Radix sort vs Counting sort vs Bucket sort. What's the difference?
I know I can't be right, so what am I missing? Show the code if you think that can help explaining in Java or C.
2) Second way -- to make buckets more sophisticated. This is called bucket-sort.
Lets again start with some code. I prefer more code prior to philosophical arguments. Still look at comments, they are essential.
So what do we have here? We are trading some sophisticated bucket structure and requirement for dynamically allocated memory but winning static memory, and multiplier near N in average.
Radix and bucket sorts thus are two useful generalizations of counting sort. They have a lot in common with counting sort and with each other but in every case we are losing something and winning something. Software engineering is about a balance between these opportunities.
Bucket sort places the keys or elements to be sorted into buckets. How they are places in buckets is arbitrary and can be portions of a composite key and any distribution you like. The individual buckets may need to sort further.
Sorting in memory is faster than sort on disk. However if you have more data than will fit in memory you need another option. What you can do is a bucket sort, where the buckets are small enough to fit into memory. i.e. there is a large number of entries in each bucket. These you can quick sort individually.
Radix sort is a specific type of bucket sort. It starts with the top n-bit or n-digits and may sort those buckets using a radix sort etc, until every entry is sorted.
Counting sort is like using radix sort except you are using the whole value. Instead of recording each object, it has a bucket for each object and it just counts the number of occurrences. This works well when you have a limited number of possible keys and you have many duplicates.
Your code is simple variant of counting sort without data, just keys.
It works, because counting sort is stable - it keeps order of data with equal keys. It's like sorting in spreadsheet: sort by B; sort by A gives you elements sorted by A, and by B when As are equal.
Bucket sort is a generalization of counting sort. You can use it to sort real numbers from some predictable probability distribution (eg. uniform (0,1)). The idea is to use counting sort (using floor(x*N_BUCKETS) as key) and then only sort each bucket independently.
Radix sort, like counting sort and bucket sort, is an integer based algorithm (i.e. the values of the input array are assumed to be integers). Hence radix sort is among the fastest sorting algorithms around, in theory. The particular distinction for radix sort is that it creates a bucket for each cipher (i.e. digit); as such, similar to bucket sort, each bucket in radix sort must be a growable list that may admit different keys.
Bucket sort is actually very good considering that counting sort is reasonably speaking its upper bound. And counting sort is very fast. The particular distinction for bucket sort is that it uses a hash function to partition the keys of the input array, so that multiple keys may hash to the same bucket. Hence each bucket must effectively be a growable list; similar to radix sort.
The particular distinction for counting sort is that it creates a bucket for each value and keep a counter in each bucket. Then each time a value is encountered in the input collection, the appropriate counter is incremented. Because counting sort creates a bucket for each value, an imposing restriction is that the maximum value in the input array be known beforehand.
They explain it in more details on their site.
If you are using radix sort and your numbers are decimal, then you need 10 buckets, one for each digit from 0 to 9.
If you are using counting sort, then you need a bucket for each unique value in the input (actually you need a bucket for each value between 0 and max).
If you are using bucketsort, you don't know how many buckets you will be using. Whatever hash function you are using will determine the number of buckets.
Suppose you have a list of n records each with a key that's a number from 1 to k (we generalize the problem a little so k is not necessarily equal to n).
We can solve this by making an array of linked lists. We move each input record into the list in the appropriate position of the array then concatenate all the lists together in order.
What to do when k is large? Think about the decimal representation of a number x = a + 10 b + 100 c + 1000 d + ... where a,b,c etc all in range 0..9. These digits are easily small enough to do bucket sort.
Why do we do the sort least important digit first? For that matter, why do we do more than one bucket sort, since the last one is the one that puts everything into place? Answer: If we're trying to sort things by hand we tend to do something different: first do a bucket sort, then recursively sort the values sharing a common first digit. This works, but is less efficient since it splits the problem up into many subproblems. By contrast, radix sorting never splits up the list; it just applies bucket sorting several times to the same list. In radix sorting, the last pass of bucket sorting is the one with the most effect on the overall order. So we want it to be the one using the most important digits. The previous bucket sorting passes are used only to take care of the case in which two items have the same key (mod 10) on the last pass.
Now that we have that out of the way all Counting sort does is it keeps an auxiliary array C with k elements, all initialized to 0.
We make one pass through the input array A and for each element i in A that we see, we increment C[i] by 1. After we iterate through the n elements of A and update C, the value at index j of C corresponds to how many times j appeared in A. This step takes O(n) time to iterate through A. Once we have C, we can construct the sorted version of A by iterating through C and inserting each element j a total of C[j] times into a new list (or A itself). Iterating through C takes O(k) time.The end result is a sorted A and in total it took O(n + k) time to do so.
The first answer to: What is the difference between bucket sort and radix sort?
Radix sort uses a form of counting sort as subroutine (ok, can use, but most often it will be counting sort).
Countingsort is a special form of bucket sort, as kasavbere answered.
And Bucketsort divides the keys into buckets and then sorts the buckets individually.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged algorithm sorting radix-sort bucket-sort counting-sort or ask your own question.
What is the difference between bucket sort and radix sort?
How to sort string by cases and number order?


text:
Q: O que é generalização e especialização? Em POO, o que é o que é generalização e especialização? Teria alguma explicação em alguma maneira técnica e uma maneira não tão técnica? Mais simples de entender, etc.

A: Podemos falar do termo em diversos em contextos, mesmo se nos atermos à orientação a objeto pelo menos em duas situações pode ser usadas.
Na herança a resposta aceita já diz bem o que é.
A generalização é uma forma geral de definir uma classe, é colocar os membros de estado e comportamento que todos os objetos que se conformem com aquela especificação devem ter, não importa se ele seja de um tipo mais específico. Ou seja, ali consta as características essenciais de um grupo de classes que possuem algo em comum. Por definição o que é mais geral é uma classe base, uma classe mãe.
A especialização é por definição uma classe derivada, filha. Ela possui características que só dizem respeita àquela classe. Ali há membros que são especiais para aquela classe.
O princípio de substituição de Liskov explica bem sobre o fato de um objeto especializado ter que ser o mesmo que um objeto generalizado.
Então uma banana é uma especialização de uma fruta. Em fruta temos tudo o que precisamos saber sobre qualquer fruta. Não pode ter nada especial ali sobre uma fruta específica. Em banana temos informações que só dizem respeito à banana.
Uma classe pose ser tanto generalizada quanto especializada.
Uma classe animal pode ser só generalizada, mas uma classe mamífero pode ser: a) generalizada porque possui características que todos os mamíferos em geral possuem, assim como sua classe base possui características que todos os animais em geral possuem, mas possui também características especiais que só os mamíferos possuem; então b) ela é uma especialização de animal. Poderíamos dizer que uma classe cavalo poderia ser só especializada já que ela deriva de mamífero, possui suas características, mais as próprias que são especiais.
Em alguns casos a especialização pode ser esperada, mas não adequada. No link acima mostro que é tentador considerar que um retângulo é uma especialização de quadrado, mas por algum detalhe na verdade não é. Há uma situação na classe que não se pode garantir que todos os preceitos gerais estabelecidos na classe base sejam completamente conformados na classe derivada, portanto não há especialização naquela relação. E esse é um dos motivos porque herança nem sempre é uma boa ideia. Muitas vezes enxergamos algo como uma relação de generalização e especialização quando não é, ou um dia pode deixar de vir a ser.
Claro que poderia haver novas especializações de raças de cavalos. A única forma de garantir que uma classe só será especializada é se proibir que a classe seja derivada. Nem todas linguagens possuem esse recurso. E a única forma de garantir que uma classe será a generalização de de outra classe é garantindo que ela será abstrata, ou seja, não pode ser instanciada diretamente.
Mas em polimorfismo podemos usar os termos também. Se você possui um método em uma classe geral, podemos chamar este método de generalizado, e o método polimórfico na classe específica é o método especializado. Cada um terá sua própria implementação, possivelmente o método especializado chamando o generalizado para complementar sua execução. Então em situações polimórficas o método especializado substitui o método generalizado normalmente esperado.
class Veiculo {
    locomover() { ... }
    parar() { ... }
    ligarLanternas() { ... }
}

class Carro extends Veiculo {
    travarPortas() { ... } //especialização porque é característica própria

    locomover() { ... } //especialização porque o comportamento é próprio
    parar() { ... } //tudo aqui é diferente do implementado na classe generalizada
    //note que ligarLanternas() não foi especializado, o comportamento é o geral mesmo
}

Coloquei no GitHub para referência futura.
Então não é só o carro que é uma especialização de veículo, a locomoção do carro também é uma especialização da locomoção do veículo. Inclusive pode ser que em outro exemplo a locomoção de veículo seja só um contrato sem uma implementação deixando a cargo do carro resolver isto.
A generalização pode ser considerada uma intersecção de todas as classes especializadas que ela seja base. E esse é o problema, nem sempre podemos saber todas as derivadas, então pode ser que as derivadas acabem possuindo especializações que no fundo são gerais, mas só depois é que descobrimos, tarde demais para arrumar. Pior ainda é quando acreditamos que algo é geral quando pode ser específico, ferindo o princípio de Liskov. Tudo funciona lindamente quando temos total controle sobre todo o código, mas traz problemas quando isso não ocorre. E orientação a objeto é usado primordialmente para gerenciar manutenção. Curiosamente a composição acaba sendo um mecanismo mais flexível, ainda que também tenha seus problemas. Não adianta, qualquer coisa que pode mudar pode trazer um desafio não importa a metodologia adotada.
Entenda que interfaces e traits não deixam de ser generalizações também, não é só sobre classes. Um contrato é uma generalização cuja implementação é uma especialização.

