text:
Energy and Power Engineering
Vol.6 No.7(2014), Article ID:47620,18 pages DOI:10.4236/epe.2014.67014
Alternative Approaches for Distinguishing between Faults and Inrush Current in Power Transformers
Ahmed M. A. Alomar, Bakr E. M. Shamseldin
Electrical Networks Department, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Adailiyah, Kuwait
Email: am.alomar@paaet.edu.kw, be.shamseldin@paaet.edu.kw
Received 19 April 2014; revised 25 May 2014; accepted 8 June 2014
In this study, we will cover the basic methods used to distinguish between inrush current and fault current in power transformers. First, the nature of inrush current is presented compared to the fault current. Then the nature of the magnetizing current due to energizing a power transformer at no-load is explained. The first generation of methods used to disable the protective relay system during inrush current, namely the Desensitizing and Tripping Suppressor, is introduced. The second generation, the harmonic restraint method and the waveform-based restraint method with their different versions, is explained. Then we will explore thoroughly the fictitious equivalent resistance method as an example of the third generation of model type restraining or blocking methods. Finally, a comparison between these methods and conclusion is carried out.
Keywords:Power Transformer, Inrush Current, Differential Relay
Power transformers are one of the most important elements in power systems. Therefore, the protection of power transformers and the prevention of tripping power transformer unnecessarily due to inrush current are crucial for the continuity of the power supply. Inrush current is drawn by the transformer when it is energized during commissioning, testing, or when it is connected to the network after maintenance. Inrush current is very high in magnitude compared to the normal magnetizing current and to the rated current of the power transformer which might reach hundred times the normal magnetizing current and few times the rated current. Also the time duration of the inrush current before reaching its steady state value—called the magnetizing current—is very small normally in mill seconds. In normal operation, the power transformer draws few amperes for magnetizing its core. But, when the power transformer is energized it draws an inrush current. Such high current might leads the protective relay system to trip the power transformer unnecessarily. Therefore, many methods are used to prevent the different protective relaying schemes from tripping the power transformer unnecessarily due to the inrush current. These methods depend on the knowledge of the inrush current waveform characteristics and the difference from the normal internal fault current. Modern means of restraining differential relays during magnetizing inrush current are two methods: 1) by recognizing inrush current from the wave shape of a differential current either indirectly (harmonic analysis) or directly (waveform analysis) [1] -[3] ; 2) by calculating—on line—one or more of the power transformer model elements (model analysis).
1.1. Inrush Current Characteristics
Power transformer exciting current at steady state causes current to flow in protective relay but it is so small under normal load conditions that the protective relay has no tendency to operate. However, any condition that calls for an instantaneous change in flux linkages in a power transformer will cause abnormally large magnetizing currents to flow, and these will produce an operating tendency in protective relays.
The largest inrush current and hence the greatest relay operating tendency occur when a power transformer has been completely de-energized and then a circuit breaker is closed, thereby applying voltage to the winding on one side (normally supply side) with the winding on the other side still disconnected (normally the load side). The inrush current might reach 50 times the normal exciting current and few times the rated current of the power transformer. The inrush current starts very large and it decays in mill seconds to its steady state value. The inrush current [4] is composed of harmonics of multiples of the fundamental frequency as shown in Table1
The second harmonic is very significant where it represents 63% of the amplitude of the total inrush current. The fault current is composed of the fundamental frequency and it lasts until the fault is removed. The magnitude of the fault current depends on the type of the fault and location. Protective relays schemes used to prevent relays from tripping power transformers during inrush current based on the knowledge of the nature of the inrush current signal and its difference from the fault current where power transformer should be tripped.
Magnetizing inrush current in transformers results from any abrupt change of the magnetizing voltage. Generally, the magnetizing inrush current may be caused by the following [5] [6] :
• Energizing a power transformer;
• Occurrence of an external fault;
• Voltage recovery after clearing an external fault;
• Change of the character of a fault (for example when a phase-to-ground fault evolves into a phase-to-phaseto-ground fault), and
• Out-of-phase synchronizing of a connected generator.
Since the magnetizing branch representing the core appears as a shunt element in the transformer equivalent circuit model, the magnetizing current upsets the balance between the currents at the transformer terminals, and is therefore experienced by the differential relay, the main protection of power transformers, as a "false" differential current. The relay, however, must remain stable during inrush conditions. In addition, from the standpoint of the transformer life-time, tripping-out during inrush conditions is a very undesirable situation since breaking a current of a pure inductive nature generates high over voltage that may jeopardize the insulation of a transformer
Table 1 . Amplitude of inrush current harmonics.
and be an indirect cause of an internal fault.
1.2. Inrush Current Due to Energizing a Transformer
Initial magnetizing due to switching a transformer in is considered the most severe case of an inrush. When a transformer is de-energized (switched-off), the magnetizing voltage is taken away, the magnetizing current goes to zero while the flux follows the hysteresis loop of the core. This results in certain remnant flux left in the core. When, afterwards, the transformer is re-energized by an alternating sinusoidal voltage, the flux becomes also sinusoidal but biased by the remanence. The residual flux may be as high as 80% - 90% of the rated flux, and therefore, it may shift the flux-current trajectories far above the knee-point of the characteristic resulting in both large peak values and heavy distortions of the magnetizing current.
Figure 1 shows a typical inrush current waveform. The waveform displays a large and long lasting dc component, is rich in harmonics, assumes large peak values at the beginning (up to 30 times the rated value), decays substantially after a few tenths of a second, but its full decay occurs only after several seconds (to the normal excitation level of 1% - 2% of the rated current). In certain circumstances, some small changes of the excitation current are observable even minutes after switching a transformer in [7] .
The shape, magnitude and duration of the inrush current depend on several factors.
• Size of a transformer.
• Impedance of the system from which a transformer is energized.
• Magnetic properties of the core material.
• Remanence in the core.
• Moment when a transformer is switched in.
• Way a transformer is switched in.
The highest values of the inrush current occur when the transformer is switched in at the zero transition of the winding voltage. It is approximated that every 5th or 6th energizing a power transformer result in considerably high values of the inrush current [8] .
• 1.3. Difficulties in Differential Protection for Power Transformers [9]
• Mismatch between the CT ratios and the power transformer ratio.
• CT saturation.
• Variable ratio of the power transformer caused by a tap changer.
• Phase shift between the power transformer primary and secondary currents for delta-wye connections.
• Magnetizing inrush currents created by transformer transients because of energization, voltage recovery after clearance of an external fault, or energization of a parallel transformer.
• High exciting currents caused by transformer over excitation.
The relay percentage restraint characteristic typically solves the first two problems. A proper connection of the CTs or emulation of such a connection in a digital relay-auxiliary CTs historically provided this functionaddresses the phase shift problem. A very complex problem is that of discriminating internal fault currents from
Figure 1. Typical inrush current waveform [7] .
the false differential currents caused by magnetizing inrush and transformer over excitation.
