The purpose of this study was to examine longitudinally the relationship among glucose levels, pancreatic β-cell function, and insulin resistance in women at high risk for type 2 diabetes. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) were performed at 15-month intervals for up to 5 years or until fasting plasma glucose exceeded 140 mg/dl in Hispanic women with recent gestational diabetes. Data were analyzed 1) to compare changes in insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and glucose levels between women who had diabetes at one or more visits and women who remained diabetes free and 2) to determine longitudinal patterns of change in glucose levels and acute β-cell compensation for insulin resistance. Seventy-one women provided data from a total of 280 paired OGTTs and IVGTTs during a median follow-up of 46 months. Compared with the 47 women who remained free of diabetes, the 24 who either had diabetes (n = 9) or developed it during follow-up (n = 15) had higher baseline glucose levels and lower acute β-cell compensation for insulin resistance. Baseline insulin sensitivity was low in both groups and did not change significantly during follow-up. Fasting and 2-h glucose levels increased more rapidly in the diabetic group despite a decline in acute β-cell compensation that was significantly slower than the decline in women who did not develop diabetes. This paradox was explained by an accelerated rise in glucose levels for any decline in β-cell compensation when β-cell compensation reached ∼10% of normal, a level that was reached in the women who had or developed diabetes but not in the women who remained diabetes free. These findings define a pathogenesis for type 2 diabetes in one high-risk group that is characterized by a relatively long-term decline in acute β-cell compensation for chronic insulin resistance that is attended by slowly rising glucose levels. Only relatively late in this process do glucose levels rise rapidly and into the diabetic range.
Type 2 diabetes is defined by glucose levels in the diabetic range that are caused by inadequate pancreatic β-cell compensation for insulin resistance (1). Longitudinal studies indicate that insulin resistance precedes the development of diabetes by many years and may worsen during progression to diabetes (2–5). Inadequate insulin secretion is a less consistent finding long before diabetes develops, but declining function clearly occurs during the progression from normal glucose tolerance to diabetes (4) and during worsening of existing diabetes (6). At the present time, relatively little is known about the relationship among changes in insulin sensitivity (SI), insulin secretion, and glucose levels during the development of type 2 diabetes. We have been performing serial measurements of SI, insulin secretion, and glucose tolerance in a cohort of Hispanic women at high risk for type 2 diabetes by virtue of a recent history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In the present report, we examine the relationship between β-cell function and glucose levels in those women.
Subjects for the present report were part of a cohort of 150 islet cell antibody–negative women who agreed to participate in a longitudinal study of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes after GDM. Selection of the original cohort has been described in detail (7,8). Briefly, all Latino women referred to Los Angeles County Women's Hospital for management of GDM between August 1993 and March 1995 were asked to participate if they met all of the following criteria: 1) gestational age between 28 and 34 weeks, 2) no current or prior insulin therapy, 3) all fasting serum glucose concentrations <130 mg/dl (7.2 mmol/l) during pregnancy, 4) otherwise uncomplicated singleton pregnancy, and 5) both parents and at least three of four grandparents from Mexico, Guatemala, or El Salvador. All women had detailed metabolic testing during the 3rd trimester, as described previously (7,8). They were asked to return for a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 6 months postpartum and then for an OGTT and an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) at 15 months postpartum and every 15 months thereafter. Information on contraceptive use and pregnancies was collected at each visit. At the time of diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, subjects met once with a dietitian and received advice on nutrition and daily walking. Subjects remained in follow-up until they withdrew consent, were lost to follow-up, or developed a fasting plasma glucose concentration >140 mg/dl, at which time they were referred for pharmacological treatment of their diabetes. Women who were pregnant at the time of a scheduled battery of tests were studied at least 4 months after pregnancy and at least 1 month after completion of breast-feeding. A set of tests consisting of an OGTT and IVGTT was considered to fall within a given test window if testing was completed at least 3 months before the following test window. Otherwise, the visit was recorded as missed.
For the present report, which is focused on nonpregnant women from 15 months postpartum onward, we analyzed data from all subjects who 1) had a complete baseline set of OGTT and IVGTT in the 15- or 30-month postpartum testing window and 2) returned for at least one additional set of OGTT and IVGTT by the 75-month postpartum test window. All subjects gave written, informed consent for participation in the study, which was approved by the institutional review board of the University of Southern California and the Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center.
For baseline tests at the 15- or 30-month postpartum visit, subjects came to the General Clinical Research Center on 2 separate days, at least 48 h apart, after 8- to 12-h overnight fasts and at least 3 days on an unrestricted diet.
On one day, an OGTT was started between 0700 and 1000. Patients drank 75 g dextrose. Blood was obtained from an antecubital venous catheter before and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after the glucose ingestion and placed on ice, and plasma was separated within 20 min and stored at −80°C.
On a separate day, an IVGTT was performed starting between 0700 and 1000. Dextrose (300 mg/kg) was injected over 1 min, followed in 20 min by a 5-min infusion of crystalline human insulin (0.03 unit/kg). Arterialized venous blood was drawn into iced tubes before (n = 2) and for 240 min after (n = 32) the dextrose injection. Plasma was separated within 20 min and stored at −80°C.
During follow-up, OGTTs and IVGTTs were performed as they were at baseline.
Glucose was measured by glucose oxidase (Glucose Analyzer II; Beckman, Brea, CA). Insulin was measured by a radioimmunoassay (Novo Pharmaceuticals, Danbury, CT) that measured insulin and proinsulin. Anti-human islet cell antibodies in plasma were measured in the laboratory of Dr. Jerry Palmer using indirect immunofluorescence with an assay detection limit of 1 Juvenile Diabetes Foundation unit. Inclusion in the study cohort required a value below the detection limit.
Diabetes was diagnosed by OGTTs using the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (1). IVGTT results were analyzed using the MINMOD program (9) to obtain measures of fractional glucose disappearance due to an increase in insulin above the basal level (SI). The acute insulin response to intravenous glucose (AIRg) was calculated by the trapezoid rule as the incremental area under the insulin curve during the first 10 min after the glucose injection. The product of SI and AIRg (the disposition index) was calculated as a measure of acute pancreatic β-cell compensation for insulin resistance (10–12).
Baseline characteristics were compared by two-group t tests between women who had diabetes at one or more visits and women who remained diabetes free at all visits. OGTT insulin values, SI, and AIRg were log-transformed, and disposition index was squared-root transformed before the t tests to meet the normal distributional assumption. To take into account different follow-up times among members of the cohort, changes during follow-up were expressed as rates ([last observation − baseline observation]/[follow-up time]). Rates of change were compared between diabetic and nondiabetic groups by two-group t tests. Wilcoxon's rank-sum tests were also performed, and results were consistent with the two-group t tests; only results of the t tests are reported.
To determine whether glucose changed equally for a given change in β-cell function across the range of function observed in the cohort, 15-month follow-up intervals were ordered according to disposition index at their start and then grouped by quartiles of a continuous distribution of starting disposition index. Generalized linear models with identity link function were used to regress change in glucose on change in disposition index for each quartile of starting disposition index. The general estimating equation approach was used to adjust for the correlation of multiple intervals in each woman and to estimate and compare the rates of change in glucose per change in disposition index among quartiles of starting disposition index. All data from all women with paired measurements at the beginning and end of a 15-month observation period were used for this analysis.
Data are presented in tables and text in their original scales as means ± SD. All statistical tests were two sided with significance level defined as <0.05.
Seventy-one women met the inclusion criteria for this report. At baseline testing, 29 women had normal glucose tolerance, 33 had impaired tolerance, and 9 had diabetes with fasting plasma glucose <140 mg/dl. Five of the 29 women with normal glucose tolerance at baseline and 10 of the 33 women with impaired glucose tolerance at baseline developed diabetes by the end of the observation period. The 24 women who either had diabetes at baseline or developed it during follow-up had higher baseline glucose levels, greater insulin resistance, and worse β-cell function than the 47 women who remained nondiabetic at all visits (Table 1). The two groups were similar in baseline age, BMI, and fasting insulin levels.
The median duration of follow-up was 46 months after the baseline visit. Twenty-eight women had all five possible visits from 15 to 75 months postpartum, 20 had four visits, 13 had three visits, and 10 had two visits.
Durations of follow-up were similar for diabetic and nondiabetic groups (Table 1). Progestin-only contraception, which we observed to be associated with a risk of diabetes during breast-feeding in a separate study (13), was used by 29% of women who developed diabetes and 19% of women who did not (P = 0.34). Pregnancies, which we found to be associated with an increased risk of diabetes in a prior study (14), occurred in 42% of women who developed diabetes and 36% who did not (P = 0.65). The diabetic group tended to have stable weight, perhaps in part because of dietary advice that was provided at the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. The group that remained diabetes free gained significant weight during follow-up. SI, which was low at baseline in both groups, did not change significantly in either group (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The diabetic group had a more rapid rise in glucose levels and a slower decline in the AIRg (Table 1 and Fig. 1) and β-cell compensation for insulin resistance, expressed as the disposition index, than women who remained free of diabetes. To determine whether the slower decline in disposition index in the group with diabetes might be due to the fact that the disposition index reached zero in some individuals, we repeated the analysis after excluding 11 intervals that contained a disposition index of zero. Nine of the excluded intervals were from seven women in the diabetic group, and two of the intervals were from two women in the nondiabetic group. The rate of rise in fasting glucose (9 ± 12 vs. 1 ± 3 mg/dl per year; P = 0.01) and 2-h glucose (15 ± 17 vs. 4 ± 12 mg/dl per year; P = 0.02) remained greater in the women who had or developed diabetes, despite a rate of fall in the disposition index that was lower than in women who remained diabetes free (−29 ± 58 vs. −94 ± 139, P = 0.01).
Relationship of glucose levels and their main determinants.
There was discordance (Table 1) between the rate of rise in glucose levels, which was clearly greater in the women who had or developed diabetes, and the rate of fall of β-cell compensation for insulin resistance, which was greater in women who remained free of diabetes. Possible explanations for this discordance were examined by two analyses. First, to get a qualitative assessment of how glucose changed as β-cell function fell, we plotted relationships between the disposition index and both fasting and 2-h glucose levels from OGTTs for women who had or developed diabetes and for women who remained free of diabetes (Fig. 2). Data were ordered relative to the final visit to minimize bias created by the fact that women who developed a fasting glucose >140 mg/dl ended follow-up at that time, generally before the 75-month visit. Levels of fasting and OGTT 2-h glucose tended to rise very slowly as the disposition index fell across a relatively wide range (i.e., from ∼1,000 to ∼200–400) and then rose more dramatically when the disposition index fell below values of 200–400, which it did for the group who had or developed diabetes but not for the women who remained free of diabetes.