A: Nada melhor para explicar isso como um exemplo, veja o abaixo:
Veiculo {
    function locomover()

    function parar()

    function ligarLanternas()
}

Carro extends Veiculo
{
    function travarPortas()

    function abrirVidros()
}

Moto extends Veiculo
{
    //Nenhuma particularidade
}

Veiculo seria uma generalização de uma classe que compõem metodos e atributos em comum entre carro e moto.
Carro seria uma especificação de veiculo, pois alem de herdar os componentes ainda especifica novas funções e atributos.
Podemos então dizer que um carro e uma moto podem se locomover, parar e ligar as lanternas, mas somente o carro consegue travar as portas e abrir os vidros.
Em resumo, generalização seria uma abstração entre classes que exercem funções parecidas. Enquanto a especificação é de fato uma especificação dessa classe que foi abstraida (Ou mesmo de uma classe semelhante, que possua as mesmas funções).
Keywords: herança, composição

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The nature of being a teenager.
Not if you were Buddha.
If you were Buddha, you'd already know people are ugly when they sleep.
Dirty. This train is coal.
But I'm not Buddha. I don't claim to be.
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text:
5 questions with the Marine Corps' deputy commandant for information
By Mark Pomerleau
Major General Lori Reynolds, commander of Marine Corps Forces Cyberspace Command, speaks with a fellow attendee at the Women of America's "Salute to the Marines" reception in San Diego June 21, 2018. Reynolds recently added another star and took over as deputy commandant of information. (Marine Corps)
Each of the military services are reorganizing under a banner that's loosely referred to as information warfare.
The Marine Corps' version of this idea is to follow a concept it is specifically calling "operations in the information environment [OIE]." It is purposefully not using the term "information warfare."
Lt. Gen. Loretta Reynolds, the Corps' deputy commandant for information, is taking the lead in this area. She spoke recently with C4ISRNET's Mark Pomerleau to help unpack the Marines' information environment concept, explain how it's different from what other services are doing, and to explore what challenges lie ahead for the information environment.
C4ISRNET: The other services are reorganizing under information warfare. What's the Marine Corps' approach?
LT. GEN. LORETTA REYNOLDS: You've heard Commandant Gen. [David] Berger talk about the idea that the fight today is an information fight. What does that mean?
I think it means, what is our message, how are we communicating our message, are we aggressive enough with our message, and do we understand how to measure the impact?
It's like the art and the science of the information fight. The art would be how do you think about influence and are we moving aggressively enough in the right directions. I think the science is the cyber fight; it's the space fight.
We see our adversaries maneuvering in all these domains right now. They are maneuvering in space. You saw Gen. [Jay] Raymond's story about what the Russians are doing. Unsafe, unprofessional behavior. What are we going to do about it? We know what the cyber fight has looked like.
I always go back to [former commandant] Gen. [Robert] Neller's comments about how we're going to have to fight to get to the fight.
We call it "operations in the information environment" for a reason. We don't call it "information warfare" deliberately, because we believe firmly that we have to think differently about strategic communications.
How we talk about warfare to the American people, how we talk to them about what's happening, how we talk to them about the geography of this battlespace, if you will, that is to say that they're in it, is really important.
C4ISRNET: U.S. Cyber Command's VirusTotal effort is disclosing adversary malware. There's been ideas pushed out by 16th Air Force about potentially disclosing enemy missile locations through ISR. How does this idea of increased transparence fit with what the Marine Corps is doing?
REYNOLDS: We have been very risk averse with regard to the information that we have. You can't deter anybody if you're the only one who knows that you have a capability. And, so, we really have to be more thoughtful about being able to share information that the world believes we have anyway.
We have a vice chairman [of the joint chiefs of staff] right now who is very thoughtful about this kind of thinking. We have adversaries right now who are going to push the limits and we have to expose that every time it happens. Every single time it happens, we have to expose it and we're too slow.
C4ISRNET: How do you see this coming together? You created information command centers that would coordinate a lot of these issues at the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) level. Do you see that as the focal point? Are the MEF Information Groups (MIGs) the tactical manifestation of what you're trying to do?
REYNOLDS: They are. The MIGs were built to be able to think about this in direct support of those MEF commanders.
Where the naval integration piece of this comes in is how we, the Navy and the Marine Corps, get organized for this information fight at, say, the [Joint Force Maritime Component Command] level.
Because right now the joint force is trying to figure out, as you're developing Space Command and we already pulled out Cyber Command, how you integrate all this stuff at the combatant command level where all the authorities are.
Where can we, Navy and the Marine Corps, work together in this information fight? Is it inside the JFMCC? Can we just build an integrated staff inside the JFMCC in Pacific Command, in
European Command and others, so that we can synthesize all
of this and make it make sense? Because the danger is you begin to think differently. In terms of operational and strategic fires, you don't want to plan for it as a whole and then have it picked apart at the combatant command level.
That's where I think the JFMCC comes in. If we can get organized to think about this stuff holistically, the Navy has a ton of game and history and some of the science of this and I think where we can actually add a lot of value to them is in things like influence, perhaps information, and some of the psychological operations kinds of capabilities and the tactical. How can, for
example, the infantry squad leader with an attached electronic warfare support team extend the range of naval fires for sensing and recon and the spectrum? That's where we want to add some value.
C4ISRNET: Do you see the need for an overall information warfare planner for the Marine Corps that would coordinate electronic warfare, cyber, communications strategy?
REYNOLDS: The whole point of the information groups was that we believe that someone has got to be able to understand what's happening in the information environment for the commander.
Someone has got to be able to think broadly about what's happening in cyber, how is space going to impact your ability to go do what you want to do over there in that [Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations], what is that messaging component, how do we want to use deception. Somebody has to bring all this together in a comprehensive way.
I use cyber as an example in this because sometimes we have treated cyber like a football game: it's offense and defense. But sometimes there's a soccer game going on and you may wish to allow something to happen, some intrusion, if it allows you access into someone. So, someone has to be able to accept that risk.
As you think about risk in the information environment, you need to think who's looking at it, who's got the big picture and who's able to inform the commander. We have never deliberately planned for some of this stuff in the past.
C4ISRNET: From the Marine Corps' perspective, what is the big problem that you're hoping to solve as you're trying to thwart malicious behavior from adversaries?
REYNOLDS: The most important thing we probably have to get after here in the near term is, no kidding, making this a part of who we are as Marines and how we think about war fighting.
You don't add new war-fighting functions every day. [Former] Secretary [of Defense James] Mattis said information is a war fighting, battlespace function, the commandant said get it done and there's a lot of work associated with that.
There's how do you training entry-level Marines to think about them as being a player in the information environment. That's that whole idea of playing defense every time you pick up your personal cellphone, getting your families ready for this fight, because they're going to be targets; how do you combat disinformation, because it's everything associated with who we are as Marines and how we think about this as actually part of the battlespace.
That's hard and new. How do you get it into the Marine Corps University system, how do you get it into [professional military education], how do you make sure that it's fed in with understanding into our experimentation?
One of the challenges, quite frankly, that we're having is that, in the joint force, the language about this is all over the place. Is it [information operations], is it OIE, is it [information warfare]?
Everything that we do sets a precedent as we're doing experimentation. We got a lot of good, smart people who are thinking about this, but at some point we've got to begin to standardize some things across the MIGS, buy some tools and then just get after it so we can being to assess ourselves and actually make progress.
We're in a good place right now. It's a good challenge for us to have because I think more and more people are thinking about this. But, at some point, we want it to sink in as this is doctrine, this is part of how we fight, and that whole culture change has been hard.
About Mark Pomerleau
Mark Pomerleau is a reporter for C4ISRNET, covering information warfare and cyberspace.
More In Information Warfare
Why the US should fight Russia, China in the 'gray zone'
Time for Washington to get more active in the 'gray zone,' especially cyber and information warfare, according to the Atlantic Council.
US Army conducts first tactical cyber exercise readying teams for operations
The first expeditionary cyber and electromagnetic activities team under the 915th Cyber Warfare Battalion stressed its capabilities as part of a validation exercise.
How weather is playing a role in information warfare
The military has begun to bring weather units into the fold for information warfare.
The next tool the Army needs for information advantage
The Army is still experimenting with how exactly to employ information related capabilities.
For information operations, the key is sorting out sentiment
To have more effective information operations campaigns, commanders will need to understand their target audience and how well messages are received.

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text:
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text:
Zimbabwe elections: Robert Mugabe will vote against former party Zanu-PF
The greatest enemy of the MDC now looks likely to vote for them. Unbelievable stuff...
Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe looks on during his inauguration and swearing-in ceremony on August 22, 2013 at the 60,000-seater sports stadium in Harare. Veteran Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe was sworn in as Zimbabwe's president for another five-year term before a stadium packed with tens of thousands of jubilant supporters. (AFP PHOTO / ALEXANDER JOE)
Zimbabwe's former president Robert Mugabe, who was ousted in November, made a surprise intervention Sunday on the eve of the country's election, saying he would not vote for his successor Emmerson Mnangagwa.
In his first live appearance since being thrown out of power, Mugabe, 94, spoke slowly but appeared in good health sitting in a blue-tiled pagoda outside his sprawling luxury mansion in an upmarket suburb of Harare.
Zanu PF cannot rely on Robert Mugabe's support
Zimbabwe goes to the polls Monday in its first election since Mugabe was forced by the military to resign after 37 years in power, with allegations mounting of voter fraud and predictions of a disputed result.
President Mnangagwa, Mugabe's former ally in the ruling ZANU-PF party, faces opposition leader Nelson Chamisa of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) in the landmark vote for the southern African nation. Mugabe said, hinting he could vote for MDC:
"I cannot vote for those who tormented me. I can't vote for ZANU-PF… what is left? I think it is just Chamisa"
Zimbabwe's military generals shocked the world last year when they seized control and ushered Mnangagwa to power after Mugabe allegedly tried to position his wife Grace, 53, to be his successor.
"It was a thorough coup d'etat, you don't roll… the tanks without your army and units deployed," Mugabe said, adding it was "utter nonsense" that he wanted Grace as his successor.
Fraud concerns
Mnangagwa, 75, who promises a fresh start for the country, is the front-runner with the advantage of covert military support, a loyal state media and a ruling party that controls government resources.
But Chamisa, 40, who has performed strongly on the campaign trail, hopes to tap into a young population that could vote for change as ZANU-PF has ruled since the country's independence from British colonial rule in 1980.
Elections during Robert Mugabe's authoritarian rule were marred by fraud and violence, and this year's campaign has been dominated by accusations that the vote will be rigged.
The MDC on Sunday again raised allegations of a flawed electoral roll, ballot paper malpractice, voter intimidation and bias in the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC).
Campaigning has been relatively unrestricted and peaceful compared with previous elections, and some analysts point to pressure for the vote to be judged credible to draw a line under the international isolation of the Mugabe era.
Polling in Zimbabwe is uncertain, but a recent Afrobarometer survey of 2,400 people put Mnangagwa on 40% and Chamisa on 37%, with 20% undecided.
Mnangagwa, who is accused of involvement in election violence and fraud under Mugabe, has vowed to hold a fair vote and invited in international observers – including the previously-banned European Union team.
Final rallies
Mnangagwa told his supporters who filled about half of the 60 000-capacity national stadium at his final rally on Saturday.
"What is left now is only one push on Monday to vote – to vote for ZANU-PF so we have a thunderous victory. Today we unlock the potential of our beloved homeland to build a new Zimbabwe for all."
Chamisa has launched blistering attacks on Mnangagwa and accused the much-criticised Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) of trying to fix the election.
But he has also vowed not to boycott the vote, saying his party would still win. He told a large crowd of more than 10 000 on Saturday:
"If we miss our opportunity on Monday, we are doomed because the current government is clueless (but) we are the next government, we are the winners no doubt."
With 5.6 million registered voters, the results of the presidential, parliamentary and local elections are due by 4 August.
A run-off vote is scheduled for 8 September if no presidential candidate wins at least 50% in the first round.
Tags: Robert Mugabezanu pfZimbabwe