Figure 2 shows a typical differential relay connection for power transformer protection. High demands are imposed on power transformers protection differential relays. The requirements include dependability (no missing of operation), security (no false tripping), and speed of operation (short fault clearing time). Numerical relays are capable of performing sophisticated signal processing, enable the relay designer to re-visit the classical protection principles, and enhance the relay performance, facilitating faster, more secure and dependable protection for power transformers [8] .
2. Desensitizing and Tripping Suppressor
This technique depends in its old version—desensitizing version—on the fact that inrush current duration is very short in hundreds of mill seconds therefore, blocking the protective relay system during this period usually for 0.2 seconds or more will often ride over the inrush period and the magnitude of inrush current will become small enough such that protective relay will not pick-up and will not trip the power transformer. One type of desensitizing equipment of this version consists of an under voltage relay with normally opened contacts and having time-delay pickup and reset; these contacts are connected in series with a low resistance resistor that shunts the operating coil of the differential relay in each phase as shown in Figure 3. When the power transformer is de-energized, the under voltage relay resets and its contacts closed and complete the shunt circuit across the operating coil of the differential relay [4] .
The under voltage relay will not pick up and open its contacts until a short time after the power transformer has been energized, thereby desensitizing the differential relay during the magnetizing inrush current period.
The later version of this technique—tripping Suppressor—is an improvement of the desensitizer. Three highspeed voltage relays, connected to be actuated by either phase-to-phase or phase-to-neutral voltages, control tripping by differential relays. If all three voltage relays pick up during the inrush period, a timer is energized that closes a normally opened contact in the tripping circuit of the differential relay after enough time delay so
Figure 2. Typical differential relay connection for power transformer protection.
Figure 3. Desensitizing equipment to prevent differential relay tripping on magnetizing inrush current.
that tripping on inrush current alone would not occur. But, for any fault that will operate the differential relay and also reduce the voltage enough so that at least one voltage relay will not pick up, tripping occurs immediately. In other words, tripping is delayed only for very low current faults that affect the voltage only slightly. Any external fault that lowers the voltage enough to cause a significant inrush current when the fault is cleared from the system will reset one or more of the voltage relays, thereby resetting the timer and opening the trip circuit long enough to assure that the protective relay will not trip the power transformer due to inrush current as a result of an external fault clearing.
But delay used by different means to prevent false tripping during inrush conditions either by disabling the relay for a given time when switching a protected power transformer in or used other techniques are being used in the past and they are not any more acceptable, especially for large power transformers.
3. Harmonic Current Restraint
The principle of harmonic-current restraint makes the differential relay self-desensitizing during the inrush current period, but the relay is not desensitized if a short circuit should occur in the power transformer during the inrush current period. This relay is able to distinguish the difference between the inrush current and the short circuit current by the difference in wave shape [4] . Inrush current is characterized by large harmonic components that are not noticeably present in short circuit currents as shown in Table1
Figure 4 shows how the relay is arranged to take advantage of the harmonic content of the current wave to be selective between faults and inrush current. The restraining coil (blocking coil) will receive from the throughcurrent transformers the rectified sum of the fundamental and harmonics components. The operating coil will receive from the differential-current transformer only the fundamental difference component of the differential current, the harmonics being separated, rectified, and fed back into the restraining coil. The direct current component, present in both inrush current and fault current, is largely blocked by the differential-current and the through-current transformers, and produces only a slight momentary restraining effect. The magnetizing inrush current appearing to a relay as the differential signal, displays certain amounts of higher harmonics. Generally, low levels of harmonics enable tripping, while high levels indicate inrush and restrain the relay. This method originates a whole family of algorithms using a variety of approaches in combining currents of the harmonics and the fundamental ones are:
In the simplest approach, the amplitude of the second harmonic in the differential current in a given phase is the combined harmonic signal, while the amplitude of the fundamental frequency component in the differential current in the same phase is used as the combined differential current.
Another approach is to use the RMS value for the combined differential current. When using this method criterion must be checked in each phase separately. Extra logic is needed to decide whether or not the entire threephase relay should get restrained if either one, two or three phases detect inrush conditions. The relay behavior under such circumstances may be flexibly shaped by using cross polarization or a cumulative (three-phase)
Figure 4. Harmonic current restraint differential relay.
second harmonic.
It is experienced, that the three phase harmonic restraint is more secure [8] . The cumulative restraint defines the combined currents as sums of the appropriate quantities over three phases.
Also, instead of the real RMS, only low order harmonics can be used. In such approach, the combined differential signal is composed. Where the highest harmonic measured (usually the fifth harmonic used for restraining the relay during stationary over excitation conditions).
Finally, a modern method used both the magnitude of the dominant harmonics compared to the fundamental frequency as used in old versions of this method in addition to the phase shift of these harmonics to the fundamental one. This method gives a more reliable criterion above the others in blocking the differential relay during inrush current case since it considers the drop of the second harmonic magnitude momentarily to less than 20% of its magnitude. Depending on the exact formula employed for the combined harmonic and differential signals, the setting assumes slightly different values. Generally, however, the setting is at about 0.15 - 0.20 (15% - 20%) [7] .
The harmonic restraint in general, regardless of the method of composing the combined harmonic and differential signals, displays certain limitations.
First, the estimator of the harmonic component (usually the second harmonic only) needs a certain amount of time for accurate estimation of the amplitude. Even if the harmonic is not present in the differential signal at all, the ratio of the harmonic current to the differential current is initially significantly overestimated (until the fault data fills out the estimator data window). This means that the harmonic restraint usually will not permit tripping for the time approximately equal to the data window length of the estimators (typically one cycle).
Second, in modern transformers the amount of higher harmonics in the magnetizing current may drop well below 10% (the second harmonic as low as 7%, while the total harmonic content at a level of 7.5%. Under such circumstances, the setting should be adjusted below 7%. This may lead, however, to delayed or even missing operations of the relay due to the harmonics in the differential currents during internal faults accompanied by saturation of the current transformers. Cross-restraint or time-controlled threshold provide only a partial solution to this problem.
Third, the second harmonic ratio may temporarily (for several cycles) drop below the safe 20% due to transients.
4. Waveform-Based Restraints
This method is a direct wave form analysis. It depends on the characteristics of the inrush current waveform and its difference from the fault current waveform. Fault current in general has a non decaying sinusoidal wave while inrush current has low and flat periods for a 1/4 cycle beside its peaks are of the same polarity and its value decays with time as shown in Figure 5.
Generally, there are two basic waveform restraining methods:
The first, and more common approach, pays attention to the periods of low and flat values in the inrush current. If the shape of the waveform is not flat and close to zero for more than 1/4 of the cycle then it is not an inrush current case.
The second algorithm pays attention to the sign of the peak values and the decaying rate of the inrush current. If any consecutive peaks has different polarities and displaced by a half cycle then it is not an inrush current case.
The main disadvantage of this algorithm is the need of cross polarization between the phases. Not always all three phases show the typical inrush uni-polar waveform. Also, during very smooth energization of a protected transformer (what may accidentally happen owing to the adequate relation between the switching angle and the remnant flux), this criterion will fail.
