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Two weeks in the West
Staff Aug. 21, 2006 From the print edition
Small, but packing a powerful punch, from top left, deer mouse, which carries hantavirus; culex mosquito, which carries West Nile virus; prairie dog, which carries plague; and wood tick, which carries Rocky Mountain spotted fever. http://www.hcn.org/allimages/2006/aug21/graphics/diseaselarge.jpg for a larger image
Photos courtesy Robert Dill, Gene Ott, USDA Forest Service, USDa Agricultural Research Service. Graph source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
"No one will look upon her tenure as the golden age of the Park Service." — Jeff Ruch of Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, on the recent resignation of Park Service Chief Fran Mainella. Mainella's tenure was contentious — the agency was widely criticized for a 2005 management policy that emphasized recreation over conservation, and for not implementing the Clinton-era phase-out of snowmobiles in Yellowstone and Grand Teton.
Court to public-lands plaintiffs: Sit down and shut up. The 10th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled on July 24 that third parties cannot legally challenge the sale of public lands to mining companies, a decision that could silence public dissent about similar sales from New Mexico to Montana. The plaintiffs had argued that the U.S. Bureau of Land Management broke the law in 2004 when it sold 155 acres on Mount Emmons, which overlooks the Colorado resort town of Crested Butte, to the Phelps Dodge Corporation for $875 (HCN, 6/21/04: Mining Law Claims Mountain). The 1872 Mining Law allows such "patenting" of land if buyers show they can turn a profit through mining it; Phelps Dodge, the plaintiffs said, had failed to provide such proof. But the appeals court upheld an earlier ruling that only people with competing property claims can challenge a patent.
Drill rigs really don't fit in the wilderness. On Aug. 1, U.S. District Judge Dale Kimball ruled that the BLM violated the National Environmental Policy Act when it leased 16 Utah parcels, including some near Desolation Canyon on the Green River, to oil and gas companies without adequately evaluating their suitability for wilderness. The BLM has leased more than 100 parcels in Utah with wilderness characteristics since a 2003 out-of-court settlement between then-Secretary of the Interior Gale Norton and then-Utah Gov. Mike Leavitt allowed the agency to do so. Once drilled, those lands can never be designated as wilderness (HCN, 4/28/03: Wilderness takes a massive hit).
Vegas is still waiting for the mushroom cloud. The Defense Department announced in August that it would again delay "Divine Strake," the proposed detonation of 700 tons of non-nuclear explosives at the Nevada Test Site (HCN, 5/29/06: Bomb test stirs up fear in Nevada desert). Downwinders joined with Utah and Nevada politicians in protesting the test, partly because of its potential to launch contaminated dust 10,000 feet into the air. The Defense Department says it may find another site for the blast, which will take place in 2007 at the earliest.
Real ranchers deserve easements, too. Congress this month fixed flaws in the system of conservation easements, the favored tool for preserving open land. On Aug. 2, the Senate expanded tax benefits that encourage modest-income working ranchers to donate easements to land trusts; currently, the tax breaks work best for high-income landowners, such as corporate executives who ranch as a sideline. The reforms also set general standards for land appraisals, and tighten the penalties for fraudulent appraisals. But they do nothing to make the terms of easement deals more public, or to fix other problems in the system (HCN, 5/30/05: Write-off on the Range).
The Salton Sea: coming to your garden. Efforts to save the Salton Sea — the watery sump kept alive by farm runoff in California's Imperial Valley — have become mired in a bureaucratic miasma (HCN, 9/16/02: The royal squeeze). In late July, however, the Salton Sea provided a not-so-subtle reminder that it still exists, though perhaps just barely: 3 million tilapia died when algae blooms consumed all of the oxygen in the lake and asphyxiated the fish. The die-off was the biggest since 1999, when at least 10 million tilapia went belly-up. A California company is now collecting the dead fish to process into liquid fertilizer.
Drill the desert, spare the mountains. So it goes in the Northern Rockies, where Wyoming's Jack Morrow Hills are now targeted for more oil and gas development, thanks to a recent BLM decision allowing energy companies to expand operations there despite the presence of rare desert elk, sage grouse and dunes (HCN, 8/18/03: The Red Desert braces for a gas boom). Meanwhile, the stars are lining up to protect part of the 500,000 acres of federal land along Montana's Rocky Mountain Front. In recent weeks, two energy companies said they are willing to sell or donate their leases to conservationists, and Montana's senators are pushing legislation to allow buyouts.
Trashed borderlands
250,000 pounds
The Bureau of Land Management's "conservative" estimate of the amount of trash left by undocumented immigrants along the U.S.-Mexico border in Arizona that was removed by the agency and its partners between 2003 and 2005.
Number of abandoned cars the BLM removed from its lands in southern Arizona, 2003-2005.
Number of abandoned bicycles the BLM removed in southern Arizona, mostly from Tohono O'odham lands, 2003-2005.
Estimated amount of trash each undocumented immigrant discards during his or her several-day journey through southern Arizona.
Average amount of garbage each U.S. resident discards per day.
1. BLM Report: Southern Arizona Project to Mitigate Environmental Damages Resulting from Illegal Immigration, a summary of 2003-2005 accomplishments
2. EPA Report: Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2003
More from National Park Service
Interior denies all of New Mexico's proposed LWCF projects
Where the Great American Outdoors Act stands now


tions is-what has previously been written about our area?
dously and gives no indication of diminishing.
Texas State Historical Association. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Volume 56, July 1952 - April, 1953, periodical, 1953; Austin, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth101145/m1/78/: accessed April 24, 2019), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Texas State Historical Association.


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Shaker Heights és una ciutat dels Estats Units a l'estat d'Ohio. Segons el cens del 2000 tenia una població de 29.405 habitants.

Demografia
Segons el cens del 2000, Shaker Heights tenia 29.405 habitants, 12.220 habitatges, i 8.040 famílies. La densitat de població era de 1.807,9 habitants/km².

Dels 12.220 habitatges en un 32,1% hi vivien nens de menys de 18 anys, en un 50,1% hi vivien parelles casades, en un 12,9% dones solteres, i en un 34,2% no eren unitats familiars. En el 30,2% dels habitatges hi vivien persones soles l'11,6% de les quals corresponia a persones de 65 anys o més que vivien soles. El nombre mitjà de persones vivint en cada habitatge era de 2,39 i el nombre mitjà de persones que vivien en cada família era de 3.

Per edats la població es repartia de la següent manera: un 26,2% tenia menys de 18 anys, un 5,3% entre 18 i 24, un 27,4% entre 25 i 44, un 25,5% de 45 a 60 i un 15,6% 65 anys o més.

L'edat mediana era de 40 anys. Per cada 100 dones de 18 o més anys hi havia 78,5 homes.

La renda mediana per habitatge era de 63.983 $ i la renda mediana per família de 85.893 $. Els homes tenien una renda mediana de 61.768 $ mentre que les dones 38.606 $. La renda per capita de la població era de 41.354 $. Aproximadament el 5,3% de les famílies i el 6,9% de la població estaven per davall del llindar de pobresa.