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YakChat may use the Site Information to monitor the use of the YakChat Site and to improve the user experience associated with the YakChat Site. YakChat uses the Site Information internally and only as described in this Privacy Policy.
If you are not a customer of YakChat (i.e., if you have not signed up to receive the Services, YakChat will use your Contact Information only for the purpose for which such information was provided. For example, if you have signed up to receive product information from YakChat, we will use your Contact Information only to send you that information. You may always opt-out of the receipt of any of those communications.
You may update your email preferences by using the "Unsubscribe" link found in emails we send to you or by contacting us at: info@yakchat.com
YakChat uses and stores Service Information only for the purpose of conducting business with you. For example, we will use your Contact Information to provide you with access to the Services you have ordered, as well as support services, technical updates, or updates on changes in YakChat usage policies.
YakChat may also use your Contact Information to send you company updates and marketing offers and information as long as you have expressly consented to receiving these or in case we have received your Contact Information in the course of a purchase of our Products and Services and we limit such marketing communication to similar YakChat products and services.
You may opt-out at any time from receiving marketing information from YakChat by clicking the link in the respective electronic marketing communication and as described in the preceding paragraph. You may not opt out from some non-marketing communications, including service notifications and other operational updates or alerts. Note, YakChat's use of the Service Information is also governed by the agreement you enter into with YakChat in connection with the Services (the "Services Agreement"). Please refer to the Services Agreement for specific provisions concerning confidentiality and data protection. In the event of any conflict between this Privacy Policy and the Services Agreement, the Services Agreement will control.
Also, for clarification, this Privacy Policy applies if you are a visitor to the YakChat Site or if you purchase the Services. If you use a third-party application or service that is integrated with YakChat, then such third party's privacy policy will govern the use, storage and disclosure of your data in connection with such application or service.
YakChat may receive orders, subpoenas or other legal demands for Personally Identifiable Data that has been collected on behalf of such third-party providers through the use of their applications or services. In such cases, YakChat refers the party requesting the Personally Identifiable Data to the applicable third-party provider. That provider will respond in accordance with its own policies and may disclose your Personally Identifiable Data in response to such subpoena or other demand for information. Please remember that YakChat is not responsible for the policies and practices of such third-party providers. If you have questions about any such disclosures, you should contact the applicable provider directly. YakChat will have no liability in connection with any act or omission of any such provider with respect to your data or information or otherwise.
The security of your personal information is important to us. YakChat takes reasonable precautions such as policy-based access control to protect Data in our possession. We have implemented administrative, technical and physical safeguards designed to protect the personal information you provide on the Site against accidental, unlawful, or unauthorized destruction, loss, alteration, access or misuse.
We follow generally accepted industry standards to protect the personal information submitted to us, both during transmission and once it is received by YakChat.
Despite these precautions, no system can be completely secure and there remains a risk that unauthorized access or use, hardware or software failure, human error, or a number of other factors may compromise the security of your information. While YakChat strives to protect your Data, YakChat does not guarantee its security.
If you have any questions about the security of your personal information, you can contact us at info@yakchat.com.
We may retain your information for as long as your account is active or as needed to provide you services, comply with our legal obligations, resolve disputes, and enforce our agreements.
YakChat does not share or disclose any of your Personally Identifiable Data except as described in this Section.
(a) Agents, consultants and related third parties:
YakChat uses third-party vendors to perform certain business-related functions. Examples of such functions include data storage services, database maintenance services, and payment processing. When YakChat employs such third-party vendors to perform services on its behalf, YakChat will only provide them with the Personally Identifiable Data that they need to perform their specific function. Each third-party vendor is required to keep such Personally Identifiable Data confidential and not to use such Personally Identifiable Data for any purpose other than providing services to YakChat.
(b) Affiliates:
YakChat may share Personally Identifiable Data with entities that are controlled by, or under common control with YakChat (each, an "Affiliate") for the purpose of assisting YakChat in providing its Services to you. In that event, any such Affiliate will use Personally Identifiable Data solely as permitted under this Privacy Policy.
(c) Business transfers:
YakChat reserves the right to sell or buy businesses or assets. In the event of a corporate sale, merger, reorganization, dissolution or similar event, Personally Identifiable Data may be part of the transferred assets. You acknowledge that such transfers may occur, and that any acquirer or successor of YakChat may continue to use your Personally Identifiable Data as set forth in this policy.
(d) Legal requirements and other circumstances:
YakChat may disclose Personally Identifiable Data if required by law or if it believes in the good faith belief that such action is necessary to: (a) comply with a legal obligation, (b) protect and defend the rights or property of YakChat, or (c) to protect the property or safety of users of the YakChat Site or Services or any third party.
If YakChat is required by law to disclose any of your Personally Identifiable Data, then we will use reasonable efforts to provide you with notice of that disclosure requirement, unless we are prohibited from doing so by statute, subpoena, or court or administrative order. In addition, if YakChat does not believe the disclosure request has been properly issued, then YakChat will object to such request.
(e) California Online Privacy Protection Act Notice (CalOPPA):
YakChat does not collect Personally Identifiable Data about a consumer's online activities over time and across different Web sites when consumers use the YakChat Site or Services. However, YakChat does allow certain third-party services to track its users on the YakChat Site and other third-party sites over time. Such third-party services are used to support more effective marketing and advertising programs. YakChat does not provide any Personally Identifiable Data to those parties.
You can request information about the personal data we have stored about you by contacting us at info@yakchat.com. You can also request deletion of your personal information. We will respond to your request within a reasonable timeframe. Please be aware that when you ask us for these things, we will take steps to verify that you are authorized to make the request.
In the event that you have volunteered Contact Information and/or provided Billing Information, you may correct or amend that information by logging in to your account profile or by contacting us at info@yakchat.com.
If you have any questions or comments about this Privacy Policy or our data collection and use practices, or if you would like us to update the information we have about you or your preferences, please contact us at info@yakchat.com, or at the following:
YakChat Ltd
Belfield House
NP16 7NU
Telephone U.S: (425) 385 0385
Telephone UK: 0117 325 4566
How do you feel about these instructions?


if you follow me on twitter you know i've been saying #supportyourfriends for the longest and i finally have a surprise for you! i'm not going to get preachy in this post, but i'm just super passionate about this topic.
i'm coming at you this week with a post about some of my favorite songs so far this month. and i have to say so far because this month is far from over and you know some artists drop heat real random-like.
whatsapp is probably one of the best apps to message with people in different countries. if your friends have whatsapp it pretty much works just like imessage, but of course nothing compares to the interface and pretty-ness of imessage; however, it gets the job done and it doesn't charge the other party international fees.
whatsapp also has the capability of video chatting and phone calls. it is a very helpful app; all you need is the other people's phone number.
okay, so the app is not called airline app but it depends upon what airline you're flying with. for me i had connecting flights on different airlines so i needed multiple apps, but having the app is easier than carrying around the piece of paper that you have the possibility of losing. but will you lose your phone? nope. i'm almost guaranteeing that you'll have your phone on you always.
both airline apps i have, united and american, keep a notification on my lockscreen telling me that my flight is coming up and when you swipe it opens to your flight ticket in the app. the apps let you know of delays and any other information about your flights.
chances are you already have this app, but this is extremely helpful when needing to get around. here in costa rica they have taxis and buses, but taxis can be super expensive and the buses make multiple stops and you can get extremely car sick on the buses here. uber is just extremely helpful and my family and i are extremely thankful for it over here in costa rica.
if you're trying to learn a new language this app is great and it's free. there's many different languages like german and spanish. while i was still in college in the states i took a german class in addition to practicing sometimes on the app and it extremely helpful. in the app you play matching games, you speak, and translate words. and it always goes over words that you practiced before so you won't forget. the app reminds you every day to practice so you can advance and keep up your daily streak. the app also has a feature where you can have a "text conversation" with someone (a bot) in the language and it helps with your conversational and recall skills.
of course, when you're leaving the country you're going to need somewhere to stay and my family and i have been using airbnb. this is probably one of the best apps ever. i can stay anywhere i want without the expensive hotel costs. airbnb is probably one of the best apps to get your bang for your buck, but do your research about the areas you're staying in and be sure to read the reviews!
it helps when speaking to natives of the country. soooooo soooo helpful. get it. use it. embody it. that's all i must say.
no this is not clickbait and no this is not a joke.


text:
Justine Hauer (* 1971 in Meersburg) ist eine deutsche Schauspielerin.

