Addiction Helper in Lambeth offers a variety of addiction rehab treatment options for the recovery from alcoholism, drug addiction, alcohol dependence and/or drug use disorder. The London Borough of Lambeth is situated in South London, England. Lambeth is a borough in inner London, close to the City of London. Lambeth borough has become an increasingly popular place to buy a property and live due to improvements in infrastructure and the borough being so close to the central business district of the Capital City of England, London.
The postcode of the London Borough of Lambeth are SW and SE. If you provide us with your postcode we will match you to our alcohol and drug directory treatment options database and advise you on free and private rehabilitation services that match your location, budget and treatment needs. If you are suffering from substance dependence including alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, crack cocaine, heroin and prescription drugs there is detoxification for alcoholism and drug rehab treatment facilities in and around Lambeth that can treat you or a loved one.
We also medically manage drug intoxication and alcohol withdrawal at several Care Quality Commission detox and rehab facilities across Islington, London and the United Kingdom. Lambeth Council provide limited access to free alcohol and drug rehab services at point-of-demand.
The administrative headquarters of this Greater London borough are in Brixton Hill, Brixton, London. There are several open spaces in Lambeth despite the borough's high population density and these include Brockwell Park, Streatham Common and Clapham Common. The London Borough of Lambeth is split into different wards, which include Streatham South, St. Leonard's, Streatham Wells, Knight's Hill and Gipsy Hill to the south.
If you are looking for alcohol detox and drug rehab in the east of The London Borough of Lambeth in areas such as Herne Hill, Thurlow Park, and Cold Harbour in the south. The west of the borough includes St. Leonard's, Clapham Common and Clapham Town. The centre of the borough includes Tulse Hill, Brixton Hill and Ferndale. The southern settlements of The London Borough of Lambeth are Stockwell, Oval, Prince's and Bishops. We provide recovery treatment options including medication for alcohol detoxification and drug withdrawal management.
Searching for recovery treatment medication and recovery options in the main settlements in Lambeth like Tulse Hill, Herne Hill, West Norwood, Streatham, Vauxhall, Oval, Lambeth, Gipsy Hill, and Brixton. Kennington is partly in the borough of Lambeth and partly in Southwark. Clapham is partly in Lambeth and partly in Wandsworth. Around the borough of Lambeth are many densely populated settlements, it being in the inner city heavily urbanised area of London.
To the west of the borough are Balham, Clapham, Battersea and Chelsea. To the north of the borough is the City of Westminster, including Covent Garden and Mayfair. To the south of Lambeth are Norbury, Crystal Palace, and Tooting. To the east of the borough are Dulwich, East Dulwich and Sydenham. . The City of London is just to the northeast of The London Borough of Lambeth.
Treatment for addiction including alcoholism, cannabis abuse, cocaine dependence, prescription drug use disorder, heroin and crack cocaine overdose are managed at many CQC approved rehab clinics in the UK. Transport infrastructure in Lambeth is world-leading with multiple public and private modes of transportation allowing quick and easy access to various access points to inner and outer London, Greater London and the wider England network.
Rehabs are tranquil, secure, aesthetically pleasing, welcoming and – crucially – confidential institutions in which clients can concentrate fully on recovery having removed themselves from the day-to-day environment of substance abuse (confidentiality is crucial because patients are able to relax in the knowledge that their condition will remain secret).
Addiction is a terribly destructive illness, and in a tragically high number of cases proves to be a fatal one. Every day that goes by while you struggle with addiction could be your last, either as a result of a fatal overdose or because of an accident or act of violence in which a substance abuse plays a key role; because of this, it is no exaggeration to say that getting into rehab as soon as possible can genuinely be a matter of life or death. However, it is vital to recognise that if an addict is unwilling to seek help of their own volition any attempt to treatment is almost certainly doomed to failure: you need to want to get well if you are put in the effort required to ensure a successful recovery.
Admitting that you need help to fight addiction is often an extremely hard step to take. If you are seeking help for a loved one, who has thus far been unable to make such an admission, we can assist you with planning an intervention; if it is for yourself that you are seeking help, and you are ready to admit to your condition and do whatever it takes to embark upon recovery, we can give you all the information you need prior to starting treatment. Either way, once again time is of the essence: do not let addiction do any more damage than it already has done. Call us now to speak with an addiction specialist about what rehab can do for you or your loved one.
The advantages of rehab are manifold. Most importantly it provides a peerless combination of detox – addressing the immediate challenges of physical dependency – and therapy aimed at revealing and addressing the root causes of addiction, and at providing clients with an array of defence mechanisms to help prevent relapse.
Following a stay in a quality rehab, a client will receive free aftercare for up to a year: the recovery process is by no means complete upon leaving rehab, but is instead a constant endeavour requiring dedication and peppered with pitfalls, which the provision of aftercare can go some way to negating.
The cost of private rehab in or near Lambeth can vary significantly by treatment programme, and depending on which of a variety of optional extras are selected. As a rough guide, standard costs range from between £5,500 and £11,000 per month, though the cheapest rehab treatment can start from as little as £834 per week.
If you feel that private rehab is currently not an option for you for reasons of cost, or if you do not feel that you are able to spend the required time away from family and/or work obligations, do not despair: various NHS and charity resources can be found in Lambeth and across Greater London which can help you combat your addiction. Consult your GP about which of these resources may be available to you and would be most appropriate for your specific situation.
The borough of Lambeth is found in south London. Its neighbouring areas are Westminster, City of London, Southwark, Bromley, Croydon, Merton, and Wandsworth, and it has 21 wards.
The Lambeth wards are: Bishop's, Brixton Hill, Clapham Common, Clapham Town, Coldharbour, Ferndale, Gipsy Hill, Herne Hill, Knight's Hill, Larkhall, Oval, Prince's, St Leonard's, Stockwell, Streatham Hill, Streatham South, Streatham Wells, Thornton, Thurlow Park, Tulse Hill, and Vassall. If you have to drive around the borough, keep in mind that there are a number of useful large roads to use for quicker access including the A23, the A205, the A3, the A203, and Brixton Road' multiple bridges are also part of the Lambeth infrastructure (Waterloo Bridge, Westminster Bridge, Vauxhall Bridge among others). At the same time, if you consider using public transportation, the local stations are serviced by London Overground (Clapham High Street, Wandsworth Road), the National Rail (Broxton, Waterloo, Tulse Hill among many), and the London Underground (Brixton, Waterloo, Lambeth North, and more).
There are multiple opportunities for your relaxing rehab-focused outings. They may be part of the holistic therapies some rehabs in the area provide. Found in the borough are .the Archbishop's Park, the Old Paradise Gardens, the Pedlars Park, and more.
To get to Worplesdon from Lambeth take the A205 to Clapham Common, then join the A3 and remain on that road for another 35 kilometres before taking the A3100 onto the A320, and finally join the A322/Worplesdon Road.


We've noticed pink all over the site lately thanks to Breast Cancer Awareness Month. iReporter mherlan1 took part in a three-mile walk Sunday in Rochester, New York to raise money for breast cancer. A.
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Q: What should be done when a user circumvents a quality ban? A user asked a question here on Meta about deleting his account. It was closed as a duplicate, but reading the comments I garnered that the user had been previously question banned, and was looking to delete their account so they could re-create it an ask anew.
Later, I checked their account and realized they'd done exactly this - gone were the questions and answers they'd previously posted, and the "member for" field now read "today".
If they have circumvented their ban, shouldn't something be done in that regard?
(Update: their posts are back; it appears the "new" account didn't stay that way for long)

