Commodities – Financial Market Infrastructure made simple.
This Warehouse Receipt System (WRS) product has been designed from the ground up to be a versatile, cost-effect solution for the registration, life cycle maintenance, funding, trading and settlement of warehouse receipts. It also provides, if so required, wider support solutions for producers such as farmer database, market price collection and reporting and SMS messaging.
The system was designed in conjunction with the African Commodity Exchange (ACE) in Malawi, based on their experience of operating the most successful such exchange in Africa.
It shares the modern user interface with the other Avenir products but, besides access via smartphone, certain data and functions are also available from simple feature phones (using SMS), which is often more appropriate for the farming community in target countries.
The contact database sits over all the modules of the Avenir | WRS system. It allows the operator and/or its agents (e.g. farmer cooperative societies, brokers etc.) to set-up and maintain a database of farmers who are interested in taking part in the warehouse receipt arrangements provided by the operator, either immediately or potentially in the future.
The operator, brokers and organisations have logins to modify the contact database subject to certain rules.
A warehouse receipt is a legal record of a commodity, of a particular type and quality, stored in a designated warehouse. The operator may have a number of managed warehouses and acts as an issuer of warehouse receipts. Through this network of warehouses, the operator may maintain a group of managers who are qualified to grade, accept commodities into warehouses and issue receipts.
While the commodity is in a warehouse, charges and fees (e.g. storage costs) are payable – these charges will accrue on a receipt. The operator may not allow release of a commodity until all outstanding charges are paid.
Depending on the commodity, moisture content may also need to be tracked as this changes over time as a commodity absorbs or exudes moisture. The moisture content affects the net weight of a receipt i.e. the amount of commodity that can be withdrawn from the warehouse. For example a farmer may deposit X tonnes at moisture level Y. Over time the moisture content may change to Z making the net quantity X * (Y-Z) tonnes.
Other parameters which may vary over the time a commodity is stored can also be tracked.
A key reason for creating a warehouse receipt is so that it can be used as collateral for finance (see below).
The system allows the operator to track bank or other financing to farmers and other participants. This finance is secured against a warehouse receipt owned by the farmer/participant up to a pre-determined percentage of the value of the receipt. The system calculates interest daily and accrues it against a warehouse receipt. As mentioned above, before a commodity can be withdrawn all outstanding charges need to be settled – this includes finance (capital and interest).
The system also offers a bridge finance option that provides 100% finance for a purchaser of a commodity. This finance option requires a purchase of a warehouse receipt (which becomes collateral) within a set time period.
The system supports multiple pools for finance – each representing a source of funding e.g. bank 1, bank 2, an NGO, the system operator etc. Different pools can be used for different finance and may attract different interest rates.
The module manages the lifecycle of a finance contract starting with issue, then the calculation of interest and finally settlement.
The finance module is integrated with the warehouse receipt module – all finance should have an attached warehouse receipt (note that for bridge finance a receipt is not available until the commodity has been purchased). It also links with the customer database for all farmer information.
Each form is independent of the other and can occur at the same time. Trading is intermediated – meaning brokers manage all activity on the market on behalf of buyers and sellers. All activity is public and visible by all players (with private information hidden).
The bid/offer mode is where a seller or buyer places an order to sell or buy. Brokers can either 'counter' a bid/offer or accept a bid/offer. A 'counter' is similar to a new bid/offer but includes a step to notify an existing bid/offer. For example: Broker A bids $10 to buy 100 tonnes. Broker B can counter with an offer at $9 for 100 tonnes. The counter process sends a message to Broker A telling him of this counter offer and then a new offer is created. If Broker A accepts both his original bid and Broker B's counter offer are cancelled and a contract note (trade) for 100T @ $9 is generated.
A bid/offer can optionally have a future date setting. This creates a forward transaction (i.e. a trade to be settled in the future).
The auction form is called BVO/OVO ("Bid Volume Only" and "Offer Volume Only"). In BVO mode a bidder (buyer) creates an auction asking for an amount of commodity, which can be in a particular location, starting at a certain date. Offerers (sellers) then make offer to fill part or all of the auction. When the auction closes the system provides a report to the bidder. The bidder then selects the winning offers which in turn creates contracts ready for settlement. OVO is the opposite process i.e. an offerer (seller) creates the auction.
The trading module handles all trading activity from order creation to contract note (trade) generation. Brokers enter orders and the system will manage the auction and/or matching process. Contracts are then created ready for settlement.
The contact database module (see above) allows for the creation of a community of farmers and the ability to communicate with them easily. The market data requirement leverages the contact database and allows the operator to selectively send information to groups of farmers.
The operator could arrange (through its own staff or a team of agents) to collect recent prices from the various markets around the country. These prices can be aggregated and form the basis of market data communications to farmers.
Contacts and market prices come together via farmer's SMS subscriptions. Farmers can set up subscriptions by requesting prices for certain commodities to be sent to them over the season. Each week the system checks live subscriptions and current prices and sends out applicable messages.
Ad-hoc messages can also be sent to a group of farmers selected from the contact database. For example: The operator might like to send a SMS message to all farmers who grow commodity X in location A and location B.
The market data module manages market data into and out of the system. It also manages ad-hoc or on demand SMS messaging. It is integral to the contact database module.
As mentioned above, this software is being developed in conjunction with the African Commodity Exchange in Malawi, who will become the first customer in 2016.


