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Hieroglyphica
DEAR COLLEAGUES and VISITORS of the WEBSITE!
Welcome to HIEROGLYPHICA website, Novosibirsk, Russia!
Novosibirsk is the largest Siberian city, an industrial and cultural centre of Russia. Akademgorodok with Novosibirsk State University and the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science is a world famous scientific and educational center. At the same time there is no university which offers full academic courses in Egyptology and focuses on training specialists in ancient Egyptian.
EGYPTIAN TEXTS SERIES
The first monograph was published in 2011. Though seventeen volumes has been appeared, the project "Egyptian Texts series" is at the beginning of its development, the work on the new books is ongoing; in the long term, it is intended to publish more than thirty volumes: a full collection of texts from all periods of Ancient Egyptian history translated for Russian readers. The books include an up-to-date discussion and Russian translations of the Egyptian records dating to the extended period; the selected texts are preserved on different types of sources: funerary stelae, obelisks, statues, papyri, graffiti. Both earlier and recent editions of the monuments have been studied; a major part of the inscriptions are photo collated. Some volumes are in German and English, moreover, publication of the sources and transliteration of the inscriptions under discussion facilitate understanding of the text for Egyptologists who do not read Russian. The books are available both in the libraries of the world's largest universities and museums and free in pdf. format.
NEW BOOKS!
ET XV (2021) Литературные и историко-биографические надписи (II тыс. до н.э.) / Literary, Historical and Biographical Inscriptions (2nd Millenium BC)
ET XVI (2021) Источники по древнеегипетской истории в переводах на русский язык. Каталог / Ancient Egyptian Historical and Literary Documents Translated into Russian. Catalogue
ET XVII (2021) The Manuscripts of the Maxims of Ptahhotep / Манускрипты «Поучения Птаххотепа»
ET XVIII (2022) Documents on the History of the Ptolemaic Kingdom / Документы по истории государства Птолемеев
The program is intended as a toolset for searching signs in the integrated catalogue of the hieroglyphs and writing short hieroglyphic inscription or vast hieroglyphic texts in vector mode. The goal of the Program is to achieve the highest possible operation effect in comparison with other text editors, since the Program design is based on a new concept of editing texts.
HIEROGLYPHICA program is available to download.


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PlanetYuca,
Wild pig population in the US is growing at an extraordinarily rapid pace
By Yucatan Times on September 23, 2020
'Super pigs' can have piglets at only 3 months old. They're terrorizing US, experts say (Photo: Miami Herald)
It's like something that's out of a terrifying movie – a wild pig population that's growing at such a rapid pace, experts are referring to it as a "feral swine bomb" that can go off any minute.
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the invasive species of wild pigs has a population of at least 6 million and is growing quickly.
The wild pig population has "expanded from 17 states to at least 39 over the last three decades" and causes an estimated $2.5 billion in damage a year, The Atlantic said.
"I've heard it referred to as a feral swine bomb," said Dale Nolte, manager of the National Feral Swine Damage Management Program at the USDA to The Atlantic. "They multiply so rapidly. To go from a thousand to two thousand, it's not a big deal. But if you've got a million, it doesn't take long to get to 4 [million], then 8 million."
The problem stems from the fact that most of the wild pigs are a mixture of domestic breeds and European wild boar.
"The problem with the hybrids is you get all of the massive benefits of all of that genetics," said Ryan Brook, a University of Saskatchewan biologist to the Atlantic. "It creates what we'd call super-pigs."
Some experts believe the increasing number of newborn piglets is due to global warming, as warmer temperatures boost the growth of plants that the pigs feast on, the Outsider said.
It also doesn't help that the wild pigs can start reproducing at just 3 months old and can reproduce up to twice a year with litters consisting of around 10 piglets, the Outsider says.
The population of feral pigs is higher in certain states. In Texas, there are more than 1.5 million, according to Texas Parks and Wildlife. Florida also has a considerable amount, the University of Florida says, while California has a population between 200,000 and 400,000, The Sacramento Bee reported in 2018.
feral swine bombUSAwild pigs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Utah is getting hammered with snow and you are ready for a little ski vacation. Buy a plane ticket or hop in the car and head to Little Cottonwood Canyon, home to Snowbird and Alta. With over 5,100 skiable acres between the two, you can be sure to find plenty of new spots to explore all over the mountain. In reality, it would take years to ski everything that LCC has to offer, but here is a little starters' guide to make the most out of your weekend trip.
6:00 pm: Your flight lands at the Salt Lake City International Airport and its time to sort out your transportation up to the mountain. If you are going to go the rental car route, be sure to get something with all-wheel drive and snow tires just in case it is going to be snowing during your trip. Otherwise, there are a variety of shuttle services and buses that can take you right to your hotel. On a typical day, the trip from the airport to Snowbird or Alta Ski Area will take about 45 minutes. Pro tip: if you can get on an earlier flight, you should be able to catch a couple of hours of skiing before the resorts close.
7:00 pm: Check into the The Cliff Lodge at Snowbird and head upstairs to The Aerie, a bar and restaurant located on the top floor of the hotel. The Aerie offers a variety of smaller plates and appetizers like edamame and shishito peppers, to sandwiches, pasta and larger entrees. I recommend going for the grilled chicken sandwich or the elk meatloaf.
10:00 pm: Get yourself to bed and rest up for a big day of skiing.
7:30 am: Wake up and sort out some breakfast. Staying in the Cliff, there are a number of easy options within steps of your room. You could head back up to The Aerie for the breakfast buffet, go down to the lobby level for more grab-and-go style foods at The Atrium or walk over to The Snowbird Center and check out the burritos and bagel sandwiches at General Gritts.
9:00 am: Provided ski patrol is done with their morning routes, Snowbird's lifts and the Aerial Tram start running at 9 am. When staying in the Cliff Lodge, the easiest/best options for you to start your day are either the Tram or the Peruvian Chairlift. You can ski right to either of them from the hotel. If it's a sunny morning, I recommend taking the Peruvian Chairlift up and going through the tunnel out to Mineral Basin. Mineral gets the most direct sunlight, so when the skies clear it is definitely worth heading back there for some groomers and wide-open bowl skiing.
12:00 pm: Once you have done a fair bit of exploring in Mineral Basin and Peruvian Gulch, head down to the base area and get on the Tram. At the top of the Tram is Utah's highest restaurant: The Summit. Not only can you get some really great food, but the views are incredible. The Summit sits at 11,000 feet and there are enormous windows surrounding pretty much the entire building providing excellent views of Little Cottonwood, the Salt Lake Valley and Mineral Basin.
1:00 pm: After lunch, I recommend following the sunshine over to Little Cloud and Gad Valley. The Little Cloud chair accesses similar terrain to Mineral Basin and the Gad Valley chairs service some of the best tree skiing and groomed runs on the mountain. If you're looking for a nice long groomed run, head out towards Road to Provo off the top of the Little Cloud Chair, drop into Mark Malu Fork and from the bottom of that you can choose a couple of different groomers that will bring you all the way down to the bottom of the Gadzoom Chairlift.
4:00 pm: Call it quits for the day and head back to the base area for some après drinks. If you're looking to sit outside, I recommend getting something to drink at either The Forklift or The Birdfeeder. The Forklift is more of a sit-down setup while The Birdfeeder is a walk-up window. Both of these are located on the top level of The Snowbird Center. If you're looking for a bit of a rowdier local scene, head downstairs to The Tram Club, a full bar with TVs showing sports and ski movies. If you need a snack to hold you over until dinner, try some of the nachos or spicy cheese fries. Pro move: the Tram Club serves a $5 shot + beer combo which is hard to pass up—but be wary, too many Tram Club "laps" can put a damper on your skiing plans.
5:30 pm: Head back to the Cliff Lodge, change into your swimsuit and head upstairs to The Cliff Spa. Situated at the top of the hotel, the Spa features a rooftop pool and hot tub that provide some of the better views of Snowbird and Mt. Superior just across the road. Additionally, the Spa features a wide variety of services such as massages and facials, as well as classes in yoga and pilates. There is also an exercise room if you feel like you didn't get quite enough fitness after your day on the mountain.
7:00 pm: Arrange for the front desk of the hotel to give you a ride up the road and grab dinner at The Goldminer's Daughter Lodge, just at the base of Alta. The GMD has two options for dinner: The Top of the Lodge and the Goldminer's Saloon. If you're after more of a dining room feel, I recommend going upstairs to the Top of the Lodge, but if pizza and beer is more your scene, the Goldminer's Saloon is the spot for you.