Poblacions properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

Ciutats del Comtat de Cuyahoga

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Monday Blues & Beats Vol. 113
Volume One-Thirteen coming at you on a scorching Monday evening. This weeks mix features brand new singles from Majid Jordan, Spoon, Lloyd, Radiator Hospital, Usher, Casey Veggies, PartyNextDoor assisted by Drake, Common assisted by Big Sean, a Phantogram remix featuring Gilbere Forté, a Sango remix cooked to perfection by axxxxgxxx and much more.
Majid Jordan – "A Place Like This" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/to4y0bp319ea6rt/05%20A%20Place%20Like%20This.m4a It's an understatement to say this gem from OVO Sound's R&B/Chillwave duo has been in heavy rotation for the past week. With the track receiving nearly 475k plays on Soundcloud in just one week, it's safe to say the boys have caught the music industry's attention. Their 5-track EP is scheduled for release next week (July 22).
PartyNextDoor – "Recognize (feat. Drake)" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/5za3javpswgt7le/08%20Recognize%20(feat.%20Drake).m4a The second instalment from OVO Sound comes from PND featuring Mr. Manager Drizzy Drake. The Toronto crooner just announced the self-titled sequel is dropping July 29th, so keep your eyes and ears peeled.
Spoon – "Do You" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/tez867useyctjp3/04%20Do%20You.m4a It's been 4 years since Transference was released, but the boys from Austin, Texas are back with fresh tunes under a brand new label. After having their last five albums released under Merge Records, they've jumped ship to Loma Vista Recordings, a relatively new label who's partnered with Concord Music Group. The new single has a slight power-pop vibe, but fear not because that addictive high-energy blue skies feel hasn't gone away.
Common – "Diamonds (feat. Big Sean)" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/7icwrltqx6wcfcq/03%20Diamonds%20%28feat.%20Big%20Sean%29%201.m4a Common Sense drops another single off the forthcoming LP Nobody's Smiling, linking up with former G.O.O.D. Music label mate Big Sean. This will be his first release since signing to No I.D.'s imprint label ARTium Recordings. The album is also set for July 22nd, and is solely produced by the aforementioned No I.D.
Wale – "The Followers" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/aoc89wyys5cv4lg/01%20The%20Followers.m4a Speaking of labels, Maybach Music Group has seen its fair share of controversy this past week. Wale and Meek Mill had a little family quarrel on Twitter right before it was announced Meek would be going back to jail for violating parole. Needless to say, Wale proves there's still music to make, as he strings together an impressive amount of bars over this Pro Reese & Marce Reazon beat.
Lloyd – "All I Need" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/p8puuel6o4kp2fd/01%20All%20I%20Need.m4a Remember when Lloyd dropped "You" featuring Lil Wayne, it stirred up quite the hype. Yes it's been a minute since we've heard from the crooner, and it may not feature Weezy, but he's definitely got something hot on his hands. Produced by Slade Da Monsta
Radiator Hospital – "Cut Your Bangs" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/polg98jk6qpz2x8/03%20Cut%20Your%20Bangs.m4a If you're looking for a summer soundtrack, the latest release from this Philly-based indie/power pop group is called Torch Song, and it's your ticket. Here's a cut from the record, and if The OC was still around, it would easily make the soundtrack.
Phantogram – "Fall In Love (Eric Dlux Remix) [feat. Gilbere Forté]" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/a7tfgu80yojed9v/01%20Fall%20In%20Love%20%28Eric%20Dlux%20Remix%29.m4a Eric Dlux puts together a perfect remix of Phantogram's "Fall In Love." Mr. Forté suits this synth-pop tracks all too well, I would love to see a genuine collaboration between him and a group like Phantogram.
Casey Veggies – "The Boy" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/vv2w89p53075qmn/01%20The%20Boy.m4a Veggies come through with a crisp banger, compliments of a beat by Mr. HS87 Hit-Boy himself.
Sango – "Pra Nós (axxxxgxxx Remix)" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/d9boyz7fxkcfxij/01%20Pra%20Nós%20(axxxxgxxx%20Remix).m4a A couple of my favourite producers in one title always makes for some magic. The recently featured AudioGold gives a more upbeat take on Sango's "Pra Nós" from Da Rocinha 2.
King Chip – "Lazy And Lucrative" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/o8miver3pxzbquc/01%20Lazy%20and%20Lucrative%201.m4a King Chip gives us a 'wake & bake' type joint, but there's nothing lacklustre at all about this single right here.
Tory Lanez – "Say That Shit" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/iwrucm8mblzf7ak/01%20Say%20That%20Shit.m4a Tory Lanez continues to expand his sound and skill-set. The latest freebie from the Toronto-born emcee really shows off his vocal ability.
Usher – "She Came to Give it To You (feat. Nicki Minaj" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/jpoyr5ebko7meb6/01%20She%20Came%20to%20Give%20It%20to%20You%20(feat.%20Nicki%20Minaj)%201.m4a Usher continues to claw back to his R&B roots with a sexy summer jam featuring Nicki and produced by Pharrell
The-Dream – "Duet" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/2yx7tr4kqil0s9y/01%20Duet.m4a On the topic of R&B, the Radio Killa released a 7-track freEP this past week, in case you missed it, you can download it HERE
JMSN – "The One (starRo Remix)" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/dymwwahu6al9jic/01%20The%20One%20(starRo%20Remix).m4a Soulection's R&B/Jazz/Chillwave fusion specialist starRo crafts a mouthwatering remix of JMSN's "The One" from his latest album †Pllajë†
B.o.B. – "Drunk AF (feat. Ty Dolla $ign)" https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/sjexmyy6bn3rhup/08%20Drunk%20AF%20(feat.%20Ty%20Dolla%20%24ign).m4a Here's another collabo from Bobby Ray's new mixtape No Genre Pt. 2
Download Volume 113
Posted in Monday Blues & Beats and tagged Download, Free, Majid Jordan - A Place Like This.mp3, PartyNextDoor - Recognize.mp3, Spoon - Do You.mp3 on July 14, 2014 by AHM Admin. Leave a comment
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"When first seeing the scope of my work, it is obvious that it does not fall into an overall, easily-defined category..."
"It used to trouble me that I could not seem to settle on a "style" or "school" of painting with which I could make a statement. On reflection, however, I realized that if I were an actor, I wouldn't want to be "typecast," consigned to playing the same character over and over. Too, if I were a writer, I would be bored silly writing in the same manner for every book, regardless of the subject.
I have worked hard to learn the many disciplines of painting so that I can depict whatever image or statement I desire, with or without the benefit of models or props. I have striven to be honest with my work and do only those things that please me other than those commissions necessary for living expenses.
I will continue my broad spectrum of work though most galleries are generally uncomfortable with unpredictable artists.


