text:
Commonwealth (in four states)
Federated state
584,153 (Wyoming) – 38,802,500 (California)[1]
1,214 square miles (3,140 km2) (Rhode Island) – 663,268 square miles (1,717,860 km2) (Alaska)[2]
County (or equivalent)
of the United States
First level
Territory (Commonwealth)
Indian reservation (List) / Hawaiian home land / Alaska Native Tribal Entity / Pueblo / Off-reservation trust land
County / Parish / Borough
Unorganized Borough / Census Area / Villages / District (USVI) / District (AS)
Consolidated city-county
Unorganized Atoll
State-recognized tribes
Cities, towns, and villages
Civil township
Consolidated city-township
Survey township
Fourth level
Protected Areas (Conservation district, National Monument, National Parks)
Congressional district
Homeowner association
Associated State
Federal Enclave
Unincorporated area
A U.S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are bound together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a defined geographic territory, and shares its sovereignty with the United States federal government. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside.[3] State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders (e.g., paroled convicts and children of divorced spouses who are sharing custody).
States range in population from just under 600,000 (Wyoming) to over 38 million (California), and in area from 1,214 square miles (3,140 km2) (Rhode Island) to 663,268 square miles (1,717,860 km2) (Alaska). Four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names.
States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local governmental authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state. State governments are allocated power by the people (of each respective state) through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in republican principles, and each provides for a government, consisting of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.[4]
States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution; among them ratifying constitutional amendments. Historically, the tasks of local law enforcement, public education, public health, regulating intrastate commerce, and local transportation and infrastructure have generally been considered primarily state responsibilities, although all of these now have significant federal funding and regulation as well. Over time, the U.S. Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the federal government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a continuing debate over states' rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states' powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government and the rights of individuals.
States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House. Members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census.[5] Each state is also entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the President of the United States, equal to the total of representatives and senators from that state.[6]
The Constitution grants to Congress[7] the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959.
The Constitution is silent on the question of whether states have the power to secede (withdraw) from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, held that a state cannot unilaterally do so.[8][9]
States of the United States
For more details on each U.S. state, see List of states and territories of the United States.
The 50 U.S. states, in alphabetical order, along with each state's flag:
A map of the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C., the nation's capital.
Main articles: State governments of the United States and Comparison of U.S. state governments
As sovereign entities, each of the 50 states reserves the right to organize its individual government in any way (within the broad parameters set by the U.S. Constitution) deemed appropriate by its people. As a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance. No two state governments are identical.
The government of each state is structured in accordance with its individual constitution. Many of these documents are more detailed and more elaborate than their federal counterpart. The Constitution of Alabama, for example, contains 310,296 words – more than 40 times as many as the U.S. Constitution.[10] In practice, each state has adopted a three-branch system of government, modeled after the federal government, and consisting of three branches (although the three-branch structure is not required): executive, legislative, and judicial.[10][11]
In each state, the chief executive is called the governor, who serves as both head of state and head of government. The governor may approve or veto bills passed by the state legislature, as well as push for the passage of bills supported by the party of the Governor. In 43 states, governors have line item veto power.[12]
Most states have a "plural executive" in which two or more members of the executive branch are elected directly by the people. Such additional elected officials serve as members of the executive branch, but are not beholden to the governor and the governor cannot dismiss them. For example, the attorney general is elected, rather than appointed, in 43 of the 50 U.S. states.
The legislatures of 49 of the 50 states are made up of two chambers: a lower house (termed the House of Representatives, State Assembly, General Assembly or House of Delegates) and a smaller upper house, always termed the Senate. The exception is the unicameral Nebraska Legislature, which is composed of only a single chamber.
Most states have part-time legislatures, while six of the most populated states have full-time legislatures. However, several states with high population have short legislative sessions, including Texas and Florida.[13]
In Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964), the U.S. Supreme Court held that all states are required to elect their legislatures in such a way as to afford each citizen the same degree of representation (the one person, one vote standard). In practice, most states choose to elect legislators from single-member districts, each of which has approximately the same population. Some states, such as Maryland and Vermont, divide the state into single- and multi-member districts, in which case multi-member districts must have proportionately larger populations, e.g., a district electing two representatives must have approximately twice the population of a district electing just one. If the governor vetoes legislation, all legislatures may override it, usually, but not always, requiring a two-thirds majority.
In 2013, there were a total of 7,383 legislators in the 50 state legislative bodies. They earned from $0 annually (New Mexico) to $90,526 (California). There were various per diem and mileage compensation.[14]
States can also organize their judicial systems differently from the federal judiciary, as long as they protect the federal constitutional right of their citizens to procedural due process. Most have a trial level court, generally called a District Court, Superior Court or Circuit Court, a first-level appellate court, generally called a Court of Appeal (or Appeals), and a Supreme Court. However, Oklahoma and Texas have separate highest courts for criminal appeals. In New York State the trial court is called the Supreme Court; appeals are then taken to the Supreme Court's Appellate Division, and from there to the Court of Appeals.
Most states base their legal system on English common law (with substantial indigenous changes and incorporation of certain civil law innovations), with the notable exception of Louisiana, a former French colony, which draws large parts of its legal system from French civil law.
Only a few states choose to have the judges on the state's courts serve for life terms. In most of the states the judges, including the justices of the highest court in the state, are either elected or appointed for terms of a limited number of years, and are usually eligible for re-election or reappointment.
States as unitary systems
All states have unitary governments, and ultimately, local governments within each state are subject to the central authority of that particular state. State governments commonly delegate some authority to local units and channel policy decisions down to them for implementation.[15] In a few states, local units of government are permitted a degree of home rule over various matters. The prevailing legal theory of state preeminence over local governments, referred to as Dillon's Rule, holds that,
A municipal corporation possesses and can exercise the following powers and no others: First, those granted in express words; second, those necessarily implied or necessarily incident to the powers expressly granted; third, those absolutely essential to the declared objects and purposes of the corporation-not simply convenient but indispensible; fourth, any fair doubt as to the existence of a power is resolved by the courts against the corporation-against the existence of the powers.[16]
Each state defines for itself what powers it will allow local governments. Generally, four categories of power may be given to local jurisdictions:
Structural – power to choose the form of government, charter and enact charter revisions,
Functional – power to exercise local self government in a broad or limited manner,
Fiscal – authority to determine revenue sources, set tax rates, borrow funds and other related financial activities,
Personnel – authority to set employment rules, remuneration rates, employment conditions and collective bargaining.[17]
Among states
Each state admitted to the Union by Congress since 1789 has entered it on an equal footing with the original States in all respects.[18] With the growth of states' rights advocacy during the antebellum period, the Supreme Court asserted, in Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan (1845), that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality.[19]
Under Article Four of the United States Constitution, which outlines the relationship between the states, each state is required to give full faith and credit to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts and criminal judgments, and before 1865, slavery status. Regardless of the Full Faith and Credit Clause, some legal arrangements, such as professional licensure and marriages, may be state-specific, and until recently states have not been found by the courts to be required to honor such arrangements from other states.[20]
Such legal acts are nevertheless often recognized state-to-state according to the common practice of comity. States are prohibited from discriminating against citizens of other states with respect to their basic rights, under the Privileges and Immunities Clause. Under the Extradition Clause, a state must extradite people located there who have fled charges of "treason, felony, or other crimes" in another state if the other state so demands. The principle of hot pursuit of a presumed felon and arrest by the law officers of one state in another state are often permitted by a state.[21]
With the consent of Congress, states may enter into interstate compacts, agreements between two or more states. Compacts are frequently used to manage a shared resource, such as transportation infrastructure or water rights.[22]
With the federal government
Every state is guaranteed[23] a form of government that is grounded in republican principles, such as the consent of the governed.[24] This guarantee has long been at the fore-front of the debate about the rights of citizens vis-à-vis the government. States are also guaranteed protection from invasion, and, upon the application of the state legislature (or executive, if the legislature cannot be convened), from domestic violence. This provision was discussed during the 1967 Detroit riot, but was not invoked.
As with state elections, elections for the federal government are generally administered by each state, and some voting rules and procedures may differ among states.[25] In the federal Congress, each state is guaranteed two U.S. Senators, and at least one U.S. Representative from that state. The number of U.S. Representatives is limited to 435. These representatives are elected for two-year terms and are apportioned by relative population among the states every ten years. The U.S. Electoral College elects the president every four years and the states select the electors, which for each state's delegation are equal to its number of senators and representatives.
Since the early 20th century, the Supreme Court has interpreted the Commerce Clause of the Constitution of the United States to allow greatly expanded scope of federal power over time, at the expense of powers formerly considered purely states' matters. The Cambridge Economic History of the United States says, "On the whole, especially after the mid-1880s, the Court construed the Commerce Clause in favor of increased federal power."[26] In Wickard v. Filburn 317 U.S. 111 (1942), the court expanded federal power to regulate the economy by holding that federal authority under the commerce clause extends to activities which may appear to be local in nature but in reality effect the entire national economy and are therefore of national concern.[27]
For example, Congress can regulate railway traffic across state lines, but it may also regulate rail traffic solely within a state, based on the reality that intrastate traffic still affects interstate commerce. In recent years, the Court has tried to place limits on the Commerce Clause in such cases as United States v. Lopez and United States v. Morrison.
Another example of congressional power is its spending power – the ability of Congress to impose taxes and distribute the resulting revenue back to the states (subject to conditions set by Congress).[28] An example of this is the system of federal aid for highways, which include the Interstate Highway System. The system is mandated and largely funded by the federal government, and also serves the interests of the states. By threatening to withhold federal highway funds, Congress has been able to pressure state legislatures to pass a variety of laws. An example is the nationwide legal drinking age of 21, enacted by each state, brought about by the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. Although some objected that this infringes on states' rights, the Supreme Court upheld the practice as a permissible use of the Constitution's Spending Clause in South Dakota v. Dole 483 U.S. 203 (1987).
Further information: Federalism in the United States
Admission into the Union
Main article: Admission to the Union
U.S. states by date of statehood.
The order in which the original 13 states ratified the constitution, then the order in which the others were admitted to the union. (Click to see animation)
Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the U.S. Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states.[19] It also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and Congress. This caveat was designed to give Eastern states that still had Western land claims (there were 4 in 1787), to have a veto over whether their western counties could become states,[18] and has served this same function since, whenever a proposal to partition an existing state or states in order that a region within might either join another state or to create a new state has come before Congress.
Most of the states admitted to the Union after the original 13 have been created from organized territories established and governed by Congress in accord with its plenary power under Article IV, Section 3, Clause 2.[29] The outline for this process was established by the Northwest Ordinance (1787), which predates the ratification of the Constitution. In some cases, an entire territory has become a state; in others some part of a territory has.
When the people of a territory make their desire for statehood known to the federal government, Congress may pass an enabling act authorizing the people of that territory to organize a constitutional convention to write a state constitution as a step towards admission to the Union. Each act details the mechanism by which the territory will be admitted as a state following ratification of their constitution and election of state officers. Although the use of an enabling act is a traditional historic practice, a number of territories have drafted constitutions for submission to Congress absent an enabling act and were subsequently admitted. Upon acceptance of that constitution, and upon meeting any additional Congressional stipulations, Congress has always admitted that territory as a state.
In addition to the original 13, six subsequent states were never an organized territory of the federal government, or part of one, before being admitted to the Union. Three were set off from an already existing state, two entered the Union after having been sovereign states, and one was established from unorganized territory:
California, 1850, from land ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.[30][31][32]
Kentucky, 1792, from Virginia (District of Kentucky: Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties)[30][31][33]
Maine, 1820, from Massachusetts (District of Maine)[30][31][33]
Texas, 1845, previously the Republic of Texas[30][31][34]
Vermont, 1791, previously the Vermont Republic (also known as the New Hampshire Grants and claimed by New York)[30][31][35]
West Virginia, 1863, from Virginia (Trans-Allegheny region counties) during the Civil War[31][33][36]
Congress is under no obligation to admit states, even in those areas whose population expresses a desire for statehood. Such has been the case numerous times during the nation's history. In one instance, Mormon pioneers in Salt Lake City sought to establish the state of Deseret in 1849. It existed for slightly over two years and was never approved by the United States Congress. In another, leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) in Indian Territory proposed to establish the state of Sequoyah in 1905, as a means to retain control of their lands.[37] The proposed constitution ultimately failed in the U.S. Congress. Instead, the Indian Territory, along with Oklahoma Territory were both incorporated into the new state of Oklahoma in 1907. The first instance occurred while the nation still operated under the Articles of Confederation. The State of Franklin existed for several years, not long after the end of the American Revolution, but was never recognized by the Confederation Congress, which ultimately recognized North Carolina's claim of sovereignty over the area. The territory comprising Franklin later became part of the Southwest Territory, and ultimately the state of Tennessee.
