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Micro-Fragmenting as a Method of Reef Restoration
Dec 2, 2018 | Publisher: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute | Category: Science | | Collection: Environmental News | Views: 19 | Likes: 2
Micro-Fragmenting as a Method of Reef Restoration using Montipora capricornis Hannah Boyce MASSACHUSETTS ACADEMY OF MATH AND SCIENCE M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 1 Table of Contents Abstract2 Introduction..3 Literature Review.4 Research Plan.25 Methodology..28 Results....35 Data Analysis and Discussion42 Conclusion......44 Assumptions and Limitations.45 Applications and Future Extensions...46 Literature Cited...47 Appendix.48 Acknowledgements.....51 M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 2 Abstract Micro-fragmenting is a process currently being used as a method of reef restoration for coral reefs, but there have been few studies quantifying the effects of this process on growth rate. The purpose of this project was to find the ideal size to micro-fragment coral. If one large piece of Montipora capricornis is micro-fragmented into smaller pieces, ranging from 0-6 sq. cm cross-sectional area, then the larger pieces will have a faster growth rate compared to the smaller pieces. To perform this project, one piece of Montipora capricornis was cut, using a saw blade, into 48 fragments. Each fragment was attached to ceramic disks using cyanoacrylate adhesive. Fragments were placed in a 29-gallon tank equipped with lights, a filter, a heater, twelve Calcinus spp. (red-legged hermit crabs), twelve Margarites pupillus (Margarita Snails), and live rock. Supplements were added accordingly. The fragments were grown for nine weeks with measurements taken approximately every two weeks. Exact measurements of fragments were found using the computer imaging program, GIMP. There was a polynomial relationship between the initial coral size and growth rate, with an r-squared value or 0.9219. M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 3 Introduction While working with pieces of coral at MOTE Marine Laboratory in the Florida Keys, David Vaughan accidently broke a piece of coral that had attached itself to the bottom of the tank, and he thought nothing of this. A week later he came back to this tank and discovered that this small piece of coral was not only still alive, but had also grown. He had discovered the process of micro-fragmenting. Today MOTE Marine Laboratory uses the process of micro- fragmenting to restore reefs, but there has not yet been any research that quantifies the difference in growth rate between micro-fragmented pieces of coral and large, mature pieces of coral. Coral is a keystone species in coral reefs and is what physically builds the reef. Coral reefs have many benefits environmentally and economically that people take for granted. Currently we are killing coral faster than it can grow and recover. Because coral grows at such a slow rate it cannot restore any of the damage that humans have caused, even if we immediately halted all damage being done to coral. This is why there is a large project of reef restoration in the Florida Keys. Micro-fragmenting coral is the only known method of stimulating coral growth, therefore giving coral reefs the opportunity to recover and possibly be returned to their former state of existence. M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 4 Literature Review The Importance of Coral Reefs Coral reefs and their structural complexity have started experiencing a global degradation, however, because of the limited scale and replicability of reefs many studies have been restricted and are incapable of having a complete understanding of the role of coral in this complex ecosystem. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the current literature presented, in regards to the importance of structural complexity of coral reef ecosystems, is offered by this study. The number of publications about coral reef complexity has increased over the past forty years, with an increase in the different methodologies used to evaluate the structure. Existing data shows a negative relationship between structural complexity and algal cover, this could prove the importance of coral complexity which enhances herbivory through reef fishes. The area of total live coral and branching coral was positively related to structural complexity. Habitat characteristics, such as this, have a collinear relationship with structural complexity, but there is evidence of improved coral recovery from disturbances when there is already a high complexity of coral in the reef. Urchin densities were negatively correlated with the structural complexity of a reef. This suggests that urchins are eroding the reef structure, or the social behavior of urchins when in an open area disturbs the reef. A strong positive relationship between structural complexity and fish density and biomass was found. This is likely due to the density-dependent competition between fish and refuge from predation of larger fish that is offered by a complex reef. There was a variation in the relationship between individual fish families. Each family examined had a positive relationship with structural complexity, but only approximately half of these relationships were significant. Qualitative data also showed that structural complexity increased ecosystem M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 5 services, including tourism and shoreline protection. Structural complexity is necessary in coral reef ecosystems and needs to be incorporated into monitoring programs, as well as management objectives (Graham & Nash 2012). Structural complexity is the physical three-dimensional structure/ shape of an ecosystem. This structure is often formed by the physical shape and complexity of the living organisms, such as grass, trees, kelp, and corals, often known as "ecosystem engineers." However, structural complexity can be shaped by other element of the environment, including geological features and dead matrices formed by organisms. Structural complexity creates various microhabitats in ecosystems and often leads to a greater biodiversity and copiousness amounts of associated animals. This is because as the structural complexity increases there in an increase of these slightly different microhabitats. The effects of structural complexity on species richness and abundance has been shown in a variety of ecosystems, such as forests, seagrass, and kelp beds (Graham & Nash 2012). Early studies have shown the significance of structural complexity in coral reefs, indicating the importance of complexity for reef fishes. However, the increase in disturbance and degradation of coral reefs has brought about the issue and importance of structural complexity. Studies have shown that initial small disturbances that cause coral mortality, but do not affect the reef structure, can have a limited effect on other components of the ecosystem. However, if the structural complexity of the reef is disturbed, there are negative impacts on fish and other marine life. Data in this area has grown, and analyses of the effect of a disturbance in coral reefs on fish has exaggerated the importance of the complexity of the reef. Overall, the loss of live coral in regions, such as the Caribbean, has been complemented with a loss of reef structural complexity. Knowledge of the importance of structural complexity and the loss of it M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 6 in coral reefs has led to the understanding of the importance of structural complexity in the coral reef ecosystem (Graham & Nash 2012). The only well documented examples of the importance of reef complexity and its correlation to the health of a reef are studies performed on fish abundance. Most studies found a positive correlation between structural complexity of coral and the diversity, quantity, and/or biomass of reef fishes. The strength of this relationship is varied across studies. The importance of reef complexity on corals, algae, and other invertebrates has been understudied and data is less conclusive. Reef structural complexity can also influence fish biomass for fisheries, as well as increasing shoreline protection by dissipating wave energy (Graham & Nash 2012). A search of ISI Web of Science data-base was done using these keywords: coral reef AND rugosity OR complexity OR topography OR structure OR shoreline protection OR matrix AND structure. The results were 158 publications, after a thorough check for pertinence to coral reefs. The methods used for measuring the structural complexity of the reef were found from primary research. The relationships between structural complexity and coral reef communities, or human activities were drawn from each study and classified as positive, negative, or neutral. Studies that utilized a rugosity test that could be calculated using RI = linear/ surface, where linear is the distance covered by a taught chain/ rope and surface is measured when the chain/rope is laid over the structure and shape of the reef. The study also had to record the density, or biomass of different components of the reef. Information about six different components of the reef ecosystem: algal cover, coral cover, branching coral cover, urchin density, fish density, and fish biomass, were then related to the structural complexity of the reef. Fish density was calculated using per m2 and biomass was calculated as kg per hectare (Graham & Nash 2012). M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 7 Reef management has an astounding impact on reef fish communities, and it therefore could affect the strength of the relationship between structural complexity and other reef communities. The management of the area was then also investigated and its influence recorded. Access to the coral reef was divided into four categories: open access with no restrictions, restrictions on types of fishing gear used, protected areas mixed with open fishing areas, and no- take protected areas. No-take areas prohibit anyone form fishing or removing anything from that area (Graham & Nash 2012). Technological advances have allowed for the quantification of structural complexity to improve, with some studies focused on the colony level, and others using side-scan sonar to assess reef complexity. The relationship between increased structural complexity and ecosystem service have positive effects due to structural complexity. Structural complexity was also analyzed to have positive effects on tourism, as well as shoreline protection. A strong negative relationship between algal cover and coral reef complexity was found. Figure 1. Relationship between percentage algal cover (turf & macroalgae) and structural complexity (RI). Open symbols are studies from the Caribbean, while closed symbols are studies from the Indo-Pacific (Graham & Nash 2012) M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 8 The coral cover of each site was also positively related to the structural complexity, but it only correlated for Indo-Pacific reefs. Caribbean reefs showed a neutral relationship, but the range of coral for the Indo-Pacific region was much higher than the Caribbean. Also, many of the studies did not have enough data points to be analyzed. There was a stronger correlation between the structural complexity and the coral cover of branching coral. M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 9 Figure 2. Relationship between a percentage of total live coral cover and b percentage of branching coral cover and structural complexity (RI). Open symbols are studies from the Caribbean, while closed symbols are studies from the Indo-Pacific (Graham & Nash 2012). There was also a positive correlation between fish density and structural complexity within no-take areas, or partial no-take areas, as seen in figure 2, as well as a strong correlation between structural complexity and fish biomass. The biomass for fish overall was greater at mixed managed sites than those that allowed fishing. There was not enough data to draw accurate conclusions about the biomass in no-take areas (Graham & Nash 2012). M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 10 Figure 3. Relationship between a fish density (no. m2) or b fish biomass (kg/ha) and structural complexity (RI). Colors represent management regime: green sites are open to fishing, orange sites are subject to gear restrictions, yellow sites have a mix of open and protected areas, red sites are no take. Open symbols are studies from the Caribbean, while closed symbols are studies from the Indo-Pacific (Graham & Nash 2012) Coral is Dying J.E.N. Veron of the Australian institute of Marine Science has discovered and documented more than 20% of the coral species in the oceans. He began his investigation on coral when he noticed that there were slight differences between the same species at different locations. After travelling around the world and talking to locals he came to the conclusion that corals species intermix and produce new hybrids of species formed connected to their parent species. Through this research Veron found an overarching problem, that coral was becoming extinct. He reviewed previous analyses of coral reef extinctions and discovered the effects of changing sea levels, temperature stresses, and human-influenced changes in nutrient levels. All of these increased his concern for the health of the world reefs. Another concern that Veron had was crown-of-thorn starfish, which eat coral. Veron thought that the populations of these destructive starfish were soaring because of the decrease in predators, but it turned out that it was because the crown-of-thorn starfish larvae thrive in polluted waters (McCalmon, 2014). Before scientists started studying coral reefs people had taken the ocean and its inhabitants for granted, and thought that they were imperishable. Unfortunately, that was not true, and many locations do not have laws to protect coral, such as in the Central Indo-Pacific. Here coral reefs degenerated to masses of coral skeletons by the time Veron arrived. This was most likely due to coral bleaching, which has come in waves over the past few decades since the 1980s. This first mass bleaching was recorded between 1981 and 1982, and the next between 1997 and 1998. These each affected reefs in over 50 countries. The worst mass bleaching event M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 11 to date was between 2001 and 2002, in connection to the El Nio weather patterns. Global warming had been on a steady incline and finally coral's weakness to increased temperature and sunlight warned scientists of these climate changes (McCalmon, 2014). Coral bleaching occurs when the temperature of the water increase by two or three degrees Celsius, and/or there are increased levels of sunlight. Coral bleaching occurs when the algae that live in coral tissues, Zooxanthellae, which provides coral with its color and energy, produces an excess amount of oxygen through photosynthesis that is lethal to the coral polyps. The coral has to expel the algae, which it normally lives in symbiosis with, in order to survive. The coral is then left with its white calcium carbonate skeleton. Coral is able to regain its algae and color if the water temperature returns to normal within a few weeks, and the water quality remains healthy. The amount and intensity of these mass bleaching are at such a high occurrence that the amount of reef lost due to coral bleaching will likely increase as time goes on (McCalmon, 2014). Coral bleaching is not the only problem that reefs are faced with currently. Because coral grows so slow, coral reefs are able to keep a very accurate record of prior oceanic events. Using coral skeletons scientists can measure the chemical levels of the ocean throughout the past hundreds of years. This is found through fossil typography, which has shown that four of the five previous mass extinctions came after a large amount of ocean acidification. Acidification is a process in which the ocean absorbs excessive amounts of carbon dioxide and methane, therefore decreasing the pH of the ocean. This has negative effects on not only coral, but also all marine life. Currently the oceans have absorbed approximately one third of their maximum capacity. Scientists are saying that the ocean has shown a sign of commitment, and there will inevitably be a clear destruction of coral reefs and marine life due to acidification as early as 2050. At this M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 12 point the oceans may be so acidic that coral skeletons become soluble in seawater. Phytoplankton, the bottom of every marine food chain, will be affected as dramatically as coral if this intense acidification occurs, leading to destruction for all marine animals (McCalmon, 2014). Coral is also often physically harmed by human interactions, including motor boats, scuba divers, overfishing, pollution, and eutrophication, the enrichment of an ecosystem with nutrients, commonly nitrogen and phosphorous (Osinga, et al, 2011). ****** How to Micro-Fragment Coral Coral propagation has gained interest because knowledge of procedures involved in simple divisions of reef invertebrates has become a common practice. Passive induction included strategies of division that do not necessarily create a free-living clone. These techniques are used to stimulate budding through fission. Examples of this include slicing the periphery of stolen mat of hardy soft corals, including Star Polyps. This stimulates the coral to grow at a faster rate. Captive coral propagation is done through a variety of influence and imitations of natural reef dynamics (Calfo, 2002). The most frequent coral propagation is imposed fragmentation of coral which is done by cutting, breaking or sawing the coral. These actions are on purpose and used to increase the asexual reproduction of coral. This form of propagation will most likely be the common aquaculture technique used until sexual reproduction can be utilized in aquarium growth (Calfo, 2002). New aquarists should learn what species of coral are good for cutting into. Certain corals do not act in conformance to the rest of the family. For example, "Leather" corals are a member M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 13 of the Alcynoniid family which tend to produce mucous when stimulated. Optimum conditions are needed to give corals the best opportunity to grow. Trachyphyllia has been shown to have amazing success when fragmented. Aquarists have fragmented whole Sarcophyton individuals into 1/4 and 1/2" fragments that were thrown into a rubble