Software defined networking (SDN) is much talked about and so far has been used to optimise datacentre resources in the cloud. It has been much discussed in the telco sphere and operators have tested SDN applications for operational network elements but the application of SDN to transport and backhaul optimisation has only started so recently that there is little quantification to support SDN business cases for service providers. That may soon change however, as research released Thursday found that SDN can almost half the perceived "backhaul shortfall" and save operators just under $5bn in capital expenses by 2017.
The global macrocell mobile backhaul equipment market rose seven per cent year on year to reach over $8bn in 2012, according to research firm Infonetics Research.
LTE mobile broadband has already been rolled out in some markets and is on the verge of deployment in many more, but as data consumption grows, a challenge that will face operators is how to backhaul their LTE networks. Without enough backhaul capacity for their networks, network customers will not feel they are getting the level of service they have paid for, which is one of the prime causes for customer churn.
Wireless networking kit vendor DragonWave on Friday announced plans to acquire the microwave transport business of Nokia Siemens Networks. The price is around €15m with extras and performance related payouts potentially raising the value of the transaction to above €80m.
Swedish equipment vendor Ericsson turned in a strong set of figures for the third quarter, notching up an increase in net sales of 17 per cent year on year to SKR55.5bn (€6bn), while net income edged up six per cent to SKR3.8bn.
euNetworks, a fibre-optic infrastructure provider has announced a network supply deal with Vodafone Germany. As part of the agreement, euNetworks will deliver fibre services to the operator in Frankfurt, Hamburg, Berlin and Munich. The deal will enable Vodafone Germany to enhance its backhaul for its LTE network, which it is continuing to roll-out since in launch in December 2010 and now reaches more than four million homes. euNetworks owns 13 fibre-based metropolitan networks across Europe and according to a statement the deal will, "enable Vodafone to benefit from euNetworks extended footprint".
With mobile data traffic expected to double annually, small cell base stations are set to play an important role in expanding the capacity of wireless networks. Mobile operators are realizing that to meet the demands for data, video and application access caused by smart phones and other devices, there is a real beauty to going small.
Backhaul specialist MLL Telecom is pitching a managed service offering for UK LTE networks, designed to help operators cope with the incremental data increases they will face one LTE networks are rolled out.
A high capacity submarine cable system linking southern Africa with Europe landed at its final destination in Cape Town this morning. The West African Cable System (WACS), a 14,000km, 5.1Tbps system was brought ashore at Yzerfontein in the Western Cape and will both complement and compete with the 340Gbps Sat-3 system that went into service in the region in 2002.
International fibre network operator Level 3 Communications on Tuesday agreed to acquire rival carrier Global Crossing in a stock for stock transaction valued at approximately $3bn.
At the AfricaCom conference in Cape Town last month, it was apparent that major operators across the continent are looking more to data and other value-added services to stimulate future expansion. But the prospects for data services in Africa rest in part on the promise that the new submarine cables that are arriving on the shores of the continent will both improve the availability of international bandwidth and reduce its cost.
Fixed satellite operator Intelsat this week announced the successful launch of its latest bit of kit, the shiny new Intelsat 15 satellite (IS-15), which will replace the ageing 709 satellite.
Second placed Japanese operator KDDI has tapped Motorola and NEC to build its LTE network, with an eye to launching commercial services in late 2012.
Harris Stratex, a backhaul specialist and WiMAX RAN supplier, believes it will be a main beneficiary of President Obama's $7.2bn broadband stimulus package. Aimed at extending high-speed connectivity to rural communities in the US, the $7.2bn fund has a 'Buy America' provision attached to it, as has President Obama's entire fiscal stimulus package across different industry sectors, which is worth around $800bn in total.
Monster kit vendor Nokia Siemens Networks has teamed up with security and network infrastructure firm Juniper Networks to bolster their offerings in the Carrier Ethernet space.


The incoming GDPR changes will impact the data collected on freelancers and how it is used inside organisations of all sizes. Find out how to reduce your GDPR related risks.
What is GDPR and does it impact HR?
How do you know if you have a GDPR risk with your freelancers?
GDPR is set to replace the current Data Protection Act, and non-compliance poses a significant financial risk for organisations - up to 20 million euro, or 4% of turnover, whichever is greater.
The main purpose of GDPR is to give individuals more control over their data, providing rights to access, edit, delete and move their data as they wish. Most of the headlines are focused on high profile customer data breaches and non-compliance, for example Flybe and Honda being fined by the ICO for sending unsolicited email communications.
However, the potential risk of non-compliance is just as great for HR, who currently collect, control and process the data for employees, contractors and freelancers.
The main consulting firms like Accenture and Deloitte are predicting that 30% of the UK's workforce and 50% of the US workforce will be freelancing by 2020. As the use of freelancers and independent contractors rises, more and more organisations will depend on freelancers in the day-to-day running of their operations.
Freelancer data is often badly managed (if at all), which is unlike the situation for full-time employees whose data and employee records are generally governed by tight HR controls and strict onboarding processes.
By contrast, freelance marketplaces enable any line manager with a credit card to hire a freelancer. The ease of hiring creates unchecked and mismanaged hiring processes, often bypassing existing HR and established onboarding processes.
The end result is a de-centralised collection of Excel spreadsheets containing Freelancer data saved on various line manager's desktops.
Of course, this makes it nearly impossible for an organisation to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of the GDPR.
Personal data should only be held for as long as is needed, and only used for the purpose it was collected. There are wider implications around HR storing and collecting job applications, but for Freelancers an organisation should only collect and store information that will enable accurate allocation of work, and prompt payment.
Whereas there is little control over what data is collected and stored in an Excel file, a freelancer management system provides a solution through creating a standardised, compliant set of data fields held on any given freelancer.
The freelancer management system also provides a simple method for removing freelancer data after projects or engagements are complete.
Organisations must be able to provide details of how and where they collect, store and process personal data. GDPR provides individuals with free access to this data through a Subject Access Request.
For the organisation who has decentralised Excel files containing freelancer data, it will be nearly impossible to provide a complete view of the data they hold.
A freelancer management system provides a central, controllable facility where all freelancer data is stored. Each freelancer is also provided real-time access to their data via a secure platform, which greatly simplifies the processes of Subject Access Requests.
Securing people's data is one of the main objectives of GDPR. In the scenario where a large organisation stores its freelancer data in decentralised Excel files, it is also common for these Excel files to be share amongst colleagues by email. This is an extremely risky practice, which exposes the organisation to the risk of fines and loss of reputation as a result of causing a data breach.
Discovering the size of your GDPR issue is the crucial first step in the process. Gathering the right information at this stage is key to develop the right strategy.
To begin, you need to examine your internal systems (email, IT systems, invoice payments) to discover where freelancers and contractors are used throughout your entire organisation. It is important to get down to an individual level view of the data. You should be very clear exactly who is hiring and using freelancers and where they are storing and processing data.
Once you have a clearer picture of how many freelancers are being used throughout your organisation, it is time to apply a layer of context.
Freelancers, consultants and independent contractors provide a quick, cost-effective method of adding hard-to-hire skills and experience to your business. But what happens when the skills you need aren't already in your private talent pools?


