text:
\section{Introduction}
     \label{sec:section1}

{Coronal mass ejections are large eruptions of magnetised plasma from the Sun \citep{webb2012coronal} that are often accompanied by radio emission \citep{white2007solar}, generated by the energetic electrons produced during these eruptions \citep{gopalswamy2004intensity}. These electrons can generate radio emission in the corona through various emission mechanisms \citep{melrose1980emission}. The most common radio bursts associated with CMEs are type II and type IV bursts (see for details, \citealt{Gergely1986, Clasen2002, Vasanth_2016, Anshu2017a, kumari2017b, kumari2019direct, Morosan2020}; and the references therein). }

{CMEs are often accompanied by broadband continuum emission at decimetric and metric wavelengths, known as type IV radio bursts \citep{pick1986observations}, that can have either stationary or moving sources and various emission mechanisms \citep[for a review, see][]{Bastian1998}. Moving type IV radio bursts (hereinafter referred to as type IVm)} were first classified by \citet{Boischot1957} as broadband radiation propagating away from the Sun. This emission was believed to originate due to synchrotron or gyro-synchrotron emitting electrons, gyrating inside helical magnetic fields within the CME flux rope \citep{Boischot1968, Dulk1973}. Stationary type IV radio bursts (hereinafter referred to as type IVs) have also since been discovered originating due to plasma emission \citep{Weiss1963, Benz1976, salas2020polarisation} and, at the same time, the plasma emission mechanism has also been attributed to some type IVm bursts \citep{Gary1985, Vasanth2019, Morosan2020}. A type IV burst forming a `radio CME' was first reported by \citet{Bastian2001}, as an ensemble of CME radio loops imaged by the Nan{\c c}ay Radioheliograph. A similar `radio CME' has later been reported by \citet{Maia2007}. These loops are believed to be made visible at radio wavelengths due to synchrotron emitting electrons.

{Of particular interest in the studies of type IV radio bursts is their potential to provide estimates of the CME magnetic field strength \citep[for example,][]{Gopal1987, Bastian2001, Ramesh2004, Maia2007, Bain2014, Hariharan2016a, Carley2017}. The magnetic field dictates the dynamics of the CME eruption and its space weather consequences \citep[for example,][]{Kilpua2017}, but it has rarely been measured remotely and most measurements of the CME magnetic field rely on in situ observations at 1~AU \citep[for example,,][]{Kilpua2019}. Remote type IV observations have been used to estimate the magnetic field strength in CMEs, some of which found a range of values, for example, $<$1~G at 2~R$_\odot$ \citep{Maia2007}, 5--15~G at 1.5~R$_\odot$ \citep{Tun2013}, and 1~G at 2.2~R$_\odot$ \citep{Hariharan2016a}. However, there are currently some difficulties in explaining type IV emission as this radiation can be emitted by various emission mechanisms and sometimes multiple emission mechanisms contribute to the observed continuum emission \citep{Morosan2019}. The association of CMEs with type IV bursts is also poorly understood. Some statistical studies were carried out in previous solar cycles \citep{Gergely1986, Robinson1978}. \cite{Robinson1978} studied 23 type IV bursts with Culgoora spectropgraph and proposed a new model involving synchrotron radiation from electrons to overcome the limitations of the plasmoid theory \citep{Dulk1973, schmahl1973}. \cite{Gergely1986} found that approximately one-third to one-half of the type IV bursts observed were associated with CMEs, however this study was carried out before the availability of modern spacecraft observations. Therefore, more detailed statistical studies on the relationship between type IV emission and their association with CMEs are required. Extensive databases of both radio bursts and CMEs from ground and space based observatories over an entire solar cycle can now facilitate this type of study. Statistical studies have already been carried out on other types of radio bursts associated with CMEs, for example, type II bursts \citep{lara2003statistical, Kahler2019}, showing that these bursts are almost always associated with `Fast and Wide' CMEs. However, there is no such association made yet in the case of type IV bursts.}

{In this article we perform a statistical study on the association of type IV radio bursts to CMEs in solar cycle 24. The paper is organised as follows:
Section~\ref{sec:section2} presents the observational data used for this work.
The detailed data analysis methods are presented in Section~\ref{sec:section3}. Section \ref{sec:section4} contains the results of this analysis which are further discussed in Section~\ref{sec:section5}.}

\section{Observations}
\label{sec:section2}

\subsection{CME Observations}
\label{sec:section2.1}

In this study, we use CMEs detected using the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO; \citet{Brueckner1995}) and the Cor1 and Cor2 coronagraphs from the Sun-Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI; \citet{Howard2008}) onboard the Solar Terrestrial Relationship Observatory (STEREO).
The SOHO spacecraft orbits at the Earth's L1 Lagrangian point. LASCO is a set of three coronagraphs, which observes the Sun from 1.1-3~R$_\odot$ (LASCO-c1), 2.5-6~R$_\odot$ (LASCO-c2) and 4-32~R$_\odot$ (LASCO-c3). LASCO-c2 and LASCO-c3 are currently operational with a spatial resolution of $11.4^{'}$ and of $56^{'}$, respectively. The image time cadence is $\sim$ 12 min for both the coronagraphs.
We used the CMEs listed in the Coordinated Data Analysis Workshop (CDAW) CME database\footnote{\url{https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/}}. CDAW is an online CME catalogue \citep{Yashiro2004,Yashiro2008,Gopalswamy2009cdaw} which contains manual detections of CMEs observed with LASCO. The CME catalogue contains CMEs identified since the launch of SOHO in 1996 and it includes CME properties such as speed, position angle, acceleration, mass, and kinetic energy, along with CME plots and movies\footnote{\url{https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/CME_list/index.html}}.

The STEREO spacecrafts are two identical spacecrafts, Ahead (A) and Behind (B), orbiting the Sun ahead and behind the Earth, respectively. SECCHI has two white-light coronagraphs, Cor1 and Cor2, which observe the Sun from 1.3-4~R$_\odot$ and 2-15~R$_\odot$, respectively. These coronagraphs provide polarised maps of high temporal and spatial resolution ($7.5^{'}$ and $15^{'}$, respectively).
For Cor1, we used the CME detection provided by the Goddard Space Flight Center(GFSC) Cor1 website\footnote{\url{https://cor1.gsfc.nasa.gov/catalog/}}.
For Cor2, we used the CME list provided on the Solar Eruptive Event Detection System (SEEDS)\footnote{\url{http://spaceweather.gmu.edu/seeds/secchi/detection_cor2/monthly/}} website, which automatically detects solar eruptions. We also used the list of CMEs detected in Cor2 coronagraphs of STEREO-A and STEREO-B provided by
\citet{Vourlidas2017}\footnote{
\url{http://solar.jhuapl.edu/Data-Products/COR-CME-Catalog.php}}.

\subsection{Radio Observations}
\label{sec:section2.2}

The occurrence of radio bursts is provided by the event lists from the Space Weather Prediction Center\footnote{\url{https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/solar-and-geophysical-event-reports}}, which catalogues radio events since the year 1996\footnote{\url{ftp://ftp.swpc.noaa.gov/pub/warehouse/}}. SWPC collects the reports from contributing stations, compiles them, and updates the list every $\sim$ 30 minutes. This list is manually reviewed and it includes radio bursts, optical and X-ray flares, and properties of these emissions. The contributing observatories are Culgoora spectrograph\footnote{\url{https://www.sws.bom.gov.au/Solar/2/2}}, Learmonth spectrograph\footnote{\url{https://www.sws.bom.gov.au/Solar/3/2}}, optical observatories, for example, Holloman Solar Observatory\footnote{\url{https://www.holloman.af.mil/News/Display/Article/1801805/holloman-solar-observatory/}} and GOES satellite data\footnote{\url{https://www.goes.noaa.gov/}}.

\section{Data Analysis}
\label{sec:section3}

The SWPC list described in the previous section is used to extract the type IV radio bursts and their properties (such as start time, duration, and bandwidth) during solar cycle 24.
We divided the type IV bursts into two subgroups: i) moving type IV bursts (IVm); and ii) stationary type IV bursts (IVs), based on their spectral characteristics (drift rates and duration).

The drift rate (DR) was calculated for type IVm bursts using the relation $DR = \frac{F_H-F_L}{t}$, where $DR$, $F_H, F_L$ and $t$ are the drift rate, start frequency, end frequency and duration of the bursts, respectively. The duration of these bursts is estimated using the relation $t = t_{end} - t_{start}$, where $t, t_{end}$ and $t_{start}$ are the duration, start time and end time of the type IV bursts, respectively. For the stationary/moving type IV bursts classification, in addition to the drift rate, we also considered the duration of the moving type IV bursts as mentioned by \cite{Robinson1978} and \cite{Gergely1986}.
These studies reported that moving type IV bursts have duration of less than an hour. We first classified the type IV bursts based on their duration. The drift rates for most of the moving bursts classified this way were $\geq 0.03$ MHz. We then manually checked the spectra of the rest of the type IV bursts (with duration $>$ 1 hour and drift rates $\geq$ 0.03 MHz to determine if they are moving or stationary bursts. After these three steps, we prepared a list of moving type IV bursts and the remaining bursts were classified as stationary type IV bursts.