trough to produce many hundreds of daughter colonies from the single parent colony (Calfo, 2002). Before fragmenting coral the ideal technique for fragmentation must be decided on. Many corals when fragmented will produce clones of the original colony, as well as have an increase in growth rate. Fragmenting also makes the coral more susceptible to disease. One major consideration before fragmenting is how much mucous the species will produce. The heavy mucous species tend to be worse subjects and do better with less sudden techniques for propagation, or a more passive techniques, especially for LPS species. The Acropora corals are an exception and tend to react very positively to fragmentation (Calfo, 2002). Mushroom and toadstool corals tend to be sensitive to handling and do not fare well when fragmented. A Sarcophyton coral is very hardy and near indestructible when cut. Plastic cable tis can be used to attach mucous producing corals to substrates. When mucous is produced it stimulates the growth of bacteria already on the exterior of the coral and this could lead to an infection before the cut coral has time to heal(Calfo, 2002).. Sceleratin corals need a similar consideration, in regards to mucous production. Morpphology is also an important concern because some stony corals are excessively easy to fragment, such as Euphylliids which are branching corals. Separating the branches allows for an increase in light and water flow to the branches of the colony. With SPS corals the same technique could be used. Massive and encrusting corals have a lower success rate with micro- fragmenting. This included brain corals, such as Favia and Favites, which are very similar but M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 14 contrast vastly when fragmented. Favia have distinct polyp walls, whereas Forites corals have connected wall, giving the aquarist a challenge when trying to cut between polyps. Favia corals can be easily fragmented by cutting between the polyp walls. Othe scleractinian corals that are fragmented well include Blastomussa merleti and Galaxea species which have tubular corallites that are connected through calcareous "plates" that can be separated by a saw blade. These corallites appear to be dependent on each other, but they in fact can live independently (Calfo, 2002). For scleactinian corals a fine toothed, high-speed, masonry blade works most effectively although other less expensive equipment could work. Scleractinian skeletons could shatter when cut, so protective eyewear should be worn. A hand-held rotary tool either a steel wheel is very versatile and can be used for smaller more porous skeletons, but a stone composite blade will not work for fragmenting because they are prone to shattering. Large corals and high density skeletons may need to be fragmented by a table, wire, or band saw (Calfo, 2002).. After the identification of attributes of the coral that will be fragmented to process of fragmenting the coral is actually very straightforward. Soft reef invertebrates are cut best using razors, scalpels, knives, or scissors. Scleractinians with less dense skeletons can be fragmented with pliers, scissors, poultry shears, or letter openers. Fragmentation by force with a hand is not suggested because of the stress it puts the coral under unnecessary pressure put on the coral polyps from the hands. Fragmentation using a saw is often what is needed for dense skeletons. Scleractinian coral Goos corals to fragment this way includewith thick columns could favor being fragmented by saws rather than violent break. Coral species that do well with this form of fragmenting include: Favia, Galaxea, Hydnophora, Blastomussa, Turbinaria, Fungia, and Pavona. Also, many Pocilloporids (Seriatopora, Stylophora and Pocillopora) and Acroporids do M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 15 well when fragmented. Soft corals that tend to respond well after fragmented include: Lobophytum, Sarcophyton, and Sinularia species (Calfo, 2002).. When beginning fragmentation the largest division is the best option. Fast, clean cuts should be made with a razor or scalpel instead of using scissor which crush the coral. Very sharp scissors could be used with caution (Calfo, 2002). Micro-fragmenting as a method for reef restoration Micro-fragmenting is a method discovered accidentally by David Vaughan. It involves cutting massive corals, such as brain, star, boulder, and mounding corals into small square centimeter pieces and attaching them to pucks. These micro-fragmented pieces grow nearly 25 times as fast compared to if they were not fragmented (Morin, 2014). Coral, a keystone species of coral reefs, needs to utilize fragmentation and colony fusion in order to recover from reef disturbances. Small fragmented pieces of coral were observed to spread tissue and fuse over artificial substrates, this led to experiments which characterized Atlantic and Pacific corals under various conditions. These began with coral from the same colony being fragmented into small pieces (approximately 1-3 cm2) and evenly spaced on ceramic tile. The fragments rapidly grew and eventually reached isogenic fusion, the fusion of several fragments from the same genet (parent colony), was reached. Growth as high as 63 cm2 for Orbicella faveolata, 48 cm2 for Pseudodiploria clivosa, and 23 cm2 for Porites lobata was noted each month. Growth was measured by the increase in area encrusted and covered by live tissue. Larger fragments tended to grow at a faster rate. The likelihood of small fragmented coral to encrust and fuse on a variety of substrates could be used for further applications, including coral cultivation, assays for coral growth, and reef restoration (Forsman, Page, Toonen & Vaughan, 2015). M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 16 For many different organisms, size directly corresponds to survivorship, fecundity, and the outcome of competitive interactions. Clonal organisms -a group of genetically identical individuals, that have grown in a given location, all originating from a single ancestor- such as coral, have a higher mortality rate the smaller they are. This leave the smallest classes, such as larvae, newly settled planulae, and small fragments at a high risk. The energy of these smaller classes of coral is concentrated on the asexual reproduction, to increase their size as quick as possible and therefore lower their mortality rates. Once coral colonies reach a certain size the energy of coral switches from asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction. Similarly, if a sexually mature reef is fragmented into a smaller size then its resources are concentrated on re- growing, not reproducing. This is the basic idea behind coral fragmenting, taking a large piece of coral and requiring it to put its energy into increasing the size of the fragment (Forsman, Page, Toonen & Vaughan, 2015). Fragmentation and fission (division of the colony) commonly occur naturally due to a variety of causes: physical disturbance, wave damage, erosion, predation, sedimentation, disease, parasitism, and partial bleaching. Fusion, portions of coral growing together, also naturally occurs and is a valuable strategy for small reefs. It gives them more access to shared resources, a competitive advantage by occupying more space, regaining sexual maturity and reproductive capacity, and escaping vulnerability associated with small colonies. Fusion can occur among genetically identical fragments, or settled larvae. Juvenile cnidiarians can fuse with kin, conspecies, or even conheners, creating chimerism, fusion between genetically different colonies, which has often been connected to struggles among partners. But, it also has been shown to create benefits by allowing expression of alternate phenotype in dissimilar environment (Forsman, Page, Toonen & Vaughan, 2015). M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 17 Previous experiments have shown that fusion in juvenile coral could reduce size induced mortality. If conditions are controlled then the survivorship of small colonies could increase. Small culture fragments (~1 cm2) as well as juvenile colonies can combine with genetically identical colonies through fusion and have the possibility to increase growth for coral aquaculture. Being able to promote growth over a pre-determined substrate could help in a variety of applications, including proliferation of rare coral species, developing standard growth assays, coral aquaculture, and reef restoration. Fusion rates of Orbicella faveolata and Pseudodiploria clivosa were used to calculate the rates of coverage increase. Another similar experiment was performed on Porites lobata to characterize the tissue spreading and determine if abiotic and biotic factors in two different environments influence the rates of growth. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative observations of isogenic colony fusion was compiled on a myriad of coral species in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Forsman, Page, Toonen & Vaughan, 2015). Five ramets of similar sizes from the same original colony of Orbicella faveolata were fragmented into 0.86 22 cm2 (average stdev) pieces and then epoxied to 5 ceramic 20 20 cm tiles. Attachment of these fragments was performed with cyanoacrylate gel and fragments were spaced out evenly, approximately 1 cm apart from each other. Twenty to twenty-three fragments were placed on each tile. For Pseudodiploria clivosa, five, separate colonies were fragmented into 3.05 1.02 cm2 (average stdev) pieces and then attached to 5 different 20 20 cm tiles. Fragments were attached in a similar fashion, placed 1.5 cm apart with 9 fragments on each tile. A shallow 340 liter raceway tank was used to perform this experiment. Water flowed at a rate of 2.5 lpm from a 24 m deep saltwater well. Temperature was consistently between 22C and 26 C and maintained by constant seawater turnover, as well as four air stones (4 cm) that M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 18 helped circulate and aerate water. The shore snail Batillaria minima was used to control algal growth, as well as daily siphoning of detritus, and manual removal of encroaching algae. Removal of algae was focused on the area between fragments so that it would not prevent the fusion of fragments, or inhibit growth. Also, freshly hatched Artemia sp. were broadcast in the tank on a weekly basis. Photographs of each tile were taken from a fixed point, top down using a 1 cm cube in the frame for reference on 9/2/2014, 12/1/2014, and weekly after that. These tiles were measured for 139 days (Forsman, Page, Toonen & Vaughan, 2015). Overall, common Atlantic and Pacific corals had a growth rate, throughout all observations that was ~20 cm2/ month 25 cm2/month (average stdev). Solenastrea bournoni grew the slowest at a rate of 0.2 cm2/month, and Orbicella faveolata grew the fastest with a rate of 63.2 cm2/month. These observations were seen during a variety of testing periods as well as with various sampling conditions. Some of these factors were examined more closely in experiment specifically with Orbicella faveolata, Pseudodiploria clivosa, and Porites lobata. Table 1. Growth rate of coral species in experimentation Genus Species n Start area (cm2) End area (cm2) Obs. Period (days) Rate (cm2/month) % increase Orbicella faveolata 104 89.0 382.0 139 63.2 329 Pseudodiploria clivosa 45 136.0 345.0 132 47.5 154 In 139 days O. faveolata fragment had increased by 329% and 13.5% had fused together, whereas P. clivosa fragments had an increase of 154% in size and 31.1% of the fragments fused. None of the fragments detached from the substrate, nor did any fragments die. The growth rate of both species seemed to be linear, explaining the 86% variation for P. clivosa, and 88% variation for O. faveolata fragments. Another order of polynomial regression expressed the 94% variance M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 19 for P. clivosa and 97% variance of O. faveolata. Linear regression between the initial size of fragments and size of the fragments after the experiment showed that the growth rates have a correlation with colony size. Larger fragments grew faster, justifying the 56% variation in O. faveolata and 79% in P. clivosa. Figure 4 below shows the linear (gray lines) and polynomial (red lines) growth rate values of Orbicella faveolata (black diamonds) and Pseudodiploria clivosa (black circles) from 9/2/2014 to 1/19/2015 and Porites lobate (black squares) from 6/25/2006 to 1/17/2007. Figure 4 below that shows (A) initial size of Orbicella faveolata versus size after 132 days of growth; (B) initial fragment size of Pseudodiploria clivosa versus 139 days of growth; (C) initial size fragments of Porites lobata versus size after 38 days of growth (Forsman, Page, Toonen & Vaughan, 2015). Figure 4. Average increase in coral area over ceramic tiles (Forsman, Page, Toonen & Vaughan, 2015) M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 20 Figure 5. Relationship between initial and final size (Forsman, Page, Toonen & Vaughan, 2015) During a 4 month time period micro-fragments of O. faveolata increased by 293 cm2 and P. clivosa fragments increased by 222 cm2. This approximates to ~11 cm and ~9 cm of increased colony diameter, assuming circular colony growth. This study measured change in area covered by thin sheets of live encrusted tissue, which would not be comparable to many field studies because they quantify change in maximum diameter or linear extension, for example many Caribbean corals grow 0.5-1 cm per year. Nonetheless, 89 cm2 of O. faveolata live tissue, and 136 cm2 of P. clivosa tissue, resulted in a 329 cm2 increase of tissue and 154% area increase over four months (Forsman, Page, Toonen & Vaughan, 2015). M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 21 The growth rate of both species are within the expected bounds of linear rates of growth, which explains the 86% and 88% variation and the second polynomial curve explained between 94% and 97% of the variance in growth rates. This showed that the growth rates of fragments probably accelerated near the end of the experiment. Difference in growth rate could be explained by a variety of reasons, but the initial fragment size was evidently very important, because smaller fragments grew at a slower rate compared to larger fragments. The scope of the experiment did not consider multiple effects of growth rate, including seasonality, temperature, colony age, or other biotic and abiotic factors. Previous works have shown a clear correspondence between the size of fragmented pieces and growth rates, and that larger fragments grew at a faster rate (Forsman, Page, Toonen & Vaughan, 2015). Care of a Salt Water Aquarium Tank Understanding how to properly set up and care for a salt water aquarium was necessary for maintaining a healthy, controlled environment for the coral fragments. Coral is a very fragile species and even if everything is running properly and looks fine one day in twelve hours all of a tank's inhabitants could die (Jason Ryan, personal communication, October 25, 2015). First, set up the tank, install the filtration system, and fill the aquarium with freshwater, preferably treated by reverse osmosis. Untreated city water, if used, should be treated with a de-chlorinator in order to remove any chlorine that could be harmful to aquarium life from the water. Next, add salt following instructions of the salt mix used. A hydrometer can be used to monitor and raise the salinity levels. Install the heater and set it to the desired temperature. Let the system run independently for a few days to guarantee a proper water temperature and that the equipment is functioning properly (Drs. Foster & Smith Educational Staff, 2015). M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 22 After the aquarium has run independently for a few days, with the equipment functioning properly start adding aragonite-based substrate and live rock. Adding 2-3 inches of live sand that donates beneficial bacteria and micro-organisms to the aquarium is also suggested. After placing sand and substrate in the tank move onto adding some live rock (Drs. Foster & Smith Educational Staff, 2015). Live rock is a porous, aragonite-based rock that has been gathered from rubble zones of ocean reefs and hosts large quantities of helpful bacteria and micro-organisms. Additionally, live rock grants fish and other organisms a good hiding spot and assists in preserving healthy water parameters. Live rock provides a tank with an aesthetic appeal as well as a natural, biological filtration, moreover providing a necessary environment for fish and invertebrates. Add approximately 1-1/2 pounds of live rock per gallon of water in the tank. The precise weight should vary depending on the type of rock (Drs. Foster & Smith Educational Staff, 2015). Before adding fish or invertebrates the live rock must be cured. Curing the live rock takes 4-5 weeks and initiates the Nitrogen Cycle. Certain people will add shrimp to their tanks to increase the ammonia levels and kick-start the Nitrogen cycle of the tank (Jason Ryan, personal communication, November 1, 2015). While this is going on start weekly 25% water changes. To start curing the live rock stack the rock loosely in the aquarium, creating caves for fish to swim through. Make sure to stack the rocks right side up, with the more colorful side facing upward, this will allow for appropriate lighting conditions and ideal conditions for coralline algae, which need a lot of light and sponges, which need minimal lighting. Keep the aquarium dark during this time to enhance algae growth, limiting lighting times to only when checking the tank (Drs. Foster & Smith Educational Staff, 2015). M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 23 Once the ammonia and nitrite levels have reached 0 ppm the live rock has fully cured and the biological filtration system of the tank has been established. Set up a lighting system that will be turned on for 10-12 hours a day, mirroring a normal day. There will likely be an algae bloom for the first few weeks after lighting has been added and an algae attack pack can be used to decrease the algae growth. Follow the instructions and the natural biological filtration system should be able to handle new inhabitants because of the fully cured rock system. Test the ammonia and nitrite levels again before adding any fish or invertebrates (Drs. Foster & Smith Educational Staff, 2015). Potential for reef restoration, growth assays, and coral aquaculture Being able to promote growth over a pre-determined substrate could help in a variety of applications, including