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text:
Patent Dictionary
Patent Basics
Too Many Patents
Abstract Patents
Systemic Problems with Patents and Software
Overview of a Patent Litigation
Anti-Competitive Effects: Litigation & Extortion
Patents: Property or Monopoly?
Misleading Stats Lead To Misleading Testimony In Front Of Congress
by Josh Landau • November 8, 2017
Yesterday afternoon, the House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet held a hearing on "Sovereign Immunity and the Intellectual Property System." A fascinating topic, and one I've written on right here in the past. [1] [2]
But I was struck by some testimony given by Philip Johnson, testimony he stood by at the hearing. Johnson claimed that 200 patents had been upheld as valid by federal courts, and then struck down as invalid by the PTAB, with only 63 patents invalidated in both district court and the PTAB.
That'd be a truly astonishing error rate, if it was accurate. But it isn't.
Phil Johnson testified to a conclusion that was fundamentally wrong, based on erroneous data.
Where Did This Data Come From?
Fortunately, we know exactly where Johnson found his wrong data. He put it into his written testimony.
If we follow footnote 27, we can see Johnson citing to an article by Josh Malone, appearing on IPWatchdog.
Now, IPWatchdog is generally not where you go if you want to find trustworthy statistics. (This is illustrated in the prior footnote, which claims that only 15% of patents survive IPR, even though the actual rate is approximately 58%.) But Josh Malone was nice enough to tell us where he got his data from, a service called Docket Navigator, and even provided the exact searches he derived his statistics from.
Docket Navigator is a great tool—if you understand the data properly. Mr. Malone and Mr. Johnson, unfortunately, don't understand the data at all.
Understanding where they went wrong requires understanding what they thought Malone searched for, in comparison to what Docket Navigator actually searched for.
Malone wanted to search for patents that Docket Navigator had coded as determined by a court to be 'not invalid', and determined by the PTAB to be either 'unpatentable' or 'not unpatentable'. This, according to Malone, would represent the patents a court upheld and the PTAB also examined. Then, Malone tried to search for patents upheld by courts and held unpatentable by the PTAB. Seems reasonable, right?
The only problem is, that's not what those searches actually do.
Docket Navigator codes any situation in which a patent had some aspect of validity challenged and that aspect upheld as "determination = not invalid." In particular, this includes issues like indefiniteness under § 112 and patent-eligibility under § 101. These issues aren't actually things you can file an IPR petition on, and are rarely ruled on by the PTAB. And those are present everywhere in Malone's results.
In other words, the "disagreements" cited by Malone and Johnson are actually cases where the district court and PTAB were deciding totally different legal questions.
What Actually Happened In Those 200 Patents?
This sort of problem is the kind of thing that you find if you perform even a cursory bit of quality control. All you'd need to do is take a look at a few randomly selected patents out of the search results to determine if the search was turning up what you thought it turned up. Malone clearly didn't do this.
But I did. I didn't go through all 200, but I picked out 5 random patents and took a look at what had happened.
US 7,098,770 - 'Contactless integrated circuit reader'
The '770 patent was asserted by NFC Technology (a subsidiary of sovereign patent fund France Brevets) against Samsung in a single Eastern District of Texas case, and NXP filed a set of IPRs against it. (Presumably to defend a customer, as NXP makes quite a few NFC chips.)
In the district court case, Samsung asserted that a claim term was indefinite under 35 U.S.C. § 112 and therefore invalid. The judge disagreed, holding that term to be definite and therefore valid. As a result, Docket Navigator coded the case as "determination = not invalid." The case later settled—in other words, no judge or jury in Texas ever examined whether the prior art invalidated the '770 patent.
The PTAB invalidated the '770 patent as obvious over the prior art, an issue no district court ever considered. Hardly the "wrong decision" Johnson and Malone said it was.
US 6,430,332 - 'Optical switching apparatus'
The '332 patent was asserted by Fiber LLC in five Delaware lawsuits, consolidated into a single case. In the consolidated case, the defendants again asserted that some claim terms were indefinite. The judge found some terms to be indefinite, while other terms were definite. This resulted in Docket Navigator coding the case as both "determination = not invalid" and "determination = invalid." This is an ongoing case, so no final determination of validity by the judge or by a jury has occurred.
At the PTAB, the panel held some claims obvious over the prior art and therefore invalid, while leaving other claims intact. Again, this was an issue no district court had ever considered. Again, no "wrong decision" reached—unless you think any decision invalidating a patent is wrong.
US 7,459,664 - 'Image sensing system for a vehicle'
We see a very similar story with the '664 patent. Magna sued TRW in district court, there was a dispute over claim definiteness. The judge found the terms not indefinite. The parties settled the case, meaning that no judge or jury ever ruled on the validity of the claims over the prior art.
The PTAB, on the other hand, found most of the claims to be obvious and therefore invalid. No disagreement between the PTAB and the district court to be found.
US 8,191,091 - 'Signal processing apparatus and methods'
Finally, a slightly different outcome! The '091 patent was asserted by Personalized Media against Apple in the Eastern District of Texas.
This time, instead of an indefiniteness argument during claim construction, Apple asserted that the case should be dismissed because the patent was not patent-eligible subject matter under § 101. Judge Payne decided that it was patent-eligible. Again, this triggers Docket Navigator to assign the status code "determination = not invalid," even though the prior art was never examined in district court.
But only a slightly different outcome. Again, when the PTAB examined the patent in light of the prior art, it was found to be both anticipated and obvious and therefore invalid.
US 8,696,166 - 'Kinetic flame device'
This one is a strange one. The '166 patent was asserted in district court litigation. During the course of that litigation, there was never any sort of adjudication of any issue of validity. One of the defendants settled, but the settlement took a relatively unusual form—the defendant admitted infringement and stipulated to validity of the patent. The judge issued an order ratifying the settlement, including declaring the patent to be valid between those two parties (but not valid as a whole). But there wasn't any actual adjudication of the validity issue, just this bare order of validity as part of the settlement. The other parties continued to litigate the case. Interestingly, in this case the Federal Circuit actually handled an appeal of a preliminary injunction, deciding that the defendants had actually raised a substantial validity issue. The parties later settled.
In other words, in this case, not only had no court ever ruled the patent was valid, the Federal Circuit had actually ruled that there was a real possibility that it wasn't!
The PTAB ruled in line with the Federal Circuit's suspicions, issuing a detailed analysis of validity. The PTAB decided that the patent was invalid because the prior art anticipated or rendered obvious the claimed invention.
(If you're curious what a 'kinetic flame device' is, it is (sadly) not a flamethrower. It's a flameless LED candle with a moving piece to simulate flame motion.)
Are They All Like This?
I'm not sure. That was a random set of 5 out of the 200, all of which showed literally no disagreement between the PTAB and the district court.
But I knew of one instance where there was some level of disagreement, and it did show up in Malone and Johnson's data. Let's take a look at US 7,237,634, titled "Hybrid vehicles."
US 7,237,634 - 'Hybrid vehicles'
Paice LLC sued Ford, Hyundai, and Kia over a set of hybrid vehicle patents. The Hyundai/Kia case went to trial. A jury decided claims 16, 29, 80, and 173 of the '634 patent were infringed. They also decided that claim 16 wasn't anticipated by US 4,335,429, and that claims 16, 29, 80, and 173 weren't obvious over US 4,335,429 with certain combinations of US 5,343,970, US 5,842,534, US 5,826,671, and US 6,605,912.
The PTAB disagreed that the claims were patentable. But they weren't looking at the same documents as the jury. The PTAB said claim 16 wasn't patentable if you looked at US 5,343,970 along with WO93/23263 and a Society of Automotive Engineers article. The PTAB didn't disagree with the jury—they were looking at different documents that the jury never saw, and in combinations the jury never considered. The same was true of the claims 29, 80, and 173, along with a number of other claims that the jurors never considered.
The end result is that, even when I cheated by taking a case where I knew a jury had looked at a patent and held it to be valid while the PTAB invalidated it, there's still no actual disagreement between the jury and the PTAB. They were still answering different questions.
No Contradictions
It's possible that somewhere in those 200 patents that Malone and Johnson point to there's an instance where the PTAB and district court disagreed on the same exact question; I didn't go through all 200, just a random sample. I'm hoping to be able to go through all 200 in the near future.
But in my random sample (and most likely for much of the rest of those 200 patents), there was no disagreement, and Malone and Johnson's characterization of the PTAB's decisions as "wrong" or contradictory was utterly false. Malone and Johnson assume that the district court and PTAB were answering the same question, even though they quite evidently were not.
At the time of writing, both Malone and Johnson's articles remain online and unchanged. In the event that either Malone or Johnson correct their mistaken statements, I will update this post to reflect the correction.
Tags:America Invents Act Congress house judiciary inter partes review legislation maximalists lie about the data patent reform phil johnson understanding the data USPTO
Joshua Landau
Joshua Landau is the Patent Counsel at the Computer & Communications Industry Association (CCIA), where he represents and advises the association regarding patent issues. Mr. Landau joined CCIA from WilmerHale in 2017, where he represented clients in patent litigation, counseling, and prosecution, including trials in both district courts and before the PTAB.
Prior to his time at WilmerHale, Mr. Landau was a Legal Fellow on Senator Al Franken's Judiciary staff, focusing on privacy and technology issues. Mr. Landau received his J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center and his B.S.E.E. from the University of Michigan. Before law school, he spent several years as an automotive engineer, during which time he co-invented technology leading to U.S. Patent No. 6,934,140.
Follow @PatentJosh on Twitter.
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text:
Bitcoin Reaches New High After Futures Announcement
Charles Bovaird Senior Contributor
I am a financial writer and consultant who focuses on investments.
Bitcoin rose to an all-new high following the CME Group announcement. Shutterstock
Bitcoin prices reached a fresh, all-time high earlier today, extending their gains after exchange operator CME Group announced plans to launch Bitcoin futures later in the year.
The digitial currency's price rose to as much as $6,629 today, according to the CoinDesk Bitcoin Price Index (BPI).
At this level, Bitcoin prices had climbed roughly 580% year-to-date.
[Ed note: Investing in cryptocoins or tokens is highly speculative and the market is largely unregulated. Anyone considering it should be prepared to lose their entire investment.]
The CME announcement drew widespread media attention, and several market observers weighed in on the potential implications of such a move.
Many spoke to the new opportunity for hedging created by these futures, while others emphasized that these financial instruments could potentially draw the interest of institutional investors.
Futher, certain market observers even warned that taking Bitcoin and wrapping it in a financial product reminded them of how financial institutions packaged mortgages into debt-based securities leading up to the Financial Crisis.
Bitcoin futures will provide strong hedging opportunities for market participants. Shutterstock
Hedging Opportunities
Several analysts spoke to the new hedging opportunities that will be created when Bitcoin futures come into existence.
Institutional investors, companies looking to accept bitcoin as payment and even retail investors could potentially leverage Bitcoin futures in order to manage risk.
David Johnson, CEO of Latium, a tasking platform that pays its users in cryptocurrency, spoke to how these financial instruments could make it easier for companies to accept Bitcoin as payment.
"The CME announcement opens the door to using Bitcoin as a true tender. Bitcoin futures provide the required infrastructure for any business to participate in the Bitcoin phenomenon while mitigating market risk. The ability to hedge market risk is a requirement for any business looking to accept payment in a non-native currency."
Brad Chun, chief investment officer of hedge fund Shuttle Fund Advisor, offered similar input.
"A robust derivatives market is the key to mass business adoption of cryptocurrencies in general," he said. "In order for someone to use it for trade finance or other commercial purposes, they will need to be able to hedge the price volatility to the indexed based currency of trade whether it be USD or something else."
Bitcoin futures will offer greater access to the currency. Shutterstock
Easier Investor Access
Creating Bitcoin futures will make it easier for people to invest, emphasized Jacob Eliosoff, an algorithmic programmer and fund manager.
He emphasized that this development has its good points and its bad points, as it will provide a "safer venue" than Bitcoin exchanges, but it will make it easier for "vulnerable" investors to get involved at a time when many are concerned that digital currency values have grown inflated.
Tim Enneking, managing director of Crypto Asset Management, emphasized that futures, options and other financial instruments increase the amount of Bitcoin available for trading.
"The actual number of BTC doesn't increase, but the number of trades that could be based on a given number of BTC increases," he said.
Enneking emphasized "such an expansion (and, potentially, a major expansion) of the assets available for trading could attract institutional attention where simply buying and selling a crypto currency would not."
The regulatory environment for digital currencies continues to mature. Shutterstock
Maturing Regulations
The introduction of Bitcoin futures has combined with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission's decision to regulate the currency to help create more mature regulation of the space.
"With the CFTC staking their claim to the regulation of bitcoin last year as a commodity, it opened up the ability for exchanges like Terraexchange, LedgerX, or CME to do something as a registered exchange," said Chun.
This is a positive development because the National Futures Association "sets guidelines for pool operators and managers on their risk levels for themselves and their clients," he stated.
Bitcoin futures could make it easier for regulators to approve an exchange-traded fund (ETF) based on the digital currency, a development that several analysts commented on.
"I think futures are a stepping stone to the etf and investors are aware of this," said Iqbal Gandham, UK managing director of social trading platform eToro.
Eliosoff concurred, stating that the CME announcement "does seem to make ETF approval all the more likely."
Great Progress
Several analysts lauded CME's announcement, praising it as great progress for broader digital currency industry.
CME's announcement represents Bitcoin "crossing the divide from the wild west of finance to the mainstream," said Charles Hayter, co-founder and CEO of levered digital currency platform CryptoCompare.
Chun summed the situation up nicely, saying that "It was badly needed and is good for the whole space."
Charles Bovaird
I am a financial writer and consultant with strong knowledge of asset markets and investing concepts. I have worked for financial institutions including State Street, M


A Kiwi family got a shock when they claim they found a dead creature in a can of Wattie's baked beans.
In a short video posted by Korrin Laker, her husband Glenn described how he was about to feed a can of baked beans to his daughter before making the gruesome discovery.
A Wattie's spokesman said the discovery was mould.
"Occasionally cans can be damaged somewhere in the supply chain as appears to have happened here where you can see a tiny dent on the rim.
"When this happens, a small amount of air can enter allowing mould to grow.
"This happens very occasionally out of the millions of cans of baked beans we produce each year.
"We are always unhappy if something like this occurs, as our dedicated consumers are our top priority. We have asked the consumer to contact us so that we can provide them with some delicious replacement products," he said.
The company took the matter seriously and it was currently being investigated.