The second analysis (Fig. 3), which was more quantitative, compared the change in glucose per change in disposition index during 15-month intervals with different starting values for the disposition index. This approach arranges follow-up intervals according to biology (β-cell function at the start of an interval) rather than chronology (time since pregnancy), allowing comparisons among observation intervals with different degrees of initial β-cell dysfunction. For both fasting and 2-h glucose, the increase in glucose per fall in disposition index was greatest when the starting disposition was in the lowest quartile (i.e., <200). Among the other three quartiles, there were no significant differences in rates of change in glucose per change in disposition index. This pattern persisted when the general estimating equation analysis was repeated without 11 observation intervals in which the disposition index fell to 0 (10 due to undetectable SI; 1 due to undetectable AIRg). In this case, the rate of rise in fasting glucose per 100-unit fall in the disposition index was highest in the quartile with the lowest starting disposition index (3.1 mg/dl per 100-unit change in disposition index vs. 0.1–0.6 mg/dl per 100-unit change in the other three quartiles; P = 0.007). The same was true for the change in 2-h glucose (9.4 mg/dl per 100-unit change in disposition index in the lowest quartile vs. 0.1–2.3 mg/dl per 100-unit change in disposition index in the other three quartiles; P = 0.05).
This study provides what we believe to be novel information about how glucose levels change in relation to changing pancreatic β-cell function in one group at high-risk for type 2 diabetes, Hispanic women with a history of gestational diabetes. As a group, these women were very insulin resistant when initially studied after the index pregnancy in which GDM was diagnosed. During follow-up for up to 5 years, their insulin resistance did not change sufficiently to be detected by minimal model analysis. By contrast, AIRg, expressed relative to ambient insulin resistance as the disposition index, fell during follow-up. The insulin assay that was used measured both insulin and proinsulin, which has been reported to increase as individuals become hyperglycemic. This fact may have contributed to the observation that the fall in disposition index occurred at a slightly lower rate in the most hyperglycemic women, those who had diabetes at baseline or developed it during follow-up. Glucose levels increased more in those women, whether expressed as change per unit time or as change per unit decline in β-cell function, than was true for women who remained free of diabetes. These findings suggest that type 2 diabetes develops when declining acute β-cell compensation for insulin resistance reaches a critically low level below which additional loss of function leads to a rapid rise in glucose. Other parameters of islet cell function that were not measured by our testing procedures could decline at this stage as well.
One implication of our findings is relevant to the concept of glucose toxicity as an important determinant of falling β-cell function during the development of type 2 diabetes (15,16). To the extent that worsening hyperglycemia causes and accelerates falling β-cell function, one would expect increasing rates of decline in function as glucose levels rise. In fact, we observed the opposite pattern. Women with the greatest degree of hyperglycemia (i.e., those who had or developed diabetes during our observations) had a somewhat slower rate of decline in β-cell function compared with women who were less hyperglycemic (i.e., those who remained free of diabetes). This finding is consistent with our prior observation that changes in glucose levels during the first 3 months of troglitazone administration to a separate group of high-risk women were unrelated to the subsequent development of diabetes (17). Taken together, these observations do not support a major role for glucose toxicity in the early pathogenesis of declining β-cell function that leads to type 2 diabetes.
Another implication of our findings is relevant to clinical markers of declining β-cell function. As can be seen in Fig. 2, fasting glucose exhibited almost no systematic change across a very wide range of falling β-cell function. Thus, fasting glucose does not provide a strong clinical signal for declining function until relatively late in the progression toward diabetes. Two-hour glucose values increased more for any fall in β-cell function and could provide a stronger clinical signal of falling function. However, even changes in 2-h glucose were relatively small until β-cell function became very low and glucose levels began to rise into the diabetic range. Given the relatively poor reproducibility of 2-h glucose values during OGTTs, it seems unlikely that they will be useful in identifying declining β-cell function in individual patients in a clinical setting. More reproducible measures of average glycemia such as glycated hemoglobin, which was not measured in our cohort, warrant testing to determine whether they can provide a clinically useful approach to the tracking of β-cell decompensation during the evolution of type 2 diabetes.
Our longitudinal data provide novel information that is relevant to cross-sectional studies from many groups demonstrating poor β-cell compensation for insulin resistance in people with impaired glucose tolerance (18–25), as well as fewer longitudinal studies demonstrating that β-cell function declines during progression from normal or impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes (4,26). Our longitudinal design with frequent assessments of glucose levels, insulin resistance, and β-cell compensation provides a clearer picture of how glucose changes in relation to changing acute β-cell compensation. Our results also shed important light on the results of studies that have identified elevated glucose levels and poor β-cell function as predictors of progression from normal or impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes (5,27–29). Fig. 2 provides one explanation for these findings. Among individuals who are progressing toward diabetes, those who get there first during a fixed window of observation are the ones who were closest to diabetes when the observation commenced. They start with higher glucose levels and worse β-cell function and get to diabetes relatively quickly not because they are deteriorating more rapidly but because they are worse off to start with. Why they have progressed farther at baseline compared with other people of similar age is unclear but could be related in our subjects to their greater insulin resistance. What is clear is that predictors of diabetes in this setting are late rather than early defects in the progression to diabetes.
We included both nondiabetic and mildly diabetic women at baseline in this study. The inclusion was based on the fact that the criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes represent a division across a continuum of glucose levels in most populations. Inclusion of women who had crossed that division allowed us to examine a wider range of glycemia than would have been possible if we had limited analysis to women who started without diabetes. As a result, we were able to identify the more rapid increase in glucose that occurs for any fall in acute β-cell function as women actually develop diabetes. Our findings provide a potential explanation for the observation of Ferrannini et al. (30) in a different Hispanic-American population that plasma glucose levels rise more rapidly during conversion from impaired or normal glucose tolerance to diabetes than from normal to impaired glucose tolerance.
The women who did and the women who did not develop diabetes were different individuals. Thus, it is not clear whether the pattern depicted in Fig. 2 represents two different biological processes or simply the same biological process viewed at different stages in its progression. Only continued follow-up of women who are not yet diabetic can resolve that distinction. However, the analysis that used all follow-up intervals and compared glucose changes per fall in disposition index provided information across a continuous spectrum of β-cell function in the cohort. That analysis revealed a clear acceleration of rising glucose for a reduction in β-cell compensation in the lowest quartile of compensation. Interestingly, the disposition index in that lowest quartile was <200, a value that represents ∼10% of the mean disposition index of 1970 that we observed in 25 overweight Hispanic women who maintained normal glucose tolerance in pregnancy (8). This finding is very much like reports from animal studies of β-cell removal or destruction in which glucose changes are very small until 80–90% of cells are removed or destroyed (31). Thereafter, marked hyperglycemia occurs, much like the pattern we observed in our patients as they lost acute β-cell compensation for insulin resistance through mechanisms that remain to be identified.
In summary, we found that Hispanic women with a recent history of GDM had marked insulin resistance that changed very little, at least as assessed by the IVGTT–minimal model approach, during ∼5 years of follow-up. In contrast, β-cell function, assessed as the AIRg in relation to ambient insulin resistance, declined significantly. The rate of decline was slightly less in the most hyperglycemic women, who either had or developed diabetes, than in women who remained diabetes free. Nonetheless, glucose levels rose more rapidly in the women who developed diabetes, reflecting a rapid rise in glucose for any fall in β-cell compensation when compensation was very low (<∼10% of normal). These findings define at the physiological level in one high-risk group a pathogenesis for type 2 diabetes that is characterized by a long-term and relatively slow decline in insulin secretion and rise in glucose levels that occur on a background of chronic insulin resistance. Rapidly rising glucose levels occur relatively late in the process, when acute β-cell compensation falls below ∼10% of normal. Clinical markers of the declining β-cell function are needed to identify patients who are progressing toward diabetes so they can be targeted for interventions to delay or prevent the disease.
Coordinate changes in SI and AIRg. Open circles represent women who had diabetes at baseline or developed it during follow-up. Closed symbols represent women who remained free of diabetes at all visits. Arrows denote directions of change between first and last visits (mean follow-up of 44 ± 18 and 47 ± 14 months, respectively).
Relationships between pancreatic β-cell compensation for insulin resistance (disposition index = SI × AIRg, as described in Table 1) and fasting (A) or 2-h (B) glucose levels from OGTTs. Open circles represent mean data at 15-month intervals for women who had diabetes at baseline or developed it during follow-up. Closed symbols represent analogous data from women who remained free of diabetes at all visits. Horizontal lines denote glucose thresholds for diagnosis of diabetes, as defined in research design and methods. Arrows display direction of change during follow-up. Data in each group are plotted relative to final visits, so that symbol on the far left for each group is the average of final visits and other symbols are successive 15-month intervals before final visits.
Rise in OGTT fasting (left) or 2-h (right) glucose per 100-unit fall in disposition index for all 15-month follow-up intervals (n = 197), grouped according to quartile of disposition index at the beginning of the follow-up interval. **P = 0.002, *P = 0.03 vs. quartile with starting disposition index <200. There were no significant differences for change in fasting or 2-h glucose per change in disposition index among other quartiles of starting disposition index (P > 0.38).
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants R01-DK-46374 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and M01-RR-43 from the Division of Clinical Research, National Center for Research Resources and by a Distinguished Clinical Scientist Award from the American Diabetes Association.
We thank Susie Nakao, Carmen Martinez, and the staff of the General Clinical Research Center for assistance with metabolic studies; Lilit Zeberians, Mike Salce, Jay Sisson, and Martha Hernandez for performance of insulin and glucose assays; and Jerry Palmer for performance of islet-cell antibody assays.
S.L.K. is currently affiliated with Harbor-University of California of Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA.