proliferation of rare coral species, developing standard growth assays, coral aquaculture, and reef restoration. The ability for a coral fragment to grow on a benthic surface, or 'self-attach' is necessary for the colony to survive and the transplantation to be successful. In this experiment self-attachment of tissue spreading has been shown through a variety of substrates. This allows for the improvement in transplantation and for the fusion method could be used to increase to increase the likeliness of fusion over the benthic surface. Field trials are currently in development to find procedures that effectively encourage nursery growth coral to fuse and attach itself to the benthic surface. These experiments are testing the utility of this method to restore O. faveolata, M. cavernosa, and P. clivosa to reefs that have been affected by anomalous cold temperatures that occurred in early 2010. Coral reefs are declining and this calls for more responsible coastal development. Also, there is an increase in the demand for sustainable resources of coral materials to use for aquacultures, research, mitigation, and restoration projects. As said by Forsman (October 2015) M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 24 "The micro-fragmentation- fusion strategy effectively manipulates the surface areas of a coral onto a two dimensional plane, over which small colonies rapidly spread tissue and fuse." Being able to encrust coral onto a myriad of materials allows experiments to be done testing an assortment of fresh methods for coral cultivation and transplantation, such as mass producing 'seedlings.' If a complex three dimensional structure were to be covered, then coral would be able to successfully combine the benefits of reef restoration with artificial reefs. But, to effectively create the maximum beneficial combination long term studies have to determine physiological and reproductive effects of the process, and evaluate the advantages compared to traditional direct transplantations, which often result in small fragments which are susceptible to higher mortality rates. Although, this method could be extended to a larger scale to allow for a more sustainable source of coral material and provide more knowledge on the cultivation of slower growing species of coral. Incorporating in-situ, in the ocean and natural habitat, and ex- situ, in a controlled tank, nursery plans could offer source material at scales formerly not conceivable (Forsman, Page, Toonen & Vaughan, 2015). M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 25 Research Plan A. Researchable question: How does the original size of micro-fragmented pieces of Montipora capricornis affect the two-dimensional cross section area growth rate of the coral? B. Hypothesis: If one large piece of Montipora capricornis is micro-fragmented into smaller pieces ranging from 0-6 sq. cm cross-sectional area, then the larger pieces will have a faster growth rate compared to smaller pieces of coral. C. Description in detail of methods or procedures To perform this experiment, a tank was set up to place the micro-fragmented coral in. After visiting an aquarium store and talking with employees there, who have extensive experience with setting up tanks and maintaining them, the tank that was selected to be used was a 29-gallon bio-cube that contains filters, lights, and everything else needed to maintain a tank, besides a heater incorporated into the tank. The tank was set-up according to the instructions of the aquarium store, and other reliable sources. One piece of Monitpora capricornis will be micro-fragmented into various sizes between 0.5 cm2, and 6.0 cm2 using a saw at Jay's Aquatics. The fragments were be epoxied with a marine super-glue on an aragonite substrate plug that was much bigger than fragment, in order for coral fragments to have room to grow. Plugs will be labeled with letters according to size and placed randomly in the tank. The tank was be regulated by snails (Margaritea pupillus) and hermit crabs (Calcinus spp.) that will clean the algae and act as a bio-filter maintaining the environment within the tank. Once the tank had established a healthy environment, one kenya tree (Capnella spp.) was added, to ensure that hard corals, which are more finicky than soft M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 26 corals, would survive in the tank. After the soft coral has survived for one week the micro- fragmented coral was brought in. The process for micro-fragmenting coral involved using a saw to cut between polyps and get an approximate size. The "goal" sizes, between 0.5 cm2, and 5.0 cm2, but the exact topographic surface area will be measured for each fragment and recorded. Different sizes were taken from different regions of the coral, and from different pieces of coral to ensure that that fragments did not grow at different rates because of the original poor health of a single coral piece. These fragments were then attached to an aragonite plug substrate with epoxy, then transported to the 29-gallon tank. The fragments were placed in the tank an even distance apart and each size will occupy different sections of the tank. The tank was be checked daily for temperature, as well as a visual check of the health of the tank, this includes algal growth, checking the filter, and making sure each coral fragment looks healthy. Weekly chemical tests of ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, pH, magnesium, alkalinity, and calcium were performed. If a coral fragment fell off of the substrate then it was included in final calculations of growth rate. Fragments that died were not included in the study. The action of micro-fragmenting is very aggressive and coral can die simply from going through the process, which is why the fragments that died initially were not included. Every two weeks a picture of the coral fragments was be taken with a camera, and a ruler will be placed next to the coral fragments for reference. At the conclusion of the experiment the percentage increase of each fragment was calculated. The average of each was be calculated to calculate the average percent increase for each original size of coral fragments. The final results will be based on the average growth rate, M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 27 not on the percent, and whether or not there is a notable difference between the starting sizes of coral fragments in the species of coral. M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 28 Methodology Setting up the tank A 29-gallon BioCube tank designed by Corallife was acquired from Jay's Aquatics. The dimensions of the tank are 50.80 cm (l) by 53.34 cm (w) by 47.31 cm (h). The tank came with build in lighting, which included one 36 Watt Actinic Blue Straight Pin, one 36 Watt 10,000K Daylight Straight Pin, and one 0.75 Watt Lunar Blue LED Bar. The tank also had a 60 mm, 15.83 CFM, 25.5 Db cooling fan, and a pump with a 1000 L/hour flow rate. The tank was then slowly filled with pre-made salt water from Jay's Aquatics in 5 gallon increments. After the first 5 gallons were added one 9.072 kg bag of black Nature's Ocean Bio- Activ Live Aragonite Reef Sand was placed in the bottom of the tank. Six pieces of live rock weighing a total of 8.50 kg were spread out across the bottom of the tank. The remaining 15 gallons of water were added to the tank. A 150W Marina Submersible Aquarium Heater was placed in the tank, as well as a Deep Blue Professionals ProTherm digital thermometer on the opposite side of the tank. Lastly, 30 mL of API Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Quick Start was added to the tank. Three days after the tank was set up, 2 dead jumbo shrimp were added to the tank in order to jump start the Nitrogen cycle. After 36 hours, the shrimp were removed and the tank took a week after that to "cycle," until the ammonia and nitrite levels were both at 0 ppm. Three days later 12 Calcinus spp., red legged hermit crabs and 12 Margarites pupillus, Margarita Snails were added to the tank, and the 0.75 Watt Lunar Blue LED Bar and 36 Watt Actinic Blue Straight Pin were set to stay on for 4 hours a day. The amount of flight was increased over the next week until it was set to 12 hours of light. A Capnella spp. coral was placed in the tank to ensure that chemical levels were at the correct level for coral. M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 29 Maintaining Tank Four weeks after setting up the tank measurements of pH, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, magnesium, alkalinity, and calcium were only taken once a week. The pH, ammonia, nitrates, and nitrites were found using the API Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Saltwater Master Test Kit. Image 1. API Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Saltwater Master Test Kit. The magnesium, alkalinity, and calcium were found using the Red Sea Reef Foundation Pro Test Kit. M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 30 Image 2. Red Sea Reef Foundation Test Kit (amazon.com). Red Sea Reef Foundation C Mg Supplement, Red Sea Reef Foundation B Buffer Supplement, and Red Sea Reef Foundation A Ca/Sr Supplement were added for magnesium, alkalinity, and calcium supplements, respectively, according to the charts. It was calculated that a maximum of 8.0 mL of Mg Supplement could be added per day, 11.1 mL of Buffer Supplement per day, and 8.0 mL of Ca Supplement per day, based on the 20-gallon tank. Image 3. Testing chemicals in the tank. M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 31 Image 4. Reef Foundation C Mg Supplement chart (SwellUK.com) Image 5. Reef Foundation B Buffer Supplement chart (SwellUK.com) Image 6. Reef Foundation A Ca/Sr Supplement chart (SwellUK.com) M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 32 A bi-weekly 25% water change was performed throughout the experiment, and the filter was change every 4 weeks. The pump for the filter was taken out over 4 weeks and cleaned. The two blue lights (36 Watt Actinic Blue Straight Pin, and 0.75 Watt Lunar Blue LED Bar) were left on from 6 am to 6 pm for 12 hours every day, and the white light used occasionally for observation. Sixty-eight days after the tank was set up, 2.0 mL of API Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Algae Fix Marine Algaecide were added every three days to control the green film algae that had grown on the side of the tank. The algae was also scraped off the side of the tank using a dull razor blade. Four Trochus maculatus were added to maintain the algae. The solution was added accordingly when algae started to accrue, but there was minimal usage. Fragmenting Coral A decision matrix was utilized to select the best option to micro-fragment coral. Table 2. Decision Matrix for coral species A large piece (15 cm by 25 cm) of Montipora capricornis coral was broken off of the rock that it was attached to, using scissors to lever it off. This resulted in seven large pieces which were further fragmented into sizes between 0.73 cm2 - 5.57 cm2 using a band saw. A picture was taken of each fragment with a cm ruler in the frame for reference. The 2-D basic measurements of each fragment was also found, and each frag was labelled with an approximate number of square centimeters 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and +, for all fragments over 3 cm2. These Criteria Weight Cyphastrea Astreopora Montipora Capricornis Capnella sp. Seriatopora hystrix Polyp size/ shape 7 8 6 9 3 4 natural growth rate 7 5 5 7 8 8 original size 5 7 6 10 5 4 potential for reef restoration 7 7 8 6 2 3 Amount in aquatic store 9 2 0 8 6 4 Total 193 163 276 170 161 M i c r o - F r a g m e n t i n g C o r a l | 33 measurements were not used for the actual measurements, only an approximation for identification purposes. The fragments were also labelled with letters, such as 1A, 1B, and so on for individual identification. The identification of each frag was then written on Boston Aqua Farms ceramic reef discs with a graphite pencil. The fragments were then attached to the ceramic reef disks using a small dollo
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You are at:Home»Production»Interview with Soniya Kirpalani: How to make your Documentary… and make a difference
Interview with Soniya Kirpalani: How to make your Documentary… and make a difference
Since winning last year's MIPDoc competition with her film about 17 Indians on death row, the now nearly-finished doc has contributed to their recent release, Kirpalani told MIPBlog.
By James Martin on February 29, 2012 0 Comments
In April 2011, UAE-based Indian film-maker Soniya Kirpalani pitched her documentary, "We, The People", to a room of commissioners, at MIPDoc's CoProduction Challenge. She went on to win the competition, as well as many more worldwide. Now the film is not only nearly finished, but the 17 Indians whose tale it tells have just been released, avoiding the death penalty with which they were threatened for killing a Pakistani man in the UAE.
Kirpalani spoke to MIPBlog about the creative process, getting her film produced, crowdfunding… and making a difference.
MIPBlog: How did winning the MIPDoc CoProduction Challenge help your film?
Soniya Kirpalani: It allowed me to obtain 45% of the film's funding. That wouldn't have happened otherwise. And because it happened at MIPDoc, all the biggest commissioning editors knew who I was. They have kept in touch since, and said they'd like to help me. What's great is the legitimacy of an award like MIPDoc's for getting people to talk to you; that legitimacy shows (TV industry) people that you're part of a good thing.
Why did you choose to make your second film about wrongly-accused Indians in the UAE?
> I always thought I'd do 'softer' films… But this was something I couldn't look away from. Seventeen Indians were to be killed for the murder of one person. That was a shocking thing for us Indians in the UAE; we're quiet people. It rattled me especially because I have a lot of respect for the Sharia law system. It's conservative, but it works.
So I followed up with the families and the trial, as I write for a few publications who had asked me to cover the case. But I sensed that just putting it on paper wouldn't be enough. So I recorded everything in video and audio, including interviews with the accused, and with the first eye witness, who said he didn't identify any of the 17 suspects. When I leaked that video to the internet, a big TV channel (Punjab TV) covered it, albeit in a dismissive way. Still, that made a big difference. Human rights came on board, public opinion was mobilised… the case's profile was raised.
I also saw it as a benchmark case as it could change the plight of Indians in labour camps in the UAE. I discovered there were often multiple sentences for the killing of one person, as it's so hard to identify people in these labour camps. So then the poverty-stricken people who live there saw how they could use the media to get justice done. And I decided to film the documentary both from their point of view, and on the other side from that of the lawyers and human rights organisations fighting for them.
February 8, the accused were let off. How does that make you feel?
> It's great to see how those boys have changed the system. There's still a civil case planned in April, when those who have evidence will have a chance to prove they were innocent. What got them off the death penalty was a compensation deal between the Indian government and the family of the murdered person; the boys 'confessed' for a quick settlement. Still, yes, I'm very happy. But it wasn't just me! It was the local media, who broadcast the material despite the risk of getting arrested. The credit belongs to them. I stirred things up, and jointly – including the UAE police, who gave me access to the prisoners – we made a big difference all together.
We'll be taking the boys back to India in April, then wrapping up the film and aiming to get a rough cut out by June.
What for you were the key steps of getting your documentary funded?
> The first was winning at MIPDoc. It was just a pitch, so we won with a four-minute short: that's all we'd made at that early stage. Almost every channel in that room that day in Cannes showed interest.
The Bertha Foundation went out of its way to get funding for me last year; and my final round should be confirmed soon, by the Bertha Brit Doc fund.
I did seek advice before starting, notably from my director of photography, who agreed to film this difficult subject matter; and from Emily Harris, my editor, who said she'd do it as long as the film was ethical. And Zak Hussein from Ikon helped, by giving me the cameras for the shoot.
We filmed 50-55% of the principle production without calling for any funding. Then I applied for MIPDoc, where I found buyers, support and above all a great litmus test of whether the film would work. Meetings at Good Pitch and Realscreen have also helped further shape the project… and everyone who's promised help has been true to their word.
So now we're 90% into production, I'm looking for final funds. There are always unforseeables, like the boys being set free… or cases where you're not allowed to shoot despite having obtained permission. In which case, we guerrilla shoot!
Have you tried crowdfunding yet? How do you rate it as an efficient fundraiser for film-makers?
> It's a big hope. I'm working on another film, The Veiled Threat, about how women (notably in Muslim countries) want to choose what they wear. So we're looking for moderates to give their position on the subject. That film's getting a lot of crowdfunding already: it's had 97,000 hits in 2 days, and all the comments on that video wanted to know how they could buy the film. So once We, The People is out, I'll put The Veiled Threat on a crowdfunding platform. The only thing is that when you do that, everyone's a stakeholder; that can limit you editorially. But there are upsides too! I often get free taxi rides, where the drivers say "that's to fund the film!" Crowdfunding platforms are also really good for raising awareness.
Find out more about MIPDoc's 2012 competition, the MIPDoc International Pitch, here
Producers attending MIPTV for the first time can do so for half the full price! More here
documentary funding interview MIPDoc
As Head of Social Media for Reed MIDEM, James Martin oversees social strategy and deployment for B2B events MIPTV and MIPCOM, Midem (music industry) and MIPIM & MAPIC (real estate & retail). He is based in Reed MIDEM's Paris office.
MIPTV Conferences focus on the future
MIP Cancun 2021: The Latin American TV Industry together by day and night with warmth and heart

