text:
High Guardian Spice  es una serie de televisión de animación estadounidense en streaming creada por Raye Rodríguez, que anteriormente trabajó para Danger & Eggs como diseñadora de personajes.   La serie está producida por Crunchyroll Studios (antes llamada Ellation), y originalmente iba a ser la primera serie original de Crunchyroll antes de que se retrasara unos dos años.  La serie se estrenó en Crunchyroll el 26 de octubre de 2021.

Argumento
Un grupo de cuatro jóvenes que asisten a la High Guardian Academy y se están entrenando para convertirse en guardianas de West City.   Al mismo tiempo, se enfrentan a amigos, enemigos y traiciones, mientras intentan protegerlo todo de una amenaza desconocida contra el mundo.

Personajes

Personajes principales

 Rosemary (con la voz de Briana Leon)  - Una humana que tiene el pelo rosa y quiere convertirse en guardiana pase lo que pase. Es descarada y audaz, y quiere tomar la espada de su madre y seguir sus pasos.
 Sage (con la voz de Lauren White)  - Una chica mágica humana y una bruja que tiene el pelo azul y usa magia antigua. A menudo tiene problemas con la escuela centrada en la Magia Nueva (o Magia Moderna), ya que se opone a esta por la crianza inculcada por su madre de utilizar únicamente Magia Antigua (o Magia Tradicional).
 Parsley (con la voz de Amber Romero)  - Una enana y una chica mágica con el pelo rubio. También trabaja como herrera.
 Thyme (con la voz de Michelle Deco)  - Una chica mágica de pelo rojo que es una elfa arquera muy hábil. Está empeñada en salvar su hogar de una misteriosa dolencia llamada la Pudrición (o Podredumbre).

Personajes secundarios

 Lavender (con la voz de Liisa Lee)  - La madre de Rosemary, que tiene el pelo de color lavanda y fue una conocida como una importante guardiana.
 Amaryllis (con la voz de Katie McVay )  - Una chica humana engreída, rica y malvada, de pelo morado, que va a la misma academia. La mejor amiga de Snapdragon.
 Snapdragon (con la voz de Julia Kaye)  - Un estudiante humano sarcástico y torpe, y amigo de Amaryllis, con el pelo rojo que va a la misma academia. Un chico inconforme con su propio cuerpo masculino queriendo ser una chica.
 Mandrake (con la voz de AJ Beckles)  - Un cambiaformas humano y brujo.
 La tríada (con la voz de Salli Saffioti )  - Las directoras humanas de la academia, las cuales son inmortales. Una parece joven, otra parece de mediana edad y la última parece anciana.
 Profesor Harkone (con la voz de Anthony Brandon Walker)  - Un profesor humano que enseña tácticas de batalla cuerpo a cuerpo.
 Parnelle (con la voz de Barbara Goodson)  – El estudiante humano más joven de la academia y un niño prodigio de 10 años.
 Neppy Cat (con la voz de Cam Clarke )  - Un gato doméstico cerca de la academia que tenía poderes secretos.
 Slime Boy (con la voz de Julian Koster )  - Un chico brujo humano y estudiante de segundo año que ama a los monstruos y es músico.
 Profesor Caraway (con la voz de Raye Rodríguez)  - Un hombre transgénero, profesor humano que imparte una clase sobre alfabetos sagrados y es un guardián poderoso, siendo el compañero de Lavender.
 Moss Phlox (con la voz de Audu Paden)  - Un profesor sátiro que enseña herrería y es guardián.
 Fennel (con la voz de Audu Paden)  - El padre de Rosemary que tiene el pelo violeta.
 Chicory (voz de AJ Beckles)  - El hermano de Rosemary que tiene cabello lavanda.
 Anise (con la voz de Haviland Stillwell)   - La prima lesbiana de Sage.
 Aloe (con la voz de Joy Lerner )  - La esposa elfa lesbiana de Anise.
 Wyverna Dretch (con la voz de Haviland Stillwell)   - Una profesora diabólica que imparte una clase de ética en la academia.
 Olive (con la voz de Stephanie Sheh)  - Una chica gato que trabaja para el triunvirato. Ella es una hábil asesina.
 Grog (con la voz de Audu Paden)  - Una criatura que se ve en el campus de la academia.
 Redbud (con la voz de Barbara Goodson)  - Una profesora de ciencias en la academia que pone en riesgo a sus alumnos, incluso arriesgando sus vidas, para "ponerlos a prueba".
 Flora (con la voz de Cindy Robinson)  - Madre de Thyme que la visita en la ciudad.
 Cara de humo (con la voz de Audu Paden)
 Cal (con la voz de SungWon Cho )  - Un estudiante de la academia que es transfóbico con Snapdragon y se burla de su disforia.
 Mamá de Sage (con la voz de Michelle Deco)  - La madre de Sage que aparece en un episodio.
 Papá de Sage (con la voz de AJ Beckles)  - El padre de Sage que aparece en un episodio.
 Angie (con la voz de Wendee Lee)  - Madre de Parsley y muchos niños. Casada con Sorrel.
 Sorrel (con la voz de Cam Clarke)  - Padre de Parsley y muchos niños. Casado con Angie.
 Zinnia (con la voz de Cindy Robinson)  - Estudiante de la academia que quería evitar el peligro.
 Kino (con la voz de Raye Rodríguez)  - Un gato en la academia.
 Demonio (con la voz de SungWon Cho)  - Un demonio al que Thyme intenta apelar para poder hablar con su padre.
 Kelp (con la voz de SungWon Cho)  - Una sirena que conocen Parsley, Thyme, Sage y Rosemary.
 Coral (voz de Haviland Stillwell)  - Una sirena de la que Thyme está enamorada.
 Hawthorn (con la voz de Audu Paden)  - Padre de Snapdragon que le empujó para ser "fuerte" como "un chico".
 Yarrow (con la voz de Audu Paden)  - Hermano de Snapdragon que se burló de él por ser "una niña".
 Elodie (con la voz de Karen Strassman)  - Sirena en la academia submarina con Kelp y Coral. Ayudada por Parsley, Sage, Rosemary, and Thyme.
 El triunvirato (con la voz de Audu Paden)  - El misterioso grupo gobernante que aparece al final de la serie y son presumiblemente villanos.

Producción y lanzamiento
En 2013, Rodríguez tuvo la primera idea de la serie y la presentó a Frederator Studios, pero fue rechazada. Más tarde, la idea fue presentada a Crunchyroll en 2016, se convirtió en un cómic en 2017 y se volvió a presentar en 2018, cuando Marge Dean empezó a trabajar en Crunchyroll, convirtiéndose en una serie de televisión.

Según el currículo de Claire Stenger, co-desarrolladora, escritora y co-editora de la serie, trabajó en los documentos de lanzamiento, ayudó en las sesiones de VO, dio notas y ayudó en la escritura, entre septiembre de 2017 y octubre de 2018.  En un principio, la serie iba a estrenarse a principios de 2019, pero se retrasó.    El espectáculo concluyó su producción en otoño de 2019, como señaló Raye Rodríguez,   el creador de la serie, y Anime News Network, a pesar de que Crunchyroll incumplió los plazos de estreno en 2019 y 2020  El crítico de ANN, Callum May, declaró que la reacción negativa de algunas personas a la serie fue el motivo de la falta de comunicación o lanzamiento de la serie y argumentó que Crunchyroll tiene un "problema de comunicación" interno y externo.  Rodríguez declaró que había producido "doce episodios de 22 minutos" del programa en su página web oficial. Este número de episodios se confirmó con el anuncio oficial de la fecha de estreno de la serie en octubre de 2021.  Aparte de Rodríguez, que es un hombre trans, la serie contaba con una sala de guionistas compuesta en su totalidad por mujeres, y un equipo de trabajo 50% femenino, y "muy diverso desde el punto de vista étnico y LGBTQ+", según la directora de Crunchyroll Studios, entonces llamada Ellaton Studios, Margaret Dean.

El 25 de febrero de 2020, Crunchyroll publicó un tráiler de 8 series originales, entre ellas High Guardian Spice.

El 4 de septiembre de 2020, Ethan Supovitz de CBR describió la serie como un próximo proyecto original de Crunchyroll que saldría en 2020, pero no dio una fecha exacta.  Ese mismo mes, se reveló que Kristle Peluso, que también fue guionista de Onyx Equinox y de la segunda temporada de gen:LOCK, era guionista de la serie.  El 15 de noviembre de 2020, Constance Sarantos, de CBR, escribió un artículo en el que abogaba por que Crunchyroll estrenara la serie, y en el que esta última guardaba silencio sobre la fecha de estreno del programa, señalando que recibió reacciones negativas cuando se anunció inicialmente, pero que el retraso parece ridículo a estas alturas.

El 13 de mayo de 2021, Rodríguez dijo a la gente que estuviera "atenta" a las noticias sobre la serie más adelante en el verano.

En junio de 2021 se anunció que en la feria virtual Crunchyroll Expo 2021, que tendrá lugar del 5 al 7 de agosto de 2021, habrá "novedades" sobre la serie, concretamente en el Crunchyroll Industry Panel del 6 de agosto.    El mismo mes, Anime News Network declaró que el programa recibirá una "nueva fecha de lanzamiento en el verano de 2021" y no se han anunciado otros programas del estudio además de High Guardian Spice.  El 6 de agosto de 2021, se lanzó un avance de la serie, junto con un nuevo arte de los personajes de la serie   En el anuncio, no se indicó la fecha de lanzamiento, solo que se estrenará pronto y que la serie tenía influencias de chicas mágicas .

El 21 de septiembre de 2021, Crunchyroll incluyó el programa como parte de su programación de otoño de 2021.

El 10 de octubre de 2021, Crunchyroll reveló la fecha de lanzamiento el 26 de octubre de 2021 y la lista de actores.  La serie tuvo un debut de 12 episodios.   Antes del estreno de la serie, la revista Animation Magazine dijo que Rodríguez quiere hacer del mundo un "lugar más amoroso y empático compartiendo historias fantásticas sobre personajes queer, diversos y reconocibles".