9:00 pm: Walk across the parking lot and check out the Alta Peruvian Lodge, which is home to the Peruvian Bar, an Alta favorite for après drinks, known to the locals as "The P-Dog." Be careful not to get too comfortable as you may end up sleeping through your alarm Sunday morning after one-too-many shotskis.
8:00 am: Get breakfast at the Aerie's buffet. Nothing helps a hangover like some biscuits and gravy after all. Once you're feeling semi-human, check out of your room and drive or catch the shuttle back up to Alta Ski Area for another full day of skiing. If you're a snowboarder, keep in mind that Alta is a skiers only mountain so you'll want to stay at Snowbird. That being said, Snowbird is huge, so there is a good chance you didn't ride everything on Saturday and are sure to have another great day ripping around there.
9:15 am: Following the sunshine throughout the day worked well on Saturday, so start your day over at the Albion Base area for a same-same-but-different experience. The Albion and Sunnyside Chairlifts are great for some mellow cruiser laps and getting you up to the Supreme and Sugarloaf Chairs. The terrain off Supreme has some of Alta's steeper, more easily accessed tree runs and provides excellent views down Little Cottonwood Canyon.
11:00 am: Head back down to the Albion Base and say hello to the ladies in Alta Java, a walk-up window that serves coffee, hot mulled cider and a variety of snacks and smaller meals to keep you going through the morning.
11:15 am: Take the Transfer Tow over to the Wildcat Base and hop on the Collins Chairlift. From the top of Collins, you can easily get back to Sugarloaf if you'd like, or really test your ski legs off the High Traverse. If playful terrain is more your scene, take a few laps off Wildcat before lunch.
1:00 pm: Stop into the Watson Shelter for lunch in the Collins Grill, a full-service restaurant that offers dishes such as French Onion Soup, Spicy Lamb Skewers and Grilled Utah Trout. Be sure to call in that morning and make a reservation as it has a tendency to get busy around the mid-day lunch hour. Bonus: slip into complimentary slippers while you enjoy your meal to give your feet a much-deserved break from your boots.
2:00 pm: Close out a final couple of hours on the Collins and Sugarloaf Chairs. The afternoon sun can be especially nice on the terrain Collins accesses, but if your legs are shot from two days of skiing, make your way back over to Sunnyside or Sugarloaf and cruise the groomers. You can also get back over to Snowbird for a little bit if you'd like via the connector off the top of Sugarloaf.
4:30 pm: If you're looking for one last drink before heading to the airport (preferably someone else is driving you there), stop into the Sitzmark in the Alta Lodge and have yourself a cocktail.
I also wrote a similar piece earlier this year called 48 Hours in Southern Utah. Definitely worth checking out if you're a Utah local looking for a road trip or a Southern CA or Las Vegas resident looking for an affordable ski getaway nearby.


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Antiviral activity of chlorogenic acid against influenza A (H1N1/H3N2) virus and its inhibition of neuraminidase
Tomatidine, a natural steroidal alkaloid shows antiviral activity towards chikungunya virus in vitro
Berit Troost, Lianne M. Mulder, … Jolanda M. Smit
Antiviral activity of lambda-carrageenan against influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Yejin Jang, Heegwon Shin, … Meehyein Kim
Azithromycin, a 15-membered macrolide antibiotic, inhibits influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection by interfering with virus internalization process
Dat Huu Tran, Ryuichi Sugamata, … Kazuo Suzuki
An anti-influenza A virus microbial metabolite acts by degrading viral endonuclease PA
Jianyuan Zhao, Jing Wang, … Shan Cen
Ephedrae Herba and Cinnamomi Cortex interactions with G glycoprotein inhibit respiratory syncytial virus infectivity
Aya Fujikane, Atsuhiko Sakamoto, … Shigeki Nabeshima
High-content screening of Thai medicinal plants reveals Boesenbergia rotunda extract and its component Panduratin A as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents
Phongthon Kanjanasirirat, Ampa Suksatu, … Arunee Thitithanyanont
Indole-3-carbinol in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-Cov-2 virus and in vivo toxicity
Federica Centofanti, Tonino Alonzi, … Pier Paolo Pandolfi
Dalbavancin binds ACE2 to block its interaction with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in animal models
Gan Wang, Meng-Li Yang, … Ren Lai
Clofazimine broadly inhibits coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2
Shuofeng Yuan, Xin Yin, … Kwok-Yung Yuen
Yue Ding1,
Zeyu Cao1,
Liang Cao1,
Gang Ding1,
Zhenzhong Wang1 &
Wei Xiao1
Scientific Reports volume 7, Article number: 45723 (2017) Cite this article
Lonicera japonica Thunb, rich in chlorogenic acid (CHA), is used for viral upper respiratory tract infection treatment caused by influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus, ect in China. It was reported that CHA reduced serum hepatitis B virus level and death rate of influenza virus-infected mice. However, the underlying mechanisms of CHA against the influenza A virus have not been fully elucidated. Here, the antiviral effects and potential mechanisms of CHA against influenza A virus were investigated. CHA revealed inhibitory against A/PuertoRico/8/1934(H1N1) (EC50 = 44.87 μM), A/Beijing/32/92(H3N2) (EC50 = 62.33 μM), and oseltamivir-resistant strains. Time-course analysis showed CHA inhibited influenza virus during the late stage of infectious cycle. Indirect immunofluorescence assay indicated CHA down-regulated the NP protein expression. The inhibition of neuraminidase activity confirmed CHA blocked release of newly formed virus particles from infected cells. Intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg/d CHA possessed effective antiviral activity in mice, conferring 60% and 50% protection from death against H1N1 and H3N2, reducing virus titres and alleviating inflammation in the lungs effectively. These results demonstrate that CHA acts as a neuraminidase blocker to inhibit influenza A virus both in cellular and animal models. Thus, CHA has potential utility in the treatment of the influenza virus infection.
Influenza is an acute viral respiratory illness that causes high morbidity and mortality globally1. Three circulating subtypes, type A/H1N1, type A/H3N2 and type B, are well known as influenza viruses that infect humans, causing massive and rapidly evolving global epidemics2. A previously unrecognized H7N9 subtype of avian influenza virus which could infect humans was first identified in March 2013 and has caused at least 274 deaths during 3 major epidemic waves in China3. In humans, influenza infection of the lower respiratory tract can result in flooding of the alveolar compartment, development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and death from respiratory failure4. Cytokine storm during influenza infection is a predictor of morbidity and mortality5.
Currently available control measures for influenza include vaccination and two classes of antiviral compounds, the M2 ion channel blockers and the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs)6. Vaccines must be continually updated to cover currently circulating viral strains, and their protective efficacy is limited in people over 65-year-old who are paradoxically susceptible to influenza7. M2 ion channel blockers, with potential neurotoxicity, inhibits influenza A virus only8. NAIs act by binding to the active site of the viral NA to prevent release and spread of progeny virions from infected cells during the replication cycle1, which is a promising target for anti-influenza drugs screening9. However, several strains were reported to be resistant to oseltamivir due to mutations in the viral amino acid sequence10,11. Resistance and severe respiratory distress syndrome caused by influenza virus have become major public health concerns7. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop alternative anti-influenza drugs12.
Chlorogenic acid (CHA) (Fig. 1A) is a caffeoylquinic acid component distributed widely in Lonicera japonica Thunb, Crataegus monogyna, Eucalyptus globules, and Eupatorium perfoliatum, and Vaccinium angustifolium13, as well as several traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injections14,15,16. CHA has antiviral effects against several viruses, including HIV17,18, adenovirus19, hepatitis B virus19, HSVs20,21, and also inhibits inflammation caused by viral infection22. CHA was reported to reduced serum hepatitis B virus level in vivo20. Results from molecular docking experiments indicated that CHA could be a potential NAI of influenza virus H1N123, H5N124 and H7N925. It was reported that CHA could recover cell viability and increase survival rate in H1N1-infected mice23. Previous studies have demonstrated the antiviral effects of CHA against influenza virus H5N117,26 and its derivatives against influenza virus H3N227,28. However, evidence for the antiviral effects and potential mechanisms is very limited. Moreover, it was administered orally in previous experiments23, which could not confirm CHA is an effective component in blood, due to its low oral bioavailability (0.13%)29. Thus, the anti-influenza effects should be checked by intravenous injection. On the other hand, it was reported that CHA could down-regulate inflammatory factors in glial cells30. However, the action of CHA to alleviate inflammation in lung tissue caused by viral infection also requires careful assessment.