Quite simply the sport or pastime of travelling down a river on a raft.
Commercial rafting commenced in the early 1990's in Japan and has steadily increased in popularity as people grow to understand what a great vehicle a raft is to explore and experience Japan's amazing rivers.
Not only as an extreme sport but as a way for children and families to appreciate the magic of our rivers.
The IRF conduct a World Rafting Championship every year.
This year 6 person teams will come together in Japan to determine who is the world best.
Rafting competitions consist of 4 disciplines.
A timed race over a short distance.
Teams race in pairs Head to head in a knockout elimination format.
8-14 gates. Competitors must pass through all the gates, some being upstream.
The most demanding discipline, most points rewarded.
Teams are awarded points in each discipline according to their finishing position.
The overall results are determined by ranking teams according to the total points they have achieved over the duration of the competitions.
Yoshino River is loved as a sacred rafting place in Japan by many river guides.
The river appropriate for the torrent of the world level including the shallow more than 2meters of drops.
There is abundant quality of water of only regular grade 4 in the country.
Furthermore, the quality of the water to be able to foresee to a surface of a river and the bottom of the emerald green attract many participants from all over the world.


text:
module Phaser.Renderer.Canvas {

    export class CanvasRenderer implements Phaser.IRenderer {

        constructor(game: Phaser.Game) {

            this.game = game;

            this.cameraRenderer = new Phaser.Renderer.Canvas.CameraRenderer(game);
            this.groupRenderer = new Phaser.Renderer.Canvas.GroupRenderer(game);
            this.spriteRenderer = new Phaser.Renderer.Canvas.SpriteRenderer(game);
            this.geometryRenderer = new Phaser.Renderer.Canvas.GeometryRenderer(game);
            this.scrollZoneRenderer = new Phaser.Renderer.Canvas.ScrollZoneRenderer(game);
            this.tilemapRenderer = new Phaser.Renderer.Canvas.TilemapRenderer(game);

        }

        public game: Phaser.Game;

        private _c: number = 0;
        private _cameraList: Phaser.Camera[];
        private _camera: Phaser.Camera;

        public cameraRenderer: Phaser.Renderer.Canvas.CameraRenderer;
        public groupRenderer: Phaser.Renderer.Canvas.GroupRenderer;
        public spriteRenderer: Phaser.Renderer.Canvas.SpriteRenderer;
        public geometryRenderer: Phaser.Renderer.Canvas.GeometryRenderer;
        public scrollZoneRenderer: Phaser.Renderer.Canvas.ScrollZoneRenderer;
        public tilemapRenderer: Phaser.Renderer.Canvas.TilemapRenderer;

        public renderCount: number;
        public renderTotal: number;

        public render() {

            this._cameraList = this.game.world.getAllCameras();
            this.renderCount = 0;

            //  Then iterate through world.group on them all (where not blacklisted, etc)
            for (this._c = 0; this._c < this._cameraList.length; this._c++)
            {
                if (this._cameraList[this._c].visible)
                {
                    this.cameraRenderer.preRender(this._cameraList[this._c]);

                    this.game.world.group.render(this._cameraList[this._c]);

                    this.cameraRenderer.postRender(this._cameraList[this._c]);
                }
            }

            this.renderTotal = this.renderCount;

        }

        public renderGameObject(camera:Phaser.Camera, object) {

            if (object.type == Types.SPRITE || object.type == Types.BUTTON)
            {
                this.spriteRenderer.render(camera, object);
            }
            else if (object.type == Types.SCROLLZONE)
            {
                this.scrollZoneRenderer.render(camera, object);
            }
            else if (object.type == Types.TILEMAP)
            {
                this.tilemapRenderer.render(camera, object);
            }

