The 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado (locally referred to as the May 3rd tornado) was an extraordinarily powerful F5 tornado in which the highest wind speeds ever measured globally were recorded at 301 ± 20 miles per hour (484 ± 32 km/h) by a Doppler on Wheels (DOW) radar. The tornado devastated southern portions of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, along with surrounding suburbs and towns during the early evening of Monday, May 3, 1999. The tornado covered 38 miles (61 km) during its 85-minute existence, destroying thousands of homes, killing 36 people (plus an additional five indirectly), and leaving US$1 billion (1999 USD) in damage, ranking it as the fifth-costliest on record, not accounting for inflation.
The tornado first touched down at 6:23 p.m. Central Daylight Time (CDT) in Grady County, Oklahoma, roughly two miles (3.2 km) south-southwest of Amber, Oklahoma. It quickly intensified into a violent F4, and gradually reached F5 status after traveling 6.5 miles (10.5 km), at which time it struck the town of Bridge Creek. It fluctuated in strength, ranging from F2 to F5 status before it crossed into Cleveland County where it reached F5 intensity for a third time shortly before entering the city of Moore. By 7:30 p.m., the tornado crossed into Oklahoma County and battered southeastern Oklahoma City, Del City, and Midwest City before dissipating around 7:48 p.m. just outside Midwest City. A total of 8,132 homes, 1,041 apartments, 260 businesses, 11 public buildings, and 7 churches were damaged or destroyed.
Large-scale search and rescue operations immediately took place in the affected areas. A major disaster declaration was signed by President Bill Clinton the following day (May 4) allowing the state to receive federal aid. In the following months, disaster aid amounted to $67.8 million. Reconstruction projects in subsequent years led to a safer, tornado-ready community. However, on May 20, 2013, nearby areas adjacent to the 1999 storm's track along with some of the same areas in the path of the tornado were again devastated by another large and violent EF5 tornado, resulting in 24 fatalities and extreme damage in the South Oklahoma City/Moore area.
A map of the meteorological setup of the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak. The map displays surface and upper level atmospheric features associated with the outbreak.
The Bridge Creek–Moore tornado was part of a much larger outbreak, which produced 71 tornadoes across five states throughout the Central Plains on May 3 alone, along with an additional 25 that touched down a day later in some of the areas affected by the previous day's activity (some of which were spawned supercells that developed on the evening of May 3), stretching eastward to the Mississippi River Valley. On the morning of May 3, in its Day 1 Convective Outlook for the United States, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a slight risk for severe weather, as a dry line that stretched from western Kansas into western Texas approached a warm, humid air-mass over the Central Plains; the conditions ahead of the dry line and a connecting trough positioned over northeastern Colorado appeared to favor the development of thunderstorms later that day that would contain large hail, damaging straight-line winds, and isolated tornadoes.
Forecasters at the SPC initially underestimated the atmospheric conditions that would support tornadic development that afternoon and evening; around 4:00 a.m. CDT, Doppler radar and wind profile data indicated a 90-knot (100 mph; 170 km/h) jet stream along the border of California and Nevada, with weather balloon soundings sent up the previous evening by National Weather Service offices in the western United States and numerical computer model data failing to detect the fast-moving air current as it moved ashore from the Pacific Ocean. In addition, the dry line was diffused, with surface winds behind and ahead of the boundary moving into the region from a southerly direction. SPC meteorologists began to recalculate model data during the morning to account for the stronger wind profiles caused by the jet streak; the data acknowledged that thunderstorms would occur within the Central Plains, but disagreed on the exact area of greatest severe weather risk.
By 7:00 a.m. Central Daylight Time, CAPE values began exceeding 4,000 J/kg, a level that climatologically favors the development of severe thunderstorms. Despite conflicting model data on the specified area where thunderstorms would develop, the newly available information that denoted a more favorable severe thunderstorm setup in that part of the state prompted the SPC to upgrade the forecasted threat of severe weather to a moderate risk for south-central Kansas, much of the western two-thirds of Oklahoma, and the northwestern and north-central portions Texas at 11:15 a.m. CDT that morning, which now indicated an elevated threat of strong tornadoes.
By the early afternoon hours, forecasters at both the SPC and the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman, Oklahoma, realized that a major event was likely to take place based solely on observational data from radar and weather satellite imagery and balloon soundings, as the computer models remained uncooperative in helping meteorologists determine where the greatest threat of severe storms would occur.
Conditions became highly conducive for tornadic development by 1:00 p.m. CDT as wind shear intensified over the region (as confirmed by an unscheduled balloon sounding flight conducted by the NWS Norman office), creating a highly unstable atmosphere. The sounding balloon recorded winds blowing southwesterly at 20 mph (32 km/h) and 50 mph (80 km/h) respectively at the surface and at the 12,000-foot (3,700 m) level, southerly winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) and westerly winds of 20 mph (32 km/h) at 20,000 feet (6,100 m); it also indicated that a capping inversion over the region was weakening in southwestern Oklahoma and north Texas; with the warm air above the surface cooling down, this allowed warm air at the surface the chance to rise and potentially create thunderstorms. Although cirrus clouds − a bank of which had developed in west Texas and overspread portions of Oklahoma later in the morning − were present through much of the day, an area of clearing skies over western north Texas and southwestern Oklahoma early that afternoon allowed for the sun to heat up the moisture-laden region, creating significant atmospheric instability.
At 3:49 p.m. CDT, the Storm Prediction Center issued a high severe weather risk for much of central Oklahoma. Within 25 minutes of this, the National Weather Service office in Norman issued a severe thunderstorm warning for Comanche County by 4:15 p.m. CDT late that afternoon, as the first storm of the event rapidly intensified. A half-hour later, at 4:45 p.m. CDT, the Storm Prediction Center issued a tornado watch for western and central Oklahoma for the threat of tornadoes, hail up to 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter, and wind gusts to 80 mph (130 km/h).
The thunderstorm that eventually produced the F5 tornado formed around 3:30 p.m. CDT over Tillman County. Despite the lack of overall lift prevalent in the region, the storm formed out of a contrail-like horizontal area of convective clouds that developed during peak surface heating over southwestern Oklahoma, located well ahead of the dry line still positioned farther to the west, which provided enhanced lift and speed shear necessary to develop the supercell. Tracking northeast, the storm strengthened and entered Comanche County shortly after 4:00 p.m. CDT; there, hail up to 1.75 inches (4.4 cm) in diameter fell.
As the rotation in the supercell began to rapidly increase at the cloud base, a tornado warning was issued for the counties of Comanche, Caddo, and Grady at 4:50 p.m. CDT; one minute later, a small tornado roughly 25 yards (75 ft) in diameter − the first of 14 associated with supercell "A" (the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman designated lettered names for the three tornado-producing supercells in the outbreak in storm surveys) − touched down seven miles (11 km) east-northeast of Medicine Park along U.S. Route 62. Five more tornadoes developed as the storm continued northeast; a sixth one, this being an F3, touched down a short time later and caused substantial damage in central Grady County, including some to the Chickasha Municipal Airport, where roofs were torn off of two hangars. At 6:23 p.m. CDT, a ninth tornado associated with supercell "A" touched down about 2 miles (3.2 km) south-southwest of Amber.
The tornado quickly intensified as it crossed Oklahoma State Highway 92, attaining F4 strength about 4 miles (6.4 km) east-northeast of Amber. Damage consistent with this rating was sustained over the following 6.5 miles (10.5 km) of the path before striking Bridge Creek. There, it attained the highest-possible rating on the Fujita Scale, F5. Damage in this area was extreme, as many homes were swept away completely, leaving only concrete slabs where the structures once stood. Damage surveyors noted that the remaining structural debris from some of the homes in this area was finely granulated into small fragments, and that trees and shrubs were completely debarked. A few of these homes were bolted to their foundations. Extensive ground scouring occurred, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards from where they originated, including a mangled pickup truck that was found wrapped around a telephone pole. It was in this area that a mobile Doppler weather radar recorded winds of 301 mph (484 km/h) within the tornado, the highest wind speed ever recorded on Earth. Since the record for maximum winds are reported from only non-tornadic events, however, the 253 mph (407 km/h) wind gust from Cyclone Olivia in 1996 retained the title. About 1 inch (25 mm) of asphalt was scoured off a road by the violent tornado. Approximately 200 mobile homes/houses were destroyed, and hundreds of other structures were damaged. The Ridgecrest Baptist Church in Bridge Creek was also destroyed in the process. About 12 people died in Bridge Creek, nine of whom were in mobile homes; all fatalities and the majority of injuries were concentrated in the Willow Lake and Southern Hills Additions and Bridge Creek Estates, consisting mostly of mobile homes. Over 39 people were injured in the area as well. Continuing northeastward, the tornado briefly weakened to F4 status before re-strengthening to F5 intensity as it neared the Grady-McClain County line, where a car was thrown roughly 0.25 mi (0.40 km) in the air, and a well-built home with anchor bolts was reduced to a bare slab. At this time, it had attained a width of one mile (1.6 km).
Around 6:57 p.m. CDT, the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Norman issued the first-ever tornado emergency for southern portions of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area, which was released as a standalone weather statement (instead of within a newly issued or a Special Weather Statement on an existing tornado warning, as became usual afterward). David Andra, a meteorologist at the NWS Norman office, said that he drafted the enhanced warning statement to "paint the picture that a rare and deadly tornado was imminent in the metro area."
F5 damage to a house in Bridge Creek, with severe debarking and ground scouring visible on the property.
Paralleling along Interstate 44, the tornado moved into McClain County, where it crossed the highway twice at F4 intensity, killing a woman as she was blown out from an underpass where she was attempting to seek shelter, after being dragged down the embankment by the intense channeling winds; her 11-year-old son − with whom the woman vacated their stalled car nearby − survived, staying held tight onto the steel girders of the overpass. A man who helped the mother and son up the overpass suffered severe injuries to his leg, which was partially sliced by a highway sign thrown by the winds. At 7:10 p.m. CDT, a satellite tornado touched down over an open field north of Newcastle; it was rated as an F0 due to lack of damage. 38 homes and two businesses were destroyed in McClain County, and 40 homes were flattened; some of these homes were leveled at F4 intensity, and 17 people were injured.
After crossing the Canadian River, the tornado entered Cleveland County and weakened to F2 intensity. By this time, it had entered the south side of Oklahoma City. Several minutes after entering the county, it re-attained F4 status, and then moved directly into the city of Moore, reaching F5 intensity for a third time. Some of the most severe damage took place in Cleveland County, mainly in Moore, where 11 people were killed and 293 others were injured. The tornado caused an estimated $450 million in damage across the county. The first area impacted in Moore was the Country Place Estates subdivision, where 50 homes were destroyed and one was swept cleanly from its foundation at F5 intensity. Several vehicles were picked up and tossed nearly 0.25 mi (0.40 km). According to local police, an airplane wing, believed to have been from an airport in Grady County, was found near Country Place Estates. Then, the powerful tornado struck the densely populated Eastlake Estates at F5 intensity, killing three people and reducing entire rows of homes to rubble. In one instance, four adjacent homes were completely destroyed, with only concrete slabs remaining, warranting an F5 rating at that location. Three other homes in this housing division also received F5 damage, with the remaining destruction rated high-end F4. Severe debarking of trees was noted in this area. At the Emerald Springs Apartments, three more people were killed and a two-story apartment building was mostly flattened.
Approximate tracks of the supercells during the outbreak. The supercell that spawned the F5 tornado is marked "A" in green.
As it entered Cleveland County, the National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center activated emergency procedures, preparing to evacuate staff and others present at the facility in the event that the supercell should turn right, placing areas surrounding the Norman campus in the tornado's path (under NOAA protocol in situations posing a danger to personnel at local Weather Forecast Offices and related guidance centers, responsibility over the issuance of warnings and statements on the unfolding outbreak would have been transferred to the nearest NWS Forecast Office, based in Tulsa, while the SPC's forecasting responsibilities would be turned over to the 557th Weather Wing at Offutt Air Force Base). The supercell, however, continued on a northeastward track, sparing the Norman area.
Safety precautions were also enacted elsewhere in and near the storm's path; council members and citizens at Moore City Hall − where a council meeting was scheduled to be held that evening − sheltered in place in the building's first-floor restrooms, away from the multiple large-pane windows at its facade. In downtown Oklahoma City, spectators attending sporting events held that evening involving two of the city's minor league teams – a regular season baseball game between the Oklahoma RedHawks and Memphis Redbirds (which was suspended during the second inning) and Game 2 of the Ray Miron President's Cup series between the Oklahoma City Blazers and the Huntsville Channel Cats – were also evacuated to shelter in an underground storage area connected to the Southwestern Bell Bricktown Ballpark and Myriad Convention Center amid concerns that the storm would jog northward and place Oklahoma City itself in the tornado's path. Flights were grounded at Will Rogers World Airport as the northern edge of the supercell approached the area; the tornado turned right, away from southwestern parts of the city proper, shortly before airport officials began evacuating employees and visitors at the terminals. Traffic on Interstate 35 in south Oklahoma City and north Moore became backed up for several miles, as drivers evacuated from their vehicles to seek shelter under an overpass overlooking South Shields Boulevard.
Just outside the Eastlake Estates, an honors ceremony was being held at Westmoore High School at the time of the tornado. Adequate warning time allowed those at the school to seek shelter, however, and more than 400 adults and children attending the awards ceremony at the school's auditorium were moved to the main building, sheltering in reinforced hallways and bathrooms. Ultimately, Westmoore High sustained heavy damage and dozens of cars in the parking lot were tossed around, some of which were completely destroyed or thrown into nearby homes. No injuries took place at the school, though a horse was found dead between a couple of destroyed cars in this area. The tornado proceeded through additional densely populated areas of Moore shortly thereafter, where several large groups of homes were flattened in residential areas, with a mixture of high-end F4 and low-end F5 damage noted. Near Janeway Avenue, four people were killed in an area where multiple homes were completely destroyed. A woman, who took shelter with her husband and two children, was also killed when she was blown out from under the Shields overpass on Interstate 35. The tornado weakened somewhat as it moved through the Highland Park neighborhood of Moore, but still caused widespread F3 and F4 damage.
An American flag blows in the wind next to the remains of a home destroyed by the tornado.
The tornado then entered Oklahoma County and struck the southeast fringes of Oklahoma City, where it re-intensified to high-end F4 strength and two people were killed as a trucking company was completely destroyed. Shortly before it tracked into the county, patrons and employees at Crossroads Mall were evacuated to storage areas in the basement of the building. Numerous industrial buildings were leveled in this area of the city. A freight car, weighing 36,000 lb (16,000 kg) was thrown 0.75 mi (1.21 km). The car bounced as it traveled, remaining airborne for 50 to 100 yd (46 to 91 m) at a time. Multiple homes were also completely destroyed in southeast Oklahoma City, and one woman was killed in that area. Crossing Southeast 44th Street into Del City, the tornado moved through the highly populated Del Aire housing addition, killing six people and damaging or destroying hundreds of homes, with many sustaining F3 to F4 damage. Seven people were killed as a direct result of the tornado in Del City, and hundreds of homes were damaged or destroyed.