The cantor, or ḥazan, is (usually) the professional prayer leader in the synagogue. In addition to chanting the service, he—until modern times cantors were invariably male—also functioned as an intermediary for the Jewish community in their prayers.
In Talmudic times, the term ḥazan denoted various synagogue officials; services were led by a sheliaḥ tsibur, a knowledgeable layman. The professional cantor, who was both appointed and paid, first emerged in the seventh century, when the increasing complexity of the liturgy and a relative decline in knowledge of Hebrew placed greater responsibility on the prayer leader, who, until the invention of printing, may have been the only individual with access to a siddur (prayer book).
By the early Middle Ages, cantors had gained in stature within the community and were granted tax exemptions and other privileges. Not only were cantors expected to possess fine voices and considerable musical ability, but they were also required to be well versed in halakhah (Jewish law) and to be of good character. Most important, the cantor was responsible for transforming the relatively fixed structure of ritual into an experience that was not only aesthetically pleasing but also highly emotional, expressing—particularly in Eastern Europe—the communal sorrows of the Jewish people. Much of the history of cantorial practice can be understood in the context of a fundamental tension between tradition and innovation, between the desire to preserve insular musical practices and the urge to adopt and mimic musical developments occurring outside the Jewish community.
Both musical and liturgical practices of East European cantors are to some degree derived from the medieval central German tradition (minhag ashkenaz). The psalmody, cantillation of the Torah and haftarah, Mi-Sinai nigunim (melodies that could not be altered and were common in rites of both Western and Eastern Europe), as well as the modes and melodies with which they were associated, thus reflect a certain degree of commonality between East and West despite significant variations based on local traditions.
Mi-Sinai nigunim, which originated in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, are melodies for particular prayers. The term, meaning from Sinai, points to their antiquity and underpins the prohibition against their alteration. The establishment of a specifically East European musical tradition was partly the result of larger historical forces that led many West European Jews to immigrate to the East in the late Middle Ages and join the small pockets of Jews who were most likely of Byzantine origin. There is evidence that Jews were present in Hungary as early as the tenth century, although these early communities seem to have had few rabbis and teachers and may not have had cantors to lead prayer services.
Several important factors led to the development of an arguably coherent East European cantorial style. First, there was the influence of East European folk and liturgical music that penetrated both the tonal and vocal styles of the modes of nusaḥ (prayer chant) that were to become traditional in the synagogues. This is evident in the use of certain modal inflections, cadence patterns, and styles of vocal ornamentation that can be traced to Russian, Greek, and Armenian chants, as well as to secular folk songs, particularly from Hungary. Second, cantorial music served a special purpose not only in Jewish ritual observance but also in the emotional expression of the community. By the fifteenth century, as East European Jews began to experience more hostility from their neighbors, Jews' devotion to piety, spirituality, and learning increased. Motivated by the belief that music had a profound effect on the emotions and behavior of listeners, highly expressive cantorial music, laden with features adopted from Eastern music, became an important outlet for the deep emotions and despair triggered by life in exile.
By the middle of the seventeenth century, a variety of factors—including increased hostility in Eastern Europe and the growing economic attractiveness of the West—stimulated the westward migration of cantors and rabbis. These highly skilled individuals became a valuable and sought-after commodity by congregations in West European synagogues, providing a stylistic alternative to the more modern musical practices that had been adopted there. For example, in 1660 Ḥayim Zelig of Lwów became the cantor in Fürth. Several East European cantors were employed by the Jewish communities in Amsterdam, including Yeḥi'el Mikha'el (ca. 1700) and Leib Elyakim (1730).
Although many West European synagogues reformed the service by imitating their Christian contemporaries—adding an organ and choir, simplifying the ornate vocal style, and removing exotic, foreign-sounding melodies—East European synagogues resisted such influences. In the east, the Hasidic movement also profoundly influenced musical styles both inside and outside the synagogue, placing a greater emphasis on the relationship between wordless melody and the mystical, ecstatic experience that was manifest as well in the regular pattern of repetition that structured many Hasidic nigunim. Becoming a cantor was often the only possible artistic outlet for the vocally gifted and also provided a legitimate musical experience for congregants. Thus, while the West European tradition of Jewish liturgical music became more diffuse and more directly influenced by contemporary art music, East European cantors continued to develop their own unique style. Hungary, where Jewish musicians participated more fully in musical life, was an important point of confluence between the German practices and those adopted in Poland, Lithuania, and Russia. For example, in the wealthy city of Pressburg (now Bratislava), the German influence was more strongly felt, while the northeastern portion of Hungary absorbed Polish musical traditions.
The tradition of using some sort of vocal ensemble or choir can be traced back to the third century, when the sheliaḥ tsibur was supported by one or two assistants. The practice seems to have become more standardized toward the middle of the sixteenth century in Ashkenaz, when the cantor was frequently accompanied by a boy soprano (or sometimes a voice trained in falsetto) and a bass, who were referred to as meshorerim. They usually sang in alternation with the cantor, providing not only contrasting sonority and dramatic support but also moments of vocal rest for the cantor.
Meshorerim acted as prompters for cantors and in some instances served as repositories of melodies. As was the case with cantors, they were paid by the community. The development of a more classically oriented style of choir music with organ in West European synagogues eventually spread to the East—particularly to the larger cities—in the form of khorshuls (choral synagogues), replacing the traditional sonorities resulting from the combined forces of the cantor plus the high and low voices of meshorerim. Not surprisingly, the reaction to choir plus organ was mixed. Some communities, such as Prosnitz (Moravia), embraced them enthusiastically, while others condemned the practice. Reputedly, the organ built for the Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest in 1859 was sufficiently powerful and renowned to have been played by both Franz Liszt and Camille Saint-Saëns. In any event, the alternation between soloist and ensemble that developed through the use of meshorerim became a standard element of liturgical practice.
Few East European cantors had access to formal musical education until the early nineteenth century, when a small number were enrolled in conservatories in Moscow, Berlin, or Vienna. The majority learned their craft as meshorerim, beginning their training in the service of famous cantors and eventually assuming their own positions after their voices had matured. A cantor's first position might typically involve other duties, including serving as a ritual slaughterer or religious teacher. Although the most successful cantors eventually attained positions in which they could devote themselves entirely to the cantorate, others generally sought other forms of employment. For example, Dovidl Brod Strelisker (1783–1848) had no formal musical training and did not study with a cantor. He worked as an accountant and a merchant, voluntarily singing in synagogues during his travels. Ultimately he served as a cantor in Pest, exerting enormous influence over cantorial practices in Hungary. While some cantors were better known as solo singers, others were praised for their compositional abilities and their singing with choirs, thereby retaining their popularity despite limited vocal abilities. This was the case, for example, with Nissl Belzer (1824–1906), who was one of the most gifted composers and choir leaders of the nineteenth century.
Cantors did not officiate at every service. The professional cantor might serve only on alternate Sabbaths (singing the Kabalat Shabat service on Friday nights, leading Shaḥarit and Musaf on Saturday mornings) and would also officiate at important festival services, such as the first and second days of Passover and the principal services of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Although every leader was expected to be highly knowledgeable about the ritual and to chant prayers with the appropriate nusaḥ, cantors were also expected to adhere to a higher level of artistry as well as emotional intensity, to treat the texts with greater freedom and expressivity, and to use more elaborate virtuosic display, often absorbing influences from contemporary music.