Additionally, the entry of several states into the Union was delayed due to distinctive complicating factors. Among them, Michigan Territory, which petitioned Congress for statehood in 1835, was not admitted to the Union until 1837, due to a boundary dispute with the adjoining state of Ohio. The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837, but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years.[38] Also, statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years (1854–61) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions.
Further information: Historic regions of the United States and List of U.S. state partition proposals
Possible new states
Main articles: Political status of Puerto Rico and Proposed political status for Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico referred to itself as the "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" in the English version of its constitution, and as "Estado Libre Asociado" (literally, Associated Free State) in the Spanish version.
As with any non-state territory of the United States, its residents do not have voting representation in the federal government. Puerto Rico has limited representation in the U.S. Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a delegate with limited voting rights in the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, and no voting rights otherwise.[39]
A non-binding referendum on statehood, independence, or a new option for an associated territory (different from the current status) was held on November 6, 2012. Sixty one percent (61%) of voters chose the statehood option, while one third of the ballots were submitted blank.[40][41]
On December 11, 2012, the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution requesting the President and the Congress of the United States to respond to the referendum of the people of Puerto Rico, held on November 6, 2012, to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a State.[42]
Main article: District of Columbia statehood movement
The intention of the Founding Fathers was that the United States capital should be at a neutral site, not giving favor to any existing state; as a result, the District of Columbia was created in 1800 to serve as the seat of government. The inhabitants of the District do not have full representation in Congress or a sovereign elected government (they were allotted presidential electors by the 23rd amendment, and have a non-voting delegate in Congress).
Some residents of the District support statehood of some form for that jurisdiction – either statehood for the whole district or for the inhabited part, with the remainder remaining under federal jurisdiction.
Various proposals to divide California, usually involving splitting the south half from the north or the urban coastline from the rest of the state, have been advanced since the 1850s.[43] Similarly, numerous proposals to divide New York, all of which involve to some degree the separation of New York City from the rest of the state, have been promoted over the past several decades.[44] The partitioning of either state is, at the present, highly unlikely.
Other even less likely possible new states are Guam and the Virgin Islands, both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States. Also, either the Northern Mariana Islands or American Samoa, an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could seek statehood.
Further information: 51st state
Secession from the Union
Main article: Secession in the United States
The Constitution is silent on the issue of the secession of a state from the union. However, its predecessor document, the Articles of Confederation, stated that the United States "shall be perpetual." The question of whether or not individual states held the right to unilateral secession remained a difficult and divisive one until the American Civil War. In 1860 and 1861, eleven southern states seceded, but following their defeat in the American Civil War were brought back into the Union during the Reconstruction Era. The federal government never recognized the secession of any of the rebellious states.[8][45]
Following the Civil War, the United States Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, held that states did not have the right to secede and that any act of secession was legally void. Drawing on the Preamble to the Constitution, which states that the Constitution was intended to "form a more perfect union" and speaks of the people of the United States in effect as a single body politic, as well as the language of the Articles of Confederation, the Supreme Court maintained that states did not have a right to secede. However, the court's reference in the same decision to the possibility of such changes occurring "through revolution, or through consent of the States," essentially means that this decision holds that no state has a right to unilaterally decide to leave the Union.[8][45]
Commonwealths
Main article: Commonwealth (U.S. state)
Four states – Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia – adopted Constitutions early in their post-colonial existence identifying themselves as commonwealths, rather than states. These commonwealths are states, but legally, each is a commonwealth because the term is contained in its constitution.[46] As a result, "commonwealth" is used in all public and other state writings, actions or activities within their bounds.
The term, which refers to a state in which the supreme power is vested in the people, was first used in Virginia during the Interregnum, the 1649–60 period between the reigns of Charles I and Charles II during which parliament's Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector established a republican government known as the Commonwealth of England. Virginia became a royal colony again in 1660, and the word was dropped from the full title. When Virginia adopted its first constitution on June 29, 1776, it was reintroduced.[47] Pennsylvania followed suit when it drew up a constitution later that year, as did Massachusetts, in 1780, and Kentucky, in 1792.[46]
The U.S. territories of the Northern Marianas and Puerto Rico are also referred to as commonwealths. This designation does have a legal status different from that of the 50 states. Both of these commonwealths are unincorporated territories of the United States.
Origins of states' names
A map showing the source languages of state names.
The 50 states have taken their names from a wide variety of languages. Twenty-four state names originate from Native American languages. Of these, eight are from Algonquian languages, seven are from Siouan languages, three are from Iroquoian languages, one is from Uto-Aztecan languages and five others are from other indigenous languages. Hawaii's name is derived from the Polynesian Hawaiian language.
Of the remaining names, 22 are from European languages: Seven from Latin (mainly Latinized forms of English names), the rest are from English, Spanish and French. Eleven states are named after individual people, including seven named for royalty and one named after an American president. The origins of six state names are unknown or disputed. Several of the states that derive their names from (corrupted) names used for Native peoples, have retained the plural ending of "s".
Further information: List of state name etymologies of the United States
The borders of the 13 original states were largely determined by colonial charters. Their western boundaries were subsequently modified as the states ceded their western land claims to the Federal government during the 1780s and 1790s. Many state borders beyond those of the original 13 were set by Congress as it created territories, divided them, and over time, created states within them. Territorial and new state lines often followed various geographic features (such as rivers or mountain range peaks), and were influenced by settlement or transportation patterns. At various times, national borders with territories formerly controlled by other countries (British North America, New France, New Spain including Spanish Florida, and Russian America) became institutionalized as the borders of U.S. states. In the West, relatively arbitrary straight lines following latitude and longitude often prevail, due to the sparseness of settlement west of the Mississippi River.
Once established, most state borders have, with few exceptions, been generally stable. Only two states, Missouri (Platte Purchase) and Nevada, grew appreciably after statehood. Several of the original states ceded land, over a several year period, to the Federal government, which in turn became the Northwest Territory, Southwest Territory, and Mississippi Territory. In 1791 Maryland and Virginia ceded land to create the District of Columbia (Virginia's portion was returned in 1847). In 1850, Texas ceded a large swath of land to the federal government. Additionally, Massachusetts and Virginia (on two occasions), have lost land, in each instance to form a new state.
There have been numerous other minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys, resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions, or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes.[30] Occasionally the United States Congress or the United States Supreme Court have settled state border disputes. One notable example is the case New Jersey v. New York, in which New Jersey won roughly 90% of Ellis Island from New York in 1998.[48]
Regional grouping
States may be grouped in regions; there are endless variations and possible groupings. Many are defined in law or regulations by the federal government. For example, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions.[49] The Census Bureau region definition is "widely used … for data collection and analysis,"[50] and is the most commonly used classification system.[51][52][53] Other multi-state regions are unofficial, and defined by geography or cultural affinity rather than by state lines.
Further information: List of regions of the United States
State (polity)
↑ "Table 1: Annual Estimates for the Resident Populations of the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico". Retrieved July 1, 2015.
↑ "United States Summary: 2000" (PDF). U.S. Census 2000. U. S. Census Bureau. April 2004. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
↑ Erler, Edward. "Essays on Amendment XIV: Citizenship". The Heritage Foundation.
↑ "Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature". Minnesota State Legislature.
↑ Kristin D. Burnett. "Congressional Apportionment (2010 Census Briefs C2010BR-08)" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration.
↑ Elhauge, Einer R. "Essays on Article II: Presidential Electors". The Heritage Foundation.
↑ Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution
1 2 3 Aleksandar Pavković, Peter Radan, Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession, p. 222, Ashgate Publishing, 2007.
↑ "Texas v. White 74 U.S. 700 (1868)". Justia.com.
1 2 "State & Local Government". whitehouse.gov. The White House. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
↑ "Gubernatorial Veto Authority with Respect to Major Budget Bill(s)". National Conference of State Legislatures.
↑ http://www.reformcal.com/citleg_historical.pdf
↑ Wilson, Reid (August 23, 2013). "GovBeat:For legislators, salaries start at zero". Washington Post. Washington, DC. pp. A2. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
↑ "Unitary system". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
↑ Dean, Kenneth d. (1976). "The Dillon Rule -- A limit on Local Government Powers". Missouri Law Review. 41 (4): 548. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
↑ "Local Government Authority". National League of Cities. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
1 2 Forte, David F. "Essays on Article IV: New States Clause". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. The Heritage Foundation.
1 2 "Doctrine of the Equality of States". Justia.com. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
↑ Adam Liptak (March 17, 2004). "Bans on Interracial Unions Offer Perspective on Gay Ones". New York Times.
↑ "Hot Pursuit Law & Legal Definition". USLegal, Inc. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
↑ deGolian, Crady. "Interstate Compacts: Background and History". Council on State Governments. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
↑ Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution
↑ Ernest B. Abbott; Otto J. Hetzel (2010). Homeland Security and Emergency Management: A Legal Guide for State and Local Governments. American Bar Association. p. 52.
↑ https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/elections-and-voting
↑ Stanley Lewis Engerman (2000). The Cambridge economic history of the United States: the colonial era. Cambridge University Press. p. 464. ISBN 978-0-521-55307-0.
↑ David Shultz (2005). Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court. Infobase Publishing. p. 522. ISBN 978-0-8160-5086-4.
↑ "Constitution of the United States, Article I, Section 8". Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
↑ "Property and Territory: Powers of Congress". Justia.com.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Stein, Mark (2008). How the States Got Their Shapes. New York: HarperCollins. pp. xvi, 334. ISBN 9780061431395.
1 2 3 4 5 6 "Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories". TheGreenPapers.com.
↑ "California Admission Day September 9, 1850". CA.gov. California Department of Parks and Recreation.
1 2 3 Michael P. Riccards, "Lincoln and the Political Question: The Creation of the State of West Virginia" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997 online edition
↑ Holt, Michael F. (200). The fate of their country: politicians, slavery extension, and the coming of the Civil War. New York: Hill and Wang. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8090-4439-9.
↑ "The 14th State". Vermont History Explorer. Vermont Historical Society.
↑ "A State of Convenience: The Creation of West Virginia, Chapter Twelve, Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation". Wvculture.org. West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
↑ "Museum of the Red River - The Choctaw". Museum of the Red River. 2005. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
↑ Winders, Richard Bruce (2002). Crisis in the Southwest: the United States, Mexico, and the Struggle over Texas. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 82, 92. ISBN 978-0-8420-2801-1 – via Google Books.
↑ "Rules of the House of Representatives" (PDF). Retrieved July 25, 2010.
↑ "Puerto Ricans favor statehood for first time". CNN. November 7, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
↑ "Puerto Ricans opt for statehood". Fox News. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
↑ The Senate and the House of Representative of Puerto Rico Concurrent Resolution
↑ Pierce, Tony (July 11, 2011). "'South California' proposed as 51st state by Republican supervisor". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
↑ "New York: Mailer for Mayor". Time. June 12, 1969. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
1 2 Texas v. White, 74 U.S. 700 (1868) at Cornell University Law School Supreme Court collection.
1 2 "Why is Massachusetts a Commonwealth?". Mass.Gov. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
↑ Salmon, Emily J.; Edward D. C. Campbell, Jr., eds. (1994). The Hornbook of Virginia History (4th ed.). Richmond, VA: Virginia Office of Graphic Communications. p. 88. ISBN 0-88490-177-7.
↑ Greenhouse, Linda (May 27, 1998). "The Ellis Island Verdict: The Ruling; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island". The New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
↑ United States Census Bureau, Geography Division. "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-01-10.
↑ "The National Energy Modeling System: An Overview 2003" (Report #:DOE/EIA-0581, October 2009). United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration.
↑ "The most widely used regional definitions follow those of the U.S. Bureau of the Census." Seymour Sudman and Norman M. Bradburn, Asking Questions: A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design (1982). Jossey-Bass: p. 205.
↑ "Perhaps the most widely used regional classification system is one developed by the U.S. Census Bureau." Dale M. Lewison, Retailing, Prentice Hall (1997): p. 384. ISBN 978-0-13-461427-4
↑ "(M)ost demographic and food consumption data are presented in this four-region format." Pamela Goyan Kittler, Kathryn P. Sucher, Food and Culture, Cengage Learning (2008): p.475. ISBN 9780495115410
Stein, Mark, How the States Got Their Shapes, New York : Smithsonian Books/Collins, 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-143138-8
Information about All States from UCB Libraries GovPubs
State Resource Guides, from the Library of Congress
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You can also have a look at the whole 1904 or at November 18 across the years.
Have a look at the old newspapers from 18 November 1904 and get them!
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 18 November 1904!
Which were the important events of 18 November 1904 ?
Theodore DN Besterman: British bibliographer.
Jean Paul Lemieux: Quebec painter (d. 1990).
Alan Lennox-Boyd: 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton English lieutenant and politician Secretary of State for the Colonies (d. 1983).
Masao Koga: Japanese composer and guitarist (d. 1978).
Justus van Maurik: Cigar manufacturer / Author / head of Red Guard.
...and if 18 November 1904 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Tell the world why 18 November 1904 is such a special date for you!