En una entrevista de noviembre de 2021, Rodríguez señaló que se inspiró en Magic Knight Rayearth, Sailor Moon, Petite Princess Yucie y Little Witch Academia, y describió la serie como un "estilo híbrido de dibujos animados orientales y occidentales". También elogió al reparto y al equipo de la serie, destacó la representación de varios tipos de cuerpos en la serie, y argumentó que el mensaje de la serie es que ser un Guardián significa arriesgar tu vida para defender lo que crees, mientras que los protagonistas "tienen que decidir por sí mismos si este es realmente el camino que quieren recorrer."  Rodríguez también dijo que las advertencias de contenido antes de los episodios no se pusieron por él, y que la serie no es "un programa para adultos" y que, aunque hay palabras malsonantes y sangre leve, no es para "público maduro solamente".

En enero de 2022, Rodríguez reveló que la serie tenía "un presupuesto significativamente bajo para los estándares de la animación estadounidense", diciendo que muchos de los problemas que la gente atribuía a la serie, en términos de escritura y arte, podían "atribuirse a este bajo presupuesto". Añadió que, aunque la serie estaba en Crunchyroll, era un dibujo animado creado con un proceso de producción similar al de animaciones estadounidenses como las de Cartoon Network, y describió la serie como ambiciosa desde el punto de vista artístico dentro del calendario y el presupuesto que se le había proporcionado. También afirmó que Onyx Equinox aprendió de los errores cometidos en la serie y se unió a ella, pero que contaba con "gran parte del mismo equipo y de la misma línea de producción", e instó a la gente a pensar en lo que ocurría entre bastidores mientras pensaba en quién empezó a odiar la serie.

Representación LGBT
La serie cuenta con varios personajes LGBTQ. Anise, la prima de Sage, está casada con una mujer elfa llamada Aloe, y la voz de Anise la pone Haviland Stillwell, una mujer lesbiana.  El profesor Caraway, profesor de la Academia de los Altos Guardianes, es un hombre trans. En el tercer episodio, "Transformaciones", se revela que es un hombre trans, y le pone voz la creadora de la serie, Raye Rodríguez.    Snapdragon es una mujer trans. A lo largo de la serie, Snapdragon "Snap" descubre quién es y Caraway le ayuda a avanzar hacia la transición de género.  La actriz de voz de Snap, Julia Kaye, confirmó que Snap es una mujer trans y que Rodríguez se basó en ella para algunos aspectos del personaje.  Rodríguez confirmó además que Snap es una mujer trans.  La serie también incluye a miembros del reparto LGBTQ como Cam Clarke, abiertamente gay (que da voz a Neppy Cat y Sorrel) y Julian Koster, ambiguamente queer (que da voz a Slime Boy).

En octubre de 2021, Rodríguez se describió como "apasionado por contar historias diversas e inclusivas" y señaló que quería compartir "historias fantásticas sobre personajes queer, diversos y relatables."  En una entrevista de noviembre de 2021, Rodríguez señaló la importancia de la representación y expresó su optimismo por la inclusión en la animación. Además, elogió a Crunchyroll por no haber dado ningún empujón a la representación LGBTQ en la serie, añadiendo que en el mundo de High Guardian Spice, la gente es "generalmente mucho más fría con las personas LGBTQ+ que en la vida real".

Recepción

Prelanzamiento
En marzo de 2020, John Witiw, de CBR, dijo que la serie les recordaba a RWBY, Mysticons y Harry Potter, al tiempo que señaló que los nombres de los personajes son una referencia a "Scarborough Fair", una balada folclórica inglesa popularizada por Simon & Garfunkel.  Otro crítico, Ethan Supovitz, también de CBR, dijo que la serie tiene "muchas influencias del anime", a la vez que mezcla la animación oriental y occidental, calificándola de reminiscencia de  Steven Universe, The Owl House y Dungeons & Dragons .

El anuncio del programa -y la implicación de que Crunchyroll empezaba a producir sus propios medios en lugar de anime y otros contenidos asiáticos- desató la polémica entre la comunidad del anime.  Tom Capon, de Gay Star News, describió a Rodríguez como la "fuerza creativa" detrás de la serie, señalando que estará "al frente de una sala de guionistas totalmente femenina".  Callum May, de Anime News Network, escribió que debido a la respuesta de algunos a la presentación de la serie, Crunchyroll parecía haber aplazado el lanzamiento de la serie durante casi dos años.

Posteriores al lanzamiento
Las respuestas a la serie fueron entre mixtas y negativas. En muchos sitios de reseñas públicas, la serie fue criticada por su animación, sus temas y su historia, y recibió críticas muy negativas. Otros críticos fueron en general más positivos. Chiaki Hirai reseñó el primer episodio para Anime Feminist, describiéndolo como una serie cómoda y "agradable", alabó la ambientación y la historia de la serie, y dijo que destaca la "positividad LGBTQ explícita". Sin embargo, criticó la falta de subtítulos en inglés, diciendo que dificulta el visionado de la serie a las personas con problemas de audición.  Evan Valentine, en un artículo para ComicBook.com, describió la serie como una "estética única".  Jade King, de The Gamer, describió la serie como algo que no tiene "miedo de mostrar su identidad queer" y calificó a los personajes de "brillantes, coloridos y cariñosos".  Samuel Gachon, de Collider, dijo que las series inspiradas en el anime como High Guardian Spice y RWBY "no siempre son geniales".  Madeline Carpou, de The Mary Sue, fue más crítica y describió la serie como "de medio pelo" y argumentó que la calidad del programa era variable, pero alabó la representación LGBTQ de la serie y dijo que en última instancia le gustaba.

Franquicia

Mercancías
El 12 de noviembre de 2021, Crunchyroll anunció que se podía comprar un conjunto de pines de los personajes Rosemary, Sage, Parsley y Thyme, en el estilo chibi de los créditos finales del programa, en la tienda en línea de la compañía.

Recetas
El 10 de diciembre de 2021, Crunchyroll compartió cuatro recetas inspiradas en el programa que van desde "golosinas dulces a saladas".