The somewhat minimal—and often anecdotal—biographical information we possess about East European cantors in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries demonstrates both the vitality of the tradition in the major and minor Jewish centers and the relative mobility of the individual cantor. Cities such as Vilna, Częstochowa, Warsaw, Budapest, Odessa, Pressburg, Lwów, Kishinev, and Berdichev boasted important cantors. The men were highly sought after and in competition with one another, particularly in cities that had more than one synagogue. Cantors often adhered to somewhat different aesthetic values, inciting the admiration—or criticism—of rabbinic authorities and congregations. There were certain stylistic and liturgical practices that were associated with specific communities. For example, Cantor Shmuel Vigoda (1894–1990) [listen to a recording] wrote an unabashedly anecdotal history of "legendary voices" (Legendary Voices: The Fascinating Lives of the Great Cantors; 1981), in which he contrasts the more insular practices in the smaller community of Berdichev with the more cosmopolitan musical life of synagogues in Odessa. Nonetheless, attempts to identify a local style—say, a Hungarian versus a Polish style—are often frustrated by the fact that many cantors crossed national and cultural borders, moving from one prestigious synagogue to another, and absorbing various influences (both Jewish and non-Jewish) during their travels. For example, Yossele Rosenblatt (1882–1933) [listen to a recording], the son of a cantor from Kiev, spent five years in the synagogue in Pressburg before moving to Hamburg, and ultimately accepted a position in New York City, where he introduced elements of Hungarian and Russian styles.
Since the cantorial musical tradition was largely oral and improvisatory, our knowledge of the style and repertoire is indebted to the increase in musical literacy in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, one result of which was the preserving of music in manuscript form and, ultimately, the printing of Jewish liturgical music for consumption by a wider audience. Much of the earliest notated cantorial music from Eastern Europe was copied onto manuscripts that often omitted the names of composers or carried incorrect attributions. In many instances, the manuscripts resembled a patchwork of compositions by different composers, reflecting the shift from oral to written transmission. The works of certain composers did receive fairly widespread dispersal thanks to these manuscript sources, including those of Zeydl Rovner (born Yankev Shmuel Maragowski) [listen to a recording] and Nissl Belzer (Nisan Spivak), who were known both for their solo recitatives and choral compositions.
With the publication of music written in conjunction with the Reform movement in the West—particularly the compositions of Salomon Sulzer (1804–1890) [listen to a recording] and Louis Lewandowski (1821–1894) [listen to a recording]—East European composers also began to compose and notate music for three- and four-part chorus. Choral music was usually metrically regular, serving as a response and punctuation to the cantor's solo recitatives. Even in Eastern Europe, the choral writing gradually reflected greater adherence to Western precepts. It became customary to assign certain passages of a given liturgical text to the choir; occasionally even entire texts would be sung by them.
East European cantors who published important and influential collections include A. Dunajewski (1843–1911) [listen to recording], Eli'ezer Gerovich (1844–1914) [listen to a recording], and Barukh Schorr (1823–1904) [listen to a recording] From 1881 to 1891, the Österreichisch-Ungarische Cantoren-Zeitung (Austro-Hungarian Cantors' Magazine) provided a guide to Jewish music and professional life in Austria and Hungary. It also served as evidence of the increasing centralization and professional status achieved by cantors in Central Europe, as well as the somewhat more Western approaches adopted in Hungary. In Częstochowa, Avrom Ber Birnboym not only printed several volumes of liturgical music for the Sabbath and the High Holidays, but also published a journal for cantors, Yarḥon ha-ḥazanim (Cantors' Monthly; 1896–1897), attesting to the fact that the cantorate was increasingly regarded by many as a profession.
Despite differences in quality and outward features of the style, East European cantorial music reflects certain basic characteristics. Much of the ḥazanut (solo cantorial music) proceeds by relatively small melodic gestures, or "cells," that are combined like building blocks to create tunes. These often undergo variations in terms of sequential treatment, inversion, and decoration, with modulations to new tonal areas that may or may not conform to Western rules of harmony. Frequent textual repetitions accentuate words or phrases singled out for their expressive potential. Different settings are often based on the same textual passage and undergo ornamentation, thus demonstrating a common set of approaches to a given liturgical text. Many settings also involve exaggerated changes in affect—abrupt shifts of key, tempo, and style—that dramatize the progression from sorrow to joy and vice versa, a technique with which the community readily identified. Surviving recordings provide some sense of the vocal techniques that were used. Certain cantors adopted both the Italian manner of vocal production and ornate style associated with the bel canto operatic repertoire. Nonetheless, a number of idiosyncratic vocal techniques were integral to the cantorial style, including turns, sigh motives, glottal stops, bended pitches and quarter tones, and the use of falsetto, which, when combined with modal inflections, created a musical surface with a highly intense emotional quality, one that was an essential part of East European spiritual life.
In the early years of the twentieth century, a number of factors encouraged the transplantation of East European cantorial music to non-European centers. With the invention of the phonograph, the cantorial skills of such great singers as Gershon Sirota [listen to a recording] and Zaval Kwartin [listen to a recording] reached a far wider audience, inspiring a number of cantorial concerts, including Sirota's Carnegie Hall performance of 1926. Some cantors immigrated to the United States, publishing music for American congregations, and, in some cases, even returning to Europe, thus creating a vibrant musical and cultural exchange between European and American Jews. Many popular cantors—to the consternation of others less fortunate—developed careers that resembled those of touring soloists rather than prayer leaders. It is perhaps an accident of fate—and technology—that so many Americans gained an aural impression of the East European cantor through The Jazz Singer, the first talking film.
Since the 1990s, there has been a resurgence of Jewish liturgical music in many communities that were once thriving centers of Jewish life. The music sung in East European synagogues in the early twenty-first century, however, reveals many modern influences and does not necessarily represent a return to "authentic" practices of traditional East European Jewry.
(Nisan Spivak; 1824–1906). Born in Lithuania, Belzer changed his name after having served at the synagogue in Belz, Bessarabia. Although he reputedly had a weak voice, Belzer achieved considerable fame for his choral compositions and choral directing. He served in synagogues in Kishinev and particularly in Berdichev (1877–1906). He was inspirational as a teacher, with many of his students gaining prominence as cantors.
Hanoch Avenary, The Ashkenazi Tradition of Biblical Chant between 1500 and 1900: Documentation and Musical Analysis (Tel Aviv, 1978); Abraham Binder, Biblical Chant (New York, 1959); Philip V. Bohlman, The Music of European Nationalism: Cultural Identity and Modern History (Santa Barbara, Calif., 2004); Judit Frigyesi, "Jews and Hungarians in Modern Hungarian Musical Culture," in Modern Jews and Their Musical Agendas, ed. Ezra Mendelsohn, pp. 40–60 (New York, 1993); Irene Heskes, Passport to Jewish Music (Westport, Conn., 1994); Artur Holde, Jews in Music: From the Age of Enlightenment to the Present (New York, 1959); Abraham Z. Idelsohn, Jewish Music in Its Historical Development (1967; rpt., New York, 1992); Sholom Kalib, The Musical Tradition of the Eastern European Synagogue, 2 vols. (Syracuse, N.Y., 2004); Macy Nulman, Concise Encyclopedia of Jewish Music (New York, 1975); Alfred Sendrey, Bibliography of Jewish Music (New York, 1951); Mark Slobin, Chosen Voices: The Story of the American Cantorate (Urbana, Ill., 1989); Samuel Vigoda, Legendary Voices: The Fascinating Lives of the Great Cantors (New York, 1981); Eric Werner, A Voice Still Heard: The Sacred Songs of the Ashkenazic Jews (University Park, Pa., 1976).