        }

    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
current exist like mountain down slope where water has enough current flow that A sedimentary rock consisting mainly of gravel is first named according to the roundness of the gravel. Grain size: Conglomerates (and breccias!) The amount and chemical composition of the matrix. If the pebble clips forming it are largely angular, it is a breccia. Conglomerate rock occurs where gravel can become rounded by calcite, iron oxide, or silica. 5.11) falls in the range of medium to very coarse sand, i.e. When they are in contact with each other, it is called a orthoconglomerate. Petrographic analysis of 80 thin sections of conglomerate were made using the Gazzi-Dickinson point-counting method (Ingersoll et al., 1984) to avoid grain size bias. Hardness: Soft to In this setting, conglomerates are The maximum clast size decreases Rock comprised of large weathering product that is washed downstream or down current. Normal cementing agents include calcite, quartz (silica), clays and gypsum. Sample TL1 (Fig. Conglomerates deposited in fluvial environments are glaciers can produce conglomerate. NASA's Mars rover Curiosity discovered an outcrop of conglomerate on the surface of Mars in September 2012. The grains in a quartz sandstone are at least 90 percent quartz. One of the most common locations for breccia formation is at the base of an outcrop where mechanical weathering debris accumulates. Click the thumbnails to enlarge. Conglomerate can have a variety of compositions. Clasts: variable, but generally harder rock types and / or minerals dominate. Hardness - hard. of the same size is well sorted; Lithology - a conglomerate where the clasts represent more than one rock type is termed polymictic (or petromictic), Class: Conglomerate Clasts in the conglomerate are rounded or at least partially rounded, whereas the clast in the breccias have sharp corners. are clast-supported with a strong AB-plane imbrication. Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at the Earth's surface, followed by cementation. The properties of conglomerate rock depend on its From memory it is 5mm. While grain size, clast and cementing material (matrix) composition, and texture are important factors when regarding composition, siliciclastic sedimentary rocks are classified according to grain size into three major categories: conglomerates, sandstones, and mudrocks. Conglomerate can be If the gravel clasts that form it are well-rounded to subrounded, to a large extent, it is a conglomerate. material is suitable. The size of the clasts. compaction of clasts c.) roundness of clasts d.) composition of the clasts e.) none of the above large crystals that are clearly visible to the eye . mature rivers, conglomerates are generally confined to the basal part of a CONGLOMERATE. Grain Size > 2 mm. may form from glacial, alluvial, fluvial, deepwater marine, or shallow marine If the clasts are pebble-sized, the rock is Clasts: variable, clasts is cobble conglomerate. are the same type of rock or mineral), the rock is categorized as monomictic In the sediments deposited by Hardness: Soft to hard, dependent on clast composition and strength of cement. grain size of clasts b.) A conglomerate can be made from any mineral assemblage. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause these particles to settle in place. The rounded rock debris is cemented together with a clayey, calcareous, siliceous bonding agent. Igneous rocks with a coarse grain size are a) Intrusive (cooled from magma) b) Extrusive (cooled from lava) 3. can only be used as a crush where low performance material is wanted. 2. They typically exhibit an intact fabric that has a clast-supported framework such that the individual granules, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders touch each other. Conglomerate has very few commercial uses. Conglomerate rocks are colorful and attractive; however, it is rarely used as ornamental stone for interior use because of its unreliable physical strength and durability. called pebble conglomerate. The The matrix that binds the Colour: variable, Colour - all colours, dependent on impurities present when precipitated. generally smooth to touch, matrix variable. The difference between a conglomerate and a breccia is what? Conglomerate can have a variety of compositions. The gravel-size pebbles, which are greater than 2 mm in diameter termed as Clasts. Conglomerate forms where sediments of rounded clasts at least two millimeters in diameter accumulate. Other features - smooth to touch, glassy, exhibits conchoidal fracture. Similar sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular clasts are referred to as breccia. The types of Breccia are Collapse Breccia, Fault Breccia, Flow Breccia, Pyroclastic Breccia, Igneous Breccia and Impact Breccia whereas types of Conglomerate … The rounded clasts of conglomerate can be mineral particles such as qua… For example, most diamond deposits are hosted in kimberlite. These rocks contain less than 15 percent matrix—i.e., material composed of clasts finer than granule size (2-millimetre diameter or less). accumulated for forming conglomerate. Conglomerates are normally present at the base of sequences Gravel is an overall name for large sediment grain size, which includes boulder, cobble, and pebble. coarse-grained and sometimes conglomeratic. Sandstone is medium-grained, meaning its fragments are between 1/16 mm and 2 mm. fluvial environment often have an AB-plane type imbrication. Texture - non-clastic. Conglomerate can be used as a fill material for roads and It consists of large, rounded pebbles (clasts) cemented by a matrix made of large clasts together can be a mixture of sand, mud, and chemical cement. Beaches, riverbeds, and hard, dependent on clast composition and strength of cement. construction. Clasts - none. The spaces between the large angular fragments are filled with a matrix of smaller particles and a mineral cement that binds the rock together. sedimentary, metamorphic, or igneous rock fragments. This provided evidence to scientists that a stream once ran across the area where the rover was driving. Conglomerate. normally very well sorted, well-rounded and often with a strong A-axis type Sand, silt, or clay sediment, called matrix, fills the spaces between the clasts and cements them together Sandstone is a medium‐grained rock that contains rock particles (mostly quartz) about the size of sand. A well-sorted clastic rock is made up of different-sized particles. Breccia is a term most often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter). If the clasts are made up of two or more rocks or minerals, the traveling distances or being subjected to tumbling. The main difference between Granite and Gabbro is a) Granite is coarse grained while Gabbro is fine grained b) Granite contains more quartz and other light colored minerals The sorting typically coarse-grained. The space between the clasts is generally filled with smaller particles and/or a calcite or quartz cement that binds the rock together. It is easy to distinguish between breccias and conglomerates with naked eyes as grains are much large and easily seen with naked eyes. Elsewhere maximum grain size is from 23 to 130 mm (medium pebble to small cobble grade). basal conglomerates. few uses because of it not clean breakage and fine particles are unreliable. Rock in which the clasts touch each other is called Conglomerates are clastic (detrital) sedimentary rocks which contain gravel-size, rounded to subrounded clasts. Conglomerates named and classifield by the. Class - conglomerate can be divided into two broad classes: Clast supported - where the clasts touch each other and the matrix fills the voids; and Matrix supported - where the clasts are not in contact and the matrix surrounds each clast; Clast size - fine (2 - 6mm), medium (6 - 20mm), coarse (20 - 60mm), very coarse (> 60mm); may be divided into large lessons: Grain size: > Its inability to break cleanly makes Grain Characteristics. A conglomerate typically contain a matrix of finer grained sediments, such as sand, silt, or clay, which fills the interstices between the clasts. Lithification is the term used to describe a number of different processes that take place within a deposit of sediment to turn it into solid rock. pebble or cobble size fragments transported and deposited than the finer Sedimentary rock - Sedimentary rock - Fabric: The fabric of a sedimentary rock controls the rock's porosity and permeability and therefore its ability to hold and/or transmit fluids such as oil and water. channel fill where they are known as pebble lags. As a Grain size: > 2mm; Clasts easily visible to the naked eye, should be identifiable. grain size B) grain rounding C) grain composition D) all of these are differences between breccia and conglomerate 10: Which of the following is not a type of sandstone? It can be found in any color and may be either hard or soft. Depending on the grain size in particular, they may eventually form into rocks ranging from fine mudstone to coarse breccia and conglomerate. often called a fanglomerate. Matrix-supported Conglomerate is closely related to sandstone and displays many of the same types of sedimentary structures. Conglomerate is considered a clastic rock because it contains an abundance of gravel-sized (greater than 2 mm diameter) pebbles called clasts. Waterlaid deposits associated with glaciers are often conglomeratic, forming In geology, conglomerate refers to a coarse-grained sedimentary rock that resembles concrete. The composition of the clasts. The rounding of the clasts show that rocks have been transported a long way from their source or on a seaside tide to wave movement. When such conglomerates accumulate within an alluvial It can also be formed at Texture: clastic Grain Size: sand Roundness:mostly angular Minerology: quartz, k-spar, muscovite Depositional Environment: aeolian (alluvial fan) Notes: Feldspar … Clasts of this size are carried as fan, in rapidly eroding (e.g., desert) environments, the resulting rock unit is typically display two grain size classes: Framework: large clasts, diameter >2mm Matrix: smaller clasts filling in the gaps between framework clasts. As they tumble through the running water or moving waves, they form their rounded shape. it a poor candidate for dimension stone, and its variable composition makes it typically well rounded and well sorted. While a conglomerate is composed of rounded clasts, breccia is composed of broken rocks or minerals. Like sandstone and breccias, conglomerates are cemented by various minerals. Physical properties of rocks are used to identify the type of rocks and to discover more about them. Wentworth (1922) grain size classification detailed chart The canonical definition of sediment grain sizes as defined by geologist Chester K. Wentworth in a 1922 article in The Journal of Geology: "A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic Sediments". Conglomerate: Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock composed mostly of coarse fragments including a range of grain sizes. Conglomerate rocks have large grain size. Conglomerate has very few commercial uses, though it can be crushed to make a fine aggregate that can be used when a low-performance material is needed. Cite this article as: Geology Science. while one where the clasts are of a single rock type are monomictic (or oligomictic). It is actually a type of sandstone, although it may not be technically correct to say so. They are marine rocks, formed under water. Conglomerates consist of a single grain size. Conglomerate is a clastic sedimentary rock that shaped from rounded gravel and boulder sized clasts cemented or in a matrix supperted. particular time and are diachronous. (2020). When the grain size is less than 2 mm, it becomes difficult to see them with naked eyes, and then the rock is simply categorized as sandstone. They are clastic sedimentary rocks with the largest grain size. They probably make up less than one percent by weight of all sedimentary rocks. They represent the position of the shoreline at a This type of rock can be called breccio-conglomerate. The diameter or width of a clastic sediment grain determines its grain size. If the fragments are rounded, they form conglomerate, and if they are angular, they form breccia. In geology, conglomerate considers as a Clastic Rock. environments. structures such as eskers. with many alluvial fans. There are various physical properties of Conglomerate like Hardness, Grain Size, Fracture, Streak, Porosity, Luster, Strength etc which defines it. Which forms by slow cooling of … As a clastic sedimentary rock, it can contain clasts of any rock material or weathering product that is washed downstream or down current. grained fills the spaces in between the clast. dependent on clast and matrix composition. Need a Hint? conglomerates, as a result of debris-flow deposition, are quite commonly associated Anoth… Conglomerate is composed of clasts larger than 2 mm (sand is composed of grains smaller than 2 mm). At mountain fronts individual alluvial fans merge to Uses - mainly decorative; ancient cultures used chert for cutting tools, arrow heads etc. laid down during marine transgressions above an unconformity, and are known as If all the clasts Properties of rock is another aspect for Breccia vs Conglomerate. called granule conglomerate. Alluvial deposits form in areas of high relief and are The rounded Tillites, the sediments deposited directly orthoconglomerate. Analysis of conglomerate can sometimes be used as a prospecting tool. Such breccias may be called sedimentary breccias to distinguish them from other breccia types. The ratio of coarse to fine materials is variable. Conglomerates and breccias are two sedimentary rocks close to each other, but differ significantly in the form of clasts. Sand includes sediment grains ranging in size from 2mm to 0.625 mm. Grain size - cryptocrystalline, cannot be seen except under very high magnification. Sediment Type: clastic; Grain Size: gravel [online] Available at: https://geologyscience.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks/conglomerate/ [2nd December 2020 ], Economically Important Metal Concentrations in Earth's Crust, Porphyry Deposits: General characteristics and modeling, https://geologyscience.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks/conglomerate/, Composition of gravel-size clasts they contain. Sand, as you may guess, forms sandstone. These rocks can be found in sedimentary rock sequences of all ages. conglomerate. Here, clastic derived from the Clasts. Conglomerate is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed of a substantial fraction of rounded to subangular gravel-size clasts. The grain size plots of the samples collected from Tutong Hill show the distribution of sizes throughout the whole logged section. If the clasts do not touch each other (lots of matrix), the rock is Specific ranges of grain size have specific names. Breccia forms where broken, angular fragments of rock or mineral debris accumulate. beaches where water current is strong and rock fragments are available to be The hardness of Breccia is 7 and that of Conglomerate is 2-3. Class - conglomerate can be divided into two broad classes: Clast size - fine (2 - 6mm), medium (6 - 20mm), coarse (20 - 60mm), very coarse (> 60mm); Sorting - a conglomerate comprising a mixture of clast sizes is poorly sorted, while one comprising mostly clasts Conglomerates can be subdivided according to their average grain size into granule conglomerate (clast size 2-4 mm) pebble conglomerate (clast size 4-64 mm), cobble conglomerate (clast size 64-256 mm) and boulder conglomerate (clast size above 256 mm) Conglomerates can be found in different sedimentary environments: fluvial, alluvial, glacial, marine (deepwater (turbidites), shallow marine), … The orientation, or lack thereof, of the crystals or grains that make up a sedimentary rock constitutes one aspect of fabric. The environment that deposited the material. Other features: Clasts Hi there, a conglomerate is actually a crock where the dominant grain size is larger than a certain size. Sometimes sedimentary rocks contain a mixture of round and angled buckles. 2mm; Clasts easily visible to the naked eye, should be identifiable. 0.45mm to 1.00mm and above. If a conglomerate contains clasts of kimberlite, then the source of that kimberlite must be somewhere upstream. The clast cement is usually calcite, silica or iron oxide but the matrix can consist only of the cementing cloth, however can also include sand and / or silt sized clasts cemented together the various coarser clasts. The positive skewness of the grain size distribution suggests a coarse grain bed. Clastic Unconsolidated: gravel (rounded), rubble (angular) Consolidated: conglomerate (rounded), breccia (angular) Size Grades (mm): 2-4 granules; 4-64 pebbles; 64-256 cobbles; >256 boulders: Composition of Major Fraction: Volcanic Ejecta (also in grain size 1/256-2 mm category) Chiefly One Constituent Hard rock may be cut and polished to make dimension stone. Other specimens - Conglomerate has very Many conglomerates are colorful and attractive rocks, but The large clast size indicates either high-energy deposition or transport by a viscous (thick) medium such as glacial ice. The shape and sizes of the stones can offer clues to the distance and speed of the stream's flow. by a glacier, are typically poorly sorted, matrix-supported conglomerates. environments. A conglomerate is formed from coarse‐grained, rounded pieces of gravel. The fragments are well rounded which indicates transportation by water. crushed to make a fine aggregate that can be used where a low-performance it can carry the rock fragments above 2 millimetre. Sandstone is a notably popular building material, used for things like flagstones and tile. Because of the large size of the clasts, it takes a very strong water current to transport and shape the rocks. The term clay is used to classify particles smaller than.0039 millimeters. 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conglomerate grain size
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conglomerate grain size 2020