We've been so busy working on the fixer we took possession of in June that we haven't had much time to document. So after many requests, I'm finally posting some before and after pictures.
So, without further adieu, and in no particular order... our summer project. Enjoy!


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Q: Cannot get response in ajax success My AJAX code is below. In this i cannot get the response from server side C# code. But there is no issues with my server side code ( I have checked it by debugging ).  From server side i am returning string to this ajax.
        $.ajax({
        type: "POST",
        url: '@System.Web.Configuration.WebConfigurationManager.AppSettings["BaseURL"]' +"provider/GetState",
        contentType: 'application/json',
        data: {CountryId: Country_Id },
        success: function (data) {

        alert(data);

        }
    });

Server side code is below
          public string GetState(string CountryId)
    {
       int i= Convert.ToInt32(CountryId);
       var Details = objUserAccount.SP_Getstate(i).ToList();
       if(Details.Count>0)
       {
         return "Success";
       }
       else
       {
         return "False";
       }

    }

A:     $.ajax({
    type: "POST",
    url: '@System.Web.Configuration.WebConfigurationManager.AppSettings["BaseURL"]'+  NSSCTProvider/GetState",
    contentType: 'application/json',
    data: {CountryId: Country_Id },
    success: function (data) {

    alert(data);

    },

error: function(data){

       alert("Error occured");
}
});

Either one of the success or failure call back will be initiated if the request is made from this snippet. Might be a server issue, most probably. And make sure that this is the code snippet getting executed. Happens to me all the time.

A: Add datatype in your ajax request like this, if datatype is not matched with received data from server then the ajax error will call instead of success
$.ajax({
type: "POST",
url: '@System.Web.Configuration.WebConfigurationManager.AppSettings["BaseURL"]'+  NSSCTProvider/GetState",
contentType: 'application/json',
dataType: "json",
data: {CountryId: Country_Id },
success: function (data) {

alert(data);

},

error: function(data){

   alert("Error occured");
}
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


For at least one of the three new movies opening wide this April Fools' weekend, we can legitimately ask Hollywood – are you kidding us?
Unfortunately, it looks to be the film that will, barring some kind of divine intervention or meteor strike, win the weekend's box office battle. Universal dives back into the kids market with Hop, an Enchanted-like or, if you will, an Alvin and the Chipmunks-like live-action/animation blend about the Easter Bunny. Russell Brand (why?) voices a young rabbit that's been tagged to take over the family business of spreading chocolate eggs to the world but shies away from the responsibility. Escaping to the human world, he stumbles onto a similar slacker (the far-too-old-for-this James Marsden), impressing him with his "pooping candy" ability (no really – and just try and look at a chocolate egg the same way now).