Everyday items are among those included on a list of hazardous materials on an airplane, FAA says.
Flying somewhere for the holidays and want to bring a curling iron? That's fine, so long as you bring it in a carry-on bag, and not in a piece of checked luggage.
Common toiletries such as nail polish and hair spray can be viewed as a hazardous material on an airplane, so the Federal Aviation Administration is advising passengers to check out the agency's website before packing your bags.
E-cigarettes, vaping devices and spare lithium batteries should not be packed in check luggage. The type of lithium batteries used in personal electronic devices can travel with you, but only in carry-on luggage.
That's because electronic devices powered by lithium batteries can catch fire, and devices that smoke are much easier to extinguish in the cabin of a plane than they are in the cargo hold. Therefore, the FAA asks that passengers keep cell phones and other devices nearby in the cabin, so they can be quickly accessed, if needed.
Still, even in carry-on luggage, spare lithium batteries should be covered in tape and placed in separate bags if not sealed in manufacturer packaging, according to the federal agency.
Other common items that travelers may plan on packing but could prove hazardous include: aerosol cans that may contain deodorant, tanning spray or animal repellant; artist paints; and glues.
The federal agency says those setting up residential displays may not realize how far up the beams can reach.


We invite all of our current Regis Catholic Schools families to participate in the annual Tuition Partnership Program.
The Tuition Partnership Program is the annual giving program for our families who currently have children in our system.
The purpose of the Tuition Partnership Program is to inform and educate all Regis Catholic Schools families that the actual cost to educate a child is significantly more than the cost of tuition families are asked to pay.
Regis Catholic Schools relies on subsidies from our supporting parishes and other third sources of revenue to make up the real cost difference. We ask that you reflect on your own financial situation and if possible, consider a tax deductible gift to the Tuition Partnership Program as a means to partner with Regis Catholic Schools in the cost of educating your child.
Charitable gifts made to the Tuition Partnership Program are considered unrestricted and will be used to enchance curriculum, materials, and programs for our students that we are unable to fund through other revenue sources.


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Fitting a Boat to You
Best known for its 27 miles of sugar-white sand beaches and emerald-green waters, Panama City Beach is a boater's paradise due to its world-class inshore and offshore fishing, wrecks for snorkeling and diving, boat-friendly dining options and numerous sandbars and islands to explore by water. This week on "Chasin' The Sun," Capt. Justin Leake and Capt. Travis Holeman share tips and advice on how to make shopping for the perfect boat a pleasurable experience.
"Buying a new boat is supposed to be fun," says Justin. "So don't let the experience seem overwhelming."
The most important part of the boat buying process is narrowing down your main use of the boat, whether it's fishing, cruising or a combination of both. With so many options available on the market, it's important to determine which model best fits your lifestyle. Fishing boats, for example, sacrifice creature comforts such as cushions and cup holders in favor of rod holders and baitwells. "I want a rod holder everywhere that I'm standing so I don't have to move when it's time to make a cast," says Capt. Holeman.
Along with functionality, other important considerations include hull design, storage and maintenance of the boat. Justin and Travis explain the various options, discuss the pros and cons, and offer suggestions on how to make boat ownership satisfying and fun.
"No boat does everything and the more a boat does, the less it does well," says Justin. At the end of the day, it's all about personal preference. "On your way back to the dock, when the sun is going down and you're ripping along at forty miles an hour, that's the freedom of boating," says Travis.
{{/asset.videoid}}


Welcome to Bellingham Wallace, an Auckland-based (but not Auckland-bound) firm that instinctively works at the crossroads of chartered accountancy & business advice with confidence & passion.
We bring best practice accountancy to the table, but for our clients it's about so much more. It's about the value we add through fresh thinking & expansive strategies that challenge the status quo.
Our experienced team are more than just chartered accountants; they get up every day to make a positive difference to the people, businesses and communities they work with. For us it's about so much more than the numbers, and it's about more than the advice. It's about giving you access to people who work at the cross section of both with integrity and generosity of spirit.


Settle into autumn with a roaring roast dinner. The girls from A Grape Night In are launching a new pop up series that centres around everyone's favourite meal of the week, the Sunday roast. Each weekend they offer a fantastic menu and a selection of wines picked to complement the meals. Putting a slight skew on the traditional roast, the chef will be serving the meal in three separate courses. The veg becomes your starter, the meat is your main, and the sauce swoops in as dessert. Set in the hospitable and homely Studio Gi, this promises to be a great way to while away your Sunday. This afternoon's menu is the chicken roast: -the veg: leek tart -the meat: roast chicken and stuffing with dauphinoise potatoes -the sauce: cranberry panna cotta Best available seating allocated by the venue on arrival. Over 18s only. Your ticket price includes a glass of bubbles on arrival and a three course meal with paired wines. If you're not a fan of meat, vegetarian options are also available.


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Jose Mourinho still targeting quadruple despite Chelsea's nightmare start to season
A defiant Jose Mourinho has refused to write Chelsea's season off
The Blues boss insists it is still possible to win four trophies this term
Chelsea remain in four competitions, but have started terribly
Mourinho's side are 11th in the Premier League table and third in the Champions League's Group G
Chelsea face a tricky away trip to Ukraine's Dynamo Kiev on Tuesday
By Sami Mokbel for the Daily Mail
Even by Jose Mourinho's standards, it was a bold statement to make.
'We can win all four (trophies),' insisted the Chelsea manager, ahead of his side's tricky Champions League visit to Dynamo Kiev.
By nature, Mourinho's a pragmatist. His teams mirror his psyche: calculated and considered. His comments are anything but. When did Mourinho become the eternal optimist?
Chelsea manager Jose Mourinho remains bullish on his side's chances of having a successful season
Chelsea midfielder Willian (centre) in action during training ahead of the game against Dynamo Kiev
Blues captain John Terry (centre) holds off pressure from team-mate Diego Costa in training
CHAMPIONS LEAGUE 2015-16 GROUP G - TABLE AND REMAINING FIXTURES
Chelsea are currently third in Group G after losing away at Porto in their last match
Tuesday, October 20: Dynamo Kiev vs Chelsea, Porto vs Maccabi Tel Aviv
Wednesday, Nov 4: Chelsea vs Dynamo Kiev, Maccabi Tel Aviv vs Porto
Tuesday, November 24: Maccabi Tel Aviv vs Chelsea, Porto vs Dynamo Kiev
Wednesday, December 9: Chelsea vs Porto, Dynamo Kiev vs Maccabi Tel Aviv
Because, at the moment, the chance of a historic quadruple seems more wishful thinking than reality.
The assertion was, perhaps, a message to those, inside and outside of Stamford Bridge, who believe he is on wobbly ground.
Of course, Chelsea could end up with four pots by the end of the season. But deep down, after a truly horrifying start to the season, even the Special One can't convince us he is right this time.
Eden Hazard and Co train in Ukraine as Chelsea prepare for... Football Association releases written reasons for Jose... Chelsea boss Jose Mourinho refuses to reveal if Eden Hazard... Chelsea summer signing Pedro admits struggling to adapt to...
Indeed, he continued: 'I think we can win all four but also lose all four.
'Everything is open, we are in October. To win all four is something amazingly difficult for everyone.
'Even if you tell me Manchester City or United, because at the moment they are top of the leave, even for them it will be very difficult to win all four.'
Saturday's morale-boosting win against Aston Villa at least eased some of the pressure.
But a defeat against Dynamo Kiev and it'll be crisis time again. That's life for Mourinho right now.
His insistence that a second consecutive title is still possible is tempered by the admission Chelsea's Premier League distance is no longer in their own hands.
'I don't know how many more points we can drop to challenge for the title,' said the Portuguese.
'It depends on other teams and other results, we don't depend on ourselves, we depend on other matches and other teams.'
Chelsea goalkeepers Asmir Begovic (centre) and Jamal Blackman (right) are put through their paces
Chelsea midfielder and Spain international Cesc Fabregas controls the ball in training in Kiev
That sort of admission, three months into the season, is telling. If you offered Mourinho a guaranteed top-four finish now, he'd surely consider it.
'Is it unacceptable for Chelsea not to qualify for the Champions League? You have to ask the club,' said Mourinho.
We know Roman Abramovich's reply to that question. Deep down, so does Mourinho. Defeat in Kiev would leave their hopes of a second Champions League title teetering.
Mourinho has targeted four points from the two games against Serhiy Rebrov's men as he looks to progress out of the group stage.
But with his side short on confidence, that'll be easier said than done.
Begovic (left) collects the ball during a drill in training ahead of Tuesday's Champions League clash
Terry (centre) breaks clear with the ball as Costa watches on in training at the Olimpiyskiy Stadium
Blues forward and Belgium international Eden Hazard stretches on the turf alongside his team-mates
The Blues boss said: 'First of all we are losing 24 hours - not 1-0 or 2-0 but 24 hours, like we did in Porto.
'Twenty-four hours is a lot, especially when it is a Tuesday match. When it is a Wednesday match you have a little more time to compensate.
'When you play Tuesday, the fact one team plays Friday and the other plays Saturday means we are already losing 24 hours of important recovery.
'So we have to compensate with a tactical understanding of what we need to do. We have a tactical plan to compensate for that.
'We need to keep the tactical awareness, the tactical discipline, the spirit, the effort, the concentration.
'Step-by-step bring the confidence levels up with each result because confidence is fundamental.'
Mourinho insists that it is still possible for Chelsea to win four trophies this season