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Bodilis  est une commune française, située dans le pays de Léon qui correspond au nord du département du Finistère (en région Bretagne).

Géographie

Localisation et communes limitrophes

La commune, qui faisait partie traditionnellement du pays de Léon, est située à environ  au sud-ouest du centre de Morlaix et à   au nord-ouest de la ville de Landivisiau.

Elle est proche du parc naturel régional d'Armorique.

Relief

Le finage de la commune est limité au sud par la partie aval de la vallée du fleuve côtier Élorn (lequel coule entre  à son entrée et  à sa sortie du territoire communal) dont la vallée, dont les versants sont boisés (Bois du Quinquis notamment), est encaissée d'une bonne cinquantaine de mètres par apport au plateau du Léon qui occupe la majeure partie de la commune et est situé entre  et  d'altitude, le bourg de Bodilis étant situé au point le plus élevé de la commune.
Quelques affluents de rive droite de l'Élorn ont eux-mêmes des vallées encaissées, du moins dans leur partie aval, notamment à l'est le ruisseau de Kerfeunteniou, dont le cours sert à deux reprises de limite communale avec Landivisiau, qui alimentait en eau par le passé plusieurs moulins (Kerfeunteniou, Kerriergars, ar Chastel notamment, ou encore celui de Creac'h Guial sur l'un de ses affluents), et juste avant sa confluence l'étang de Penguilly.

Le petit fleuve côtier la Flèche prend sa source dans l'extrême nord-ouest du territoire communal, à l'est-nord-est de la Base d'aéronautique navale de Landivisiau dont la partie orientale du terrain d'aviation se trouve dans la commune de Bodilis, même si l'essentiel de ses installations sont sur le territoire de la commune de Saint-Servais.

La commune présente, ou plutôt présentait, un paysage rural traditionnel de bocage avec un habitat dispersé en de nombreux écarts formés de hameaux et fermes isolées ; le bourg est excentré dans la partie nord du finage communal. Quelques lotissements se sont créés récemment au sud du bourg, mais la construction est freinée par les nuisances liées à la proximité de la base aérienne de Landivisiau.

La commune est classée en zone de sismicité 2, correspondant à une sismicité faible.

Transports

L'ancienne route nationale 12, désormais D 712, traversait l'extrême sud du territoire communal, son tracé sinueux empruntant la rive droite de la vallée de l'Élorn (par contre la voie ferrée allant de Paris à Brest, dont le tracé est sur la rive gauche traverse les communes de Loc-Eguiner et Ploudiry ; La commune n'est desservie par aucune gare, la plus proche étant celle de Landivisiau) ; la nouvelle route nationale 12, une voie express, traverse la partie sud de la commune (son tracé a été dessiné sur le plateau), la commune étant desservie principalement par l'échangeur de Landivisiau ouest, situé en fait sur le territoire de la commune de Bodilis, auquel les habitants accèdent en empruntant la route départementale  qui traverse le bourg de Bodilis et se dirige en direction du nord vers Plouescat.

Climat
Le climat qui caractérise la commune est qualifié, en 2010, de « climat océanique franc », selon la typologie des climats de la France qui compte alors huit grands types de climats en métropole. En 2020, la commune ressort du type « climat océanique » dans la classification établie par Météo-France, qui ne compte désormais, en première approche, que cinq grands types de climats en métropole. Ce type de climat se traduit par des températures douces et une pluviométrie relativement abondante (en liaison avec les perturbations venant de l'Atlantique), répartie tout au long de l'année avec un léger maximum d'octobre à février.

Les paramètres climatiques qui ont permis d'établir la typologie de 2010 comportent six variables pour les températures et huit pour les précipitations, dont les valeurs correspondent à la normale 1971-2000. Les sept principales variables caractérisant la commune sont présentées dans l'encadré ci-après.