Figure \ref{fig:figure1a} shows an example of a type IVm (left) and a type IVs burst (right) that occurred on 17 October, 2017\footnote{\url{http://soleil.i4ds.ch/solarradio/qkl/2017/10/18/ALMATY_20171018_053000_58.fit.gz.png}} and 03 October, 2011, respectively. Type IVm bursts generally have a large drift rate and a short duration (see for example, \citealt{melnik2018solar}). The type IVm burst in the left panel of \ref{fig:figure1a} starts at $\sim $ 5:38 UT and lasts for $\sim 7$ minutes, with a drift rate of $\sim 0.09$ MHz/s. Type IVs bursts in turn have negligible  drift rates and can last for few minutes up to a few hours (see for example, \citealt{pick1986observations}). The type IVs burst in the right panel of Figure \ref{fig:figure1a} starts at $\sim $ 00:20 UT and lasts for $\sim 7 $ hours.
We would like to note that not all the type IVm bursts are short-lived (i.e. duration $\leq$ 1 hour). For example, previous case studies by \cite{Ramesh2013} and \cite{Vasanth2019} have shown that duration of type IVm bursts were $>1.5$ and $>2.5$ hours, respectively. However, the amount reported long duration type IVm bursts are very less in this solar cycle, hence we used the duration criteria mentioned by \cite{Robinson1978} and \cite{Gergely1986} for the large number of type IV bursts (446 bursts) presented in this study. To understand the origin, emission mechanism and evolution of type IVm and IVs bursts, case studies are important (see for example, \cite{Koval2016, Liu2018, Morosan2019}; and the references therein).

 \begin{figure}
   \centering\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth,clip=]{20171018_m_almatycal.pdf}
   \centering\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth,clip=]{20111003_s_LEA.pdf}
              \caption{\textbf{Left panel:} Solar radio dynamic spectra of a moving type IV burst on October 18, 2017. The duration of the burst is $\sim 7 $ minutes and it shows a frequency drift of $\sim 0.09$ MHz/s from 160 MHz to 60 MHz.
              \textbf{Right panel:} Solar radio dynamic spectra of a stationary type IV burst on October 03, 2011. The duration of the burst is $\sim 7 $ hours.
                      }
   \label{fig:figure1a}
   \end{figure}

In order to study the association of type IV bursts with CMEs, we extract the CMEs and their properties (such as start time, position angle, angular width and linear speed) from LASCO, STEREO-A and STEREO-B catalogues.
Since white-light CME images use an occulting disc, the first appearance of CMEs in the LASCO C2 field of view (FOV) is expected to be later in time than the onset of the type IV bursts. The first appearance of the CME in LASCO-c2 FOV depends upon the speed and acceleration of the CME. For the CME-type IV association, we used the following criteria:
a CME should appear in coronagraph FOV within  $\approx 2 $ hours of the start time of the type IV burst (we note that time between CME and type IV bursts association can vary depending on the location of the ejection, for example, a limb CME may appear early in coronagraph images).
Both of these criteria were chosen to assure that the correct pair of white-light CME and radio signature were connected. In the case that these criteria were not enough to determine a CME association within SOHO/LASCO-c2 and STEREO-cor2, the STEREO-cor1 coronagraph data was investigated manually.

\begin{table}[]
\caption{Number of events for 2009-2019}
\label{tab:table1}
\begin{tabular}{ccccccccc}
\hline
Year & CMEs & $\%$ CMEs & Type IV & $\%$ Type IV  & Type IVm & $\%$ Type IVm & Type IVs & $\%$ Type IVs\\
\hline
2009         & 746  & 4.6 $\%$  & 1   & 0.2 $\%$  & 0   & 0.0 $\%$ & 1   & 0.3 $\%$   \\
2010    & 1117  & 6.9 $\%$ & 3   & 0.7 $\%$  & 1   & 1.2 $\%$ & 2   & 0.5 $\%$   \\
2011     & 1990   & 12.4 $\%$ & 65 & 14.6 $\%$  & 14  & 17.5 $\%$ & 51 & 13.9 $\%$    \\
2012         & 2177   & 13.5 $\%$ & 80 & 18.0 $\%$ & 14  & 17.5 $\%$ & 66   & 18.0 $\%$   \\
2013    & 2338  & 14.5 $\%$  & 83  & 18.6 $\%$ & 17  & 21.3 $\%$ & 66   & 18.0 $\%$   \\
2014    & 2478   & 15.4 $\%$   & 127 & 28.4 $\%$ & 14  & 17.5 $\%$ & 113   & 30.9 $\%$  \\
2015         & 2058    & 12.8 $\%$  & 51  & 11.5 $\%$ & 12   & 15.0 $\%$ & 39 & 10.7 $\%$   \\
2016      & 1393    & 8.7 $\%$  & 16  & 3.6 $\%$  & 3   & 3.8 $\%$ & 13   & 3.6 $\%$   \\
2017    & 786     & 4.9 $\%$  & 20  & 4.4 $\%$  & 5   & 6.2 $\%$ & 15  & 4.1 $\%$   \\
2018    & 476   &    2.9 $\%$  & 0  & 0 $\%$  & 0   & 0.0 $\%$ & 0   & 0.0 $\%$  \\
2019    & 543 & 3.4 $\%$  & 0 & 0 $\%$   & 0   & 0.0 $\%$ & 0   & 0.0 $\%$  \\
All    & 16107 & 100.0 $\%$  & 446 & 100.0 $\%$   &  80  & 17.9 $\%$ & 366   & 82.1 $\%$  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

 \begin{figure}
   \centering\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth,clip=]{figure1a.pdf}
   \centering\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth,clip=]{figure1c.pdf}
      \centering\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth,clip=]{figure1d.pdf}
   \centering\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth,clip=]{figure1b.pdf}
      \centering\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth,clip=]{figure1e.pdf}
   \centering\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth,clip=]{figure1f.pdf}
              \caption{ The distribution of CMEs and type IV bursts in the solar cycle 24. Histogram for
              (a) all CMEs;
              (b) all type IVs bursts;
              (c) all type IVm bursts;
              (d) all type IV bursts;
              (e) all type IVs bursts with CMEs;
              (f) all type IVm bursts with CMEs;
                      }
   \label{fig:figure1}
   \end{figure}

\section{Results}
\label{sec:section4}

{The total number of CMEs and type IV bursts observed in Solar Cycle 24 is shown in Table \ref{tab:table1}. Figure \ref{fig:figure1} shows the histogram of occurrence of CMEs (from LASCO only) and type IV bursts in solar cycle 24.
There were total 16107 CMEs reported with SOHO/LASCO and additional 5944 with STEREO-A and B combined.
Figure \ref{fig:figure1} indicates that the CME occurrence rate follows a Gaussian distribution with the peak during the maximum of this solar cycle (Jan--June, 2014). Our analysis shows that there were $\sim 60\%$ more CMEs during the rising phase compared to the declining phase of the cycle. The majority of CMEs, $\sim 66\%$ occurred during the peak years of this cycle (2012-2016).}

In total, 446 type IV bursts were observed in this cycle, of which $\sim 82\%$ (366) were stationary (type IVs) and the remaining $\sim 18\%$ (80) were moving (type IVm). From all type IV bursts included in this study, 359 type IV bursts ($\sim 81\%$) showed a temporal and spatial correlation with CMEs, while only $\sim 2.2\%$ of the CMEs were accompanied by type IV bursts.
There were no type IV bursts observed during the start and end years of the solar cycle 24, i.e 2009, 2018 and 2019. These were the years of the lowest solar activity. Figure \ref{fig:figure1} and Table \ref{tab:table1} indicate that the distribution of occurrence of type IV bursts, both type IVm and IVs, also follow approximately a Gaussian distribution with peaks during January to June 2014, but with larger year to year variations.

{We categorised all CMEs based on their linear speeds and angular widths as `Fast', `Slow', `Wide' and `Narrow' CMEs. CMEs with linear speed $\geq 500$ km/s are classified as `Fast' CMEs, with the remaining classified as `Slow'. Similarly the CMEs with angular width $\geq 60^{\circ}$ are classified as `Wide' CMEs, with the remaining classified as `Narrow' CMEs. Table \ref{tab:table2} contains the list of CMEs and their properties based on their linear speed and width. Most of the CMEs in this solar cycle were `Slow and Narrow' ($\sim 65 \%$). }

     \begin{table}[]
\caption{Occurrence and association of CMEs with type IV bursts based on their speed and width: Fast (linear speed $\geq$ 500 km/s), Slow (linear speed $<$ 500  km/s) Wide (angular width $\geq 60^{\circ}$ ) and Narrow (angular width $< 60^{\circ})$ CMEs}
\label{tab:table2}
\begin{tabular}{ccccccc}
\hline
Category         & CMEs & $\% $ CMEs & Type IVm & $\% $ Type IVm  & Type IVs & $\% $ Type IVs \\
                 \hline
Fast             & 2473        & 15.4 $\%$  & 45 & 61.6   $\%$   & 132 & 46.2   $\%$  \\
Slow               & 13634       & 85.6   $\%$  & 28      & 38.4   $\%$  & 154 & 53.8   $\%$  \\
Wide               & 4345        & 27.0    $\%$   & 51  & 69.9    $\%$  & 168 & 58.7   $\%$ \\
Narrow            & 11762     & 73.0   $\%$  & 22       & 30.1   $\%$ & 118 & 41.3   $\%$    \\
Fast $\&$ Wide     & 1216        & 7.6    $\%$  & 38 & 52.1    $\%$  & 102 & 35.7   $\%$   \\
Fast $\&$ Narrow   & 1257        & 7.8    $\%$  & 7 &  9.6  $\%$  & 30 & 10.5   $\%$   \\
Slow $\&$ Wide      & 3129        & 19.4   $\%$   & 13  & 17.8$\%$  & 66 & 23.1   $\%$ \\
Slow $\&$ Narrow   & 10505       & 65.2     $\%$ & 15   & 20.5   $\%$ & 88 & 30.7   $\%$ \\
All  & 16107     & 100.0   $\%$ & 73   & 100.0   $\%$ & 286 & 100.0   $\%$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsection{CMEs associated with moving type IV bursts and their properties}
\label{sec:section4.2}

A distribution of the moving type IV bursts (type IVm) associated with CMEs in solar cycle 24 is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:figure1}(f).
Out of 80 type IVm bursts observed, 73 ($\sim 91 \%$) were accompanied by white-light CMEs. However, only $\sim 0.5\%$ of the total CMEs in this solar cycle were accompanied by type IVm bursts.
Table \ref{tab:table2} contains the list of type IVm bursts which were associated with `Fast', `Slow', `Wide' and `Narrow' CMEs. Of these, $\sim62\%$ were associated with `Fast' CMEs and $\sim38\%$ were associated with `Slow' CMEs, unlike type II radio bursts where the majority are associated with `Fast' CMEs \citep{Kahler2019}. Similar to type II bursts \citep{Kahler2019}, `Wide' CMEs are more likely to be related to type IVm bursts than 'Narrow' CMEs, with associations $\sim70\%$ and $\sim30\%$, respectively. Figure \ref{fig:figure5a} shows histograms of the distribution of type IVm bursts associated with various CME types. The spread of type IV bursts in this case also follows a Gaussian distribution with peaks during January to June 2014 (during the solar maximum) for `Fast', `Slow', `Wide' and `Narrow' CMEs. For a combination of speed and width of CMEs, there are no clear trends (see Figure \ref{fig:figure5a} bottom panel histograms).
Our analysis shows that over half of the type IVm bursts ($\sim52\%$) in this solar cycle were associated with `Fast' and `Wide' CMEs.
In turn, there were very few moving type IV bursts ($\sim 10 \%$) associated with `Fast and Narrow' CMEs (see Figure \ref{fig:figure5a}f).