(A) Chemical structure of CHA. (B) Cellular toxicity of CHA. Inhibitory effects of CHA on (C) influenza A/PuertoRico/8/1934(H1N1) and (D) A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) viruses infection in MDCK cells. *P < 0.05 compared to oseltamivir carboxylate-treated group. (E) Experimental protocols to identify the inhibitory effects of CHA on influenza virus infection. MDCK cells (5 × 104 cells/well) were treated with different amounts of CHA, before, at the same time of, and after inoculation with (F) influenza A/PuertoRico/8/1934 (H1N1) and (G) A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) viruses. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared to Protocol 1; φP < 0.05, φφP < 0.01 compared to Protocol 2.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-influenza activity of CHA in MDCK cells and mice by intravenous injection. The mechanism of CHA against the influenza virus was also discussed.
Cytotoxic and antiviral activity of CHA on MDCK cells
At a concentration of 200 μM or less, CHA caused no significant cytotoxicity in MDCK cells (Fig. 1B). However, CHA at concentrations over 200 μM reduced the viability of MDCK cells remarkably. The CC50 of CHA on MDCK cells was 364.30 ± 1.06 μM.
Inhibitory effects of CHA on the influenza A/PuertoRico/8/1934(H1N1) and A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) viruses were first examined in vitro. Microscopic examination showed that MDCK cells infected with influenza virus exhibited cytopathic effect (CPE) including cell rounding, detachment and death. Treatment with 10–100 μM CHA significantly reduced CPE caused by infection in MDCK cells. MTS assays revealed that CHA increased the viability of virus-infected cells dose-dependently (Fig. 1C, D). For instance, 100 μM CHA inhibited H1N1 and H3N2 by 73.33% and 54.72%, respectively. Interestingly, 100 μM CHA showed a better antiviral effect than oseltamivir carboxylate (P < 0.05), used as positive control, against H1N1. The EC50 values were 44.87 ± 1.12 μM and 62.33 ± 1.22 μM against H1N1 and H3N2, respectively (Table 1). Additionally, CHA revealed inhibition against several strains resistant to oseltamivir clinically (Table 2). Moreover, CHA suppressed viral mRNA transcription and subsequent protein translation during H1N1 infection (Suppl. Fig. S1), which confirmed the antiviral effects observed in cellular model. These results indicated that CHA protected MDCK cells from viral infection and reduced the viral production in a dose-dependent manner.
Table 1 In vitro inhibitory effects of CHA against influenza A/PuertoRico/8/1934(H1N1) virus and influenza A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) virus.
Table 2 The inhibition of CHA against several stains of influenza virus sensitive or resistant to oseltamivir.
Inhibitory effects of CHA on different stages of viral replication
To determine the stages by which CHA acts during the influenza virus life cycle, a time-of-addition experiment was conducted following the scheme illustrated in Fig 1E. A less protective effect was observed when CHA was added before viral adsorption, suggesting that the possible target of CHA was rarely located in cell surface. The viability of infected cells was partly recovered by CHA presence during viral adsorption. Moreover, CHA showed even greater inhibition rates by approximately 73.07% and 45.17% against H1N1 and H3N2, respectively, when added after infection (Fig. 1F,G). These results indicated that CHA inhibited a post-adsorption step of the influenza virus life cycle.
Effects of CHA on the reduction of the viral NP protein
NP localization was examined at 24 h post infection (pi) when viral replication and transcription was underway and the newly formed virus particles began to release and spread from infected cells. As shown in Fig. 2, no immunofluorescent foci of viral NP was observed in the control. A strong green fluorescent signal was observed in the majority of virus-infected cells without CHA treatment. Moreover, viral NP was localized predominantly in the cytoplasm, with lesser amounts in the nucleus. In contrast, in CHA-treated cells, less NP was observed in the cytoplasm and expression levels decreased dose-dependently (Fig. 2). These results suggested that CHA reduced the expression of viral NP protein and caused nuclear retention of the viral NP, leading to the preventing on the assembly of virus particles.
Figure 2: Effects of CHA on viral NP expression level.
MDCK cells were infected with A/PuertoRico/8/1934(H1N1), after removing influenza virus and washing with PBS, the cells were incubated with several concentrations of CHA (10, 50, 100 μM) and stained for influenza A virus NP at 24 h pi. (green). The cell nuclei were stained by DAPI (blue). Samples were visualized under a fluorescent microscope.
Inhibitory effect of CHA on the NA activity of influenza viruses
To evaluate the target of CHA against influenza virus, NA activity in the presence of CHA was measured in vitro. CHA reduced NA activity of the influenza A/PuertoRico/8/1934 (H1N1) virus and the influenza A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) virus in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 3A), with an IC50 of 22.13 ± 1.07 μM against H1N1 and of 59.08 ± 1.12 μM against H3N2 (Fig. 3B). These results demonstrated that CHA inhibited NA and further lead to blocking of release and spread of progeny virions from infected cells, which explained the prevention of CHA on the post-adsorption step of viral life cycle. Thus, inhibitory on NA could be the anti-influenza virus mechanism of CHA.
Figure 3: Inhibition of NA activity by CHA.
(A) Inhibition of the influenza A/PuertoRico/8/1934 (H1N1) and A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) viruses NA activity by CHA. (B) The IC50 values of CHA against NA activity of both influenza virus strains.
Inhibitory effects of CHA on the influenza virus in vivo
First, the safety of CHA treatment in mice was assessed. Animals treated with CHA at a dose of 100 mg/kg/d maintained a relatively steady weight and showed no significant clinical symptoms throughout the study (data not shown).
To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of CHA against influenza A/PuertoRico/8/1934 (H1N1) virus, a lethal murine infection model was used. Mice of the placebo group all died at 8 days post infection (dpi). Oseltamivir protected 70% of mice from lethal infection. However, the administration of CHA at 100, 50, and 25 mg/kg/d saved 60%, 40% and 20% of mice infected with H1N1, respectively (Fig. 4A). Administration of CHA effectively protected the infected mice from weight loss caused by influenza virus infection (Fig. 4B). Despite the similar trend of initial weight loss in the first 7 days of infection, animals treated with CHA regained weight starting on day 8, whereas all of the mice without treatment (placebo) showed the most significant weight loss within 8 days. These results demonstrated that CHA treatment effectively increased survival rate and protected mice from weight loss associated with lethal infection with influenza virus.
Figure 4: Evaluation of the anti-influenza activity of CHA in H1N1-infected mice.
(A) Survival rate. Mice were infected with 1 MLD of the influenza A/PuertoRico/8/1934(H1N1) virus and treated with CHA or oseltamivir once a day for 5 days. Clinical signs were observed for 14 days (n = 10). Effects of treatment with CHA and oseltamivir on (B) the mean body weight during influenza A/PuertoRico/8/1934(H1N1) virus infection (n = 10). The mice were killed at 5 d pi. The lungs were removed and rinsed with sterile PBS. The effect of CHA on the (C) viral titres in the lungs and the (D) lung index of mice were detected (n = 5). **P < 0.01 compared to placebo, *P < 0.05 compared to placebo.
To further investigate the therapeutic efficacy of CHA against H1N1, virus titres in the lung of mice were determined at 5 dpi. No virus was observed in lung tissues from the normal group. Virus titre of the placebo group was 5.52 ± 0.48 Log10CCID50/g, whereas virus titres were 3.77 ± 0.51 Log10CCID50/g and 4.14 ± 0.32 Log10CCID50/g in the 100 and 50 mg/kg/d CHA-treated groups (Fig. 4C), respectively. H1N1 virus titres were markedly decreased by CHA treatment. The lung index for each group was observed to evaluate lung lesions. The placebo group had a lung index of 2.3 ± 0.31, whereas lung index was 1.41 ± 0.17 and 1.57 ± 0.23 when treated with 100 and 50 mg/kg/d CHA (Fig. 4D), respectively. Therefore, CHA decreased the lung index effectively compared to the placebo group.
