun theory and it highlights the calculations of positions of stars and planets.
Ancient Indian literature that is available today makes it clear that there were instruments based on simple mechanisms which were used to measure vertical angle, horizontal angle, angles in an inclined plane, distances and height. Similarly time was measured using water vessels and also with mechanism working with water head as a potential.
Some of the Indian mathematicians later have developed their own instruments and developed their own methods to facilitate the theory of Surya Siddhanta. However these instruments have remained unnoticed due to language constraints.
Bhaskaracharya (1114–1185) was one of the promonent Indian mathematicien and astronomer, who wrote a book 'Siddhanta Shiromani'. In his book he wrote on his astronomical observations of planetary positions, conjunctions, eclipses, cosmography, geography, the mathematical techniques and given the references of many of the instruments used by the astronomers before him. Similarly he has documented the various methods for the use of these instruments.
Stick Machine of Bhaskaracharya
This machine was known as Yasti Yantra (Yasti means a stick). This machine has been also described by mathematicians like Lalla, Shripati and others but Bhaskaracharya has developed his unique method to calculate the height of terrestrial objects like trees and mountains.
This machine has a stick pivoted to a board. To use this machine one has to focus the top and bottom of the object and draw the two lines on the board. With these two lines, two triangles are constructed and based on their proportions, height of the object is calculated. It is to be noted here that there is no need to measure the distance between the object and the observer. This instrument was also used for land survey.
Stick machine known a yasti yantra of Bhaskaracharya. iT was used to calculate the height of the tree and
other terrestrial objects.
It is also refered as Dhi Yantra. Dhi Yantra means a machine to be used with intelligence. The principle and constructional details of this machine are available in fair detail in Siddhanta Shiromani of Bhaskaracharya.
Disk Instrument of Bhaskaracharya.
This machine is known as Chakra Yantra which means disk machine. This instrument is a type of protractor used for angular marking of land and angular positioning of cities. It was also used to measure time and to measure some astrological parameters like 'natta' and 'unnatta'.
On the surface of this disk a special construction is recommended to mark E-W-N-S direction. It appears to be the combination of chakra yantra, shanku yantra and pitha yantra of Astronomer and Mathematician Lalla.
Disk instrument of Bhaskaracharya
Semicircular disk machine of Bhaskaracharya.
This machine is known as chaapa Yantra (Chaapa means a semicircle). Basically it was used for the measurement of vertical angle. Height of the terrestrial objects, diameter of earth, diameter of moon, circumference of earth and distance between moon and the earth was calculated by Bhaskaracharya using this instrument.
To calculate the height of the terrestrial object, stick was focussed at the bottom and top of the object and the angle was measured. This angle was then used to calculate the height with the help of jya and cotijya. This jya and cotijya are similar as sine and cosine resp.
Semicircular disk instrument of Bhaskaracharya known as
chaapa yantra
This instrument appears to be the modified version of Dhanu Yantra of Lalla. Bhaskaracharya has attached a long stick along the diameter of the semicircular disk. Disk has the angular graduations and a pivoted chain at the center of the disk, this chain is used in similar way like a plumb bob. Description of this instrument is also given in Siddhanta Shiromani.
Star positioning instrument of Bhaskaracharya
This instrument is known a Gola yantra and has been also described in the text of 'Sidhantshiromani'. It is somewhat similar to armilliary sphere. However the terminology used here is not understandable and it is difficult to construct the instrument in its original form.
Instrument used by Aryabhatta for star positioning consists of one horizontal disk, positioned in East-West-North-South direction and another similar disk held perpendicular to it with a plumb bob arrangement.
Time measuring machine of Bhaskaracharya
This machine was known as 'Jala chakra yantra' (water wheel machine). It is a time measuring machine and is described in the book Siddhanta Shiromani. This mechanism operates with a balance between mercury in the tubes and the water in the vessels. This mechanism uses water head as a potential. In the initial position, containers are empty and mercury is in lower position on the wheel. As the water gets collected into one of the container, the wheel starts rotating. A stage comes when mercury slides from one end of the tube to the other end of tube and causes an imbalance, due to which the wheel rotates further. Because of mercury, wheel rotates in jerks. If four containers are used then each container rotates the wheel by 90 degrees.
Schematic diagram of time measuring machine
The concept of measurement of angle, height and time with the help of instruments and mechanisms was being practiced in ancient India. It appears that there is a progressive development of instruments from 1000 BC to 1507 AD. Measurements were also done with well defined units for angle, length and time. Similarly innovative geometrical constructions were used to facilitate the use of these instruments.
Astronomical Instruments In Ancient India
Posted in: Ancient Science & Technology
Tagged in: Astronomy, Bhaskaracharya, mathematicians, Yantra
The Rock Cut Temples of Masroor
Chittorgarh – The Largest Fort In India