A: It's possible to work around any ban if you're determined enough.
It's also possible to just get the quality-ban lifted if you're determined enough to get better at writing.
I'm not overly concerned about folks who do the latter, even if they also do the former. In fact, I'll happily help anyone interested to get the ban lifted, and I'll wager plenty of folks here feel the same way.
Folks who don't improve will just end up banned again. The goal is to add enough resistance to make actual improvement pay off more in the long run.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Spirit of Springfield is all about making memories and this night was one that many will never forget!
Don't forget to vote tomorrow. It is our right and privilege.
Let the Bidding Begin
Bids are now being accepted online at bidpal.net/spirit for some great auction items. Bidding will continue through and close at the City of Bright Nights Ball on Saturday, November 14.
Items include ski lift tickets, restaurant gift cards, hotels and resorts, gifts for him and her, tickets, wine tastings and more.
Celebrity auctioneers will be looking for the highest bid for:
Three-Night stay at The Venetian in a luxury suite with one night show tickets for two, dinner for two, one private gondola ride for two, plus $1,000 Travel Certificate from Emerald Travel (Donated by Las Vegas Sands Corp and Tower Square)
Four tickets to Kinky Boots and two overnight rooms at The Algonquin Hotel in New York City on December 18 (Donated by New England Business Machines and the Springfield Marriott)
$1,500 gift certificate from The Log Cabin/Delaney House with the use of the Barney Carriage House (Donated by The Log Cabin/Delaney House and the City of Springfield)
Bright Nights 21st Season
Bright Nights at Forest Park's 21st season will come to light when we flip the switch at the Gift Stop. All the while, eager holiday revelers will be at the front gate waiting for the opportunity to kick-off their holiday season with a magical journey through the three-mile tour. Admission to Bright Nights on opening night is just $6 per car, as it was in 1995, and free for Bright Nights Loyalty Card Members.
New to Bright Nights this season will be the relocation of the Never, Never Land display sponsored by Shriners Hospital - Springfield. The display will glow brighter as it will be lit with LED bulbs. The Victorian Village will also be lit with the energy-efficient bulbs.
At the Gift Stop, a Santa Train, Reindeer Barn and interactive inflatable snow globe will be added to the Winter Carousel. The snow globe will be a great opportunity for holiday photos with as many as four people allowed in to the globe at one time. The Barney Mansion is the backdrop in the snow globe.
Bright Nights Activities
The Northeast premier holiday lighting experience is more than just 650,000 lights. Activities that will take visitors out of their vehicles include:
New Santa Train Rides
New Reindeer Barn
New Holiday Snow Globe
Carousel Rides
Photos and visit with Santa
Horse Drawn Wagon and Carriage Rides
At the Barney Carriage House, there will be Supper with Santa on December 4, 11 and 13. It is a great family tradition to continue, or to begin. New this year will be Frozen Fantasy with Winter Princesses, Christopher the Prince and the Friendly Snowman. The dates are December 29 and 30 with limited seating.
To make reservations for these events, contact the Spirit of Springfield at 413-733-3800.
Parade of the Big Balloon Comes with Ropes Attached
On Friday, November 27 at 11AM, there will be 212 ropes attached to the seven balloons that will float down Main Street for the Parade of the Big Balloons, sponsored by Tower Square. The Cat in the Hat comes with 42. Yogi Bear, Buddy the Dinosaur, Paddington Bear and the Old Fashioned Santa each have 32. The American Flag as 24 and the Green and White Striped Package has 18.
Each rope requires a volunteer to safely guide the balloon down Main Street. The Springfield Museums, Smith & Wesson and many individuals have already volunteered. Balloon wranglers must be at least 16 years of age, weigh a minimum of 90 pounds and be unaccompanied by anyone not meeting these requirements. For more information about being a balloon wrangler, visit spiritofspringfield.org.
Senator Eric Lesser recalled being a balloon wrangler as a member of the Longmeadow Key Club.
To register your group, family or just yourself, visit spiritofspringfield.org.
The U. S. Air Force Band & Singing Sergeants
While on their Northeast Tour, the U. S. Air Force Concert Band & Singing Sergeants filled Springfield Symphony Hall with music, showmanship and shared the stage with students from Springfield Central High School. They performed classical pieces, "Appalachian Journey," and a patriotic tribute entitled "Proud to Serve."
Ten students with their instruments took the place of band members to perform "Emblem of Freedom." The Madrigal Singers from Springfield Central High School performed with the Singing Sergeants during the "World War II 70th Anniversary Salute."
Sponsored by Mercy Medical Center, the concert was dedicated to U. S. Marine Gunnery Sergeant Thomas Sullivan. His family filled the front rows and his Marine family filled three rows behind them.
Historical Groundbreaking for Bright Nights
The Bright Nights displays have been stored in several locations since arriving in Springfield in 1995. The started in the former Monkey House, moved to the locker rooms and classrooms below Walker Grandstand, and then to the former horse stables.
With the support of Congressman Richard Neal, Springfield Mayor Domenic Sarno and the determination of Patrick Sullivan, Executive Director for the Springfield Department of Parks, Recreation and Building Management, the shovels for the Bright Nights Technical Skills Training Facility ceremoniously were placed in to the ground.
The building, funded by a $1.29 million grant from the U. S. Economic Development Administration, $1,725,250 match of city funds, and $188,000 from the Spirit of Springfield, will have classrooms for technical training for various trades, as well as proper storage and maintenance facilities for the Bright Nights displays.
Parade of the Big Balloons Comes with Ropes Attached
Daniel P. Moen
Sisters of Providence Health System
It's hard to believe that we are just a few weeks away from the holiday season-a time of year made more festive by the efforts of the Spirit of Springfield.
I am honored to serve as co-chair of the City of Bright Nights Ball. This important fundraising event, celebrating its 20th anniversary as Springfield's social event of the year, makes it possible for the Spirit of Springfield to continue promoting the city through extraordinary, family-friendly events such as the annual Pancake Breakfast, Parade of the Big Balloons, free concerts throughout the year, and Bright Nights at Forest Park.
Mercy Medical Center is proud to partner with the Spirit of Springfield in support of events such as these that renew a sense of community and bring joy to so many people.
Bright Nights Wagon & Carriage Rides
Weekends Through December
Gift Stop
Bright Nights Frozen Fantasy
December 29 & 30

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Отока је насељено мјесто у општини Крупа на Уни, Република Српска, БиХ. Према попису становништва из 2013. у насељу је пописано 5 лица.

Географија
Отока се налази на крајњем западу Републике Српске.

Историја
Мањи дио пријератног насељеног мјеста Oтока након Дејтонског Споразума је припао Републици Српској и општини Крупа на Уни, а већи дио је припао општини Босанска Крупа у Унско-санском кантону Федерације БиХ.

Референце

Општина Крупа на Уни
Насељена мјеста у Републици Српској
Википројект географија/Насеља у Босни и Херцеговини
Насеља подијељена међуентитетском линијом

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: What are the initial values of different registers in 8085? I want to know about the initial values of all the registers: A, B, C, D, E, H, L, SP and PC.
Do general purpose registers like B contain garbage values, or are they initialized to zero?
And what about PC and SP? Are they dependent on manufacturer?

A: CPU registers are usually volatile, just like the main memory. So after a power-on, register contents would depend on the material used to implement the registers. Some circuits may have power-on-reset functionality built in but that would cost valuable chip real estate.
If you are using a kit for 8085, then the implementation of the monitor program would determine the initial values of the registers. In general, the monitor program does not bother clearing the contents, it simply leaves them be after the boot-up. Thus you might get same (garbage) values every time you power-up the kit.