A considerable number of studies of detecting inrush currents have been proposed as follows. A method using the equivalent circuit of the power transformer [10] , a method observing the active power flowing into the transformer [11] , a method using artificial neural networks [12] , a method using a multi-criteria approach [13] , a method using the similarity between the wave forms of current and voltage [14] , a method using wavelet transformation [15] and a method based on the magnetization characteristics of the transformer core [16] .
These methods, among others, have been proposed as more reliable methods than the conventional method of using the second harmonic component.
Figure 5. Periods of low and flat inrush current.
Therefore, with the power transmission system becoming larger in both capacity and voltage, coupled with the wide spread use of underground cables, it produces a sizable amount of second harmonic current in the event of fault. The content of this second harmonic current can be comparable to that produced in the inrush current. So the differential scheme with second harmonic current restrained becomes unreliable for transformer protection [17] .
Modern transformers built with improved magnetic materials that have high knee-point, and therefore, their inrush current display a comparatively low amount of the second harmonic. Therefore, certain difficulties arise when protecting such modern transformers [1] [8] [18] .
It is also known that when the inrush current assumes large values, the amount of the second harmonic decreases [5] [6] .
5. Fictitious Equivalent Resistance Method
The family of model method approaches solves on-line a mathematical model of a fault-free transformer. Either certain parameters of the model are computed assuming the measured signals; or certain fraction of the terminal variables are computed based on all the remaining signals, and next compared to their measured counterparts [19] . In the first case, the values of the calculated parameters differentiate internal faults from other disturbances (including inrush conditions). In the second case, the difference between the calculated and measured signals enables the relay to perform the classification. These approaches call for voltages and currents at all the terminals to be measured.
5.1. Method of Modeling and Analysis
The starting point for analyzing the transients is the accurate representation of the transformers' magnetic core. The model of the power transformer in this paper depends on Fitting Saturation and hysteresis via Arctangent Functions [20] . This method is an approximation of the transformer saturation curve. It is based on measurements of the magnetizing curve of the ferromagnetic material of the iron core of the power transformer. The analytical form of the saturation characteristic can be completely described by only three parameters. These three parameters are enough to take into account: the slope of the linear region of the saturation curve, the position of the knee, and the saturating slope.
For the transformer under study its parameters are [20] :
where c is the reciprocal of the slope of the linear region of the saturation curve, L1 represents the magnetizing inductance of the power transformer and Rw represents the no-load iron core losses.
Then the relation between the magnetizing flux linkage φ(t) and the magnetizing current of the power transformer im(t) is expressed by the following equation and as proposed in [20] .
Arranging for φ(t) yields
From Figure 6 the governing equations are
where ω is the power angular frequency, and the phase angle α describes the switching time point. The special value α = 0 means transformer switching at the voltage zero crossing, whereas α = л/2 represents a switching at the peak of the supply voltage e(t).
Now, rearranging Equation (5);
Also, rearrange Equation (3);
Substituting Equation (6) into Equation (7) and arranging gives that
Let us differentiate Equation (2) and substitute it in Equation (4)
Figure 6. The sample transformer model circuit.
Substitute Equation (9) into Equation (6) gives
5.2. Model Simulation Results
Solving the differential Equations (8) and (10) to find is(t) and im(t) using Runge-Kutta method with initial value is(0) = 0 and im(0) = 0. The solution for the above equations was written using MATLAB and the results were obtained for energizing the power transformer for a 60 HZ power network with Em = 156 v and carried out for both inrush and faulty cases.
The simulation carried out for different phase angles (α = 0˚, 45˚, 90˚) of the supply voltage e(t).
Case A: Energizing a Healthy Transformer (Inrush Current):
The results in Figures 7-9 are carried out for Rw = 400 Ω and time range 0 ≤ t ≤ 30 milliseconds.
In Figure 7 for α = 0˚ the current is(t) is unidirectional and reaches a maximum value of 23 A which is almost 9 times the steady state value (2.5 A). The waveform shows a high harmonic content. Both the flux φ(t) and the induced voltage v(t) are distorted.
In Figure 8 for α = 45˚ the three time waveforms of the current is(t), the flux φ(t) and the induced voltage v(t) shows almost the same level of harmonics content and distortion. But the current magnitude shows a lower value 15 A.
In Figure 9 for α = 90˚ the time waveform of the current is(t) still reflects the harmonics content and distortion and its peak value almost equals the steady state value 2.5 A. The flux φ(t) time waveform is sinusoidal, in
Figure 7. Energizing a healthy transformer at α = 0˚.
Figure 8. Energizing a healthy transformer at α = 45˚.
phase with is(t), and has no distortion or harmonics. While the induced voltage v(t) is sinusoidal, and 90˚ phase shifted with is(t).
From Figures 7-9 we notice the relation between the inrush current maximum magnitude is(t) and the phase angle α of the energizing voltage e(t). As α increases the magnitude of the inrush current is(t) decreases and the highest value of the inrush current occurs when energizing the transformer at α = 0˚.
Case B: Energizing a Faulty Transformer:
The results in Figures 10-12 are carried out for Rw = 0.02 Ω and time range 0 ≤ t ≤ 3 seconds. Time simulation increased to show the steady state value of the variables.
In Figure 10 for α = 0˚ the current is(t) reaches momentarily a value of 75 A (30 times the steady state value), and the DC-offset is very clear in the waveform. Finally the current settles down to 40 A. The waveform of the induced voltage v(t) shows a low magnitude as expected with a DC-offset and it settles down to 0.7 v. The flux φ(t) settles down to 0.38 wb.
In Figure 11 for α = 45˚, the current is(t) reaches momentarily a value of 62 A (25 times the steady state value), and the DC-offset is very clear in the waveform. Finally, the current settles down to less than 40 A. The waveform of the induced voltage v(t) shows a low magnitude as expected with a DC-offset and it starts with 1.5 v and settles down to 0.7 v. The flux φ(t) settles down to 0.38 wb.
In Figure 12 for α = 90˚ the current is(t) is sinusoidal with its peak value 38 A which is almost 15 times the steady state value. The waveform of the induced voltage v(t) is sinusoidal and in phase with the current is(t) with a low magnitude as expected of 0.75 v. The flux φ(t) is sinusoidal with a peak value of 0.004 wb.
From Figures 10-12 we notice the relation between the fault current maximum magnitude is(t) and the phase angle α of the energizing voltage e(t). As α increases the magnitude of the fault current is(t) decreases and the highest value of the fault current occurs when energizing the transformer at α = 0˚. The induced voltage v(t) is very low and close to zero as expected for a fault case.
5.3. Estimation of the Fictitious Equivalent Resistance Rw
The basic idea of the fictitious equivalent resistance method is based on calculation of a fictitious resistance Rw
Figure 10. Energizing a faulty transformer at α = 0˚.