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página web oficial

Series de televisión con personajes transgénero
Series de televisión de Sony Pictures Television
Crunchyroll Originals
Programas de televisión en inglés
Wikipedia:Páginas con traducciones sin revisar
Series de televisión animadas de Estados Unidos
Series animadas influenciadas por anime
Series de televisión animadas de los años 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Ghrelin response to carbohydrate-enriched breakfast is related to insulin
W.A.M. Blom, A. Stafleu, C. de Graaf, F.J. Kok, G. Schaafsma, H.F.J. Hendriks
Ghrelin plays an important role in the regulation of food intake. Little is known about how ghrelin concentrations are modified by dietary factors. Objective: We examined the effects of both amount and type of carbohydrate on ghrelin concentrations and all correlations among the variables ghrelin, glucose, insulin, leptin, and all 4 subjective measures of appetite. Design: Twenty healthy nonobese men were studied in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Subjective measures of appetite and concentrations of ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and leptin were frequently assessed for 4 h after liquid breakfast meals differing in energy content and carbohydrate structure-ie, water, low-calorie (LC) meal, high-calorie simple carbohydrate (HC-SC) meal, and high-calorie complex carbohydrate (HC-CC) meal. Results: Ghrelin concentrations decreased after the HC-SC breakfast by 41%, after the HC-CC breakfast by 33%, and after the LC breakfast by 24%. No significant differences in ghrelin concentration among the 3 breakfasts were observed until 120 min. Ghrelin concentrations were correlated with subjective measures of hunger (r = 0.51) and fullness (r = -0.44). The percentage decrease in ghrelin between 0 and 30 min was inversely correlated with the percentage increases in insulin (r = -0.76) and glucose (r= -0.79) but not with changes in leptin (r = 0.10). The percentage changes in ghrelin concentrations between 30 and 180 min were correlated with the percentage changes in insulin (r= -0.53) and leptin (r= -0.47) but not with changes in glucose (r = 0.22). Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that ghrelin requires postgastric feedback, which may be regulated through insulin.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.81.2.367
growth-hormone secretagogue
plasma ghrelin
circulating ghrelin
food-intake
messenger-rna
leptin action
energy-intake
obese humans
high-fat
10.1093/ajcn.81.2.367
Dive into the research topics of 'Ghrelin response to carbohydrate-enriched breakfast is related to insulin'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Ghrelin Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Breakfast Medicine & Life Sciences 99%
Carbohydrates Medicine & Life Sciences 73%
Leptin Medicine & Life Sciences 30%
Meals Medicine & Life Sciences 27%
Glucose Medicine & Life Sciences 19%
Blom, W. A. M., Stafleu, A., de Graaf, C., Kok, F. J., Schaafsma, G., & Hendriks, H. F. J. (2005). Ghrelin response to carbohydrate-enriched breakfast is related to insulin. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(2), 367-375. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.81.2.367
Blom, W.A.M. ; Stafleu, A. ; de Graaf, C. ; Kok, F.J. ; Schaafsma, G. ; Hendriks, H.F.J. / Ghrelin response to carbohydrate-enriched breakfast is related to insulin. In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005 ; Vol. 81, No. 2. pp. 367-375.
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title = "Ghrelin response to carbohydrate-enriched breakfast is related to insulin",
abstract = "Ghrelin plays an important role in the regulation of food intake. Little is known about how ghrelin concentrations are modified by dietary factors. Objective: We examined the effects of both amount and type of carbohydrate on ghrelin concentrations and all correlations among the variables ghrelin, glucose, insulin, leptin, and all 4 subjective measures of appetite. Design: Twenty healthy nonobese men were studied in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Subjective measures of appetite and concentrations of ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and leptin were frequently assessed for 4 h after liquid breakfast meals differing in energy content and carbohydrate structure-ie, water, low-calorie (LC) meal, high-calorie simple carbohydrate (HC-SC) meal, and high-calorie complex carbohydrate (HC-CC) meal. Results: Ghrelin concentrations decreased after the HC-SC breakfast by 41%, after the HC-CC breakfast by 33%, and after the LC breakfast by 24%. No significant differences in ghrelin concentration among the 3 breakfasts were observed until 120 min. Ghrelin concentrations were correlated with subjective measures of hunger (r = 0.51) and fullness (r = -0.44). The percentage decrease in ghrelin between 0 and 30 min was inversely correlated with the percentage increases in insulin (r = -0.76) and glucose (r= -0.79) but not with changes in leptin (r = 0.10). The percentage changes in ghrelin concentrations between 30 and 180 min were correlated with the percentage changes in insulin (r= -0.53) and leptin (r= -0.47) but not with changes in glucose (r = 0.22). Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that ghrelin requires postgastric feedback, which may be regulated through insulin.",
keywords = "growth-hormone secretagogue, plasma ghrelin, circulating ghrelin, food-intake, messenger-rna, leptin action, energy-intake, obese humans, high-fat, satiety",
author = "W.A.M. Blom and A. Stafleu and {de Graaf}, C. and F.J. Kok and G. Schaafsma and H.F.J. Hendriks",
doi = "10.1093/ajcn.81.2.367",
journal = "American Journal of Clinical Nutrition",
publisher = "American Society for Nutrition",
Blom, WAM, Stafleu, A, de Graaf, C, Kok, FJ, Schaafsma, G & Hendriks, HFJ 2005, 'Ghrelin response to carbohydrate-enriched breakfast is related to insulin', American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 367-375. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.81.2.367
Ghrelin response to carbohydrate-enriched breakfast is related to insulin. / Blom, W.A.M.; Stafleu, A.; de Graaf, C.; Kok, F.J.; Schaafsma, G.; Hendriks, H.F.J.
In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 81, No. 2, 2005, p. 367-375.
T1 - Ghrelin response to carbohydrate-enriched breakfast is related to insulin
AU - Blom, W.A.M.
AU - Stafleu, A.
AU - de Graaf, C.
AU - Kok, F.J.
AU - Schaafsma, G.
AU - Hendriks, H.F.J.
N2 - Ghrelin plays an important role in the regulation of food intake. Little is known about how ghrelin concentrations are modified by dietary factors. Objective: We examined the effects of both amount and type of carbohydrate on ghrelin concentrations and all correlations among the variables ghrelin, glucose, insulin, leptin, and all 4 subjective measures of appetite. Design: Twenty healthy nonobese men were studied in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Subjective measures of appetite and concentrations of ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and leptin were frequently assessed for 4 h after liquid breakfast meals differing in energy content and carbohydrate structure-ie, water, low-calorie (LC) meal, high-calorie simple carbohydrate (HC-SC) meal, and high-calorie complex carbohydrate (HC-CC) meal. Results: Ghrelin concentrations decreased after the HC-SC breakfast by 41%, after the HC-CC breakfast by 33%, and after the LC breakfast by 24%. No significant differences in ghrelin concentration among the 3 breakfasts were observed until 120 min. Ghrelin concentrations were correlated with subjective measures of hunger (r = 0.51) and fullness (r = -0.44). The percentage decrease in ghrelin between 0 and 30 min was inversely correlated with the percentage increases in insulin (r = -0.76) and glucose (r= -0.79) but not with changes in leptin (r = 0.10). The percentage changes in ghrelin concentrations between 30 and 180 min were correlated with the percentage changes in insulin (r= -0.53) and leptin (r= -0.47) but not with changes in glucose (r = 0.22). Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that ghrelin requires postgastric feedback, which may be regulated through insulin.
AB - Ghrelin plays an important role in the regulation of food intake. Little is known about how ghrelin concentrations are modified by dietary factors. Objective: We examined the effects of both amount and type of carbohydrate on ghrelin concentrations and all correlations among the variables ghrelin, glucose, insulin, leptin, and all 4 subjective measures of appetite. Design: Twenty healthy nonobese men were studied in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Subjective measures of appetite and concentrations of ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and leptin were frequently assessed for 4 h after liquid breakfast meals differing in energy content and carbohydrate structure-ie, water, low-calorie (LC) meal, high-calorie simple carbohydrate (HC-SC) meal, and high-calorie complex carbohydrate (HC-CC) meal. Results: Ghrelin concentrations decreased after the HC-SC breakfast by 41%, after the HC-CC breakfast by 33%, and after the LC breakfast by 24%. No significant differences in ghrelin concentration among the 3 breakfasts were observed until 120 min. Ghrelin concentrations were correlated with subjective measures of hunger (r = 0.51) and fullness (r = -0.44). The percentage decrease in ghrelin between 0 and 30 min was inversely correlated with the percentage increases in insulin (r = -0.76) and glucose (r= -0.79) but not with changes in leptin (r = 0.10). The percentage changes in ghrelin concentrations between 30 and 180 min were correlated with the percentage changes in insulin (r= -0.53) and leptin (r= -0.47) but not with changes in glucose (r = 0.22). Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that ghrelin requires postgastric feedback, which may be regulated through insulin.
KW - growth-hormone secretagogue
KW - plasma ghrelin
KW - circulating ghrelin
KW - food-intake
KW - messenger-rna
KW - leptin action
KW - energy-intake
KW - obese humans
KW - high-fat
KW - satiety
U2 - 10.1093/ajcn.81.2.367
DO - 10.1093/ajcn.81.2.367
JO - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
JF - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Blom WAM, Stafleu A, de Graaf C, Kok FJ, Schaafsma G, Hendriks HFJ. Ghrelin response to carbohydrate-enriched breakfast is related to insulin. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005;81(2):367-375. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.81.2.367

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Zealot. A name of Simon, one of the Twelve Apostles (Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13). Matthew and Mark in their lists call him "the Cananean" (not Canaanite as in the KJV), which is formed from an Aramaic word (Kanan), of which Zelotes is the Greek and Zealot the English equivalent. The Zealots were a party among the Jews (so called from their zeal for the law) who were determined to resist Roman or any foreign authority in Palestine.


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text:
Vocabulary for the outline levels of an SEC rule
I am working on a data modeling project involving an SEC rule and am struggling to deduce the proper vocabulary when referring to the various outline levels of the document. For example, at the top of page 532 of the rule is Item 1 of schedule AL. Beneath Item 1 is (a)(1) and (a)(2), which I am able to deduce are referred to as "paragraphs". My question, however, is what is the name of (a)?
E.g. if I wanted to say "in Item 1, [______] a, there are two paragraphs, 1 and 2. What word would take the place of the blank?
united-states regulations sec
Pat W.♦
AndrewAndrew
Paragraph (a) is also called a "paragraph."
Unless a document establishes a specific naming convention, each level is typically referred to as a "paragraph."
As to the SEC, the Commission tends to apply the "paragraph" convention. In the document you reference, this can be seen most concisely on page 508, where the language separately references "paragraph (a)(1)(iii)(B)," "paragraphs (a)(5)(iii) and (a)(7)," and "paragraph (l)." The remainder of the document is likewise consistent in failing to vary its diction by level. Compare, for example, page 296 note 871 (discussing "paragraph (d)(6)(iii) of Securities Rule 433"), with page 428 (discussing "[p]aragraph (j)" of Rule 15c2-8).
Pat W.♦Pat W.
In addition to "paragraph", the SEC (and many organizations, both governmental and not) also uses "subparagraph": see this SEC rule document filing from 2009 or s. 15E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
ErikFErikF
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The International Sephardi Music Festival has been held annually in the Botanical Garden of Córdoba since 2002.
This event was originally known as the Festival of the Spanish Jewish Network, "Sephardic Paths". It is a meeting point where the public can get a deeper understanding of the different traditions of Sepchardic culture. Concerts of the musical genre by Spanish and international artists alternate with talks and conferences about this people. During the festival spectators can enjoy drinks, tea, cakes and typical dishes in the Sephardi tavern.