Werdegang
Justine Hauer ging im Internat Schloss Salem zur Schule. Sie absolvierte von 1991 bis 1994 ihre Ausbildung zur Schauspielerin an der Theaterwerkstatt Mainz. Seither arbeitet sie als freie Schauspielerin in Theater- und Filmproduktionen. Von 2002 bis 2016 verkörperte sie die Sekretärin Annika Beck, Beckchen genannt, im Konstanzer Ermittlungsteam Blum und Perlmann des Tatort. Hauer ist seit 2002 Mitglied des Fringe-Ensembles in Bonn.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 2002–2016: Tatort, siehe Blum und Perlmann
 2006: Contergan
 2011: Linda geht tanzen
 2012: Das Millionen Rennen
 2016: Das beste Stück vom Braten
 2016: Hotel Heidelberg: Kramer gegen Kramer
 2016: Hotel Heidelberg: Kommen und Gehen
 2019: WaPo Bodensee (Fernsehserie, Folge Tödliches Schweigen)
 2019: SOKO Stuttgart (Fernsehserie, Folge Skate or die)
 2020: Tatort: Es lebe der König!
 2021: Beckenrand Sheriff
 2022: Zitterinchen
 2023: Bonn – Alte Freunde, neue Feinde (Fernsehserie)

Hörspiele
 2013: Philine Velhagen/Jan Holtmann: Das größte Hotel der Stadt – Regie: Philine Velhagen (Hörspiel – WDR)

Weblinks

 Justine Hauer beim Fringe-Ensemble (mit Abbildung)

 Justine Hauer bei castforward.de

Einzelnachweise

Theaterschauspieler
Filmschauspieler
Hörspielsprecher
Deutscher
Geboren 1971
Frau


Yes, with a base ticket, you can come and go from one park as often as you wish in a single day. So your plan will work perfectly.
To get to Downtown Disney from Magic Kingdom, I would take the short walk or the monorail to the adjacent Contemporary resort to catch the bus to Downtown Disney. Then, when your daughter is finished at the Bibbidi Bobbidi Boutique, you can take the bus back to the Contemporary and ride or walk to the entrance of Magic Kingdom once again.
I hope that helps. Please let me know if I can answer any other planning questions. Enjoy your time with your family at Disney!


A decade or so ago, I sat in my Punjabi neighbor's living room, absentmindedly popping chocolates into my mouth as I watched a sari-clad lady on screen summarize the Bollywood hits of the week. From the very first moment, the music videos captured my attention; I loved the elaborate choreographies, the drama, the romance, and the flair of it all. And so it was that my interest in India, fed by Bollywood, began to grow — just like the Himalayan mountains of heaping roti my neighbor prepared every day.
My first visit to India was during a high school trip in the summer of 2016. Before flying across the Atlantic to land in Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport, I was already carrying an overload of preconceptions and expectations of what I thought India would be. I was naively expecting my experience to be reminiscent of a Bollywood music video, filled with color and cause for celebration. Not surprisingly, it was not. Instead, my three weeks in the regions of Ladakh and Rajasthan gave me a glimpse into India's cultural diversity, unconventional beauty, and real-life complexity.
This past December I was in charge of leading our group's focus of inquiry, "The Appearance of India," which revolved around exploring beauty standards, marketing, fashion, architecture, and aesthetics in India. I was especially excited to plan an activity that I called the "Spa Sleepover" (mostly for the alliteration of it). I wanted the group to wear traditional turmeric face masks while we watched a compilation of Indian advertisements from different decades. At this time, we were staying in a family-run guest house just below the shadow of Jodhpur's eminent Mehrangarh Fort. I had little experience with turmeric face masks, but instead of consulting "Google Baba" I was determined to find a recipe that truly reflected local knowledge. I turned to Rittika, the family's teenage daughter, for advice. Rittika turned to her mother, who foremost informed me that the Hindi word for turmeric is haldi, and then that the haldi she used in her kitchen would not do. If I wanted to reap real results, she suggested I purchase organic haldi.
The next morning, I walked past houses of Brahmin-blue — a color that once painted privilege but, according to some, also served the practical purpose of repelling mosquitoes. I walked past the camel leather shops and the omelette stalls towards Ghanta Ghar, Jodhpur's beating heart. Here, a busy bazaar clusters around the clock tower. I stopped at a spice stand and asked the shopkeeper if he had any haldi for making face masks. "You want pithi?" he asked. The look on my face must have screamed confusion because a woman shopping next to me quickly came to my rescue, "Pithi is a mix of haldi and gram flour. You can make a face mask with haldi, but pithi is better." Later that day, I asked the owner of the guest house if I could prepare the face mask recipe in his kitchen. In the typical kind fashion people through my time in India have come to show me, he insisted on helping me make my concoction and even explained the traditional use of haldi in pre-nuptial ceremonies. Haldi, he said, not only represents a blessing for the bride and groom, it also gives the couple's skin a radiant glow on their wedding day.
The face that the Indian film and beauty industries herald as the epitome of beauty is a standard I have found to be completely unrepresentative of this country's true essence. I do not claim to know India well. In fact, I am starting to realize what is left of these nine months will not be nearly enough to begin to know who she is. She is too diverse and complex to be explained in words, but precisely because of that I know she has no one, single face. How can a country where everything from art and language to history and religion is seen and interpreted in a multifold, ever-expanding ocean of diverse perspectives, covet one face? Big eyes, fair skin, soft and silky hair for all of India. To me, that is not just unrealistic; it is not beautiful.
Some say one should keep a straight face while wearing a face mask. I do not think my group did a very good job, but I did not expect or want them to. As they watched my compilation of videos, I could see their responses unveiled to each advertisement.
As to the effectiveness of the face masks, I cannot attest to noticing visible results in anyone's skin. One person did report breaking out the following morning. Another made the unfortunate choice of shaving before applying the lemony pithi paste on his face. Of course, as with life, one cannot expect miracles after the first attempt. Home remedies do not really come with any of the "measurable" commercial guarantees or promises of packaged cosmetics. There is just the reassurance of traditional wisdom. It takes equal parts persistence and faith for things to truly change. Change can take a while in the land of Indian Standard Time. Then again, change — from even before Ashoka or Harappa — has always been present in the ancient face of India.
In a bowl, combine 1 tablespoon of pithi (equal parts organic turmeric and gram flour powder) with 2 tablespoons of freshly squeezed lemon juice. Mix thoroughly until you get a smooth mixture. Add a few drops of honey or rosewater (optional). Apply the prepared paste on your face and leave it on for 10 to 15 minutes. Rinse, then pat dry your face with a soft towel. Apply a light, oil-free moisturizer (optional).


151 Listings ... Solid Rock REALTORS® is an innovative real estate agency using the absolute latest technology to help you buy and sell your next home.
SueEllen Heimbach. ... Go. Back to previous page. SueEllen Heimbach. Home · About SU · Staff; SueEllen Heimbach. Department: Provost. Academic Assistant.


I have a new vertical blind covering my window.
Today I realized it is like my life.
It can close out the light.
Turn it one way, the sun comes shining thru.
and reflect upon the walls.
room, restful on the eyes.
In the darkness I can no longer see to read.
The blind is like my life.
When it is open, I can see clearly where I am needed.
Doorways open before me and I am not afraid.
When it is closed I am in a resting pattern, waiting.
When will I know which direction to follow?
How will I discover the right path for me?
Where is the light that leads me onward?
I put it all behind me.
High in the sky, on their way to nowhere.
All are gone with the balloon in the wind.
Until they vanish in the sunlight.
The presence, and the power of God.
Thank you, God, for red balloons!
I wrote this one a few years ago, and sometimes I still go back to it to remind myself that it is possible to put all of the bad stuff in one place and send it on to a different place. Everyone seems to have some "bad stuff" somewhere in their past. The happiest ones are those who have found a way to get past it.


Must have started The Lord of Vampyrium.
Used to help solve a puzzle within House Drakan.
The text describes what flavor of blood each house prefers.
Notes on the connection between emotional states and blood taste.


text:
Colney Heath announce player awards from wonderful season that never was
Published: 8:11 AM August 5, 2020 Updated: 3:11 PM November 1, 2020
Chris Griffin was named Colney Heath's players' player of the season for the voided 2019-2020 campaign. Picture: KARYN HADDON - Credit: Archant
Colney Heath have belatedly held their end-of-year awards to honour the wonderful season that never was.
The Magpies were red-hot favourites to lift the SSML Premier Division title, and with it promotion to the Southern League for the first time in their history, when they opened up a six-point gap with a game in hand in March.
The coronavirus pandemic suddenly ended the campaign, with the league declaring it null and void, but the Recreation Ground club still wanted to reward the efforts of their squad.
Jon Clements, who has now moved to Essex Senior League side Walthamstow, claimed two prizes, the club's golden boot as well as Ryan Thompson's manager player of the year.
The most prestigious one, the players' player went to Chris Griffin while Kyle Raaho was named young player of the season.
The supporters' player of the season went to Danny Fitzgerald while Spencer Clarke-Mardel was presented with an award for the club's continuing reign as Herts Charity Shield holders, winners for the past two seasons and through to a third consecutive final when the campaign ended.
3 Two St Albans women recognised as inspirational entrepreneurs
5 Blocked drain at St Albans junction still not cleared months after it was first reported
6 'Nothing will take away what she has done to our daughter'
8 Future of St Albans Half Marathon secured as 2021 date set
10 Area Guide: The Hertfordshire market town of Hitchin
Woman loses more than £1000 in St Albans cashpoint distraction scam
Laura Bill


text:
Q: getting error :Type '[null, Dispatch>]' is not assignable to type in typescript react i am working on typescript project,i want to useState for setInterval function, but i am getting below error, i am using statement for useState like this, can anyone please help me how to resolve this issue? any help will be really appreciated.
const [intervalData, setIntervalData] : [null | NodeJS.Timeout, (interval: null | NodeJS.Timeout) => void] = useState(null);