Figure 11. Energizing a faulty transformer at α = 45˚.
from the power transformer no-load equivalent circuit in Figure 6. The value of Rw is between the power transformer resistance which is known and zero. If the resistance computed on line from the data representing the current passing through the power transformer is high and very close to the power transformer resistance, then the current represents an inrush current case which requires blocking the protective relay from tripping the power transformer. Otherwise, if the estimated resistance Rw is very small and close to zero then the current passing through the power transformer is a fault current case which requires the activation of protective relay to trip the power transformer.
The first derivative of the core flux can be obtained from Equation (2) and arranging we get Equation (11):
Differentiating Equation (3) and substituting in Equation (11) we get:
Calculation of Rw is done on line by solution of Equation (12) as an algebraic equation in variable RW.
All other quantities (a, b, c, L1, the value of the primary currents is,k and voltage ek as well as their derivatives are already known). Estimates for Rw can be computed iteratively on line. The estimated numerical value of Rw will determine whether these current and voltage samples are due to energizing a faulty transformer or resulting from inrush phenomena. The estimation of Rw will be continuously updated as new current and voltage samples arrive to be digitally processed and older values are deleted.
The first derivatives of e(t) and is(t) and the second derivative of is(t) are calculated as discrete values with a sampling rate h as follows:
The estimation of the fictitious resistance Rw, from Equation (12), has been carried out iteratively for both the inrush current case and the faulty case for α = 0˚, 45˚, 90˚.
Case A: Estimating Rw for a Healthy Transformer (Inrush Current):
In Figures 13-15, the estimated values of Rw is plotted against their corresponding time points and also the average value of Rw is calculated and plotted. The contents of these plots are summarized in Table2 We notice that the estimated value of Rw for different α fluctuates close to the assumed value 400 Ω.
It is clear from Table 2 that's the estimated value of Rw is close enough to the assumed value 400 Ω of the inrush current case and very far from its value for the fault current case 0.02 Ω.
Case B: Estimating Rw for a Faulty Transformer:
In Figures 16-18, the estimated values of Rw is plotted against their corresponding time points and also the average value of Rw is calculated and plotted. The contents of these plots are summarized in Table3 We notice that the estimated value of Rw for different α fluctuates close to the assumed value 0.02 Ω.
It is clear from Table 3 that's the estimated value of Rw is close enough to the assumed value 0.02 Ω of the fault current case and very far from its value for the inrush current case 400 Ω.
Therefore, we can say safely that the estimated value of Rw can be used to discriminate between the inrush current case where the differential relay must be prevented from tripping the power transformer unnecessarily and the fault case where the differential relay is allowed to trip the faulty transformer.
1) The importance of reliable discrimination between large currents due to internal and external faults and those due to inrush current is pointed out.
Table 2. Maximum, minimum and average value of Rw for inrush current case.
Figure 13. Calculating Rw for energizing a healthy transformer α = 0˚.
Figure 14. Calculating Rw for energizing a healthy transformer α = 45˚.
2) The characteristics and nature of inrush current is explained thoroughly and compared to the fault current.
3) The Desensitizing and Tripping Suppressor method used to block differential relays from tripping power transformer due to in rush current is one of the oldest methods used. It basically has an enough time delay through restraining coil to disable the protective relay to let the inrush current reduces to a safe values then activates the protective relay system.
4) The Harmonic-Restraint method makes an advantage of the harmonic contents of the inrush current. The second harmonic is dominant in inrush current. Therefore, this signal is used as a preventing signal (blocking or restraining) of tripping since it indicates an inrush current case. This method depends on using the magnitude of
Table 3 . Maximum, minimum and average value of Rw for faulty case.
Figure 16. Calculating Rw for energizing a faulty transformer α = 0˚.
Figure 17. Calculating Rw for energizing a faulty transformer α = 45˚.
the fundamental frequency signal to operate the relay and the magnitude of the second harmonic-and other harmonics (the fifth harmonic) and features (phase shift)-to block the relay. Modern power transformers have lower values of the second harmonic and also due to transient its value might become small enough to give wrong indication to the relay system. The minimum time to allow tripping is one cycle which is the time needed to estimate the system harmonics. One cycle (0.02 seconds for 50 Hz systems) is considered long time for severe short circuit and might put the power transformer in risk.
5) A model for simulating the transients of both inrush and internal fault currents is applied to a case study based on a closed-form analytical representation of the transformer's magnetization curve, its leakage inductance as well as the no-load losses.
6) The relationship between the inrush current and fault current maximum magnitudes and the phase angle α of the energizing voltage shows that the highest value of the inrush or fault current occurs when energizing the transformer at α = 0˚ while the lowest currents occurs at α = 90˚.
7) A procedure to distinguish between inrush and fault current is suggested and tested. It is based on estimating the value of the fictitious equivalent resistance Rw whose possible range is between zero and the value of the transformer's resistance in its no-load equivalent circuit. Too small values of this resistance imply internal faults, whereas higher values describe situations involving inrush current.
8) The values of Rw estimated in this paper for different values of α and for both inrush and faulty cases are summarized in Table 2 and Table3 From these results it can be safely stated that the use of the suggested procedure can be used to recognize whether the current and voltage samples are describing a fault current or an inrush current.
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When it's my time to go, will I have run the patient race and fought the good fight?
When my time is up, will I have discovered the "why" of me, and lived out the "what" of me?
When I cease to exist on God's green earth, will I have spoken in truth and lived in purity?
Through trials and sore distress, may I not quit until like my Lord I say, "IT IS FINISHED".
1 Comment on "It's Finished"


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HomeHondaAfrica TwinPhotosEverything New Under The 2020 Honda Sun
Personally, this is one of the bike I was the most excited about. Since early in 2019, there were speculations of a new Africa Twin in the works at Honda's. In addition to its thorough upgrade, the new Twin was expected to receive a new, bigger engine.
The launch in September of the new CRF1100L proved that the rumors were true. The model received a fresh new design built on a revised chassis and a subframe inspired by the CRF450R's. This allowed the model to shed a few pounds, now tipping the scales at 498 lb. Its height has also been reduced by a little less than an inch which, combined with the bike's lighter weight, makes the model more accessible. The new 1,084cc twin now produces 101 horsepower and 77 lb-ft of torque.
There are six available driving modes including tour, urban, gravel, and off-road as well as two customizable settings. Pricing for the 2020 Africa Twin starts at $14,399.
Honda Could Revive The Quirky NT Using The Africa Twin Engine
Rumor Control: An Africa Twin 850 Could Follow The Rumored 1100

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Even Wolf Blitzer Says Republicans Are Right: Delay Obamacare
11 Oct, 2013 by	John Hawkins
Wolf Blitzer is so in the tank for the Obama Administration that he practically qualifies as an employee; yet even he admits that Obama should have taken the Republicans up on their offer to delay Obamacare.
The Obama administration should "accept the advice that a lot of Republicans are giving" and delay healthcare reform for another year, CNN anchor Wolf Blitzer said. GOP leaders seized on the comment.