 \begin{figure}
   \centerline{\includegraphics[width=.9\textwidth, clip=]{figure5a_m.pdf}}
   \centerline{\includegraphics[width=.9\textwidth,clip=]{figure5b_m.pdf}}
              \caption{  The variation of angular width and linear speed of CMEs which were accompanied with type IVm bursts in the solar cycle 24. Histogram for
              (a) Fast CMEs;
              (b) Slow CMEs;
              (c) Wide CMEs;
              (d) Narrow CMEs;
              (e) Fast and Wide CMEs;
              (f) Fast and Narrow CMEs;
              (g) Slow and Wide CMEs;
              (h) Slow and Narrow CMEs.
                      }
   \label{fig:figure5a}
   \end{figure}

\subsection{CMEs associated with stationary type IV bursts and their properties}
\label{sec:section4.3}

A distribution of stationary type IV (type IVs) bursts associated with CMEs is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:figure1}(e). Out of 366 type IVs bursts, 286 bursts ($\sim78 \%$) were accompanied with white-light CMEs. Only $\sim1.8\%$ of the total CMEs in this solar cycle were accompanied with type IVs bursts. Table \ref{tab:table2} contains the list of type IVs bursts which were associated with `Fast', `Slow', `Wide' and `Narrow' CMEs, similar to our analysis of moving type IV bursts in the previous section.
Type IVs bursts are almost equally associated with `Fast' and `Slow' CMEs, with $\sim 46\%$ and $\sim 54\%$, respectively, and also have quite similar associations with 'Wide' and 'Narrow' CMEs, with $\sim 59\%$ and $\sim 41\%$, respectively.
Figure \ref{fig:figure5b} shows histograms of the distribution of type IVs bursts associated with various CME types. The spread of type IV bursts in this case also follows a Gaussian distribution with peaks during January to June 2014 (during the solar maximum).
Our analysis shows that the type IVs bursts can be associated with CMEs of any speed and width.
There are very few type IVs bursts ($\sim 10 \%$) associated with `Fast and Narrow' CMEs (see Figure \ref{fig:figure5b}f) similar to type IVm bursts. However, almost $\sim 35\%$ and $\sim 30\%$ of the type IVs bursts associated with `Fast and Wide' and `Slow and Narrow' CMEs, respectively.
In general, stationary type IV bursts show a more uniform distribution with different types of CMEs compared to moving type IV bursts.

 \begin{figure}
   \centerline{\includegraphics[width=.9\textwidth, clip=]{figure5a_s.pdf}}
   \centerline{\includegraphics[width=.9\textwidth,clip=]{figure5b_s.pdf}}
              \caption{  The variation of angular width and linear speed of CMEs which were accompanied with type IVs bursts in solar cycle 24. Histogram for
              (a) Fast CMEs;
              (b) Slow CMEs;
              (c) Wide CMEs;
              (d) Narrow CMEs;
              (e) Fast and Wide CMEs;
              (f) Fast and Narrow CMEs;
              (g) Slow and Wide CMEs;
              (h) Slow and Narrow CMEs.
                      }
   \label{fig:figure5b}
   \end{figure}

\subsection{Type IV bursts and their properties}
\label{sec:section4.3}

We analyse the typical frequency--time characteristics of type IVm and type IVs bursts using the radio spectra as shown in Figure \ref{fig:figure1a}. Figure \ref{fig:figure6} shows the variation in duration of type IVm and IVs bursts. Most of the type IVm bursts ($\sim85 \%$) had duration of a few minutes. Contrary to this, the duration of type IVs varies from a few minutes to a few hours.
This agrees with previous observations such as the type IV bursts analyzed by \citet{pick1986observations} and \citet{melnik2018solar} which lasted up to several hours. \citet{salas2020polarisation} also studied stationary type IV bursts with durations of  $\sim 7$ hours. It is noteworthy to mention that in our study $\sim2\%$ of type IVs bursts had a duration longer than 14 hours.

Our analysis shows that $\sim 95 \%$ of type IVm bursts had drift rates $\leq 0.5$ MHz/s,
Similar values were found by \citet{melnik2018solar} in the range $\sim 1-2$ MHz/s.
Figure \ref{fig:figure6}c shows the drift rate of type IVm bursts, where the red dashed line represents an exponential fit to the distribution.

 \begin{figure}
  \centering\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth,clip=]{figure7s.pdf}
 \centering \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth,clip=]{figure7m.pdf}
 \centering \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth,clip=]{figure7dr.pdf}
      \caption        { Histogram showing the variation of
              (a) the type IVs bursts duration in this cycle;
              (b) the type IVm bursts duration in this cycle. Most of the bursts lasted for less than an hour.
              (c) the drift rates type IVm bursts in solar cycle 24.
                      }
   \label{fig:figure6}
   \end{figure}

\section{Discussions and Conclusions}
\label{sec:section5}

In this paper, we present the first comprehensive long-term statistical study of type IV radio bursts during solar cycle 24, where we find a significant correlation between the occurrence of type IV radio bursts and CMEs, with $\sim$81\% of the observed bursts being accompanied by CMEs. The remaining $\sim 19\%$ of type IV bursts (or 87 type IV events in total) do not show a clear CME association. Only $\sim 18 \%$ of all bursts were type IVm bursts. Almost all the type IVm bursts ($\sim91 \%$) were associated with CMEs while for type IVs bursts the association was lower, $\sim78 \%$.
The yearly number of CMEs and type IV bursts which occurred during the solar cycle 24 is shown in Figure \ref{fig:figure8}. The correlation between the occurrence of these two events is $\sim 92 \%$, which indicates that the occurrence of type IV bursts closely follows the occurrence of CMEs. Thus, we conclude that a CME eruption may be necessary for the generation of Type IV emission as opposed to non--eruptive flares.

  \begin{figure}
 \centering\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth,clip=]{figure8a.pdf}

              \caption{ The number of CMEs (per year) and type IV bursts (per year) from 2009-2019. The number of type IV bursts are very less as compared to the number of CMEs however, there is a very strong correlation ($92 \%$) between the occurrence of the the white-light feature and radio emission.

              }
   \label{fig:figure8}
   \end{figure}

Further investigations are needed to determine the source of type IV bursts not associated with white-light CMEs, since they represent $\sim 19\%$ (80) of the total number of type IV bursts. From these, 92\% (80) are stationary and 8\% (7) are moving type IV bursts. One possible cause of this emission are stealth CMEs, which generally lack low coronal signatures \citep[for example,][]{Robbrecht2009,Dhuys2014A}, but are sometimes also very difficult to detect or are practically not visible in white-light signatures, even when viewed from the side \citep[][]{Kilpua2014}. It is however not clear how frequent the latter cases are.

For those type IV bursts that are not related to CMEs, we checked if they had a flare association. To do this, we compared the start time of the type IV bursts with the start and/or peak time of flares. We found that only $\sim 16 \%$ of the total number of type IVs had a flare association without a CME association.
In these cases, the emission can originate from electrons trapped inside post eruption flare loops that are accelerated during flaring processes \citep{Morosan2019}. Therefore, a CME eruption is not always needed to justify type IV emission and type IV emissions can also act as an important tool to diagnose the electron acceleration in the solar corona if there are no CMEs present. The above result also indicates that that there is a non-negligible number of type IVs (14 in total in our study) that lack both CME and flare association. These type IV bursts were found to occur either during the decaying phase of the flare or associated with post-eruption loops \citep{Morosan2019}.

Our analysis shows that moving type IV emission were more frequently associated with `fast' rather than `slow' CMEs and with `wide' rather than narrow CMEs. In turn, the occurrence of stationary type IV bursts did not depend on CME speed, but they were clearly more frequently associated with `wide' CMEs than narrow ones (see Table \ref{tab:table2} for details).
The combination of fast and wide CME was most likely to produce moving type IV bursts ($\sim 52 \%$ of type IVm bursts were associated with these CMEs), while fast and narrow CMEs were the least likely association (only in $\sim 10 \%$ of cases). Interestingly, a much larger fraction ($\sim 21 \%$) of moving type IV bursts were associated with CMEs that were slow and narrow, which are generally considered less significant, in particular from the space weather perspective.

\begin{table}[]
\caption{The typical parameters type IV bursts in solar cycle 24}
\label{tab:table4}
\begin{tabular}{cccccccc}
\hline
\multirow{2}{*}{Parameter}                              & \multirow{2}{*}{}             & \multirow{2}{*}{Type IV}                 & \multirow{2}{*}{Type IVm} & \multirow{2}{*}{Type IVs} & Type IV              & Type IVm             & Type IVs             \\
                                                        &                               &                                          &                           &                           & with CME             & with CME             & with CME             \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{4}{*}{Duration (hh)}}      & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Mean}      & \multicolumn{1}{c}{4.7}                  & 0.4                       & 5.7                       & 4.5                  & 0.2                  & 5.5                  \\
\multicolumn{1}{c}{}                                    & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Median}    & \multicolumn{1}{c}{3.2}                  & 0.4                       & 4.7                       & 2.7                  & 0.4                  & 4.3                  \\
\multicolumn{1}{c}{}                                    & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Standard}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{4.2}} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.2}      & \multirow{2}{*}{4.1}      & \multirow{2}{*}{4.3} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.2} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.2} \\
\multicolumn{1}{c}{}                                    & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Deviation} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{}                     &                           &                           &                      &                      &                      \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{4}{*}{Drift Rate (MHz/s)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Mean}      & \multicolumn{1}{c}{-}                    & 0.1                       & -                         & -                    & 0.1                  & -                    \\
\multicolumn{1}{c}{}                                    & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Median}    & \multicolumn{1}{c}{-}                    & 0.1                       & -                         & -                    & 0.1                  & -                    \\
\multicolumn{1}{c}{}                                    & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Standard}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{-}}   & \multirow{2}{*}{0.2}      & \multirow{2}{*}{-}        & \multirow{2}{*}{-}   & \multirow{2}{*}{0.2} & \multirow{2}{*}{-}   \\
\multicolumn{1}{c}{}                                    & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Deviation} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{}                     &                           &                           &                      &                      &                      \\ \hline
\multirow{4}{*}{Speed (km/s)}                           & Mean                          & -                                        & -                         & -                         & 684                  & 876                  & 634                  \\
                                                        & Median                        & -                                        & -                         & -                         & 494                  & 583                  & 475                  \\
                                                        & Standard                      & \multirow{2}{*}{-}                       & \multirow{2}{*}{-}        & \multirow{2}{*}{-}        & \multirow{2}{*}{599} & \multirow{2}{*}{743} & \multirow{2}{*}{546} \\
                                                        & Deviation                     &                                          &                           &                           &                      &                      &                      \\ \hline
\multirow{4}{*}{Width  (deg)}                           & Mean                          & -                                        & -                         & -                         & 135                  & 156                  & 129                  \\
                                                        & Median                        & -                                        & -                         & -                         & 82                   & 119                  & 75                   \\
                                                        & Standard                      & \multirow{2}{*}{-}                       & \multirow{2}{*}{-}        & \multirow{2}{*}{-}        & \multirow{2}{*}{122} & \multirow{2}{*}{123} & \multirow{2}{*}{121} \\
                                                        & Deviation                     &                                          &                           &                           &                      &                      &
                                                        \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