(10) Parish Church of St. Martin, Coney Street (Plates 2, 9, 19; Figs. 22, 23), has walls of magnesian limestone, ashlar, some rubble, and a little gritstone. The roof is covered with lead. The church was badly damaged by enemy action in 1942 and was partly reconstructed in 1961–8 to the designs of the late Mr. George Pace. The ruined building was recorded before the reconstruction was put in hand and the accompanying plans show the building before 1942 and as it is now.
The church is first mentioned in a document of c. 1160–80 (EYC, 191), the Domesday St. Martin being the church in Micklegate (YAJ, clix (1961), 496–7). A small aisleless church with no structural chancel was built probably at the end of the 11th century; the lower parts of its N. and W. walls remain in the existing N. and W. walls of the former N. aisle, and the S.W. corner was identified near the N.W. corner of the later nave. A break further S. in the masonry in the W. wall of the nave indicates that a small S. aisle was added to the original church, perhaps c. 1200.
The sequence of development through the 13th and 14th centuries has been obscured by extensive rebuilding in the 15th. The original N. wall of the early nave was extended to the E. in c. 1280 and blocked windows of this date remain in the N. wall. A general enlargement, by which the church was brought to its present size, was carried out before the end of the 14th century: a Nave was added S. of the original building and a South Aisle beyond it, with a Tower at its W. end. The 11th-century nave became a N. aisle.
Chantries were founded in 1334 at an unspecified altar, at the altar of St. Mary in 1335 and 1375 (CPR, passim), at the altar of St. Peter before 1349 and in 1417 (Harrison, St. Martin's Church (1926), 15–16), and at the altar of St. Laurence in 1402 (SS, xcii (1893), 559).
At a visitation in 1411 the tower was said to be unsafe (SS, xxxv (1858), 290), and in 1427 John Rumby left £4 to the tower (Wills, II, f. 513). The church was rebuilt in the first half of the 15th century, in two stages. The work was due to Robert Semer, vicar 1425–43, part of it being done in his lifetime. The tower and W. window of the nave were rebuilt first and, according to the inscription in the W. window, were finished in 1437. The rebuilding of the rest of the church took place between 1443 and 1450 after Semer's death. In his will, proved 7 June 1443, he left the residue of his goods, after various benefactions, to the fabric on condition the parishioners built the church and chancel anew within seven years; later in the same year Thomas Ellerbek, who had succeeded Semer as vicar, contracted with Sir John Langton to buy stone from his quarry at Huddleston, and payments to masons continued until 1449 (Raine, 152). This rebuilding involved the construction of new arcades to the nave, the N. arcade being moved slightly to the N., leaving the W. window in an eccentric position, and a new South Aisle with a low-pitched roof to allow for a clerestorey over the nave. The work is plausibly ascribed to Robert Couper, mason (d. 1459), by J. H. Harvey, English Mediaeval Architects (1954), 76. A bequest of 20 stone of lead for the roof of St. Mary's chapel by Richard Clark in 1495 can be accepted as being for repairs, perhaps to the N. aisle; there was formerly a statue of the Virgin and Child on the outside of the N. aisle (Knowles MS.). Other altars in the church were dedicated to St. Nicholas (Knowles MS.), St. Thomas the Martyr and St. Katherine (Raine, 153). In the 17th century all the openings in the N. wall were blocked for alterations to the houses erected in the churchyard in 1335 by Thomas de Ludham, vicar (see Monument (139)).
Later additions and improvements included a clock placed in the E. wall in 1668 (Knowles MS.), a reredos with Corinthian columns erected in c. 1714, altar rails and a font-cover given in 1717, and five new bells in 1729. Three more bells were added in 1730. In 1722 the glass from the E. window, said to illustrate the history of St. Athanasius, was removed to the Minster (Gent, 173). In 1734 a faculty was granted for the erection of a Porch; this was designed in a classical style, as shown in a drawing by Monkhouse and Bedford. In 1778 the clock in the E. wall was replaced by a new one surmounted by a figure of a naval officer.
Early in the 19th century, pierced panels in the parapets were replaced by plain. Restoration was carried out in 1836, 1844 when windows by Wailes were put in, and in 1853–4 when a new Porch was built and pierced panels were replaced in the parapets, together with new pinnacles and gargoyles, under the supervision of J. B. and W. Atkinson. A new clock was fitted to the E. wall in 1856.
In the modern reconstruction, the S. aisle has been enclosed by a new wall N. of the old S. arcade, and the glass from the W. window of the nave reset in a new window in a N. projection. The W. end of the nave has been adapted to contain new Vestries, etc. The remainder of the church is laid out as a garden.
Architectural Description. The Chancel and Nave were structurally undivided. At the E. end, the buttresses were remodelled in 1854; the E. window, of five cinque-foiled lights with vertical tracery in a two-centred head, has been replaced by a modern arch. The N. arcade has been destroyed, leaving only the stumps of the piers. Its alignment is just N. of that of an earlier arcade, which was itself N. of the S. wall of the 11th-century church. The arches were two-centred, of two chamfered orders merging into octagonal piers without capitals. The S. arcade comprises similar two-centred arches of two chamfered orders dying into the piers without capitals. Over the arches is a moulded string-course, above which was a clerestorey with five windows, each of four trefoiled lights with vertical tracery in a four-centred head; the walling below the windows was recessed. The W. wall of the nave is of various builds: at the bottom, to the N., is part of the W. wall of the original 11th-century church. Further S. is the W. wall of the 13th-century aisle; elsewhere is fine ashlar, contemporary with the great W. window, which had five lights with vertical tracery in a two-centred head. The wall has been largely rebuilt with two modern windows, but the lower corners of the jambs and the sill of the former W. window are preserved in recesses in the wall. The North Aisle had a large E. window with vertical tracery in a four-centred head; it is now blocked. Below is a blocked recess; in the blocking is a late 19th-century doorway, itself blocked. The N. wall of the N. aisle retains the 11th-century masonry of the original nave in its W. part; the rest of the walling is of c. 1280. Before the adjacent property was rebuilt, more of the wall was visible. To the E. is a blocked window of three uncusped lights with simple intersecting arched tracery. Two other blocked windows were probably similar. Two blocked doorways with two-centred heads are probably of the 14th and 13th centuries respectively. At the W. end of the wall is a small doorway with four-centred head, probably late 17th-century. The W. wall has the lower part internally of 11th-century masonry but externally refaced. The W. window has three cinque-foiled lights and restored vertical tracery in a four-centred head with a label finishing on modern head-stops. Below are remains of a small round-headed doorway.
The South Aisle had been drastically restored before the reconstruction of 1961. The E. wall, much restored, has a restored window of three cinque-foiled lights with vertical tracery in a four-centred head. The N. wall is modern and contains in a projecting bay a copy of the W. window of the nave. The S. wall was rebuilt in 1854 in magnesian limestone but with some gritstone at the base; the buttresses support pinnacles connected to the wall by grotesque gargoyles, under which are small flying buttresses. The windows are of three lights with vertical tracery in four-centred heads (Plate 25). The doorway has a two-centred head and continuous moulded jambs and a label with foliated stops; the rear-arch is two-centred.
The Tower is built in three stages with buttresses surmounted by pinnacles, as on the S. aisle. The lowest stage opened to the nave and S. aisle through two-centred arches of two hollow-chamfered orders dying into W. and S. walls and into a pier with no capitals. On the N.E. pier are two carved heads, one a lion and the other human (Plate 29). The S. and W. walls have windows each of three cinque-foiled lights with vertical tracery in a two-centred head with a label with stops carved with male and female heads. The second stage, forming the ringing-chamber, has a doorway in the E. wall, leading onto the aisle roof. Above it is the weathering for an earlier steep-pitched roof. Another doorway in the N. wall is blocked; it may have led to a gallery. In the S. and W. walls are windows of three lights with tracery in a two-centred head. The belfry stage has a window in each wall, of three cinque-foiled lights with vertical tracery in a four-centred head. The openwork battlements are original 15th-century work.
Roofs: the roof of the S. aisle is ceiled in timber, with moulded beams and wall-plates forming fourteen compartments, with bosses at the intersections carved with male and grotesque heads, flowers, and foliage, all of the 15th century. Some angel-bosses and corbel-heads, said to have been removed in 1871, are in the Yorkshire Museum.
Fig. 22. (10) Church of St. Martin, Coney Street, plan before 1942.
Fig. 23. (10) Church of St. Martin, Coney Street, as existing.
Fittings—Items shown in brackets were recorded in 1958, but are now removed or concealed. (Altar: stone slab marked with consecration crosses, badly broken.) (Bells: eight, by E. Seller of York, 1729 and 1730.) Brasses and Indents. Brasses: (on chancel steps, (1) Capt. Robert Middleton, 1765, plain plate. In N. aisle, (2) Maryanne Campbell, 1806, plain plate.) On new N. wall, (3) Thomas Colthurst, 1588, inscribed plate (see Monument (3)) (Plate 40). In S. aisle, (4) Christopher Harington, goldsmith, 1614, with half-length figure and shield-of-arms of the Goldsmiths' Company (Plate 40); (5) Valentine Nalson, pastor of this church and succentor of York Minster, 1722/3, with shield-of-arms; ((6) Joshua Walker, 1805; (7) John Hardman Lister, solicitor of Scarborough, 1810, signed Barker, York). Indents: in former nave, (1) probably for figure, decayed; (2) for rectangular plate. In S. aisle, (3) for rectangular plate. Coffin Lids: in former nave, in S. wall, (1) fragment with incised cross-shaft; (2) fragment with raised border; (in W. wall, (3) fragment with part of cross). In former N. aisle, in blocking of window, (4) part, with foliated cross, 14th-century; (5) part, with stepped base of cross; (6) fragment as (1); between doorways, (7) part, with foliated cross; 12th and 13th-century. Communion Table: of oak, heavy turned legs and moulded rails, 17th-century; top, of pine, later. Consecration Crosses see Altar. Font: mediaeval octagonal stone bowl tapering to modern octagonal base. Font-cover: of oak, with scrolled openwork top, gilded, inscribed 'RICHARD SPEIGHT RICHARD MANCHLIN CHURCH WARDENS AN° DOM 1717', restored 1968 (Plate 36).