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On the chopping block.
Due to budget cutbacks, the 22nd District station and/or the Mt. Greenwood library are both regarded as "dispensable" and are on the chopping block. Some people are saying that there are alternatives to keeping these facilities open. I say wrong. It is going to be up to our local leaders to save them. See the recent article in the Sun-Times:
The chairman of the City Council's Finance Committee acknowledged Wednesday that Police Supt. Garry McCarthy could "unilaterally close police stations" without City Council approval and said Chicago's financial crisis is "so dire" that the closings must be considered.
Politically, Mayor Rahm Emanuel needs aldermanic support if he hopes to sell residents on the idea that closing neighborhood police stations will not make them less safe.
Governmentally, it's another story, according to Finance Committee Chairman Edward M. Burke (14th).
""The police superintendent could unilaterally make the decision to close police stations. I don't know that the City Council would play a role in that," Burke told reporters after addressing a group of students in the City Council chambers.
Pressed on whether he could support such a move, Burke said, "The financial challenges of the city are so dire that nothing can be taken off the table. ... Everything has to be considered."
Former Mayor Richard M. Daley once embraced a consultant's proposal to close seven police stations to free 400 officers for community policing, only to abandon the idea and start building new police stations. Daley viewed police stations as community centers and anchors for neighborhood development.
On Wednesday, Burke shot down that notion.
"I don't see the citizens going to the police station to have cake and coffee. They go there to report a crime. But, most of the reporting of crime is by telephone or other means," he said.
The Chicago Sun-Times reported this week that McCarthy is exploring the politically volatile idea of closing district police stations to save millions and free scores of officers for street duty.
McCarthy is under the gun to cut at least $190 million from the Police Department's $1.3 billion-a-year budget. He is under further pressure to put more police officers on beat patrol at a time when the city cannot afford to hire more officers.
Sources said fire station and library closings are also on the table as Emanuel struggles to erase the city's $635.7 million shortfall without raising taxes, cutting police or using one-time revenues. That's even though Daley's building spree also included libraries and fire stations.
Asked Wednesday if Chicago has too many firefighters and paramedics, Burke harkened back to what happened in 1980 when then-Mayor Jane Byrne tried to take on the firefighters union.
"That would go down in the history books as one of the great political conflagrations of our history," Burke said, referring to the bitter firefighters strike.
Solyndra
Rumors suggest that a current Chicago pol has his/her fingerprints all over the latest scandal. Solyndra is about to become a household word. Stay tuned.
The below is a news account:
The FBI executed an early-morning raid today on the solar panel plant that President Barack Obama swung by last year and celebrated for their green-friendly products.
The headquarters of Solyndra, Inc. in Fremont, California was the site of this morning's bust, which has left the plant's top brass saying they are unsure of why it even happened. Agents on the scene were mum to reporters, but a spokesman for the company suggested it could have something to do with the $535 million in loan guarantees that were awarded to them recently by the Department of Energy.
Despite the federal assistance, Solyndra announced earlier this month that they will be shutting its doors and only this week filed for bankruptcy. In a statement released last week, Solyndra said that the company could not stay afloat with foreign manufacturers offering competitive prices that couldn't be matched domestically.
Prices for solar panels have dropped by nearly half as of late because of foreign competition.
Regardless of what the FBI was on the look-out for, Solyndra says they weren't expecting feds to come over unannounced this morning.
"It was quite a shock," Solyndra spokesman Dave Miller told Silicon Valley's Mercury News today. "When I got here at 7 a.m. they were already here."
The last time a federal appearance garnered as much attention for Solyndra was back in May 2010 when Obama dropped by. The president was supportive of the plant's products that would help Americans go green while giving money to the America economy, saying that Solyndra was paving the way for a "brighter and more prosperous future." But barely a year later, Solyndra has been unable to make ends meet, even with the help of the US government.
Republicans have been skeptical of the investment all along, however, with some right wing reps going as far as to call Obama's backing "a dubious investment" when the commander-in-chief first offered his support.
The FBI has only commented that the raid is being carried out as part of a investigation being put together by the Energy Department, so feds could be considering if federal loans to Solyndra were mismanaged in the months leading up to the company's demise. FBI Public Affairs Specialist Peter D. Lee has confirmed to reporters only that the raid indeed occurred but that all documents relating to the probe are currently sealed.
In addition to the assistance loans from the government, Solyndra owes private investors an additional $69 million.
Dangerous Tree
On the northeast corner of 115th street and St. Louis, there is a dead tree. I see it every week when we go shopping. It looks like an Elm and it's getting ready to fall. When it does fall, it will fall upon whatever happens to be below it at that given moment. Cars, schoolchildren, whatever. The problem is that the tree is located upon private property and the owner is either oblivious or short of sufficient funds. Either way, something needs to be done now. I call upon our local city officials to rope the area off and give the resident a few days to remove the tree. If the tree is not removed quickly, the city has the option of making an emergency removal.
Photo is courtesy of Detective Shaved.
What business raises their prices by 26%?
Waste and Inefficiency
The Metra Board is mulling fare increases which average 26%. If a business tried that, they would be out of business. Trust me when I say the Metra Board is composed of grossly incompetent people. They have a $65 million deficit? Did they ever hear of budgeting? How about cutting your expenses? How about living within your means?
Imagine the detrimental effect this is going to have on our neighborhood. We need our local pols to jump into action.
Is it time for a Special Prosecutor??
Cook County States Attorney Alvarez
by Carol Marin:
Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez says she's running for re-election.
And though some names of possible opponents are being tossed around — former Inspector General David Hoffman and Cook County Commissioner John Fritchey — no one, so far, is running against her.
She will be hard to beat.
In the 2008 Democratic primary's six-way race, Alvarez clobbered Bob Milan, the endorsed candidate of her predecessor, Dick Devine. And almost everyone else. Only former alderman, now judge, Tom Allen got within 10,000 votes of her.
The first woman and first Hispanic to win that powerful job, she made it clear that despite being a 21-year veteran of the state's attorney's office, she was no defender of the status quo, nobody's good old boy.
Now comes the David Koschman case to test that claim. And to become an election issue if a strong candidate opposes her.
Readers of the Sun-Times know this story well.
David Koschman, a 21-year-old from Mount Prospect, and three of his buddies were hitting the bars on Division Street in the wee hours of April 25, 2004, when they ran into a slightly older group, including Richard R. J. Vanecko, the nephew of former mayor Richard M. Daley, who was partying with other young Daley family friends. Everyone had been drinking. Words were exchanged. One punch was thrown. Koschman, small in stature, was hit, his head crashing onto the street.
Vanecko, described as the tallest and largest in the crowd, fled with a friend. (Not until this year did Chicago Police acknowledge he threw the punch.)
The Daley friends did not give police Vanecko's name until many days later. By that time, David Koschman was dead.
While R.J. Vanecko undoubtedly did not mean to kill David Koschman, this case was not handled like a normal police matter. We know that thanks to the relentless reporting of the Sun-Times' Tim Novak and Chris Fusco who, in the last nine months, have uncovered "missing" police files, omissions of critical information that were crossed out of a detective's notes, and the unbelievable absence of any record, notation, or log entry at the Cook County state's attorney's office memorializing prosecutors' involvement in the case — even though it had been asked to consult with police.
Newly obtained Chicago Police reports show Detective Ronald Yawger "arranged interview w/Victim's friends & ASA" on May 18, 2004. That "ASA" was Assistant State's Attorney and Felony Review chief Darren O'Brien. It is amazing that the state's attorney's office has not one record of it — especially because O'Brien would personally interview witnesses two days later.
Alvarez initially argued our Sun-Times reporting was unfair to her. And then she said she would turn the matter over to the Illinois State Police — without mentioning that the No. 2 man in her investigations bureau was just about to be named the head of the State Police. A conflict of interest even a first-year law student would spot.
The State Police, properly, took a pass.
The only independent investigator on this case, at the moment, is Chicago Inspector General Joseph Ferguson. And he, unlike Alvarez, has no power to convene a grand jury.
Alvarez needs to affirm the promise she made during her first campaign: that she is not an old school pol defending the status quo.
She needs to ask the chief judge of Cook County's criminal courts to appoint a special prosecutor with grand jury powers — and no conflicts of interest with her office — to get to the bottom of this awful case.
It would make a powerful campaign commercial.
Labels: Daley
Bodyguard Detail Cut
Daley's bodygaurd detail has been cut in half and the city cars are being returned to to the pool when not in use. Whatscha think about dat?
Explosion and Fire
And so goes a neighborhood institution. A terrible loss for the neighborhood. I wonder if they will rebuild.
Labels: western ave.
Happy Labor Day. Now read about another public pension abuse.
Check out this story which appeared in the Chicago Tribune on September 2. Does anyone think that what happened may result in indictments?
Every month, Thomas Villanova gets a $9,000 reminder of how lucrative it can be to serve as a union leader in Chicago.
"WE ARE LOOKING OUT FOR YOUR INTEREST"
The sum is part of a city pension that comes on top of the $198,000 annual salary he is paid to represent the interests of thousands of city workers.
Pension and Welfare
Labor Legislation
Layoffs and Downsizing
Lone (music group)
Union (Tolland, Connecticut)
Stephanie Neely