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Home / Blogs / Internationalist Communist Tendency's blog
Class Struggle in China
The role of China in the imperialist pecking order has been covered many times on our website (leftcom.org). Here we deal with China's evolution from a largely agrarian society to an industrial powerhouse which has also created the world's largest working class – and what comes with that is, of course, simmering class conflict.
While data is naturally incomplete, last year saw some 1,700 documented workers' actions, including strikes, protests, blockades, and sit-ins, in most cases organised outside of the trade unions. On the surface, compared with the relative social peace in the UK despite decades of austerity, these statistics seem impressive. But to understand the full picture of the class forces at play in the state capitalist empire, we need to look at recent events in the wider context.
Birth of the People's Republic of China
The great battles of the Chinese proletariat between 1925-7 were the last gasp of the international revolutionary wave that followed the October Revolution in the Russian Empire.1 At the time China was a young republic torn apart by British and Japanese imperialism as well as rival warlord cliques that formed in the fallout of the collapse of the Qing dynasty. In 1921 the Communist Party of China (CPC) was born in Shanghai around the intellectuals Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao. Ideologically it was a confused amalgamation of groups coming out of the anarchist and nationalist milieu, those who moved to the left following the failure of the mass demonstrations of 1919 against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, known as the May Fourth Movement. Initially composed of only 50 members, the early communists organised study groups, translated the works of Marx, Engels and Lenin, and made contact with the Communist International. However, rather than dissuade their nationalist illusions and encourage organisational independence, the Comintern instead ordered their Chinese comrades to turn to the Kuomintang (KMT) – a republican nationalist party which sought to create a united China and put an end to the era of warlordism. It was another indication of the degeneration of the Comintern which adopted the policy that workers' organisations in the capitalist periphery should put themselves at the disposal of national bourgeois forces, since bourgeois revolutions were still deemed to be "progressive" in these parts of the world.2 In 1922, the CPC and the KMT formed an alliance, and a year later the Comintern was providing direct help and support to the KMT in the name of anti-imperialism. In 1924, again under the orders of the Comintern, CPC members officially joined the KMT in a United Front and set up a joint National Revolutionary Army, a move supported by the then young Mao Tse-Tung, a student of peasant origin (who soon began to rise within the party hierarchy and argue, against Duxiu, that the primary revolutionary subject in China were peasants, not workers). This alliance was to have tragic consequences.
In June 1925 a general strike broke out in Canton and Hong Kong, following the killing of Shanghai strikers by British soldiers. Workers formed their own strike committees and workers' militias. Although CPC militants were active in the movement they had to tread carefully – the KMT was, after all, the ruling party in Canton, and had the backing of the Soviet Union! The strike collapsed in the spring of 1926 under the pretence of national unity, following a coup by Chiang Kai-shek, a KMT military leader. With the strike over, the KMT and the National Revolutionary Army began their Northern Expedition to unite China under its rule. Tensions between the KMT and the CPC were approaching a critical point, leading to an internal power struggle within the KMT. As the troops of the National Revolutionary Army approached Shanghai, the working class there saw its opportunity to strike against the warlord forces still in control of the city. When the KMT arrived however, the workers did not put down their weapons. An uneasy period of dual power ensued, in which the Comintern actually refused to back the workers in fear of alienating the KMT. Finally, Chiang ordered a violent purge of the city. Thousands of workers and communists were murdered in cold blood by their former "allies". Expulsions of communists began in other cities too. The Comintern and the CPC, recognising how outmanoeuvred they were, launched uprisings against the KMT in parts of China, but these were likewise mercilessly crushed with major losses for the Chinese proletariat. By the end of it, the CPC lost up to 25,000 of its members, its proletarian base, and had to reorganise. A Politburo was set up, and in 1928, under Mao, the CPC created its own Red Army out of ex-KMT military units. The class struggle which paved the way for the defeat of the warlord forces met a bloody end, and gave way to the Chinese Civil War between two armed gangs, the KMT and the CPC, in which millions more perished. However, China was just one piece in the puzzle. Imperialist tensions were now rising worldwide, and in 1931 Japan saw the chaos in China as an opportunity to invade Manchuria. The Japanese threat became the main preoccupation of both the CPC and the KMT.
In the course of the Long March (a military retreat of the CPC during the Civil War), Mao rose to become not only the military leader but also, through manoeuvres and purges, the ideological leader of the CPC. He proclaimed the need for a "Chinese people's revolution" which would go through two stages. The first stage, the "new-democratic revolution", would put an end to the Civil War, destroy the vestiges of feudalism and at the same time undermine world imperialism (i.e. Japan). It was to be entirely consistent with Three People's Principles (nationalism, democracy, social welfare), devised by Sun Yat-sen, the first leader of the KMT. The second stage, the "socialist revolution", was relegated to the future. In the "red areas" controlled by the CPC, Mao sought to "increase agricultural and industrial production, expand trade with the outside, and develop the co-operatives."3 In effect, the CPC was guided by a loosely stitched together theory aimed at modernising China, one which combined early KMT thought with "Marxism-Leninism" (a Stalinism with Chinese characteristics one could say!). The theoretical proximity to KMT nationalism, the looming Japanese threat, and the CPC's still limited membership (40,000 in a country of half a billion), explains why in 1937, despite the tragic failure of the First United Front, the KMT and the CPC united again in the Second United Front – and once again, the two parties vying for state power merged their military forces. The Chinese Civil War was suspended, and gave way to the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1940 Mao would write:
"Stalin has said that 'in essence, the national question is a peasant question'. This means that the Chinese revolution is essentially a peasant revolution and that the resistance to Japan now going on is essentially peasant resistance. Essentially, the politics of New Democracy means giving the peasants their rights. The new and genuine Three People's Principles are essentially the principles of a peasant revolution."4
By 1941 the Second United Front had, predictably, collapsed and the conflict between the KMT and the CPC was reignited. The USA, looking for allies in its war against Japan, sent observers to China and was impressed with the fighting and organisational capacity of the CPC (in comparison to the widespread corruption in the KMT zones). War with Japan concluded in 1945, but the Civil War now resumed, despite attempted KMT-CPC peace negotiations. Mao rebranded his now million strong military units as the People's Liberation Army, while Chiang was invited to the UN Security Council as the recognised leader of China, in the hope that the country would support the anti-USSR bloc (despite the USSR helping the KMT to get off the ground in the first place!). The CPC, with the USSR at its side, was ruthless in its attempt to drive out the KMT from China, and did not shy away from exacting atrocities on civilian populations (e.g. during the Siege of Changchun). By 1949, with the CPC in control of mainland China, the KMT was forced to retreat to Taiwan. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 21 September 1949. And Mao, as the leader of the CPC and the People's Liberation Army, would be the leader of the "new China" until his death in 1976.
State Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics
The civil war and the war with Japan claimed the lives of tens of millions, but in the end it established the CPC as the faction better prepared to run the Chinese state with all that it entailed. The birth of the People's Republic of China was not the result of a successful working class revolutionary movement, as that movement was drowned in blood in 1927, but a military campaign, carried out within the orbit of imperialism over more than 20 years. In official mythology, the People's Republic of China was established by a "people's war", and founded upon the "bloc of four classes" (workers, peasants, petty-bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie) – it was a New Democracy, rather than a dictatorship of the proletariat. Mao Tse-Tung Thought became the official state ideology, the state took over the task of reconstruction of the war torn economy, and control was upheld through regular state directed purges and mass mobilisations of the population.
Mao's governing style was developed from his experience of running the "red areas" in the previous years (particularly Yan'an) and the input of Soviet advisors. The CPC grew to some 4,5 million members by 1949. By 1952 the land reform destroyed the feudal landlords as a class, and created a mass of petty bourgeois individual peasants. With this vestige of feudalism gone, capitalist reconstruction could proceed. Ever since war with Japan ended, the class struggle in the cities began to re-emerge out of the underground – but, unlike in the countryside, where the CPC had an interest in carrying out reforms and encouraging peasant expropriations, the priority in the cities was the revival of production wrecked by war. To this end, independent workers' organisations were banned, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) became the officially sanctioned state trade union and, together with bodies like the Labour-Capital Consultative Conferences, the party tried to resolve conflicts between workers and employers through negotiation and the depoliticisation of working class demands. Only once the land question was resolved, and the "new-democratic revolution" was complete, could the so called "socialist revolution" proceed.
In 1952 the process of turning private enterprises into private-public enterprises was accelerated (following the Five-Anti Campaign), and the nationalisation of industry was announced in 1955. By the late 1950s the majority of the growing urban population was organised according to the danwei system – work-units through which the party line was disseminated, which distributed resources and provided services, and which strictly regimented the work-life balance towards productivity (Mao was a dedicated follower of the capitalist diktat: "raise labour productivity, reduce costs of production"!). The hukou system of registration, intended to strictly control internal migration between rural and urban areas, was also introduced in 1958.
The death of Stalin aggravated the already uneasy alliance with its imperialist godfather, the USSR. De-Stalinisation was decried in China as "revisionism" – the USSR had by that point become a world superpower with its own sphere of influence on the capitalist world market, and so could afford to turn away from some of the brutal methods of state capitalist accumulation in order to ensure social peace. Mao was yet to fully venture on his campaign of mass industrialisation and collectivisation. What Stalin accomplished in the 1930s and 1940s, Mao reproduced in the 1950s and 1960s. However, while the foundations were laid by Mao (the party-state, land reform, danwei and hukou system, electrification, industrial infrastructure, literacy), the transformation from a rural society to an industrial giant was only beginning. The China that emerged in the 1970s, due to the setbacks of the Sino-Soviet split (after which China was isolated on the international stage), the Great Leap Forward (which failed to increase agricultural production and contributed to a massive famine), and the Cultural Revolution (which briefly stirred up forces beyond the party's control), necessitated a change in direction. Rapprochement with the United States (1971-2), de-collectivisation, and the growth of private enterprise began even before the death of Mao, but accelerated under Deng Xiaoping. In 1978 China had its 1956 and traditional Maoism was deemed unfit for purpose. The CPC retained its leading role in the state, but
"from the Chinese road to socialism one suddenly went over to market socialism, that is, from one mystification to another, but with significant changes in the political economy and, above all, in relations with the rest of the world. The 'open door'policy, inaugurated by Deng, had the objective of encouraging international economic relations, ideologically overcoming the Maoist conception of self-sufficiency and concerns about internal interference by international investors. Such a policy was concretely manifested by the opening of China to external commerce, to direct external investment and to international loans. Favouring and encouraging the opening to the outside world was the creation of the experimental zones for the free market, the so-called special economic zones (SEZ's), within which external investments enjoy particular protection. The creation of the SEZ's occurred in the South of the country, in particular in Guangdong and Fujian provinces."5
Essentially, what occured in the Eastern Bloc in the late 1980s and early 1990s, China began to implement earlier and more gradually. Its opening up to the West was even observable on the imperialist front, as in 1978 China militarily intervened in Cambodia, and a year later in Vietnam – in both cases against the Eastern Bloc. Despite official mythology however, independent class struggle within the People's Republic of China did not disappear.