Glass: all of 15th century unless otherwise stated. It was taken out and restored by J. W. Knowles in 1871–3. The W. window was removed for protection 1940 and replaced in a new position 1967. The remaining glass, except that in the S. aisle, was destroyed in the air-raid of 1942. The S. aisle glass was rearranged and restored 1965.
Chancel, E. window, I. The mid 15th-century glass was removed to the Minster in 1722; some panels remain in the S. transept there, in windows sXXVII and sXXVIII. Fragments also remain here in the traceries of sIV and sVI.
In new N. wall, nII, formerly in W. window of nave. Glass painted c. 1442 as the gift of Robert Semer, vicar 1425–43. Tracery contains in the smaller openings motifs of vinewreaths, grapes and Tudor roses, all by Knowles. In the larger openings are the Nine Orders of Angels with an additional angel to fill tenth opening. Some identifications survive— (B3) '[Sera]phyn', (B4) 'Cherubyn' (Plate 54), (B6) 'Dominaciones' (Plate 54), (A7) '[An]gelus' and (A11) 'Potestates'; only the last-named definitely in its correct relative position, being inscribed on the hem of the angel's surcoat. Main lights contain a large figure of St. Martin of Tours surrounded by thirteen scenes from his life. Top row of scenes is set under tall canopies (Plate 56) and each of the lower scenes has its own canopy, of four different designs in all. Below these scenes an inscription runs across the window and under this, set between two rows of quarry-panels, is the figure of the donor, Robert Semer. Each quarry has the monogram 'R S', and in the centre of each quarry-panel is a roundel encircled by a vine-wreath and containing an eagle holding a scroll. All quarries and several centre-pieces by Knowles. Each scene from the saint's life originally had a descriptive metrical text, but four are lost. The scenes are in no particular order; (5a) St. Martin driving out devil; (5b) St. Martin kneeling at altar with cleric and lay-folk, with Holy Spirit as dove descending in rays of glory, inscription 'O meritis digni[s] [? sanctum] p(ro)bat hu(n)c globus [? ignis]'; (5c and 4c) large figure of St. Martin as an archbishop in mass vestments; (5d) Birth of St. Martin, inscription 'Ortus sabarie martinus prodit ad esse R S'; (5e) St. Martin's vision of Christ after clothing the beggar (Plate 61), the saint in bed, dressed as a nobleman, inscription 'Est xpc testis que texit eum sua vestis R S'; (4a) St. Martin at mass, his wrists being clothed by an angel, jumbled inscription; (4b) St. Martin as a boy being brought to a schoolteacher by his parents, schoolteacher now with inserted mitre; (4d) St. Martin on horseback, dressed as noble warrior, dividing his cloak for beggar, inscription 'hic etenim grate nudu(m) texit pietate R S'; (4e) Death of St. Martin in the presence of his disciples and the devil; above, his soul being carried to heaven by two angels; in front of bed kneeling figure with scroll inscribed 'Quid hic stans cruenta [? bes]tea nil'; main inscription 'Qui xpi castra b(e)n(e) rexit ia(m) tenet astra'; (3a) St. Martin restoring to life a catechumen, inscription 'Vite sublatus cathecumen[? e] est revocatus'; (3b) St. Martin as soldier stands unarmed in battle; (3c) St. Martin consecrated archbishop by two bishops, inscription 'hic sublimat(ur) martinus dum [c]athed(ra)t(ur) R S'; (3d) St. Martin compels the devil to carry his missal (Plate 61); around the devil a scroll inscribed 'Semp[er] ego vere tibi nitar ubique nocere R S'; main inscription jumbled and not all belonging to this scene; (3e) St. Martin rescues hare from four hounds. Across the top of row 2 is a black-letter inscription, much damaged, the missing parts mostly supplied from Henry Johnston's reading in 1669 (f. 178): '[Orate pro] a(n)i(m)a d(omi)ni Roberti [Sem]er quon[dam] mini[st]ri istius eccl(es)ie et ca[mer]arii cap(itu)li Ebo(r)u(m) qui vide(n)s sibi fine(m) vite sue cu(m) [si]t senex naturalit[er] appropinq[ua]re p(re)ordi[navit et aedificav(?)]it hoc opus vij die me(n)sis octobr(i)s anno d(omi)ni mill(esi)mo cccc xxxvij [cuius] a(n)i(m)e p(ro)pic(i)et(ur) deus'; (2a) quarry-panel, scroll inscribed 'T[im]or d(omi)ni ap[ponet dies]; Et anni impioru(m) bre[v]iab[un]t(ur)' (Proverbs ch. x, 27), eagle and scroll original; (2b) quarry-panel, scroll inscribed 'fortitudo simplicis via d(omi)ni; [et pavor h]is qui op[er]a[n]t(ur) malu(m)' (Proverbs ch. x, 29), eagle, scroll and vine-wreath original; (2c) donor dressed in clerical robes kneels before a prie-dieu (Plate 54); on it a book open at the text 'Miserere mei deus s(e)c(un)d(u)m magnam mi(sericordi)am tua[m] et s(e)c(un)d(u)m multitudine(m) miserac(i)onu(m) tuarum' (Psalm li, i); above his head scroll with inscription 'Sancte martine repelle a me. ....'; (2d) quarry-panel, scroll inscribed 'Expectatio [justorum laetitia]; Spes [a]ute(m) impioru(m) peribi[t]' (Proverbs ch. x, 28), eagle, scroll and one vine-leaf original; (2e) quarry-panel, scroll inscribed 'b(e)n(e)dic(ti)o d(omi)ni sup[er] caput i[usti]; Os auten imp[?iorum habita]bu(n)t sup[er] t(err)am' (sic) (Proverbs ch. x, 6 and 30 mixed), eagle, scroll and vine-wreath original; (1a–1e) quarrypanels, scrolls with simulated inscriptions, all by Knowles. Borders to rows 1 and 2 of crowned letters R and S, by Knowles.
In S. aisle, S. wall, 1st window, sIII, contains panel with early 14th-century fragments, including a canopy with fleur-de-lys crockets, grisaille with naturalistic foliage and birdborders.
S. wall, 2nd window, sIV. Tracery: (B1) The Trinity, God the Father, with inserted head, enthroned; in front, the Son on the Cross, attended by the Holy Spirit as dove; on each side, censing angel; (A1) St. Mark holding pen and accompanied by winged lion; (A2 and A5) Coronation of the Virgin; (A3) St. Luke sharpening quill pen, by his side a winged ox holding inkwell and sand-pouch; (A4) St. Matthew with open book; (A6) St. John with eagle, his dexter hand and the eagle original, remainder by Knowles. Main lights: (2a) elaborate architectural canopy containing God enthroned, attended on each side by two angels; (1a) the Holy Family (Plate 51): SS. Joachim and Anne with Virgin Mary and infant Jesus; (1b and 2b) under an elaborate canopy, of different design from that in (2a), with a late 14th-century angel inserted centrally, a square-quarry panel, each quarry containing letter 'B'; in it female figure kneeling before an open book and with scroll having faded inscription '... myghty god...'; above, roundel with mythical beast and, below, fragments of black-letter inscriptions; (1c and 2c) under canopy (Plate 56) as in (2a), but with only one angel each side, the Corpus Christi scene depicting God the Father, with recently-inserted Victorian head, holding the body of the Son with crown of thorns and Dove, the five wounds prominently marked (Plate 46).
S. wall, 3rd window, sV. Tracery: (B1) centrally, roundel with eagle and scroll, remainder modern; (A1 and A2) saints, by Knowles; (A3) copy, by Knowles, of (A4); (A4) fragment with crouching pine-marten holding end of scroll inscribed 'mart'; remainder modern; (A5 and A6) saints, by Knowles. Main lights: (1a) modern except damaged shield-of-arms with field azure impaling gules a chevron argent between three (?)buckles or, above it, a 14th-century foliate roundel; (2a) modern except shield-of-arms of St. Peter; (1b and 2b) under a composite architectural canopy, St. George in early 15th-century armour killing the dragon; below, modern cross of St. George; (1c) modern except for shield-of-arms, azure with an inescutcheon quarterly (1) azure fretty argent, (2 & 3) argent on a fesse gules three (?)cushions (or lozenges) argent in chief a fleur-de-lys gules, (4) argent a bend chequy or and gules; (2c) modern except for shield-of-arms of England (pre-1340), possibly early 14th-century.
S. wall, 4th window, sVI. Tracery: (B1) God the Father flanked by two angels in clouds, one with scroll 'Nobis rex celi patrem', the other with upper half original, remainder by Knowles; (A1) angel with faded inscription; (A2) feathered and belted angel standing in niche; (A3) made-up panel with female head, bird-quarry and fragments of inscriptions including 'Venerandu(m)' from window I; (A4) made-up panel with tonsured head and fragments of inscriptions; (A5) reversed cartoon of (A2); (A6) censing angel. Main lights: (1a and 2a) kneeling king holding covered cup and scroll lettered 'magnifi[camus] te'; shields-of-arms, at top, damaged, argent a chevron between three keys sable, possibly for Osbaldwyke, at bottom, England (pre-1340), 19th-century; (1b and 2b) St. Barbara, holding palm and tower, at her feet fragmentary inscription '[Bar]bara'; above, roundel with scroll inscribed 'virginum', below, shield-of-arms, argent a saltire gules, modern; (1c and 2c) kneeling king holding covered cup and scroll inscribed 'Magnificamus te'; at top, defaced shield-of-arms under canopy fragment, below, shield-of-arms of England (pre-1340), 19th-century.
S. wall, 5th window, sVII, newly-glazed with made-up panels of fragments attached internally, (a) and (c) from St. Crux church, (b) from Wakefield Cathedral: (a) panel, seated figure with canopy fragments; (b) two panels, figure and canopy fragments; (c) panel, figure seated in chair before open book, below, inscription 'Sce Ambros' doc...', above, canopy fragments.
S. wall, 6th window, sVIII, newly-glazed with made-up panels of fragments from Wakefield Cathedral attached to inside: (a) composite figure of female saint with short sword; above, canopy fragments; (b) two panels with figure and canopy fragments; (c) composite figure of female saint kneeling before a desk with open book; above, canopy fragments.
Images: in S. aisle, Virgin and Child crowned, of carved wood, foreign, 16th-century. Inscriptions and Scratchings: on S. arcade and tower, numerous masons' marks, 15th-century. Monuments: (in chancel, (1) Charles P..se, 1708, broken;) reset on new N. wall, (2) Robert Horsfield, 1711, Elizabeth, 1666, Mary, 1668, Elizabeth, 1673, Hannah, 1719, wives, and seven children, black tablet between fluted composite pilasters supporting segmental pediment, and winged skull below gadrooned base; (3) Thomas Colthurst, 1588, with inscribed brass plate (see Brass (3)), between four shields-of-arms of Colthurst, incised presumably for enamel, and with studs to simulate brass; (4) Lady Elizabeth Sheffield, 1633, erected by her husband, Sir William; in a recess framed by pilasters and pediment, busts of Lady Elizabeth and Sir William (Plate 41); flanking figures of Charity and Mercy; shields-of-arms of Sheffield, Darnley and Sheffield impaling Darnley. In S. aisle, on S. wall, (5) John Kendall, 1823, Honor his wife, 1833, niche with Gothic canopy. Plate: includes two cups and two patens by Ayme Vedeau, London 1757/8; stand-paten by William Busfield of York, 1684/5; flagon by Vedeau, 1757/8; flagon by FG, 1764/5; alms-dish by RI, 1757/8; spoon by WI, London 1725/6; pewter alms-dish given in 1675. Miscellanea: stones, in old N. wall, (1) moulding, 13th-century; (2) moulded voussoir, 12th-century. In S. aisle, (3) two enriched moulded voussoirs (Plate 28), 12th-century. On E. wall, on clock of 1856, (4) carved and painted figure of naval officer, 1778.