text:
educratsweb.com >> POSHAN - EDUCRATSWEB.COM
POSHANPoshan
Kasturba Poshan Sahay Yojana (KPSY)
Brief Objective The objective of this study was to assess the Kasturba Poshan Sahay Yojana. The specific objectives were (i) To assess the health services provided to the beneficiary of Kasturba Poshan Sahay Yojana. (ii) To assess the expenditure/utilization of money provided to KPSY beneficiaries. (iii) To assess the awareness and knowledge of beneficiaries about Kasturba Poshan Sahay Yojana. ..
National Ayurveda Day
#Health on Sunday January 16 2022
The National Ayurveda Day is celebrated every year on the occasion of Dhanwantari Jayanti (Dhanteras) since 2016. Ayurveda is perceived as one of the most ancient and well documented system of medicine equally relevant in modern times. Its holistic approach whether for healthy individuals or for diseased ones remains unparalleled. Prevention of disease and promotion of health is the main aim of Ayurveda. Lord Dhanvantari is considered as divine propagator of Ayurveda. He is conferred with the v ..
Kriti Sanon Biography, Age, Family, First Movie, Movies List & More
#Entertainment on Saturday February 20 2021
Who is Kriti Sanon? Kriti Sanon was born on 27 July 1990 (Age 30 Years as of 2020). She is an actress as well as a model. To reach this point, she struggled a lot and is a self-made artist. She predominantly works in the Bollywood film industry. Coming from a non-film background, her brilliant ..
Women and Child Development Minister inaugurates NUTRI GARDEN at All India Institute of Ayurveda
Initiating series of programs under month long Poshan Maah 2021, the Union Minister for Women and Child Development Smriti Zubin Irani said that the need of hour is to provide the knowledge about how the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda intervention can be effectively utilized to address the nutrition requirement of the nation. WCD Minister inaugurated NUTRI GARDEN to mark the beginning of Poshan Maah – 2021 today at All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA). Dr. Munjpara Mahendrabhai, Minister of ..
E-MAGAZINE NEW INDIA SAMACHAR (SEPTEMBER 1 - 15)
#Education on Wednesday September 1 2021
E-MAGAZINE NEW INDIA SAMACHAR (SEPTEMBER 1 - 15) Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has brought out a fortnightly titled "New India Samachar". New India Samachar is to provide you correct information about various initiatives taken by Government of India for benefit of the common people. While New India Samachar is not the government's mout ..
Webinar on the importance of Poshan Vatika for alleviation of malnutrition organised
The Ministry of Ayush and Ministry of Women and Child Development jointly organised a webinar on the importance of 'Poshan Vatika' for alleviation of malnutrition today. The webinar was attended by Dr Munjpara Mahendrabhai, Minister of State for Ayush and Women and Child Development; Indevar Pandey, Secretary MoWCD; Vaidya Rajesh Kotecha, Secretary, Ministry of Ayush; Prof Sanjeev Sharma, Vice Chancellor, National Institute of Ayurveda (NIA, Deemed to be University), Dr JLN Shastry, ..
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#Life & Style on Thursday June 13 2019
Nehru Yuva Kendras were established in the year 1972 with the objective of providing rural youth avenues to take part in the process of nation building as well providing opportunities for the development of their personality and skills. In the year 1987-88, Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan(NYKS) was set up as an autonomous organization under the Government of India, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, to oversee working of these Kendras. NYKS is the largest grassroots level youth ..
Ayush-based Nutrition Solutions to be highlighted in the Poshan Maah observation
#Health on Thursday September 10 2020
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devnetjobsindia.org 1800 Non profit, Home, Remote job opportunities
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devnetjobsindia.org 1800 Non profit, Home, Remote job opportunities International Development, Jobs, NGOs, Consulting, UN, UNDP, World Bank, international development community,IFC, Environment, Trade, Charity, non-profits, UNESCO, UNAIDS, WHO, USAID, Careers, IFAD, Consultancies Manager – Grant Making Azim Premji Philanthropic Initiatives Pvt Ltd Location: Andhra Pra ..
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Government has advised public including women to take all precautions for prevention from COVID19, while pursuing professions. Measures such as work from home, on line teaching, tele medicine consultations etc have been encouraged. Anganwadi Workers, ANMs and ASHAs have been engaged in facilitating essential services during COVID19 pendemic. With effect from 1st October, 2018, the Government has enhanced honorarium to Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) from ₹ 3,000/- to ₹ 4,500/- per month; AWWs ..
Poshan 2.0 Quiz
#Health on Thursday September 9 2021
POSHAN Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission) – PM's Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nourishment was launched on 8th March, 2018. This programme strives to reduce the level of stunting, under-nutrition, low birth weight in children and anemia in adolescent girls, pregnant women, lactating mothers as well as children. "Rashtriya Poshan ..
Farming and Non-Farming Jobs in Rural Areas
#Career on Wednesday September 23 2020
Government of India is supporting State Government in expansion of livelihood and employment opportunities in the rural areas through a multitude of interventions which included interventions in the farm and allied sectors, non-farm including small and cottage industries sector and service sector besides social sectors. The programs that directly address creation of livelihood and employment under the Ministry of Rural Development includes DeendayalAntyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihood Mission (DA ..
Development of Women and Children
#Government Schemes on Wednesday September 23 2020
The Ministry of Women & Child Development implements following schemes to promote the development of women and children across the country: Anganwadi Services: Anganwadi Services under Umbrella Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme is a centrally sponsored scheme, aiming at holistic development of children below 6 years of age and pregnant women & lactating mothers, by providing a package of six services comprising (i) Supplementary nutrition; (ii) Pre-school non-f ..
Poshan Quiz
#Contest on Sunday September 20 2020
Poshan Quiz Last Date Sep 30,2020 23:45 PM IST (GMT +5.30 Hrs) Login to See the Details Poshan Quiz' is a Ministry of Education initiative with support from Ministry of Women & Child development. The initiative is in response to the pressing concern of malnutrition. Stunting, anemia, low birt ..
Bhartiya Poshan Krishi Kosh
Bhartiya Poshan Krishi Kosh (B.P.K.K.), a web portal having information of India's crop diversity across all districts – for both current and historical crops has been developed. It aims to provide data informed agro ecological contexts required to produce traditional and locally available nutrition-rich crops. The B.P.K.K. is designed to indicate the nutritional value of all major food crops, vegetables and fruits grown in all states and UTs of India down up to a district level. The informat ..
State Society for Ultra Poor and Social Welfare-SSUPSW
#Bihar on Thursday June 20 2019
State Society for Ultra Poor and Social Welfare-SSUPSW, (brand name- 'SAKSHAM')is a society led by Department of Social Welfare, government of Bihar, registered under Societies Registration Act 1860. The General Body (GB) headed by Development Commissioner of Govt. of Bihar; is the apex body of the society for the policy decisions. Principal Secretary, Department of Social Welfare is the Chairperson of its Executive Committee. The society stands to provide technical support t ..
Ministry of Ayush to release videos, short film, booklet on benefits of Ayurveda-based nutritious diet
#Health on Monday November 1 2021
To exhibit the strength of Ayurveda in our daily regimen of food through innovative and healthy recipes, the Ministry of Ayush will release videos prepared by National Institute of Ayurveda on the occasion of '6th Ayurveda Day' tomorrow, November 2nd. Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot will be the chief guest of the celebrations, while Union Minister of Ayush and Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Sarbananda Sonowal, will preside over the function. Union Minister of State for Ayush, ..
Shri Sadananda Gowda launches 8 Nutraceutical-immunity boosting products under Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Priyojana (PMBJP) for sale through Janaushadhi Kendras
Union Minister of Chemicals & Fertilizers Shri DV Sadananda Gowda launched here today 8 immunity boosting products under Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Priyojana (PMBJP) for sale through Janaushadhi Kendras across country. Speaking on the occasion, Shri Gowda informed that the launch of new nutraceuticals today is significant in view of the Corona-19 pandemic. Th ..
Women make up 43% of the agricultural labour force in the developing world
Women make up 43% of the agricultural labour force in the developing world School of Development Studies, IIHMR University with the support of The Coalition of Food and Nutrition Security, New Delhi conducts 2nd National Conclave on Women Empowerment: Impact on Maternal and Child Nutrition The highest risk factor for stunting in India is no education of mothers The direct relation between nutrition and women empowerment Women make ..
AYUSH Ministry organized National webinar on Nutrition Science and Advancements
#Health on Friday September 25 2020
As part of the "AYUSH for Immunity" campaign of the Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, a webinar on Nutrition Science and Advancements, titled POSHAN AAHAR was conducted recently. Experts, researchers, Clinical Nutritionists, Surgeons and Yoga& Naturopathy physicians were participated in the webinar. The webinar was organised by the Central Council for Research in Yoga & Naturopathy (CCRYN), an Autonomous Body under the Ministry of AYUSH. The first session was by Prof Kalida ..
The India Science Quiz
#Contest on Friday September 25 2020
The India Science Quiz Start Date : 23/09/2020 16:40 End Date : 22/10/2020 23:59 Questions : 10, Duration : 900 Seconds Rewards : Top 5 participants will receive ..
Webinar on "POSHAN Abhiyaan – Sahi Poshan Desh Roshan" organized today
A webinar on "POSHAN Abhiyaan– Sahi Poshan Desh Roshan" was organised today by Regional Outreach Bureau (ROB) & Press Information Bureau (PIB), Chandigarh, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India. Ms. Sarita Godwani, Consultant, Social Welfare Department, UT Chandigarh and Ms. Saba Malik, Senior Dietician, General Hospital, Sonipat, Haryana participated as the guest speakers in the virtual meet. ..
Malnutrition in India
Malnutrition is not the direct cause of death among children under five years of age. Though it can increase morbidity and mortality by reducing resistance to infections. Malnourished children are more vulnerable to any infection than normal children. The overall under five mortality rate (number of deaths per thousand live births) has reduced from 74.3 as reported by 3rd National Family Health Survey report released in 2005-06 to 49.7 as 4th National Family Health Survey report released in ..
Access to Nutritious Food
Under the Anganwadi Services Scheme, supplementary nutrition is provided to children in the age group of 6 months to 6 years in the form of Take Home Ration to children (6 months to 3 years) and Morning Snacks and Hot Cooked Meal to children (3 – 6 years). The scheme is universal and open to all the eligible beneficiaries. Under POSHAN Abhiyaan, comprehensive communication plan & IEC materials have been developed and intensive Mass Media Campaign is ..
Key Highlights of Union Budget 2021-22
Presenting the first ever digital Union Budget, Union Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman stated that India's fight against COVID-19 continues into 2021 and that this moment in history, when the political, economic, and strategic relations in the post-COVID world are changing, is the dawn of a new era – one in which India is well-poised to truly be the land of promise and hope. ..
More than one lakh nutrition related activities undertaken by Nehru Yuva Kendras so far during Rashtriya Poshan Maah under POSHAN Abhiyaan
#Health on Sunday September 27 2020
September month is celebrated as Rashtriya Poshan Maah each year under POSHAN Abhiyaan (PM's Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nourishment), which was launched in 2018. Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports has undertaken several activities during Poshan Maah started from 1st September 2020. PoshanMaah aims tocreate mobilizationacross the country forimproving Nutritionindicators. Department of Youth Affair's Nehru Yuva Kendra Sanghathan (NYKS) has been celebrating National Nutrit ..
Major Welfare Schemes of the Ministry
The details regarding major welfare schemes being implemented by the Ministry of Women and Child Development along with the State-wise details of the beneficiaries of these schemes are given as below:- Anganwadi Services: Anganwadi Services under Umbrella Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme is a centrally sponsored scheme, aiming at holistic development of children below 6 years of age and pregnant women & lactating mothers, by prov ..
Training programme for Capacity Development of Anganwadi Workers & Farm Women to achieve national nutrition goals organized
A training programme for Capacity Development of Anganwadi Workers & Farm Women to achieve the national nutrition goals was organized by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) on 17th September 2020, as part of the 3rd Rashtriya Poshan Maah being celebrated in the month of September throughout the country. Around one lakh Poshan kits were also distributed among Anganwadi workers by Krishi Vigyan Kendras all over the country on the occasion of PM's birthday on 17th September 2020. ..
Malnutrition Deaths among Children in the Country
#News on Thursday September 17 2020
Malnutrition is not a direct cause of death among children. However, it can increase morbidity and mortality by reducing resistance to infections. Malnourished children are more vulnerable to any infection than normal children. The overall under five mortality rate has reduced from 74.3 (NFHS-3) to 49.7 (NFHS-4) deaths per thousand live births. The Government has accorded high priority to the issue of malnutrition and is implementing several schemes/programmes through States/UTs to addres ..
Aarogya Bharat I Mission Poshan : Food Safety & Adulteration I 2nd March 2020
Aorgya Bharat I Mission Poshan: Maternal Anemia I 3rd February 2020
POSHAN POSHAN POSHAN POSHAN POSHAN POSHAN POSHAN
Kasturba Poshan Sahay Yojana (KPSY) 32
Government Schemes Sunday January 16 2022
Webinar on the importance of Poshan Vatika for alleviation of malnutrition organised 6
News Tuesday September 7 2021
Ayush-based Nutrition Solutions to be highlighted in the Poshan Maah observation 6
Health Thursday September 10 2020
Poshan 2.0 Quiz 4
Health Thursday September 9 2021
Poshan Quiz 4
Contest Sunday September 20 2020
Bhartiya Poshan Krishi Kosh 3
Government Schemes Wednesday September 23 2020
Tribal Affairs Minister Shri Arjun Munda initiates Poshan Maah activities in Khunti district, Jharkhand 2
Jharkhand Wednesday September 8 2021
Webinar on "POSHAN Abhiyaan – Sahi Poshan Desh Roshan" organized today 1
Health Friday September 10 2021
More than one lakh nutrition related activities undertaken by Nehru Yuva Kendras so far during Rashtriya Poshan Maah under POSHAN Abhiyaan 1
Health Sunday September 27 2020
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That means you have just 60 days to evaluate ACA health care plans and determine whether Affordable Care Act health insurance is right for you and your spouse.