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War Requiem
DramaWar
A movie with no spoken dialogue, it is set against the music and lyrics of Benjamin Britten's "War Requiem" which includes poetry by World War I soldier Wilfred Owen reflecting the horrors o... Read allA movie with no spoken dialogue, it is set against the music and lyrics of Benjamin Britten's "War Requiem" which includes poetry by World War I soldier Wilfred Owen reflecting the horrors of war. There is no linear story or dialogue. It's imagery reflects Owen's story, that of o... Read allA movie with no spoken dialogue, it is set against the music and lyrics of Benjamin Britten's "War Requiem" which includes poetry by World War I soldier Wilfred Owen reflecting the horrors of war. There is no linear story or dialogue. It's imagery reflects Owen's story, that of other soldiers, and a nurse during World War I. It also includes actual footage of contempo... Read all
Derek Jarman
Wilfred Owen(poems)
Nathaniel Parker
Wilfred Owenas Wilfred Owen
The Nurseas The Nurse
The Old Soldieras The Old Soldier
Patricia Hayes
Motheras Mother
Rohan McCullough
Enemy Motheras Enemy Mother
Abrahamas Abraham
Owen Teale
The Unknown Soldieras The Unknown Soldier
The German Soldieras The German Soldier
Alex Jennings
Blinded Soldieras Blinded Soldier
Claire Davenport
Charge Sisteras Charge Sister…
Spencer Leigh
Soldier 1as Soldier 1
Milo Bell
Richard Stirling
Kim Kindersley
Stuart Turton
Lucinda Gane
Nurse 1as Nurse 1
Beverly Seymour
Linda Spurrier
Wilfred Owen(poems) (uncredited)
The Last of England
The Angelic Conversation
In the Shadow of the Sun
Play Me Something
A movie with no spoken dialogue, it is set against the music and lyrics of Benjamin Britten's "War Requiem" which includes poetry by World War I soldier Wilfred Owen reflecting the horrors of war. There is no linear story or dialogue. It's imagery reflects Owen's story, that of other soldiers, and a nurse during World War I. It also includes actual footage of contemporary wars, including World War II, Vietnam, and Angola. —Michel Rudoy <mdrc@hp9000a1.uam.mx>
soldiernursepoetbritish renaissancebritish military85 more
This was Laurence Olivier's final acting role before his death on July 11, 1989 at the age of 82.
Featured in WatchMojo: Top 10 Sean Bean Deaths (2014)
Composed and conducted by Benjamin Britten
Based on poems by Wilfred Owen
Soloists: Galina Vishnevskaya, Peter Pears and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau with The Bach Choir, The London Symphony Orchestra Chorus and Highgate School Choir
Music played by The Melos Ensemble of London and The London Symphony Orchestra
Organist: Simon Preston
Original recording courtesy of The Decca Record Company Limited, England, Catalogue No. 414 383-2
song of madness
Derek Jarman's "War Requiem" is not a movie in the general sense of the term. The only dialogue is at the beginning. From there it's all images of soldiers, set to the tune of Benjamin Britten's* requiem of the same title. I'd say that the movie works as a look at the horrors of war. The focus is World War I, but it includes footage of later wars. The music offers a good contrast to the war, but at the same time it distracts.
This is the first Jarman movie that I've ever seen. It has its merits and its weaknesses. It turned out to be one of Jarman's final movies (he died of an AIDS-related illness in 1994). What the movie should do is force us to take a serious look at WWI. Not only did it senselessly kill millions and create a lost generation, but Versailles Negotiations set the stages for Hitler's rise to power, the Vietnam War, and the current bloodshed in the Middle East.
So the movie does a good job showing the horrors of the war, although I doubt that it's possible to portray to the full extent. It's not clear if Jarman meant for the emphasis to be on the war, or on the operatic soundtrack accompanying the scenes. The result is an OK, not great effort.
PS: Jarman, an openly gay man, fought Thatcher's proposed anti-gay laws in the '80s. I wonder what he would think now that the UK has marriage equality.
*Benjamin Britten's music more recently appeared in Wes Anderson's "Moonrise Kingdom".
lee_eisenberg
January 6, 1989 (United Kingdom)
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What is the English language plot outline for War Requiem (1989)?