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Thunderbird is one of the best open source solutions for managing email, but it may be hard for a new user to get started. Here's how to get your Gmail account set up in Thunderbird.
First, you need to go to your Gmail account and then head to the Settings page. Once you're there, chose Forwarding, and then POP/IMAP, and select the Enable IMAP option.
Then you need to open up Thunderbird and go to Tools/Accounts Settings and then click the "Add Account" button. You'll need to choose Email account, and then enter all of your details.
Then on the next screen, you'll need to choose IMAP and then input some details. For the incoming server, choose "imap.gmail.com" and for the outgoing server choose "smtp.gmail.com". Then enter your email address.
Then go back to the Account Settings window, choose Server Settings and then choose the SSL option. Then, choose Outgoing Server on the left, and click "Edit". Enter 587 as the port number, and then choose the TLS radio button.
Then you're done. Choosing Thunderbird is a good option of your start-up is low and cash and can't afford some of the more expensive options like Microsoft Office – it's worth giving it a try.


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Piper Aircraft Inc. has completed flight tests of a Piper Archer powered by 93 octane premium unleaded automotive gasoline. Piper worked with Airworthy AutoGas LLC, Phoenix, Ariz., to prove the concept in a test flight regime conducted from the company's Vero Beach manufacturing campus.
The Piper Archer is powered by a single Lycoming O-360-A4M engine generating 180hp. Fuel capacity of the Archer is 48 U.S. gallons (182 liters). The Lycoming O-360 series engines are four-cylinder, direct-drive, horizontally opposed, air-cooled models, and are approved for use of 93 octane unleaded fuel.
"Airworthy AutoGas plans to produce and distribute its high-purity, low-vapor-pressure, ethanol-free, 93 octane, premium unleaded automotive gasoline, beginning in the fall of 2013," said Airworthy's Director of Business Development Mark Ellery. "Bringing Airworthy AutoGas to the marketplace provides an alternative for the majority of general aviation aircraft without compromising airworthiness. Our goal is to get pilots flying more for less," he added.
Airworthy AutoGas, LLC, is a petroleum products blender and distributor dedicated to providing the highest quality fuel, promoting general aviation, and making flying more affordable. Airworthy AutoGas is a patent pending formulation which meets the requirements of ASTM D4814 and Lycoming Engine's Service Instruction 1070S. Airworthy AutoGas, unlike traditional automotive gasoline, is designed for use in powering spark-ignition internal combustion engines used in aircraft applications.


Although I am the marketing manager of this company, it has not taken much effort to keep track of the company's success. Due to the firm's success experienced in the past, there is a sure and inevitable need for expansion. The best way to achieve this is by introducing and implementing a new product line. The reason for this is consumers like being associated with a particular brand. Therefore, the creation of a new product line and its marketing plan are the basis of this speech. It deals with new and innovative ways of introducing the Sony Race Car, as well as its marketing plan. Sony has always dealt with electronics. This is a time for the introduction of this new product.
In the past, there have been scenarios whereby people are attracted to Sony products, despite the fact there are other cheaper products on the market. Sometimes, these products have no significant difference from Sony products, in terms of quality. However, the existence of the 'Sony' label has been vital for increasing sales. In addition, the demand for race cars has been on the rise all over the world. This is a result of increased organization of car races by companies around the globe. Therefore, the first strategy in marketing the Sony Race Car would be branding. This is where the Sony Race Car will be made extremely different from other race cars. For example, it will have a large 'Sony' label on the front side to differentiate it from the others. The existence of this label can prove to be more attractive than the design itself. There are numerous consumers who will go to great lengths to own a car with this label. This is without consideration of the price that will be put on the same. As a result, this is a vital segment that should be a consideration for marketing purposes.
The truth of the matter is there are numerous other companies that deal with the supply of race cars in the world. Therefore, the competition must be stiff in this field. Although the label is an ideal leverage to depend on, there is a great need to apply product differentiation. The first thing is the Sony Race Car should have a design like no other. In my proposal, it should have a front view that is extremely distinct from other race cars. An ideal example is that of the Range Rover. This is a car that is noticeable from a distance. This is because its design is extremely differentiable from others. As a result, it has continually registered persistent and significant sales over the years. This is also the idea that should be applied to the Sony Race Car. This will guarantee sales boosts immediately after the product launch.
Without advertising, all the other methods of marketing can be rendered fruitless. This is because target consumers of this product are on a worldwide market. Therefore, there is a great need to make this product known. The first step is that the first page of the newspapers in the U.S. should speak of this product. This is a strategy that may require a large amount of resources. However, its returns are to be admired. It ensures the product is more available to consumers than competing ones. This advertising is also vital for explaining additional features in this car, as compared to others. This gives consumers a reason to buy this product. The major property wished for in a race car should be the speed. After ensuring this car has the ability to move at a high speed, it should be explained and described in the advertisements. The newspapers are not the only place where the advertisements will take place. The television is also a vital source for the same and should be included. This way, many potential customers can be reached all around the world. The internet should also be a major advertisement platform. As time goes by, new ways of advertising the Sony Race Car will be unveiled.
Finally, there is a great need to review this marketing plan with regard to the personal experiences of individuals. In the recent past, Steve Jobs chose to introduce a new product in the market for Apple. In this quest, he introduced the iPhone which registered massive sales. Up to date, most of the people who do not own an iPhone desire to have one. This is due to the fact that he was able to convince people his phone was different than others. The Apple label also ensured the successful and fruitful launch of this product. Hopefully, this will be the same case with the introduction of the Sony Race Car.
Annacchino, M. A. (2007). The pursuit of new product development the business development process. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Bly, R. W. (2009). Marketing plan handbook: develop big picture marketing plans for pennies on the dollar. Irvine, Calif.: Entrepreneur Press.
Hiebing, R. G., Cooper, S. W., & Wehrenberg, S. (2012). The successful marketing plan: how to create dynamic, results-oriented marketing (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kotler, P., & Bes, F. (2003). Lateral marketing: new techniques for finding breakthrough ideas. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Montgomery, D. B., & Urban, G. L. (1969). Management science in marketing. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Our guide will help you to write a demonstrative speech correctly.