Villanova last worked for the city in 1989 as an electrical mechanic with the Department of Streets and Sanitation, making about $40,000 a year. Yet in 2008 he was allowed to retire at age 56 with a $108,000 city pension. That's because, under a little-known state law, his pension was based not on his city paycheck but on his much higher union salary. This kind of deal is available only to union officials who meet certain requirements, but a Tribune/WGN-TV investigation has uncovered documents that show Villanova violated state law when he applied for the pension and cast doubt on whether he truly qualifies for all that money. To boost his taxpayer-supported city pension, Villanova signed documents certifying that he had waived his union pension and had two union officials write letters supporting his claim. In fact, records show dues collected from the rank-and-file were still set aside for Villanova's union pension. When city pension fund officials discovered last year that Villanova never gave up his union pension, they gave him a pass and didn't move to take away his city retirement benefits. What's more, labor leaders can get an inflated city pension only if they are on a leave of absence from a city job to work full time for a union. But officials from the municipal pension fund approved Villanova's application despite city employment records that show he took a leave to go back to school and then let that leave of absence expire in 1992. Now just 58, Villanova stands to collect approximately $3 million from the city's municipal pension fund during his lifetime, according to a Tribune/WGN-TV analysis based on the fund's actuarial assumptions. And because the state's pension laws are so broken, he didn't have to contribute enough to the city pension fund to cover the costs, which means taxpayers will make up the shortfall. "It's egregious. I haven't seen this anywhere else in the country," said Keith Brainard, research director of the National Association of State Retirement Administrators, when he heard about Villanova's deal. "The spirit of a pension plan is insurance against poverty. It's not to become wealthy." In order to receive an inflated city pension, state law says labor leaders can't be part of any pension plan from their union. Yet Villanova is one of four officials from Local 134 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers who received city pensions based on their union salaries even though they never gave up their union pensions. Terrance Stefanski, executive director of the Municipal Employees' Annuity and Benefit Fund of Chicago, conceded that the union leaders violated state law by participating in both the city and union pension funds at the same time. But he said the law is confusing and the city pension fund isn't in a position to determine whether the labor leaders knowingly submitted false information, which would be a felony. "We are not an investigative agency," he said. Stefanski said the city still considered Villanova to be on a leave of absence, and therefore he qualified to receive the pension perk. Villanova declined to be interviewed. Through attorney Patrick Deady, Villanova said he followed the city pension fund's directions and that he qualified for his city pension because he taught union apprenticeship classes while in school. Now president of the Chicago and Cook County Building and Construction Trades Council, Villanova helped negotiate every current collective bargaining agreement between Chicago and the 33 trade unions that do business with the city. With the Emanuel administration struggling to fill a $635 million budget hole, Villanova sits at the bargaining table and speaks on behalf of 8,000 city tradesmen who face layoffs, furlough days and reduced benefits, in no small part because of the city's rising pension costs. Today, the municipal pension fund is racing toward insolvency, with barely half of the assets needed to cover its liabilities. That means city workers face threats not only to their current job security but also to their future retirement security. The average city retiree receives a pension of about $28,000 a year, roughly a quarter of what Villanova is drawing from the same fund. Meanwhile, about $200,000 in rank-and-file dues that were paid into a union pension fund for Villanova have yet to be returned to the union. Documents show that Villanova agreed in writing last year to "disclaim" the pension money — but left the door open to taking it back if the rules change. Double-dipping Villanova's six-figure city pension is far better than that offered by his former union, Local 134. The local's pension plan would have provided Villanova with 45 percent of his average salary during his highest-paid five years of work. He couldn't retire until he turned 65, however, without forfeiting a significant chunk of his union pension. Under rules governing the city pension plan, on the other hand, Villanova could retire from his old city job at 56 with 70 percent of his average union salary during the prior four years; that average turned out to be $158,000. What's more, he could keep his high-paying union position. To get that deal, Villanova had to make $344,000 in contributions to the plan as if he had been a city employee all along. He also had to submit an application certifying that he met all the criteria for the city pension, including that he wasn't part of a union pension plan. In November 2008, Villanova signed an application that included this line: "I also understand that I am allowed to make these contributions as long as I do not receive credit in any pension plan established by such local labor organization." In addition to his signed application, Villanova submitted a letter from a trustee of Local 134's pension plan that said Villanova had waived his union pension. "We are in receipt of a letter from Mr. Villanova requesting that his Local 134 pension credits cease immediately. The Local 134 Executive Board will act upon his request accordingly," Peter Cerf, the pension fund's executive board secretary, wrote in September 2007. Frank O'Lone, secretary-treasurer of the trades council, also wrote a letter on Villanova's behalf, in October 2008. "Thomas Villanova will not receive any pension credits in the Building Trades Council Pension Plan for the period starting 3/5/2004 to present," the letter read. Yet documents submitted by the union pension fund to the U.S. Department of Labor show that money set aside for Villanova remained in the fund. When Villanova became president of the trades council in 2004, Local 134 amended its pension plan to allow certain employees of the council to be participants. The Tribune and WGN-TV were able to identify contributions the trades council made on Villanova's behalf because he was one of only two council employees who were part of Local 134's plan and the only one who had worked long enough to be vested. Records submitted by the union pension plan show that, in all, about $200,000 in member dues from the trades council went toward a union pension for Villanova. He also received a decade's worth of contributions from Local 134 members before becoming president of the trades council. But it's impossible to know the total from publicly available documents. Officials from Local 134 and the trades council declined to comment on Villanova's pensions. The municipal pension fund discovered in September 2010 that Villanova was not complying with state law by participating in both funds. City pension officials could have pursued criminal charges against him if they thought he had knowingly made false statements on his pension application, which is a felony. Municipal pension fund officials had Villanova sign an affidavit admitting that he was participating in both plans at the same time and promising to "disclaim" union contributions that overlap with his city pension. But the money is staying in the fund in case municipal pension fund requirements "are reversed pursuant to action of the (fund's) trustees or litigation by similarly situated participants." That means Villanova wasn't required to return union members' money that went to his union pension, and eventually he still could get access to it. 'It does look bad' Villanova's hefty municipal pension depended, in large part, on how he described his leave of absence from the city in his pension application. "I was an employee with the City of Chicago or Board of Education," his signed application states, "and was granted a leave of absence to work as an employee of the labor organization named below." The organization he wrote in was Local 134. Yet city records show that Villanova didn't take a leave of absence to work for Local 134. He took a leave to attend Moraine Valley Community College in Palos Hills. While there, he earned roughly $41,000 a year working for the college, state records show. Under city work rules, employees can receive various types of leaves, including disability, maternity, military, personal and union. City workers must apply for a leave of absence and in many cases must renew those requests after a certain time period has elapsed. Villanova applied for his leave of absence on Oct. 25, 1989, according to city employment records. In the section of the form marked "Reason for Request," he wrote: "Return to school for advanced courses." He renewed his leave every three months, filing seven requests in all. On each, he wrote that he was taking a leave to go back to school. All of the forms he signed say that if he failed to report back to his city post within five days after his leave of absence expired, he would resign his position with the city. Villanova's last leave of absence request expired on July 24, 1991. State records show that he continued working full time for the state community college until November 1992. The municipal pension fund's own records show that he didn't start at Local 134 until January 1993, a year and a half after he had effectively resigned his city job. Yet when Villanova applied for a city pension in November 2008, the municipal pension fund approved an amount based on his union salary — even though he did not take a leave of absence to work for a union and had allowed the leave he did take to expire 17 years earlier. The fund's board of trustees, composed of union leaders and city officials, signed off on Villanova's $108,000-a-year pension in February 2009, backdating the start of his benefits to November 2008. "It does look bad," said city Treasurer Stephanie Neely, a trustee of the city pension fund. "But we on the pension board didn't do anything wrong. We did everything we could do, and that's all I can somewhat control." As part of the justification for awarding him the higher city pension, the municipal pension fund provided the Tribune and WGN-TV with a 2008 letter written by then-Deputy Streets and Sanitation Commissioner Vanessa Quail on Villanova's behalf. "Mr. Villanova's current status with the Department of Streets and Sanitation is that we regard him on a personal leave of absence," she wrote. "While we have not located any leave of absence papers of Mr. Villanova's subsequent to April of 1991, that is not inconsistent with his retaining his status." The reason he was able to maintain his leave of absence: No one at the city department entered a code in its computer system showing that Villanova had given up his post. According to Stefanski, the technicality means Villanova qualifies for a city pension based on his union salary. Thanks to his work at Moraine Valley, Villanova's city pension is one of two public pensions he is currently receiving. Villanova gets another $12,000 a year from the State University Retirement System of Illinois, based on his work for the community college. Although he held that job for only three years, state law allows him to receive reciprocal pension benefits from SURS when he retired from the city. That pension is also based on his union salary, not the $41,000 he made working for the community college. In all, Villanova takes home about $120,000 a year from taxpayer-supported pension systems, an amount that will grow by 3 percent every year as long as he lives.
$190 Million ?
Rahm wants to cut the CPD budget by $190 million. Is that possible? Where can they make the cuts? Will our neighborhood's safety be affected?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