This study also provides the typical duration of type IV bursts and drift rates of moving type IV bursts. Table \ref{tab:table4} lists the typical mean, median and standard deviation values of various parameters associated with type IV bursts.
The average duration for all the type IV bursts and type IV with CMEs were almost same as $\approx$ 4.7 hours for the former case and $\approx$ 4.5 hours for the latter case.
The mean duration for all the type IVs bursts and type IVs with CMEs were also almost the same.
However, the longest duration moving type IV bursts were found for cases not associated with CMEs.
The mean drift rate for all moving type IV bursts and the moving type IV bursts associated with white-light CMEs were the same ($\approx$ 0.1 MHz/s).
Moving type IV bursts associated with CMEs typically have shorter duration but almost the same drift rate as the moving type IV bursts without CMEs.
Note that these values have high standard deviations.
The mean speed of CMEs associated with stationary type IV bursts was higher than that of moving type IV bursts. This is likely due to the fact that stationary type IV bursts are almost equally associated with `Fast' and `Slow' CMEs.
Moving type IV bursts were associated with wider CMEs as compared to stationary type IV bursts.

The high association of type IV bursts with CMEs indicates that type IV, when present, can be used for studying the electron acceleration locations as well as CME kinematics early during the eruption process.
We used the duration of the type IV bursts in the spectra as a classifier for moving/stationary bursts in the absence of imaging observations. We also checked the drift rates of the moving bursts and it was found that the drift rates of most of the moving bursts classified this way were $\geq 0.03$ MHz. To confirm whether a radio burst is a moving or not, usually radio imaging observations are needed.
We note that due to the absence of radio imaging, a few type IV bursts were put into wrong groups during the event classification. For example, we used the duration of the radio burst as first stage classification based on the work by  \cite{Robinson1978} and \cite{Gergely1986}. There have been two such reported case studies in the recent past, which showed that moving type IV bursts can have duration $>1$ hours sometimes \citep{Ramesh2013, Vasanth2019}. In the duration/drift rate based automated classification in this study, there bursts were classified as stationary burst because of their spectral properties.
Our classification relies upon the spectral data however, this is the best approach study that can be done given the instrumental capabilities during the solar Cycle 24 and the lack of radio images available for the majority of these bursts.
Our work outline the necessity of radio imaging to provide the possibility of identifying the source region of type IV emission and electron acceleration in relation to the accompanying CME or flare.
This study will greatly benefit from future investigations using instruments capable of continuous imaging  and spectroscopic observations in the radio domain.