Similar results were required in an H3N2-infected model, CHA treatments of 100 and 50 mg/kg/d resulted in 50% and 40% survival rate (Fig. 5A), protecting infected mice from weight loss (Fig. 5B). Lung virus titers (Fig. 5C) and lung index (Fig. 5D) on day 5 of H3N2-infected mice were significantly reduced by CHA. These results indicated CHA could exhibit anti-influenza activity against H3N2 in vivo as well.
(A) Survival rate. Mice were infected with 1 MLD of the influenza A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) virus and treated with CHA or oseltamivir once a day for 5 days. Ten mice per group were observed for 14 days for clinical signs of infection or death (n = 10). Effects of treatment with CHA and oseltamivir on (B) the mean body weight during influenza A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) virus infection (n = 10). The mice were killed at 5 d pi. The lungs were removed and rinsed with sterile PBS. The effect of CHA on the (C) viral titres of the lungs and the (D) lung index of mice infected by the influenza A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) virus (n = 5). **P < 0.01 compared to placebo, *P < 0.05 compared to placebo.
Effects of CHA on H1N1 infection in the lung
The expression of NP, which represents virus load in the lung, was detected by immunohistochemistry. Lung sections obtained from the placebo group had the most obvious immunostaining of viral antigens. However, less immunostaining was detected in the CHA-treated group, which could be attributed to the inhibition of viral replication by CHA in the lungs (Fig. 6). These data were also consistent with the results of virus titres in lung tissues.
Figure 6: CHA reduced viral antigen in lung tissues from mice infected with H1N1 isolates.
Lungs were sectioned for immunohistochemical staining to detect viral NP. Arrows marked in sections of placebo group show a large number of viral NP, while viral NP reduced in CHA-treated group. All micrographs were taken at ×200 magnification.
The lungs of mice were sampled for histopathologic changes caused by viral infection at 5 d pi by haematoxylin and eosin staining (Fig. 7A). No signs of lung inflammation or pathological changes were observed in the normal control group. Bronchial epithelial cells were necrotic in mice from the placebo group with thickened alveolar walls. Severe lung hyperemia and lesions were observed in the placebo group. Meanwhile, alveolar spaces filled with moderate inflammatory infiltrates of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. However, pathological sections of the CHA-treated groups show remission of lung hyperemia and lesions. And the lungs of mice treated with CHA had a reduced inflammatory response, which were consistent with the results of measuring lung index.
Figure 7: Pathological changes in the lungs of mice infected with the A/PuertoRico/8/1934(H1N1) virus.
The mice were killed at 5 dpi. The lungs were removed and rinsed with sterile PBS. (A) After being fixed in 10% formalin, the lungs were sectioned for hematoxylin-eosin staining to evaluate pathological injury (n = 5). All micrographs were taken at × 400 magnification. Concentrations of IL-6 (B) and TNF-α (C) in the BAL fluid from mice of each group (n = 5). **P < 0.01 compared to placebo, *P < 0.05 compared to placebo.
To further determine if CHA regulates the secretion of cytokines, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from each group were assessed at 5 d pi. Influenza virus infection resulted in significant IL-6 and TNF-α accumulation in BAL fluid compared with the normal control group, which was clearly reduced by CHA at 5 dpi (Fig. 7B,C). Additionally, the effect of IL-6 down-regulation was more pronounced than that of TNF-α.
Influenza is a highly contagious disease with high morbidity and mortality during an epidemic. The clinical application of anti-influenza drugs is limited by side effects and the emergence of resistant strains8. Consequently, it's very necessary to explore new drugs for influenza virus control. Traditional Chinese medicinal herbs may be a potential alternative medicine source for treatment31. Recently, clinical trials have shown that TCMs, including Lonicera japonica Thunb, could be alternative treatments for influenza32. CHA exists in high quantities in Lonicera japonica Thunb33, which is an inexpensive and widely distributed resource. Thus, CHA could be used for potential anti-influenza therapy at low cost in light of the continuous emergence of new and virulent influenza strains. Here, the inhibitory effects of CHA against influenza A/PuertoRico/8/1934(H1N1) and A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) viruses were investigated both in vitro and in vivo.
First, the EC50 of CHA against H1N1 and H3N2 were 44.87 μM and 62.33 μM in vitro, respectively. Moreover, CHA inhibited several oseltamivir-resistant strains, which implied the binding mode of CHA differs from oseltamivir. Thus, CHA, with a board anti-influenza spectrum, could be an alternative therapeutic approach against resistance. NP transcription and protein synthesis were significantly decreased by CHA administration, attributed to its antiviral effects. Furthermore, 100 mg/kg/d CHA possessed effective antiviral activity in vivo, conferring 60% and 50% protection from death against H1N1 and H3N2. CHA also prolonged survival time, decreased virus titres in the lung, and inhibited lung consolidation in virus-infected mice. These data show a lower dosage than those of previous reports23. Oral administration of 960 mg/kg/d CHA caused a survival rate of 56%, in comparison with model group23, which could be attributed to the low oral bioavailability (0.13%) of CHA29. Thus, it was reasonable that intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg/d CHA caused a similar inhibition of influenza with oral administration of 960 mg/kg/d CHA. Moreover, intravenous injection of CHA could be an optional administration route. Taken together, the antiviral effects of CHA against influenza virus were demonstrated in this study, which agrees with findings of previous studies17,23,24,25,26. Importantly, CHA could be the potential antiviral material basis of Lonicera japonica Thunb34, Reduning35 and Shuanghuanglian injection36.
Greater activity against influenza virus was observed when CHA was added after viral adsorption, which could be attributed to the inhibition of CHA on NA activity, playing a vital role in the viral life cycle with respect to release of progeny virions from infected cells. Indeed, the IC50 of CHA against NA of H1N1 and H3N2 was 22.13 μM and 59.08 μM, respectively. Hence, CHA may inhibit the release and spread of progeny virus particles. Interestingly, CHA had a greater inhibitory effect against NA from H1N1 virus than against that from H3N2, which is consistent with the results observed in cellular model. Amino acid differs in or near the active site of NA between two strains which may have effects on inhibitor binding. These differences in the NA amino acid sequence may lead to different structure and thereafter susceptibility to CHA37. These results demonstrated that NA could be a potential antiviral target of CHA to counter influenza A virus.
Monocytes and macrophages are susceptible to influenza A virus infection38,39. In response to excessive viral load, these cells produce cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α39. Accumulation of IL-6 and TNF-α is responsible for the pathogenesis and severity of influenza virus infection40,41, for it could cause severe secondary pneumonia in the lung, which is one of the most important causes of mortality in influenza infection39,42. In this study, CHA was shown to decrease secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α induced by influenza virus infection, and thereby alleviated inflammation and damage in lung tissues43. Thus, the down-regulation of cytokine secretion could be attributed to the inhibition of virus budding caused by CHA. Thus, we conclude that CHA reduced inflammation by inhibiting the excessive secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in the lung tissue of infected mice.
In summary, this study demonstrates the activity of CHA, as a NA inhibitor, countering influenza A virus infection in both cell culture and mice. Inhibition of NA by CHA decreased virus titres and alleviated inflammation in infected mouse lung tissues. These results suggest that CHA exhibits potential utility in the control of influenza virus infections with limited toxicity.
CHA with the purity of 98% was purchased from the China Pharmacy Biological Products Examination Institute. Oseltamivir carboxylate was purchased from Chembest Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
Viruses and cells
The influenza strains A/PuertoRico/8/1934(H1N1), A/FM1/1/47 (H1N1), A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2), and A/Human/Hubei/3/2005(H3N2) were obtained from Wuhan Institute of Virology, China Academic of Sciences. The clinical isolated strains of A/Jinnan/15/2009(H1N1) and A/Zhuhui/1222/2010(H3N2), resistant to oseltamivir and amantadine, respectively, were kindly donated by the Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and stored at −80 °C. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). 1640 medium supplemented with 10% (V/V) FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 U/ml streptomycin was used for culturing cells at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2.
Specific-pathogen-free BALB/c mice 6 weeks of age and weighing 18–22 g were purchased from the Animal Experimental Centre, Yangzhou University, China (No. SCXK (Jiangsu) 2012–0004)44. Animals were housed in a 12 h light/dark cycle, and the air temperature was maintained at 22 ± 2 °C. This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. All animal experiments protocols were approved by Laboratory Animal Association of Jiangsu (Licence number: SYXK(Jiangsu)2010–0010), which were conducted in accordance with the "Guiding Opinions on PETA's" promulgated by Ministry of Science and Technology of China in 2006.