came across this Ebay store he had prices that were probably too good to be true I ordered a 22/20 Ocean racer strap with a push deployment. He sent a 24/20 strap reaked of vanilla and had blue tape on wrapping. GOVBERGS and other reputable dealers who've been kind enough to supply me parts usually are clear wrapped. Every time I fall for Ebay trick the wrapping is blue, I tried to give I'm benefit of the doubt despite his selling of blank authenticity and warranty cards.
Then I saw this I.
I am a big Bentley gt fan based on size, still like my avenger fam but I certainly k is that this supposed diamond weave dial was produced only on a13363 Bentley GT racing models, which are discontinued. Try never had a cream color with this pattern on a a13362.
ALSO THE HANDS ARE THE WRONG COLOR AND THE CHRONO sundial for 60 seconds is incorrect!!!


Other Abstract: The Doctoral Music Composition: 'The Winds-The Whispers-The Whisperers' for Chamber Ensemble is the creative aspect and idiomatic approach which has been inspired and influential the cross-cultural music of the Northern hill tribes called Hmong, Black Lahu and Red Lahu found in the Pang Mapha district of the Mae Hong Son province in Thailand. The music is the transformation of the ethnic mountainaire cultural, aesthetic nature beauty and whispers winds sound via western music instruments in its unique combination of the ensemble as well as the variety of string instrument techniques. The composition has expressed three musical characters which entirely divided into the titles as: 1) 'The Winds' for Viola Solo, an experimental piece exploring the idea of indeterminacy. 2) 'The Whispers' for viola, clarinet and piano. 3) 'The Whisperers' for string quartet, which based on the idea of rhapsodic variations and motivic developments, these last two inter-connected compositions approach various aspects of the culture and music of the hill tribes from a novel and contemporary perspective.