Error :
Type '[null, Dispatch<SetStateAction<null>>]' is not assignable to type '[Timeout | null, (interval: Timeout | null) => void]'.
  Type 'Dispatch<SetStateAction<null>>' is not assignable to type '(interval: Timeout | null) => void'.
    Types of parameters 'value' and 'interval' are incompatible.
      Type 'Timeout | null' is not assignable to type 'SetStateAction<null>'.
        Type 'Timeout' is not assignable to type 'SetStateAction<null>'.
          Type 'Timeout' provides no match for the signature '(prevState: null): null'.ts(2322)

A: If you don't specify a type parameter to useState the type of the state will be inferred from the value passed to useState. Since you pass in null, the type of the state will be null, meaning that it can have no other value except null.
You can specify a wider type for the state as a type parameter:
const [intervalData, setIntervalData]:[null | NodeJS.Timeout, (interval: null | NodeJS.Timeout) => void] = useState<null | NodeJS.Timeout>(null);

Playground Link
Note: I would drop the type annotation from the const altogether, but I'm guessing that might have been added just for the example in the question.


text:
Cleistocactus chotaensis ist eine Pflanzenart in der Gattung Cleistocactus aus der Familie der Kakteengewächse (Cactaceae). Das Artepitheton chotaensis verweist auf das Vorkommen der Art im Tal des Río Chota (Chota-Tal).

Beschreibung
Cleistocactus chotaensis wächst strauchig mit niederliegenden, etwas ausgespreizten, graugrünen Trieben und erreicht bei Durchmessern von 3,5 bis 4,5 Zentimetern Wuchshöhen von bis zu 2 Metern. Es sind 11 bis 13 Rippen vorhanden, die in Höcker gegliedert sind. Die geraden Dornen sind braun und besitzen eine dunklere Spitze. Die 3 bis 8 Mitteldornen sind pfriemlich und 1,5 bis 6 Zentimeter lang. Die 8 bis 12, bis 1 Zentimeter langen Randdornen sind dick nadelig.

Die orangefarbenen Blüten sind bis 5 Zentimeter lang und weisen Durchmesser von 2,5 Zentimetern auf. Ihr Pericarpell ist mit Schuppen mit schwarzen Haaren bedeckt.

Verbreitung und Systematik
Cleistocactus chotaensis ist in den peruanischen Regionen Cajamarca und La Libertad im Tal des Río Chota verbreitet.

Die Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 1904 durch Robert Roland-Gosselin. Ein nomenklatorisches Synonym ist Cereus chotaensis  (1913).

Cleistocactus chotaensis ist möglicherweise nur ein Synonym von Cleistocactus sepium.

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Cleistocactus (Kakteen)
Chotaensis


text:
using base::Int64ToString;
using content::BrowserThread;

namespace {

static const char* kParentIdParam = "parent_id";
static const char* kNodeIdParam = "node_id";

// Parses a bookmark ID passed back from the NTP.  The IDs differ from the
// normal int64 bookmark ID because we prepend a "p" if the ID represents a
// partner bookmark.
bool ParseNtpBookmarkId(const ListValue* args,
                        int64* out_id,
                        bool* out_is_partner) {
  std::string string_id;
  if (!args->GetString(0, &string_id))
    return false;

  if (string_id.empty())
    return false;

  if (StartsWithASCII(string_id, "p", true)) {
    *out_is_partner = true;
    return base::StringToInt64(string_id.substr(1), out_id);
  }

  *out_is_partner = false;
  return base::StringToInt64(string_id, out_id);
}

std::string BookmarkTypeAsString(BookmarkNode::Type type) {
  switch (type) {
    case BookmarkNode::URL:
      return "URL";
    case BookmarkNode::FOLDER:
      return "FOLDER";
    case BookmarkNode::BOOKMARK_BAR:
      return "BOOKMARK_BAR";
    case BookmarkNode::OTHER_NODE:
      return "OTHER_NODE";
    case BookmarkNode::MOBILE:
      return "MOBILE";
    default:
      return "UNKNOWN";
  }
}

SkColor GetDominantColorForFavicon(scoped_refptr<base::RefCountedMemory> png) {
  color_utils::GridSampler sampler;
  // 100 here is the darkness_limit which represents the minimum sum of the RGB
  // components that is acceptable as a color choice. This can be from 0 to 765.
  // 665 here is the brightness_limit represents the maximum sum of the RGB
  // components that is acceptable as a color choice. This can be from 0 to 765.
  return color_utils::CalculateKMeanColorOfPNG(png, 100, 665, sampler);
}

}  // namespace

BookmarksHandler::BookmarksHandler()
    : bookmark_model_(NULL),
      partner_bookmarks_shim_(NULL),
      bookmark_data_requested_(false),
      extensive_changes_(false) {
}

BookmarksHandler::~BookmarksHandler() {
  if (bookmark_model_)
    bookmark_model_->RemoveObserver(this);

  if (partner_bookmarks_shim_)
    partner_bookmarks_shim_->RemoveObserver(this);
}

void BookmarksHandler::RegisterMessages() {
  // Listen for the bookmark change. We need the both bookmark and folder
  // change, the NotificationService is not sufficient.
  Profile* profile = Profile::FromBrowserContext(
      web_ui()->GetWebContents()->GetBrowserContext());

  ChromeURLDataManager::AddDataSource(profile,
      new FaviconSource(profile, FaviconSource::ANY));

  bookmark_model_ = BookmarkModelFactory::GetForProfile(profile);
  if (bookmark_model_) {
    bookmark_model_->AddObserver(this);
    // Since a sync or import could have started before this class is
    // initialized, we need to make sure that our initial state is
    // up to date.
    extensive_changes_ = bookmark_model_->IsDoingExtensiveChanges();
  }

  // Create the partner Bookmarks shim as early as possible (but don't attach).
  if (!partner_bookmarks_shim_) {
    partner_bookmarks_shim_ = PartnerBookmarksShim::GetInstance();
    partner_bookmarks_shim_->AddObserver(this);
  }

  // Register ourselves as the handler for the bookmark javascript callbacks.
  web_ui()->RegisterMessageCallback("getBookmarks",
      base::Bind(&BookmarksHandler::HandleGetBookmarks,
                 base::Unretained(this)));
  web_ui()->RegisterMessageCallback("deleteBookmark",
      base::Bind(&BookmarksHandler::HandleDeleteBookmark,
                 base::Unretained(this)));
  web_ui()->RegisterMessageCallback("createHomeScreenBookmarkShortcut",
      base::Bind(&BookmarksHandler::HandleCreateHomeScreenBookmarkShortcut,
                 base::Unretained(this)));
}

void BookmarksHandler::HandleGetBookmarks(const ListValue* args) {
  DCHECK(BrowserThread::CurrentlyOn(BrowserThread::UI));

  bookmark_data_requested_ = true;
  Profile* profile = Profile::FromBrowserContext(
      web_ui()->GetWebContents()->GetBrowserContext());
  if (!BookmarkModelFactory::GetForProfile(profile)->IsLoaded())
    return;  // is handled in Loaded().

  // Attach the Partner Bookmarks shim under the Mobile Bookmarks.
  // Cannot do this earlier because mobile_node is not yet set.
  DCHECK(partner_bookmarks_shim_ != NULL);
  if (bookmark_model_) {
    partner_bookmarks_shim_->AttachTo(
        bookmark_model_, bookmark_model_->mobile_node());
  }
  if (!partner_bookmarks_shim_->IsLoaded())
    return;  // is handled with a PartnerShimLoaded() callback

  int64 id;
  bool is_partner;
  if (args && !args->empty() && ParseNtpBookmarkId(args, &id, &is_partner))
    QueryBookmarkFolder(id, is_partner);
  else
    QueryInitialBookmarks();
}

void BookmarksHandler::HandleDeleteBookmark(const ListValue* args) {
  DCHECK(BrowserThread::CurrentlyOn(BrowserThread::UI));
  int64 id;
  bool is_partner;
  if (args && !args->empty() && ParseNtpBookmarkId(args, &id, &is_partner)) {
    DCHECK(!is_partner);
    const BookmarkNode* node = bookmark_model_->GetNodeByID(id);
    if (node && node->parent()) {
      const BookmarkNode* parent_node = node->parent();
      bookmark_model_->Remove(parent_node, parent_node->GetIndexOf(node));
    }
  }
}

std::string BookmarksHandler::GetBookmarkIdForNtp(const BookmarkNode* node) {
  return (partner_bookmarks_shim_->IsPartnerBookmark(node) ? "p" : "") +
      Int64ToString(node->id());
}

void BookmarksHandler::SetParentInBookmarksResult(const BookmarkNode* parent,
                                                  DictionaryValue* result) {
  result->SetString(kParentIdParam, GetBookmarkIdForNtp(parent));
}

void BookmarksHandler::PopulateBookmark(const BookmarkNode* node,
                                        ListValue* result) {
  if (!result)
    return;

  DictionaryValue* filler_value = new DictionaryValue();
  filler_value->SetString("title", node->GetTitle());
  // Mark reserved system nodes and partner bookmarks as uneditable
  // (i.e. the bookmark bar along with the "Other Bookmarks" folder).
  filler_value->SetBoolean("editable",
                           partner_bookmarks_shim_->IsBookmarkEditable(node));
  if (node->is_url()) {
    filler_value->SetBoolean("folder", false);
    filler_value->SetString("url", node->url().spec());
  } else {
    filler_value->SetBoolean("folder", true);
  }
  filler_value->SetString("id", GetBookmarkIdForNtp(node));
  filler_value->SetString("type", BookmarkTypeAsString(node->type()));
  result->Append(filler_value);
}

void BookmarksHandler::PopulateBookmarksInFolder(
    const BookmarkNode* folder,
    DictionaryValue* result) {
  ListValue* bookmarks = new ListValue();

  for (int i = 0; i < folder->child_count(); i++) {
    const BookmarkNode* bookmark= folder->GetChild(i);
    PopulateBookmark(bookmark, bookmarks);
  }