The tornado then crossed Sooner Road, damaged an entry gate and several buildings at Tinker Air Force Base, then crossed 29th Street into Midwest City, destroying one building at the Boeing Complex and damaging two others. Widespread F3/F4 damage continued as the tornado moved across Interstate 40, affecting a large business district. Approximately 800 vehicles at Hudiburg Auto Group were damaged, located just south of Interstate 40. Hundreds of vehicles at the dealership were moved from their original location on the lot, and dozens of vehicles (including 30 awaiting tune-ups or repairs at Morris' Auto Machine and Supply, and an unoccupied Mid-Del School District bus) were picked up and tossed northward across the interstate into several motels, a distance of approximately two-tenths of a mile. Numerous motels and other businesses including Hampton Inn, Comfort Inn, Inn Suites, Clarion Inn, Cracker Barrel, and portions of Rose State College, were destroyed. While some of the damage through this area was rated high-end F4, low-end F5 was considered. The tornado then continued into another residential area located between Southeast 15th and Reno Avenue, where three fatalities occurred. Damage consistent with high-end F4 wind speeds was inflicted to four homes in this area. Two of these homes were located between Southeast 11th and 12th Streets, near Buena Vista, and the other two homes were located on Will Rogers Road, just south of Southeast 15th. Damage then diminished rapidly to F0/F1 strength as the tornado crossed Reno Avenue, before dissipating three blocks north of Reno, between Sooner Road and Air Depot Boulevard. Throughout Oklahoma County, 12 people were killed and 234 others were injured while losses amounted to $450 million.
Thirty-six people were killed as a direct result of the storm and five more died of indirect causes in the hours following it; most of the indirect deaths were due to heart attacks or injuries suffered while trying to seek shelter. One survivor was uninjured but died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. According to the Oklahoma Department of Health, an estimated 583 people were injured by the tornado, accounting for those who did not go to the hospital or were unaccounted for. A total of 8,132 homes, 1,041 apartments, 260 businesses, 11 public buildings, and 7 churches were damaged or destroyed. Estimated damage costs totaled $1.2 billion, making it the first recorded tornado to exceed $1 billion. The Bridge Creek−Moore tornado produced an estimated 220 cubic yards (170 m3) of debris from the buildings that were destroyed.
This was the deadliest tornado recorded in Oklahoma since an F5 tornado killed 107 people in Woodward on April 9, 1947. It was also the deadliest tornado ever recorded in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area; the previous record was held by an F4 tornado that affected southwestern portions of the city on June 12, 1942, killing 31 people and causing $500,000 in damage ($11.2 million in (2019 USD) when adjusted for inflation). It was the costliest tornado in US history until an EF4 tornado hit Tuscaloosa and northern portions of Birmingham, Alabama on April 27, 2011, causing an estimated $2.45 billion in damage (as of 2015[update], the Bridge Creek–Moore tornado is the fourth-costliest tornado, having been surpassed by the EF5 tornadoes that hit Joplin on May 22, 2011, and areas of Moore near the 1999 storm track on May 20, 2013). National Weather Service researchers estimated that the death toll from the storm would likely have exceeded 600 had it not been for the advanced warning through local television and radio stations and exercising proper safety precautions.
Urban search and rescue teams were deployed to help search for missing persons in the wake of the tornado.
Following the outbreak of deadly and destructive tornadoes, President Bill Clinton signed a major disaster declaration for eleven Oklahoma counties on May 4. In a press statement by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), then-director James Lee Witt stated that "The President is deeply concerned about the tragic loss of life and destruction caused by these devastating storms." The American Red Cross opened ten shelters overnight across central Oklahoma, housing 1,600 people immediately following the disaster. By May 5, this number had lowered to 500. Throughout May 5, several post-disaster teams from FEMA were deployed to the region, including emergency response and preliminary damage assessment units. The United States Department of Defense deployed the 249th Engineering Battalion and placed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on standby for assistance. Medical and mortuary teams were also sent by the Department of Health and Human Services. By May 6, donation centers and phone banks were being established to create funds for victims of the tornadoes.
Continuing search and rescue efforts for thirteen people who were listed as missing through May 7 were assisted by urban search and rescue dogs from across the country. Nearly 1,000 members of the Oklahoma National Guard were deployed throughout the affected region. The American Red Cross had set up ten mobile feeding stations by this time and stated that 30 more were en route. On May 8, a disaster recovery center was opened in Moore for individuals recovering from the tornadoes. According to the Army Corps of Engineers, roughly 500,000 cubic yards (382,277 cubic meters) of debris was left behind and would likely take weeks to clear. Within the first few days of the disaster declaration, relief funds began being sent to families who requested aid. By May 9, roughly $180,000 had been approved by FEMA for disaster housing assistance.
Residents search for belongings in the remains of their homes.
Debris removal finally began on May 12 as seven cleanup teams were sent to the region, more were expected to join over the following days. That day, FEMA also declared that seven counties − Canadian, Craig, Grady, Lincoln, Logan, Noble and Oklahoma − were eligible for federal financial assistance. By May 13, roughly $1.6 million in disaster funds had been approved for housing and businesses loans. This quickly rose to more than $5.9 million over the following five days. By May 21, more than 3,000 volunteers from across the country traveled to Oklahoma to help residents recover; 1,000 of these volunteers were sent to Bridge Creek to clean up debris, cut trees, sort donations and cook meals. With a $452,199 grant from FEMA, a 60-day outreach program for victims suffering tornado-related stress was set up to help them cope with trauma.
Applications for federal aid continued through June, with state approvals reaching $54 million on June 3. By this date, the Army Corps of Engineers reported that 964,170 cubic yards (737,160 cubic meters), roughly 58%, of the 1.65 million cubic yards (1.26 million cubic meters) of debris had been removed. Assistance for farmers and ranchers who suffered severe losses from the tornadoes was also available by June 3. After more than a month of being open, emergency shelters were set to be closed on June 18. On June 21, an educational road show made by FEMA visited the hardest hit areas in Oklahoma to urge residents to build storm cellars. According to FEMA, more than 9,500 residents applied for federal aid during the allocated period in the wake of the tornadoes. Most of the applicants lived in Oklahoma and Cleveland counties, 3,800 and 3,757 persons respectively. In all, disaster recovery aid for the tornadoes amounted to roughly $67.8 million by the end of July 2.
Over the following four years, a $12 million project to construct storm shelters for residents across the Oklahoma City metropolitan area was enacted. The goal was to create a safer community in a tornado-prone region. By May 2003, a total of 6,016 safe rooms were constructed. On May 9, 2003, the new initiative was put to the test as a tornado outbreak in the region spawned an F4 tornado, which took a path similar to that of the Bridge Creek–Moore tornado. Due to the higher standards for public safety, no one was killed by the 2003 tornado, a substantial improvement in just four years. On May 20, 2013, an EF5 tornado impacted some of the same areas affected by the 1999 storm, tracking through the heart of Moore. Throughout the city, 24 people were killed (along with one additional person who died as an indirect result of the tornado) and more than 230 were injured.
Aerial view of one of the overpasses under which one person was killed by the tornado.
From a meteorological and safety standpoint, the tornado also brought the use of highway overpasses as shelters into question. Prior to the events on May 3, 1999, videos of people taking shelter in overpasses during tornadoes in the past (most notably one filmed near Wichita, Kansas, during the April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak involving a television news crew from Wichita NBC affiliate KSNW and other bystanders) gave the public misunderstanding that overpasses provided shelter from tornadoes. For nearly 20 years, meteorologists had questioned the safety of these structures; they lacked incidents involving loss of life, however. During the May 3 outbreak, three overpasses were directly struck by tornadoes, with a fatality taking place at each one. Two of these were from the F5 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado while the third was from a small F2, which struck a rural area in Payne County, north-northeast of Oklahoma City. According to a study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, seeking shelter in an overpass "is to become a stationary target for flying debris."Another commonly held misconception is that highway overpasses provide adequate shelter from tornadoes. This belief is partly inspired by widely circulated video captured during the 1991 tornado outbreak near Andover, Kansas, where a news crew and several other people take shelter under an overpass on the Kansas Turnpike and safely ride out a tornado as it passes by. However, a highway overpass is a dangerous place during a tornado, and the subjects of the video remained safe due to an unlikely combination of events: the storm in question was a weak tornado, the tornado did not directly strike the overpass, and the overpass itself was of a unique design. Due to the Venturi effect, tornadic winds are accelerated in the confined space of an overpass. Indeed, in the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak of May 3, 1999, three highway overpasses were directly struck by tornadoes, and at each of the three locations there was a fatality, along with many life-threatening injuries.
Preliminary damage surveys conducted by a group of structural engineers from Texas Tech University determined that many of the frame homes that were destroyed by the Bridge Creek−Moore tornado were constructed below minimal residential building code standards, discovering some structural deficiencies that violated codes, which were considered to be inadequate for regions prone to tornadic activity (under federal building code standards, frame homes that were properly strapped and bolted would have withstood winds between 152 and 157 miles per hour (245 and 253 km/h), equivalent to an F2 tornado). The team, led by meteorological researcher Charles Doswell and storm damage engineer/meteorologist Tim Marshall, determined that nails attached to a plywood roof deck in one damaged home were not properly anchored to the rafters; several homes in rural areas that were swept nearly 300 feet (91 m) from their original location did not have anchor bolts that secured the frame to their foundations, as was the case at Country Place Estates, where the homes − which left a trail of debris strewn 3,000 feet (910 m) away from their location − were attached to the concrete foundations by tapered cut nails that extended only a half-inch to the bases; many homes that were left at least partially standing also had their garage doors (mainly those made from aluminum material) collapse inward, allowing the tornado's destructive winds to enter the houses.
Marshall discovered other building and vehicle remains that became debris missiles, including a twisted 36-inch (0.91 m) steel beam, a steel leg broken off of a lawn chair that was impaled into a 5-by-5-inch (13 cm × 13 cm) post by the violent winds and a six-foot (180 cm) section of a sewer pipe that was blown into the interior hallway of one house through the front door. The team's findings also revealed that several homes were obliterated before they experienced the full impact of the vortex's peak wind velocities, with some disintegrating as the external winds surrounding the parent tornado reached speeds of F2 intensity. Three months later, as homes were being built in the damage path, Marshall found their construction to be scarcely superior to that of the homes destroyed in the May 3 storm.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) corroborated with Doswell and Marshall's findings in its Building Performance Assessment Team Report on the May 3 outbreak, noting that much of the structural damage resulted from strong winds generated by the tornado and associated windborne debris that often "produced forces on buildings not designed to withstand such forces" and in some cases, were due to improper construction techniques and "poor selection" of materials used in their construction. The report acknowledged that federal construction code requirements needed to be revised above the then-current minimum standards to allow newer buildings to better withstand higher wind speeds consistent with tornadoes of lesser intensity than the one that devastated Bridge Creek and Moore, thereby lessening the degree of damage, fatalities and injuries that are probable in buildings of typically less reinforced construction.
^ It is officially accepted that the rating for this tornado is F5; however, the ±20 mph (32 km/h) wind speed ambiguity has occasionally lead some people to suggest that this tornado may have briefly been an F6 tornado. On the original Fujita Scale, F6 was a theoretical classification for an "inconceivable tornado", with a wind speed in excess of 319 mph (513 km/h), but no tornado ever produced winds officially at or above 319 mph (513 km/h). The United States National Weather Service has officially maintained that the Bridge Creek-Moore tornado is an F5 tornado, and will not be reclassified F6.
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^ "Del City to dedicate tornado victim memorial". KWTV. Griffin Communications. May 6, 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
^ "The 1999 Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak: 10-Year Retrospective" (PDF). Risk Management Solutions. 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ a b c d Nancy Mathis (2007). "The Twister's Aftermath". Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado. Touchstone. pp. 180–188. ISBN 978-0-7432-8053-2.
^ "Top Ten Deadliest Oklahoma Tornadoes (1875-Present)". National Weather Service Forecast Office, Norman, Oklahoma. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
^ "President Declares Major Disaster for Oklahoma". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 4, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Oklahoma/Kansas Tornado Disaster Update" (Press release). Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 5, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Plains States Tornado Update" (Press release). Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 6, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "FEMA Sends Urban Search & Rescue Dogs to Oklahoma". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 7, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Plains States Tornado Disaster Update" (Press release). Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 7, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "FEMA and State Open Disaster Recovery Center in Moore". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 7, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Debris Removal Begins; Army Corps of Engineers Targets Public Access and Property". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 7, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "First Checks Approved for Oklahoma Storm Victims". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 9, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Debris Removal Underway in Oklahoma City, Mulhall, and Choctaw; Stroud Set for Thursday". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 12, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Seven Oklahoma Counties Get Expanded Disaster Assistance". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 12, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Oklahoma Tornado Disaster Update" (Press release). Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 13, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Oklahoma Disaster Recovery News Summary" (Press release). Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 18, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Flood of Volunteers Aids Tornado Victims". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 21, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Help Available To Those Coping With Tornado-Related Stress". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 21, 1999. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Oklahoma Disaster Aid Tops $54 Million". Federal Emergency Management Agency. June 3, 1999. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Disaster Assistance is Available to Oklahoma Farmers and Ranchers". Federal Emergency Management Agency. June 3, 1999. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ "Disaster Recovery Centers To Close In Bridge Creek And Dover". Federal Emergency Management Agency. June 14, 1999. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ "Safe Room Show Visits Oklahoma". Federal Emergency Management Agency. June 21, 1999. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ "Almost 9,500 Oklahomans Register For Disaster Recovery Aid More Than $67.8 Million In Grants And Loans Approved". Federal Emergency Management Agency. July 7, 1999. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ "Residents Survive May 2003 Tornado". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 9, 2003. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ Chelsea J. Carter; Brian Todd; Michael Pearson (May 21, 2013). "Crews shift from rescue to recovery a day after Oklahoma tornado, official says". CNN. Moore, Oklahoma: Turner Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
^ Malcolm Ritter (May 21, 2013). "Oklahoma twister tracked path of 1999 tornado". MSN.com. MSN. Associated Press. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
^ Daniel J. Miller; Charles A. Doswell III; Harold E. Brooks; Gregory J. Stumpf; Erik Rasmussen (1999). "Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters". National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 13, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ Daniel J. Miller; Charles A. Doswell III; Harold E. Brooks; Gregory J. Stumpf; Erik Rasmussen (1999). "Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters: Events on May 3, 1999". National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. p. 5. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ Daniel J. Miller; Charles A. Doswell III; Harold E. Brooks; Gregory J. Stumpf; Erik Rasmussen (1999). "Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters: Highway Overpasses Are Inadequate Tornado Sheltering Areas". National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. p. 6. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ "FEMA 342, Building Performance Assessment Team Report - Midwest Tornadoes of May 3, 1999" (PDF). Federal Emergency Management Agency. July 7, 1999. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
^ Nancy Mathis (2007). "A Tornado's Grip". Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado. Touchstone. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-7432-8053-2.
This page was last edited on 25 March 2019, at 15:40 (UTC).