The "Situation Room" host made his comment during a report from correspondent Brian Todd, who was discussing failures of the government website Healthcare.gov, which was launched to handle inquiries and sign-ups for state healthcare exchanges, The New York Times reports.
Other government websites, such as one for Social Security, function well, Blitzer said, but the government didn't get the Obamacare site ready on time.
"Maybe fix the problem, make sure people don't have to worry about it," the longtime anchor suggested.
…CNN, which says it strives for a bipartisan approach to the news, didn't comment on Blitzer's remarks or offer official clarification. But Blitzer later on Twitter said that his comments may have been taken out of context and misunderstood.
"Context matters," Blitzer said. "Earlier I said the govt shouldn't launch a website before it works. I did not express a view about the individual mandate."
If Obama actually cared whether Obamacare works or not, he would have welcomed the GOP's offer to delay Obamacare for a year. The law is a train wreck, the website is the worst tech disaster in American history, and the list of broken promises that he made to the American people about the ACA is as long as the list of women Bill has probably cheated on with on Hillary. That's why offering a one year delay was a tough call for Republicans. Turning it down would have been a tough call for Obama as well, if he cared about the country in the first place.


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This varied picture reference book contains 199 individual items found around farms. Children will enjoy spotting farm vehicles, buildings, animals, fruits, and vegetables, plus some less familiar things. Themes include: 'Around the farmyard', 'In the fields', and 'The farm shop'.


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Co- production Isreal – Poland, Lodz 2012.
The project is a site specific event, constructed as a journey to the places, stories and people from the Lodz Ghetto. Our purpose was to make an honest, contemporary dialogue with the ghetto, the places, stories, people, and the memory of the ghetto; the past connecting to the present, the daily life in this area, our life, and to find out what is really happening during this dialog.
It is a journey in which the audience walks between the original spaces in the ghetto, moves alongside the actors through various places in the ghetto, wartime original buildings which were transferred and which are now used for various purposes. Selected sites and buildings serve as "stations" during the journey, each place hosting a story connected to the site, through a "dialogue" with the space as it is today.
This post will be divided into two parts: in the first part, I will write on the process of and the rehearsal on the project "SZPERA'42" and in the second part I will write about the project itself, which took place on September2012 inLodz-Poland. Over the next year I will add a third part – the project inIsrael.
The decision to create a theatrical work that engages The Lodz Ghetto and takes place in the original spaces, derives from my background. My grandmother was a Holocaust survivor. She was born in Lodz, and lived there between 1940-1944. She was exported from the ghetto to Auschwitz and then to a labor camp. My grandmother survived this terrible war with her two sisters. For most of my childhood and adolescent years – I grew up and lived with my grandmother. I was deeply attached to her. My grandmother's past, her experiences and her stories, left me with an unforgettable impression, which shaped my identity.
At this point in my life, as a theater artist, I choose to make this fascinating, personal and professional journey in order to create a work that "will establish life" and will spark stories and memories of people, places and events from The Lodz Ghetto. I see this as my right and as a mission. This work is a journey through the intricacies of private and collective memory, through the road connecting past, present and future – within the boundaries of life and death.
In December 2010 I first visited Lodz. I received a scholarship from the Polish Institute in Tel Aviv in cooperation with Adam Mickiewicz Institute in Poland. The purpose of my trip was to get acquainted with the places, to gather material for the future project, and especially to meet people from different fields who can help me with the project. Another central goal of my trip was to find partners that would like to collaborate in joint creation. This wonderful and meaningful visit left me with a strong impression that has upheld my wish to proceed with the project. Fortunately, I met wonderful people from different fields whom have offered me their help.
This visit led to a special meeting with the director Tomek Rodowicz and the "Chorea" group in Lodz, which I quickly understood, where ideal partners for the project. Tomek and the group hosted me kindly with generous heart. They have also expressed an interest and desire to cooperate with me. Together we toured the ghetto and learned about the places. At the end of my visit, Tomek and I decided, that we will try to do this project together.
From our first meeting, I felt that Tomek and I have something in common. I knew that it will be a unique experience to work with him and learn from him.
Tomek worked with Jerzy Grotowski for a long time and when I came to Lodz he had just made a performance based on Grotowski's texts.
My first encounter withLodzwas shaking and powerful. It was winter 2010.Lodzwas Snowy and icy. I came on the Purpose of finding two things: the co-creator for my work and the grave of my great grandmother. I walked on the snowy streets ofLodz. Lodz for me was like "The Land of Oz" I had always known of its existence; its absence was present at every moment in my grandmother's life, so getting to Lodz was like a journey to a lost land..
That month in Lodz was very significant to the creative process. Most of the time, I wandered alone around Lodz or sat and wrote in cafes on Piotrkowska Street. I studied and felt Lodz. I tried all the time to check if I could hear the voices from the past in this place.
I lay down on the sidewalk next to the words, exactly at the junction between the Church of Mary and Kościelny Square, in the place where the famous Bridge of Lodz ghetto had been. Waiting to see if I could hear something? Maybe someone else in the neighborhood might also hear something, might be able to answer my question.
Amazing how a simple action in space and time indicates the place where it occurs. Two minutes after writing on the sidewalk, an older man came up to me and patted me on the face, sure I was drunk. The First association of passer-bys was that I was drunk. Does this point to the problem of alcohol in Lodz? Does the fact that all the people who had approached me were adults mean something?
After seven minutes, the police came. They pushed me away with the explanation that "It's a public space". They asked me to show them my passport. When I answered "Israel" to their question "Where did you come from?" they said to each other in Polish "nerwowy", not knowing that every time I made problems in my childhood, my mother and father told each other in Polish that I was "nerwowy".
On the other side of the road, a group of young people in their twenties are standing and looking at me, drinking beer, laughing. It is the middle of the day and they have nothing to do. I go in their direction. I stop by them and listen to the wall they are leaning on. They tell me: "we know what you are doing; it's because of the ghetto." They take me to the building where they live, show me buildings from the Ghetto and explain to me the meaning of the graffiti that can be found all over Lodz of the letters R/T/S and a Star of David in the middle. This is how football clubs in Lodz call each other.
I ask "Why the Star of David?" They lie at first and then admit, "it is a curse, you know".
After this visit to Poland, we get into another six months of intensive research about Lodz Ghetto: interviewing survivors, meeting people who are related to Lodz Ghetto and reading the "Chronicles of Lodz Ghetto".
Tomek and I chose the places where we are going to work and the artists who will participate in the project.
On April 2012 we traveled to Poland for one month of rehearsals. With me are Yoav Cohen, a video artist, and Yoni Eilat , a Yiddish-speaking actor and singer.
During this month we performed on "Yom Hashoah" (the memorial day of the Holocaust ) with a small part of our project in front of 150 young Poles.
Part 2: "SZPERA'42" – The creation.
In August 2012 we arrive in Poland for the last rehearsals and perform three times: first in the Chorea Festival "RETRO/PER/SPECTIVE 2012", second on the 29th August – the Memorial day of the liquidation of Lodz ghetto and third on the 4th of September – a special event for the 70th anniversary of the "Szpera" in Lodz Ghetto.