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Will Saturday Night Live have a live audience tonight?
AHEAD of its final episode of the year, Saturday Night Live is reportedly making some changes in efforts to keep the cast members safe.
Due to a recent spike in coronavirus cases in New York City, tonight's episode will limit its cast.
Paul Rudd is set to join the Five-Timers Club on SNL
The episode of SNL on December 18, 2021, will not record in front of a live studio audience.
Saturday Night Live took to their Twitter account to make the announcement on Saturday afternoon, 陈述: "Due to the recent spike in the Omicron variant and out of an abundance of caution, there will be no live audience for tonight's taping of 'Saturday Night Live' and the show will have limited cast and crew.
"The show continues to follow all government safety guidelines in addition to a rigorous testing protocol," they continued.
根据 邮政, a few cast members may have allegedly tested positive for the virus, which reportedly has other cast members in fear.
"Everyone is fearful here," an insider reportedly told the Post.
在电视上阅读最多
X-TREMELY DIFFERENT
Cher Lloyd is unrecognisable after finding fame as teen on The X Factor
MAURA TO LOVE
Maura Higgins and Lucie Donlan send temperatures soaring in matching bikinis
NO WAY!
Love Island's Shaughna Phillips shows off weight loss at Spiderman premiere
STRICTLY SCRAMBLE
Strictly forced to make dramatic change to the final after AJ Odudu quits
Who is set to host tonight's episode of Saturday Night Live?
Paul Rudd is set to host tonight's episode of SNL, and will be joining the Five-Timers Club.
Rudd made his first appearance as a host on the sketch comedy show in 2008, followed by hosting gigs in 2010, 2013, 和 2019.
Alongside him will be musical guest Charli XCX, who performed for the first time on the show in 2014.
As it is the last episode of the year and Rudd's induction into the Club, special guests are expected to appear throughout the show.
然而, with the news of the limited cast and live audience closure, it is unclear who will be performing tonight.
What is Saturday Night Live?
Created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ersebol, the show premiered in 1975.
After a quick break from SNL to pursue other opportunities, Michaels returned to his position as showrunner in 1985, where he has remained ever since.
The late-night sketch comedy and variety show features a slew of returning and new cast members each year. Every episode is hosted by a celebrity guest, along with a musical performance.
Broadcast in New York City, SNL is typically recorded in front of a live studio audience.
With the onset of Covid-19, the show has taken precautions in the past to avoid spreading the virus, including no live audience and at-home sketches.
Saturday Night Live has been on for 47 季节信用: 全国广播公司
Where can I watch Saturday Night Live?
季节 47 of SNL premiered on October 2 and fans can watch it live on Saturday nights starting at 11.30pm EST on NBC.
It is available for streaming on Hulu and Peacock.
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Ragab joins Morgan Freeman in "The Story of God"
Ahmed Ragab is the Richard T. Watson Associate Professor of Science and Religion, and affiliate associate professor of the history of science at Harvard University. He received his MD from Cairo University in 2005, and his PhD from the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in Paris in 2010. He is the author of The Medieval Islamic Hospital: Medicine, Religion and Charity (Cambridge University Press, 2015), Piety and Patienthood in Medieval Islam (Routledge Press, 2018), and Medicine and Religion in the Life of an Ottoman Sheikh (Routledge Press, 2018—in press).
He is working on two new book projects. The first, co-authored with Prof. Katharine Park, is entitled Communities of Knowledge: Science in Medieval Europe and Islamdom (Under contract with Princeton University Press), and traces a connected history of science across traditional geographic and temporal boundaries using objects to investigate scientific thought and practice. The second, entitled Around the Clock: Time in Medieval Islamic Clinical Culture (Under contract with Johns Hopkins University Press), analyzes time as an epistemic and cultural category in medical thought and practice.
Medicine and Religion in the Life of an Ottoman Sheikh
In 1768, Aḥmad al-Damanhūrī became the rector (shaykh) of al-Azhar, which was one of the most authoritative and respected positions in the Ottoman Empire. He occupied this position until his death. Despite being a prolific author, whose writings are largely extant, al-Damanhūrī remains almost unknown, and much of his work awaits study and analysis. This book aims to shed light on...
Read more about Medicine and Religion in the Life of an Ottoman Sheikh
The Medieval Islamic Hospital: Medicine, Religion and Charity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
The first monograph on the history of Islamic hospitals, this volume focuses on the under-examined Egyptian...
Read more about The Medieval Islamic Hospital: Medicine, Religion and Charity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Piety and Patienthood in Medieval Islam. London: Routledge Press, 2018.
How did pious medieval Muslims experience health and disease? Rooted in the prophet's experiences with medicine and healing, Muslim pietistic literature developed cosmologies in which physical suffering and medical interventions interacted with religious obligations and spiritual health. This book traces the development of prophetic medical literature and religious writings around health and disease to give a new perspective on how patienthood was conditioned by the intersection of medicine and Islam.
... Read more about Piety and Patienthood in Medieval Islam. London: Routledge Press, 2018.
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Home » Socio Politics » Nurul Izzah Anwar arrested under Sedition Act
Sedition Act
Nurul Izzah Anwar arrested under Sedition Act
Lembah Pantai MP Nurul Izzah Anwar, the eldest daughter of jailed Opposition Leader Anwar Ibrahim, was arrested under the Sedition Act when she turned up at the Dang Wangi police station on Monday, as requested, to give a statement on the KitaLawan rally of March 7. The Lembah Pantai MP has also been asked to help with investigations on the KitaLawan rally of March 7.
"I have been detained under the orders of the Bukit Aman senior assistant director of D5 (Classified Special Unit)," she tweeted. "ASP Muniandy informed me that I was being held under the instructions of Dt Azam."
Nurul, who is also a PKR Vice President, was arrested for a speech she gave in Parliament on behalf of Anwar.
Padang Serai MP N. Surendran, speaking up on behalf of Nurul as her lawyer, warned police that any investigation of her for reading out her father's speech in Parliament was unconstitutional.
He demanded that the investigation be dropped immediately and the Home Minister provide an explanation to the Dewan Rakyat as to how and why such an investigation was sanctioned and commenced.
He urged the Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, in his capacity as chairman of the committee of privileges, to initiate an immediate inquiry into "this blatant breach of parliamentary privilege".
The speech, allegedly an attack on the Judiciary, has since become controversial over its contents.
"The police investigation is also in contempt of the Dewan Rakyat," fumed Surendran. "She read out Opposition Leader Anwar Ibrahim's speech as he's in jail as a political prisoner and prisoner of conscience."
"The police investigation is illegal, unconstitutional and a serious interference with the rights and privileges of Parliament."
Article 63(2) of the Federal Constitution confers immunity from any proceedings in court for anything said by an MP in the Dewan Rakyat.
Subsequent to the May 13 1969 riots, the Constitution was amended to include a new Article 63(4). Article 63(4) provides an exception to the immunity under 63(2) for words uttered by MPs which fall under the Sedition Act 1948.
"But this exception under 63(4) is limited," said Surendran. "Action can only be taken against MPs for words uttered which fall under section 3(1)(f) of the Sedition Act 1948 i.e. on citizenship, the position of Rulers, national language or special position of Malays and the Orang Asal."
In other words, said Surendran, MPs cannot be charged for anything said in Parliament unless they question the foregoing "sensitive'" matters.
Clearly, he added, the speech made by Nurul Izzah on behalf of the Opposition Leader did not touch on any of the matters prohibited by section 3(1)(f) Sedition Act. "Thus, no action or criminal proceeding can be commenced or maintained against her for criticism of the Judiciary."
"The IGP Khalid Bakar and the state police chief are thus in contempt of the Dewan Rakyat for initiating a criminal investigation under the Sedition Act against Nurul Izzah," reiterated Surendran.
"We hold the Home Minister fully responsible for this interference with the Dewan Rakyat as the Minister responsible for the police."
Source: http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/03/16/nurul-izzah-arrested-for-sedition/
← Fake Milo found, Nestlé warns customers Opposition Slammed For Spreading Inaccurate Information On Nurul Izzah's Detention →