In Loving Memory of Elwin Lainchbury who was born on December 16, 1926 in Lakesend, Alberta to Alfred and Frances. Elwin passed away peacefully at home on Thursday October 25, 2018 with his friends by his side. This was his wish. Predeceased by Ellen, the love of his love, and his sidekick Keeta. He was an inventor, welder, fisherman, hunter, and mink rancher. If you wanted it built, he would build it, whether it was a boat, a quad or a special tool, he would craft it. Among his many occupations and hobbies he even ran a sawmill. Most importantly he was a great friend to all. Elwin made friends wherever he went in Canada and afar and he will be fondly remembered by all especially his coffee pal's at Ida's. He had a good sense of humour, amazing love for life, enjoyed spending time with friends and family and he loved the ocean and nature. A Celebration of Elwin's life will be held at Lumby's OAP Hall on Saturday, November 10, 2018 at 3:00pm. In lieu of flowers those friends wishing to make memorial contributions in memory of Elwin may do so to the KGH Foundation, Vernon Dialysis unit.
I remember Uncle in his backyard building boats and coming in for coffee with us he was such a great Soul he will be missed. I also remember that the family Union when he accidentally electrocuted his poor dog. The dog was okay but was a little Leary of the stairs from then on. After dad passed away Uncle Elwyn was there to help Mom with some daily stuff and keep her company. I imagine that Auntie Ellen and Mom and Uncle Elwyn are all there having a good visit. Rest in peace Uncle till we meet again.