Recently, a wave of sexual harassment allegations has filled headlines nationwide. The New York Commission on Human Rights gathered in Long Island City last week to hear from everyday women about their Me Too moments. Kelsie Blazier reports.


text:
Q: Having two matrices which are changed at each iteration, can i show these changes in an animated way?(python) I have this piece of code:
import numpy as np
from operator import xor
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
i=input('Give the number of rows ')
j=input('Give the number of columns ')
k=input('Give number of iterations ')
M=np.random.randint(2,size=(i, j))
N=np.random.randint(2,size=(i, j))
print('Initial matrix:')
print(M)
for z in range(k):
    for x in range(i):
        if((z%2)==0):
            for y in range(j):
                if(y==0):
                    if(M.item(x,y+1)==0):
                        N[x][y]=0
                    else:
                        N[x][y]=1
                elif(y==(j-1)):
                    if(M.item(x,y-1)==0):
                        N[x][y]=0
                    else:
                        N[x][y]=1
                else:
                    N[x][y]=xor(M[x][y-1],M[x][y+1])
        else:
            for y in range(j):
                if(y==0):
                    if(N.item(x,y+1)==0):
                        M[x][y]=0
                    else:
                        M[x][y]=1
                elif(y==(j-1)):
                    if(N.item(x,y-1)==0):
                        M[x][y]=0
                    else:
                        M[x][y]=1
                else:
                    M[x][y]=xor(N[x][y-1],N[x][y+1])
if((k%2)==0):
    print('Matrix after processing:')
    print(M)
    plt.subplot(212)
    plt.imshow(M, cmap='Greys', interpolation='nearest')
    plt.show()
else:
    print('Matrix after processing:')
    print(N)
    plt.subplot(212)
    plt.imshow(N, cmap='Greys', interpolation='nearest')
    plt.show()

This is my version of rule 90(I won't speak about it 'cause it doesn't matter for my question). I create 2 matrices and change them while iterating(at odd iterations is changed one but at even other). I just want to show how my matrix is changed. I tried to find it by myself but failed.It will be coll if someone helps me.

A: The error you should have caught is that the if-statements you plot in are all the way to the left, so not part of the indented loop, so they only ran once. You should also look up the difference between an axis and a figure and the current axis in matplotlib, which I have put into a little function to do the repetitive stuff.
import numpy as np
from operator import xor
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def plotMN(M, N, describe):
    fig = plt.figure()
    Max = fig.add_subplot(121)
    print(describe)
    #print(M)
    plt.imshow(M, cmap='Greys', interpolation='nearest')
    Nax = fig.add_subplot(122)
    plt.imshow(N, cmap='Greys', interpolation='nearest')
    plt.show()
    plt.close()

i=input('Give the number of rows ')
j=input('Give the number of columns ')
k=input('Give number of iterations ')
M=np.random.randint(2,size=(i, j))
N=np.random.randint(2,size=(i, j))
plotMN(M, N, 'Initial matrices M, N:')

for z in range(k):
    for x in range(i):
        if((z%2)==0):
            for y in range(j):
                if(y==0):
                    if(M.item(x,y+1)==0):
                        N[x][y]=0
                    else:
                        N[x][y]=1
                elif(y==(j-1)):
                    if(M.item(x,y-1)==0):
                        N[x][y]=0
                    else:
                        N[x][y]=1
                else:
                    N[x][y]=xor(M[x][y-1],M[x][y+1])
        else:
            for y in range(j):
                if(y==0):
                    if(N.item(x,y+1)==0):
                        M[x][y]=0
                    else:
                        M[x][y]=1
                elif(y==(j-1)):
                    if(N.item(x,y-1)==0):
                        M[x][y]=0
                    else:
                        M[x][y]=1
                else:
                    M[x][y]=xor(N[x][y-1],N[x][y+1])

    plotMN(M, N, 'M, N after %d iterations'%z)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Automate a webpage testing I want to automate some tests on my webpage, mainly filling out forms with invalid data and see what happens. Is is possible with Javascript? If not, is it possible with PHP? The script should handle sessions and cookies.
Here is a very simple example that has 3 pages. In the first you should enter 'x' and click submit, in the second you should enter '3' and click submit. If that was successful the last page should show you "you got it!". Can that be automated so that I load a script and see the "you got it" right away? Please note: This has no cookies\sessions for simplicity, but I want an answer that dose support those.

*

*I have tried making another page with iframe that includes the site above. But could not gain access to the elements inside the iframe

*I have tried making an PHP script using cURL, that sends requests, but I could not forward cookies.

*I have posted an comment on this answer but didn't get a reply.

For your convenience, here is the code: (you don't really need it, but just in case..)
index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
First page: please enter x
<form method="post" action="next.php">
<input type="text" id="id" name="id" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
<html>

next.php
<?php
if(isset($_POST) && isset($_POST['id']) && $_POST['id']!='x'){
    echo '<script>window.location = "http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~kahilm/myNavigator/";</script>';
}
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
Second page: please enter 3
<form method="POST" action="last.php">
<input type="text" name="code" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</html>

last.php
<?php
if(isset($_POST) && isset($_POST['code']) && $_POST['code']=='3'){
    echo 'you got it!';
}else{
    echo 'you sent something, please make it a "3"... :)';
}
?>

A: Consider the Selenium browser automation framework - it allows you to navigate through pages, verify conditions, fill in forms. Very stable, very mature.
http://seleniumhq.org/

A: You should look at programatically controlling a browser to perform this type of test. Selenium is a popular option, and has PHP bindings mentioned in the documentation (although I usually use Perl or Python).

A: PHP-based solution: Won't test from the front-end, only the server-backend, hence won't emulate real input.
JS: Will not persist across pages.
Hence, you are either looking for a browser-extension or a standalone utility separate from the browser entirely.
You could try:

*

*Sikuli which however is generic, not targeted at web-pages, but at GUIs in general.

*WatiN or Selenium


text:
Atak na hotel Savoy – atak terrorystyczny przeprowadzony przez palestyńskich terrorystów z Al-Fatah na hotel Savoy Tel Awiw w Tel Awiwie w nocy z 4 na 5 marca 1975.

Historia
Atak terrorystyczny na Tel Awiw został zaplanowany przez Abu Dżihada, jednego z założycieli organizacji al-Fatah. Miał być to odwet za operację "Wiosna Młodości" (9/10 kwietnia 1973), podczas której w Bejrucie i Sydonie zginęło trzech wysokich dowódców organizacji Czarny Wrzesień.

Przygotowania do ataku
Pierwotny plan przewidywał przeprowadzenie ataku na nadmorskie miasto Naharijja w dwa miesiące wcześniej, ale napastnicy nie zdołali odnaleźć miasta z morza. Zrezygnowano więc z ataku. Za cel kolejnego ataku wybrano Tel Awiw. Napastnicy mieli po wylądowaniu na plaży zaatakować klub młodzieżowy oraz dawną siedzibę Opery Izraela (do 1982). Założono, że weźmie się jak największą liczbę zakładników, a następnie wysunie żądanie uwolnienia z izraelskich więzień 20 arabskich terrorystów oraz prawosławnego arcybiskupa aresztowanego za przemyt broni. Jeśli więźniowie zostaliby uwolnieni, napastnicy razem z zakładnikami ewakuowaliby się prywatnym transportem lotniczym do Damaszku. Jeśli żądania nie zostałyby spełnione w ciągu czterech godzin, wówczas napastnicy mieli zabić wszystkich zakładników i popełnić samobójstwa.

Członkowie grupy byli specjalnie szkoleni, aby w przypadku zatrzymania zeznali podczas przesłuchań, że przybyli z Egiptu, aby w ten sposób zakłócić negocjacje pokojowe egipsko-izraelskie i odsunąć zagrożenie odwetu od Libanu.

Przebieg ataku

Grupa ośmiu terrorystów załadowała się 3 marca 1975 w pobliżu libańskiego portu Tyr na egipski statek handlowy "Fakhri al-Din". Na morzu okazało się, że jeden z pontonów, na których planowano lądować na plaży, ma uszkodzony silnik. Dowódca oddziału postanowił, że obie grupy popłyną na jednej łodzi.

W dniu 4 marca około godziny 23.00 na plaży w Tel Awiwie wylądowały dwie grupy palestyńskich terrorystów. Napastnicy byli uzbrojeni w karabiny Kałasznikowa, pistolety, granaty ręczne oraz materiały wybuchowe. Po wylądowaniu na plaży terroryści weszli w obręb budynków i bardzo szybko stracili orientację w terenie. Celem ataku stał się Hotel Savoy, jedyny oświetlony budynek na rogu ulic HaYarkon i Ge'ula. Podczas ataku na hotel zginęło trzech cywili. Wykorzystując zamieszanie trzem osobom udało się uciec, jednak większość pracowników i gości stała się zakładnikami. Gdy napastnicy usiłowali opuścić z zakładnikami hotel, powstrzymał ich izraelski żołnierz Moshe Doychman, który zginął w strzelaninie.