\acknowledgments

The CME catalog is generated and maintained at the CDAW Data Center by NASA and The Catholic University of America in cooperation with the Naval Research Laboratory. SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA. We acknowledge Space Weather Prediction Center, Boulder for event lists. The sunspot data was taken from the World Data Center SILSO, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels.
D.E.M. acknowledges the Academy of Finland Project 333859 and the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Research of Sustainable Space (Academy of Finland grant number 312390). A.K. and E.K.J.K. acknowledge the ERC under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme Project SolMAG 724391. E.K.J.K. also acknowledges the Academy of Finland Project 310445.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Sadakichi Hartmann, a "Missing Link" of American Poetry
How the Japanese American poet, art critic, and performer helped shape Modernist poetry as he brought Japanese poetic forms into English
By Floyd Cheung
Hartmann in the role of the court magician in the 1924 Douglas Fairbanks film The Thief of Bagdad.
Essays | Japanese American, Modernist poetry, Sadakichi Hartmann, Walt Whitman, poetry
"Sadakichi is singular, never plural," declared Gertrude Stein. Indeed, there can have been only one Carl Sadakichi Hartmann (1867–1944). An innovative writer, critic, performer, and bon vivant extraordinaire, Hartmann helped to introduce Japanese poetic forms to the English literary tradition, championed photography as an art form, conducted "concerts" with smells instead of sounds, and drank riotously with everyone from the Symbolist poets of Paris to the Bohemians of Greenwich Village to the movie stars of Hollywood.
Born in 1867 on the isle of Dejima, Japan, to a Prussian merchant named Carl Herman Oskar Hartmann and a Japanese woman named Osada, the young Hartmann was sent to be raised by a rich uncle in Hamburg after his mother died a few months after his birth. Baptized a Lutheran and wrapped in luxury, Hartmann learned literature, art, and upper-class deportment during his childhood. Being forced to attend the German Imperial Naval Academy, however, did not agree with the independent-minded, teenaged Hartmann, who decamped to Paris. Displeased, his father shipped him off to another branch of his family in Philadelphia in 1882 with $3 in pocket money.
The already melancholy Hartmann keenly felt this change of scene, especially since he had to work sometimes as a lithographic stippler, perfume peddler, photographic retoucher, or spittoon cleaner. For solace, he turned to books. In Philadelphia, Hartmann read voraciously in libraries and bookstores, eventually discovering Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman. Thoroughly taken with Whitman's verse and searching for a mentor, the seventeen-year-old Hartmann visited the sixty-five-year-old Whitman in Camden, New Jersey, in 1884, starting what would become a deep if tumultuous relationship. In addition, via multiple cross-country trips, visits to Europe, and correspondence, Hartmann came to know many other writers, too, including Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Verlaine, Ezra Pound, George Santayana, and of course Gertrude Stein.
In an early poem, Hartmann expressed his appreciation for Whitman: "I am bound to thee forever, thy works were to me, except Love and Nature, the grandest lessons of my life." Although Hartmann sometimes embarrassed Whitman by telling tales out of school, inciting the latter to call the former "that damned Japanee," Whitman still believed in him: "I have more hopes of him, more faith in him than any of the boys."
Whitman served as a model for Hartmann's literary career, although it was not so much that the young poet imitated the old master's style, suggests George Knox and Harry W. Lawton, but that Whitman "influenced the literary pose which Hartmann adopted toward the world." Specifically, they argue, Hartmann adopted "Whitman's techniques of self-promotion, a belief in democracy despite his tendency toward seeing art as primarily for the elite, the use of press-agentry methods pioneered by Whitman, and an assertive Bohemianism traceable to Whitman."
Hartmann's early poems do, however, bear traces of Whitman's stylistic influence. Hartmann was inspired by Whitman's frequent use of natural and nautical images even if he did not couch them in free verse or anaphora. For instance, Hartmann borrows visions of waves and sails from Whitman's "Sea-Drift" poems, and Whitman's Leaves of Grass is echoed in the title of his Drifting Flowers of the Sea and Other Poems.
In the opening poem of Drifting Flowers, "Nocturne," Hartmann's speaker repeatedly conjures images of waves and sails and the melodies of "lovers' lays," each rising in its beautiful moment and then "lost in the dim unknown." Seven chain-rhymed quatrains precede a sestet in which earlier phrases return before they fade away. Even the poem's use of indentation suggests a fading away into the distance. One quatrain looks like this on the page:
Sails gleam and glimmer ghostly white,
They come and slowly drift away,
Lost in the monotone of night,
Like visions of a summer-day.
Hence, at least some of Hartmann's early poems share Whitman's vocabulary of images if not his confidence in perennial, grass-like return.
Although Whitman writes of the fragrance of grass, roses, and arm pits, Hartmann believed that most of his contemporaries did not pay enough attention to the sense of smell. He reminds his readers that when the character Ulysses returns to Greece disguised as a beggar, his dog recognizes him: "Undoubtedly by smell. And does not smell constitute a notable (in human beings neglected and unconscious) part of memory?" To demonstrate the potential of smell to transport an audience, Hartmann conducted a 'Perfume Concert' in 1902 with the aid of giant electric fans. He planned to take his audience on 'A Trip to Japan in Sixteen Minutes' with eight scents. Alas, a lack of technological advancement and audience patience doomed his performance, and he was booed off stage. The experimental and audacious quality of this attempt, however, attests to Hartmann's fearlessness and imagination as an artist.
In fact, Hartmann cultivated an intense interest in art because of its ability to transport maker and audience to other worlds—inner and outer. He practiced many arts from dancing to acting to painting and, of course, writing. And at the same time, he emerged as one of his era's great art critics. Jane Calhoun Weaver observes that "few writers were as important to the art of the United States at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth as Sadakichi Hartmann."
In an essay entitled "On the Vanity of Appreciation," Hartmann acknowledged that art critics might help a few worthy artists, but "art criticism is to me nothing but a peculiar mania for searching every expression of art, and life as well, for its most individual, perhaps innermost, essence." Thus, pursuing art and art criticism for Hartmann was primarily a way of life—not a way of making a living, though he did have to find paying work to support himself and his family.
Fortunately Alfred Stieglitz recognized Hartmann as an especially articulate and discerning critic of photography and hired him to write for his journals, Camera Notes and Camera Work. Each issue featured reproductions of prints by leading pictorialist photographers of the day like Gertrude Käsebier, Eduard Steichen, and Steiglitz himself. Hartmann contributed essays on photography, reviews of art exhibitions, and poems to accompany these prints. In essays, he praised photographers like Steichen for having the "courage to experiment and the ambition to break with conventional laws and to create new formulae of expression." In poems like "Dawn-Flowers," which responds to Steichen's work of the same name, Hartmann transports readers to "the land of shadows and dreams."
As an art critic, Hartmann also advocated that photographers consider everyday street scenes as worthy of their attention. He admired, for instance, Stieglitz's photograph of the Flatiron Building in New York and even wrote his own poem "To the 'Flat Iron,'" in which he called the edifice "Rich, in showing no pretense, / Fair, in frugalness sublime." Although Hartmann grew up in Hamburg and retired in California, he made New York the playground of his prime.
A photograph of Sadakichi Hartmann from 1913. Courtesy Library of Congress
While Hartmann did not read or write Japanese, he had written in Japanese forms like the haiku, tanka, and dodoitsu, which he may have learned from Lafcadio Hearn's book In Ghostly Japan. In 1904, Hartmann included seven tanka in Drifting Flowers of the Sea and Other Poems. Guido Bruno published a chapbook of his haiku and tanka in 1915, and in 1926, Hartmann produced a limited edition of one hundred mimeographed copies of Japanese Rhythms, which included haiku and tanka as well as three dodoitsu. He expanded this work once more in 1933.
In his editorial comments, Hartmann described tanka as a "short poem … the most popular and characteristic of the various forms of Japanese poetry. It consists of 5, 7, 5, 7, and 7 syllables – 31 in all." Using an older spelling of haiku, Hartmann explained, "The Haikai is a Tanka minus the concluding fourteen syllables." And finally, "The Dodoitsu is a more common and lawless form of poetical expression, limited to four lines of 7, 7, 7, and 5 syllables." Critic Deckard Francis Hodge rightly notes that Hartmann's tanka and haiku "reveal a playfulness in regard to boundaries, an acknowledgement of their existence, but also a willingness to traverse them." Indeed, Hartmann served as a crucial bridge across literary boundaries, a "missing link" of American poetry—between Whitman and Pound, Japan and America, the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries.
Hartmann's popularization of Japanese forms had a substantial impact on the development of modern American poetry. In particular, Hartmann valued concentration of image and "pictorial suggestion," which were associated with Japanese poetics and would come to be thought of as Modernist. Other emergent poets of his day, many with whom Hartmann talked and corresponded, also valued these qualities. Poets like Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell searched for alternatives to what they considered the unnecessary ornateness and length of most Victorian poetry. Whereas Lowell modeled her work after ancient Greek and Latin examples, Pound found inspiration in Chinese and Japanese precedents. Together, they and others articulated the aesthetics of the Imagist movement. As Pound wrote in 1914, "The image is itself the speech. The image is the word beyond formulated language … The Japanese … have understood the beauty of this sort of knowing."
How did Pound learn Japanese ways of knowing? Literary historian Ce Rosenow explains, "Pound knew Hartmann and Hartmann's persona, which, perhaps more than his written work, contributed to Pound's understanding of Japan." After all, Pound did remark, "If one hadn't been oneself, it would have been worthwhile to have been Sadakichi."
Whether Pound read Hartmann's poems is unknown, but as interested as he was in Japanese poetics, one imagines that he may have come across Hartmann's 1904 essay "The Japanese Conception of Poetry" published in Reader Magazine. In this piece Hartmann describes the Japanese aesthetic of suggestiveness, which requires readers to concentrate on an image and make their own epistemological connections. Hartmann explains that a Japanese poet "simply depicts a crow sitting on a withered branch, and leaves it to the reader to complete the poetic thought." The image itself is the speech, as Pound would say ten years later. Referring to his own poetry, Hartmann claims, "Lines like 'turn phantoms with the colder morn' and 'in a hilltown among roses' are as concentrated as any image that can be found in a tanka." Perhaps, then, Hartmann's prose as well as his poetry helped to introduce Japanese poetic principles to English-language writers.
It was Hartmann who explained that haiku ought to create "a unison of the external beauties of nature and the subtleties of the human soul, which has its origin in tradition and a continual association with flowers, with animals, trees, mountains and the everchanging elements." And the brevity of the form itself mirrors the concept of mono no aware, a recognition of beauty in its transience. Consider for example the following haiku by Hartmann:
Oh, red maple leaves,
There seem more of you these eves
Than ever grew on trees!
The "red maple leaves" signal autumn, the word "eves" cuts the poem, and Hartmann's innovative addition of rhyme reinforces the unity of the first two lines. The word "seem" incorporates human subjectivity. At this late point in autumn, the speaker suddenly realizes a difference between leaves on a tree and leaves strewn on the ground, but the nature of that difference is left up to the reader. We need to make a leap. For instance, we might remember the fleeting beauty of the tree on the first day that all of its leaves shifted from green to red, its blazing unity, though we are now surrounded by incontrovertible signs of loss. Most English-language readers in the twenty-first century understand how to appreciate this kind of poetic experience, but it was in the early twentieth that Sadakichi Hartmann began to prepare us.
Even though it has taken us 100 years to begin to acknowledge Hartmann's contributions as a poet, he would have considered himself a success from the start. Among possible titles for an autobiography that he never completed Hartmann included Success in Failure. He understood that "true artists" like himself were not likely to succeed in terms of fortune or fame: "The true artist … has ever preferred to worship his lofty and often narrow ideals in poverty and obscurity, rather than to waste his genius on the vain world, which has but little in common with his dreams and aspirations."
In particular, he perceived the general audience's limited taste for poetry: "With current devaluations, poetry is not on par anywhere. When only material progress is at stake, poetry does not function." Hence, Hartmann self-published most of his poetry in limited manuscript editions not to make a profit but to share his art with only a few readers. At the end of his life, which he spent in a shack he built near his daughter Wistaria Linton, on the Morongo Indian Reservation in Banning, California, Hartmann continued to create art by painting and writing, and he continued to communicate his ideas about art by lecturing and corresponding.
During his final year, Hartmann composed his own characteristically unconventional obituary, part prose and part poem. In it the speaker describes the sounds of ringing bells and ocean waves that rise in alarm and perturbation as Hartmann's death approaches. At the end, however, these sounds cease, replaced by one more epistemological surprise. Falling flowers make an incredible racket: "Sadakichi Hartmann is gone a new scene is on / sounds like flowers drop one by one / / Bing! Bang! Bung! Bing! Bong! / Bung! Bing! Bing! Bong! Bang!"
Hartmann died in 1944 while visiting another daughter in St. Petersburg, Florida, but his poems live on, each one making its own glorious racket.
Sadakichi Hartmann: Collected Poems, 1886-1944, edited by Floyd Cheung. Little Island Press, 2017
During his lifetime, Hartmann published poems in little magazines and self-published four of his own books—each several times and in different editions. Edwin Markam, the editor of the 1910 anthology The Younger Choir, included Hartmann as one of the rising poets of the early twentieth century. More recently, Hartmann's poetry has been anthologized in David Hsin-Fu Wand's Asian American Heritage: An Anthology of Prose and Poetry, Juliana Chang's Quiet Fire: A Historical Anthology of Asian American Poetry, Cary Nelson's Anthology of Modern American Poetry, Stephen Gould Axelrod et al.'s New Anthology of American Poetry, and Robert Hass's American Poetry: The Twentieth Century. In his review of the latter, critic Allan Burns calls Hartmann one of the "missing links" of American poetry.
Thanks to recovery efforts by George Knox, Jane Calhoun Weaver, and others, Hartmann's reputation as a bon vivant and art critic is secure. David Hsin-Fu Wand and Juliana Chang, however, deserve credit for calling attention to his poetry and naming him an "Asian American"—a term that was born long after Hartmann died. In his 1974 anthology, Wand argues that Hartmann "deserves mention as a pioneering voice in Asian American literature." Valorizing his resistance to being interned during the Second World War, Wand maintains, "It is his ethnic consciousness, rather than his occasional poetry, that makes him contemporary in spirit and acceptable to the majority of postwar Asian American poets, who are concerned with the rediscovery of their ethnic heritage." In Chang's 1996 anthology, Hartmann receives pride of place. She writes, "Asian American poetry dates as far back as the 1890s, with the publication of poems by Sadakichi Hartmann, considered among the first to write Symbolist poetry in English."
In contrast, the influential editors of the 1974 anthology Aiiieeeee! rejected Hartmann altogether. They argue the following:
The tradition of Japanese American verse as being quaint and foreign in English, established by Yone Noguchi and Sadakichi Hartman [sic], momentarily influenced American writing with the quaintness of the Orient but said nothing about Asian America, because, in fact, these writers weren't Asian Americans but Americanized Asians.
What are we to make of this rejection? In some ways, their refusal to acknowledge Hartmann parallels their refusal to acknowledge another multiracial writer who has since become a subject of intense study: Onoto Watanna, née Winnifred Eaton. Born of an English father and Chinese mother, Eaton adopted a Japanese-sounding pseudonym to pursue a career as a writer. She even made up a Japanese signature, claimed to be born in Nagasaki, and dressed in a kimono for publicity photographs. This persona helped Eaton to sell many novels and even become a chief scenarist for a Hollywood studio. Some critics accuse her of passing as Japanese merely to appeal to the turn-of-the-century taste for Japonisme and make money. More recently, however, other critics have read greater subtlety and even subversion in her work.
What might Eaton's literary critical history portend for Hartmann? In a poem entitled "Monologue," Hartmann's speaker announces, "prudence makes chameleons of us all." But prudence alone is not the reason behind Hartmann's plural aspects and performances. Regarding the supposed connection between one's heritage and one's art he wrote, "Biographical data do not interest me. What is the difference where a man is born, how old he is, where he studied, and where he was medaled? His art must speak—that is all I care for." Certainly critics will debate the political meanings of Hartmann's self-presentation and his choice of literary subjects and forms, but in the end his art must speak. With the first ever edition of his collected poems in English published by Little Island Press, we are in a better position to listen.
This essay has been edited and adapted from Floyd Cheung's introduction to Sadakichi Hartmann: Collected Poems, 1886-1944 (Little Island Press, 2017).
Floyd Cheung is Professor of English Language and Literature and of American Studies at Smith College. His scholarly work focuses on the recovery of lesser known early Asian American literature including H. T. Tsiang's And China Has Hands (Kaya Press, 2016) and John Okada: The Life and Rediscovered Work of the Author of No-No Boy (University of Washington Press, 2018). With Keith Lawrence, he coedited and contributed to Recovered Legacies: Authority and Identity in Early Asian American Literature (Temple University Press, 2005).
Tags: Japanese American, Modernist poetry, Sadakichi Hartmann, Walt Whitman, poetry
A Secret Life in Misspelled Cities & The Secret Lives of Misspelled Cities
Sahar Muradi and Zohra Saed are two Afghan American poets. This is a lyrical conversation between Sahar, who returned to retrace footsteps in Afghanistan and Zohra, who remained ensconced in longing for mythic cities of her birth.
I'll Do What I Want: A Conversation with Kim Min Jeong
"For Korean women writers, for whatever kind of poetry they want to write, I think this country has excellent soil for growing in any direction you want."
宇多田 ヒカル and the Huntsman: Poems by Kazumi Chin
'This drought of silence / that does not feed me. I mean, I refuse / to hold his vanity. And demand to know / myself better. Cull his soul but only / for memory, carve a history / for myself in which my reflection / alone can be seen.'
Night With Open Mouth: Two Poems by Zack Lesmeister
By Zack Lesmeister
how much time / does the wind give us? / do we still run? / who sends the wind? / does it carry the bombs? / or do they come after?
By Hera Hong
A girl labelled comfort / wartime ammunition / recalled her father who built / her home on / a graveyard
Aloeswood Incense: an excerpt
By Eileen Chang, Karen S. Kingsbury
The white Liang mansion was melting viscously into the white mist, leaving only the greenish gleam of the lamplight shining through square after square of the green windowpanes, like ice cubes in peppermint schnapps.
A Lifelong Romance: Reflections on Eileen Chang's life, work, and legacy
By Shu-Ling Chua
In honoring ordinary people and gestures, Chang reminds us of things taken for granted, of cramped train rides and eavesdropped conversations, the sounds and smells of cityscapes and markets.
Sianne Ngai's Theory of the Gimmick and Why I Feel Bad about Politics on the Internet
By Isla Ng
I gazed into the gimmick, and the gimmick gazed back.
The Creative Work of Care: A Portfolio of Abolitionist Imagination
By Rachel Kuo
Five essays in a new collection from A World Without Cages show us the creative work of movement building.
By Kyle Lucia Wu
They thought me the oddity, though they were the ones depriving themselves of air. I watched them with the same curiosity that they watched me. How? And why?
Abolition Is Not a One Time Event: Prison Doulas as Catalysts
By Olivia Ahn
A visual and typographical essay on prison doulas' community-care in the face of violence from carceral systems.
South Asians for Abolition: Diasporic Strategies and Conversations
By Sharmin Hossain, Mon M.
In Part Two of a discussion on South Asian diasporic organizing in the movement for abolition, Mon M. and Sharmin Hossain reflect on their histories and positionalities as South Asian abolitionists.
South Asians for Abolition: Beyond Gilded Cages
By Mon M.
In Part One of a discussion on South Asian diasporic organizing in the movement for abolition, Mon M. shares three areas of critical work, storytelling, and action to undertake in solidarity with Black and Dalit liberation struggles.
bốn bạn bán bốn bàn bẩn, ha
By Benedict Nguyen
i want to banish the shame/ write it in a book to be banned,/ take the banal, grow a banana/ tree of new knowing
Bookmarks: Best of 2020
By The Asian American Writers' Workshop
We're closing out this year with our favorite graphic novels, chapbooks, fan fiction, poetry collections, and novels published in 2020.
The Home I Dream
By Michael "Safear" Ness, Chanthon Bun
I miss my home. Although I've never seen where it is, I close my eyes and picture every detail it contains.
Lessons Learned: Building a Police Free Future with Abolition Park
By Victoria X
I might do something dangerous in that state of mind.
If We Didn't Laugh
By Danielle Batalion Ola, Aarthi Haig
When my mother and I were hopeless, buckling under the weight of our unanswered prayers, she taught me that laughter can be a way of creating our own mercy.
On Transformation: Self Portraits by Yuxi Lin
By Yuxi Lin, Aarthi Haig
The witch was not thorough / with her magic
By Micah Rosegrant
tell me you knew all along & you reached for / the heavens because you were happy.
Stone-Eating Girl: From Meena Alexander's Fault Lines
By Meena Alexander
What was I when I was not quite in one place, nor in another, just in midstream?
By Alissa Tu, Aarthi Haig
NOTTHECRUSH tells me he has a crush on me.
Self Portrait with Feeling Heart
By Meng Jin
These days I've grown tired of my heart, how much feeling it has required, and would much prefer to laugh.
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Mark Canon, President of New Media, [praized subtype="small" pid="133f6afd48025ab56a05c6d6f6dace27″ type="badge" dynamic="true"], had the opening keynote on Day 1 of the Kelsey Group ILM '08 Conference. He shared with us his "facts on the ground", described the cultural anthropology of traditional local media companies and tried his hand at forecasting the future in local media (always a topic I like!).
Search engines are the new browsers. This means the local media industry has to get used to paying "taxes". Perry would call it "owning" the third page of search. It's also one of the reasons why search engine optimization has become such an important notion in local media in the last 12-18 months.
Usage is agnostic and context is king. We have to learn about context and accept its limitations (ex: mobile device).
Publishers will sell what they don't have (ex: [praized subtype="small" pid="10764fab856fb75ccc92cc5055c1997f21″ type="badge" dynamic="true"] ad network). They need to create what they need but sell what they can. They need to manage capacity, not scarcity and they should focus on conversion.
On a cultural corporate anthropology level, he explains that directory publishers (and other traditional media firms online I would add) have been working like islands (with restricted access, a lot of editorial control and bespoke ad sales). Currently, the activity on the Web is more like archipelagos (with aggregated data, user-generated content, more open access, and ad networks). He foresees a future where we operate in "ecologies" (with federated data, semantic context, fluid distribution, and ad ecologies).
And, according to Canon, what does the future hold in local media?
Update: Phil from Wellcomemat.com sent me this link to a video of the presentation.
What it means: one of the most insightful presentations I've ever heard at a Kelsey conference. I've known Mark since his Switchboard.com years (YellowPages.ca was running on the Switchboard platform from 1999 to 2002) and he clearly showed his experience in search and local/vertical media. I especially like the following insights: a) adapt to the context (the Web is not Print, Mobile is not the Web) b) rent the framework (work with experts) c) build a local ad network (increase your reach!) and d) embrace socially mediated commerce (I believe word of mouth is the great local search disruptor).
Anytime Seb. Great LIM 2008 event coverage! Looking forward to reading more.