Workers Confront the New Democracy
Pre-1978 class struggle in the People's Republic of China took a particular form. Often Mao would intentionally stir up discontent among Chinese workers or peasants in order to release social tensions, and preempt more serious outbursts. These state orchestrated mobilisations, which gave workers and peasants the illusion of power through brief periods in which criticism and class war against enemies (indicated by the state) was tolerated, essentially functioned as a safety valve for the state and ensured class struggle remained within bounds the party could control. It did not always work as intended. Despite the 1950s being a period of relative social peace in comparison to the turbulence of previous decades, following on from the Hundred Flowers Campaign, the strike wave of 1956-7 managed to pose a challenge to the party and its trade unions. Disturbances began in Guangzhou where, in the aftermath of the 1956 uprisings in Poland and Hungary, workers used those events as a way to demand higher wages. A worker in a tobacco plant told the factory owner:
"You don't care about workers' livelihood. Remember the Hungarian incident? We can show you what it's like!"6
That movement reached its peak with the Shanghai strike wave of 1957:
"Major labour disturbances (naoshi) erupted at 587 Shanghai enterprises in the spring of 1957, involving nearly 30,000 workers. More than 200 of these incidents included factory walkouts, while another 100 or so involved organized slowdowns of production. Additionally, more than 700 enterprises experienced less serious forms of labour unrest (maoyari). [...] Of the more than thirteen hundred incidents that took place during the approximately one hundred days from March to early June 1957 (the highpoint of labor unrest in Shanghai), nearly 90 percent were centered in newly formed joint-ownership enterprises."7
The transformation of private enterprises into private-public enterprises was accompanied by a reduction in real wages and the termination of certain job perks. Understandably, it caused discontent among the workers. Workplace specific demands were first raised with factory management, if that did not work, workers would then forward them to the local authority, if they received no response, they would organise mass meetings – from there the action could escalate to strikes, slowdowns, petitions or barricading in factory managers. The strikers included not only non-party people, but also party members, former guerilla fighters and even those on factory management committees. Although some union cadres sided with the workers, anger was often directed at the unions (which controlled collective welfare funds), with instances of union officials being physically assaulted. In one instance, a worker (a member of a secret society and a former union cadre under the KMT!), raised the slogan:
"We workers need only a working people's organization [laodong renmin zuzhi], not a union [gonghui]."8
However, despite its strength, the Shanghai strike wave, like the Guangzhou strikes of the previous year, did not raise political demands and remained primarily a struggle over work-related grievances. Nevertheless it 1) raised the question of who was speaking for the working class in the New Democracy, 2) demonstrated opposition to nationalisation where it meant the worsening of working conditions, and 3) showed awareness of class struggle outside of China. It was not the only time workers took Mao's calls to action "too far".
In May 1966, in an effort to reclaim his authority within the party and the state following the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao initiated the Cultural Revolution. Calling the masses to rebel and seize power, particularly the workers and the youth, he unleashed a movement to purge the party from within (the factions around Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping). By the end of the campaign in the mid-1970s, hundreds of thousands were dead, the working class was not any closer to holding power, and working conditions had not improved. Certain episodes of the Cultural Revolution however did show workers' self-initiative and an attempt to challenge the existing order. The initial period consisted primarily of students forming Red Guard paramilitary units loyal to Mao. A Cultural Revolution Group, under the control of the Politburo Standing Committee, was set up to encourage criticism and local uprisings, while trade unions and party cells were dissolved in favour of "revolutionary committees" (still under the control of party cadres). Two factions emerged within the workers' organisations: the conservatives (baoshoupai) organised in the Scarlet Guard, and the rebels (zaofanpai) organised in the Red Guard. The former consisted of the more privileged sections of the workforce, often employed in bigger enterprises, who wanted to protect their conditions and tended to align with the existing authorities. The latter were younger, more precarious workers (contract or temporary) and apprentices, who answered Mao's call enthusiastically.
It was not until October 1966 however that workers really took to the movement.9 This mainly consisted of setting up their own organisations, openly organising around work-related demands (many of the issues raised in 1957 had not been resolved, and there had been a wage freeze since 1963), and, as the movement grew over the next few months, overthrowing local authorities in an effort to set up enclaves on the model of the Paris Commune. This "January Revolution" did not last long. Mao wanted workers to rebel only as long as they did not 1) disrupt production and 2) question the leading role of the party. As such, by January 1967 those who disrupted production in their fight for work-related demands were accused of "counterrevolutionary economism" and condemned as "saboteurs of the Cultural Revolution". By February 1967 the word "commune" was banned by the party, and in cities like Shanghai where the "commune" model gained popularity, the "three-in-one" model was enforced instead, which clamped down on direct democracy and ensured power remained in the hands of representatives from party cadres, the People's Liberation Army, and (to create the illusion of democratic power) some organisations of the workers. Radical currents emerged which, despite not quite breaking free of the Maoist framework, began to pose important questions. The manifesto Whither China? produced by Hunan's Provincial Revolutionary Alliance stated:
"Why did Comrade Mao Tse-tung, who energetically advocated the 'commune,' suddenly oppose the establishment of 'Shanghai People's Commune' in January? That is something which the revolutionary people find it hard to understand. Chairman Mao, who foresaw the 'commune' as a political structure which must be realised in the first cultural revolution, suddenly put forward 'Revolutionary committees are fine!' [...] Since a Red capitalist class is already formed in China, the army of course cannot detach itself from this reality. Yet the January storm has not touched in any way the vital problem of all revolutions – the problem of the army. [...] The putting forward of three-in-one combination amounts to reinstatement of the bureaucrats already toppled in the January revolution. Inevitably it will be the form of political power to be usurped by the bourgeoisie, at which the Army and local bureaucrats are to play a leading role. [...] The commune of the 'Ultra-Left faction' will not conceal its viewpoints and intentions. We publicly declare that our object of establishing the 'People's Commune of China' can be attained only by overthrowing the bourgeois dictatorship and revisionist system of the revolutionary committee with brute force. Let the new bureaucratic bourgeoisie tremble before the true socialist revolution that shakes the world! What the proletariat can lose in this revolution is only their chains, what they gain will be the whole world! The China of tomorrow will be the world of the 'Commune.'"10
Between February and March 1967, in response to such insubordination, the more radical workers' groups were banned, many were arrested or beaten up, and their houses raided. Workers were ordered to return to their posts, undertake self-criticism, and resume work, while temporary and contract workers who disobeyed were sent back to the countryside. Soldiers were put in factories to keep the peace. The state was more heavy handed with workers than with students. The crackdown aimed to prevent the formation of any currents that could challenge the party (which is why particularly those groups which organised across different trades and districts, or were made up of demobilised soldiers, were targeted). In the summer of 1967 the conflict between factions within the state turned to open warfare. The Cultural Revolution Group and the rebel groups sympathetic to it began to clash with the People's Liberation Army. By that point class struggle was again subsumed into the internal political struggle of the ruling class, and the divisions within the working class between the conservatives and the rebels were exploited so that Mao, with the help of the Gang of Four (a hardline party faction, which included Mao's wife Jiang Qing), could then re-establish national unity under Mao Tse-Tung Thought.
Towards the end of 1971 soldiers were withdrawn from the factories. In 1974-5 industrial unrest began again – there were protests in Guangzhou, and strikes in Hangzhou (put down by the People's Liberation Army). While raising economistic demands, workers however remained mired in the factional struggles within the CPC (many supporting Deng Xiaoping against the Gang of Four). In January 1976 the death of the moderate Premier Zhou Enlai led to a period of public mourning, during which posters appeared across cities criticising the Gang of Four. It began with students in Nanjing and culminated in the Tiananmen Incident of 5 April, where hundreds of thousands of mourning workers and students were dispersed with force, while Deng was put under house arrest. The state's response undermined the Gang of Four, and when in September 1976 Mao died, Deng was rehabilitated and began his rise to power. Censorship and repression was scaled back, official trade unions were re-established, unofficial journals and independent political posters proliferated (although based in Hong Kong, part of that wave was the Minus magazine for example which came to identify China as state capitalist11). The symbolic centre of this "democracy movement" was the Democracy Wall in Xidan of 1978, where people could openly voice their grievances and criticise China's leaders by using handwritten wallposters (dazibao). Liberal and reformist messages intertwined with working class concerns:
"According to the concepts of Marxism-Leninism, the people should control the means of production. But ask yourselves, Chinese workers and peasants: Apart from the small wage which you receive each month, what do you control? What belongs to you? The answer is shameful: Others are your masters. In a socialist society, the product of labor should belong to the worker. But what do you get? Just enough so that you can continue to work! Higher salaries have not sufficed to compensate for soaring prices, and our standard of living has not improved."12
By and large however, the "democracy movement" was supportive of Deng's reforms. In the 1970s this turn towards civil society discourse and democratisation was seen all across the Eastern Bloc, and led to sections of the dissident intelligentsia, and eventually the state, looking towards the West for solutions. It also coincided with the first calls for free and independent trade unions in China (particularly in the aftermath of the rise of Solidarność in Poland in 1980). Many Chinese workers were caught up in the illusion of the "democracy movement" (although there were still ongoing concerns over wage and welfare cuts). Deng set the stage for the arrival of Western capital and marketisation, but despite this, between 1979 and 1981 he gradually clamped down on the "democracy movement" resulting in arrests and the banning of publications and organisations (after all, the leading role of the party was still not up for debate and the spectre of Solidarność loomed high). The economic reforms brought a degree of destabilisation to the economy and began to gradually erode welfare and the danwei system, confirming working class fears. Three waves of inflation followed, one in 1985 (with an average growth of 10% in annual prices), one in 1988 (20% growth), and another one in 1993 (nearly 25% growth). The first wave of inflation triggered student protests in the cities of Hefei, Shanghai, Beijing, and Nanjing, but these were easily dispersed. They did however raise the profile of liberal dissidents (like Fang Lizhi, Liu Binyan and Wang Ruowang). The second wave of inflation, together with the death of the reformist official Hu Yaobang, set the background to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.
If in previous decades the relationship between students and workers was uneasy, at Tiananmen Square it now became hostile. Students, organised in the Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation, saw themselves as an ideological elite which alone held the answers to China's problems. They opposed calls for a general strike, and tried to keep the movement under their control.13 When workers in the Beijing Autonomous Workers' Federation tried to join the protests they were prevented from setting up camp in the square itself and were not given access to the sound system. Students and workers ultimately had different aspirations at this point – the former wanted to speed up the liberal reforms, the latter opposed the reforms which worsened their working conditions. For a brief moment it seemed as if China might have its own Solidarność (in the form of the Beijing Autonomous Workers' Federation) and its own Wałęsa (in Han Dongfang). But following on from their Polish counterparts, the Chinese government declared martial law and the police and the army moved in. Hundreds were killed and injured, and workers, who staged pitched battles and set up barricades, again got the harsher end of the stick than the students.