text:
Home > Football > Gonzalo Higuain Joins Chelsea on Loan
Gonzalo Higuain Joins Chelsea on Loan
by Sebastian Quinn - 25th January 2019 25th January 2019 0
Chelsea have bolstered their attacking options with the addition of 31-year-old striker Gonzalo Higuain who will remain with the club on loan for the remainder of the season.
The Argentine forward spent the first half of the season on loan at AC Milan after parent club Juventus included him in a deal that saw Leonardo Bonucci return to Allianz Stadium.
Higuain has had a relatively quiet season thus far, scoring just eight goals in 22 appearances, but believes he can recapture his form at Stamford Bridge.
"When the opportunity to join Chelsea presented itself I had to take it. It's a team I've always liked that has a lot of history, a wonderful stadium and they play in the Premier League, a league I've always wanted to play in.
"I now hope I can give back that trust Chelsea have shown me out on the pitch. I can't wait to start and I hope to adapt as soon as possible."
The move comes amidst the news that Krzysztof Piatek will be joining AC Milan from Genoa for a reported £31million.
The Polish striker has scored 19 goals in 21 games this season and would likely immediately start for Gennaro Gattuso's men.
⚽🏃🏽♂💪😃 @chelseafc
A post shared by Higuain (@ghiguain20_9) on Jan 24, 2019 at 7:38am PST
Higuain meanwhile will wear the number nine jersey and has previously worked with Maurizio Sarri, with the forward scoring 36 goals in 35 league games under the Italian manager during the 2015/16 season.
"Maurizio Sarri is the coach who, in my career, has got the best out of me as a player. He's someone who knew how to work with me, particularly on the emotional side.
"It was a fantastic year for myself and Maurizio, and a period which we shared together, even though it was a short time. Now I'm just happy to be working with him again at a big club like Chelsea which has all the history and wonderful team-mates
"I think everything is set on the right path to achieve our goals by the end of the season."
Sarri was quick to praise Higuain with his side now preparing to face Manchester City in the Carabao Cup Final.
"He's a very strong striker, especially in my first season in Napoli he did very well.
"For sure he is one of the best strikers in my career."
💪⚽🔵⚪!!! #wearegoingtowembley #nosvamosawembley #finalcarabaocup2019
A post shared by Higuain (@ghiguain20_9) on Jan 24, 2019 at 3:13pm PST
Blues Director Marina Granovskaia noted that Higuain has been a transfer target in the past for Chelsea and could be what to catch Spurs, who sit four points ahead of Maurizio Sarri's side.
'Gonzalo was our number one target in this transfer window and arrives with a proven record at the highest level. He has previously worked with Maurizio to great effect and is familiar with how the coach likes to play.
'This was not an easy deal for us to do because of the numerous parties involved, but we are delighted we were able to make it happen and we look forward to seeing the impact Gonzalo will make for us in the second half of the season.'
The Blues will host Sheffield Wednesday this Sunday in the FA Cup and then travel to the south of England as they visit Bournemouth mid-week in the Premier League.
Let me know your thoughts on the move on Twitter! Can Higuain excel despite the slow season in Milan?
READ: Jose Mourinho's Appointment, a blessing for all parties, even Mauricio Pochettino.
Tagged Chelsea Football Gonzalo Higuain Maurizio Sarri Napoli Premier League
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text:
package com.hazelcast.client.impl.protocol.codec;