Alpinestars are originally a motor sports and motocross company but in recent years have been providing a fresh new range of mountain bike gear. We still find their motocross specific gloves work great in a mountain bike environment. Due to their durability and comfort. Alpinestars provide a very competitive range of gloves from the Racer model to personal favourite Charger. Either way Alpinestars will provide a glove for you at the right price.


Chico Video Production specializes in HD Video for Business, Legal, Events, Music, & Weddings.
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text:
Dancehall / News
L.A. Claims He Offered $2.5m To Help Find Lizard & Help Vybz Kartel Beat Case
By Anna-Kaye Kerr On: July 18, 2021 3:02 PM
Anna-Kaye Kerr Author
L.A. Lewis claims he is offering $2.5 million to find Vybz Kartel's murder victim, Lizard.
Entertainer L.A. Lewis is offering a reward for information on Clive "Lizard" Williams, in the hopes of "freeing" Vybz Kartel. Clive Williams was allegedly murdered by Vybz Kartel in 2011. The entertainer is currently behind bars serving a life sentence for the crime.
Earlier this year, Vybz Kartel, born Adidja Palmer, lost an appeal to throw out the murder conviction by the Supreme Court. His attorneys are currently preparing to make a final appeal at the nation's highest court, the Privy Council in the UK.
Meanwhile, it seems L.A Lewis isn't quite convinced that Lizard is dead, as is a number of Kartel's fans. In a post on his Instagram page, Lewis posted a wanted poster featuring an image of the deceased Williams. The poster states that he is offering a reward of $2.5 million dollars for Williams. If an image or video is submitted then a partial reward of $50,000 is applicable as per the poster.
The poster further says that the reward is courtesy of L.A Lewis, the Seven Star General, while claiming that Lizard was last seen in Ocho Rios in January 2014. He asked persons with information to reach out to the police, to call 398-5710 or send an email to trillionairerecords@gmail.com.
L.A further captioned the post, "I am paying dis out my packet so @vybzkartel aka werl bass can be free. 7777777"
Fans had a field day in the comment section, with many of them taking the post as a joke.
One IG user said, "I could be having the worst day as soon as the Queens grandson post my day change I love this dude he tickles me lol," while another wrote, "777….him deh pon a island a chill with 2pac n biggie."
A third user commented, "Him dead , chopped up fine fine," referencing one of the alleged voice notes used to convict Vybz Kartel in the infamous murder case.
At this point, there has been no response from Vybz Kartel's official account which was tagged in the post by L.A.
This is the second time that Lewis has posted a reward seeking to get information on the deceased Williams in a bid to "free" Kartel. Back in 2014 he claimed Lizard was seen in Ocho Rios and offered a $1.6 million reward for his capture.
L.A. Lewis, Vybz Kartel
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Amidst 52 acres of powdery white sands and lush tropical vegetation The Sun Siyam Iru Fushi Maldives is set on the unspoilt Noonu Atoll. Accessed by a 45 minute seaplane or a short domestic flight from Velana Airport followed by a speedboat to the resort.
Enjoy the luxurious spa with 20 individual spa pavilions. Nestled amidst exotic tropical foliage it offers utter privacy and unmatchable scenic surroundings. With its 14 excellent restaurants and bars, the resort caters for all culinary fancies with their exquisite menus featuring specialties from all around the world ranging from romantic 6 course dinners under the stars to alfresco lunches on the beach. From the stunning infinity pool guests can gaze over the azure Indian Ocean waters, practice their serve in the floodlit tennis courts or choose from an extensive variety of exciting water sports if feeling a little more adventurous. Be as quiet as you want or as active as you want, the choice is yours.


Distance Project is an Electronic solo project founded by the Viennese musician Hannes Zellhofer. He makes Eletronic Dance Music (EDM). Zellhofer considers himself a live musician. His performances include different electronic musical instruments.
Koishi Shimizu has been making beat oriented electronic music since early 2000. He started his career in Tokyo, moved to Bangkok, Thailand in 2003 and continued his career as sound designer and music composer for film. He's using modular synthesiser and sampler to deliver heavy electronic sound with strong rhythm for audience's physical and mental experience.
With a hybrid setup of analog soundmachines and digitally processed recordings and textures, Simon Leo Maier tries to explore the nature of want with his recent musical project by the same name (thenatureofwant.org) in the fields of techno with a mystical touch and a bit of psychedelic flavour.


Children need opportunities to practice appropriate behavior. Grocery shopping requires a child to demonstrate several behaviors and skills, including walking nicely and patiently next to a parent, resisting many temptations, and waiting in line. This is not easy for many young children. Parents' tendency to shop alone after having had one or more bad experiences shopping with their child means that children get even less opportunities to practice and develop these very important skills.
Practice can start at home. You can plan a pretend trip to the grocery store while playing at home with your child. This fun interaction will allow your child to practice and develop the skills that you would expect him/her to demonstrate at the store.
Planning short trips to the store for the purpose of exposing your child to that setting and practicing appropriate behavior may be necessary and helpful as well. Remember that the goal of these visits is for the child to develop skills and practice appropriate behavior and not for you to accomplish your shopping for the week. Your child would be more likely to have a successful visit to the store if the trip is initially brief. Thus, at first, you may want to go into the store to get only one item and pay for it. The second visit may last a little longer. Successful visits (during which your child exhibits appropriate behavior), as short as they may be, should be followed by a small reward that your child enjoys (e.g., a sticker, special treat, playing a game with mom, earning an extra 15 minutes on the computer). With more practice and exposure, your child's skills will improve and you will gradually be able to shop for longer periods of time.
Set up rules and expectations regarding appropriate behavior in the store prior to leaving the house. Rules should be clear, simple, and age appropriate (e.g., use inside voice, hold on to the shopping cart) . Remind your child of the rules again prior to entering the store.
When reviewing your expectations, make sure to also let your child know whether or not he/she would be allowed to buy a treat (i.e., snack, toy) during the visit to the store. If your child is allowed to get something, it is helpful to be specific with regard to the type of treat that your child may choose. Make sure to follow through with your promise.
Never take your child to the grocery store when he/she is hungry. Feed your child a healthy meal or give him/her a snack prior to arriving at the store. This would decrease the likelihood that your child would have a meltdown and/or be tempted to ask for food items that are not on your shopping list.
Keep your child interested and busy while shopping. Young children can be kept busy with toys or books while sitting in the shopping cart. Older children can become involved in shopping. For example, allow your child to select foods from the shopping list, place them in the cart, and cross them off the shopping list. For children who cannot read, a "picture list" may be more appropriate and fun.
Grocery shopping is also a great opportunity to engage with and teach your child. With young children, you may name the foods on the shelves, point out different shapes and colors, and practice counting. For example, your child may help you count the apples you put in the bag. Older children can learn about reading food labels, healthy food selection, food groups, smart shopping, and/or paying.
Catching your child being good is important. Focus on proving labeled praise for appropriate behaviors that you would like to increase. For example, praise nice walking, helping behavior, and staying close to the shopping cart (or for younger children, praise sitting nicely and quietly in the cart).
If your child begins to whine and/or tantrum while you are shopping, quickly remind him/her of the rules and expectations in a calm but assertive tone of voice. If the child continues to tantrum, it is best to ignore the whining and tantrums rather than begin to engage with your child (either by talking or threatening). Ignoring means not giving any attention to you child. Just keep shopping. When you child calms down, continue to look for opportunities to praise him/her for appropriate behavior.
If, however, your child's behavior escalates and becomes disruptive to others, you may need to leave the store and place your child in a time out until he/she is able to calm down (do not talk to your child while he/she is in time out). Remember to stay calm and in control. Do not be tempted to give in to your child because you are embarrassed of what other shoppers may be thinking. Sticking to your rules and following through with what you say are both crucial to teaching your child to behave appropriately in public. Do not be discouraged by challenging visits to the store. Practice and consistency will pay off in the end.
It is important to note that, with some modifications, many of the guidelines outlined above could also be used to teaching your child to behave in public places other than the grocery store (i.e., restaurants, shopping centers). The key is to provide your child with opportunities to practice appropriate behavior, setting up clear rules and expectations, keeping your child busy and engaged, proving labeled praise for appropriate behaviors, ignoring tantrums, being prepared to leave (or remove your child from the setting) temporarily when he/she becomes disruptive to others, staying calm and consistent, and following through with what you say.