Negocjacje i odbicie zakładników
Hotel został natychmiast otoczony przez izraelskie siły specjalne. Negocjacje z terrorystami prowadzono przy pośrednictwie jednego z zakładników Kohawu Lewiego, który znał język arabski. Podczas rozmów z oficerami izraelskich sił bezpieczeństwa, Levy przekazał szczegółowe informacje o terrorystach.

W nocy 5 marca, o godzinie 4.20, cztery oddziały izraelskich komandosów Sajjeret Matkal przeprowadziły szturm na hotel Savoy. W trakcie akcji odbijania zakładników zginęło 7 terrorystów, a jednego aresztowano. W strzelaninie zginęło 5 zakładników (kolejnych 5 zakładników uratowano) i 2 izraelskich komandosów. Większość zabitych zakładników było cudzoziemcami - byli obywatelami Niemiec, Francji i Szwajcarii.

W kilka godzin po ataku Marynarka Wojenna Stanów Zjednoczonych zatrzymała na Morzu Śródziemnym statek, z którego terroryści przeprowadzili atak. Załoga statku została aresztowana.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

1975 w Azji
Historia Tel Awiwu
Zamachy terrorystyczne al-Fatah
hotel Savoy
Zamachy terrorystyczne w Izraelu


Welcome to the H2OFun.com Storefront!
"Your one stop shop for water toys, rafts and party rentals."
H2OFun.com is dedicated to bringing the water sports enthusiast a wide selection of the latest and greatest water toys and water related renewable energy products. Summer time is FUN time! Gear up right here. Towables, rafts, water mats and more with new poducts being added all the time.


I am a bit new to gaming on the PC so my mechanics are not very good. I love to play Overwatch and I have been doing so since about September of 2016 on XBOX one. I Pretty much played casually but liked competitive a lot towards season 6. I made it to Platt but never invested time to actually get better. Eventually I was frustrated with the game and the console community just became too toxic. I left and didn't play for seasons 8 and 9. When I got the game on PC I did placements and hit 1950, I didn't touch PC until season 10 and placed in Bronze (1385 if I remember correctly) I climbed to about 1600ish. This season I placed in 1538 and currently my season high is 1698, so I am making progress. I have recently taken steps to improve my game and I was just looking to see if there were any teams that could make me better. I usually Two-Stack in comp just because I like the comms and I guess that's really why I want to find a team... It's the comms.


text:
News | Governance
AID/Watch Loses Charity Status
Monday, 12th October 2009 at 4:23 pm
Not for Profit organisation AID/Watch has lost it's charitable status after a long running legal battle with the Australian Tax Office - a decision the organisation says will have ramifications throughout the sector.
Monday, 12th October 2009
Not for Profit organisation AID/Watch has lost it's charitable status after a long running legal battle with the Australian Tax Office – a decision the organisation says will have ramifications throughout the sector.
A test case decision handed down recently applies what AID/Watch describes as a very restrictive definition of what is a 'charitable' organisation for taxation purposes.
On appeal, the full Federal Court found in favour of the Australian Tax Office and stripped charitable status from the small organisation Aid/Watch, that monitors Australia's international aid programs.
Aid/Watch spokesperson Dr James Goodman says the restrictive definition of charitable organisation applied by the Federal Court will send shockwaves through the charitable sector.
He says Aid/Watch will continue to fight this decision and is considering launching a High Court appeal.
Goodman says the Federal Court ruled that, despite having a clear charitable purpose to alleviate poverty, Aid/Watch does not meet the definition of charitable because the organisation takes a 'view' on the government's aid program and tries to influence government decision-making.
He says this restrictive definition may be a bridge too far for many charitable and environmental organisations.
He says charities are involved in the broad array of social life, and address causes as well symptoms of social problems. To do so they must be able to speak up without fear of penalty – they must be able to advocate.
He says that after this case, charities can no longer speak out and fearlessly take a view on political issues of the day.
In October 2006 the ATO disqualified Aid/Watch as a charitable organisation. Aid/Watch appealed this decision to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal and in July 2008 the AAT President, Justice Downes, overturned the ATO's decision. In February 2009 the ATO appealed to the Federal Court of Australia. The Federal Court judgement was handed down on 23 September in favor of the ATO.
AID/Watch says this case is the latest chapter in a long-running saga to define the meaning of "charity" on which may depend an organisation's tax-exempt status as well as the tax deductibility of donations.
Tags : Charity,
Guide dogs business venture set to shake up traditional charity model
Monday, 13th May 2019 at 4:11 pm
It's now or not for a long time – charity election strategies
David Crosbie
Thursday, 28th March 2019 at 8:47 am
Tech Giant Launches Foundation to Tackle Indigenous Disadvantage
Tuesday, 5th March 2019 at 5:09 pm
Less Generalisations, More Nuance Please
Krystian Seibert
Tuesday, 29th January 2019 at 7:55 am


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Is This Mission Creep or Something Worse?
By Bryan Preston Mar 21, 2014 7:20 AM ET
The US Navy built its LinX system in 2003, supposedly to help conduct counterterrorism. But that's not what it's doing, according to the Washington Examiner. It's engaged in an activity that crosses the posse comitatus line.
A parking ticket, traffic citation or involvement in a minor fender-bender are enough to get a person's name and other personal information logged into a massive, obscure federal database run by the U.S. military.
The Law Enforcement Information Exchange, or LinX, has already amassed 506.3 million law enforcement records ranging from criminal histories and arrest reports to field information cards filled out by cops on the beat even when no crime has occurred.
LinX is a national information-sharing hub for federal, state and local law enforcement agencies. It is run by the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, raising concerns among some military law experts that putting such detailed data about ordinary citizens in the hands of military officials crosses the line that generally prohibits the armed forces from conducting civilian law enforcement operations.
It seems that everywhere we turn, the US government is crossing lines and gathering up information on ordinary Americans. These government agencies are doing this despite President Obama's promise that the government isn't spying on ordinary Americans.
This bit is interesting.
The number of records in the system has mushroomed from about 50 million in 2007 to more than 10 times that number today.
Background checks for gun sales and applications for concealed weapons permits are not included in the system, according to NCIS officials and representatives of major state and local agencies contacted by the Examiner.
How can we be sure of that? Or, more accurately, while LinX may not be collecting gun background check pings, how can we be sure that some other government agency out there isn't? How can we be sure that some obscure agency or program out there hasn't scooped up all of the gun background checks, and all of the state records on concealed carry, and is just storing it all somewhere? NSA supposedly can record every phone call placed in a given country. If it can do that, it's probably child's play to tap into the NICS lines.
Can we be sure they or another agency isn't doing that? I don't see how. The FBI has its own version of LinX, called the National Data Exchange, or N-Dex. So together the military and the politicized DOJ have a database of about 500 million records of our ordinary interactions with law enforcement. Along with what else?
It's surely tempting for government officials to find a way to amass firearm background check and purchase records, along with state carry permits.
Bryan Preston has been a leading conservative blogger and opinionator since founding his first blog in 2001. Bryan is a military veteran, worked for NASA, was a founding blogger and producer at Hot Air, was producer of the Laura Ingraham Show and, most recently before joining PJM, was Communications Director of the Republican Party of Texas.
Read more by Bryan Preston


text:
 0.5 Kg (1)
 Weight: 1 Kg (1)
0.5kg - 1.5kg
Pure Farms 50 products.
Pure Oak Honey 1KG
Pure oak Honey is harvested in oura, batroun. Our Oak dark amber colored Honey is very aromatic, has a thick texture, and an intense woody flavor. It is rich in micronutrients that can benefit all consumers.
Pure Citrus Honey 0.5kg
Citrus honey it is one of the distinctive varieties of honey that have many benefits, and this type of honey is distinguished by its low sugar as it is absorbed by bees from Lemon, orange, mandarin and grapefruit trees, and most of the varieties of this acid-tasting fruit have a light golden color and an attractive scent close to that of orange and lemon.
Pure Kina Honey...
Eucalyptus Pure honey is a variety of honey made from the flower nectar of eucalyptus blossoms. It has a distinctly herbal flavor with a slight medicinal scent to it.
Eucalyptus is used in aromatherapy diffusers to enhance relaxation. Its pungent aromas are also used in inhalers, massage balms, cleaning oils and fabric fresheners to treat asthma, soothe muscles, and clean and disinfect household surfaces and clothing.
Pure Thym Honey 0.5kg
Thyme honey is one of the natural honey most appreciated for the uniqueness of its properties, thyme goes far beyond an aromatic plant widely used in cooking and medicine. Its color may vary from light amber to darker depending on the variety of thyme present in each area. It has a very peculiar intense floral aroma, which obviously reminds us of the smell of the thyme plant. Its flavor is sweet, but delicate at the same time, with a very particular touch of acidity.
Pure Anise seeds 100 gr
Anise also called aniseed is a flowering plant. The flavor and aroma of its seeds have similarities with some other spices, such as star anise and fennel. It is widely cultivated and used to flavor food, candy, and alcoholic drinks, especially around the Mediterranean.
Anise seed is a powerful plant that is rich in many nutrients and boasts a wide array of health benefits. It has anti-fungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties and may fight stomach ulcers, keep blood sugar levels in check and reduce symptoms of depression and menopause.
Pure Apple jam with walnut 1kg
Compote is a simple fruit sauce made with pieces of fresh fruit and some sugar. You could call the end result a textured fruit sauce or chunky fruit syrup. It is cooked low and slow in a sugar syrup so that the fruit pieces stay somewhat intact. Apples are carefully hand picked for a better quality.
Pure Apple Compote 1kg
Compote is a simple fruit sauce made with pieces of fresh fruit and some sugar. You could call the end result a textured fruit sauce or chunky fruit syrup.It is cooked low and slow in a sugar syrup so that the fruit pieces stay somewhat intact. Apples are carefully handpicked from our garden to provide you with the best quality and sweet experience.
Pure Apple jam 1kg
Apples contain pectin, a natural thickening agent found in many fruits. Traditionally, jam was made by cooking down sugar and fruit. Pectin in the fruit would mix with the sugar, causing a gel to form.
Pure Apricot jam 1kg
Jam was made by cooking down sugar and fruit.
Pectin in the fruit would mix with the sugar, causing a gel to form.
Although apricots are low in pectin and the jam does not come out as thick as other jams, the flavor and texture are something to die for. Mainly Apricot Jam is used in pies and cookies .
Pure Bitter orange jam 1kg
Ingredients: Bitter orange and sugar
Pure Pumkin cubes jam 1kg
Jam was made by cooking down sugar and fruit. Pectin in the fruit would mix with the sugar, causing a gel to form.
This kind of jam has a more complicated process to go through in order to get crunchy cubes of pumpkin.
Pure Fig jam 1kg