text:
Hanson, R.E. Proterozoic tectonic evolution of southern Africa
Proterozoic tectonic evolution of southern Africa.
Type: Report
Download: Proterozoic_Tectonic_Evolution_of_Southern_Africa_by_Hanson,_Richard_E..pdf (342 kb)
Results per page: All 10 20 50 100 200 moreinfo 9384
Passchier, C.W., Trouw, R.A.J., Ribeiro, A. and Paciullo, F.V.P. 2002. Tectonic evolution of the southern Kaoko belt, Namibia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 35(1): 61–75
Dauteuil, O., Deschamps, F., Bourgeois, O., Mocquet, A.. and Guillocheau, F. 2013. Post-breakup evolution and palaeotopography of the North Namibian Margin during the Meso-Cenozoic. Tectonophysics, 589: 103–115
Dauteuil, O., Rouby, O., Braun, J., Guillocheau, F. and Deschamps, F. 2013. Post-breakup evolution of the Namibian margin: Constraints from numerical modeling. Tectonophysics, 604: 122–138
Gresse, P.G. and Scheepers, R. 1993. Neoproterozoic to Cambrian (Namibian) rocks of South Africa: a geochronological and geotectonic review. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 16(4): 375–393
Hoal, B.G. 1993. The Proterozoic Sinclair Sequence in southern Namibia: intracratonic rift or active continental margin setting?Precambrian Research, 63(1–2): 143–162
Maslanyj, M.P., Light, M.P.R., Greenwood, R.J. and Banks, N.L. 1992. Extension tectonics offshore Namibia and evidence for passive rifting in the South Atlantic. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 9(6): 590–601
Frimmel, H.E., Hartnady, C.J.H. and Koller, F. 1996. Geochemistry and tectonic setting of magmatic units in the Pan-African Gariep Belt, Namibia. Chemical Geology, 130(1–2): 101–121
Moore, A.C. 1981. The Tantalite Valley shear zone — a major locus for igneous activity in Southern Namibia (South West Africa)? Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 10(4): 383–393
Gumbricht, T.P. and McCarthy, T.S. 2003. Hierarchical processes and patterns sustaining the Okavango: An integrated perspective for policy and management. In: Bernard, T., Mosepele, K., Ramberg, L. (eds). Environmental Monitoring of Tropical and Subtropical Wetlands. Maun (Botswana): Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Center. Okavango Report Series no. 1., Pages 181–196
» More info & related results 2003 Book, Book Section, Booklet 759 kb pdf
» More info & related results Report 342 kb pdf
Weber, K. and Ahrendt, H. 1983. Mechanisms of nappe emplacement at the southern margin of the Damara Orogen (Namibia). Tectonophysics, 92(1–3): 253–274
Singletary, S.J., Hanson, R.E., Martin, M.W., Crowley, J.L., Bowring, S.A., Key, R.M., Ramokate, L.V., Direng, B.B. and Krole, M.A. 2003. Geochronology of basement rocks in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana, and implications for regional Proterozoic tectonics. Precambrian Research, 121(1–2): 47–71
Raab, M.J., Brown, R.W., Gallagher, K., Carter, A. and Weber, K. 2002. Late Cretaceous reactivation of major crustal shear zones in northern Namibia: constraints from apatite fission track analysis. Tectonophysics, 349(1–4): 75–92
Mvondo, F., Dauteuil, O. and Guillocheau, F. 2011. The Fish River canyon (Southern Namibia): A record of Cenozoic mantle dynamics?. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 343(7): 478–485
Mapani, B., Cornell, D. and van Schijndel, V. 2014. Geochronology and tectonic evolution of the Hohewarte Complex, central Namibia: New insights in Paleoproterozoic to Early Neoproterozoic crustal accretion processes. Journal of African Earth Sciences, In Press, Corrected Proof
Partridge, T.C. 1997. Cainozoic environmental change in southern Africa, with special emphasis on the last 200 000 years. Progress in Physical Geography, 21(1): 3-22
Owono, F.M., Ntamak-Nida, M-J., Dauteuil, O., Guillocheau, F. and Njom, B. 2016. Morphology and long-term landscape evolution of the South African plateau in South Namibia. CATENA, 142: 47–65
Namibian Register of Theses and Dissertations
» More info & related results 2020 Website
Turton, A. 2007. Focus on CSIR research in pollution waste: CSIR groundwater research into mine closure strategies. 2007 Stockholm World Water Week, 13-17 August 2007, pp 2
» More info & related results 2007 CSIR Report 1.72 mb pdf
Lubbe, L.G., van Eck, J.A.J., van Rooyen, B. and van Lill, C. 2010. Chemical control of Acacia nebrownii at two localities in southern Namibia with the arboricide Molopo GG 200P pellets. Spotlight on Agriculture, 119. Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry
» More info & related results 2010 Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry Report 1.09 mb pdf
Bester, F.V. 2005. Herbicidal control of poison-leaf/Gifblaar Dichapetalum cymosum. Spotlight on Agriculture, 91. Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry
Roer, H. 1986. Zur Anpassung des Schwarzkäfers Onymacris unguicularis (Haag) (Col.: Tenebrionidae, Adesmiini) an die Nebelzone der Namibwüste. Bonner zoologische Beiträge, 37: 143-154
Jacobson, K.M. and Lester, E. 2003. A First Assessment of Genetic Variation in Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. Journal of Heredity, 94(3): 212-217
Zimmermann, I. and Kamukuejandje, R.T. 2008. Overview of a variety of trials on agricultural applications of Effective Microorganisms (EM). Agricola, 18: 17-26
» More info & related results 2008 Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry Journal Article 479 kb pdf
Simmons, R. 1988. Offspring quality and the evolution of cainism. Ibis, 130(3): 339–357
Jensen, R.A.C. 1975. Movements and bio-economics of migrant raptors in South West Africa. Emu, 74(5): 315
Lalley, J.S., Viles, H.A., Henschel, J.R. and Lalley, V. 2006. Lichen-dominated soil crusts as arthropod habitat in warm deserts. Journal of Arid Environments, 67(4): 579–593
» More info & related results 2006 DRFN DLIB Journal Article
Bornman, C.H., Butler, V. and Jensen, W.A. 1979. Welwitschia mirabilis: Fine Structure of the Germinating Seed I. Orientation. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie, 91(3): 189–196
Ewart, A., Milner, S.C., Armstrong, R.A. and Dungan, A.R. 1998. Etendeka Volcanism of the Goboboseb Mountains and Messum Igneous Complex, Namibia. Part I: Geochemical Evidence of Early Cretaceous Tristan Plume Melts and the Role of Crustal Contamination in the Paraná–Etendeka CFB. Journal of Petrology, 39(2): 191-225
McClain, E., Seely, M.K., Hadley, N.F. and Gray, V. 1985. Wax Blooms in Tenebrionid Beetles of the Namib Desert: Correlations with Environment. Ecology, 66(1): 112-118
Bourke, M.C., Child, A. and Stokes, S. 2003. Optical age estimates for hyper-arid fluvial deposits at Homeb, Namibia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22(10-13): 1099-1103
Madoqua, Volume 10, No. 2. Journal of Nature Conservation and Desert Research, South West Africa. Published by the Nature Conservation and Tourism Division of the South West Africa Administration
Mc Vittie, R. 1979. Changes in the social behaviour of South West African cheetah. Madoqua, II(3): 171-184
Curtis, B.A. 1985. The dietary spectrum of the namib desert dune ant Camponotus Detritus. Insectes Sociaux, 32(1): 78-85
Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L. 1991. Water Balance and Nitrogenous Excretion. In: Ecophysiology of Desert Arthropods and Reptiles - Adaptations of Desert Organisms, 80-101
» More info & related results 1991 Book, Book Section, Booklet
Röll, B. 2005. Variability in a Common Species: The Lygodactylus Capensis Complex from Southern and Eastern Africa (Reptilia, Gekkonidae). African Biodiversity, 237-244
Cooper, P.D. 1982. Water balance and osmoregulation in a free-ranging tenebrionid beetle, Onymacris unguicularis, of the Namib Desert. Journal of Insect Physiology, 28(9): 737–742
Klaassen, M., Brenninkmeijer, A., Boix-Hinzen, C. and Mendelsohn, J. 2003. Fathers with Highly Demanding Partners and Offspring in a Semidesert Environment: Energetic Aspects of the Breeding System of Monteiro's Hornbills (Tockus monteiri) in Namibia. The Auk, 120(3): 866-873
Rapson, S.A., Goldizen, A.W. and Seddon, J.M. 2013. Gene flow in mongooses endemic to Namibia's granite inselbergs despite past climatic fluctuations and isolating landscape features. Journal of Mammalogy, 94(1): 218–230
Prendini, L. and Bird, T.L. 2008. Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude. African Invertebrates, 49(2): 77-107
Last, H. 1992. Philonthus roeri sp. n. from Okavango, Namibia (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 43: 543-544
Endrody-Younga, S. 1996. Revision of the tribe Caenocrypticini : (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae : Tentyriinae). Taxonomy Tribe Caenocrypticini Genus Caenocrypticus and subgenera. Transvaal Museum Monographs, 11(1): 1-74
» More info & related results 1996 Journal Article 12.83 mb pdf
Coetzee, C.G. 1970. The relative tail-length of striped mice Rhabdomys pumilio Sparrman 1784 in relation to climate. African Zoology, 5(1): 1-6
Bester, M.M. 1975. The functional morphology of the kidney of the Cape Fur Seal, Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber). Madoqua, 2(4): 69-92
Anon. 1967. Solpugema aethiops sp.n. Scientific Papers of the Namib Desert Research Station, 1967(34): 5-9
A Chronology of Some Significant Events in Namib Research. In Seely, M.K. (ed). Namib ecology: 25 years of Namib research, pp. 1-3. Transvaal Museum Monograph No.7, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria
Bombi, P. 2018. Potential impacts of climate change on Welwitschia mirabilis populations in the Namib Desert, southern Africa. Journal of Arid Land, 10: 10.1007/s40333-018-0067-1
Beier, M. 1964. Weiteres zur Kenntnis der Pseudoscorpioniden-Fauna des südlichen Afrika. Annals of the Natal Museum, 16(1): 30-90
Retief, E. and van Wyk, A.E. 2002. The genus Trichodesma (Boraginaceae: Boraginoideae) in southern Africa. Bothalia, 32(2): 151-166
Nowell, T. 2008. The spatial and temporal dynamics of diversification in Tylecodon, Cotyledon and Adromischus (Crassulaceae) in southern Africa. PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town
» More info & related results 2008 Thesis 7.02 mb pdf