It is one of the least known and at the same time most important places in the Łódź ghetto. At 13 LutomierskaSt., the offi ces of the Jewish fi re brigade were located. At the back of the building, at a large square, there were the fi re brigade barracks with cars and equipment. It was there that Chaim Mordechai rumkowski, the Eldest of the Jews in the Łódź ghetto, gave his speeches. A podium with microphones and loudspeakers was placed there, so that rumkowski's words could be heard everywhere.
The buildings at 13 Lutomierska St. no longer exist, replaced by blocks of fl ats. Only one of the houses survived (at 14 Zachodnia St.). It was in front of that building that rumkowski gave his famous speech in September 1942,asking the residents of the ghetto to give away their children so that others may be saved.
At the first time we got to the place where Rumkowski spoke his famous speech, I was amazed to see that today there is a kindergarten there. The most famous sentence from Rumkowski's speech is "Mothers Give me your children" and today, 70 years later, in the very same place there is a kindergarten. I often have the feeling that the past and present conduct an intensive dialogue between them and we only come with a beam of light to illuminate the dialogue that occurs anyway or put a microphone to hear it louder. We are basically a third party. The dialogue is going on with or without us. The kindergarten in this place is living proof of that.
Two streets, Zgierska and Limanowskiego, were excluded from the ghetto and belonged to the Aryan part of Litzmannstadt. The ghetto, intersected by these two streets, was divided into three parts. At fi rst, at specific times, special gates were opened through which the residents could move from one section to the other.
In the summer of 1940, three wooden bridges were erected, connecting the divided parts of the ghetto and allowing people to cross over the streets.
It was clear for us that we would want to commemorate the Bridge. This is the most famous image of Lodz Ghetto, located in a very central place and represents the separation of the Jews , their inability to walk on the road on Zgierska street and of course the prohibition to travel on the tram and maybe, in some kind of ironic way – their being "elevated", "closer to sky". During our rehearsals in April, I told the group that my grandmother's favorite song was "The whole world is a narrow bridge and the main thing is not to fear at all"(words by Rabbi Nachman from Breslav and lyric by Naomi Shemer) I remember my grandmother singing it quietly and getting strength from it. When I told this to the group, Yoni Eilat naturally began to sing the song, his voice filling the hall of the church. It was a chilling moment. He then taught the group the song. During the performance, the Polish Choir accompanied us singing this song. The Bridge , as a metaphor of the world, merged with the bridge of Lodz Ghetto and the urge "Not to fear at all" took on new meaning.
We decided to draw the bridge with white chalk. The chosen material was chalk because of its impermanence in the world and the obvious fact that it can be erased, perhaps because of rain, perhaps because cars and people pass over it and maybe due to time. Maybe like a memory that is always threatened by oblivion. And when something is physically erased, does it still exist in another dimension? A Spiritual dimension? In Consciousness? Questions about the existence of memory.
We knew we wanted our audience, Israelis and Polish alike, to cross our virtual bridge as an act of memory, out of respect for those Jews who crossed the bridge. We were amazed to see how out of 500 people who were at the event, there was not even one person who chose to cross the road not by our virtual bridge.
The bridge was drawn by Yoav Cohen, who practiced with us how to paint the bridge in a short time in various places in Poland..
The creation was escorted by a horse and wagon. Asia (Polish actress) found them in a small village near her house and thanks to her, the journey was led by the wagon.
Wagon. You can write so much about "The Wagon".. Itsac Shiffer, a Lodz survivor, once told me his dream was to have a wagon. He saw the ability to sit high above and move around as symbols of freedom and dignity; so that was a wagon for a child in the ghetto.
During World War Two,the Assumption of the Holy Virgin Mary Church was located within the Łódź ghetto. For thousands of Jews who had to move to the ghetto, the red brick church and the nerby wooden bridge over Zgierska Street were the most important symbols of the ghetto.In 1942, the Nazis decided to transform the church into a warehouse for storing stolen Jewish property. From spring to autumn 1942, clothes of people murdered in Chełmno on the Ner were brought there. Some people discovered the clothing of their loved ones who had been deported from the ghetto in an unknown direction.Then, inside the church, feather and down sorting was organized. The Jews called this place "white factory" and the Virgin Mary – the patron of the temple – Mary of the Down.
As part of my research, I met with Dr. Michal Unger, an expert on the Lodz ghetto. During a significant conversation with her in a cafe at the center of Tel – Aviv, I asked her: "If you had to make now a creation on Lodz ghetto, what places would you choose? What places come first into your mind? Two of her responses have become part of the work: the Church of Maria and the cultural house in the ghetto. She said that one of the strongest images from the Lodz ghetto is a picture of Mary Church full of feathers. During the war, the German turned the church to a store house for sorting objects of Jews sent to their deaths and most of the objects were blankets and pillows that were full of feathers..
Indeed, we decided to work with pillows, blankets and feathers in the church and explore the topic of "dream" and "rest", the privilege to lay my head on the pillow at the end of each day and rest, dream. We worked with the song "Dream" written by Abramek Koflovicz when he was 13 and which has been translated into many languages and composed for us by Ayala Asherov.
The Pillow, full of feathers, is the small sanctuary of the individual, full of soft and fragile material like feathers. The Memory, like the pillow, is a place to rest your head on and at the same time, flies easily and disappears.
I have to write about the priest Thomas. Priest. Central Church. Sunday Mass. And within each of these religious legal systems, we encounter a sensitive and open minded priest that allowed us to work inside the church, fill it with feathers, dance in it. Not obvious. Remarkable.
I tell him about the request of one of the survivors, who was very angry with me because I was cooperating with the Poles. "If they want us to believe that they are sorry for what happened, they should be ringing the church bells on the date of the "Zspera" so that all the people in Lodz will hear and remember". And so it was. On the 4th of September 2012, at 18:00, at the beginning of our event, the priest Thomas rang the bells of the Church of Mary in honor of the Lodz survivors and in memory of those who did not survive. I am sure that the priest Thomas will be rewarded for it from the sky.
documents of World War Two.
as well as rumkowski's speeches and deportees' documentation– their passports and personal letters.
now found in the State Archive in Łódź.
The main picture came that to mind was of resorts and establishments working in the Lodz ghetto, for example, sewing machines ordered one after the other. Anyone who is familiar with Lodz ghetto knows that it was a ghetto of work and anyone who wanted to survive – worked. My grandmother, until her last day, worked. There was no spare moment where you could see her sitting quietly, resting or simply having a good time; she worked non-stop and this "survival movement of working" could be felt every day at home. While working on this project, I got to know many more survivors from Lodz and I felt this "survival movement of working" in everyone. "Arbeit macht frei" is not just a sentence at the entrance to Auschwitz; I think that for the survivors of the Lodz ghetto, it is an existential condition of constant inner anxiety. It is hard for me to put this feeling into words, but I'm sure the second and third generation of Lodz survivors might know what I mean. Live and work are synonyms. 'Parasite' is the greatest curse. The Image of sewing machines ordered one after the other in the courtyard I saw had been in my mind from the beginning.