Home > Learn About Cremation > Why Choose Cremation?
For the first time, more Americans are choosing cremation than burial, according to a 2017 report by the Cremation Association of North America. That number is expected to increase. Why are more Americans making the decision to choose cremation? The answer lies in several economic, demographic, social, and religious factors.
Cremation is one-third – or less – the cost of traditional burial, which requires a casket, embalming, burial plot, and other additional expenses.
When you or your loved ones choose cremation, it simplifies the choices a family would be required to make for a traditional funeral service, at an already difficult time.
After affordability, experts view this as the biggest factor in the growing popularity of cremation: More Americans are moving away from their hometowns, and from family burial plots. With so many Americans relocating, cremation has become a practical and cost-effective alternative to traditional burial.
For many religions, cremation is becoming more acceptable as an alternative to traditional burial. While some still prefer burial, faiths that once prohibited cremation no longer consider it unacceptable or a violation of beliefs.
Americans are living busy lives and, as mentioned earlier, often live far from family and friends. This can sometime make it difficult to plan and carry out a traditional burial service. For that reason, cremation offers portability and greater flexibility in memorial services in a way that traditional burial can't match. In contrast to a traditional service, cremation can be performed immediately, and the memorial service can be held at any time, even weeks later. For these reasons, many families choose direct cremation, while other families hold services to accompany the cremation.
About 3 million Americans die each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cremation allows for an environmentally friendly option, using fewer resources, such as land and burial items.
It's become increasingly popular to plan cremation arrangements in advance. Read about the benefits of preplanning.


text:
Die Gerste oder Kulturgerste (Hordeum vulgare) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Gersten (Hordeum) innerhalb der Familie der Süßgräser (Poaceae). Sie ist eine der wichtigsten Getreide-Arten. Sie wurde vor ca. 10.000 Jahren im Gebiet des Fruchtbaren Halbmondes von der Wildgerste (Hordeum spontaneum) gewonnen und domestiziert. Mit "Gerste" (im Sinne von Gerstenkorn, nicht zu verwechseln mit dem Gerstenkorn bzw. "Gerstenkörner") werden zudem die Samen der Pflanze bezeichnet.

Beschreibung
Gerste ist ein Dunkelkeimer und einjähriges Gras, das Wuchshöhen von 0,7 bis 1,2 m erreicht. Die Pflanze ist glatt und unbehaart. Der Halm ist aufrecht. Die wechselständig und zweizeilig (distich) angeordneten Laubblätter sind einfach und parallelnervig. Die flache Blattspreite weist eine Länge von 9 bis 25 cm und eine Breite von 0,6 bis 2 cm auf. Die wichtigsten morphologischen Erkennungsmerkmale sind die zwei langen, unbewimperten Blattöhrchen der Blattscheide, die den Halm vollständig umschließt. Das schmale und leicht gezähnte Blatthäutchen (Ligula) ist 1 bis 2 mm lang. Das Tausendkorngewicht liegt bei 35–50 Gramm.

Der ährige Blütenstand besitzt eine flexible, also nicht zerbrechliche Rhachis, darin unterscheidet sie sich von den anderen Hordeum-Arten. Die in Reihen stehenden, ungestielten Ährchen sind alle gleich und fertil. Die Ährchen enthalten meist nur eine Blüte, selten zwei. Die Hüllspelze ist lineal-lanzettlich. Die Grannen sind 8 bis 15 cm lang.

Der ährige Fruchtstand mit langen Grannen ist im reifen Zustand geneigt bis hängend. Botanisch betrachtet sind die Körner Karyopsen, also einsamige Schließfrüchte.

Gerste wird anhand der unterschiedlichen Ähren in zwei- und mehrzeilige Formen unterschieden. Die zweizeiligen Formen ("Hordeum distichon") entwickeln pro Ansatzstelle nur ein Korn, das voll und kräftig ausgeprägt ist. Bei den mehrzeiligen Formen von Hordeum vulgare treten drei Körner pro Ansatzstelle auf, die sich schwächer entwickeln. Zweizeilige Gerstensorten (überwiegend Sommergerste) enthalten besonders viel Stärke und wenig Protein. Sie finden vorwiegend bei der Bierherstellung als Braugerste Verwendung (Malz) und werden zu Gerstengraupen verarbeitet. Vier- und sechszeilige Gerstensorten sind überwiegend Wintergerstensorten, die (im Gegensatz zu dem im Frühjahr ausgesäten Sommergetreide) im Herbst gesät werden und eine Vernalisation zum Schossen benötigen. Durch die längere Vegetationsphase und die effektive Nutzung der Winterfeuchtigkeit sind die Erträge höher und die Nährstoffe günstig für die Verwendung als Futtergerste. Neuere Wintergerstensorten mit hohen Gehalten an Protein und Ballaststoffen werden nur für die menschliche Ernährung angebaut.

Herkunft
Ursprungsgebiete der Gerste sind der Vordere Orient und der östliche Balkan. Die ältesten Nachweise von Gerstenutzung lassen sich bis 15.000 v. Chr. zurückdatieren.
Gerste ist eng verwandt mit der im Nahen Osten vorkommenden Wildgerste (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum).
Als klassisches Getreide der Antike wurde sie bereits vor mehr als 8000 Jahren in Mesopotamien und am Nil angebaut. In vielen Gebieten war die Gerste über Jahrtausende ein wichtiges Grundnahrungsmittel in Form von Brei oder Suppe; Gerste, Einkorn und Emmer waren die ersten vom Menschen gezielt angebauten Getreidearten. Ab etwa 7000 v. Chr. begann die systematische Zuchtauswahl und seit der Jungsteinzeit (5500 v. Chr.) wird auch in Mitteleuropa Gerste angebaut.

Bei Wildgerste fallen die reifen Körner aus der Ähre und müssen mühsam aufgesammelt werden. Kulturgerste entstand wahrscheinlich durch eine nicht gezielte Auslese der Menschen, die bevorzugt eine Mutation ernteten und pflegten, bei der die reifen Körner in der Ähre blieben.

Im Mittelalter wurde die Gerste als ertragreiches Viehfutter und als sättigendes Nahrungsmittel geschätzt. Durch die Züchtung anspruchsloser Sorten können die Erträge mit denen von Weizen konkurrieren. Neben der Qualitätssteigerung versuchte die Züchtung, auch eine technisch besser handhabbare grannenlose Gerste zu erzeugen. Dies ist zwar gelungen (Sorten wie Ogra, Nudinka), die Form hat sich aber nicht durchgesetzt. Hierbei darf nicht vernachlässigt werden, dass auch die Granne photosynthetisch aktiv ist.

Unterarten und Varietäten

 Wildgerste (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum)
 Kulturgerste (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare):
 Zweizeilige Gerste (Hordeum vulgare f. distichon)
 Mehrzeilige Gerste:
 Rollgerste (Hordeum vulgare f. hexastichon)
 Hordeum vulgare f. agriochriton
 Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste
 Hordeum vulgare var. trifurcatum

Nutzung

Sommergerste
Für die menschliche Ernährung kommt überwiegend Sommergerste (Aussaat im Frühjahr) zum Einsatz. Ein großer Anteil davon wird als Braugerste zur Bierherstellung verwendet. Zu diesem Zweck sollte der Rohproteingehalt möglichst niedrig sein, da die Biere sonst zur Trübung bzw. zum Ausflocken neigen. Dies ist nicht schädlich, aber meist optisch unerwünscht.

In nicht gemälzter Form wird Gerste zu Grütze oder Graupen verarbeitet und gelegentlich auch zu Mehl gemahlen. Speziell für die menschliche Ernährung gezüchtete Gerste mit einem Gehalt an Beta-Glucan von mehr als 4 g pro 100 g wird als Korn, als Flocken oder verarbeitet zu Mehl angeboten. Daraus werden auch Gerstenbrote hergestellt.

Wintergerste
Wintergerste wird bereits im Herbst, also noch vor dem Winter ausgesät. Da sie gegenüber der Sommergerste höhere Erträge und mehr Eiweiß (12–15 %) aufweist, wird sie überwiegend als Tierfutter verwendet (Futtergerste).

Health Claims (Gesundheitsbehauptungen)
Der Gerste werden auch Heilwirkungen zugesprochen. Gestampfte Gerste (Ptisane) wird schon von Hippokrates von Kos ausführlich beschrieben. Medizinisch interessant sind die löslichen Gerstenballaststoffe. Gerstensorten mit hohem Gehalt an Beta-Glucanen (β-Glucanen) werden zur Aufrechterhaltung eines normalen Cholesterinspiegels angeboten. Beta-Glucane werden von den Darmbakterien als Energiequelle genutzt. Beta-Glucane aus Gerste verringert den Anstieg des Blutzuckerspiegels nach den Mahlzeiten. Eine tägliche Aufnahme von 3 g Beta-Glucan aus Gerste reduziert nachweislich den Blutcholesterinspiegel. Entsprechend kann für Gerstensorten mit einem hohen Gehalt an Gerstenballaststoffen, insbesondere den löslichen Beta-Glucanen (mehr als 4 g pro 100 g), ein Health Claim ausgelobt werden. Folgende Kennzeichnungen auf verzehrsfertigen Lebensmitteln dürfen angegeben werden:

Als Nachwachsender Rohstoff wird Gerste bisher kaum genutzt. Die Körner könnten als Quelle für Stärke genutzt werden. Durch Züchtung konnte bei sogenannten "waxy Gersten" der für technische Nutzungen interessante Anteil verzweigtkettiger Stärke Amylopektin auf über 95 % der Gesamtstärke erhöht werden. Waxy Gersten enthalten rund 50 % mehr Beta-Glucan als Brau- und Futtergersten.