  // Make sure we iterate over the partner's attach point
  DCHECK(partner_bookmarks_shim_ != NULL);
  if (partner_bookmarks_shim_->HasPartnerBookmarks() &&
      folder == partner_bookmarks_shim_->get_attach_point()) {
    PopulateBookmark(
        partner_bookmarks_shim_->GetPartnerBookmarksRoot(), bookmarks);
  }

  ListValue* folder_hierarchy = new ListValue();
  const BookmarkNode* parent = partner_bookmarks_shim_->GetParentOf(folder);

  while (parent != NULL) {
    DictionaryValue* hierarchy_entry = new DictionaryValue();
    if (partner_bookmarks_shim_->IsRootNode(parent))
      hierarchy_entry->SetBoolean("root", true);

    hierarchy_entry->SetString("title", parent->GetTitle());
    hierarchy_entry->SetString("id", GetBookmarkIdForNtp(parent));
    folder_hierarchy->Append(hierarchy_entry);
    parent = partner_bookmarks_shim_->GetParentOf(parent);
  }

  result->SetString("title", folder->GetTitle());
  result->SetString("id", GetBookmarkIdForNtp(folder));
  result->SetBoolean("root", partner_bookmarks_shim_->IsRootNode(folder));
  result->Set("bookmarks", bookmarks);
  result->Set("hierarchy", folder_hierarchy);
}

void BookmarksHandler::QueryBookmarkFolder(const int64& folder_id,
                                           bool is_partner_bookmark) {
  DCHECK(partner_bookmarks_shim_ != NULL);
  const BookmarkNode* bookmarks =
      partner_bookmarks_shim_->GetNodeByID(folder_id, is_partner_bookmark);
  if (bookmarks) {
    DictionaryValue result;
    PopulateBookmarksInFolder(bookmarks, &result);
    SendResult(result);
  } else {
    // If we receive an ID that no longer maps to a bookmark folder, just
    // return the initial bookmark folder.
    QueryInitialBookmarks();
  }
}

void BookmarksHandler::QueryInitialBookmarks() {
  DictionaryValue result;
  DCHECK(partner_bookmarks_shim_ != NULL);
  PopulateBookmarksInFolder(
      // We have to go to the partner Root if it exists
      partner_bookmarks_shim_->HasPartnerBookmarks() ?
          partner_bookmarks_shim_->GetPartnerBookmarksRoot() :
          bookmark_model_->mobile_node(),
      &result);
  SendResult(result);
}

void BookmarksHandler::SendResult(const DictionaryValue& result) {
  web_ui()->CallJavascriptFunction("ntp.bookmarks", result);
}

void BookmarksHandler::Loaded(BookmarkModel* model, bool ids_reassigned) {
  BookmarkModelChanged();
}

void BookmarksHandler::PartnerShimLoaded(PartnerBookmarksShim* shim) {
  BookmarkModelChanged();
}

void BookmarksHandler::ShimBeingDeleted(PartnerBookmarksShim* shim) {
  partner_bookmarks_shim_ = NULL;
}

void BookmarksHandler::ExtensiveBookmarkChangesBeginning(BookmarkModel* model) {
  extensive_changes_ = true;
}

void BookmarksHandler::ExtensiveBookmarkChangesEnded(BookmarkModel* model) {
  extensive_changes_ = false;
  BookmarkModelChanged();
}

void BookmarksHandler::BookmarkNodeRemoved(BookmarkModel* model,
                                           const BookmarkNode* parent,
                                           int old_index,
                                           const BookmarkNode* node) {
  DictionaryValue result;
  SetParentInBookmarksResult(parent, &result);
  result.SetString(kNodeIdParam, Int64ToString(node->id()));
  NotifyModelChanged(result);
}

void BookmarksHandler::BookmarkNodeAdded(BookmarkModel* model,
                                         const BookmarkNode* parent,
                                         int index) {
  DictionaryValue result;
  SetParentInBookmarksResult(parent, &result);
  NotifyModelChanged(result);
}

void BookmarksHandler::BookmarkNodeChanged(BookmarkModel* model,
                                           const BookmarkNode* node) {
  DCHECK(partner_bookmarks_shim_);
  DCHECK(!partner_bookmarks_shim_->IsPartnerBookmark(node));
  DictionaryValue result;
  SetParentInBookmarksResult(node->parent(), &result);
  result.SetString(kNodeIdParam, Int64ToString(node->id()));
  NotifyModelChanged(result);
}

void BookmarksHandler::BookmarkModelChanged() {
  if (bookmark_data_requested_ && !extensive_changes_)
    web_ui()->CallJavascriptFunction("ntp.bookmarkChanged");
}

void BookmarksHandler::NotifyModelChanged(const DictionaryValue& status) {
  if (bookmark_data_requested_ && !extensive_changes_)
    web_ui()->CallJavascriptFunction("ntp.bookmarkChanged", status);
}

void BookmarksHandler::HandleCreateHomeScreenBookmarkShortcut(
    const ListValue* args) {
  DCHECK(BrowserThread::CurrentlyOn(BrowserThread::UI));
  Profile* profile = Profile::FromBrowserContext(
      web_ui()->GetWebContents()->GetBrowserContext());
  if (!profile)
    return;

  int64 id;
  bool is_partner;
  if (args && !args->empty() && ParseNtpBookmarkId(args, &id, &is_partner)) {
    DCHECK(partner_bookmarks_shim_ != NULL);
    const BookmarkNode* node =
        partner_bookmarks_shim_->GetNodeByID(id, is_partner);
    if (!node)
      return;

    FaviconService* favicon_service = FaviconServiceFactory::GetForProfile(
        profile, Profile::EXPLICIT_ACCESS);
    FaviconService::Handle handle = favicon_service->GetRawFaviconForURL(
        FaviconService::FaviconForURLParams(
            profile,
            node->url(),
            history::FAVICON | history::TOUCH_ICON,
            gfx::kFaviconSize,
            &cancelable_consumer_),
        ui::SCALE_FACTOR_100P,
        base::Bind(&BookmarksHandler::OnShortcutFaviconDataAvailable,
                   base::Unretained(this)));
    cancelable_consumer_.SetClientData(favicon_service, handle, node);
  }
}

void BookmarksHandler::OnShortcutFaviconDataAvailable(
    FaviconService::Handle handle,
    const history::FaviconBitmapResult& bitmap_result) {
  SkColor color = SK_ColorWHITE;
  SkBitmap favicon_bitmap;
  if (bitmap_result.is_valid()) {
    color = GetDominantColorForFavicon(bitmap_result.bitmap_data);
    gfx::PNGCodec::Decode(bitmap_result.bitmap_data->front(),
                          bitmap_result.bitmap_data->size(),
                          &favicon_bitmap);
  }

  Profile* profile = Profile::FromBrowserContext(
      web_ui()->GetWebContents()->GetBrowserContext());
  const BookmarkNode* node = cancelable_consumer_.GetClientData(
      FaviconServiceFactory::GetForProfile(profile, Profile::EXPLICIT_ACCESS),
      handle);

  TabAndroid* tab = TabAndroid::FromWebContents(
      web_ui()->GetWebContents());
  if (tab) {
    tab->AddShortcutToBookmark(node->url(), node->GetTitle(),
                               favicon_bitmap, SkColorGetR(color),
                               SkColorGetG(color), SkColorGetB(color));
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


You will learn how to purchase an individual portrait of your favourite animal, available executions, prices and how to photograph animals best. In addition you can purchase ready-made original portraits as well as art prints of drawings and photographs. Don't miss having a look at the most beautiful portraits in the gallery to find out about my work.
I'm looking forward to answering your request by email or your guestbook entry!
click above on the English version and COME ON IN!


My list of things to love about autumn is getting so long! All the beautiful colors, falling leaves, pumpkins, soup, spices, scented candles, cuddling under warm blankets, the first frost, foggy mornings, crisp sunshine, and...apples. The smell of apples- fresh apples, cooked apples, overripe wild apples dropping to the ground to be harvested by hungry winter-wary animals. The look of apples, not-quite-round and shiny, coming in just as many shades as the leaves that are already dropping from the trees along the river. The taste of apples- crisp and fresh, varying as much in texture and flavor as they do in autumnal hues, ranging from sweet and mellow to tangy and downright sour.
Several days ago, in a quandary over what to make for National Dessert Day (thank you to whomever began this wonderful excuse to whip up something sweet!), I decided I must use my newly purchased little ramekins. I debated over the ideas of custards and souffles and creme brulees, but my mind kept wandering back to the thought of an adorable and simple little apple crisp. Perfect! I was also sick with a cold, so minimal effort and homey comfort was especially appealing.
The crisps were delightfully cute- and a delicious taste of fall in every bite!
Preheat oven to 375. Lightly grease ramekins. Mix apples, cream, sugar and spices (to taste). Divide apple mixture evenly among ramekins. Mix oats, brown sugar, flour and spices (to taste) together; cut in butter. Sprinkle mixture evenly over apples. Place ramekins on a baking sheet and bake for 25-35 min., or until topping is browned and apples are tender and bubbly. Enjoy!
I want to try these in my ramekins now! They look delish!