text:
Gringo Favelado
Venture deep inside the self-branded Marvellous City, beyond the veneer, at a critical point in Rio's history. As the 2016 Olympics loom on the horizon, the city has been trying to tackle its chronic problems with violence by installing Pacifying Police Units inside the lawless favela (slum) communities. We journey through the lives of three gringos (British expats) who have all chosen a Rio favela as home. Some favelas are more peaceful than others and during this documentary we'll find out why,...
[see more] despite a sometimes alarming level of danger, these Brits are here to stay. Jody King, from the coast of Cornwall takes a group of visitors on a tour of Rocinha, South America's biggest favela, where he lives and works as a tour guide. As we listen to Jody's lighthearted guidance the local gang send up smoke signals in the background and the police begin to take position. Bob Nadkarni from London built a home in the Tavares Bastos favela over 30 years ago and has managed to turn it into one of Rio's premium jazz venues where he employs local residents. But Bob claims the mayor's office wants a piece of the pie and is moving in to take it. Tom Ashe from Doncaster moved to Rio for his love of Brazilian music and has made a home in Pereira da Silva favela where he's dedicated his life to teaching local children brass instruments. If the kids don't miss too many lessons during the frequent shootouts, they may have a chance at performing in the Opening Ceremony of the Olympics, which is a dream they push for each day with Tom behind them. As we navigate the labyrinthine favelas we meet a young and determined police commander and several embattled favela residents who share why, despite varying threats, they stand by their communities in the complex and breathtaking city of Rio de Janeiro.
Monday, August 12 at 12:00 am on 12.2
Thursday, July 18 at 11:00 pm on 12.2