Avec le changement climatique, ces variables ont évolué. Une étude réalisée en 2014 par la Direction générale de l'Énergie et du Climat complétée par des études régionales prévoit en effet que la  température moyenne devrait croître et la pluviométrie moyenne baisser, avec toutefois de fortes variations régionales. Ces changements peuvent être constatés sur la station météorologique de Météo-France la plus proche, « Landivisiau », sur la commune de Saint-Servais, mise en service en 1966 et qui se trouve à  à vol d'oiseau, où la température moyenne annuelle évolue de  pour la période 1971-2000, à  pour 1981-2010, puis à  pour 1991-2020.

Urbanisme

Typologie
Bodilis est une commune rurale, car elle fait partie des communes peu ou très peu denses, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.

Par ailleurs la commune fait partie de l'aire d'attraction de Landivisiau, dont elle est une commune de la couronne. Cette aire, qui regroupe , est catégorisée dans les aires de moins de .

Occupation des sols

L'occupation des sols de la commune, telle qu'elle ressort de la base de données européenne d'occupation biophysique des sols Corine Land Cover (CLC), est marquée par l'importance des territoires agricoles (85,2 % en 2018), néanmoins en diminution par rapport à 1990 (86,5 %). La répartition détaillée en 2018 est la suivante :
terres arables (46,3 %), zones agricoles hétérogènes (31,3 %), prairies (7,6 %), zones industrielles ou commerciales et réseaux de communication (6,1 %), zones urbanisées (4,1 %), forêts (2,6 %), espaces verts artificialisés, non agricoles (1,9 %), mines, décharges et chantiers (0,1 %).

L'IGN met par ailleurs à disposition un outil en ligne permettant de comparer l'évolution dans le temps de l'occupation des sols de la commune (ou de territoires à des échelles différentes). Plusieurs époques sont accessibles sous forme de cartes ou photos aériennes : la carte de Cassini (), la carte d'état-major (1820-1866) et la période actuelle (1950 à aujourd'hui).

Logement
En 2014, le nombre total de logements dans la commune était de 600 (dont 96,5 % de maisons et 3,4 % d'appartements).

Parmi ces logements, 91,7 %  étaient des résidences principales, 2,5 % des résidences secondaires et 5,8 % des logements vacants.

La part des ménages propriétaires de leur résidence principale s'élevait à 81,6 %.

Toponymie
La trève est aussi dénommée Treff de Bodilis en 1486, Notre Dame de Botilys en 1647, Notre Dame de Botylis au .

Du breton bret. bod « demeure », et ilis « église » ; « demeure près de l'église ».Bot an iliz, « la demeure près de l'église », (presbytére), s'est transformé en Bodiliz en breton au fil des siècles avec la disparition de l'article défini.

Histoire

Préhistoire et Antiquité

Des tumuli en grande partie arasés, notamment au Spernen (à la limite de Plougar et Plougourvest) témoigent d'une occupation humaine à l'Âge du fer

Une voie romaine partant de Saint-Servais pour rejoindre Morlaix passait par le nord du bourg actuel ; elle rejoignait celle allant de Vorgium à l'Aber-Wrach.

Moyen Âge

Une motte castrale datant du haut Moyen Âge existe à Lessougar.

Une foire, ancêtre des foires de Landivisiau, fut créée en 1429, autorisée par le duc Jean V à la demande d'Olivier de Kerozéré [Kerouzéré], en pleine campagne à Coatsabiec, dont il était le seigneur (alors en Plougourvest, désormais en Bodilis), aux alentours de la chapelle Saint-Mathieu, ancien prieuré de l'abbaye Saint-Mathieu de Fine-Terre. « Il y a lieu convenable et proufitable à y faire tenir foire une foez len au jouret vigille de Saint Mahé auquel jour et lieu il y a congregacion et assemblée de gens (l'orthographe de l'époque a été respectée) ». Ne trouvant pas à se loger dans les environs, les marchands passaient la nuit sur place, brûlant du bois pour se réchauffer.

Les seigneuries existantes connues étaient celles de Lambezre, de l'Estang et de Creachcaribot, les principales familles nobles étant les De L'Estang, Du Dourguy, Boiséon de Kergorlay.

Époque moderne

Bodilis était alors une simple trève de la paroisse de Plougar, qui aurait son origine dans l'ancien monastère de Mouster-Paul, fondé par saint Paul Aurélien. Albert Le Grand, cité en 1647 par le Père Cyrille Le Pennec, décrit en ces termes Bodilis au  :

Vers 1660, il y avait, sans compter les diacres et les sous-diacres, 13 prêtres dans la paroisse de Bodilis, ce qui s'explique par le grand nombre des chapellenies qu'il fallait desservir : elles étaient neuf en 1691 : Saint-Jean-Baptiste, de l'Étang, de Lambezre, de Yves Person (prêtre), de Yves Rannou, de Jean Rannou, de Yves Abgrall, de Catherine Madec, de Jean Berregar (prêtre) et de Pont-Arzullier. La trève de Bodilis était alors divisée en six cordelées : le bourg, Mouster-Paul, Coat-Sabiec, Ninivit, Le Plessix (ou Quinquis) et Lambezre. Une école des filles est attestée à Bodilis en 1698.

Jean Bérégard, recteur de Bodilis entre 1697 et 1704, a répertorié dans une sorte de livre de raison relié à même la couverture de son missel, les obligations religieuses des  de la paroisse, le montant des « cueillettes » [recettes] de la fabrique, l'état des offrandes, des testaments, répartis en deux cahiers, celui des riches et celui des pauvres ! La confrérie du Rosaire, pour qu'il améliore son ordinaire lui laissait « manœuvrer » [travailler] le tiers du clos "Parc Mesper", ce qui lui permettait de cultiver quelques journaux de terre en légumes et en « bleds », qui lui rapportaient moins de cinq livres par an. Ce prêtre prêchait en breton en traduisant ce qu'il avait d'abord écrit en français.

Selon les archives de Bodilis, le maître-autel de l'église Notre-Dame aurait été exécuté en 1700 ou 1701 par L'Érel, maître-sculpteur à Landivisiau et un marché est passé le  avec maître Clérent, « maître peintre et doreur de la ville de Saint-Paul [Saint-Pol-de-Léon] » et M. Fourguelen, « aussy maistre-peintre et doreur, demeurant en la ville de Landerneau » pour « étoffer [peindre et dorer] le maître-autel et toutes les boiseries, niches et statues du sanctuaire ». Bodilis s'enrichit à cette époque en raison de l'essor de l'artisanat de la toile (crées du Léon), cultivant et transformant le lin et le chanvre, la paroisse tirant aussi ses revenus de produits tels que le cuir et le miel.

Au , l'épiscopat fit combler la fontaine de Mouster-Paul en Bodilis car elle était un lieu où survivaient des pratiques religieuses pré-chrétiennes.

Le , jour de la foire Saint-Matthieu dans le hameau de Coatsabec, alors en Plougourvest (désormais en Bodilis), la foule tue un exempt et blesse deux gendarmes qui voulaient arrêter un mendiant.

En 1770, Guiclan est la paroisse la plus riche du Haut-Léon central : les habitants paient en tout 2590 livres de capitation (pour ), devançant Plouvorn :  (pour ), Landivisiau :  (pour ) et Bodilis :  (pour ).

Révolution française

Jean Pencreach fut le délégué représentant la trève de Bodilis à l'assemblée du tiers-état de la sénéchaussée de Lesneven le  afin d'élire les députés représentant cette sénéchaussée aux États généraux de 1789.

En 1792, en réponse à une enquête, la municipalité de Bodilis répond que le nombre de personnes « qui ont besoin d'assistance » est de 200 (sur ).

En 1799, il n'y a plus que 46 marchands de toiles à Saint-Thégonnec (mais c'est encore la commune où ils sont les plus nombreux), 26 à Guiclan, 23 à Plouvorn, 16 à Bodilis, 10 à Landivisiau, 4 à Saint-Servais, etc.

Le

Yves Mével, recteur de Bodilis entre 1779 et 1804, eût une forte influence, qui perdura longtemps : « les dangers si nombreux qu'encourut le vénérable Y. Mével, les souffrances que parfois il endura pendant les dix années de Terreur, pour procurer à ses compatriotes de Bodilis ainsi qu'aux habitants des paroisses voisines les secours de la Religion, attirèrent visiblement la bénédiction de Dieu sur son ministère. Aussi vit-on bientôt accourir de tous côtés des jeunes gens, la plupart baptisés par M. Mével pendant la Révolution, venant lui demander, au vieux presbytère du Bugn, de leur apprendre les premiers éléments de la langue latine, afin qu'ils puissent, à leur tour et au plus tôt se dévouer au salut des âmes ». Quatorze hommes originaires de Bodilis furent ordonnés prêtres entre 1812 et 1828. Une autre étude relève 38 prêtres originaires de Bodilis depuis le Concordat pendant le  et la liste n'est probablement pas exhaustive. Parmi eux, Jean-Marie Picart fut recteur de Plougar avant de devenir moine bénédictin dans le monastère de Kerbénéat qu'il contribua à fonder.