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Carlisle Blues


The adoption of a content-based approach in my professional practice began at a bilingual school in 2004 within the EFL courses when my students expressed the need to learn subject matter in English.
The adoption of a content-based approach in my professional practice began at a bilingual school in 2004 within the EFL courses when my students expressed the need to learn subject matter in English. Consequently, I proposed a syllabus to teach Literature using unabridged texts together with authentic material about literary studies. The change improved my students' communicative competence, particularly their vocabulary knowledge and their reading skills. Such a positive outcome encouraged me to design a new course for my upper-intermediate students who were in their last year of secondary education. Once a week during a whole academic year, they were taught Critical Thinking together with Literature.
In 2006, it was decided that different versions of CBI should be extended to all EFL courses in primary and secondary levels. At present, as regards primary education, learners have, besides a traditional EFL course, Computers Studies and Science taught in English within the English curriculum.
As for the secondary level, learners follow a traditional course with textbooks which are usually oriented to language skills and international exams such as FCE (First Certificate in English) and CAE (Certificate in Advanced English). In order to introduce CBI, the EFL staff designed a programme (table below) taking into account learners' level of English and curriculum content knowledge in Spanish. The proposed subjects are taught in English by their English teachers once a week.
Use of a sourcebook though the teacher adapts input through her presentations and activities. Learners are assessed through group projects and oral presentation. Focus on both content and language.
Use of authentic material. The teacher modifies input through oral instruction and activities that cover language and content. Assessment is by means of written tests on content and oral presentations in pairs on different countries of the world.
Use of sourcebook which combines World History and Argentinian History. Assessment is through class participation and the writing of an essay at the end of each term. Focus is on group discussion based on readings and instruction. Content is assessed though the medium of expression is also considered.
Use of a sourcebook together with unabridged short stories, plays, poetry and novels. Individual and pair work are favoured. Focus is on literary appreciation and analysis. Students are assessed through class participation, essays, and tests on literary analyses.
Use of a sourcebook, videos, extracts from radio programmes, newspapers and Critical Thinking handbooks. Classes are generally structured in a presentation-group work reading and discussion activities-plenary format. Learners are required to submit content-specific assignments and one essay on a controversial issue following Rogerian Argumentation.
In 2006, a study (Banegas 2008: 208-214) was carried out to support our CBI programme. Two groups were pre-tested so as to ensure they had a similar communicative competence. During a school year one group of subjects was instructed following FCE (First Certificate in English) Exam format while another group was instructed following FCE format and English Literature. Results showed that the second group performed better in the FCE tests (focus on use of English, that is grammar, and speaking skills) administered than the first group.
I have also designed and taught some theme-based lessons at the last year of secondary school at San Luis Gonzaga School. At this secondary school, English as a subject in the school curriculum is only a two-hour class per week; however most of the students in the upper levels attend English private lessons.
Since 2006, English has become involved in the subject Research Project, which is taught in Year 5. Students are expected to carry out research on a particular area within Chemistry, Biology, or Physics, and produce at the end of the process a research paper for the community. Though students write their papers in Spanish, abstracts are written in English to familiarise them with scientific conventions. Therefore, their first lesson (see Appendix 2) in English is about Knowledge-Science-Education, and, by the beginning of the second term, they have a lesson about Research Methodology, mainly focused on how to organise their research papers and how to write an abstract. Students have expressed that they can use English for real purposes and that it is a way of acquiring specific vocabulary which they might need in university courses.
In conclusion, it might be said that CBI is an approach which can illuminate our EFL curricula; however it is vital that teachers in Argentina be trained so as to help them explore the horizons this innovation has to offer.
Thank you for sharing! I used to have a vague idea like the CBI, all the material must be presented in simple english according to learners' level. But it was just an idea, i teach in a middle school in China. All teaching activities must serve for the National Nntrance Examination for Universities which are full of multiple choices, they don't allow any changes in how to teach, or you will lose your job.
I am very interested in how you exam or assess students. In China there is only one way to evaluate a student that is an exam paper, including 30 points of listening (multiple choices), 25 points of writing, 10 points of correcting, and 85 points of multiple choices which includes 15 points of grammar usage, 30 points of cloze test, and 40 points of reading comprehension. No oral english test, most teachers can not speak english while they are quite good at grammatical analysis, and so called english usage. After over a 10-year English training, few students can listen to and speak english. It is a waste of time and money, a lot of time and money!
We teachers are quite free in my country as we can choose how to teach as long as we follow some very general guidelines. The most important thing is to agree with our own fellow teachers.
As regards assessment, whether it's CLIL/CBI or communicative language teaching in ALL its shades ;), we use written tests which combine grammar, vocab, writing and reading. We don't usually include listening. Now and then we assess oral English through presentations on a given topic or retelling. Teachers are free to design their own tests, or combine published material in teacher's books with their own creations, so to speak. However, we also find teachers who test grammar only as their English is not very good and grammar usage (but not use) is the only thing they're sure of.


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Category: Hosted Events, News & Announcements
The Counsil for International Relations in Greece, the Department of International and European Studies, University of Piraeus and the Center for China Studies of the Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation, cordially invite you to a round table discussion on
China and the New Global Order
on Wednesday, 25 January 2023, at the Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation, Historical Library, 18.00 p.m.
Keynote speaker: Katherine Morton is a Professor of Global Affairs at the Schwarzman College, Tsinghua University and an associate of the University of Oxford China Centre.
Professor Constantinos Arvanitopoulos, Panteion University, Director Konstantinos G. Karamanlis Foundation.
Professor Konstantina Botsiou, University of Piraeus, Director, Council for International Relations- Greece.
Associate Professor Marilena Koppa, Panteion University.
Professor Athanasios Platias, University of Piraeus
Dr. Vassilis Trigkas, Postdoctoral Fellow, Schwarzman College, Tsinghua University
Moderator: Professor Aristotle Tziampiris, University of Piraeus and President, Council for International Relations-Greece
Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation
2nd Merarchias and Aktis Moutsopoulou, Piraeus (metro station Dimotiko Theatro)
Laskaridis Visiting Fellowships in Modern Greek at the University of Amsterdam for 2022-2023
NEW WEBSITE "Icons of the Velimezis Collection"
Bullying: It Affects Us All
NEW EDITION "Asia Minor Travellers' Colouring Book"