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Fast access to json tree data structure I have a reducer which holds tree data structure (more then 100_000 items total). This is what the data looks like
[
    {
        text: 'A',
        expanded: false,
        items:
        [
            {
                text: 'AA',
                expanded: false
            },
            {
                text: 'AB',
                expanded: false,
                items:
                [
                    {
                        text: 'ABA',
                        expanded: false,
                    },
                    {
                        text: 'ABB',
                        expanded: false,
                    }
                ]
            }
        ]
    },
    {
        text: 'B',
        expanded: false,
        items:
        [
            {
                text: 'BA',
                expanded: false
            },
            {
                text: 'BB',
                expanded: false
            }
        ]
    }
]

What I need to do is access this items really fast using text as an id  (need to toggle expanded each time user clicks on item in a treeview). Should I just copy whole structure in to dictionary or is there a better way?

A: I think you may mean that the cost of handling a change of expansion is really high (because potentially you close/open a node with 100000 leaves and then 100000 UI items are notified).
However, this worries me as I hope only the expanded UI items exist at all (e.g. you don't have hidden React elements for everything, each sitting there and monitoring a Redux selector in case its part of the tree becomes visible).
So long as elements are non-existent when not expanded, then why is expansion a status known by anything but its immediate parent, and only the parent if it's also on screen?
I suggest that expansion state should be e.g. React state not Redux state at all. If they are on screen then they are expanded, optionally with their children expanded (with this held as state within the parent UI element) and if they are not on screen they don't exist.

A: Maybe the following will help, let me know if you need more help but please create a runnable example (code snippet) that shows the problem:

const items = [
  {
    text: 'A',
    expanded: false,
    items: [
      {
        text: 'AA',
        expanded: false,
      },
      {
        text: 'AB',
        expanded: false,
        items: [
          {
            text: 'ABA',
            expanded: false,
          },
          {
            text: 'ABB',
            expanded: false,
          },
        ],
      },
    ],
  },
  {
    text: 'B',
    expanded: false,
    items: [
      {
        text: 'BA',
        expanded: false,
      },
      {
        text: 'BB',
        expanded: false,
      },
    ],
  },
];
//in your reducer
const mapItems = new Map();
const createMap = (items) => {
  const recur = (path) => (item, index) => {
    const currentPath = path.concat(index);
    mapItems.set(item.text, currentPath);
    //no sub items not found in this path
    if (!item.items) {
      return;
    }
    //recursively set map
    item.items.forEach(recur(currentPath));
  };
  //clear the map
  mapItems.clear();
  //re create the map
  items.forEach(recur([]));
};
const recursiveUpdate = (path, items, update) => {
  const recur = ([current, ...path]) => (item, index) => {
    if (index === current && !path.length) {
      //no more subitems to change
      return { ...item, ...update };
    }
    if (index === current) {
      //need to change an item in item.items
      return {
        ...item,
        items: item.items.map(recur(path)),
      };
    }
    //nothing to do for this item
    return item;
  };
  return items.map(recur(path));
};
const reducer = (state, action) => {
  //if you set the data then create the map, this can make
  //  testing difficult since SET_ITEM works only when
  //  when you call SET_DATA first. You should not have
  //  side effects in your reducer (like creating the map)
  //  I broke this rule in favor of optimization
  if (action.type === 'SET_DATA') {
    createMap(action.payload); //create the map
    return { ...state, items };
  }
  if (action.type === 'SET_ITEM') {
    return {
      ...state,
      items: recursiveUpdate(
        mapItems.get(action.payload.text),
        state.items,
        action.payload
      ),
    };
  }
  return state;
};
//crate a state
const state = reducer(
  {},
  { type: 'SET_DATA', payload: items }
);
const changed1 = reducer(state, {
  type: 'SET_ITEM',
  payload: { text: 'A', changed: 'A' },
});
const {
  items: gone,
  ...withoutSubItems
} = changed1.items[0];
console.log('1', withoutSubItems);
const changed2 = reducer(state, {
  type: 'SET_ITEM',
  payload: { text: 'ABB', changed: 'ABB' },
});
console.log('2', changed2.items[0].items[1].items[1]);
const changed3 = reducer(state, {
  type: 'SET_ITEM',
  payload: { text: 'BA', changed: 'BA' },
});
console.log('3', changed3.items[1].items[0]);

If all you wanted to do is toggle expanded then you should probably do that with local state and forget about storing expanded in redux unless you want to expand something outside of the component that renders the item because expanded is then shared between multiple components.

A: Copy all the individual items into a Map<id, Node> to then access it by the ID.
const data = []// your data

// Build Map index
const itemsMap = new Map();

let itemsQueue = [...data];
let cursor = itemsQueue.pop();
while (cursor) {
  itemsMap.set(cursor.text, cursor);
  if (cursor.items)
    for (let item of cursor.items) {
      itemsQueue.push(item);
    }
  cursor = itemsQueue.pop();
}