text:
Paul Friedrich Struck (né le  à Stralsund – mort le  à Presbourg) est un compositeur originaire de Poméranie suédoise de la période classique viennoise.

Biographie

Paul Struck est le fils de Christian Lorenz Struck (1741–1793), imprimeur. Il commence ses études musicales à Berlin en 1792, puis avec Johann Georg Albrechtsberger (1795) et par la suite avec Joseph Haydn (de 1796 à 1799) à Vienne. Pour trouver un poste de chef d'orchestre, il voyage de Prague à Dresde, Berlin et Stralsund jusqu'à Stockholm, où le  il donne la première de La Création de Haydn en Suède.

En 1802 il enseigne le piano à Vienne. Il se marie en 1809, puis après avoir vendu sa maison à Vienne à Hubert Ludwig Graf de la Fontaine et d'Harnoncourt-Unverzagt (1789–1846), il se fixe à Pressburg (actuelle ville de Bratislava en Slovaquie, à  de Vienne, avec femme et enfants, où il vit de 1812 jusqu'à sa mort en 1820.

Ernst Ludwig Gerber écrit en 1812 dans Neues historisch-biographisches Lexikon der Tonku̇nstler (page 299) : . Cependant sa Quatrième Symphonie a été sévèrement critiquée dans le journal Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (1809, 1811), alors que sa musique de chambre a trouvé une oreille favorable (1807, 1819).

Œuvres

Vocale
 Geburtstagsfeier einer Mutter, (Vienne, 1797)
 Cantate für ihre Königliche Majestät die Königin pour soprano et orchestre (1801)
 "Trauercantate beym Tode seines Kindes" op. 16 (Vienne, 1817)
 6 Chants pour soprano, alto, ténor et basse

Instrumentale
 Quatuor pour clarinette, violon (ou deux violons), alto et violoncelle op. 12 (Louis Maisch, Vienne)
 Sonates pour le clavecin ou piano-forte avec accompagnement de violon et violoncelle op. 1 , op. 1 , op. 1
 Trois sonates pour le clavecin ou piano-forte avec accompagnement de flûte ou violon et violoncelle obl. composées et dédiées à Madame C. E. Struck par son fils Struck. Élève de J. Haydn, op. 4 (Jean André, Offenbach)
 Grand Duo op. 7 (Sonate) pour le pianoforte et clarinette ou violino (1804, Vienne)
 Trois sonates pour le clavecin ou piano-forte avec accompagnement de violon et violoncelle composées et dédiées à Mr Joseph Haydn, Maître de Chapelle de S. A. Monseigneur le Prince Esterhazy, par son élève Paul Struck (Jean André, Offenbach, 1797)
 Quatuor à cordes, op. 2 (, Offenbach) Dédié J.C Pommer Esche, conseiller de la Chambre du roi de Suède
 Grand trio pour le piano-forte, violon et violoncelle composée et dédié à Madame la Comtesse de Thürheim, op. 3 (Jean André, Offenbach)
 Acht deutsche Tänze für das Pianoforte, op. 13 (Johann Traeg, Vienne)
 Trois de ses quatre symphonies sont considérées comme perdues. Reste la symphonie, op. 10 (éd. Offenbach par Johann Anton André)

Bibliographie
  Joachim Lorenz Struck u. Ferdinand Struck: Stralsunder Sinfonie. Das Lebensbild des Stralsunder Komponisten Paul Struck. Elmenhorst/Vorpommern: Edition Pommern 2015,

Articles connexes
 Classicisme viennois

Liens externes

Notes et références

Compositeur autrichien de la période classique
Naissance en décembre 1776
Naissance à Stralsund
Naissance en Poméranie suédoise
Décès en mai 1820
Décès à Presbourg
Décès dans l'empire d'Autriche
Décès à 43 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It feels like it's been a long time since I posted about books. Is it just me? I've been doing a lot of reading lately (what else is new?), and I've read some really good books! I wanted to share them all with you.
Big Little Lies by Liane Moriarty – so I love this author and have recommended her to a bunch of people (my first pick to suggest is always The Husband's Secret, which I blogged about here), and most people have loved what they've read by her. I'm so excited that this book is an upcoming HBO series, it has a stellar cast and looks so good. This was a fast-paced story told from different perspectives (which I always love). I just put Liane Moriarty's latest book on my Kindle, so I'll let you know how it stacks up to the rest of her work once I read it.
We Were Liars by E. Lockhart – I had this book on my Kindle for a while but had yet to read it. I'd put it on there for summer vacation, but for some reason other books took priority over this one. I really enjoyed it, though. It'd come highly recommended from some friends, and I concur with their reviews. This was a really quick read, but it kept me guessing until the very end. I love books with a twist ending like this one! I also love how this centered around a family with an interesting dynamic (although I do think the author could have gotten more into that, maybe). Overall, I definitely recommend checking it out!
The Woman in Cabin 10 by Ruth Ware – I waited a really long time for this to come off of my library hold list, so when it finally did I was really excited. And as I recently promised, here are my thoughts on the book. So, here's the thing – I absolutely loved Ruth Ware's first book, In a Dark Dark Wood (blogged about it here). And my expectations for this book were super high. So, while I really enjoyed this book, I will say that I think I enjoyed In a Dark, Dark Wood more. But, I don't want that to detract from how great this book was, too. It was definitely an engaging thriller that kept me wondering until the very last minute. I also really liked the characters and thought that the main character was very likable and interesting. If you love thrillers, you should check out this read.