Cytotoxicity assay
An MTS assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of CHA on MDCK cells. A series of concentrations of CHA (0–1000 μM) was added to the cells. After incubation at 37 °C for 48 h, medium with 10% MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) stock solution was added to each well45. After 2 h of incubation under culture conditions, absorbance (A490 nm) was measured using a microplate reader, and cell viability was expressed as the percentage of the absorbance value determined with respect to control cultures7. The half-maximum cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was defined as the concentration that reduced the OD490 of CHA-treated cells to 50% of that of untreated cells.
Antiviral activity assay
An MTS assay was performed to evaluate the antiviral activity of CHA against influenza A viruses. MDCK cells were inoculated with 100 CCID50 (50% cell culture infective dose) of different strains of influenza virus suspension in 1640 medium for 2 h at 35 °C. Culture growth medium containing different concentrations of CHA ranging from 5 to 100 μM was added to cells in a confluent monolayer. Oseltamivir carboxylate (2 μM) was used as positive control. All cultures were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. All wells were then observed under a light microscope to determine CPE46,47. Inhibition rate (%) = [(mean optical density of test - mean optical density of virus controls)/(mean optical density of cell controls - mean optical density of virus controls)] × 100%. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) was calculated using regression analysis, and the selectivity index (SI) was defined as the ratio of CC50 to EC50.
To investigate the anti-influenza effects of CHA at different stages of replication, CHA (10, 50, or 100 μM) were added exclusively for a 12 h pre-incubation period prior to infection (protocol 1), added together with virus for 2 h during adsorption period (protocol 2), or added immediately after the virus adsorption period (protocol 3). Cells were incubated for 48 h at 37 °C and cell viability was detected using an MTS assay.
Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA)
MDCK cells were infected with influenza A/PuertoRico/8/1934(H1N1) virus, after removing influenza virus and washing with PBS, the cells were incubated with several concentrations of CHA (10, 50, 100 μM) diluted in growth medium containing 0.5% FBS. Twenty-four hours pi, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min. Cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton-X100 for 5 min. After blocking with 2% bovine serum albumin for 20 min, the cells were exposed to a FITC-conjugated mouse monoclonal antibody against influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) (Merck Millipore, Germany) in 4 °C for 12 h. Cell nuclei were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and the cells were visualized under a fluorescence microscope48,49.
NA inhibition assay
A fluorescence-based NA inhibition assay was used to determine the sensitivity of the influenza viruses to CHA. The assay is based on the release of a 4-methylumbelliferone fluorescent product from the 2′-(4-Methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid sodium salt hydrate (MU-NANA) (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) substrate as a measure of NA activity7. The allantoic fluid of embryonated chicken eggs infected with influenza A viruses, containing NA of viruses, was used as enzymatic resources. For the NA inhibition assay, 60 μl of a NA solution was first incubated with 10 μl of CHA (5–100 μM) at 37 °C in black 96-well microplate for 10 min. Next, 30 μl of an 80 μM MU-NANA substrate solution was added, and the plates were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. Fluorescence was measured at Ex = 355 nm and Em = 460 nm50. The IC50 values of CHA represent concentrations that caused 50% loss of enzyme activity.
Antiviral study in mice
Seventy six-week-old female BALB/c mice were grouped into 7 groups: normal control (mice without viral infection); placebo (infected mice without treatment); CHA-treated (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/d); and oseltamivir-treated (100 mg/kg/d). Oseltamivir treatment was used as a positive control. All mice, except for the normal control group, were anesthetized by ether and intranasally infected with minimum lethal dose (1MLD) of influenza A/PuertoRico/8/1934(H1N1) virus diluted in PBS and then divided randomly into experimental and placebo groups51. At 2 hpi, mice were then administrated with CHA by intravenous injection or oseltamivir by oral gavage daily for 5 days. For the normal and placebo group, the mice were given saline water instead. Survival was observed and the mice were weighed daily for 14 days50,52.
Mice were weighed and euthanized at 5 dpi, and the lungs were removed and weighed53. The lung index was calculated as follows using the obtained values: Lung index = A/B × 100, where A is the lung weight, and B is the body weight54. Lungs harvested 5 dpi from each group were homogenized in 1640 medium containing antibiotics at 10% w/v tissue. Tissue homogenates, which were first clarified by low-speed centrifugation and then diluted (10−1–10−7) in 1640 medium, were added in 96-well culture plates containing MDCK cells, and virus titres were expressed as Log10CCID50/gram tissue. Survival, MDD (Mean day to death), weight, lung index and viral titers were also evaluated in an H3N2 infection in mice treated with CHA.
BAL fluid was collected on 5 dpi by using consecutive instillations of 1 mL PBS. The collected BAL fluid was centrifuged at 1500 rpm at 4 °C for 5 min, and the supernatants were stored at −80 °C55,56. The concentrations of cytokines IL-6 and TNF-a in the BAL fluid were measured using anti-mouse enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (eBioscience, San Diego, USA) according to the manufacturer's guidelines.
Histopathology and immunohistochemical staining
Lungs from each group of mice at 5 dpi were immediately fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin wax, and processed for histopathology and immunohistochemical staining. For evaluating influenza viral antigen expression, a monoclonal antibody (Merck Millipore, Germany) against the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus was applied to the sections2. Then, the sections were treated with HRP-labelled rabbit anti-mouse IgG(H + L) (Beyotime Biotechnology, China). The slides were visualized using a DAB horseradish peroxidase colour development kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, China). Finally, the slides were observed and photographed under an Olympus light microscope to detect the distribution influenza A virus nucleoprotein57,58.
All data are expressed as the mean ± standard error (SE). Differences during experiments were analysed by unpaired two-tailed t-test.
How to cite this article: Ding, Y. et al. Antiviral activity of chlorogenic acid against influenza A (H1N1/H3N2) virus and its inhibition of neuraminidase. Sci. Rep. 7, 45723; doi: 10.1038/srep45723 (2017).
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This work was financially supported by National Major New Drugs Innovation and Development Project by Ministry of Science and Technology (2013ZX09402203).
State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
Yue Ding, Zeyu Cao, Liang Cao, Gang Ding, Zhenzhong Wang & Wei Xiao
Yue Ding
Zeyu Cao
Liang Cao
Gang Ding
Zhenzhong Wang
Wei Xiao
Y.D. and Z.C. designed experiments, Y.D. and Z.C. performed experiments, D.Y., Z.C., L.C., G.D., Z.W. and W.X. discussed data, Y.D. and Z.C. wrote the manuscript.
Correspondence to Wei Xiao.
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Ding, Y., Cao, Z., Cao, L. et al. Antiviral activity of chlorogenic acid against influenza A (H1N1/H3N2) virus and its inhibition of neuraminidase. Sci Rep 7, 45723 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45723
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45723
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Iggy dancing at The Crom.
Several Floydian sources publish a scan of a NME (New Musical Express) article from November 1966, featuring Iggy, dancing on a party. Most of the time the date is cited as Wednesday the 16th of November, but the scan of the magazine shows a different date that of Saturday the 26th of November. As NME appeared every Friday the article probably appeared in issue 1037 (of Friday the 25th of November). Of course there is always the chance that the actual pictures were taken on Wednesday the 16th.
On the small, intimate dimly lit dance floor in the basement, it's all happening, PATRICK KERR, dancer from RSG, and his girls demonstrate the bend dance.
Above: Three pop personalities (l to r) ADRIANNE POSTA, FRANK ALLEN (of Searchers) and TWINKLE try the Bend, watched by Cromwellian publicist SIMON HAYES.
Left: Another Bender - model IGGY, who is half-Eskimo.
Below: CHRIS FARLOWE dancing in sheepskin jacket.
The party in question was held at The Cromwellian (3 Cromwell Rd, London SW7). The Crom, as it was generally nicknamed, opened in 1965 in Earls Court, was a three-floor cocktail bar and discotheque and one of the posher (and more expensive) places to be. It was also one of the places for a would-be star to be discovered (or at least they believed it).