The typewriters are replaced by sewing machines and the text is sewn. Writing is work. A craft of Survival.
During our rehearsal in April 2012, on "Yom Hashoah"(the memorial day of the Holocaust) a strange event happened in Israel: during the show "ghetto" in the "Cameri Theater" some youths rioted and encouraged the actor who played the Nazi to hit the actor who played the Jew on stage. I don't think I would have known about this 'event', had it not been published in the Polish media (or better to say "been celebrated" in the Polish media).
Tomek came to the rehearsals with a list of talkbacks, comments on the event, published on the internet and we were amazed by the reactions: some anti-Semitic , some expressing serious concern about the memory of the Holocaust, but all interesting and raising questions about the meaning of the Holocaust today. We found that the Israelis' responses on the internet were equally interesting and decided together to add a "Part II" to the chronicles – "Comments of Israeli and Polish talkbacks about the event that happened on "Yom Hashoah". The typewriter was replaced by a laptop and we quoted the comments. Maybe we should say the "chronicles" of Today.
I have to write about the Star of David that is scattered across Lodz. I havea full stomach but I'll be brief. From the moment I landed in Lodz and asked nervously "What is this?" everyone tried, each in his own way, to explain to me how it's meaningless. That the youths who draw the graffiti are hooligans who do not understand what they are doing and have no idea what a Jew is. True. True and false.
The simple fact is that a Jew is still a curse. Indeed, it is a curse of uneducated people, used in the context of a football game, but still a Jew = curse. The Star of David, which no one knows what it means = something bad, despising.
To mention that the Nazi Party began with a small group of hooligans and not with the higher education in Germany will be the beginning of unnecessary history lesson. Here emerge primarily questions of "the assimilation of hatred", the meaning of the symbol and the symbolic, social codes and even aesthetic questions.
I told Tomek that I'm going to paint this graffiti in our show on the wall of the chronicles building. He agreed only because he did not want to mess with the "Mad Jewess girl". We did not know what it will create. After the first performance in April 2012, someone came up to me and said "It was a slap on the face".
Ruthie: Do you know what was here before?
Children: Yes, the ghetto and all that. Killed Jews.
Ruthie: Jew is good or bad?
Ruthie: Well, first of all, I'm from Israel. I'm Jewish.
Ruthie: And now let's play football together.
From our football game with the children, the scene in the courtyard in Walska Pulzkeigo 16 has emerged. The children playing football and Yoav, the video artist, photographs them live. As soon as he whistles they stop playing and we, the performers, enter the scene with some physical work inspired by chosen stills pictures from the ghetto (e.g. carrying bodies, eating, hiding, etc.) Once we enter the scene with the children, the video image becomes black and white, with the qualities of an old movie, as we remember, or used to seeing movies from the ghetto. Present and past merge one with the other. Once we leave the area, the children continue to play football. Every time we enter the scene – we affect it in some way (e.g. leave an old hat on the head of one of the children, take a child with us and finally leave a body in the "football field" and the children continue to play while it is there).
This is one of the most significant scenes for me. For Tomek and for me it was very important to involve the people living in this neighborhood in this artwork, which is really what had happened with these kids. From choosing the children, rehearsing with them, meeting their parents, till the event itself. I'm not naive to think that next time they are asked whether a Jew is good or bad they'll say good. But I think that on many layers it was a significant encounter for all of us.
It is hard to believe that this small building, where today a local shop is located, used to be a cinema. The auditorium held 400 seats and a stage, where both symphony orchestra and theater troupes could perform. This was the center of the ghetto cultural life: concerts, theater performances, exhibitions and poetry readings. The house of culture offi cially opened on March 1, 1941, although theater performances and concerts had been held there before. The residents of the ghetto attended both classical music concerts and light entertainment shows. In the fi rst year, revue performances were staged 85 times. The troupe consisted of prominent pre-war Jewish artists, including Moshe Puławer and róża Bloch, the orchestra was by conducted by Dawid Bajgelman, decorations were prepared by Pinchas Schwarz. After transports from Prague, Berlin and Vienna arrived at Litzmannstadt, world-famous virtuosos performed there, along with children from orphanages. After "wielka szpera", cultural life in the ghetto practically ceased to exist. Germans deported many artists to Chełmno. In the summer of 1943, the building was converted into a department of quilts and blankets.
In the Building where the "culture house" used to be, there is now a Super Market. Ironically, this raises interesting questions about culture and "consumers' culture", about the relationship between food and culture. I remember a history lesson on "rebellion and heroism", which spoke not only about physical uprising like that of the Warsaw ghetto, but the "choosing of life", the uprising of the human spirit – choosing culture, faith, friendship, keeping one's ethics and morals in impossible conditions. For me, the "Culture House" in Lodz ghetto is one of the most unique examples of the "Choosing of life".
When I met Dr. Michal Unger, she told me about an incident that happened in the "Culture House" in which a singer sang a song called "Close Your Little Eyes", written by Yeshayahu Spiegel in Yiddish and composed by David Beigelman. In the song Spiegel is talking about his little daughter.
They'll flutter by your bed.
The house in ash and sand!
On hearing the song, the crowd began to cry and Rumkowski, who sat in the front row, was furious and demanded to know who had written the song and brought more sadness to the ghetto. He wanted to send Yeshayahu Spiegel to Chelmno.
Due to associates who spoke of Spiegel's rights, he remained in the ghetto.
In the "culture house" we used testimonies of survivors from the Lodz ghetto and projected them on televisions in supermarket trolleys. In this scene we asked ourselves questions such as: What do these testimonies mean for us today? Do we or don't we want to hear these testimonies? Are they part of what we "consume" in the Polish and Israeli cultures and what we do with them?
The hospital building was completed and opened just before the war. It was one housed the Department of Health created by rumkowski and Hospital No. 1. In one of the wings, there was the private apartment of the Eldest of the Jews in the ghetto. until September 1942, health care in the ghetto functioned more or less normally. Patients were examined (including lung x-rays), prescriptions were written, although the most common documents issued were death certifi cates. It was only during the September "szpera" that all hospitals were closed down. It was done in a very brutal way. The most dramatic events occurred at the hospital at Łagiewnicka St. The Germans deported all the sick to Chełmno on the Ner. The point of assembly for people selected for the deportation from the ghetto was located here. On the other side, at 37 Łagiewnicka St., a hospital for children was located. During "szpera", it was a place where children of dignitaries, high-ranking offi cials of the Jewish administration and the police were hidden from deportations.
One of the places that was the most difficult to work with. The testimonies of survivors that the Nazis threw the sick from the windows of this building during the Zspera shocked us. What can we do in this terrible place? The open, gaping windows looked wide-eyed watching us, or like black holes to an unknown place.