// Retrieve by text id
console.log(map.get('ABB'));
// {
//   text: 'ABB',
//   expanded: false,
// }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Waxing Gibbous on 28 February 2045 Tuesday
Moon phase on 28 February 2045 Tuesday is Waxing Gibbous, 11 days young Moon is in Leo.
Moon phase for 28 February 2045 Tuesday 12:00 UTC
Waxing Gibbous is the lunar phase on 28 February 2045, Tuesday . Seen from Earth, illuminated fraction of the Moon surface is 89% and growing larger. The 11 days young Moon is in ♌ Leo.
Gibbous ♏ Scorpio
Previous main lunar phase is the First Quarter before 3 days on 24 February 2045 at 16:37.
Worm Moon after 2 days
Next Full Moon is the Worm Moon of March 2045 after 2 days on 3 March 2045 at 07:52.
Full Moon in Virgo ♍ after 2 days on 3 March 2045 at 07:52
New Moon in Pisces ♓ after 18 days on 18 March 2045 at 17:15
Lunar orbit position on 28 February 2045 Tuesday 12:00 UTC
14 days after point of apogee on 14 February 2045 at 02:57 in ♑ Capricorn. The lunar orbit is getting closer, while the Moon is moving inward the Earth. It will keep this direction for the next day, until it get to the point of next perigee on 1 March 2045 at 18:43 in ♌ Leo.
Moon is 363 298 km (225 743 mi) away from Earth on this date. Moon moves closer next day until perigee, when Earth-Moon distance will reach 360 563 km (224 043 mi).
11 days after its ascending node on 17 February 2045 at 06:00 in ♓ Pisces, the Moon is following the northern part of its orbit for the next 2 days, until it will cross the ecliptic from North to South in descending node on 2 March 2045 at 13:33 in ♌ Leo.
2 days after previous North standstill on 26 February 2045 at 01:04 in ♊ Gemini, when Moon has reached northern declination of ∠28.188°. Next 10 days the lunar orbit moves southward to face South declination of ∠-28.164° in the next southern standstill on 10 March 2045 at 22:47 in ♐ Sagittarius.
After 2 days on 3 March 2045 at 07:52 in ♍ Virgo, the Moon will be in Full Moon geocentric opposition with the Sun and this alignment forms next Sun-Earth-Moon syzygy.


Ever since I had the best veggie burger eeeever at a restaurant called Fetch a few weekends ago, I knew I had to try my best to re-create the recipe! I'm very picky when it comes to veggie burgers. Typically I like them firm throughout and not soft, but this was an exception. This was light and crispy on the outside, but softer (or "mushier") on the inside. I had a feeling the veggie burger was potato based and when I asked the waitress, sure enough I was right! I've made things before substituting mashed potato for vital wheat gluten (a valuable tip I learned online), so I already knew it would make a good binder. I just had to decide which veggies to use and what else to add. I picked my brain for all of the information I learned from my years of researching plant-based recipes and came up with my very own veggie burger recipe!
Peel potatoes, cut into 1.5 inch chunks and place in pot on stove top. Add water and bring to a boil. Let potatoes simmer for 20 minutes, or until soft. (You can always make them in the microwave if you're short on time). While potatoes are cooking, finely chop zucchini, red onion, green pepper, broccoli crowns and carrot. Mix all vegetables together in a large bowl. Place boiled potatoes in a separate bowl and mash. Once mashed, add potatoes (1.5 cups) to vegetable mixture. Add bread crumbs, vegetable broth and paprika. Mix until all ingredients are well combined. Form into 6 large patties. Place patties on baking sheet lined with parchment paper and bake at 350 for 30-40 minutes, or until nice and brown/crisp on the outside. *These will firm up a bit as they cool.
I'm sure you could use whatever veggies you like, as long as you stick with the measurements; otherwise, I can't guarantee how it might turn out. The same goes for spices. I like things more on the tame side, so feel free to add more spices if you wish. Also, I used home-made bread crumbs by processing a large chunk of home-made bread. Any type you decide to use should be fine. Finally, the vegetable broth I like to use is Trader Joe's Organic Vegetable Broth. The ingredients are only organic vegetables.


text:
Q: can not execute a python script from windows 7 command line I am having trouble executing a python script from the command line and I can not seem to figure out why.  The Python directory is here (C:\Python27) and I place all the necessary files in that directory.  From the command line I can execute:
cd C:\
C:\>C:\Python27\python.exe C:\Python27\run_batch_job.py -h

and verify that everything is installed correctly.
However, when I try to execute the script on actual data:
C:\>C:\Python27\python.exe C:\Python27\run_batch_job.py Sanger.txt Output.txt PositionConverter

Error:

usage: run_batch_job.py [-h] [-v] [-b BUILD] INPUT OUTPUT TYPE
   run_batch_job.py: error: argument INPUT: can't open 'Sanger.txt':
   [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'Sanger.txt'

However, the Sanger.txt is in the Python27 directory.  I have not been able to figure it out.
Thank you :).


Make your own 3d hologram projector – How and Why?
Posted on December 12, 2017	by Michael Meehan	in STEM	with No Comments on Make your own 3d hologram projector – How and Why?
Using the marker pen trace the template onto the acetate and carefully cut out. Score and fold along the red lines. Tape the free ends together to form a pyramid. Search online for 'hologram videos'. You Tube has lots of good ones. Place the pyramid in the centre of the phone screen. Switch the lights off, play the video and view the hologram from the side as shown in the diagram below. Enjoy!
4 distorted images of a 3d model are displayed on the phone screen. These are reflected on the four sides of the pyramid. When the pyramid is viewed straight on, the 4 separate reflections come together to produce one 3d image.


text:
Fourth Defendant Sentenced for Running Sophisticated Real Estate Fraud Scheme
A woman was sentenced for helping run a sophisticated real estate fraud scheme that resulted in the theft of more than $1.4 million from 2014 to 2016, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office announced.
Latrese Gevon Breaux (dob 6/23/72) was sentenced to 212 days in county jail. She also is required to complete 200 hours community service and was placed on formal probation for five years under the terms of a plea agreement.
Breaux, pleaded no contest on Feb. 14 to one felony count each of grand theft and identity theft, and she admitted an allegation of fraud and embezzlement.
In October, Angela Grace Cotton (dob 3/8/72) was sentenced to 12 years in state prison after pleading no contest to three counts of identity theft, two counts of grand theft and one count each of forgery and money laundering, all felonies.
Denaysha Coleman (dob 1/13/92) was sentenced to three years and eight months in state prison after pleading no contest to one felony count each of grand theft and money laundering.
Lawrence Edward Cotton (dob 11/7/66) was sentenced to two years in state prison after pleading no contest to one felony count each of grand theft and money laundering.
All four defendants are required to pay more than $1.4 million in restitution under the terms of a negotiated plea agreement.
Deputy District Attorney Daniel Kinney of the White Collar Crime Division's Real Estate Fraud Section prosecuted case BA472018.
From July 2014 through September 2016, Angela Cotton, assisted by her co-defendants, used fictitious escrow and title companies that she had created to deceive a lending company into believing it was funding two legitimate real estate transactions.
The group stole the identities of nine people in order to facilitate the fictitious real estate sales. Along with the fake escrow and title companies, the defendants created a fictitious place of employment for one supposed homebuyer under whose name the two loans were approved, the prosecutor said.
To convince the lender of the legitimacy of the transactions and the entities involved, the defendants created fraudulent websites, emails and phone networks along with fake employment documentation and bank account statements from a non-existent financial institution for the borrower.
The lender transferred funds to a bank account it believed to be owned by a legitimate title company but was owned by one of the defendants.
The properties for which the defendants received loans were located in Los Angeles and La Cañada Flintridge and had not been listed for sale, the prosecutor added.
The case was investigated by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Fraud and Cyber Crimes Bureau.
About the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office
Los Angeles County District Attorney Jackie Lacey leads the largest local prosecutorial office in the nation. Her staff of nearly 1,000 attorneys, 300 investigators and 800 support staff members is dedicated to protecting our community through the fair and ethical pursuit of justice and the safeguarding of crime victims' rights


text:
Marie Caillou est une graphiste et dessinatrice française née à Montbéliard en 1971.

Biographie

Après des études d'Arts Déco à Strasbourg, elle part à Bruxelles en 1995 étudier le dessin animé et s'initie au graphisme numérique. À son retour en France en 1997, elle travaille pour la presse et la publicité. Elle crée des lignes de produits pour diverses entreprises. Elle dessine en vectoriel.

Fin 2002, sur un scénario de Grégoire Solotareff, elle réalise Marika et le loup, l'un des 5 courts-métrages d'animation du film Loulou et autres loups.