United States Defense Secretary Robert Gates has made it clear that the U.S. will not try to shoot down the rocket that North Korea plans to launch. President Lee Myung-bak has also announced his opposition to a military response.
These comments represent a change from the previous positions stated by South Korea and the U.S. Earlier, they pointed out that the road the North is taking goes against United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718, which prohibits the North from engaging in ballistic missile activity.
It seems President Lee and Gates have reluctantly modified their stance, concluding that the last channels of communication with Pyongyang should not be completely closed even after its launch.
However, although the two countries have adopted a united front about the use of military means to stop the North Korean launch, the interests of South Korea and the U.S. are not necessarily the same.
Gates has dampened talk of a missile launch, saying the North Korean rocket is not a threat since it would not reach U.S. territory.
But how about South Korea? The security of the South depends totally on its alliance with the U.S. Seoul's defense depends on how fast U.S. forces can be committed in the Korean Peninsula from bases in Japan, the Pacific regions and the U.S.
Since North Korea's missiles could strike Hawaii, Guam or even Alaska, it seems they are intended to pre-emptively block the commitment of U.S. forces to the Korean Peninsula in the event of war.
North Korea's missiles might not be a direct threat to the U.S., but they are to Seoul.
Clearly, the comments by Gates and President Lee reveal close cooperation between the two countries, but we can't help harboring considerable concern about the Korea-U.S. alliance.
It is not enough to vaguely confirm the Korea-U.S. alliance. Instead, Seoul should talk about how to block hundreds of missiles that the North has targeted at the South.
It should discuss whether we can be 100 percent confident that the U.S. will not neglect the security of the South, and also look at what measures the two governments are taking against North Korea's weapons of mass destruction.
The South Korean government might be forced to accept that it has no choice but to participate in a missile defense program, which has been delayed because of budget problems.
We might also have to consider developing long-range missiles and nuclear weapons, a move that so far has been unnecessary because of our alliance with the United States.


United have been knocked out of the U21 Premier League Cup, after losing on penalties to Stoke City on Monday night.
After the game ended 0-0 after extra-time, the Potters, who were reduced to 10 men towards the end of the opening 45 minutes, won 5-4 on spot-kicks. Kieran Wallace and Joel Coustrain in sudden death missed in the shootout for the Blades at Moss Rose, home of Macclesfield Town.
Reflecting on the cruel defeat Chris Morgan felt the Blades lacked that cutting edge in the final third to win the game prior to the shootout, with the visitors enjoying plenty of possession and a numerical advantage.
He remarked: "Both teams had chances, but we probably could have done more to win the game, we just lacked that bit of quality and composure in key areas, especially in the second-half.
"The sending off on the stroke of half-time saw Stoke change their approach as they looked to get men behind the ball and hit us on the counter attack.
"But we had the better of the chances and in extra-time we looked like making our man advantage count but in the end they held on and we fell just short in the shootout with Kieran and Joel the unfortunate lads not to score their penalties."
In a decent cup tie, which saw Florent Cuvelier come through 70 minutes unscathed, following his cameo appearance at the weekend, Jamie McDonagh had United's best chance early in the game, but after some good play down the flank, the Northern Ireland U19 international fired just over the ball from inside the box.
The second-half ebbed and flowed, with United struggling to break down the home defence, although early in extra-time Jason Paling bombed on from full-back and having being found by Connor Dimaio he unleashed a powerful effort that struck the crossbar with the goalkeeper beaten.
But in the end the game was decided on penalties and it was the hosts that held their nerve to progress to the next round.
Blades: Turner, Paling (Whiteman 101), K. Wallace, Reed, Banton, Berry, Khan, Dimaio (Coustrain 101), Adams, Cuvelier (Calvert-Lewin 71), McDonagh.


Mzembi said African countries should come up with strategies that preserved biodiversity and wildlife in the continent considering that the tourism sector is depended on it.
Addressing journalists and ambassadors of various African countries from the region in Harare today, Mzembi said unless African countries revived their national airliners and identified sustainable biodiversity conservation management strategies, the continent risked experiencing an ecological disaster which would see an extinction of wildlife such as elephants and rhinoceros.
Said Mzembi: "We need unified and global systems to act on the haemorrhaging of Africa's wildlife resources through new sophisticated illegal poaching tactics by experienced professionals.
He said addressing poaching from a technical level was not sustainable and called for the engagement of the countries where the poached products had a market.
"There is need to follow up on the markets .We should be following the products to where they are going and in this instance, the middle East and Asia are our primary targets because that is where the ivory and tusks are being sold," he said.
Mzembi called on African governments to increase monitoring mechanisms towards preventing poaching, based on the current statistics of elephants killed annually.
He said: "Between 35, 000 to 40, 000 elephants are killed every year and the situation in many countries shows that many of the countries are on the brink of wildlife species extinction.
Mzembi, who was elected as the chairperson of the United Nations World Tourism Authority Commission for Africa said the proposed theme for the global tourism agenda was "Tourism and biodiversity: Zero tolerance on Poaching in Africa by 2020".
"The thematic global topic was chosen because of its intimacy with most African countries. The slogan aims to keep us together and this was inspired by the heinous acts of poaching in the region," he said.
He cited the Zimbabwean example where the country had adopted a tactical response towards poaching, but said this approach had failed to contain the matter hence the need to come up with community wildlife conservancies.
"As long as the community feels that they are not part of wildlife conservation in their areas of residence, they will not be motivated to fight for the protection of the wildlife," said Mzembi.
He said when managed correctly and given the right support, the conservancies would provide infrastructure and personnel for community oriented anti poaching operations whose interventions collapsed due to the underfunding of the Communal Areas Management Program For Indigenous Resources in Zimbabwe.
In Zimbabwe, more than 300 elephants and other animals were last year poisoned by poachers in Hwange national park.
Zimbabwe boosts of one of Africa's biggest elephant herd estimated at more than 120, 000 elephants.
The international trade in ivory, with rare exceptions, has been outlawed since 1989 after the population of African elephants dropped.
According to the Elephant Action League, elephants in North Africa were at 27 million at the beginning of the 21st century, and the figure depleted to between 400 to 500, 000 by 1998.
Wildlife experts estimate that the illegal international ivory trade is worth up to $10 billion annually.