import com.hazelcast.client.impl.protocol.ClientMessage;
import com.hazelcast.client.impl.protocol.Generated;
import com.hazelcast.client.impl.protocol.codec.builtin.*;
import com.hazelcast.client.impl.protocol.codec.custom.*;

import javax.annotation.Nullable;

import static com.hazelcast.client.impl.protocol.ClientMessage.*;
import static com.hazelcast.client.impl.protocol.codec.builtin.FixedSizeTypesCodec.*;

/*
 * This file is auto-generated by the Hazelcast Client Protocol Code Generator.
 * To change this file, edit the templates or the protocol
 * definitions on the https://github.com/hazelcast/hazelcast-client-protocol
 * and regenerate it.
 */

/**
 * Commits the global transaction specified by xid.
 */
@Generated("e5abf7fde81bf0dd1f98cc49091cbbe0")
public final class XATransactionCommitCodec {
    //hex: 0x140400
    public static final int REQUEST_MESSAGE_TYPE = 1311744;
    //hex: 0x140401
    public static final int RESPONSE_MESSAGE_TYPE = 1311745;
    private static final int REQUEST_TRANSACTION_ID_FIELD_OFFSET = PARTITION_ID_FIELD_OFFSET + INT_SIZE_IN_BYTES;
    private static final int REQUEST_ONE_PHASE_FIELD_OFFSET = REQUEST_TRANSACTION_ID_FIELD_OFFSET + UUID_SIZE_IN_BYTES;
    private static final int REQUEST_INITIAL_FRAME_SIZE = REQUEST_ONE_PHASE_FIELD_OFFSET + BOOLEAN_SIZE_IN_BYTES;
    private static final int RESPONSE_INITIAL_FRAME_SIZE = RESPONSE_BACKUP_ACKS_FIELD_OFFSET + BYTE_SIZE_IN_BYTES;

    private XATransactionCommitCodec() {
    }

    @edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings({"URF_UNREAD_PUBLIC_OR_PROTECTED_FIELD"})
    public static class RequestParameters {

        /**
         * The internal Hazelcast transaction id.
         */
        public java.util.UUID transactionId;

        /**
         * If true, the prepare is also done.
         */
        public boolean onePhase;
    }

    public static ClientMessage encodeRequest(java.util.UUID transactionId, boolean onePhase) {
        ClientMessage clientMessage = ClientMessage.createForEncode();
        clientMessage.setRetryable(false);
        clientMessage.setOperationName("XATransaction.Commit");
        ClientMessage.Frame initialFrame = new ClientMessage.Frame(new byte[REQUEST_INITIAL_FRAME_SIZE], UNFRAGMENTED_MESSAGE);
        encodeInt(initialFrame.content, TYPE_FIELD_OFFSET, REQUEST_MESSAGE_TYPE);
        encodeInt(initialFrame.content, PARTITION_ID_FIELD_OFFSET, -1);
        encodeUUID(initialFrame.content, REQUEST_TRANSACTION_ID_FIELD_OFFSET, transactionId);
        encodeBoolean(initialFrame.content, REQUEST_ONE_PHASE_FIELD_OFFSET, onePhase);
        clientMessage.add(initialFrame);
        return clientMessage;
    }

    public static XATransactionCommitCodec.RequestParameters decodeRequest(ClientMessage clientMessage) {
        ClientMessage.ForwardFrameIterator iterator = clientMessage.frameIterator();
        RequestParameters request = new RequestParameters();
        ClientMessage.Frame initialFrame = iterator.next();
        request.transactionId = decodeUUID(initialFrame.content, REQUEST_TRANSACTION_ID_FIELD_OFFSET);
        request.onePhase = decodeBoolean(initialFrame.content, REQUEST_ONE_PHASE_FIELD_OFFSET);
        return request;
    }

    public static ClientMessage encodeResponse() {
        ClientMessage clientMessage = ClientMessage.createForEncode();
        ClientMessage.Frame initialFrame = new ClientMessage.Frame(new byte[RESPONSE_INITIAL_FRAME_SIZE], UNFRAGMENTED_MESSAGE);
        encodeInt(initialFrame.content, TYPE_FIELD_OFFSET, RESPONSE_MESSAGE_TYPE);
        clientMessage.add(initialFrame);

        return clientMessage;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Books & toys waiting at your destination.
Where to go and what to do in the neighborhood.
Sunrooms, surfboards, and sweeping backyards.
Browse new additions, last-minute deals, and special offers right from your inbox.
The owners had left not only a couple of city guides, but a hand-drawn map of the café-rich local area, Amsterdam-Zuid, picking out their own favorite things to do and eat: apple pie and playgrounds featured heavily. They'd also left a note on the well-stocked fridge telling us to help ourselves.
Kid & Coe has properties that put children first... Breathe a motherly sigh of relief at houses and apartments with toy-filled children bedrooms and grassy backyards approved for play.
Our Kid & Coe home had a personality informed by its inhabitants. I think the boys slept soundly because they were in a room designed for children and full of beloved toys and books. They felt at home immediately.


text:
Bill O'Reilly defends himself in tense interview with Matt Lauer
From the moment he was sacked at Fox News earlier this year, Bill O'Reilly has vowed payback. He's insisted that the same "far left" forces he spent years railing against on his nightly program helped amplify the allegations of sexual harassment against him, and that the claims themselves were bogus.
Now, with a book to promote and redemption on his mind, O'Reilly is on the offensive.
"My conscience is clear," O'Reilly said Tuesday in an interview with "Today" show co-host Matt Lauer. "What I have done is organized a legal team to get the truth to the American people."
In his interview with Lauer, O'Reilly was at turns terse and combative. He once again denied the allegations that had been levied against him, and claimed that he had never once had a complaint filed to human resources against him in his 42–year-long career.
Even if that is true, though, it omits one important detail: O'Reilly, Fox News and its parent company 21st Century Fox settled lawsuits with at least five different women who accused him of sexual harassment or inappropriate behavior. One of the women had made recordings of some of the offending conversations, the New York Times has reported.
After a long reign as the top-rated host on all of cable news, O'Reilly was let go by Fox News in April following a report in the Times that brought the settlements to light.
O'Reilly told Lauer that Fox executives gave him "no reason" for the firing.
"They had a contractual clause that they could pay me a certain amount of money and not put me on the air, and they exercised that," O'Reilly said.
The bombshell report by the Times prompted dozens of sponsors to leave his now-canceled show, "The O'Reilly Factor." O'Reilly said Tuesday that the advertiser boycott, which he blamed on a variety of liberal groups like Media Matters and Color of Change, was the primary factor in his ouster.
"Is this a vast left-wing conspiracy?" Lauer asked incredulously.
"Not vast," O'Reilly shot back. "And don't be sarcastic."
He once again promised more information on the forces that engineered the advertising boycott. And while O'Reilly has consistently portrayed this information as secret and hidden, the liberal groups that called for his firing have happily promoted their efforts.
"We'll be able to prove what we say," O'Reilly told Lauer. "There are more things to come."
O'Reilly's revenge tour began Monday morning, a day before the latest book in his blockbuster "Killing" series, "Killing England," was due to hit shelves.
"[I]t is necessary to expose the evil in play in this country," he said on Twitter. "More to come."
CNNMoney (New York) First published September 19, 2017: 12:00 PM ET


2. C. W. Martin, Hist. and Description of Leeds Castle, 174; Add. 5520, ff. 13–16; 4236, f. 12; DNB (Colepeper, Thomas); Dering Pprs. ed. Bond, 113; PCC 242 Nabbs; Stowe 745, f. 60; Arch. Cant. v. 40; Luttrell, Brief Relation, iv.144; Post Man, 26–28 Nov. 1696; J. R. Twisden, Fam. of Twysden, 296–7.
3. Info. from Prof. N. Landau; CSP Dom. 1679–80, p. 286; 1685, p. 165; 1687–9, pp. 141, 228; 1693, p. 212; 1694–5, p. 19; 1700–2, p. 250; Duckett, Penal Laws and Test Act (1882), 348, 354, 360; Add. 61458, f. 160; L. K. J. Glassey, Appt. JPs, 176; Party and Management ed. C. Jones, 80.
4. Boyer, Pol. State, xxv. 570; PCC 94 Richmond.


ConnectUni is a social media platform which exists to make university life easier for both university students, and college students applying through UCAS.
- The ConnectUni platform helps students meet new people. They can interact with other students in several ways, such as public statuses or private messaging.
- ConnectUni's mapping system shows other students in the area; helping students find other students in their local area and make friends before university starts.
- ConnectUni collates information from some of the largest online housing providers and work with estate agents to bring students the best housing offers around their chosen university.
- ConnectUni shows students the latest jobs being advertised in their local area from online job boards and local recruitment companies, giving them the best chance of finding a job that fits in with their studies.
ConnectUni was built with the Laravel PHP framework. The core of ConnectUni's client side functionality and client-server communication was built with Vue.js and Vue-Resource respectively. ConnectUni also makes use of frameworks and libraries such as Moment.js for timezone and date manipulation, Underscore.js for it's convenient collection-style method chaining, and several custom-build components, such as a grid system.
The ConnectUni web app is also both fully responsive. The decision was made to create a responsive web app because it meant the largest number of people could access ConnectUni regardless of their chosen hardware. Because ConnectUni is accessible almost everywhere from a single code base, support, issues, bug fixes, and features can be released much more quickly.