The basement described itself as 'England's Famous Discotheque (and restaurant)' where pirate station DJs and well-known bands as Georgie Fame and Zoot Money performed. The ground floor had 'Harry's International Bar (and restaurant)', promising the 'greatest atmosphere in town'. Upstairs was a gambling area, an 'Elegant Casino', where you could try your luck at dice – roulette – black jack – pontoon and poker. Successful musicians, photographers, fashion designers, artists, television personalities (and the odd East End gangster) would hang out at The Crom, where the new m'as-tu-vu elite could enjoy a glass of champagne without being disturbed by obsessive and pushy fans. Ray Davies remembers it as the ideal place to 'observe the almost endless supply of dolly girls parading in mini-skirts'. Probably the fact that there was 'free entrance for girls' helped as well.
No wonder that The Crom was chosen by Patrick Kerr, one of the choreographers of the Ready Steady Go! TV show to present the new dance of the week: the Bend. (Probably he already knew that the RSG! show would end a couple of weeks later.) The Bend was named after the risqué Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich hitsingle Bend It! that had been released in September. According to NME a new version with a different set of words had to be recorded for the US market.
Update July 2010: the story behind the Bend craze can be found in the following article: Rod Harrod remembers The Crom.
Update October 2012: the Bend link at Sixties City seems to be broken, so here is an alternative: the Bend.
Adrienne (with an E) Posta (or Poster). An actress (and singer) who would have a prominent role in the forthcoming movie Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (1967). In the next decade her sheepdog would become world-famous, posing for a Dulux paint advertisement campaign. This also led to the single 'Dog Song', written by her husband rockstar Graham Bonnett (The Marbles, Rainbow, Alkatrazz).
Frank Allen who joined The Searchers in 1964 and is still with them today.
Chris Farlowe, one of Britain's earliest exponents of R & B, had been struggling until his 1966 version of Think (Jagger & Richards) made it into the top 20. His following single Out Of Time (also a Rolling Stones tune) became number 1 and Farlowe was voted Best New Singer for 1966, although he had been performing since 1957.
What was Iggy doing at The Cromwellian when Patrick Kerr demonstrated the Bend?
Who invited her to the spectacle (knowing that the press was also invited)?
Was she somehow connected to the RSG show (as a dancer, a model or a figurant)?
Was she somehow connected to The Cromwellian?
Was she somehow connected to Simon Hayes and/or his PR company?
What about singer/actress Adrienne Posta, one hit wonder Twinkle and superstar Chris Farlowe?
Was her aim to be discovered by a RSG! talent scout (perhaps not knowing that these were the last weeks of the show)?
The Holy Church Of Iggy the Inuit will continue to investigate this.
Bacon, Tony: London Live, Balafon Books, London, 1999, p. 74-75.
McAleer, Dave, Beatboom!, Hamlyn, London, 1994, p. 93-94 & p. 126-127.
Platt, John: London's Rock Routes, Fourth Estate, London, 1985, p.137-139.
Tobler, John (editor): NME Rock 'N' Roll Years, Hamlyn, London, 1992, p.163.
Direct link: Bend It!. Posted on 2008-08-08 at 16:58.
Iggy shopping at Granny Takes A Trip.
Tailor John Pearse, graphic artist Nigel Waymouth (and girlfriend Shelagh York) opened Granny Takes A Trip in 1965. At the entrance was some lettering reading 'one should either be a work of art or wear a work of art'. Granny Takes A Trip was the first multisex boutique selling miniskirts, op art shirts, garments in loud florals and paisleys… Perhaps more of importance were the second hand ornaments: flapper dresses, Victorian bustles, Boer War helmets, antique military jacquets, Chicago gangster suits, fezzes, turbans and other 'cleaned and darned exotica'.
Nigel Waymouth: "I was with this girl at the time and she used to collect old clothes. We thought that it might be a good idea to open a shop with all these things. (…) Of course it was terribly vain."
The Granny T-a-T boutique was known for its outrageous decoration. The entrance of the shop changed a few times: in the early days it had a mural of a North American Indian, in 1966 (probably) it was replaced by a pop art picture of Jean Harlow and at a later stage a real Dodge (well, part of it) was pop-artistically glued to the wall.
"The underground was exactly the same as everything else: there were rich people and there were poor people. It was class ridden. There was no working class in the underground because nobody did any work." (Cheryll Park, art-student).
"The underground had a star system exactly as did pop music and films and everything else." (Andrew Bailey, journalist Variety, Rolling Stone UK).
The press that cherished Swinging London reported vividly about the so-called mundane settings (shops, bars and restaurants) visited by working class heroes such as Michael Caine and Twiggy. The sudden press attention made the flower power movement mushroom and disappear in a couple of months time.
Look At Life was a series of short documentaries about British life, made by Rank Organisation and shown in the Odeon and Gaumont movie theatres. Between 1959 and 1969 over 500 tongue-in-cheek episodes were made. One particular episode from 1967, called IN Gear, narrated by Michael Ingrams, deals with several Swinging London shops and clubs.
It's the swinging London fashion scene on parade and features an eye-candy array of dazzling & colourful mod fashions! Suits, shirts, pants, shoes, boots, jackets, dresses, belts, bags, hats, caps, ties, skirts, blouses, scarves, dickies, and more! Mary Quant shows off her latest collection! The viewer is taken to King's Road, SOHO, and Carnaby Street.
Some of the shops visited are: "Granny Takes a Trip," "Hung on You," "The Antiques Supermarket," "I Was Lord Kitchener's Valet," and "Gear."
The narrator tells us that, "A year or two ago fashion originated in the haute couture's of Paris, then spread downward through society in ever cheapening copies; now these shops which would have interpreted the mould, originate today's fashion, owing nothing to Paris or anyone else."
When Late Night member dollyrocker watched this particular episode on YouTube he recognised a familiar face at 1:43. The girl who visits the Granny Takes A Trip shop is none other than Iggy the Eskimo. This probably means that she was hired by the makers of the documentary as an actor for the movie and further proof indeed that she was a professional model.
Unfortunately the credits have been cut of from the YouTube video and I'm not sure if they appear on the Swinging London DVD it was taken from (unfortunately the DVD is out of print and its editor DD Home Entertainment is out of business).
We don't know exactly when the documentary was made but as another shop, Biba, moved somewhere between March and September 1966 to Kensington Church Street, and that location is shown in the movie, one can deduct that the movie dates from summer 1966 - spring 1967.
Who hired Iggy for the documentary?
What agency did she belong to?
A gallery with screenshots of the movie can be visited here.
Green, Jonathon: All Dressed Up, Pimlico, London, 1999, p. 80-81.
Levy, Shawn: Ready Steady Go!, Broadway Books, New York, 2003, p.190-191.
Direct link: IN Gear. Posted on 2008-08-16 at 11:53.
Moviemaker Anthony Stern, who knew Iggy before she met Syd, has confirmed that the person at the Granny Takes A Trip boutique on the IN Gear movie is indeed her. On his turn he will present a home movie called Iggy, Eskimo Girl at The City Wakes festival in Cambridge. A short teaser can be found on YouTube.
It could be that the scratches on the picture were destined at Iggy, but why did Syd Barrett scratch (more or less) around her figure? Not (and I hope my shrink will never read this) her face or body, in my garbled opinion the logical thing to do if one would try to express negative or revengeful feelings on a photograph. Syd's body and face is far more scratched than Iggy's and Barrett also cut the letters SYD on the picture... Perhaps he was just trying to make clear to Mick Rock that he wanted to get rid of his pop-life alter ego.
Mick Rock writes further that he heard from Duggie Fields, the painter who was Syd Barrett's roommate and who still lives in the same apartment today, that 'she later went off with some rich guy in Chelsea and lived a very straight life'.
Although scarce the above information is about the most relevant we have had from a biographer in about 30 years.
The most famous dancehall in Purley was the Orchid Ballroom where The Who, The Troggs and The Hollies gigged a couple of times. It started as a regular dance hall (and concert and sporting events hall) in the Fifties and had a local house band The Jackpots in 1963 and 64.
In the mid Sixties (1964 – 1966) the Orchid Ballroom was the meeting place for the Croydon mods who would assemble every Monday night. Witnesses remember Mike (?) Morton, Tony Crane, Jeff Dexter and Sammy Samwell spinning the records. Pete Sanders and Mickey Finn used to be part of the crowd.
Not all these names ring a bell. I could not trace back Mike Morton, but Lionel Morton was the singer and lead guitarist from the Four Pennies who had a hit in 1963 – 1964 with Juliet. Tony Crane was a member of The Mavericks, a band that became famous when they changed the name to The Merseybeats, later The Merseys (David Bowie would cover their Sorrow on his Pin-Ups album, a tune they had borrowed from The McCoys). Mickey Finn could be the man who was the drummer of T. Rex and who also played on the record made by Hapshash and the Coloured Coat, the people who were behind the Granny Takes A Trip boutique.