During the process of the rehearsals, we got permission from the landlord to enter and work inside the house – a long and complicated process of contacting the landlord began with our attempts to enter the building and ended with our receiving approval to work in it. Eventually, we even performed there on "Yom Hashoah" 2012. However, for the event in the summer, the landlord didn't let us enter the building, which was under construction, without a permit and we decided to use the building from its external side only.
The choir sang the song of Rabbi Shlomo Carlibach with words from the Psalms "Even though I walk in the valley of the shadow of death, I will not fear evil because you are with me". We stood outside staring into the empty windows.
Finally, we screened a film of Lodz survivors dancing, a film we had shot in July 2012 in a very special building in the center of Tel – Aviv called "The Lodzia house". The dance of the survivors is a symbol and call for life and living. The survivors' ball.
This was the first part of the project, located in Lodz – Poland.
During 2013, we will bring the project to Israel. Currently we are looking for appropriate and proper way to do the project in Israel. We intend to integrate Lodz survivors in performance.
Acknowledgments: Organization of former residents of Lodz in Isreal, Lodz survivors, Uri Weizenberg,Zlila Bourkay, Zvia Frid, Dr.Michal Unger, Pawell Spodenkiewicz,Arie Rozen,Nir Turk, Chorea members, Stage Center.


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I Have a Dream Speech. Martin Luther King's Address at March on Washington August 28, 1963. Washington, D.C.
Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/martin_luther_king.shtml
Martin Luther King was an American clergyman and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. One of the leading figures in the civil rights movement, he has had a defining influence on the recent history of the United States. His assassination in 1968 was met with shock around...
FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY a non-fiction film commemorating Martin Luther King, Jr.'s famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail." No longer will the Letter from Birmingham Jail be in the SHADOW of the "I Have a Dream" speech. The film stars...
Cancer Research UK 'Moments'
Finn McGough directs the new film for Cancer Research UK for AMV BBDO. The film celebrates everyday moments that many of us take for granted but which assume a unique poignancy when you're fighting to survive this terrible disease. Taking...
International Human Solidarity Day
Solidarity is identified in the Millennium Declaration as one of the fundamental values of international relations in the 21st Century, wherein those who either suffer or benefit least deserve help from those who benefit most. Consequently, in the context of globalization and the challenge of growing inequality, strengthening of international solidarity is indispensable.
Today is International Migrants Day
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On 4 December 2000, the UN General Assembly, taking into account the large and increasing number of migrants in the world, proclaimed 18 December as International Migrants Day. On 18 December 1990, the General Assembly had adopted the International Convention on the...
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Find out the date, when is Fire Pup Day 2018 and how many days until Fire Pup Day 2018 with a countdown clock.
Fire Pup Day is an annual event, observed every year on October 1. And in 2018, Fire Pup Day is observed on Monday, October 1, 2018.
The Fire Pup Day Countdown Clock will show you the number of days, hours, minutes & seconds until the next Fire Pup Day.


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Rachel blooming in world of TV
PUBLISHED: 06:31 28 March 2008 | UPDATED: 10:27 12 July 2010
A WORTHAM woman is gaining a growing reputation in the world of high-quality feature documentaries.
The English Surgeon, co-produced by Rachel Wexler, can be seen as part of BBC2's Storyville series this Sunday at 10.
The English Surgeon, co-produced by Rachel Wexler, can be seen as part of BBC2's Storyville series this Sunday at 10.55pm.
It follows her company's production of Mark Isaacs's All White in Barking, shown earlier this month in the channel's controversial White Season, charting the views of white working class people in modern Britain.
Rachel, 39, and her partner Jez Lewis launched Bungalow Town Productions in 2005 and their first offering, Philip and his Seven Wives, about the unusual domestic life of a rabbi and furniture dealer from Hove, earned critical acclaim when it was screened by the BBC.
The English Surgeon, directed by Geoffrey Smith, follows London brain surgeon Henry Marsh during a trip to the Ukraine where he has been treating patients free for the past 15 years in a country where health services are cash starved.
Rachel remembers knocking on London doors for two days before eventually landing her first job as a receptionist with a TV production company.
From there she joined the BBC as a production assistant and researcher, rising to become a production manager, making music videos with artists including Ant and Dec.
She and Jez live in Wortham, with their two children, aged eight and six. Rachel is currently working with seven filmmakers.
Among her latest productions are Daisy Asquith's film Some Kind of Clown, about children's entertainers, due for release next month, and Oliver Hodge's Garbage Warrior, telling the tale of a maverick American architect who builds sustainable homes out of waste.
Both are due for TV screenings this year.
Brewery seeks permission to create open air theatre
J D Wetherspoon launches fresh bid to open waterside pub in Diss
Man fined for dumping rubbish at beauty spot
Latest from the Diss Mercury
Meet Rex, the most stylish pup in town looking for a home
Calls for more awareness after mum, 40, dies from undiagnosed diabetes
Eastern Daily Press Thetford and Brandon Times Wymondham and Attleborough Mercury


Antique Style Genuine Solid 9ct White Gold Engagement Wedding Ring. SIMULATED DIAMOND - 3.04ct in total, 0.65 ct on main stone. SIZE - Q 1/2 (AUS) 8.5 (US). TOP SETTING- 14mm x 14mm. BAND WIDTH- Top 7mm, bottom 2.5mm. FULLY INSURED REGISTERED LETTER SERVICE.
The catalog descriptions and any amendments thereto reflect our opinion of the item(s) being auctioned. We can't promise as unexpected problems due to post office but if you don't receive it within a reasonable time frame please contacts us and we'll do our best to help you ASAP. It is up to 5 items one time.
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Within 7 days of receiving the item. We are always here to help you and would like to answer your questions. Although we are always trying our best to make things perfect, we cannot guarantee there will never have any problems. Please shop us just like your shop at any physical stores, which may also make some mistakes. What we can guarantee is if any problems really arrive, we will never run away and will definitely help you to resolve them. Thanks for your consideration and understanding first. The item "Antique Real Solid 9K White Gold Engagement Wedding Ring Dress Simulated Diamond" is in sale since Thursday, July 2, 2009. This item is in the category "Jewellery & Watches\Fine Jewellery\Rings".11" and is located in Melbourne, VIC. This item can be shipped worldwide.


Do you know your Nuclei from your Nebula's and are willing to prove it to the world? Fun for all the family, this trivia pack has potential for you to astound your friends and overwhelm you enemies with your extensive knowledge of a variety of scientific subjects. Remember, there can only be one Einstein in the room - make sure its you.


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Chthamalus montagui, common name Montagu's stellate barnacle,  is a species of acorn barnacle common on rocky shores in South West England, Ireland, and Southern Europe.

The vertical distribution of C. montagui overlaps with that of Chthamalus stellatus with the specific prevalence of one species over another in a given locale possibly related to differences in the distribution of the species' larval stages.

References

Barnacles
Crustaceans of the Atlantic Ocean
Crustaceans described in 1976

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Deutsche Post DHL (Germany) and E.I Du Pont De Nemours and Co. (US) are the Leading Players in the Insulated Packaging Market
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