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The Global Model of Constitutional Rights
Kai Möller
Since the end of the Second World War and the subsequent success of constitutional judicial review, one particular model of constitutional rights has had remarkable success, first in Europe and now globally. This global model of constitutional rights is characterised by an extremely broad approach to the scope of rights (sometimes referred to as 'rights inflation'), the acceptance of horizontal effect of rights, positive obligations and increasingly also socio-economic rights, and the use of the doctrines of balancing and proportionality to determine the permissible limitations of rights. Draw ... More
Since the end of the Second World War and the subsequent success of constitutional judicial review, one particular model of constitutional rights has had remarkable success, first in Europe and now globally. This global model of constitutional rights is characterised by an extremely broad approach to the scope of rights (sometimes referred to as 'rights inflation'), the acceptance of horizontal effect of rights, positive obligations and increasingly also socio-economic rights, and the use of the doctrines of balancing and proportionality to determine the permissible limitations of rights. Drawing on analyses of a broad range of cases from the U.K., the European Court of Human Rights, Germany, Canada, the U.S., and South Africa, this book provides the first substantive moral, reconstructive theory of the global model. It shows that it is based on a coherent conception of constitutional rights which connects to attractive accounts of judicial review, democracy and the separation of powers. The first part of the book develops a theory of the scope of rights under the global model. It defends the idea of a general right to personal autonomy, that is, a right to everything which, according to the agent's self-conception, is in his or her interest. The function of this right is to acknowledge that every act by a public authority which places a burden on a person's autonomy requires justification. The second part of the book provides a theory of the structure of this justification by proposing original and useful accounts of the important doctrines of balancing and proportionality.
Keywords: constitutional rights, global model, balancing, proportionality, rights inflation, horizontal effect, positive obligations, socio-economic rights, personal autonomy, judicial review, democracy, separation of powers
Print publication date: 2012 Print ISBN-13: 9780199664603
Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: January 2013 DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199664603.001.0001
Affiliations are at time of print publication.
Kai Möller, author
Lecturer in Law at the London School of Economics and Political Science
On Human Rights, James Griffin (2008)
The Morality of Freedom, Joseph Raz (1988)
A Theory of Interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights, George Letsas (2007)
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Table of Cases
1 The Global Model of Constitutional Rights
Part I The Scope of Rights
2 Negative and Positive Freedom
3 Two Conceptions of Autonomy
4 The Right to Autonomy
Part II The Structure of Justification
5 Towards a Theory of Balancing and Proportionality: The Point and Purpose of Judicial Review
6 Balancing
7 Proportionality


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Back to Journals » Drug Design, Development and Therapy » Volume 9
Comments on a systematic review and meta-analysis of steroids for epidural injections in spinal stenosis
Authors Manchikanti L, Hirsch J
Received 4 April 2015
Accepted for publication 8 April 2015
Published 20 May 2015 Volume 2015:9 Pages 2721—2724
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S86080
Editor who approved publication: Professor Shu-Feng Zhou
Laxmaiah Manchikanti,1,2 Joshua A Hirsch3,4
1Pain Management Center of Paducah, Paducah, KY, USA; 2Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; 3Interventional Care, Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Interventional Radiology, NeuroInterventional Services and Neuroendovascular Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; 4Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
We read with interest the manuscript by Liu et al a systematic review and meta-analysis of steroids for epidural injection in spinal stenosis. The results showed there was fair short- and long-term benefit for treating spinal stenosis with local anesthetic and steroids; however, the authors concluded that the meta-analysis suggested that epidural steroid injections provided limited improvement in short- and long-term benefits in lumbar spinal stenosis patients. This may be confusing to the readership. Fair evidence essentially provides moderate benefits, but the conclusion shows limited improvement.
Further, the authors included a wide variety of studies which are not applicable to the meta-analysis. Issues include studies performed with or without fluoroscopy, with short-term and long-term follow-up, with local anesthetic or without local anesthetic, inter-laminar, caudal, and transforaminal approaches, and some very small studies. Multiple studies with variable bias were also included in the meta-analysis. Further, the risk of bias assessment appears to be inappropriate. For example, both studies by Manchikanti et al, even though identical, were rated differently showing variable bias. Further, multiple items were rated inaccurately which differed for each study even though they were identical. These two trials have been assessed in the past in multiple systematic reviews and were rated as high quality, meeting at least 8 of 12 criteria of Cochrane review criteria which have been compressed to 7 in this assessment with one trial scoring 4 of 7 and the second trial scoring 3 of 7 instead of both trials scoring 6 of 7. Further, the highly rated trial by Friedly et al, which has generated significant attention, has been met with criticism for its flawed analysis and extremely short follow-up period.
View original paper by Liu and colleagues.
We read with interest the manuscript by Liu et al1 a systematic review and meta-analysis of steroids for epidural injection in spinal stenosis. The results showed there was fair short- and long-term benefit for treating spinal stenosis with local anesthetic and steroids; however, the authors concluded that the meta-analysis suggested that epidural steroid injections provided limited improvement in short- and long-term benefits in lumbar spinal stenosis patients. This may be confusing to the readership. Fair evidence essentially provides moderate benefits, but the conclusion shows limited improvement.
Further, the authors included a wide variety of studies which are not applicable to the meta-analysis. Issues include studies performed with or without fluoroscopy, with short-term and long-term follow-up, with local anesthetic or without local anesthetic, inter-laminar, caudal, and transforaminal approaches, and some very small studies. Multiple studies with variable bias were also included in the meta-analysis. Further, the risk of bias assessment appears to be inappropriate. For example, both studies by Manchikanti et al,2,3 even though identical, were rated differently showing variable bias. Further, multiple items were rated inaccurately which differed for each study even though they were identical. These two trials have been assessed in the past in multiple systematic reviews4–7 and were rated as high quality, meeting at least 8 of 12 criteria of Cochrane review criteria which have been compressed to 7 in this assessment with one trial3 scoring 4 of 7 and the second trial2 scoring 3 of 7 instead of both trials scoring 6 of 7. Further, the highly rated trial by Friedly et al,8 which has generated significant attention, has been met with criticism for its flawed analysis and extremely short follow-up period.9
We compliment Dr Liu et al on their effort. The analysis would be improved by better focus on appropriate inclusion criteria and precision in the establishment of criteria for homogeneity. Finally, appropriate methodologic quality or risk of bias are essential to reach unbiased clinically relevant conclusions.4–7,9,10
Dr Manchikanti has provided limited consulting services to Semnur Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, which is developing non-particulate steroids. Dr Hirsch is a consultant for Medtronic.
Liu K, Liu P, Liu R, Wu X, Cai M. Steroid for epidural injection in spinal stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:707–716.
Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Fellows B. Results of 2-year follow-up of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in central spinal stenosis. Pain Physician. 2012;15(5):371–384.
Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, et al. Lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in central spinal stenosis: Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, active control trial. Pain Physician. 2012;15(1):51–63.
Parr AT, Manchikanti L, Hameed H, et al. Caudal epidural injections in the management of chronic low back pain: A systematic appraisal of the literature. Pain Physician. 2012;15(3):E159–E198.
Benyamin RM, Manchikanti L, Parr AT, et al. The effectiveness of lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic low back and lower extremity pain. Pain Physician. 2012;15(4):E363–E404.
Manchikanti L, Nampiaparampil DE, Manchikanti KN, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of saline, local anesthetics, and steroids in epidural and facet joint injections for the management of spinal pain: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Surg Neurol Int. 2015;6:S194–S235.
Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Manchikanti KN, Boswell MV, Pampati V, Hirsch JA. Efficacy of epidural injections in the treatment of lumbar central spinal stenosis: A systematic review. Anesth Pain Med. 2015;5(1):e23139.
Friedly JL, Comstock BA, Turner JA, et al. A randomized trial of epidural glucocorticoid injections for spinal stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(1):11–21.
Manchikanti L, Candido KD, Kaye AD, et al. Randomized trial of epidural injections for spinal stenosis published in the New England Journal of Medicine: Further confusion without clarification. Pain Physician. 2014;17(4):E475–E488.
Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, Falco FJ, Kaye AD, Hirsch JA. Do epidural injections provide short- and long-term relief for lumbar disc herniation? A systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:1940–1956.
Authors' reply
Pengcheng Liu, Xing Wu
Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
Correspondence: Xing Wu, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China, Email orthopedics_dsyy@126.com
Although we recognize the limitations of our meta-analysis, as noted by Dr Manchikanti, we included a wide variety of studies which may not be applicable to the meta-analysis, which are associated with issues including studies performed with or without fluoroscopy, with short-term and long-term follow-up, with local anesthetic or without local anesthetic, inter-laminar, caudal, and transforaminal approaches, and some very small studies, and some studies with variable bias were also included in the meta-analysis. We argue that we included randomized controlled trials that evaluated the efficacy and safety of epidural injections of steroids plus local anesthetic versus local anesthetic alone for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) patients.1 The inclusion criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis were as follows: 1) randomized controlled trials in adults with LSS with epidural injection treatment; 2) clinical or radiological diagnosis of LSS; 3) describe neurogenic claudication with back (leg) pain and gait assessment; 4) provide the dosage and route of epidural steroid injection administration; and 5) outcomes measured, such as walking ability, pain intensity, quality of life, and global improvement. Studies evaluating radiculopathy caused by disc lesions were excluded. Studies with mixed populations were only included if the data for neurogenic claudication due to LSS were provided.1
The comments by Manchikanti and Hirsch are also important to consider. However, we wish to clarify several points. First, assessment of the methodological quality was performed independently by two investigators, the methodological quality of the trials was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 5.1.0.1 These two trials by Manchikanti et al2,3 scoring lower scores than assessment by themselves may be caused by a hidden information source that we do not know about. Second, as noted by Manchikanti et al,4 the trial by Friedly et al5 which has generated significant attention in our meta-analysis has been met with criticism for its flawed analysis and extremely short follow-up period. We also recognized some limitations of this trial such as acute pain patients being included, and that multilevel stenosis and various other factors were not identified and may have caused the risk of bias. Third, we also mentioned that in 2013, North America Spine Society's Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline Development Committee developed an evidence-based clinical guideline6 for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative LSS. They found evidence supporting the recommendation of epidural steroid injection therapy, elaborating a B recommendation in favor of it use. However, this systematic review was based on only four7–10 trials. As Manchikanti and Hirsch point out, appropriate methodologic quality or risk of bias are essential to reach unbiased clinically relevant conclusions. We compliment Dr Manchikanti and Dr Hirsch on their effort. Finally, additional better and rigorous studies with long-term observation are required to elucidate the effectiveness of epidural steroid injection treatment for LSS.1
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this communication.
Kreiner DS, Shaffer WO, Baisden JL, et al. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (update). Spine J. 2013;13(7):734–743.
Cuckler JM, Bernini PA, Wiesel SW, et al. The use of epidural steroids in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67(1):63–66.
Fukusaki M, Kobayashi I, Hara T, Sumikawa K. Symptoms of spinal stenosis do not improve after epidural steroid injection. Clin J Pain. 1998;14(2):148–151.
Koc Z, Ozcakir S, Sivrioglu K, Gurbet A, Kucukoglu S. Effectiveness of physical therapy and epidural steroid injections in lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(10):985–989.
Papagelopoulos PJ, Petrou HG, Triantafyllidis PG, et al. Treatment of lumbosacral radicular pain with epidural steroid injections. Orthopedics. 2001;24(2):145–149.
Dove Medical Press encourages responsible, free and frank academic debate. The content of the Drug Design, Development and Therapy 'letters to the editor' section does not necessarily represent the views of Dove Medical Press, its officers, agents, employees, related entities or the Drug Design, Development and Therapy editors. While all reasonable steps have been taken to confirm the content of each letter, Dove Medical Press accepts no liability in respect of the content of any letter, nor is it responsible for the content and accuracy of any letter to the editor.