Marie Caillou est accueillie à la Maison des Auteurs (Angoulême) pour la réalisation du film Peur(s) du noir. En 2008, ce film d'animation, fruit d'un travail collectif avec des auteurs renommés (Blutch, Charles Burns, Pierre Di Sciullo, Lorenzo Mattotti, Richard Mac Guire) sous la direction d'Étienne Robial et produit par Prima Linea, est présenté en avant-première à Angoulême.

Marie Caillou et Hubert excercent à l'Atelier du coin à Paris. Sur un scénario d'Hubert, Caillou publie son premier one shot en 2010 : La Chair de l'araignée (Glénat), ouvrage portant sur l'anorexie, maladie dont souffrent les deux personnages, avec un dessin  selon BD Gest, qui réserve un accueil critique très favorable à ce livre.

Caillou entreprend seule Les monstres de Mayuko publié en 2012 (Dargaud), conte à tendance onirique fortement inspiré par le Japon. , récit rappelant Alice au Pays des Merveilles.

En 2013, de nouveau en collaboration avec Hubert Boulard au scénario, Caillou illustre La ligne droite, où un adolescent breton devient amoureux d'un autre dans les années 1990. Le style puise dans des procédés cinématographiques. BoDoï signale un .

En 2016, Caillou illustre La Véritable Histoire du cheval de Troie de Viviane Koenig.

Publications
Bandes dessinées
 2005 : Mayuciol, Bijutsu Shuppan-Sha (Japon)
 2010 : La Chair de l'araignée (dessin et couleurs), avec Hubert (scénario), Glénat collection « 1000 Feuilles »
 2012 : Les Monstres de Mayuko (scénario, dessin et couleurs), Dargaud
 2013 : La Ligne droite (dessin et couleurs), avec Hubert (scénario), Glénat collection « 1000 Feuilles »

Albums pour enfants
 2013 : Le Chat botté (illustrations), avec Camille Laurans, Milan collection « Mes p'tits contes »
 2013 : Ali Baba, (illustrations), Milan collection « Comptines à toucher »
 2013 : Kongjwi, l'autre Cendrillon (illustrations), avec Lim Yeong-hee, Père Castor

Filmographie
 2002 : Loulou et autres loups
 2008 : Peur(s) du noir

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

 Chroniques

 Interview

Liens externes

 Site personnel

Graphiste français
Dessinatrice française
Naissance en 1971
Naissance à Montbéliard
Illustrateur formé à l'École supérieure des arts décoratifs de Strasbourg
Auteur de bande dessinée formé à l'École supérieure des arts décoratifs de Strasbourg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
School and COVID – What to Expect: October 14, 2020
Posted on October 14, 2020 at 12:04 PM by Kari Bray
Some students have resumed in-person instruction under the statewide framework for a phased reopening of schools. While preventive efforts like face coverings, handwashing, screening for symptoms, distancing, and good ventilation can greatly reduce the likelihood of spreading COVID, the risk cannot be entirely eliminated in settings where people are together in person. This includes school and child care.
It can be scary for students, parents or staff to hear that there may have been a case at school.
This blog focuses on some key things for parents and others to keep in mind. We also encourage you to refer to the School COVID-19 Case Response Flow Chart and the COVID-19 Screening Protocols for more information on public health guidance to local schools.
What if there is a confirmed case at my child's school or child care?
The Snohomish Health District has a team dedicated to responding to COVID-19 in schools and child care. When there is a positive case, disease investigators reach out to the person who has tested positive (or parents or guardians, when that person is a child). The schools and child care team also works closely with the school or child care provider.
Close contacts of the case are identified with guidance from public health staff. The school or child care compiles a list to provide via a secure portal to the Health District. Trained contact tracers reach out to everyone who has been identified as a close contact. This would include anyone who spent at least 15 minutes within six feet of the person during the period when they would be considered infectious. A person is considered contagious 2 days before symptoms show up.
Close contacts are notified directly via phone call by public health staff.
If you have not received a call or voicemail from public health, proceed about your day as you normally would. If your child is healthy and no one in your household has been ill or been in close contact with a case, your child does not need to quarantine or isolate.
What if a child is sick but has not tested positive?
If a child is not feeling well and has any symptoms of illness, even mild ones, they should stay home. Symptoms could include cough, sore throat, fever, chills, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, or loss of taste or smell. One symptom is enough to warrant staying home as a precaution.
We know it can be frustrating to keep a child home when they have mild symptoms. Children get sniffles, a cough, or upset stomachs from time to time, and this is usually not cause for alarm. But this pandemic is the time for extra caution, and we do ask that children stay home even if symptoms are mild.
If a child with symptoms does go to school, or if they start having symptoms while they are at school, expect that the student will be isolated and sent home as soon as possible. This means an ill student would likely be asked to wait in a dedicated room where they are not near others until a parent or guardian arrives to take them home.
If the child is tested and the results are negative, they may return to school once their symptoms have improved and they've been fever-free for at least 24 hours. The exception is if they are a close contact of a confirmed case – close contacts must wait the full 14-day quarantine period to return to school or child care, regardless of symptoms or test results.
We encourage anyone with symptoms to get tested. However, if a student has symptoms but is not tested, they should remain home until at least 10 days after symptoms started AND at least 24 hours after fever is gone and symptoms have improved.
If a staff member becomes ill while at school, they also would return home immediately. The same timelines outlined above for students would apply for a staff member, as well.
Please note that, at this time, a doctor's note is not adequate for a student or staff member to return to school if they have tested positive, if they show symptoms, or if they are a close contact of a case. Follow the timelines for remaining home. Documents to help illustrate these decisions are linked at the bottom of this blog.
What if a child is a close contact of a confirmed case?
There is a public health order that requires close contacts of a confirmed case to quarantine. The quarantine period lasts for 14 days from their most recent contact. If you receive a phone call from a contact tracer, they provide the start date. No one who is a close contact of a confirmed case should be at school or child care during their quarantine period.
We also urge others in the household to quarantine if one person is a close contact. If a parent, sibling, or someone else a student lives with has been identified as a close contact of a COVID case, the preferred plan is to keep everyone in the household home and monitor for symptoms during the quarantine period.
If school officials are informed that a student or staff member is a close contact of a confirmed case and has come to school during the quarantine period despite the health order, they may ask them to return home, or to isolate in a designated room until a parent or guardian can pick them up.
Why aren't people told who in the school tested positive?
Do not expect your school or the Health District to provide you with the name of a student or staff member who has tested positive for COVID-19. This is protected personal health information under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA).
If you get a call that you or your child has been identified as a close contact of a confirmed case, public health staff will do their best to answer your questions. However, contact traces are required to adhere to medical privacy law and are therefore instructed not to share the name of the person who tested positive.
Public health and school officials also are not providing detailed information that could identify individuals. We understand that parents may want to ask whether the case was a student or staff member, what grade they teach or are in, what classrooms they spent time in, etc. However, not all details will be shared because this can jeopardize the privacy of individual cases.
If you know the identity of someone who has COVID through personal channels, do not share that information publicly. There are a number of precautions in place to reduce the risk of spreading illness and to respond quickly when there is a case. Identifying ill students or staff on a public platform does not add to disease control efforts, and is likely to raise a number of problems rather than solving them. A friend or colleague may tell you in confidence that they or their child has tested positive. Please keep that confidential.
School COVID-19 Case Response Flow Chart
COVID-19 Screening Protocols
Exposure to COVID
If PCR tests are being used to determine SARC-CoV-2 infectiousness, what cycle threshold (c(t)) is being used? Please note the NY Times recently explained that c(t)s that are too sensitive (27-40) cycles, skew results positive, and find non-infectious strands of covid. Many counties, states, and health care facilities are using cycle tests set at 40 - which is way too high. The NFL has been using antigen tests, and confirming with PCR set reasonably lower. Uruguay sets it's own tests to 35. Snohomish County needs to reveal its cycle test threshold - and make it public. Medical studies have revealed that results between 34 and 40 NEVER return results showing infectiousness. Super important topic. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/29/health/coronavirus-testing.html Symptoms and sensibility must be applied here.