The repressions of Tiananmen Square discouraged workers from politically resisting the market reforms of the 1990s. Instead, with the help of the official trade unions, they were mobilised to push ahead Deng's Four Modernisations (of agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defence). Strikes still occurred of course, but once again were largely confined to work-related grievances, and since the late 1990s, in the era of mass layoffs, these gave way to protests.
This brings us to modern day China. The changing composition of class forces, and China's rise to an economic powerhouse, can be demonstrated by some statistics from the World Bank.14 The rural population has shrunk massively: in 1960 it amounted to some 84% of the population, by 1978 it dropped to 82%, but by 2015 it had plummeted to 45%. The opposite trend can be observed in regard to China's GDP. In 1960 it amounted to $60 billion, it grew to $150 billion by 1978, and then skyrocketed to $11 trillion by 2015 (second only to the USA). The rate at which capitalist development has taken place in China is unprecedented.
Of course, as with every economic miracle, it could only take place on the backs of the working class. The benefits of the danwei system and the "iron rice bowl" (job security) have been undermined in the drive towards productivity. The Special Economic Zones, with their new age Taylorism, the 996 working hour system (work from 9am to 9pm, 6 days per week), and the restrictive hukou system, have allowed for hyper-exploitation. China became a member of the World Trade Organisation in 2001, which further opened it up to foreign capital. Individual achievement, rather than collective welfare, was now glorified (in Shenzhen today ads and sculptures trumpet: "Follow our party, start your business"). Job mobility has replaced job security (45% of employees now work in the service industry and there is a large gig economy thanks to online apps and services like Didi Chuxing, Meituan Dianping, Huya, Douyu and Kuaishou). In 2012 Xi Jinping became the General Secretary of the CPC, and utilised the phrase "Chinese Dream" to promote entrepreneurship and modernisation. His long term goal is for China to become the world's number one superpower by 2049. The Belt and Road Initiative is central to this.15
Prospects for Class Struggle Under the Chinese Dream
Every once in a while stories of labour unrest in China make their way into English language news (particularly when the actions affect brands popular in the West). Over the past ten years, in the wake of the financial crisis, we could mention the following:
2010: Foxconn suicides, and the strike wave at Honda and Toyota plants 2011: strike at Hi-P International (supplier to companies such as Motorola and HP)
2012: strike at Foxconn (manufacturer of Apple products)
2013: Southern Weekly incident (strike and protests over newspaper censorship)
2014: strikes at Yue Yuan International (largest manufacturer of sport shoes, such as Nike, Crocs, Adidas, Reebok), and at Dongguan Masstop (Apple supplier)
2015: strike at Stella Shoe Co. (manufacturer of shoes, such as Prada, Nike, Adidas)
2016: strikes at Walmart
2017: strike of Meituan food delivery drivers and clashes with security guards
2018: Jasic Incident (protests following a quashed attempt to form an independent union)
These strikes have mobilised from as few as 200 workers (at four Walmart stores) to as many as 50,000 workers (at seven Yue Yuan plants), and saw the involvement of both urban and rural migrant workers. The latter, like the contract workers of the past, continue to face discrimination due to the hukou system (established urban workers get preferential treatment over newcomers when it comes to job opportunities. They enjoy more rights at work, and are less likely to be denied wages). The main grievances of these strikes have included low pay, poor working conditions, work accidents, wage arrears, lay offs, as well as disputes over bonuses, pensions and social insurance funds. Health conditions such as silicosis (caused by inhalation of airborne silica dust, common during pneumatic drilling and coal mining) remain an ongoing issue. The statistics from the China Labour Bulletin (founded by Han Dongfang) provide a fuller, but by no means complete, picture of working class activity in China over recent years.16 Guangdong (a historical working class stronghold, and now home to three of the six Special Economic Zones) has remained the top location for worker unrest. Construction (30-40%), with manufacturing a close second (20-30%), is still the top sector for unrest despite the rise of the gig economy. Since 2015 there appears to have actually been a slowdown in activity (2018 saw 1,701 recorded instances of workers' actions, a decrease from 2,774 incidents in 2015), It is in the absence of major class confrontations that the Jasic Incident has taken the spotlight.
From May 2018 onwards, workers at a Jasic Technology plant (based in Shenzhen, Guangdong, producing welding equipment), motivated by poor working conditions, attempted to set up an independent union. In response the workers were sacked, which kicked off a solidarity campaign in July calling for their reinstatement, led by university students, elderly Maoists and former Jasic employees. The state clamped down, placing some of the protestors under detention. This aggravated the situation further, and the campaign, now calling for both the reinstatement of the workers and the release of the protestors, grew through online networks, making it to English language media. The Jasic campaign had everything to please the Western non-Stalinist left: demands for a free trade union, involvement of Marxist students, and calls for "solidarity". This has obscured the nature of this event – the "Statement of Willingness to Join the Jasic Union" collected only 89 signatures, in a workplace of over a thousand. As repression started, only around 20 of these workers remained involved, and from then on the campaign was largely led by those outside the plant (students and leftists). This is not to detract from the fact that it was well publicised despite conditions of state censorship, but it was not a major struggle. A recent article from the journal Chuang dispels some of the illusions, and is worth quoting at length:
"In fact, the incidents at the Jasic factory in Shenzhen never involved a strike at all, and neither the workers nor the support groups ever claim that the workers were on strike. This did not stop prominent English media from misreporting it as a "strike" action… [The] claim that Jasic represents a growing trend is also a gross error, and most likely a somewhat intentional distortion of the facts to produce a narrative that unionization is the proper next step for China's workers. [...] Indeed, there are occasionally workplace related actions that involve the union, but they are exceedingly rare. Cases of union-related demands, like reelection of union representatives for example, make up just 0.001 percent of all worker actions in China, according to the more than 10,000 incidents recorded by China Labour Bulletin between 2011 and 2018. Moreover, the most noteworthy strikes and protests that involved unionization demands were generally a sign of intervention by some sort of outside organization, like a local labor NGO, or as in the case of Jasic, but also other cases, national Maoist political networks. It is well documented that large networks of Walmart workers in China, for example, were developed with the aid of NGOs, which helped facilitate some of their actions and provided legal support for workers. [...] Taking another look at China Labour Bulletin's statistics, there were precisely six incidents in the 2067 cases between 2018 and March of 2019 that had anything at all to do with unions, including the Jasic case, and not even all of them are demands for union elections or the like. In one case construction workers are protesting unpaid wages owed by the trade union itself."17
In other words, the Jasic Incident does not represent a growing trend in the wider class movement in China, but is rather the result of a skilful publicity campaign carried out by misguided but well-meaning elements or those who simply want to funnel class struggle down a trade unionist route. Which brings us to the four main organisational and ideological traps facing the working class of China today:
Trade unionism. The demand for independent trade unions raised during the Jasic Incident, but repeated since the 1970s by leftists, academics, NGOs and Han Dongfang (now of the China Labour Bulletin), represents a step backwards compared to the mass wildcat movements of 2010 at Honda18 and 2014 at Yue Yuan19, self-organised primarily by word of mouth, smart-phones and internet chat rooms (in the absence of the old work-units as centres of mobilisation, workers have found new ways of reaching thousands by the use of modern technology). While most recognise that the official union ACFTU serves to nip in the bud every sign of independent worker activity, there are still illusions in the creation of these "independent trade unions". The example of Poland in the 1980s should serve as a warning and a lesson here, of how even a most militant union of millions created during a wave of popular struggle ended up clamping down on workers' self-organisation, and negotiating a political and economic transformation which destroyed working and living conditions.20
Factionalism. The experience of 1966 (when militant workers rallied behind Mao only to then face repression when they took the idea of "seizing power" too far), or of 1978 (when workers rallied behind Deng in the hope of reforms, only for him to open up the country to the free market and all that entails), should demonstrate that there is nothing to be gained from siding with this or that faction of the establishment. It is likely that in the future new "reformers" or "radicals" will emerge from within the cadres of the CPC, but no matter how much they will pose as being on the side of the people or the workers, their aim is to ensure struggle does not leave the control of the state, and instead is confined to internal power struggles.
Maoism. The early history of Mao and Maoism is significant as it became the dominant ideology within the People's Republic of China and, like in feudal Europe when many revolts against the existing order expressed themselves in the language of Christianity, in China class struggle has since often been expressed in the language of Maoism. For the older generation the appeal of Maoism is not unlike that of the nostalgia for the welfare states and the post-war boom of the 1950s seen in the West, where job security and basic provisions were still granted. For the younger generation, searching for political alternatives, Maoism is seen as the antidote to the marketisation and insecurity that followed the reforms of 1978 in which they have lived their whole lives. Maoism is not Marxism however, it is the ideology of state modernisation combining KMT nationalism and Stalinism, it is taught at Chinese schools and universities, and has no emancipatory potential (revolutionary theories for ousting the ruling class are not on the curriculum!). The extent to which workers and youth break from Maoism whilst at the same time resisting Western-style democracy will determine how far they develop a revolutionary perspective.
Nationalism. The ruling class has always tried to translate working class disconent into national terms, as part of its tactic of divide and rule (current state persecution of the Uighurs, under the pretext of combating terrorism, extremism and separatism, resembles in tone the anti-Muslim bigotry in the West even if it is more vicious in content). Both state-centric nationalism based on the Stalinist model and Han-centric nationalism based on the KMT model has played the role of enforcing Chinese national unity, strengthening the state, and justifying Chinese imperialism. The working class movement in China is not purely a Chinese affair. Workers have no country and the struggle against an international system has to take place on an international scale. Like in the 1920s, 1950s and 1980s, when class struggles in Eastern Europe inspired Chinese workers to challenge their own state, workers today need to develop international links and learn from each others' experiences if we want to find a way out of the capitalist crisis (efforts to translate communist texts from English into Chinese and vice versa are a start).
The way forward in China, as elsewhere, remains working class autonomy and a communist programme. The former has to be defended against those who would wish to see it dissolved (state actors, NGOs, trade unions), the latter has to be revived by the more class conscious elements of society who reflect on the lessons of the past (and ultimately unite in an internationalist political organisation). This is by no means easy, but with economic growth in China at its slowest pace in nearly three decades and crippled by debt, and the spectre of international war and climate crisis putting the lives of millions at risk, it becomes more imperative by the day. If and when the Chinese working class takes up the mantle of mass class struggle again, and realises the lessons of its own historical memory, the world's ruling classes may well tremble again.
Dyjbas
1. leftcom.org
3. marxists.org
6. Mark W. Frazier, The Making of the Chinese Industrial Workplace, p.198
7. Elizabeth J. Perry, Shanghai's Strike Wave of 1957
9. Jackie Sheehan, Chinese Workers: A New History, p.109
10. marxists.org
11. The forerunner of Minus corresponded with the CWO (and other communist left organisations) for some years in the 1970s and 1980s but seemed to move towards councilist positions and eventually ceased contact. libcom.org
12. Jackie Sheehan, op.cit. p.162
13. chuangcn.org
14. data.worldbank.org
15. leftcom.org
16. clb.org.hk
18. For more on the 2010 Honda strikes, see: mouvement-communiste.com
19. For more on the 2014 Yue Yuan strikes, see: libcom.org
Internationalis...
Sep 6 2019 13:26
Communist Workers' Organisation
self-organize
Internationalist Communist Tendency's blog
Internationalist...
Blog of the Internationalist Communist Tendency.
We are for the party, but we are not the party or its only embryo. Our task is to participate in its construction, intervening in all the struggles of the class, trying to link its immediate demands to the historical programme; communism. http://www.leftcom.org/en/about-us