Früchte

Aufbau der Körner
Die Körner sind, außer bei der Nacktgerste, fest mit den Spelzen verwachsen. Vor der Zubereitung für die menschliche Ernährung müssen sie daher entspelzt werden. Dies geschah früher in der Mühle durch einen Gerbgang, heute wird dieser Arbeitsschritt in einer Schälmühle erledigt. Der gesundheitswirksame lösliche Ballaststoff Beta-Glucan ist in Gerste anders als beim Hafer nicht in den Randschichten des Korns (Kleie), sondern im hellen Korninneren konzentriert. Gerste enthält Gluten, was bei Personen mit Glutenunverträglichkeit zu gesundheitlichen Problemen führen kann.

Durchschnittliche Zusammensetzung (Gerste, entspelzt, ganzes Korn)
Die Zusammensetzung von Gerste schwankt naturgemäß, sowohl in Abhängigkeit von den Umweltbedingungen (Boden, Klima) als auch von der Anbautechnik (Düngung, Pflanzenschutz).

Angaben je 100 g essbarem Anteil:

1 mg = 1000 µg
1 mg = 1.000.000 ng

Der physiologische Brennwert beträgt 1320 kJ je 100 g essbarem Anteil.

Produkte aus geschälten Gerstenkörnern
 Gerstengrütze hierfür werden die geschälten Gerstenkörner zu Grütze geschnitten. Grütze wird in unterschiedlicher Körnung in den Handel gebracht. Gerstengrütze wird u. a. in der traditionellen russischen Küche verwendet, wo diese Grütze einen Eigennamen jatschnewaja () hat.
 Graupen (Rollgerste oder Kochgerste) erhält man durch Schleifen der Gerstenkörner, wobei auch die Spitzen gerundet werden. Am bekanntesten sind die "Perlgraupen". Dazu wird Grütze auf Schleifmaschinen bearbeitet, bis sie ihre rundliche Form erhalten.
 Gerstenflocken werden aus hydrothermisch behandelten Gerstenkörnern gewalzt.
 Gerstenmehl (von mittelhochdeutsch gërsten mël) wird aus den Samen von Hordeum-Arten (vor allem H. vulgare bzw. H. distichon) durch die Vermahlung von Gerstenflocken hergestellt.
 Gerstenkaffee/Malzkaffee als koffeinfreies Kaffee-Ersatzgetränk.
 Tsampa ist ein Pulver aus gerösteten und gemahlenen Gerstenkörnern, ein tibetisches Grundnahrungsmittel.
 Bestimmte Gerstensorten haben einen hohen Gehalt an den löslichen Ballaststoffen Beta-Glucan (mehr als 4 g pro 100 g).

Stroh
Je nach Arbeitsgerät kann Gerstenstroh im Vergleich zum Weizenstroh zwar weicher und saugfähiger sein, ist aber als Einstreu nur bedingt möglich. Reste von Grannen können bei empfindlichen Tieren (Pferde, Schweine) u. a. zu Reizungen der Atemwege führen.

Gerstengras
Gerstengras wird häufig bei der Tiermast eingesetzt. Es enthält neben den Vitaminen B und C auch Kalzium, Kalium und Eisen in größeren Konzentrationen. Für den Verzehr werden die Blätter der jungen Gerstenpflanze gefriergetrocknet. Dieses Pulver wird in kühlem Wasser aufgelöst und eingenommen. Der Geschmack erinnert ein wenig an verdünnten Spinat.

Gerstenkorn als Grundmaß
Da ein Gerstenkorn eine relativ konstante Größe hat, bildete es früher die Grundlage für einige Maße und Gewichte, so auch für die arabische Habba und den persischen Dschou, siehe auch Gerstenkorn (Einheit).

Anbau

Anbauzyklus und Ernte
Die Gerste zählt zu den Selbstbefruchtern; man unterscheidet zwischen Winter- und Sommergerste. Wintergerste, die im September gesät wird, ist ertragreicher. Ideale Wachstumsbedingungen für die Wintergerste sind Temperaturen unter 10 °C. Bei länger anhaltenden Temperaturen unter −15 °C erfriert die Wintergerste. Die Ausbildung von Nebentrieben (Bestockungstrieben) ist vor dem Winter abgeschlossen. Aus ihnen entwickeln sich im nächsten Frühjahr die Ähren tragenden Halme. Gerste gedeiht am besten auf tiefgründigen, gut durchfeuchteten Böden, aber auch mit ungünstigeren Bedingungen kommt sie zurecht. In der Regel beginnt die alljährliche Getreideernte mit der Wintergerste.

Die Aussaat der Sommergerste erfolgt Ende Februar bis Anfang April. Sie reift in weniger als 100 Tagen heran. Nach den Phasen der Bestockung, des Schossens und des Ährenschiebens folgen Blüte und Ernte.

Die Ernte erfolgt bei Voll- bis Totreife. Wintergerste liefert je nach Standort zwischen 50 und 90 dt/ha, Sommergerste 40–65 dt/ha Fruchtertrag. In Deutschland wird die Wintergerste auf ca. 1,24 Mio. Hektar angebaut, während die Sommergerste auf ca. 0,5 Millionen Hektar angebaut wird.

Krankheiten und Schädlinge

Viren und Pilzkrankheiten
 Das Gelbverzwergungsvirus (Barley yellow dwarf virus) und das Barley stripe mosaic virus sind die bedeutendsten Viruskrankheiten der Gerste.
 Der Echte Mehltau (Blumeria graminis) ist die wirtschaftlich wichtigste Pilzkrankheit der Gerste in Mitteleuropa.
 Schwarzrost (Puccinia graminis)
 Zwergrost (Puccinia hordei)
 Gerstenflugbrand (Ustilago hordei)
 Mutterkorn (Claviceps purpurea)

Schädlinge
 Die Gerste wird von verschiedenen Nematodenarten befallen.
 Wichtige Schädlinge an der Gerste sind Läuse, v. a. als Virusvektoren.

Lagerung

Wie alle Getreidearten muss auch Gerste vor der Einlagerung auf Feuchtigkeit überprüft werden, da ansonsten Schimmelbefall droht (Mykotoxingefahr). Die Obergrenze der Kornfeuchte liegt für die Einlagerung bei 15 %.

Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung

Die größten Gersteproduzenten

2021 wurden laut der Ernährungs- und Landwirtschaftsorganisation FAO weltweit 157.030.764 t Gerste geerntet. Folgende Tabelle gibt eine Übersicht über die 10 größten Produzenten von Gerste weltweit, die insgesamt 66,4 % der Gesamtmenge ernteten.

2021 wurden in Österreich 742.530 t und in der Schweiz 171.138 t Gerste geerntet.

Erntemengen in Deutschland
Zwischen 2009 und 2018 lagen die Erntemengen pro Jahr immer zwischen 10 und 12 Millionen Tonnen, mit einer Ausnahme: 2011 wurden lediglich 8,7 Millionen Tonnen geerntet.

Das Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL) veröffentlichte für 2019 folgende vorläufige Zahlen zu den Erntemengen in Deutschland:

Im Vergleich zu den oben angeführten Zahlen betrug die Welternte im Jahr 1928 36,3 Mill. Tonnen, davon in Deutschland 2,8 Mill. Tonnen.

Siehe auch
 Liste der größten Agrarproduzenten
 Liste der größten Getreideproduzenten
 Weizen#Die größten Weizenproduzenten
 Roggen#Die größten Roggenproduzenten
 Reis#Die größten Reisproduzenten
 Mais#Die größten Maisproduzenten
 Saat-Hafer#Die größten Haferproduzenten

Literatur

 Elisabeth Schiemann: Weizen, Roggen, Gerste. Systematik, Geschichte und Verwendung. Gustav Fischer, Jena 1948.
 information.medien.agrar e.V. (Hrsg.): Pflanzen in der Landwirtschaft. 2004 (ima-agrar.de PDF).

 Chen Shouliang, Zhu Guanghua: Hordeum. In: , (flora.huh.harvard.edu PDF, Hordeum vulgare).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 ProPlanta. Das Informationszentrum für die Landwirtschaft (Hrsg.): Infothek Gerste.

 Alexander Wudtke, Ch. Reichmuth: Entwicklung eines Expertensystems für den Vorratsschutz von Braugerste. 1998,
 Darzau Getreidezüchtungsforschung (Hrsg.): Von Speisegersten, Tsampa, Giotta und Gofio. (Anschauliche Informationen zur Speisegerste.)
 Redaktion Pflanzenforschung.de: Dem Genom der Gerste auf der Spur.
 Redaktion Pflanzenforschung.de: HvCEN-Gen diskriminiert Sommer- und Wintergerste.

Getreideart
Nutzpflanze


Studio Job was founded in 2000 by Nynke Tynagel and Job Smeets, both graduates of the renowned Design Academy Eindhoven in the Netherlands. Having met in 1996 in Eindhoven, Nynke began her studies in graphic design, while Job had just graduated in 3D design.
Nynke and Job live and work together. They redefine the applied arts for the contemporary age. Their collaboration has created highly expressive, mainly one-off or limited edition works, from the outset.
Opulent, intricate and ironic, Studio Job combine an extraordinarily high level of craftsmanship with extreme ornamentation. They reference both the traditional and the topical, the organic and the artificial. Employing iconographic, pan-historic imagery, which can be in the same moment both heraldic as well as cartoon-like, the results are consistently monumental and yet somehow primitive, and generally read neo-baroque, clearly fantasist, and certainly more mannerist than modernist.
Their work often projects a strong narrative quality, with often suggests a heroic battle between good and evil, and their gorgeous collections seem to emerge from a medieval, guild-like process with an industrial approach.
Although their work is geared towards collectors and museums by definition, Studio Job has collaborated successfully with various like-minded industrial manufactures, including Swarovski in Austria, and Koninklijke Tichelaar Makkum and Moooi in the Netherlands.
Their work has been shown internationally in numerous museums, including New York's Museum of Modern Art, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the Dutch Textile Museum in Tilburg; along with exhibiting at Carpenters Workshop Gallery.