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Aug 11, 2017 - Technology
Uber board "disappointed" in Benchmark dispute with Kalanick
Kia Kokalitcheva
The rest of Uber's board is not happy that Uber investor (and board seat holder) Benchmark filed a lawsuit against Travis Kalanick, the company's former CEO, alleging he deceived the board when he made a move to gain control over more seats.
The Board of Directors is disappointed that a disagreement between shareholders has resulted in litigation. The Board has urged both parties to resolve the matter cooperatively and quickly, and the Board is taking steps to facilitate that process. At a time when thousands of employees around the world are working hard to serve our drivers and riders and continue to innovate, our priority remains to select Uber's new CEO as quickly as possible. We are fortunate to have several outstanding candidates who share our belief in Uber's great future.
Yasir Al-Rumayyan, Garrett Camp, Ryan Graves, Arianna Huffington, Wan Ling Martello, & David Trujillo
Why it matters: Now Uber is likely looking at a civil war on its board while it's trying to hire a CEO and keep the company going
Backstory: Last year, Kalanick convinced the rest of the board to let him appoint three more board members. After he was pressured to resign as Uber's CEO in June, he appointed himself to one but now refuses to let other members approve his next appointments as he had originally agreed. Benchmark is alleging that Kalanick hid information about inappropriate and potentially illegal activities at the company from board members, and wants him completely out. A few other investors now want Benchmark out (of course).


Middle Eastern Saluki Rescue | Helping Middle Eastern Salukis find forever homes in the US.
Please email us at mesalukirescue@yahoo.com for more information on adoption or fostering.
Reagan (Ren) is a silly girl with lots of love to give. She loves to lounge with her humans as well as play with her toys and wrestle with her sister Burke. She is mostly potty trained and rarely has accidents in the house. She does well in a kennel when no one is home and during the night.
Burke is a sweet elegant girl. She loves hanging out with her sister Reagan (Ren) and racing around the yard. She is a bit shy when it comes to new things but quickly warms up when she realizes things are not that scary. Burke is potty trained and learning to ring bells when she needs to go out. She does well in a kennel when no one is home and at night.


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name			 'printers'
maintainer       'Wesleyan University'
maintainer_email 'software@wesleyan.edu'
license          'Apache 2.0'
description      'Installs/Configures Campus Printers'
long_description IO.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'README.md'))
version          '0.6.2'
depends          'dmg'
depends          'windows'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Notes: Written for 31_days Feb 7th theme; "Footsteps are mosaics of possibility"
Summary: At night, possibilities haunted him.
Notes: Written for 31_days Feb 6th theme; "In a silent language"
Summary: Qwilleran liked to think he had a good rapport with his cats.
Summary: Alfons had the crazy thought of Edward as a fallen star.
Summary: Her first Winsol season with her new family seemed so strange to her.
Summary: If people were stars, Edward Elric was a star already burned out.


It's been almost six years since Condominiums made a comeback in 2010. By 2010 to Q1 2013, the ordinary launch cost of an condominium valued modestly from S$800 psf into S$950 psf. This growth was still acceptable since it had been in sync with enhancing buyers' opinion for residential properties around the whole throughout this period.
That is because a purchaser's present HDB monthly mortgage payment won't be factored into TDSR calculations if a lender assesses the total amount of loan to give him within an Condo unit. Executive condos were consequently found at an average cost of roughly S$800 psf at Q2 2013, up from an average of S$750 psf throughout the first half of the year.
Two condominium projects stood out from 2017 with regards to number of earnings — Hundred Palms Residences and Parc Botannia. As reported by a developer sales survey in August, Hundred Palms Residences was sold out on the first day!
Competitive pricing is the principle of this sport for developers to market their executive condominium jobs quicker in 2017. That is because buyers stay very cost sensitive, on account of the enduring impact of the MSR cap for new Condo buys and constraints on property loans caused by TDSR.


Keep Calm and Party On. Wedding and Event Tent Rental Blog | Atlantic Sailcloth Tent Co.
At Atlantic Sail Cloth Tent you have a choice. You are able to select that tent that best suits your style, the size of your party and the atmosphere you wish to create.


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The Graduate (1967) on Netflix
Approved 106 mins
3.8 5 208,081
A disillusioned college graduate finds himself torn between his older lover and her daughter.
Mike Nichols
Calder Willingham
Lawrence Turman
WWW.MGM.COM/TITLE_TITLE.DO?TITLE_STAR=GRADUATE
Anne Bancroftas Mrs. Robinson
Dustin Hoffmanas Ben Braddock
Katharine Rossas Elaine Robinson
William Danielsas Mr. Braddock
Murray Hamiltonas Mr. Robinson
Elizabeth Wilsonas Mrs. Braddock
Buck Henryas Room Clerk
Brian Averyas Carl Smith
Walter Brookeas Mr. McGuire
Norman Fellas Mr. McCleery
After a successful stint away at an eastern college, twenty-one year old Benjamin Braddock returns to his parents' Los Angeles area home a graduate. Although the world should be his oyster, Ben is instead in a state of extreme anxiety as he has no idea what to do with his life, which is made all the more difficult since everybody asks him what he plans on doing or tells him what he should do. In his confused state during which he would rather be alone to wallow in self-pity, he is easy prey for the aggressive Mrs. Robinson, the wife of his father's business partner who he's known all his life and who seduces him. Thinking about and then eventually succumbing to her advances only adds to his anxiety and confusion as he hides what they're doing from the rest of the world, and as he needs more than just sex in a relationship, sex which is all she wants from him. His confusion is lessened but his life becomes more complicated when he is reacquainted with Elaine Robinson, the Robinsons' daughter who too is home from college at Berkeley and who he has not seen since high school. Despite a rocky start directed largely by the wants of Mrs. Robinson, Ben and Elaine start to fall for each other. In this complicated situation, Ben has to try to figure out how at least to start to strive for what he believes should be that successful post-graduate life.
Le coeur des hommes 2 2007 • min
All About Anna 2005 • 91 min
Falling Uphill 2012 • 83 min
Sitcom 1998 • 85 min
Regions are unavailable for this movie. Click the "Watch on Netflix" button to find out if The Graduate is playing in your country.


Anders Fredriksson. He's a Swedish, serial entrepreneur who recently moved to San Francisco to build his sales technology startup, ProLeads. He's an engineer with a business mind and currently holds both CEO and CTO titles. Previously, he built and scaled ArrivalGuides.com as the founding CTO. Prior to that, he was the founder and CEO of Tablefinder.com, which he sold. He studied computer engineering and management at Chalmers University of Technology, but dropped out before getting his degree when he got funding for his first startup, Table Finder. Additionally, in 2007, Internet World named him the most prominent entrepreneur in Sweden.
BELIEVE in your own product—this will make it easier to convince other people to believe in it as well. Problems arise at the start of any business, learn from it and move on. Starting a business has both its hard and easy moments; either way, it's worth the jump.