The thing that attracted me to Poser back in the day was that you didn't have to be an expert in three D modeling to use it. ( Note: I don't have the pro version. ) ( Note: I don't have the pro... Poser is a digital stage that gives the user total control. Poser is used to create original images ranging from human figures, human renderings of medical and industrial design illustrations, editorial illustrations, informational graphics, graphic novel illustrations, comics, and much more.
15/01/2015�� I've used both Poser and Daz. Generally this software is used for 2D rendering, many professional artists use poser and daz figures as background distance filler, they're high poly and are fairly good detail, but only much use to fill crowds at a distance.
I was watching this video: Where he explains how to use kinect for Poser Pro Game Dev, but I'd like to know if kinect works for Poser Pro 2014 too? because I don't have the Pro Game Dev.


If you're using a word processor to compose C programs, you should use a text editor instead. Encoder * st; When compiled returned: g.c:2:1: error: stray '\342' in program g.c:2:1: error: stray '\210' in program g.c:2:1: error: stray '\227' in program 342 210 227 turns out to be Can taking a few months off for personal development make it harder to re-enter the workforce? The tr command COMPLETELY removes the "smart quotes".
This might be Ubuntu-specific, if you're used to a text editor on another platform that automatically reduces pasted quotations marks to the non-fancy version. Under Linux, I sometimes do: gcc -C -E source.c | grep -v '^#' | indent > source.i gcc -Wall -c source.i The grep -v '^#' is removing the generated line numbering. It's simply impossible. –Codo Oct 5 '13 at 13:52 | show 2 more comments up vote 10 down vote You have invalid chars in your source. If you know, please tell me.
If your code is lengthy and you do not want to type it ,then you should use this software : Hex Edit You may be wondering that why this problem even It will definitely compile then. I was really scratching my head on this. The error message should refer to a line number.
The easy answer is just edit out the offending characters. How to search for a flight when dates and cities are flexible but non-direct flights must not pass through a particular country? share|improve this answer answered Nov 13 '11 at 10:15 cnicutar 121k13191256 thats might not be the problem.. Then, file->save as and see Encoding label and change ANSI from UTF8.
It means you have some goofy characters on that line. sidra (sidrakhan154) said on 2009-04-28: #6 thanku very much for ur assistance.i observed the program with emacs.some hidden chahracters were present in my program thats why it was not compiling correctly.now Some piece of code i copied from chatting messanger. But this question might end up getting closed and migrated to Stack Overflow.
My custom made plugin has "a new version available" which links to unrelated plugin Is "The empty set is a subset of any set" a convention? This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Reply pradeep says: May 8, 2013 at 7:17 am thnx bro… Reply ritwick says: July 3, 2013 at 4:45 pm helpful ! For help making this question more broadly applicable, visit the help center.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
Reply Jilu says: September 15, 2011 at 2:55 pm Thanks alot it really worked Reply hai says: September 27, 2011 at 8:38 am thanq u so much! I have no idea what these errors actually mean. Originally Posted by Salem You mean it's included as a crutch to help ancient programmers limp along without them having to relearn too much. What editor did you use to create it? -- Mats Compilers can produce warnings - make the compiler programmers happy: Use them!
I get numerous compiler errors with the new version. So I took brewbuck's advice and deleted the comment, which got rid of the problem.


Regular readers of the Meguiar's blog will be all too familiar with the Player's team. Since 2008 JayMac, Carl and the rest of the crew have been responsible for one of our favourite events on the whole calendar, expanding year on year to create a show genuinely fit for the whole family.
Meguiar's has proudly supported the Player's series of events since day one, and it's always refreshing to see show organisers who aren't just passionate for all things tuning, but also practice what they preach when it comes to who they let exhibit, too. We've had the pleasure of welcoming many of the Player's-built cars into the Meguiar's detailing bay over the years and every event – come rain or shine – they'll ALWAYS be sparkling thanks to a bit of Meguiar's TLC.
Once again North Weald played host to Player's 11.0, and what this venue lacks in terms of track action it more than makes up for with attractions, trade stands and more. What's more, it's seriously appreciated having a show venue properly setup for a one-day event where it doesn't take hours just to get in and set up.
Old cars, new cars, stanced cars, lowriders and everything in between. If you wanted to get a feel for car culture in the UK, nobody does it better. Even if you're seasoned show-goers like Meguiar's, Player's ALWAYS throws up some wildcard entrants you'll have never seen before.
What more can we say? If you love car culture, you need Player's in your life. And if you're kicking yourself for not visiting on the day, have no fear! We've put together a gallery of our favorites below for your viewing pleasure.


Old Wood-New Use was established in 2000. It is owned and operated by Darrick Luck. Over 900 barns, sheds and houses have been taken down and recycled in the past 18 years. We are interested in log homes or buildings, timber frames and almost any antique structure.
Give us a call about what you have on your property. Old structures can be a dangerous liability if not taken down before they fall down. Let us do the work and have the materials recycled into beautiful products or used to build new structures rather than rotting on the ground or being burned.
We also always have many antique items available including lightning rods/balls, antique cut nails, license plates, milk cans, agriculture antiques, tools, crocks, doors, windows, pulleys, hay forks/lifts, hay carriers, hardware, and pretty much anything you can think of. Please contact us to find out what we currently have available.


Sheoga manufacturers 3/4" precisely milled solid and engineered hardwood flooring. Our species include Ash, Beech, Cherry, Hard Maple, Hickory, Red & White Oak, Walnut and Q/R White Oak. Our engineered flooring is milled with a 5.25mm wear layer on a 11-ply Baltic Birch TSCA Title VI compliant, cross-grained substrate. All flooring is available Unfinished or Prefinished. Come and check out our NEW textures! Looking forward to seeing you in Fort Worth at the 2019 Expo - Booth 1018.
Visit us in Booth 1018 to see what Sheoga can offer to you!!
Sheoga Hardwood Flooring and Paneling, Inc. has been manufacturing solid wood flooring for more than 36 years. Our product offerings include our precisely-milled 3/4" solid wood flooring available in Unfinished or Prefinished styles in Ash, Beech, Cherry, Maple, Hickory, Red and White Oak and Quartered/Rift White Oak. We also manufacture 3/4" engineered flooring branded as our Sheoga's Significant Collection and all our engineered flooring is milled as FSC Mixed 71%. The Significant Collection engineered flooring is available in Unfinished or Prefinished, with or without textures. The Significant Collection has a 5.25mm wear layer and the substrate is a 11-ply Baltic Birch cross-grained plywood. Our plywood meets TSCA Title VI, Carb II compliance.
All flooring can be customized with our texturing options: Old Mill Texture, Country Worn, Sawcut (Now on engineered flooring too!), Age-brushed or our combination texture called Vintage Charm!!
Call and ask for more details at 800-834-1180. We are eager to help. Come see us in Booth 1018 and see the difference!!
Sheoga's Chevron Herringbone is available in all our domestic species. Critical quality-control standards ensure precise fit and easy installation. Come see for yourself in Booth 1018!


Founded in 1973 by Gordon Merchant, Billabong is an iconic Australian surf and lifestyle brand. Committed to board sports, Billabong focuses on producing quality and timeless apparel and accessories accross surf, skate, snow sports.
Andi is wearing a size Medium Jumper.


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One of the most adelaide casino popular annual events in the music calendar!
See the great Line-up of Bands and performers .....and much more!
World Music, Jazz, Soul and Rock artistes from around the World!
B&B or bring your tent and camp over the whole Weekend!
Pub, Real Ale, BBQ - we've got it all!


About 21 Yocks. Related surnames: YORK (6111) JACK (2295) ECK (640) YOCKEY (251) YOHE (209) YOHO (217) OAK (139) YAKE (125) OKE (92) OAKE (76).
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