A. Marteville et P. Varin, continuateurs d'Ogée, décrivent ainsi Bodilis en 1845 :

Le pourcentage de conscrits illettrés à Bodilis entre 1858 et 1867 est de 48 %.

Jean Rohou, recteur de Bodilis entre 1873 et 1883, fut un antirépublicain notoire, « redouté des paroissiens par sa violence » et « adversaire déclaré du gouvernement », déclare le sous-préfet de Morlaix. En 1885 une polémique éclata entre M. Guirriec, notaire à Landivisiau, et le maire, Quentric, appuyé par son conseil municipal, de tendance républicaine, à propos de pressions qui auraient été exercées par l'abbé Poulhazan, vicaire à Bodilis, visant à empêcher la désignation du maire et de son adjoint comme délégués sénatoriaux.

Le

La Belle Époque

Répondant en 1904 à une enquête de l'inspection académique, Godec, instituteur à Bodilis, écrit qu'« un nombre assez restreint des habitants connaissent le français, même imparfaitement, si l'on excepte les personnes qui connaissent seulement quelques mots usuels sans pouvoir converser du tout. Les enfants au sortir des écoles, les soldats à leur retour du régiment, parlent uniquement breton et oublient bien vite le peu de français qu'ils avaient pu apprendre ».

La Première Guerre mondiale

Le monument aux morts de Bodilis porte les noms de  et marins morts pour la France pendant la Première Guerre mondiale : parmi eux un marin (Joseph Diverrez, quartier-maître chauffeur à bord du Natal, disparu en mer lors du naufrage de son bateau le ) ; un soldat au moins est mort sur le front belge (Alain Le Bras, tué à l'ennemi dès le  à Arsimont, décoré à titre posthume de la Médaille militaire) ; la plupart des autres sont décédés sur le sol français (parmi eux, Vincent Croguennec, soldat au 54e régiment d'infanterie, tué à l'ennemi le  à Vierzy (Aisne, décoré à titre posthume de la Croix de guerre ; François Riou, matelot fusilier est mort accidentellement par noyade à Oran (Algérie) le , donc après l'armistice.

La Deuxième Guerre mondiale

Bodilis semble n'avoir eu aucun mort pour la France pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.

L'après Seconde Guerre mondiale

Le remembrement donna lieu à des querelles infinies et à des affrontements épiques à Bodilis.

La création de la Base aéronavale de Landivisiau entraîna des modifications des limites communales, Bodilis perdant  en 1956 et  supplémentaires en 1965 au profit de Landivisiau.

Le

En , la commune comptait 52 exploitations agricoles, 9 commerces,  industrielles, 7 artisanales et 7 de services, regroupées principalement dans la zone d'activités de la Croix des Maltotiers, à proximité de l'échangeur routier de Landivisiau-Ouest.

Politique et administration

Liste des maires

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Jumelages

Population et société

Démographie

Commentaire : La commune reste en 2016, avec  habitants recensés, un peu moins peuplée qu'elle ne l'était en 1793 ( habitants alors). Le pic démographique a été atteint en 1846 avec  habitants et le minimum démographique en 1968, après plus d'un siècle d'exode rural avec  habitants. La commune bénéficie peu démographiquement de sa proximité avec la ville de Landivisiau, la périurbanisation y est restée peu importante.

Évolution du rang démographique

Enseignement
École privée mixte Notre-Dame (enseignements de la maternelle au CM2).

Économie

Revenus de la population et fiscalité
Le nombre de ménages fiscaux en 2013 était de 528 et la médiane du revenu disponible par unité de consommation  de .

Emploi
En 2014, le nombre total d'emploi au lieu de travail était de 668.

Le taux d'activité de la population âgée de 15 à  s'élevait à 81,2 % contre un taux de chômage de 5,2 %.

Entreprises et commerces
En 2015, le nombre d'établissements actifs était de cent quinze dont trente-sept dans l'agriculture-sylviculture-pêche, cinq dans l'industrie, dix-huit dans la construction, quarante-huit dans le commerce-transports-services divers et sept relatifs au secteur administratif.

Cette même année, sept entreprises ont été créées  dont six par des auto-entrepreneurs.

Culture locale et patrimoine

Lieux et monuments
La commune de Bodilis compte un certain nombre de bâtiments anciens, notamment dans le bourg, avec l'enclos paroissial et l'église paroissiale Notre-Dame construite au . Cette église, dont la construction a commencé en 1564, marque un moment extraordinairement créateur où se rejoignent l'essor de l'industrie toilière (principalement du lin), la ferveur mariale pour « Notre-Dame de Bodilis » et l'adoption des modèles artistiques de la Renaissance. Si le chevet aux rampants ajourés (1564) et le clocher (1570), inspiré de celui de Notre-Dame du Kreisker à Saint-Pol-de-Léon sont encore d'inspiration gothique, une nouvelle façon de bâtir inspirée par le château de Kerjean s'impose ensuite et l'église gothique se trouve entourée d'une parure Renaissance d'une extraordinaire profusion : le porche, construit entre 1585 et 1601, est décoré jusque su ses parois extérieures ; le regard de la Vierge, de l'ange de l'Annonciation et les longs visages des Apôtres, impressionnants de hiératisme, accueillent le visiteur ; ils surmontent des bas-reliefs montrant dans un surprenant tohu-bohu un peuple grouillant de visages, de mufles de lions, de masques grotesques, entourés de pilastres, de cartouches et d'entrelacs ; le tout à l'époque était peint. Cette Renaissance foisonnante se retrouve à l'intérieur de l'église avec une centaine de mètres de sablières, 14 poutres et 20 blochets extraordinairement sculptés dans un mélange d'inspiration religieuse, mythologique et profane ; les cinq retables imposent leur belle ordonnance et les paisibles certitudes d'un catéchisme en images. L'église Notre-Dame de Bodilis est classée monument historique par arrêté du  ainsi que plusieurs des statues qu'elle contient.

Un buste féminin aux deux seins proéminents (un putti) est sculpté sur le chevet, côté sud, de l'église ; le clergé s'en servait probablement pour inciter les paroissiens à ne pas succomber aux charmes féminins. L'une des sablières représente une évocation de l'ivresse : à gauche un personnage tiré sur la queue d'une truie qui boit par la clef d'un tonneau (illustration d'un vieux proverbe :  « la truie qui débonde le tonneau », qui évoque les dangers de l'ivresse) ; de l'autre côté du tonneau tenant un récipient tire à boire du même tonneau.
L'église Notre-Dame de Bodilis : vues extérieures.

L'église Notre-Dame de Bodilis : vues intérieures.

 Plusieurs autres constructions datant du  entourent la place de l'Église, notamment le Café de l'Hermine, ancienne auberge fréquentée déjà du temps des foires de Coatsabiec.
 La fontaine de la Vierge Noire, dite aussi fontaine de Pont an Ilis, possède une statue de la Vierge datant du  en kersantite, due à l'atelier de Roland Doré. Selon la tradition, à la fin du  encore, la fontaine avait la propriété d'indiquer aux amoureux si leur fiancée avait conservé sa virginité : il fallait que l'homme parvienne à dérober l'épingle la plus voisine de son cœur qui fermait la collerette de la jeune fille ; il la posait sur la surface de l'eau : si l'épingle surnageait, cela signifiait que la jeune fille était encore pucelle.
 14 calvaires sont disséminés sur le territoire de Bodilis, notamment ceux de Kerfeunteniou (il date de 1681) et Croaz ar Burzun (dit aussi Croaz ar Vuzul), situé à Kerellé, lequel est orné sur son socle carré d'une navette de tisserand, mais qui est en partie décapité.