text:
Netherlands' forward Arjen Robben (C) and his team-mates celebrate after Robben scored their fifth goal during a Group B football match between Spain and the Netherlands at the Fonte Nova Arena in Salvador during the 2014 FIFA World Cup on June 13, 2014. (DAMIEN MEYER/AFP/Getty Images)
Spain vs Netherlands Highlights, Results: Robin Van Persie, Stephen de Vrij, Arjen Robben Score in Netherlands Rout of Spain (+Video)
By Larry Ong
June 13, 2014 Updated: July 18, 2015
UPDATE: Arjen Robben scores his second goal in the Netherlands' 5-1 rout of Spain.
Robin van Persie notched another goal in the 72nd minute to extend Holland's lead 4-1.
Dutch youngster Stephen de Vrij has scored a header to put the Netherlands 3-1 ahead.
In the first half, Robin van Persie scored a brilliant diving header to put Holland level after a Xabi Alonso penalty put Spain ahead.
Arjen Robben added another goal in the second half via a left-footed shot after a nice bit of skill.
Check back for updates.
Spain vs Netherlands, the Rematch
SALVADOR, Brazil (AP) — Spain goalkeeper Iker Casillas crawled and scrambled in vain, Gerard Pique was beaten for pace and Sergio Ramos made a series of blunders.
Whatever happened to Spain's usually rock-solid defense?
A backline that helped Spain win its last three major tournaments was totally ripped to shreds in a 5-1 defeat by the Netherlands at the World Cup on Friday, as the defending champions tumbled to their heaviest competitive defeat since 1950.
A howler by Casillas gifted Robin van Persie his second goal and the Real Madrid keeper was later on all fours as he tried to catch up with Arjen Robben as the Dutch winger waltzed through the Spain area before scoring his second of the night.
Pique was easily rounded by Robben for his first goal and then outsprinted by the Dutchman for his second, despite having a clear head start on the 30-year-old midfielder.
Ramos, normally the beating heart of Spain's backline, could do nothing as his defense collapsed around him.
Spain's players left the Arena Fonte Nova pitch in disbelief, while coach Vicente del Bosque tried to maintain morale by encouraging his players at the final whistle.
In one game, Spain conceded more goals than it did in its last two major tournaments combined.
Spain only conceded one goal as it retained its European championship title in 2012 and just two as it lifted the World Cup for the first time in 2010.
The European champion, which hadn't been beaten so humiliatingly since losing 6-1 to Brazil the last time the World Cup was played in this South American country, has little time to regroup in a tough Group B.
With Chile next on Wednesday, Del Bosque needs his team to rediscover its former defensive strengths.
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text:
How Good Is 6 Handicap In Golf?
Posted on Last updated: July 6, 2022
Categories Golf Educate
Many golfers dream of reaching a single-digit handicap, but mostly this is where it remains. It's difficult to achieve a handicap near what golfers might desire, a scratch one. Regardless of this overwhelming desire, though, just how good is a 6 handicap?
A 6 handicap in golf is a pretty good handicap as the lower your handicap, the better golfer you are. With a 6 handicap, a player will get at least 12 pars on 18 holes. Such a golfer is in a two-thirds position to become a scratch golfer, which is every amateur's dream.
A golfer's handicap is a player's performance on an 18 hole golf course. A handicap is given to all ages and sexes, and this comes in good stead when different age groups or sexes play together.
A 6 handicap is of particular significance from where it is on a scale and quite close to a scratch handicap. (a zero handicap meaning the player will score par on most courses).
For a golfers' handicap, the best eight from a recent twenty scores on an 18 hole golf course are taken. Each hole comes with a par value which determines the number of strokes a golfer can play. The actual shots and the par value of holes determine the score. In the end, your score will define your handicap.
If it's a 6, what does that mean?
Working On Getting A Good Golfing Handicap
One of the first questions you might be asked when you join a new club is: What's your handicap? The importance is as a handicap grades a golfer in a specific way.
Knowing a player's handicap gives insights into a player's golfing. Yet, a handicap does not stop different ages or sexes from playing in the same foursome. It sets a level playing field.
The best way to improve your handicap is to focus and concentrate on the game. Just like in most life situations, a golfer's handicap will depend on the player's level of attentiveness to what's happening on the course. Such attention means knowing where you stand from the tee to the hole, which clubs to use, and what hazards to avoid.
On an 18 holes course, this can be a challenge. But succeeding at golf is about strategy. You'll often find yourself in a certain spot, and from there, you'll have to think of a way out that'll bring you closest to the hole. You might even have to navigate a course on a windy day. Golf is about problem-solving and even bettering your handicap.
I personally know players who have low handicaps on their 'own course' where they have played for years and know every blade of grass and gust of wind. Take them to a different course and they can fail to adapt.
Other players avoid hilly courses or courses with lots of water hazards as they feel it doesn't suit 'their game,' but I believe these players are backing away from the challenge. After all, golf is a mental game.
Golf ranks amongst the longest playing sports in the world. The game's popularity is associated with its almost legendary status. For over 500 years, golf has been played. Some of the most attractive aspects of playing golf are: being outdoors and the game's intergenerational character. Age is not a handicap.
Arguably, the most egalitarian decision regarding golf has been to (in a proverbial sense) level the playing field. With a handicap, a twelve-year-old can play with an 80-year-old in a twosome and still be fair competition. Also, the accepted world standard for handicaps means you can play on any course worldwide with the handicap you have.
What's The Significance Of A Six Handicap?
Of course, to have a handicap of 6 is much desired. Such a handicap is closest to being a scratch player, another coveted golfing rank. In most golfing circles, a 6 handicap is every golfer's dream. It's seen as good as it means a player will get at least 12 pars on 18 holes. Such a golfer is in a two-thirds position to become a scratch golfer.
Once you've broken into the single-digit arena in golf, you can work towards getting your handicap down. The best about golf (or any other sport) is that there's always room for improvement. But there's always that off moment. How often haven't you heard a golfer exclaim: I'm shooting under par!
There's often tension on how to either maintain or mostly how to improve on your golf. Each round is a challenge for many golfers as this affects their handicap. As golf can be seen as a metaphor for life, the game is often equated with the player's ability to live, run their businesses, et cetera, and deal with pressures and challenges.
Golf, as said before, is about a good strategy. And mostly, this can be about how we get out of the rough or a bunker.
Getting To A 6 Handicap Takes Diligence & Practice
The same adage, practice makes perfect, regulates golf. Getting to a 6 handicap takes diligence and plenty of practice. Considering how good a 6 handicap is, one must consider 'good' in this context.
Regarding a 6 handicap, one needs to look at where this handicap falls on the larger scale of golfers' handicaps.
The United States Golfing Association (USGA) takes the average handicap one that falls closest to 15. This average handicap is for people who play regularly and this group of golfers makes up almost a quarter of all players.
If a golfer has a 6 handicap, which is used against the average handicap of 15, the 6 handicap player will average one shot for each hole better than golfers with the 15 handicaps. To have a handicap is an advantage, as seen above. Handicaps take into account the course rating too.
A golfer averages about six shots higher than the course rating with a six-handicap. On average, this will mean that a 6 handicapper, playing on a course that's rated at 70, will score 76. Compared to the average recreational score of club golfers that sit at above 80, a 6 handicap is good.
In essence, the lower your handicap is, the better a golfer you are. And, if you have a handicap of 6, hold your breath; you're in the top 10% league made up of amateur club golfers.
Amazingly, if you can get your handicap down to three, you will be in the top three percent of almost 67 million golfers worldwide.
With a 6 handicap, a golfer can start becoming a tournament professional. The handicaps of pros have a plus calculation which ranges from +4 to +6. A pro thus hits up 12 shots better on a round of golf than a 6 handicapper.
What's Tiger Woods' Attitude On Golf
The skill, focus, and concentration of golfer Tiger Woods are impressive. On a personal level, it's remarkable that the world's top golfer still sees himself ready to improve his golf. Though much of his handicap is speculation, and he doesn't need one, he still maintains that he sees himself always as even becoming a better golfer.
Suppose we look at Tiger Woods' handicap index history with a speculative +6.7 handicap for a quarter of a century between 1996 to 2020. It's enough to prompt a 6 handicapper not to be complacent. Some of the ways players have improved their handicaps have been to be conservative at the most difficult holes and play away from trouble spots.
Mostly, it's not the 1000 balls that you hit at the golfing range that'll lower your handicap, but rather when you putt, chip, and play a game of golf. It's thought that if you've four hours to practice, use the first three hours to fine-tune your technical skills. Then, get onto the course and play a few holes.
To have a handicap of 6 is good, but better still is to know that achieving this handicap means you can get it lower. This handicap is not far off from what some golfers would most want. A six handicap is closer to being a scratch player on a performance scale.
On one level, a 6 handicap is good. And on another, a 6 handicap is right there on the cusp of breaking through to handicaps that many golfers worldwide aspire to.
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John Waddington
John Waddington is the founder of Golf Educate. He has played the great game of golf for over 30 years. When he is not spending time on the golf course, John shares his knowledge, expertise, and love of golf through the articles he writes. You can find him on LinkedIn.
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Like many cultures, Americans have designated special places as the final resting place for our loved ones. I'm talking about cemeteries - the very word may conjure up mental image of trees, grass, and markers in neat, uniform rows.
Unfortunately, not everyone ends up in such peaceful serenity. There are a number of small, little-known cemeteries around the Phoenix area that have come up in my research. I would not call them abandoned cemeteries as there is certainly someone looking after them, but you might not guess that at first glance.
Just 0.83 acres in size, this small cemetery is located in a residential neighborhood near the Old Crosscut Canal. It is a dirt lot surrounded by a chain-link fence, behind a 7-Eleven convenience store.
Twin Buttes is one of those hidden-in-plain-sight things you never knew existed. It is an odd-shaped 4-acre parcel of land located between the I-10 freeway and an apartment complex in Tempe. If you have driven the "Broadway Curve" stretch of Interstate 10, you have driven right by this place.
According to an article on KTAR.com, Twin Buttes Cemetery opened in 1950 and contains over 5,000 graves. The county operates an indigent-burial program for those who are too poor to afford burial services. The graves are dug and funeral services conducted by prison inmates. There are also a number of "John Doe" and "Jane Doe" graves, which are sometimes exhumed for scientific testing to try and verify an identity.
Originally known as the Maricopa County Cemetery, this cemetery was in use from 1890 to 1952, when it was closed. The cemetery is locked and there is no seen access.
About 7,000 people were interred from 1890 to 1951. It was owned and administered by Maricopa county but more recently was deeded to the City of Phoenix. It has not been maintained recently but the city did construct an iron fence around it to prevent theft of the headstones and driving vehicles over the graves. It is currently administered by the Pioneers' Cemetery Association (PCA).
At just 0.36 acres in size, this is one of the smallest cemeteries on our list. It is private and not accessible to the public. It is located in a neighborhood in the former community of Weedville, a small community founded in 1911 that was later annexed by the City of Peoria.
Russian Molokans were a group of Spiritual Christians that established an agricultural community in Glendale, Arizona in the early 1900s. Today, this 1.1 acre historic cemetery is about all that remains. The grounds are locked and not accessible to the general public. The cemetery is unique in that there is no grass, no trees, nothing growing at all. It is the opposite of what we may imagine a "typical" cemetery looking like.
The most unusual thing about this cemetery is its unusual location - hidden behind an electrical substation in the desert of north Scottsdale. The 20.4 acre cemetery is a beautiful final resting ground for members of the Jewish faith, and yet it remains hidden in plain sight.
This historic cemetery for the Town of Guadalupe dates back to the late 1800s and early 1900s. The town's first church was constructed there in 1904, but the land did not officially belong to Guadalupe until 1979. Today it is surrounded by residential homes on all sides.
Do you know about any other obscure or little-known cemeteries in the greater Phoenix area? Please share your stories with us by posting a comment!


I love meteor showers, and yet, they always sneak up on me. Other than the Perseids in August and Leonids in November (both near family members' birthdays), I can never seem to remember when they happen. Case in point: Today, "Bad Astronomer" Phil Plait tweeted about the Quadrantids peaking tonight. Of course, I had forgotten about them.
To prevent this from happening again, I thought I'd offer up a calendar of annually reoccurring meteor showers with a link to more information on meteorshowersonline.com.
If you're a meteor lover, too, you'll want to try to get out for the Quadrantids. Most of this year's other predictably good shows will be washed out by bright moons.
January 1-10: Quadrantids, as mentioned above. Potentially the most visible shower this year and peaking today and tomorrow.
April 16-26: The Lyrids are not a strong shower, and this year they will be accompanied at the peak by a gibbous moon April 21-22.
April 21-May 12: The Eta Aquarids, peaking May 4-7, and the Orionids (see October) are all we get to see of Halley's comet until 2061. This one is good for our friends in the southern hemisphere.
June 10-21: The June Lyrids, unlike many meteor showers that have been known throughout recorded history, weren't really noticed until 1966. They will peak June 14-16.
July 14-August 18: The Delta Aquarids peak July 28-29. Like the Eta Aquarids, this one's good if you live below the equator.
July 29-August 1: The Capricornids last quite a while, from July to September. The peak is towards the end of July and beginning of August.
July 23-August 22: The Perseids are a favorite for many and maybe the most well-known. They're a consistent show-off, but this year they're accompanied by a full moon at the August 12-13 peak, which will wash out the usually good show.
September 25-November 25: The South Taurids offer a slow stream, peaking November 5-6. Combined with a gibbous moon, and this one is for hard-core meteor hunters only.
October 6-10: The Draconids are not for those in the southern hemisphere, as your only viewing chance is around dawn. But for those above the equator, they'll peak October 8-9.
October 12-December 2: Like the South Taurids, the North Taurids aren't high in number, and there's a gibbous moon in front of Taurus at peak. If you want to try anyway, peak is Nov. 11-12.
October 15-29: The Orionids are your second chance to look at a bit of Halley's Comet, peaking October 21-22. And since Orion is pretty easy to spot in the night sky, you know where to look for the point of origin.
November 17-18: The Leonids are popular like the Perseids, but not as consistently great for viewing. There will be a crescent moon in Leo at peak, making this a lesser year for viewing.
December 6-18: The Geminids, which were put on an excellent show in 2010. Peak will be around December 13-14, but with another gibbous moon.
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im a total geek mom of 14!!!!!!!!