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Adrian Ornelas, Reporter
Ermias Joseph Asghedom, also known as Nipsey Hussle, was an American rapper and songwriter from Los Angeles, California. He grew into the music industry making music with other LA artists like YG, The Game, and ETC. Nipsey grew up in the Neighborhood 60s, Crenshaw, and Slauson. He was a Gang Member, Crip. He
actually helped his community and made it better for the youth. He owned the whole street he lived on. Every one paid him his respect he deserved because he was trying to do better for the community he came from, he was even willing to speak to the LAPD to stop gang violence and prevent murder rates from increasing, he wanted to keep peace in LA. "The Marathon" was his own store for the community. He bought land so people who weren't employed could get jobs. He gave everyone an opportunity, no matter their situation. March 31, 2019, Nipsey Hussle was murdered, he was shot 6 times; 5 in the chest 1 to the head. He was pronounced dead a couple of hours later. LA was in shook. People from all around the world were angry about the death of Hussle. He was one of the biggest influences on many artists and people, in general. Everyone looked up to him because he was doing good for himself and his city. People from LA paid their respects to him at his store. Hundreds and hundreds of people have come out and showed their respect to Nipsey Hussle. People from around the US have had celebrations for the life of Hussle for him. Although his life was too short, Hussle's legacy will live on in the streets of LA forever.
What type of tree should your family get for Christmas?


Dear Baby Niece, I am super excited to meet you and I can hardly stand it. Your mom is absolutely beautiful. She has done such a great job of making sure that you have the most excellent care both while you are cozy in her tummy and when you decide to show your tiny toes and fingers.
Please hurry, we are really trying to be patient until you are ready.
Tons of x's and o's, your soon-to-be-aunt.


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Saving a Dying Breed
Video of Saving a Dying Breed
Wild horses living on the Channel Islands evolved into a unique breed but face an uncertain future on the mainland
by Joe Proudman, April 5, 2018, in Human & Animal Health
IT'S HOT AT EL CAMPEON FARMS, even for early August. A hard wind accompanies the heat, blowing through the Conejo Valley, where this horse ranch sits in Southern California. Abby Followwill is saddled on a horse named Vince. His golden-brown coat and blond mane stand out against the saturated blue sky and dusty corral where Followwill is training with him.
She is tall and lithe, with matching blond hair tucked into her helmet. Vince looks small under her, and though he is young, Santa Cruz Island horses tend to run small. They're also known to be easy-going and carry a hardiness, all formed by generations of living on the rugged island, one of the Channel Islands off the California coast.
Abby Followwill, a horse trainer at El Campeon Farms, reels in a lariat as she works with Santa Cruz Island horse, Vince, in Thousand Oaks, Calif. Photo by Joe Proudman / UC Davis
In one hand, Followwill cradles a lariat and whips the loop above her head, aiming for a cow-skinned sawhorse. Vince looks, but he doesn't flinch as the rope hooks the plastic horns attached to the wooden legs.
"That was exactly what I was looking for with Vince, for him to just be totally comfortable with me doing a job," Followwill said. "It's just about finding that harmony between myself and Vince."
Harmony is what Santa Cruz Island horses have been looking for since being removed from the Channel Islands in the early 2000s. The horses had been there for more than a century, living relics from the time of the conquistadors, evolving to become as unique as the island itself. But after years of surviving in isolation on the island, the breed is teetering on the brink of extinction here on the mainland.
Their unique history and characteristics have led to an effort to save the breed. Amy McLean, a researcher at the University of California, Davis, is working with Lou Gonda of El Campeon Farms to find the right way to do that.
"It's truly a piece of California history we're trying to preserve," McLean said. "If we lose these genetics, we lose these horses, we lose that history and a part of our heritage."
Fifteen horses came off the island, leaving the breed with an incredibly small gene pool. Estimates have the breed at 60 horses now, but they're spread across the country with herds in Florida, Northern California and at El Campeon Farms in Thousand Oaks, California, where 20 now live.
McLean is working not only to save the breed, but also improve it. Island isolation proved to be a double-edged sword: While Santa Cruz Island horses have developed desirable traits such as a docile nature and small stature, they also carry with them the repercussions of inbreeding in their long pasterns and loins — areas that should be short and strong.
"When we find groups of horses, or any types of animals, living on an island, there's a lot of restrictions," McLean said.
Santa Cruz Island is part of the Channel Islands, sitting 20 miles off the coast of Ventura, Calif. Until the early 2000s, horses and sheep lived on the island, which is operated by The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. National Park Service. Photo by Joe Proudman.
Truffles, the oldest Santa Cruz Island stallion at El Campeon Farms, just after breakfast. Photo by Karin Higgins.
They also have trouble reproducing, a result of generations of inbreeding — an obvious hurdle to saving the breed. Stuart Meyers, a veterinarian and professor of anatomy, physiology and cell biology in the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, said that Santa Cruz Island stallions produce more abnormal than normal sperm. For every 100 fertilized eggs, only 10 to 20 live foals are born. The average rate of embryo viability in horses, overall, is 50 percent.
"In the laboratory, we're trying to figure out what is wrong with those embryos by looking at early cell division — or mitosis — which is critical in embryonic development," Meyers said.
The researchers' job is made more difficult because the oocytes, or eggs, of the horse are optically very dark, making it impossible to peer into them with a regular microscope. With the help of new equipment purchased with a generous gift from Gonda and other donors, Meyers and colleagues are using infrared and fluorescent light to image the eggs. But the remaining Santa Cruz Island horses won't be able to increase the breed's ability to reproduce, at least not on their own.
"We have nowhere else to go," McLean said. "We have to go outside of this breed if we want to save them."
When it comes to defining a breed of horse, it's the phenotype — the way a horse looks and acts — that categorizes it, and not specific genes. McLean is working to find a breed of horse that not only looks but also acts like the Santa Cruz Island horse.
Jim Murray, geneticist and chair of the UC Davis animal science department, said that Lusitanos and Andalusians are likely the most appropriate horses to outcross, or breed, with Santa Cruz Island horses to introduce new genetic material to their breeding line.
Hayley Pelton, a trainer at El Campeon Farms, plants a quick kiss on Catalina. The Santa Cruz Island horse breed is known for it's affection and trusting nature. Photo by Karin Higgins.
Catalina after a training session at El Campeon farms. Photo by Joe Proudman.
To establish a genetically diverse and viable breed, Murray says 100 to 500 breeding animals are needed.
"We need to spread their genetics around while maintaining their phenotype — and you can't do that with a small number of horses," he said.
According to Meyer, after one generation of offspring from an outcross, researchers will be able to improve the reproductive health of the Santa Cruz Island horses.
The fate of the Santa Cruz Island horse will depend on more than its ability to broaden its gene pool. Ultimately, there needs to be a reason why people would want this horse.
"I don't think this is rocket science; these animals simply lack genetic diversity," Murray said. "The biggest challenge is probably going to be in establishing the economic value of this horse."
Back in the corral at El Campeon Farms, Followwill and Vince retrieve the lasso from the sawhorse. They're surrounded by barrels, vinyl signs and other obstacles that make up a trail course, which is full of stuff designed to spook a horse. It's not a stretch to call this scene a metaphor for the breed, as it navigates genetic obstacles while trying to rope itself a following on the mainland.
Followwill has participated in horse shows throughout Southern California, riding a horse named Cochise, showing off the breed's natural fit as a ranch or trail horse for those wanting a less intimidating ride.
Cochise and Abby Followwill prepare for a morning ride at El Campeon Farms. The duo are part of the farm's marketing effort, traveling to horse shows to promote the breed. Photo by Joe Proudman.
"Every single show we've gone to we've had a handful of people who come up and want to take pictures with him or they just want to hear his story, and you know, they think he's absolutely just adorable," Followwill said. "It's been a really good reaction so far."
"The whole point of all of this is that we have to build a reputation for them and for our farm," said Christine Reich, a driving force at El Campeon Farms, where she manages the ranch and markets the horses. "And when the young horses kind of come online and they're ready to be sold, people already know 'Oh, these guys they're such good horses: They're quiet, they're sturdy, they have good minds, they're cute movers.' To me that means we've done our job, like we're absolutely successful, and really have built a market for them."
This Spring, two foals crossed from Santa Cruz Island mares and Lusitano stallions will be born at El Campeon Farms. They will nicker to their mothers and rise wobbly on their thin legs, searching for firm footing in the world with the weight of preservation saddled to them.
"It's truly a piece of California history we're trying to preserve."
Saving this breed will be a long ride, dependent on many more advocates and breeding strategies — maybe even cloning. But for now, McLean is focused on two baby horses who will hopefully carry all the good the Santa Cruz Island horse is known for, leaving behind the bad that came with island isolation.
"I would like for us to produce healthy horses that live a long time," McLean said. "And I just hope they find their purpose and their way."
Pat Bailey contributed to this story. Archival footage by Tippy Bushkin.
Media contact: Joe Proudman, Strategic Communications, 530-304-0034, jproudman@ucdavis.edu .
A Veterinarian's Drive for Horse Care in the Dakotas
UC Davis veterinarian, Eric Davis, and his wife, Cindy, travel in an old bus to North and South Dakota every summer to treat horses on Native American Reservations. They take dozens of students with them, from universities across the country, to teach them about rural veterinary care.
Newborn Horses Give Clues to Autism
Just a few hours after its birth, the long-legged brown foal stands in its stall, appearing on first glance to be sound, sturdy and healthy. But something is very wrong with this newborn horse.
English Bulldog's Gene Pool May Be Too Small to Heal the Breed
The first broad-based DNA assessment of the English bulldog suggests that the breed may lack sufficient diversity in its gene pool to correct the numerous heritable health problems that are so common in these dogs.