WASHINGTON — The search for Metro's new general manager is near the finish line.
WTOP has learned that two finalists for the job were presented to the full Board of Directors Tuesday afternoon.
Sources say Metro met in a closed door meeting for several hours today to discuss the two candidates.
An announcement on who will get the job is likely to come early to middle of next week.


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Some Dance This Week ~
Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Company
October 27 – 29 &
November 1 – 5
For the first time since 2013, Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Company returns to The Joyce with its latest evening length works, Analogy/Dora: Tramontane and Analogy/Lance: Pretty aka The Escape Artist, "…which comprise the first two parts of the Analogy Trilogy -developed by Bill T. Jones with Associate Artistic Director Janet Wong. Analogy Trilogy is based on oral histories and inspired by W.G. Sebald's award-winning novel The Emigrants. Each piece will be performed in its own program, with each performed seven times over the two-week engagement," according to the release. Find out more here
Pop Up Gesture Store
1067 PacificPeople
October 29/30 & Nov. 5/6
The brand new Pop Up Gesture Storeshares their "The Fall Political Collection" with Where do I end and where do you begin looking at "…retail experience that probes, investigates, heightens and/or palliates people's exhaustion, frustration and anxiety in this political season through dance, movement and words. Customers enter Pop Up Gesture Store not to consume goods and services but rather to partake of embodied experiences direct from artist-shopkeepers. Visitors to this "dancing" store select instantaneous live-performances (3′ to 10'in length) from a list of gestures built on movement, touch and words, paying in the store's own "gesture" currency. Transactions are complete only once patrons reciprocate performances with their own immaterial gestures," notes the release. Find out more here
Platform 2016: Lost & Found – Various Artists
Danspace Project
October 6 – November 19
The eleventh edition of the Platform series at Danspace Project, titled Platform 2016: Lost & Found, will present over 80 artists in 28 events, including performances, conversations, a zine project, a print catalogue, film screenings, and a vigil. The six-week long event curated by Ishmael Houston-Jones and Will Rawls will examine the impact of AIDS on generations of artists. Find out more here
Rose Theater
October 26 - 27
As part of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts' "White Light Festival," Belgian choreographer Larbi Cherkaoui returns to the the Festival with Babel (words), "…a dance performance that explores nationhood, identity, and cross-cultural communication," according to the release. Find out more here
Julie Mayo
Gibney Dance: Agnes Varis Performing Arts Center
Mayo will premiere Novatia Tryer which "…embraces the subconscious as a mode of knowing and unpredictability as a means to form," notes the release. Find out more here
Daniel Gwirtzman Dance Company
7 Stages Theatre/Atlanta
Gwirtzman will present his signature solo Character (2007). Also on the program is Jen MacQueen & Daniel Stefek, Constance 'Echo' Palmer & Tara Cary Stowers and McKinley Vitale. Find out more here
Abarukas
Gelsey Kirkland Arts Center
Under the direction of Yoshito Sakuraba, the Company will premiere of Sakuraba's Bernadac, plus repertory works: The Master (2014) and No Man is an Island (2016). Find out more here
Kerala Kalamandalam Kathakali Troupe
Gerald W. Lynch Theater at John Jay College
As part of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts' "White Light Festival," performers from the southern Indian Troupe will present Dussasana Vadhom ("The Killing of Dussasana") from the Mahabharata. Find out more here
From the Horse's Mouth – Various Artists
Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden
Snug Harbor's Performing Arts Salon Saturdays (PASS) which showcases works of performing arts in various stages of development, will present the Staten Island edition of From the Horse's Mouth, created and directed by Tina Croll and Jamie Cunningham. The production will take place at the Music Hall on Snug Harbor's 83-acre campus and will feature local dancers including Sheila Rohan, formerly of the Dance Theatre of Harlem, Larissa Gonzalez-Schiano, Rosita Roldan, Helen Levin, and Jeannine Otis. This performance is curated by Gabri Christa. Find out more here
October 29 & November 3, 5
As part of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts' "White Light Festival," the Group will reprise two India-inspired Morris solos, O Rangasayee (1984) and Serenade (2003), plus the 1983 Tamil Film Songs in Stereo Pas de Deux, and the world premiere of Pure Dance Items. Find out more here
BalletCollective
NYU Skirball Center for the Performing Arts
October 29 -30
Under director/choreographer Troy Schumacher, the season, titled "What Comes Next," will feature new collaborations between architects James and Carlos Arnaiz plus composers Ellis Ludwig-Leone and Judd Greenstein. The program will also include Invisible Divide (2015). Find out more here
Calpulli Mexican Dance Company
Queens Theatre/ Flushing Meadows Corona Park
Under Artistic Director, Alberto Lopez Herrera, choreographer-in-residence, Roberto Lara, and music director, George Saenz, the company of 20 dancers and musicians will present Dia de los Muertos (Day of the Dead). Find out more here
The Outlet Dance Project's Day of Dance/Various Artists
The East Gallery/New Jersey
Day of Dance will feature choreography by Ishita Bhattacharya, Janis Brenner, Harika Chatlapalli, Delhi Dance Theater, Amanda Edwards, Jaclyn Gary, Ariel Grossman, Maré Hieronimus, Laura Katz, Fatima Logan-Alston, Boroka Nagy, Svea Schneider, Blythe Erica Smith, Meggi Sweeney Smith, Maxine Steinman, Kimberly Tate, Harlee Trautman, Blakeley White-McGuire, and Hee Ra Yoo. Find out more here
Discussion with choreographer Jonah Bokaer
The series, "Works & Process" presents a discussion with choreographer Jonah Bokaer and excerpts of Rules Of The Game, a new multidisciplinary featuring an original score by Pharrell Williams, arranged, orchestrated, and co-composed by David Campbell. Rules Of The Game will have its New York premiere at BAM's Next Wave Festival from November 10-12, 2016. Find out more here


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Wolverhampton Wanderers have agreed to continue the £30 away cap for Premier League tickets for the next three years.
The vote was passed unanimously by Premier League clubs to ensure tickets are kept within an affordable pricing strcuture.
The cap was introduced two seasons ago and has led to 96% of tickets being sold.
Wolves have sold out every away allocation so far this season and that trend looks set to continue in the coming weeks.
The Premier League released the following statement after the decision was made: "Premier League clubs have today unanimously agreed to continue the £30 cap on away ticket prices for the next three seasons.
"All clubs know the crucial importance of away fans in generating the best possible atmosphere at matches and recognise the additional travel costs often involved when following a team away from home."
@GeoffWilliamsE1 - Well done Wolves that's great news!
@ChandaPatel - How about unanimously agreeing not to give in to the TV companies and scheduling games so that away supporters are not travelling long distances at stupid times, and working with public transport to ensure adequate transportation is available for them.
@AdamWWFC93 - Still too expensive. Should be 20.


As cities like New York continue to grow, the need for the environmentally friendly funerary processes increases. DeathLAB is working on an alternative to cremation and earthen burial, and designing new public spaces of remembrance intertwined with everyday life.
Constellation Park is a suspended public memorial, harnessing science while respecting spirituality. The system transforms our biomass into an elegant constellation of light.
Short Documentary by Columbia University J-School Students Maria Chiu and Sneha Antony for MegaCities 2016 submission in the category: New York - Climate and Environment.
Funerary processes vary by religion and culture. This animated infographic conveys range and differences, including the impact of each tradition on the environment.
At DeathLAB we are employing innovative design and biotechnology as agents to revolutionize the urban funerary industry.
Animated Infrastructure Map showing Parks, Subway, Roads, Bridges, and Cemetery Grounds in New York City.