Blazing Villas is located only footsteps from Pineapple Beach and is surrounded by lush tropical gardens.
The Cloud 9 Villa consists of 3 bedrooms, 2 of which have king size beds, one bedroom has 2 double beds, 4 marble bathrooms, large living dining room with queen sleeper sofa, fully equipped kitchen and a large atrium garden patio with outside dining area and gas grill.
Cloud 9 Villa has just been totally renovated in January 2017. We renovated the roof for further insulation and in our quest to make this villa as "green" as possible. Motorized retractable awnings provide shade in the private patio garden. Kitchen is equipped with the latest appliances, including dishwasher, wine cellar, blender, coffee machine, gas stove and oven, side by side refrigerator/freezer.
LCD HD TV's, stereo system with ipod attachment, DVD player and energy saving appliances complete the efficiency and beauty of this villa. Wireless internet throughout the villa will keep you connected to the world while you enjoy island life. Cordless phone in every room.
From luxurious linens to high end mattresses and comfortable furniture, no detail was left out to make this villa truly a first class experience.
All towels, linens, cookware provided. Snorkel gear available upon request. Full kitchen furnished with refrigerator/freezer, microwave, coffee machine, oven, stove, blender. Housekeeping Service provided daily Monday through Saturday.
Full villa consists of 3 bedrooms, 4 full bathrooms, living/dining room, full kitchen, garden patio @ $550.00 per night.
All rates are subject to 12.5% Government Hotel Tax.
A $ 150.00 Cleaning fee and $200.00 refundable damage deposit will be added.


In every country, it is very important that you have the alcohol and beverage license for restaurants, liquor stores and bars. Once you serve alcohol, you are required to have a alcohol & beverage license. It is the government's responsibility to make sure that all the establishments that offer alcohol have their license. The guidelines may vary in obtaining the liquor license but for the restaurants, there are general laws that you need to follow in order to maintain and receive the liquor license. You need a permit in Cooper City, in Hollywood, Miami shore, and in Miami, – everywhere in Florida, you need a permit to offer alcohol and beverages.
The Florida Land Use Consultants can help and assist you with the permit that you need. Each province or city has categorized liquor licenses in specific classes or licenses. In general, it can include: licenses for the restaurants, special event licenses, hotels, license for bars or clubs and many more. It depends on the province on how the establishment is classified. The main purpose of the license is to make sure that the liquor is managed responsibly. In some provinces, the liquor is categorized in alcohol and beverages including wine, beer, liquors, spirits as well as coolers.
If you are planning to have a restaurant or a bar and you will serve alcohol and beverages, then you need a permit for the liquors. This is a must and everyone should follow this rule to avoid certain issues regarding legality. There are specific licenses for everything and it is important for everyone to know that. If you want to be sure, you can ask the government assistance or the Florida Land Use Consultant to know the license and permit before you start your business. This is the only way that you can be sure to avoid headaches and problems in the future.
If you want to be sure, always know the liquor laws in your city or province where you are staying in or where you are planning to have your business. They created the permit to ensure that only those who are qualified can have the chance to sell or offer alcohol and beverages. You need a permit to offer and sell the alcohol and beverages and you must pass the requirements first to obtain that permit. The alcohol and beverages license for the restaurants and bars are an important factor that every business owner should consider.


I absolutely fell in love with the use of purple, lavender & white for John & Carolyn's wedding. So pretty and so clean looking! The Peony Room did an amazing job. Enjoy these beautiful images by Corina V. Photography.


Disclaimer: At this point in the podcast we were still experimenting with format and style. The Vertigo review has spoilers and should be skipped over if you haven't seen the film. From episode 11 onwards all weekly shows are spoiler free and deep spoiler discussions can be found on their own dedicated show.


text:
550 East Boughton Rd. Suite 170, Bolingbrook, IL 60440
Shingles Treatment Experts in Bolingbrook, Illinois
What is Shingles?
Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral infection that can occur anywhere on the body in the form of a line of blisters on the torso. Shingles is usually painful and also contagious. The cause of shingles is believed to be the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox. Anyone who has had chickenpox also has the varicella-zoster virus, which remains dormant except for its outbreak as shingles.
Someone who has contracted shingles can transmit the virus to anyone who is not immune to chickenpox; that is, anyone who has not had a vaccination. In those people, the virus is spread through direct contact with the shingles. Interestingly, the direct contact results in chickenpox, but not shingles.
Shingles is usually localized around the trunk of the body and presents itself as a very painful red rash accompanied by numbness and/or a tingling sensation.
Other symptoms include:
Fever and/or chills
Fluid-filled blisters
Severe itching
Those who are at greater risk for shingles are:
People over age 50
People with compromised immune systems (due to life-threatening illnesses such as cancer or leukemia)
People who are not immune to chickenpox
The best defense against shingles is the chickenpox vaccine. Once shingles has appeared, however, treatment options include:
Prescription antiviral drugs such as acyclovir (Zovirax), valacyclovir (Valtrex), and famciclovir (Famvir)
Numbing creams or sprays
Get Shingles treatment at Bolingbrook, Illinois
Have questions about Shingles? Contact us for a consult.


text:
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When Arch was but a young lad, he had vastly different dreams. He wanted to be a rock 'n roller. And he wanted to make a post-modern rock opera about making a post-modern rock opera. So he put together a band in the old city by the old lake. Now, putting together a band and trying to write a rock opera doesn't always live up to one's expectations, sweet reader. As the story goes, it turns out that Arch was less well-prepared for this task – not the music itself, but managing a group of musicalities with their attached personalities proved a difficult challenge. It might be that this idealism – "we're gonna do this my way, we're gonna make a post-modern rock opera, and you fuckers are gonna like it" – portended the difficulties Arch would later experience when plying his trade as a radical venture capitalist. In any case, this song, collected from Arch's unfinished rock opera "Sluggerhand", is a potent example of the disappointment of a failed project being more powerful than the project itself. Notice how this song, ostensibly about the failure of rock music, is a more straight and successful specimen of rock music than most of a truth called nothing's other works.


) è un media franchise, composto da sei serie anime e quattro manga: Yu- Gi- Oh! " King of Games" ) is a Japanese manga series about gaming written March 8, 1996 , illustrated by Kazuki was serialized in Shueisha' s Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine between September 30 . Zexal produced by Nihon Ad Systems TV Tokyo.
Zexal II ( 遊☆ 戯☆ 王ZEXAL II ( セカンド), Yūgiō Zearu Sekando) is the continuation of the Yu- Gi- Oh! Yugi awakens a gambling alter- ego within his body. Anime/ Manga: Yu- Gi- Oh! VRAINS; da non dimenticare il merchandising correlato, che va dal gioco di carte collezionabili ai videogiochi e ai giocattoli. ( 遊☆ 戯☆ 王 Yū☆ Gi☆ Ō? Yu gi oh zexal manga here. Like the original this series is directed by Satoshi Kuwahara produced by Studio Gallop.
( 遊☆ 戯☆ 王, Yū- Gi- Ō! 5D' s, Yu- Gi- Oh! The anime aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between October 7 to March 23 in a different time. Legacy of the Duelist is the first Yu- Gi- Oh! Anime television series, Yu- Gi- Oh! Come in to read write, review interact with other fans.
ZEXAL fanfiction archive with over 2, 674 stories. Zexal, Yu- Gi- Oh!
The plot follows the story of a boy named Yugi Mutou, who solves the ancient Millennium Puzzle. Game released for eighth- generation consoles developed by Other Ocean Interactive Published by Konami. Yu gi oh zexal manga here. Il cui manga ha dato inizio al media franchise, di Kazuki Takahashi Yu- Gi- Oh!
Arc- V e Yu- Gi- Oh!


text:
Danbury Mayor: Seasoned Police Hires Will Give the City 'A Leg Up'
Danbury Police Department
The Danbury Police Department recently hired 9 new police officers.
"New" probably isn't the right way to describe them, they are "lateral transfers" meaning they were police officers elsewhere. The hires are not just getting attention here in the Hat City, but also in the Big City. According to the NY Post, 6 of the 9 officers are former NYPD officers who are leaving a department where "morale is horrible."
The December 11, 2022 New York Post article talks about systemic problems in the NYPD and points out how officers could easily benefit by leaving to take jobs in smaller cities and towns. I don't want to sound insensitive but the "morale" in NYC is the city's problem. Danbury has its own issues and could stand to benefit from officers who have been around the block.
We spoke to Danbury Mayor Dean Esposito about the new personnel on our sister station on Thursday (12/8/22) and he told us the following:
"It's a really good group of seasoned group of officers that are coming. They're called lateral transfers, they are coming from different departments but that gives us a leg up actually because they are already pre-trained. They'll go through a little bit of a process with us but it's a diverse group and it represents the City of Danbury, really good. You know, as I said in the beginning, my goal is to build that department to the max. Right now, on contract, our max is 160, as far as staffing. We're at 145 I think, right now but the goal is to max out on our staffing and keep the people of the city safe."
The Mayor is walking the walk on this issue. During his campaign, Mayor Esposito was steadfast in his support for the Danbury Police Department. He made it clear that he intended to get the department what it needed, to keep residents safe.
Poll Ranks Greater-Danbury Towns 1-7 for Traffic Problems, Hat City Wins + Loses
Recently, I ran a poll to find out which town has the worst traffic problems in the Greater-Danbury area. I set out to rank the towns in order of the aggravation.
The towns up for consideration were:
The respondents were all current or former residents of the Greater-Danbury Area. I also made sure that I gathered some hilarious comments. #1 is the worst, having the most complaints and #7 is the best of the towns, receiving the least complaints. I counted all the votes from the respondents, and this is how it all worked out.
Source: Danbury Mayor: Seasoned Police Hires Will Give the City 'A Leg Up'


Skeincoin (SKC) is a cryptocurrency. Users are able to generate SKC through the process of mining. Skeincoin has a current supply of 16,681,259 SKC with 13,593,150 SKC in circulation. The last known price of Skeincoin is 0.026382 USD and is down 1.21% over the last 24 hours. It is currently trading on 2 active market(s) with 1 USD traded over the last 24 hours. More information can be found at http://skeincoin.co/.