Southern Hospitality is proud to present the March 9th 2015 episode of The Southern Hospitality Show on Soho Radio, broadcasting live from the heart of London's Soho.
The Southern Hospitality Show is now brought to you fortnightly – every second and last Monday of the month by Southern Hospitality DJs Rob Pursey, Superix and Davey Boy Smith at 8-10pm GMT / 3-5pm EST / 12-2pm PST. Click the link to listen live: www.sohoradiolondon.com.


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An apocryphal anecdote?
Stanley Vestal (1877–1957) was a prolific historian of the American West, known more particularly as an expert on the Sioux Indians. He was, in fact, made a member of the tribe by Chief Joseph White Bull, the oldest nephew of Sitting Bull. He grew up in the south-central part of the United States, mainly in Kansas and Oklahoma. In 1908, he became the very first Rhodes scholar from Oklahoma — which had officially become one of the United States less than a year before. In fact, he was one of the earliest Rhodes scholars, full-stop; the scholarship had been established just six years earlier. Vestal carried out his studies at Merton College, Oxford, from 1908 through 1911, earning a second Bachelor's degree in 1911 and a Master's in English Language and Literature in 1915 (awarded in absentia). In the same year, he began teaching at the University of Oklahoma. While there, he established a prestigious writing program, authored several textbooks on professional writing, and (much later) left the University an important collection of photographs of the American Western Frontier. Vestal was a pen name (he grew up as Walter Stanley Campbell), under which he wrote a few novels, none of them much remembered today.
These are the facts. But I came across an anecdote recently which gave me pause. Having already mentioned Merton College, you might wonder whether this anecdote has anything to do with Tolkien (who, as most of you probably know, taught at Merton College from 1945–59). It certainly does.
In Stanley Vestal: Champion of the Old West, Ray Tassin describes a return visit Vestal and his friend Frank Reid made to England from the end of June through August, 1953. This was some forty years after Vestal's time at Oxford, and less than a decade after Tolkien took up his post as Merton Professor of English Language and Literature. Tassin writes:
Vestal's first goal was his old college, Merton. He was eager to see it again, especially his old rooms and certain parts which had not been open to undergraduates when he had been a student there. But the porter was out and his boy dared not leave the lodge. While Vestal and Frank [Reid] talked to him one of the dons came in and volunteered to show them around. He was Professor J.R.R. Tolkien, author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings trilogy, well-known fantasy books. Tolkien took them everywhere, including the room where the queen lived when King Charles lived at Oxford. The tour concluded with Danish lager in the don's rooms. [1]
This story — which was published the same year Tolkien died — well, it sounds like a bit of a stretcher, don't you think? Consulting Christina Scull and Wayne Hammond's exhaustive Chronology (and online addenda), there is nothing to corroborate this anecdote. Even if Tolkien were inclined to this sort of friendliness toward an American visitor, he was extremely busy with the galley proofs of The Lord of the Rings during the two months in question, conducting examinations, working with the BBC to set up a radio broadcast of his translation of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and plenty more besides. He was so busy that he was postponing meetings!
So while I suppose it's possible he showed a Merton alumnus around the College, it's seems a bit more likely that he didn't; or if he did, that the rest of the story is exaggerated, or made up entirely. Tassin's book cites no sources other than Vestal's letters of the period, but I don't think these letters have been published. The University of Oklahoma has digitized and put online a pretty extensive portion of the Campbell Collection, but this doesn't include much of his correspondence. It's possible his letters are held privately in the Collection, and I know a reference librarian there, so I will have to make an inquiry. It would be interesting to learn whether Vestal himself records Tolkien's name in his letters (though even if he does, it doesn't necessarily prove the anecdote, in whole or in part).
It's an interesting claim, though, isn't it? Not something I ever expected to stumble on. Who knew there was a direct connection (claimed, at least) between Tolkien and the same U.S. state where I was born!
[1] Tassin, Ray. Stanley Vestal: Champion of the Old West. Norman, OK: A. H. Clark Co. [Imprint of the University of Oklahoma Press], 1973, pp. 260–1.
Topics: J.R.R. Tolkien
David Bratman 5/23/2011 9:34 PM
I'd like to see a lot more examples in Vestal's letters of implausible name-dropping before I'd consider a claim that Tolkien showed a visitor around Merton to be inherently unlikely. He may have been busy, but he was also capable of being kindly to a visitor facing frustration, and furthermore did not always stick to his own priorities in time management.
I'm more suspicious of the biography's identification of Tolkien as the author of two books one of which hadn't been published at the time of the event and the other of which he might not have been likely to mention. Did Vestal name Tolkien in a contemporary letter and the biographer identified him? Or is there no letter and Vestal went round in later years boasting that Tolkien showed him around Merton? Or something in between?
What about "Danish lager in the don's rooms", David? Does that seem likely in your view?
As for the biographer's having mentioned Tolkien's two books, I don't see any reason for suspicion. I figured this was an interjection by Tassin. By 1973, when the biography was published, Tolkien's name was very well-known, so it's no surprise to me that a biographer, if he found mention of Tolkien's name in a letter, would sit up and take notice! The question, though, is whether he found Tolkien's name in a letter, whether it came up in an interview with somebody many years after the fact, whether it was subsequent boasting by Vestal (as you wondered), or what?
David Bratman 5/24/2011 11:52 AM
Do we know anything about Tolkien's drinking habits that make Danish lager particularly unlikely for him? C&G says something about his tastes in wine (burgundy, port, and champagne, all preserving foreign places in their names) but not beer.
But what was the biographer's source for knowing that the don was Tolkien - was it a contemporary letter or a recollection - and did he identify Tolkien as that author guy himself, or did Vestal tell him? Those are the questions whose answers could either allay or raise suspicions.
Wurmbrand 5/28/2011 11:23 AM
Thanks, Jase, for noting this anecdote and also factors that make it questionable.
I have an interest in "Inklings apocrypha." Here are two about C. S. Lewis:(1) The Sept. 2004 issue of Touchstone magazine contains an article by Charles Bressler that says a Jan. 1939 letter by Lewis calls George MacDonald's What's Mine's Mine "the fourth greatest book he had ever read." But this interesting assertion is nowhere to be found in the books of Lewis's letters, and the editor of the magazine has apparently been unable, so far, to elicit details from the article author. (2) The British magazine The Spectator has a column, in one of Dec. 2004's issues and available online, by Geoffrey Wheatcroft, "Poor Jack Is Dead" (referring not to Jack Lewis but to a dog). The final paragraph attributes to Lewis the remark that "dogs have three legs in the animal kingdom and one in the human." Neither I nor some other longtime Lewis readers recognize that mot.
I don't know much about Charles Williams and don't track any discussion lists on him. Given his interest in secret societies etc., I wouldn't be surprised if there are some dubious anecdotes about CW circulating in some places.
Those are both interesting, Dale. The second quote is something I feel like I've heard before, and not attributed to Lewis. Hmm.
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Tolkien Studies 8
2011 Mythopoeic Award Finalists
Peskipiksi pesternomi
More Tolkien at Kalamazoo