I've been trying to use the azure-iot-hub (https://flows.nodered.org/node/node-red-contrib-azure-iot-hub) node to aquire data from some devices registered on the platform, and for the most of the time, it works well. Nevertheless, from time to time it just stops receiving messages, even if it still registers on Azure.
Because this error is intermitent, it's being really tough to realize what unusual event is happening for the node to stop receiving data and never really recovers, just just doing that when I realize the problem and redeploy the azure-iot-hub node.
They both are configured the same way and come from different IoT Hubs, but it's just one node that don't receive data at a time, usually the same one.


This section defines some of the technical terms and acronyms used throughout the book. More glossary entries may be found in Section 11 of the PNG Specification, Version 1.1. Terms in italic are defined in this glossary.
A special channel that associates transparency (or opacity) with an image. An image without an alpha channel is considered to be completely opaque; an image with an alpha channel may be opaque in some areas, fully transparent in other areas, and partially transparent in still others. There are two types of alpha, associated and unassociated. Associated (or premultiplied) alpha replaces all of the nonalpha (color or grayscale) information in the image with the values it would have if the image were displayed against a black background; for example, in an RGB image with a premultiplied alpha channel, all RGB values in completely transparent regions are replaced by black pixels. This form can be rendered faster (especially against black backgrounds, where the alpha channel can be completely ignored), but it amounts to a lossy transformation of the image data. Unassociated alpha leaves the nonalpha values untouched; this is the kind supported by PNG.
American National Standards Institute, the U.S. standardization body responsible for such standards as the ANSI C programming language.
A procedure for reducing the appearance of jaggedness around high-contrast features such as lines or text in a raster image. Anti-aliasing effectively involves reducing the contrast slightly by mixing the two contrasting colors along their boundary. For example, a diagonal black bar on a white background would be rendered with some shades of gray along the edges, according to how the ideal geometric representation of the bar was situated relative to the positions of the pixels in the image.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange, a 7-bit code (which originally included an 8th bit for parity) that has become the de facto character standard for English text and programming languages. ASCII is also the least common denominator in other character sets, including Latin-1 (ISO/IEC 8859-1) and Unicode UTF-8.
The ratio of a rectangle's width to its height. The aspect ratio of most computer monitors is 4:3, while that of U.S. high-definition television displays is 16:9. Individual pixels may also be considered to have an aspect ratio. On a 4:3 monitor that is displaying at the same ratio (for example, 1024 × 768 or 800 × 600), the pixels are square and therefore have a 1:1 aspect ratio. When such a monitor displays at 1280 × 1024, however, its pixels are slightly flattened and have an aspect ratio of 16:15.
A data format in which multibyte values are stored with the most significant values lowest in memory. This is the format used on Apple Macintosh computers and most Sun workstations, for example.
Informal name for Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer, the two most influential web browsers in the world. Their support (or lack of it) for PNG was and is a critical factor in PNG's acceptance as an image format for the Web.
The color components of an image or a color space, not including intensity information. In a YUV image, for example, Y is the intensity value; U and V are chromaticity values.
The fundamental building block of a PNG file and the means by which the specification may be extended in a backward- and forward-compatible way.
Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, or the International Commission on Illumination, an international standards-making body.
Cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (the letter B is reserved for blue), the four pigments most often used in printing. Cyan, magenta, and yellow are the complements of red, green, and blue on the traditional color wheel.
Adjustment of the color values in an image in order to compensate for variations in the color output of various display devices--for example, between two monitors made by different manufacturers, or between a monitor and a color printer.
Another name for a palette; that is, a table of RGB color values (usually no more than 256) that is referenced by index in the main part of the image.
A conceptual space in which colors are represented by discrete numerical values, almost always with a basis in the human visual system. RGB, YCbCr, YIQ, YUV and CIE XYZ are all examples of three-dimensional color spaces; CMYK is a four-dimensional example. Physical color, as in sunlight reflecting off leaves, can only be approximated by discrete values; it is more accurately modeled as a function--specifically, intensity as a function of wavelength.
The act of encoding data into a smaller representation than its original form. See RLE for a simple example.
A handshaking procedure carried out between a web server and a web browser in order to determine the best format for a given piece of data. In the context of images, a server might have PNG, JPEG, GIF, and TIFF versions of the same image; content negotiation between the server and client determines which of the four formats is sent to the browser.
Cyclic Redundancy Check (or, more rarely, Cyclic Redundancy Code), an efficient means of checking for accidental corruption of data. The most common version, including that used in PNG, is 32 bits ("CRC-32"), but 16-bit CRCs were common in older applications.
The process of mixing dots (or pixels) of different colors together in the same region in order to give the appearance of other colors; often performed after an image has been quantized to a reduced number of colors, in order to spread the errors around more evenly. The procedure tends to reduce the contrast of sharp features and may introduce noticeable patterns in the image (as in the case of an ordered dither); it also reduces the compressibility of the image considerably, especially in the case of an error-diffusion dither.
A specific dithering method in which quantization errors are diffused spatially in a quasirandom manner. This tends to be much slower than the usual alternative (an ordered dither), but the results generally look much better. The Floyd-Steinberg method is an example of an error-diffusion dither.
In the context of an LCD screen or other light-emitting device, a filter is simply a material that is transparent to some wavelengths of light (say, green) and opaque or nearly opaque to all others.
The usual means of storing very large or very small numbers, or numbers with a fractional part; when encoded in machine-readable form, the method involves a sign bit (positive or negative), a fractional part (the mantissa), and an exponent (in base 2). Other machine encodings for numbers include integer (the most common), fixed point, and plain text.
Of or pertaining to an object with fractional dimension and self-similarity at many or all scales; also, the name of such an object. The most famous fractal is the Mandelbrot set, which is basically a two-dimensional blob with a boundary of dimension greater than one but less than two. Around the boundary are tiny, distorted copies of the main blob, and each copy has its own copies nearby; this attribute is called self-similarity, and it is the basis for fractal compression.
File Transfer Protocol, one of the oldest means of transferring files over a network. It has been largely superseded on the Web by HTTP.
Adjustment of the intensity values of an image (loosely speaking, a combination of brightness and contrast) in order to compensate for variations in output devices. For example, images displayed on a standard Macintosh must be gamma-corrected to appear the same way they do on a standard PC, and vice versa.
Graphics Interchange Format, an image format designed by (and a service mark of) CompuServe. The GIF format is technically capable of storing 24-bit images, but only crudely; in practice, it is only an 8-bit, indexed-color format.
GNU Image Manipulation Program, an open Source image editor similar to Photoshop; originally called the General Image Manipulation Program. In the paper edition of this book, we referred to it as "Gimp" for readability (similar to "Unix"), but it is an acronym.
GNU's Not Unix, a recursive acronym for the project led by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation to create an entire Unix-like operating system (and associated tools) using only freely available, freely modifiable, and freely redistributable software.
GIMP Toolkit, a graphical toolkit originally designed for the GIMP image editor under Unix and the X Window System. Subsequently split off as a separate, application-independent project, GTK+ is currently being ported to 32-bit Windows, as well. GTK+ is in some ways similar to the Motif toolkit for X (for those who are familiar with that), but unlike Motif, GTK+ is freely available in source-code form and may be integrated, distributed, and modified without license fees or royalties.
Hypertext Markup Language, the format used for web pages.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol, the most common means by which web pages, images and other associated files are transferred between machines. A related but older protocol is FTP.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, the official registration authority for such things as Internet media types (e.g., image/png).
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, the presumed successor to IANA.
International Color Consortium, an industry body whose goal is to promote and standardize cross-platform color management.
The International Electrotechnical Commission, an international standards-making body. See also ISO.
Internet Engineering Steering Group, the administrative body of the IETF. Members of the IESG manage groups of IETF working groups.
Internet Engineering Task Force, an open development group whose purpose is to evolve and standardize the Internet and its protocols.
Another term used to describe palette-based images; synonyms include colormapped and pseudocolor.
A method of reordering image data so that an approximate version of the whole image may be displayed quickly, and later refined as more of the image data becomes available.
The International Organization for Standardization, perhaps the best-known international standards-making body. The ISO and IEC often collaborate on standards of mutual interest; JTC 1 is one of their Joint Technical Committees.
International Telecommunication Union, an international standards-making body specializing in telecommunications networks and services.
JPEG File Interchange Format, the most common file format for JPEG images. (TIFF is another file format that can be used to store JPEG images, and JNG is a third.) JFIF is not a formal standard; it was designed by a group of companies (though it is most often associated with C-Cube Microsystems, one of whose employees published it) and became a de facto industry standard.
JPEG Network Graphics, the name of the subset of MNG that can be used to store JPEG images with an optional alpha channel.
Joint Photographic Experts Group, the informal name for the group that defined the image-encoding standard that bears their name. JPEG (the standard, which is also known as ISO/IEC 10918-1) is capable of compressing photographic ("continuous-tone") images quite highly with little or no visible degradation of quality--that is, without visible artifacts or loss of detail. JPEG itself is not a file format, however; see JFIF, JNG, and SPIFF.
A new standard for lossless and near-lossless compression of photographic images, also known as ISO/IEC 14495-1 and ITU Recommendation T.87. See also LOCO-I.
Liquid crystal display, a technology used in most notebook displays and, thanks to its flat geometry and relatively light weight, more and more desktop displays.
A data format in which multibyte values are stored with the least significant values lowest in memory. This is the format used on standard Intel (x86-based) PCs and Digital workstations, for example.
Low-Complexity Lossless Compression for Images, an algorithm developed at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories that forms the basis for the JPEG-LS standard.
A block of yet-to-be-encoded data that is scanned as part of a "greedy" algorithm, in order to see whether a better choice (compression-wise) is just ahead, so to speak.
Any compression method that allows for the exact reconstruction of the original data, bit for bit. This is the type of compression used in PNG and essentially all compressors of textual data, such as Zip and gzip.
Any compression method that allows only an approximate reconstruction of the original data. Common forms of JPEG fall into this class.
Lookup table, a means of storing data that would otherwise require an unreasonable amount of resources. For example, a palette is a type of lookup table that allows image data to be encoded indirectly, thereby reducing its overall space requirements. Gamma correction, on the other hand, has potentially large computational requirements, since it involves the use of exponential functions. Calculating the exponentials once for every possible sample value and storing the results in a lookup table is almost always more efficient than computing an exponential for every sample in the image.
A class of lossless compression algorithms deriving from two seminal papers by Jacob Ziv and Abraham Lempel, first published in 1977 and 1978.