Personnalités liées à la commune

 Le barde Jean-Louis Floc'h, dit Loeiz ar Floc'h, né le  à Bugne en Bodilis, décédé le  à Lesneven, a raconté sa vie et ses nombreux métiers (il fut séminariste, sabotier, employé des chemins de fer, apiculteur, marchand ambulant de livres et de plantes médicinales) dans un livre en langue bretonne intitulé Va zamm buhez (« Mon morceau de vie »), édité en 1935. Il s'illustra surtout par sa contribution au renouveau de la culture et de la littérature bretonnes, participant au gorsedd des druides. Il est l'auteur de comédies et de contes rédigés dans un breton populaire et truculent. Il entretint des relations épistolaires avec les gens les plus en vue du mouvement breton.
 Le nom Bodilis est aussi entré dans la postérité de par la renommée internationale du réalisateur de films pornographiques Hervé Bodilis.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Bodilis. Une terre, des hommes, un clocher, sous la direction de Noëlle Le Goff avec le concours de Jeanne Leboulleux-Léonardi, éditions Spered ar Vro.

Articles connexes
 Liste des communes du Finistère
 Liste de monuments aux morts français surmontés d'une croix latine
 Armorial des communes du Finistère

Liens externes

 Site de la mairie

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Commune dans le Finistère
Aire d'attraction de Landivisiau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Beware of Red Light Camera at Gilbert & McKellips in Mesa!
A couple years ago when I had to go to driving school, I was told the cameras in intersections can catch you either speeding or running a red light. Some are set for red-light only while others are set for speed. But the cameras are all the same, it just depends on how they're programmed.
I live just a few miles east of this intersection and drive through it quite frequently since it's between my house and my office. For those readers who are lucky enough to have never seen a photo radar ticket, I've posted one of the pretty pictures the City of Mesa was nice enough to send me (with the speed removed to protect the innocent, of course!). They say you have to be going at least 11 MPH over the speed limit to get your picture taken for a speed violation.
Considering the fees they're charging for speeding tickets these days, I don't know how the City of Mesa is losing money on the photo radar program. Perhaps this recent re-programming of cameras is an attempt to get a better return on Mesa's investment. Obviously, I have mixed feelings about that! As a Mesa resident and taxpayer, of course I want the city to keep the roads safe, and I want them to maximize the return on investment when they spend taxpayers money...but not at my expense!
If you're wondering where other Mesa traffic cameras are located, the City of Mesa's website lists all the intersections with red light cameras, along with the locations of Mesa's photo radar vans. Also, here's some more info on Arizona photo radar tickets.
For every 1% increase in a neighborhood's foreclosures, violent crime increases 2.33%.
It seems like the FHA Loan program is being looked to by government leaders, consumers, lenders and anyone in between to save the housing market. As a result there has been a lot of changes to this program within the past few months.
2. Down payment Assistance Programs: While this is not a direct FHA feature, one of the major reasons to use the FHA program is because it allows third-parties to contribute towards a buyer's down payment. The FHA loan limit is 97% of the value of the property but it allows the remaining 3% to be gifted from such non-profits as AmeriDream, Nehemiah etc. Recently HUD (which oversees FHA) challenged the legality of such gifts and threatened to shut them down. The down-payment programs fought back and recently won in court.
There are further changes coming to the FHA program. Congress is working on a FHA Modernization bill which will decrease the down payment requirement but add risk based insurance (higher insurance for lower credit scores).
So, stay tuned, nothing stays the same in today's mortgage market.


The chair back is an attractive display of sophisticated design, hinting at a distinquished monogram and repeated throughout the Sedona collection. As such, the dining chairs insight a move powerful invitation to dinner by their presence alone.
Dimensions: 27½W x 29D x 39½H in.


text:
Last edited by Tunris
Monday, August 3, 2020 | History
7 edition of For you, Lili Marlene found in the catalog.
a memoir of World War II
by Robert Peters
Published 1995 by University of Wisconsin Press in Madison, Wis .
Peters, Robert, 1924-,
United States. Army -- Biography.,
World War, 1939-1945 -- Personal narratives, American.,
Soldiers -- United States -- Biography.
Statement Robert Peters.
Contributions Peters, Robert, 1924-
LC Classifications D811 .P4676 1995
Pagination xiv, 107 p. :
Open Library OL781251M
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text:
Film, TV and Theatre
) article found
Ten interesting art galleries in Malaysia
Local art fix
Not your average art galleries, these ten picks each have unique personalities that will appeal to the creative soul
Wei-Ling Gallery
A gallery at the forefront of Malaysia's developing contemporary art scene, Wei-Ling has expanded into three galleries, each with distinct characteristics. The first is the refurbished heritage building in which the original Wei-Ling Gallery occupies in Brickfields - a four-storey loft-like space laced with charming wooden walkways. The second is Wei-Ling Contemporary, which makes its home in a massive 9,000 square foot space in The Gardens Mall, sporting a sort of futuristic, minimalist, industrial build up. Wei-Ling's third gallery makes its way to Penang at the Eastern & Oriental Hotel's Victory Annexe.
Head here for more information.
Petronas Art Gallery
Don't be discouraged by the "seriousness" the Petronas name carries. Of course, it's not to say that the Petronas Art Gallery (also known as Galeri Petronas) isn't serious when it comes to art; but rather, this gallery is a gem as it often hosts and curates some incredible art exhibitions that can rival that of its international counterparts. Located on the third floor of Suria KLCC, the gallery is built like a geometric maze that often takes you through an array of world-class art from international, historical, and local artists alike.
Shalini Ganendra Fine Art
A gallery and cultural space that takes over the Gallery Residence - an award-winning green space designed by Ken Yeang - Shalini Ganendra Fine Art's façade can come off as slightly intimidating, with trees and greenery shading its garden, and a contrasting white-and-grey build-up. But don't be afraid to enter; on top of hosting numerous world-class artworks of all kinds, the gallery also allows visitors to immerse themselves in its Zen-like environment with a cup of coffee.
ChinaHouse
One of Penang's most Instagrammable locations by far, ChinaHouse is not only a quaint café that is widely visited by the hip and the artsy, it also houses an art space that regularly exhibits works of local artists. Taking over the traditional compound of three heritage buildings, ChinaHouse resembles your grandmother's family home that has amassed and hoarded generations of trinkets, memorabilia, furniture and art. And if you or your kids are feeling particularly inspired by the artworks in the gallery, ChinaHouse also has crayons, colour pencils and paper at hand for you to doodle away while you enjoy your coffee and cakes.
Taksu
Established way back in 1989, Taksu gallery is no stranger to the art world. With an international presence with Taksu Singapore, Taksu Bali and Taksu Design, the group takes on contemporary and fine art that has a distinct urban edge. Located in the heart of Kuala Lumpur at a housing area on Pawang road, Taksu gallery often shows a strong support for the local art industry, be it emerging or established artists.
The Annexe Gallery
The Annexe Gallery at Central Market, Kuala Lumpur, has long been the go-to venue for underground and emerging talent in art, music, theatre and film, amongst many other art forms, from the local scene. Described as a "democratic" arts space, it is here that culture, tradition and contemporary art come alive in one space. With three inter-connected spaces, The Annexe Gallery often hosts events and exhibitions that seek to engage with youths and adults who seek ideas, insights and inspiration.
Core Design Gallery
A boutique art gallery that makes its home in Subang Jaya, Core Design Gallery is a household name for many a prominent contemporary artist in Malaysia. With names such as Ali Nurazmal Yusoff, Husin Hourmain, Shafarin Ghani and more under the gallery's wing, the gallery aims to launch Malaysian contemporary art onto the international platform. As design is also at the heart of the gallery, its build-up is sophisticated, sleek and modern - a tempting feat for interior design and architecture buffs.
Artcube Gallery
Also headstrong in supporting Malaysian contemporary artists, Artcube is one that is very optimistic about the vast potential of the local art scene. Established in 2008 by corporate duo Azhar Ahmad and Fuad Salleh, Artcube has grown into a highly coveted art space for artists on the rise. A lively, modern space, the gallery is located on the third level of Intermark Mall.
The Stage by Wolo
Launched just last year, The Stage is Wolo hotel's artistic brainchild. The gallery is housed on the first level of the boutique hotel in Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur. Decorated with a picture-perfect mix of natural, earthy elements such as wooden panels and brick walls, The Stage seems like a promising new art and event space that emulates the likes of artsy and quaint, yet modern and elegant international venues.
Publika Shopping Gallery
I may be cheating when I list an entire mall as an art gallery, but Publika is exactly that - a living and breathing art gallery. If it's not long stretches of walls that are covered in beautiful, striking murals, it's simply the fact that art sculptures and installations line the mall, often with new additions throughout the year. Publika is a goldmine for those seeking to shop for arts and crafts, décor, local designer fashion and the like, it's also the go-to place for gallery hopping. There's MAP KL, Galeri Chandan, interpr8 Art Space, Artemis Art, and many, many more.
Head here fore more information.
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