Another witness recalls how Cathy (Mc Gowan), the queen of the mods and presenter of the ever popular Ready Steady Go! Show, came to the Orchid Ballroom to spot for dancers to appear in her show. Seen the fact that Iggy was present at an RSG!-party, organised by the show's main choreographer, it is not improbable that she may have been present at some RSG! television-shows as well, as a dancer or as a pretty face in the public.
A book about the history of the Orchid Ballroom has been made and the Church will try to contact its author, there is the (very small) chance that Iggy is mentioned in it.
Update August 2009: Brian Roote, who studied the history of The Orchid confirmed later to the Church: 'I have no knowledge of this girl whatsoever'.
An image gallery with stills of the Iggy, Eskimo Girl movie.
McAleer, Dave: Beatboom!, Hamlyn, London, 1994, p. 57-59.
Rock, Mick: Psychedelic Renegades, Plexus, London, 2007, p. 20.
Direct link: Shaken not stirred. Posted on 2008-08-30 at 12:16.


text:
4, December, 2012 by RPCNA.Covenanter
Some Reformed Baptists on the Sabbath Concerning Colossians and Hebrews
The London Baptist Confession of Faith
7. As it is the law of nature, that in general a proportion of time, by God's appointment, be set apart for the worship of God, so by his Word, in a positive moral, and perpetual commandment, binding all men, in all ages, he hath particularly appointed one day in seven for a sabbath to be kept holy unto him, which from the beginning of the world to the resurrection of Christ was the last day of the week, and from the resurrection of Christ was changed into the first day of the week, which is called the Lord's day: and is to be continued to the end of the world as the Christian Sabbath, the observation of the last day of the week being abolished.
( Exodus 20:8; 1 Corinthians 16:1, 2; Acts 20:7; Revelation 1:10 )
8. The sabbath is then kept holy unto the Lord, when men, after a due preparing of their hearts, and ordering their common affairs aforehand, do not only observe an holy rest all day, from their own works, words and thoughts, about their worldly employment and recreations, but are also taken up the whole time in the public and private exercises of his worship, and in the duties of necessity and mercy.
( Isaiah 58:13; Nehemiah 13:15-22; Matthew 12:1-13 )
Here is part of a study of the triad mentioned in Colosians (holydays, new moon, and Sabbaths) that a friend Richard Barcellos pointed out in one of his books which I gained much benefit from. I quote a portion of it below and part of an article on Hebrews 4:9 by Robert Martin taken from the Reformed Baptist Theological Review.
http://www.rbap.net/theological-journals/
I am posting it here for an examination of Colossians 2:16 and the triad phrase that is used in this passage along next to the Old Testament passage in Hosea 2:11.
(Col 2:16) Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days:
(Hos 2:11) I will also cause all her mirth to cease, her feast days, her new moons, and her sabbaths, and all her solemn feasts.
A lot of Baptist and non-sabbattarians like to quote Colossians 2:16 as a passage that declares we need not keep a weekly Sabbath day to the Lord. Richard Barcellos is the author. Please forgive my inept mistakes in copying it from a pdf to here.
1. The Old Testament prophesies the abrogation and cessation of the Sabbath under the New Covenant.
The OT clearly prophesies the abrogation and cessation of ancient Israel's Sabbaths. It does so in Hos. 2:11, which says, ―I will also cause all her mirth to cease, her feast days, her New Moons, her Sabbaths–all her appointed feasts." We will make several observations that bear this out. First, Hosea's prophecy is dealing with the days of the New Covenant. The phrase ―in that day" (vv. 16, 18, 21) is used prophetically of New Covenant days in Is. 22:20. Revelation 3:7 quotes Is. 22:22 and applies it to Christ. The prophecy in Is. 22:20 mentions the Lord's servant, who is Christ. Isaiah 22:20-22 says:
Then it shall be in that day, that I will call My servant Eliakim the son of Hilkiah; I will clothe him with your robe and strengthen him with your belt; I will commit your responsibility into his hand. He shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah. The key of the house of David I will lay on his shoulder; so he shall open, and no one shall shut; and he shall shut, and no one shall open.
Revelation 3:7, quoting Is. 22:22, says:
And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write, ―These things says He who is holy, He who is true, He who has the key of David, He who opens and no one shuts, and shuts and no one opens.
The phrase, ―in that day,
' refers to the days of Christ–the days of the New Covenant. Paul references Hos. 1:10 and 2:23 in Rom. 9:25, applying them to Christians. ―As He says also in Hosea: ‗I will call them My people, who were not My people, and her beloved, who was not beloved'" (Rom. 9:25). Peter references Hos. 1:9-10 and 2:23 in 1 Pet. 2:10 and applies them to Christians as well. He says, ―who once were not a people but are now the people of God, who had not obtained mercy but now have obtained mercy" (1 Pet. 2:10). Hosea is clearly speaking of New Covenant days. According to the NT usage of Hosea, he is speaking of the time in redemptive history when God will bring Gentiles into a saving relationship with Jews. Much of the NT deals with this very issue.
Second, Hos. 2:11 clearly prophesies the abrogation of Old Covenant Israel's Sabbaths, along with ―all her appointed feasts." Hosea uses a triad of terms (―feast days, New Moons, Sabbaths") that is used many places in the OT (1 Chron. 23:31; 2 Chron. 2:4; 31:3; Neh. 10:33; and Is. 1:13-14). Clearly, he is speaking of the abrogation of Old Covenant ceremonial laws. When the Old Covenant goes, Israel's feast days, New Moons, Sabbaths, and all her appointed feasts go with it.
Third, the NT confirms this understanding of Hos. 2:11. It uses this triad of terms in Col. 2:16, which says, ―So let no one judge you in food or in drink, or regarding a festival or a new moon or Sabbaths." In the context, Paul is combating those who were attempting to impose Old Covenant ceremonial law on New Covenant Christians. So Col. 2:16 is clear NT language that sees Hosea's prophecy as fulfilled. It is of interest to note that Paul uses the plural for Sabbath in Col. 2:16 (σάββατον). It is not too hard to assume that Paul had the OT triad in mind and Hosea's prophecy while penning these words. The NT announces the abrogation of the Old Covenant in many places. For instance, 2 Cor. 3:7-18; Gal. 3-4; Eph. 2:14-16; and Heb. 8-10 (cf. esp. 8:6-7, 13; 9:9-10, 15; 10:1, 15-18) are clear that the Old Covenant has been abrogated.
(Heb. 8:6-7)
But now He [Christ] has obtained a more excellent ministry, inasmuch as He is also Mediator of a better covenant [the New Covenant], which was established on better promises. For if that first covenant [the Old Covenant] had been faultless, then no place would have been sought for a second.
(Heb. 8:13)
In that He says, ―A new covenant, He has made the first obsolete. Now what is becoming obsolete and growing old is ready to vanish away.
(Heb. 9:9-10)
It was symbolic for the present time in which both gifts and sacrifices are offered which cannot make him who performed the service perfect in regard to the conscience–concerned only with foods and drinks, various washings, and fleshly ordinances imposed until the time of reformation.
And for this reason He is the Mediator of the new covenant, by means of death, for the redemption of the transgressions under the first covenant, that those who are called may receive the promise of the eternal inheritance.
(Heb. 10:1)
For the law, having a shadow of the good things to come, and not the very image of the things, can never with these same sacrifices, which they offer continually year by year, make those who approach perfect.
(Heb. 10:15-18)
But the Holy Spirit also witnesses to us; for after He had said before, ―This is the covenant that I will make with them after those days, says the LORD: I will put My laws into their hearts, and in their minds I will write them, then He adds, ―Their sins and their lawless deeds I will remember no more. Now where there is remission of these, there is no longer an offering for sin.
The Old Covenant and all its ceremonies are obsolete and have vanished away (Heb. 8:13). Taking these passages and Col. 2:16 together, they clearly teach that when the Old Covenant goes, the triad of Col. 2:16 goes as well.