Multimedia/Hypermedia Experts Group, the informal name for the group that defined the HTML-like standard that also bears their name. MHEG (the standard, which is also known as ISO/IEC 13522) may be thought of as a next-generation teletext with graphics, video, and interactive capabilities in addition to text. MHEG-5 is the small-footprint subset that is designed to work well on digital set-top boxes; it has been adopted in parts of Europe and is expected to be used in Asia as well. The United Kingdom's profile for MHEG-5 on digital terrestrial television defines precisely what data formats are allowed within the MHEG-5 framework, and one of the two formats it allows for bitmapped images is PNG.
One-millionth of a meter; also known as a micrometer and abbreviated μm.
Multiple-image Network Graphics, PNG's multi-image extension. MNG can be used for animations, slide shows, collections of image parts (such as palettes) or even single images that are generated algorithmically.
An empirical prediction first made in 1965 by Intel's Gordon Moore, who observed that the capacity of memory chips had increased by a factor of two every 12 months or so. The law was later applied to microprocessors and revised slightly to its current (unofficial) form, which states that computational power increases by a factor of two every 18 months. It is now so well established that it may actually amount to a self-fulfilling prophecy, due to chip-makers' fears that their competitors will maintain such a rate of improvement. So far, it has held for 17 doublings, representing a performance increase of more than five orders of magnitude since 1971. See http://www.intel.com/intel/museum/25anniv/hof/moore.htm for a 1997 graph of the trend and http://mason.gmu.edu/~rschalle/moorelaw.html for a nice historical overview.
Microsoft Internet Explorer, a web browser.
A specific dithering method in which color values are modified in individual blocks of pixels, usually of sizes between 4 × 4 and 16 × 16. This method is quite fast but tends to leave the image with a very grainy, patterned appearance; an error-diffusion dither will almost always look better.
One of the filter types used in PNG as a precursor to compression; invented by Alan W. Paeth.
A table of RGB color values that is referenced by index in the main image data. Since a table of 256 or fewer colors can be referenced by an 8-bit index, a large palette-based (or colormapped) image can be stored in roughly one-third the space of the corresponding RGB version. For very small images, the overhead of a 768-byte palette may outweigh the savings due to smaller pixels (that is, 8 bits per pixel instead of 24). And images with more than 256 colors either need a larger palette (and therefore larger indices) or must be edited to use 256 or fewer colors in order to be stored in a palette-based format. PNG supports palettes of 256 or fewer colors.
A chemical compound that emits visible light when struck by energetic electrons, which is the usual arrangement within a cathode-ray tube, or CRT. Cathode rays are, in fact, electrons accelerated via high-voltage plates to an energy capable of exciting the three phosphor types at the front of a monitor.
A single grid point (or "dot") in a raster image; composed of one sample from each channel. Most computer images are composed of pixels.
The total number of bits used to represent a single pixel. In a truecolor or grayscale image, with or without an alpha channel, the pixel depth is therefore equal to the product of the sample depth and the number of channels. For example, an RGBA image (four channels) with 16 bits per sample would have a pixel depth of 64 bits. In the case of channels with unequal sample depths, simply add the number of bits for each channel; e.g., on a typical PC "high-color" display, the number of bits for red, green, and blue channels is usually five, six, and five bits, respectively, resulting in 16-bit pixels. PNG channels in a given image always have equal sample depths.
Portable Network Graphics, the subject of this book. Version 1.0 of the specification was the first W3C Recommendation ("01-October-1996") and Internet RFC 2083. Version 1.1 was approved by the PNG Development Group in October 1998 and released publicly on 31 December 1998. A subsequent version, differing only in editorial structure, formatting, and the addition of one more recently approved chunk (iTXt), is currently under review by Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 24, of the ISO/IEC; it will become version 1.2 of the PNG spec and officially will be known as ISO/IEC 15948 upon approval as an international standard.
The Internet-based working group that designed PNG in 1995 and continues to discuss and occasionally approve extensions to it, usually in the form of new chunk types. Development takes place via two mailing lists, and interested parties may join by following the instructions at http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/pngmisc.html#lists.
Point-to-Point Protocol, a networking protocol commonly used in computers connected to the Internet with modems.
The process of reducing an image with many colors to one with fewer colors, usually in preparation for its conversion to a palette-based image. As a result, most parts of the image (that is, most of its pixels) are given slightly different colors, which amounts to a certain level of error at each location. Since photographic images usually have extended regions of similar colors that get converted to the same quantized color, a quantized image tends to have a flat or banded (contoured) appearance unless it is also dithered.
An image composed of a rectangular array of colored or grayscale dots (see also pixel). This is the only type of image officially supported by the PNG format. Such images have a fixed size (as measured in dots) and can be enlarged or reduced only imperfectly.
A computationally intensive method of generating photorealistic images, by tracing virtual rays of light back from the image plane into the scene and calculating their behavior in reverse. Reflection, refraction, and shadows can be modeled quite nicely, although one can use a "radiosity" program for even more realistic images.
Request for Comments, the IETF's name for its standards, recommendations, and technical notes. RFCs fall into two categories, Internet Standards and Informational RFCs; the PNG 1.0 specification was approved as one of the latter, which are less formal. As with most such bodies, the IETF recognizes other standards organizations such as the W3C and ISO, and it will refuse to accept a format or protocol for its own standardization process if another standards body has already done so for the same content.
The most common color space in computing, representing colors as combinations of red, green, and blue values. This model matches the design of color monitors and LCD panels, which use red, green, and blue phosphors and filters, respectively.
Red, green, blue, alpha. This is the usual format for partially transparent color images.
One of the values associated with a single pixel; for example, the red value of a given pixel is a sample. RGB images have three samples per pixel; RGBA images have four; grayscale images have one. In a palette-based image, samples are associated with the palette, not the pixels.
The number of bits used to store a sample. For example, a 24-bit RGB image uses 8 bits per sample; a 48-bit RGB image or 16-bit grayscale image uses 16 bits per sample. Thus, the sample depth has to do with the precision of each color value--that is, the extent to which it can differ from its nearest neighbors. In a palette-based image, the sample depth refers to the palette entries; it is always 8 bits in PNG, even if the pixel depth is smaller.
A means of compactly representing very large or very small numbers as the product of a decimal value (between 1 and 10) and a power of 10. For example, there are 86,400 seconds in a day; in scientific notation, that value would be written 8.64 × 104. A much larger example is Avogadro's number (from chemistry), which is approximately 6.02 × 1023. On the other end of the scale, the mass of an electron is roughly 9.11 × 10−31 kilograms.
A central component of the LZ77 class of compression algorithms, in which a window of fixed width is imagined to slide over already-processed data as the current location is advanced. This window indicates the region in which LZ77's relative pointers (or [distance, length] pairs) are valid.
Still Picture Interchange File Format, the successor to JFIF and an official standard for JPEG image files.
Standard RGB color space, a means of specifying precisely how any given RGB value should appear on a monitor or printed paper or any other output device. sRGB was promoted by the ICC and submitted for standardization by the IEC.
If a truecolor image will be viewed on systems capable of displaying only 256 (or fewer) colors, an encoder may take the additional step of finding one or more preferred sets of colors to which the image may be quantized most effectively. This avoids the necessity of decoders on such systems having to scan the entire image before displaying anything; with the suggested quantization (or "suggested palette"), they can immediately begin mapping image colors to the reduced set and display the image data without delay.
In 3D rendering engines where performance is limited by the number of polygons visible in any given scene, texture-mapping is a computationally inexpensive means of applying a pattern to an otherwise basic polygon in order to make it appear more complex and/or realistic. For example, a simple rectangle can be made to look like a brick wall by applying the image of a repeating (tiled) brick pattern to it; such an image is called a texture. Secondary textures, such as light (or shadow) maps and bump maps, can add even more realism, at minimal rendering cost.
Tagged Image File Format, a file format designed by Aldus (now Adobe). TIFF supports virtually every image type and color space imaginable, with a file structure that is practically arbitrary and half a dozen possible compression methods. As such, it is not fully supported by any application in the world, and it has been plagued by incompatibilities over the years. A subset is widely supported by scanner and image-editing software on multiple platforms, however.
In general terms, the functional relationship between two quantities, such as an input voltage and an output light intensity, or an input range of digital values and an output range of digital values. This is a useful concept for describing the pipeline an image takes, say, from light entering a camera lens to RGB data in computer memory to voltages in a CRT to the light emitted from the monitor.
Another name for RGB images; that is, capable of representing a very large number of colors (usually anything up to 16.8 million, or even more) without resorting to quantization and dithering.
Uniform Resource Locator, the standard means of specifying networked resources such as web pages. The format typically involves a protocol name (e.g., http or ftpX an Internet hostname or IP number, an optional port number, and a path specification on the given host; these parts are separated by certain punctuation (colons, forward slashes, etc.).
Coordinated Universal Time, the standard time reference for Earth and the human race. Knowing the UTC time and one's timezone offset from it, it is possible to calculate the local time--for example, 1:00 PM UTC corresponds to 3:00 AM Pacific Standard Time (on the same day). UTC is almost the same thing as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), which was originally used as the standard time reference.
VRML Architecture Group, the body that drove the design and standardization of VRML 2.0 (also known as VRML97).
An image whose most basic elements consist of lines, arcs, polygons, and so forth. Such an image can be scaled arbitrarily without introducing fuzziness or other artifacts. Many PostScript images fall into this category, though PostScript also supports raster images. Windows metafiles and Adobe Type 1 fonts are other examples of vector images.
Virtual Reality Modeling Language, the current standard for 3D objects and animations on the World Wide Web.
World Wide Web Consortium, a commercially funded body that standardizes (via Recommendations) protocols and formats for the Web. PNG and HTTP are examples of such standards.
A standard color space for more than half a century. Like RGB, YCb Cr and others, XYZ has its basis in the human visual system; unlike most of them, however, it is a device-independent color space and is the preferred intermediary for conversions between other color spaces.
The year 10,000, an impending problem for software that stores years as four ASCII digits (as in the string "1963").
The year 2038, an impending problem for many current Unix systems, which store dates as four-byte, signed integers representing the number of seconds since 1 January 1970. At roughly 3:14 AM UTC on 19 January 2038 (which is either 18 January or 19 January elsewhere in the world, depending on one's timezone), such systems will flash back to December 1901. Unix systems that store dates as unsigned four-byte integers are OK until early February 2106.
The year 2000, an impending problem for software that stores years as two ASCII digits (as in the string "63"). This particular problem has been generating a great deal of excitement (money to be made), fear (problems) and loathing (lawsuits) lately.
Three color spaces that approximately model how color is interpreted by the human visual system, with an intensity value and two color values. Color JPEG images almost always use the YCbCr color space instead of RGB.
 Actually, one could imagine measuring the wavelength of every photon; the sum of all such measurements over a given interval of time (the "exposure") and at a given location on electronic film (a "pixel") would be a humongous list of discrete values. Within the limits of quantum mechanics (for a given pixel size, the wavelength can only be measured to a certain precision), it would be a completely accurate representation of physical color.