Terry Dwyer received his undergraduate degree from Fordham University in 1985 and his law degree from Pace University School of Law in 1991. He subsequently earned a post-graduate certificate in Labor Studies from Cornell University. He is admitted to practice law in the State of Connecticut and the State of New York, as well as before the federal Southern and Eastern Districts of New York and the United States Supreme Court. His law practice has included several general practice areas over the years, including real estate, criminal, civil and commercial litigation, business formation, mortgage and loan debt negotiation, estate planning and administration, and public sector labor law.
Terry has authored of over 50 articles, including several peer-reviewed academic articles and is the author of the textbook Legal Issues in Homeland Security: U.S. Supreme Court Cases, Commentary & Questions. Terry's publications have been cited in textbooks, academic articles and case briefs before the U.S. Supreme Court.
As a law practitioner Terry has always focused on the individual needs of the client. Whether it involves purchasing real estate or resolving debt and financial issues, he makes sure the client understands the process involved and its impact on the client's finances. When it comes to debt relief Terry will ensure that the client is actually getting proper financial relief from the burdens of debt and not reassigning their existing liabilities. As an "Of Counsel" attorney to McCarthy Law PLC he assists clients in obtaining relief from private student loan debt.


text:
package commands;

import model.Model;

/**
 * And command class - returns 1 if test1 and test2 are non-zero, otherwise 0
 *
 * @author team14
 */
public class AndCommand extends TwoInputCommand {

    @Override
    public double executeCommand (Model model) {
        return (myParameters[0].executeCommand(model) == 0 && myParameters[1].executeCommand(model) == 0) ? 1
                                                                                : 0;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
https://www.uschamber.com/events/recent-events
12:00PM ET
2021 State of American Business Series: The Annual Address and Power Hours
The event will explore how a united business community can rally a divided nation around a widespread economic recovery, restore good governance, and rebuild our economy for the future.
page to share
https://www.uschamber.com/event/2021-state-of-american-business
Policy Power Hour: State Issues National Impact
The Friday Power Hour, State Issues National Impact examines some of the most important emerging issues at the state and local level that are affecting businesses, workers, and communities across the country, from data privacy and employment policy to regulatory climates and legal reform.
https://www.uschamber.com/event/policy-power-hour-state-issues-national-impact
Policy Power Hour: Spotlight on Washington
Join us to explore the year ahead in Washington and some of the most important national policy issues affecting American businesses and workers, from infrastructure and immigration to education and
https://www.uschamber.com/event/policy-power-hour-spotlight-washington
https://www.uschamber.com/event/policy-power-hour-ensuring-americas-global-competitiveness
3:00PM ET
Starring Role: Arts & Entertainment in the Pandemic Era
Hear about the economic and societal contributions made by the arts and entertainment sectors, and the challenges and opportunities they face in the pandemic era —and how a culture of creativity, innovation, and ingenuity is helping us through these unprecedented times.
https://www.uschamber.com/event/starring-role-arts-entertainment-the-pandemic-era
10:00AM ET
COVID-19's Impact on Human Trafficking
The lack of economic opportunities associated with COVID-19 lockdowns highlights the exploitation of vulnerable populations and human trafficking.
https://www.uschamber.com/event/covid-19-s-impact-human-trafficking


text:
The Sequence Specific Homeopathic DNA Remedy System Responds to Discovery of New Form of Asthma
by Dr Peter Kay and Saqib Rashid(more info)
listed in dna gene expression, originally published in issue 224 - August 2015
It has long been recognized that asthma is caused by an inflammatory response to allergens in the airways. This form of asthma can be treated by suppression of the inflammatory response by promotion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Many asthma sufferers, however, do not respond to anti-inflammatory therapy. A new non-inflammatory form of asthma has now been discovered. Scientists have shown that it is due to a deficiency of sphingolipid and disturbed magnesium homeostasis in the cells that line the airways. Sphingolipid deficiency and sub-optimum magnesium homeostasis is a result of a reduction in the activity of the SPT [Suppressor of Ty] gene.
Sequence specific homeopathic DNA remedies have been developed to target the genes IL-10 and SPT to help resolve each of these two different types of asthma respectively.
Scientific investigations initiated by Prof Khuda-Bukhsh and carried out over many years[1] have now confirmed that homeopathic remedies interact with the genetic blueprint and increase the expression of many genes. Because the human genome contains genes that promote health as well as genes that cause disease when their expression is increased, it became important to be able to control the specificity of homeopathic remedy / genetic blueprint interactions.
Almost fifty years ago, it was discovered that, in a clinical setting, gene specific targeting could be brought about by the use of homeopathic DNA molecules with defined nucleotide sequences. [for review, see Ref. 2] Based on this advanced homeopathic DNA gene targeting system, a series of sequence specific homeopathic DNA (SSHD) remedies has been developed.
SSHD remedies take into account new properties of DNA that have been realized in recent years.[Review 2] They also take into account important health related scientific discoveries, such as those that have identified diseases that are caused by sub-optimal expression of health promoting genes. In a homeopathic context, studies have also shown that similar disease symptoms can be caused by quite different genetically controlled pathways, as exemplified below.
The significance of the ability to target genes that are involved in quite different forms of the same disease, using the SSHD system, is illustrated by reference to recent discoveries that highlight two completely different forms of asthma.
It has long been thought that asthma is caused exclusively by an allergic reaction in the airways that is driven by airborne particles such as pollen. The allergic reaction results in an inflammatory process that restricts the airways causing breathing difficulties. The asthma causing allergic reaction is due to development of an unusual type of immune response.
Normally, the immune system makes soluble antibodies called IgG, A or M. Sometimes, some people make another type of antibody called IgE. Unlike IgG, A or M antibodies, which circulate in the blood and other body fluids, IgE binds to the surface of mast cells. Mast cells are located within the surface of the airways, as well as other tissues.
An allergic reaction is caused by the binding of a foreign substance, or allergen, such as pollen to mast cell bound IgE in the airways. The binding of allergens to IgE bound to mast cells causes them to disrupt, leading to the release of acute inflammatory mediators such as histamine. It is this inflammatory process that causes the walls of the airways to contract.
The switch from production of beneficial or normal antibody types to IgE production is regulated by the cytokine IL-10. The Homeovitality Allergicare SSHD remedy has been developed to support the activity of the gene that encodes IL-10 so that the likelihood of IgE antibody formation, and hence development of an allergic reaction is reduced. It has also been recently discovered that IL-10 can even suppress the formation of mast cells.[3] In fact, the positive effects of anti-asthma drugs such as triamcinolone and montelukast are considered to be due to their ability to increase IL-10 production.[4] IL-10 is also an important anti-inflammatory cytokine.
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids are routinely used to help resolve the symptoms of asthma; however, such agents provide relief for only about half of patients suffering from this disease.
Non-inflammatory Asthma
Scientists at Columbia University, New York[5] have recently identified a completely new type of asthma. Their discovery provides an explanation for the fact that many sufferers do not respond to immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids.
The newly recognized form of non-inflammatory asthma is due to a deficiency of a cell membrane component called sphingolipid (SL) in cells that line the airways. Activity of the gene SPT that encodes the enzyme serine palmitoyl-CoA transferase has been shown by Dr Worgall and colleagues[5] to play a critical role in the production of SL to suppress the onset of non-allergic asthma. They showed that SL deficiency, due to decreased SPT activity, leads to non-inflammatory hyper-reactivity and contraction of the airways. Furthermore, they showed that decreased SL synthesis is also associated with altered magnesium homeostasis. Magnesium, the second most abundant cellular cation after potassium, is essential for regulation of numerous cellular functions and stabilization of enzymes which are involved in maintenance of effective airway physiology.
To respond to this newly recognized non-inflammatory form of asthma, the Homeovitality SSHD remedy STeP1 has been developed to target the SPT gene.
As indicated above, administration of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents in this latter form of asthma have no beneficial effect; rather, they suppress immunity, increasing the patient's susceptibility to lung infection.
1. Khuda-Bukhsh. Current trends in high dilution research with particular reference to gene regulatory hypothesis. Nucleus 57(1):3-17. 04/2014. DOI 10.1007/s13237-014-0105-0. www.researchgate.net/publication/271913850_Current_trends_in_high_dilution_research_with_particular_reference_to_gene_regulatory_hypothesis
2. www.positivehealth.com/article/dna-gene-expression/gene-targeting-using-sequence-specific-homeopathic-dna-remedies-for-health-promotion-and-disease-protection
3. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. "Cellular on and off switch for allergies and asthma discovered." ScienceDaily, 30 Apr. 2009.
4. Stelmach I et al., A randomized, double-blind trial of the effect of glucocorticoid, antileukotriene and beta-agonist treatment on IL-10 serum levels in children with asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy 32; 264. 2002.
5. Worgall et al., Impaired sphingolipid synthesis in the respiratory tract induces airway hyperreactivity . Sci Transl Med 5; 186. 2013.
For more information about these remedies and educational program, please see www.homeovitality.com
About Dr Peter Kay and Saqib Rashid
Dr Peter Kay PhD specialized in blood group serology and haematology in the UK. In 1974, he moved to Australia and became involved in tissue transplantation serology and autoimmunity. He later became a member of the Dept of Pathology at the University of Western Australia, specialising in Immunopathology. In the late 1980s he was awarded his PhD, subject matter, Immunogenetics. In 1989, he founded the first Molecular Pathology laboratory in Western Australia in the Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine at the University of Western Australia, and remained as Head until he retired from Academia in 2001. He has published over 80 peer reviewed articles in prestigious international scientific journals.
Since 2001 he has discovered how hybrid vigour works. His discoveries, which will revolutionize agricultural practices worldwide, are embodied in two filed Patents, WO 2005/075668 and WO 2007/012138. Peter Kay may be contacted on Tel: 01772 691443; peterhkay@gmail.com
Saqib Rashid BSc MSc DHM (BIH) Saqib is a fully qualified and experienced Homeopath. He has attained a BSc degree and later an MSc degree in physics. He achieved his postgraduate diploma in Homeopathic medicine (DHM), from the British Institute of Homeopathy, Egham, Surrey.
His passion is to treat his patients holistically under the strict guidelines of homeopathic practice. His special interest in homeopathy is to treat children who are suffering with problem like Autism (ASD), Asperger's syndrome ADHD, dyslexia, issues of retarded growth and people with medically unexplained symptoms or illnesses, and those who did not achieve great results from other forms of treatment. Saqib currently runs a successful homeopathic practice in Wandsworth, South West of London and may be contacted via Mob: 07897 438436; saqib@homeovitality.com
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