2. The Old Testament prophesies the perpetuity and continuation of the Sabbath under the New Covenant.
Just as there is evidence from the OT that the Sabbath will be abolished under the New Covenant, so there is evidence that it will continue. At first glance this appears contradictory. But on further investigation, it is not contradictory and, in fact, fits the evidence provided thus far for the creation basis of the Sabbath and its unique place in the Decalogue in its function as moral law. Two passages deserve our attention at this point, Is. 56:1-8 and Jer. 31:33. Isaiah's prophecy of the Sabbath under the New Covenant is explicit and Jeremiah's is implicit.
(Isaiah 56:1-8)
Thus says the LORD: ―Keep justice, and do righteousness, for My salvation is about to come, and My righteousness to be revealed. Blessed is the man who does this, and the son of man who lays hold on it; who keeps from defiling the Sabbath, and keeps his hand from doing any evil. Do not let the son of the foreigner who has joined himself to the LORD speak, saying, "The LORD has utterly separated me from His people; nor let the eunuch say, "Here I am, a dry tree. For thus says the LORD: "To the eunuchs who keep My Sabbaths, and choose what pleases Me, and hold fast My covenant, even to them I will give in My house and within My walls a place and a name better than that of sons and daughters; I will give them an everlasting name that shall not be cut off. Also the sons of the foreigner who join themselves to the LORD, to serve Him, and to love the name of the LORD, to be His servants–everyone who keeps from defiling the Sabbath, and holds fast My covenant–even them I will bring to My holy mountain, and make them joyful in My house of prayer. Their burnt offerings and their sacrifices will be accepted on My altar; for My house shall be called a house of prayer for all nations. The Lord GOD, who gathers the outcasts of Israel, says, ―Yet I will gather to him others besides those who are gathered to him.
Several observations will assist us in understanding how this passage prophesies explicitly the perpetuity and continuation of the Sabbath under the New Covenant. First, the section of the book of Isaiah starting at chapter 40 and ending with chapter 66 points forward to the days of Messiah and in some places to the eternal state. This section includes language pointing forward to the time primarily between the two comings of Christ, the interadvental days of the New Covenant. It is understood this way by the New Testament in several places (see Matt. 3:3; 8:16, 17; 12:15-21; and Acts 13:34).
Second, Is. 56:1-8 speaks prophetically of a day in redemptive history in which God will save Gentiles (cf., esp. vv. 7 and 8). The language of "all nations" in v. 7 reminds us of the promise given to Abraham concerning blessing all nations through his seed (see Gen. 12:3 and Gal. 3:8, 16). This Abrahamic promise is pursued by the great commission of Matt. 28:18-20. Isaiah is speaking about New Covenant days.
Third, in several New Testament texts, using the motif of fulfillment, the language of Is. 56:1-8 (and the broader context) is applied to the days between Christ's first and second comings (Matt. 21:12-13; Acts 8:26-40; Eph. 2:19; and 1 Tim. 3:15). Compare Matt. 21:13, "My house shall be called a house of prayer," with Is. 56:7, "For My house shall be called a house of prayer for all nations." This anticipates the inclusion of Gentiles in the house of God, a common NT phenomenon. Compare Acts 8:26-40 (notice a eunuch was reading from Isaiah) with Is. 56:3-5, which says:
(Is. 56:3-5)
Do not let the son of the foreigner who has joined himself to the LORD Speak, saying, ―The LORD has utterly separated me from His people; nor let the eunuch say, ―Here I am, a dry tree. For thus says the LORD: ―To the eunuchs who keep My Sabbaths, and choose what pleases Me, and hold fast My covenant, even to them I will give in My house and within My walls a place and a name better than that of sons and daughters; I will give them an everlasting name that shall not be cut off.
The Old Covenant placed restrictions on eunuchs. Deuteronomy 23:1 says, ―He who is emasculated by crushing or mutilation shall not enter the assembly of the LORD. Isaiah is prophesying about a day in redemptive history when those restrictions will no longer apply.
In Eph. 2:19 the church is called the "household of God" and in 1 Tim. 3:15 it is called "the house of God."The context of 1 Tim. 3:15 includes 1 Tim. 2:1-7, where Paul outlines regulations for church prayer. Now consider Is. 56:7, which says:
(Is. 56:7)
Even them [i.e., the foreigners (Gentiles) of v. 6a] I will bring to My holy mountain, and make them joyful in My house of prayer. Their burnt offerings and their sacrifices will be accepted on My altar; for My house shall be called a house of prayer for all nations.
The NT sees Isaiah's prophecy as fulfilled under the New Covenant. However, the privileges, responsibilities, and the people of God foretold there (Is. 56) are transformed to fit the conditions brought in by the New Covenant. The people of God are transformed due to the New Covenant; the house of God is transformed due to the New Covenant; the burnt offerings, sacrifices, and altar are transformed due to the New Covenant; and the Sabbath is transformed due to the New Covenant (i.e., from the seventh to the first day). Isaiah, as with other OT prophets, accommodates his prophecy to the language of the Old Covenant people, but its NT fulfillment specifies exactly what his prophesy looks like when being fulfilled. Jeremiah does this with the promise of the New Covenant. What was promised to "the house of Israel" and "the house of Judah" (Jer. 31:31), is fulfilled in the Jew-Gentile church, the New Covenant people of God, the transformed Israel of OT prophecy.
With these considerations before us, it seems not only plausible but compelling to conclude that between the two advents of Christ, when the Old Covenant law restricting eunuchs no longer restricts them, and when the nations (i.e., the Gentiles) are becoming the Lord's and frequenting his house, which is his Church, a Sabbath (see Is. 56:2, 4, 6) yet remains. Isaiah is speaking prophetically of Sabbath-keeping in New Covenant days. The English Puritan John Bunyan, commenting on Isaiah 56, said, "Also it follows from hence, that the sabbath that has a promise annexed to the keeping of it, is rather that which the Lord Jesus shall give to the churches of the Gentiles."7
Again, the essence of the Sabbath transcends covenantal bounds. Its roots are in creation, not in the Old Covenant alone. It transcends covenants and cultures because the ethics of creation are trans-covenantal and trans-cultural. The Sabbath is part of God's moral law.
Also concerning the Hebrews 4:9 passage concerning a Sabbath rest…
(Heb 4:4-11)
For he spake in a certain place of the seventh day on this wise, And God did rest the seventh day from all his works. And in this place again, If they shall enter into my rest. Seeing therefore it remaineth that some must enter therein, and they to whom it was first preached entered not in because of unbelief: Again, he limiteth a certain day, saying in David, To day, after so long a time; as it is said, To day if ye will hear his voice, harden not your hearts. For if Jesus had given them rest, then would he not afterward have spoken of another day. There remaineth therefore a rest to the people of God. For he that is entered into his rest, he also hath ceased from his own works, as God did from his. Let us labour therefore to enter into that rest, lest any man fall after the same example of unbelief.
Those guys who quote the Colossians and Hebrew verses need to know that there are legitimate discussions and commentaries that support a sabbatarian view. I read an article by Robert P. Martin in the Reformed Baptist Theological review were he spoke on these verses. I am going to leave a quote from this article here concerning the Hebrews passage and the terms used.
Reformed Baptist Theological Review
vl. 1.2 A Sabbath Remains.. The Place of Hebrews 4:9 in the New Testament's Witness to the Lord's Day by Robert P. Martin
(Heb 4:9) There remaineth therefore a rest to the people of God.
In it he notes the Word used here is σαββατισμός and not κατάπαυσις
(rest).
σαββατισμός
sabbatismos
This is an obscure term evidently that is used in just a few other places outside of the scriptures but used only once in the New Testament. Robert Martin says,
"I think that it is of interest that "in each of these places the term [σαββατισμός] denotes the observance or celebration of the Sabbath," i.e., not "a Sabbath rest" as a state that is entered into but "a Sabbath-keeping" as a practice that is observed. This, of course, corresponds to the word's morphology, for the suffix -μός indicates an action and not just a state. see A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in Light of Historical Research (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1934), 151.
Reformed Baptist Theological Review Vl. 1;2 p.5
In other words there is still a 1 in 7 where we are still required to observe a Sabbath day.
Obviously the article consists of the surrounding verses but it is a good read and again, the essence of the Sabbath transcends covenantal bounds. Its roots are in creation, not in the Old Covenant alone. It transcends covenants and cultures because the ethics of creation are trans-covenantal and trans-cultural. The Sabbath is part of God's moral law.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Baptist Sabbath, Creation ordinance. Law of God, Law, Reformed view of Sabbath, Sabbath, Sabbattarian, The Lord's Day.