text:
<?php
/**
 * @author @jenschude <jens.schulze@commercetools.de>
 */

namespace Commercetools\Core\IntegrationTests\ShoppingList;

use Commercetools\Core\Builder\Request\RequestBuilder;
use Commercetools\Core\IntegrationTests\ApiTestCase;
use Commercetools\Core\Model\ShoppingList\ShoppingList;

class ShoppingListQueryRequestTest extends ApiTestCase
{
    public function testQuery()
    {
        $client = $this->getApiClient();

        ShoppingListFixture::withShoppingList(
            $client,
            function (ShoppingList $shoppingList) use ($client) {
                $request = RequestBuilder::of()->shoppingLists()->query()
                    ->where('key=:key', ['key' => $shoppingList->getKey()]);
                $response = $this->execute($client, $request);
                $result = $request->mapFromResponse($response);

                $this->assertCount(1, $result);
                $this->assertInstanceOf(ShoppingList::class, $result->current());
                $this->assertSame($shoppingList->getId(), $result->current()->getId());
            }
        );
    }

    public function testGetById()
    {
        $client = $this->getApiClient();

        ShoppingListFixture::withShoppingList(
            $client,
            function (ShoppingList $shoppingList) use ($client) {
                $request = RequestBuilder::of()->shoppingLists()->getById($shoppingList->getId());
                $response = $this->execute($client, $request);
                $result = $request->mapFromResponse($response);

                $this->assertInstanceOf(ShoppingList::class, $shoppingList);
                $this->assertSame($shoppingList->getId(), $result->getId());
            }
        );
    }

    public function testGetByKey()
    {
        $client = $this->getApiClient();

        ShoppingListFixture::withShoppingList(
            $client,
            function (ShoppingList $shoppingList) use ($client) {
                $request = RequestBuilder::of()->shoppingLists()->getByKey($shoppingList->getKey());
                $response = $this->execute($client, $request);
                $result = $request->mapFromResponse($response);

                $this->assertInstanceOf(ShoppingList::class, $shoppingList);
                $this->assertSame($shoppingList->getId(), $result->getId());
                $this->assertSame($shoppingList->getKey(), $result->getKey());
            }
        );
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We are looking for Graduate Developer to join a brand new team for a large software and services provider based in Derby. This role offers the opportunity to move in to using some of the latest technologies such as SOA, NServiceBus, HTML5 and CSS3.
To be considered for this role you should have excellent verbal and written communication skills with the ability to communicate technical facts to non-technical people, be a self-starter, be used to working as part of a team and have a positive and mature attitude to work.


text:
Football NewsIncredible comeback in second half – Dortmund 3:3 Paderborn
Incredible comeback in second half – Dortmund 3:3 Paderborn
What we have witnessed at Signal Iduna Park was just unbelievable. Dortmund scored three goals in the second half and had a perfect comeback after the first half defeat.
Pre-match preparations
Dortmund lost a crucial match in the last round. Favre's players could not keep up with Bayern in Munich and conceded four goals. Jayden Sancho and teammates could not even shot on target twice.
After a disaster loss in Munich, Marco Reus and other players were very disappointed. Marco Reus posted on social networks and asked fans for forgiveness. Reus promised to play better football in the next rounds. What is the next round? Reus and his teammates could not win the easy match against the last team of Bundesliga.
Paderborn is the worst of Bundesliga by far. Before Friday, Paderborn had only one win (against Dusseldorf) and one draw. Overall, Paderborn had only four points in eleven matches. Experts believed that event at Signal Iduna Park had to be very easy for Dortmund – they were wrong.
1st half of the game
Paderborn's forward, Mamba has a perfect match. Forward scored two goals and had five successful dribbles against Dortmund defenders.
Mamba opened the score no 5th minute. Paderborn could believe in their skill, and the team was able to score two more goals before the whistle of the referee. Mamba scored his second goal in the 37th minute and increased the lead. Holtmann was also successful, and by the end of the first half, Paderborn was leading with three goals.
2nd half of the match
After the match, Favre said that it was the worst first half from Dortmund by far. Dortmund players could not even shot on target successfully in the first 45 minutes.
Everything changed in the second half. Dortmund decided to score goals from the very first minutes of the second half. After Hakimi's assist, Jayden Sancho scored a beautiful goal in the 47th minute. Hakimi and Jayden had a perfect second half as they dominated the midfield of Paderborn.
Axel Witsel scored a header on 84th minute and gave Dortmund a chance for a comeback. The last six minutes of the match was very tough for Paderborn. Dortmund was crossing the ball in the penalty area, and it was very tough for defenders to fight against Reus, Witsel, Sancho, and Hakimi.
After Jayden's assist, Marco Reus scored a beautiful header on 91st minute. Signal Iduna Park cheered players in yellow to score the fourth goal and get three points. Favre's players decided to attack again, but they could not score more goals.
Dortmund 3-3 Paderborn
Favre
Hakimi