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October 26, 2015 SD Virtual School
Every parent wants to see their child succeed, which is why choosing the best high school to meet your child's needs is one of the biggest decisions you'll face as a parent. There are many good schools in San Diego, but not all schools offer individualized learning opportunities. When choosing a high school to foster your child's educational growth, there are many important factors to consider prior to making your final decision.
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Every child learns differently and at their own pace. Choose a school that accommodates your child's unique learning abilities through a structured environment. Schools that offer individualized learning opportunities, such as hands-on learning or auditory learning, will better suit your child to encourage their success in high school.
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TCI - Trapp Construction International GmbH
Großer Markt 5-7
D-46483 Wesel
Telephone: 02 81 / 1 54 66 02
Telefax: 02 81 / 1 54 66 04
E-Mail: etrapp@trappco.de
Internet: www.trappco.de
Dam, Canal & River works
Roads & Airports
Turnkey & Industrial Plant
Environment, Waste, Water & Sewage
Railway & Track works
Underground & Metropolitan Railways
Pipelines & pipe driving
Bridges, Under- & Overpasses
Building & General Construction
Water & Sewage systems
Waste Dump Construction
Garbage Incinerating Plants
Pipe Driving & Heading
Tanks & Storage Structures
Multi-storey Car Parks & other Parking Facilities
Cultural Centres, Sports Halls, Swimming Pools
Schools, Universities
Residential & Commercial Buildings
Office & Administration Buildings
Conversions & Extensions
Dam, Canal and River works
Trapp have been working in the fields of earthworks, canal construction and water engineering since 1872. Trapp constructs canals, ports, barrage weirs with locks, dams, hydraulic power stations, large earthworks for strip mining and work preparatory to land development.
In constructing earth dams abroad, millions of cubic metres of soil masses have been moved. In addition to this, natural ground sealing, core sealing made of cohesive materials and water-side bituminous sealing have been carried out.
Within the scope of "Tinajones" project in Peru a large storage facility was erected in Joint Venture near Chiclayo in Peru between 1965 and 1968. To this day this still irrigates an agricultural area of 100,000 hectares. The water from the Chancay River is conducted to the storage basin via a water intake and feed canal. This basin has a storage capacity of 300 million cubic metres. 12 million cubic metres of earth masses had to be moved for the four dams.
The water intake had to be constructed as well, comprising an intake structure with sand trapping, a passage structure in the Rio Chancay with a flood sill, feed canal with cascade structure and bottom outlet with the pertinent discharge canal. As much as 50,000 cubic metres of concrete was used here. With a rigid organisation under the overall management of the young engineer Dr.-Ing. Ernst J. Trapp the construction period was shortened by six months.
The Poza-Honda Dam in Ecuador was built to supply an entire province with drinking water. This dam was built between April 1969 and May 1971 with Trapp in Joint Venture.
One of the largest dams in the world, the Mosul Dam was built in Iraq in the eighties with Trapp participation.
Construction of the Biggetal Dam in Germany was started in 1957. Almost ten years were to pass before this Euro 200 mill. project was completed. It was not only the main dam that necessitated this amount of work. A number of preliminary dams were part of this project as well as new roads, railway lines and river consolidation. Above all else, however, the local communities in the water-retaining area had to be re-located and new estates erected. Trapp collaborated in all these assignments on a broad basis.
The company did considerable river consolidation work when extending the Erft. Within the scope of Mosel River consolidation the Zeltingen weir with lock and the Bernkastel port were constructed. Closer to home, Trapp built the two oil ports on the Lippe Branch Canals and an industrial port at Voerde. Not to be forgotten either is the lock at Friedrichsfeld and further numerous large waterworks on the Rhine and its tributaries. The company was also active in Southern Germany. Two million cubic metres of earth were moved just in work on the Inn weir with locks at Feldkirchen. Some one hundred thousand cubic metres of concrete were installed here. The requisite sheet wall work was executed on a large scale by the company's own specialists.
One of the largest projects at home was started at the beginning of 1970. Seven million cubic metres of earth were moved in the Nuremberg area for part of the Main-Danube canal. In a concentration of heavy-duty, state-of-the-art earthworking machinery never seen before, daily performances of over sixty thousand cubic metres of earth and rock moving were achieved in a section only 15 kilometres long. These impressive achievements were able to be maintained over several months, resulting in so much time being gained that the deadline for the subsequent concrete and sealing work was managed earlier than anticipated.
© www.trappco.deimpressum / imprintwebdesign: www.webgaroo.de


FLEET FEET SPORTS, INC. is a business entity registered in the state of California under the legal form of DOMESTIC STOCK. It can be found in the register by the DOS ID C0962631. The company was established and set into the register at 1st October 1979 and its current status is FTB SUSPENDED. Location address of this company is at 2408 J STREET, SACRAMENTO, 95816, CA.
Entity Name FLEET FEET SPORTS, INC.
The company and its activities are actually managed by 1 person with the responsibility of its market actions. Person written in the register is SALLY EDWARDS, who's seat is at 380 SANDBURG DRIVE, SACRAMENTO, 95819, CA.
AMEX MACHINE AND TOOL MANUFACTURING, INC.
DALLAS C. LONG III, M.D., INC.
TOP OF THE TABLE, INC.
ROBERT G. GEHRIG, R.P.T., PHYSICAL THERAPY, INC.
HARLEY E. MCVAY, SR., CONTRACTOR, INC.
THE MOLLOY LAW FIRM, P.C.
MOULDING MAKEOVERS PALM SPRINGS, INC.
WALNUT CREEK ASSOCIATES 4, INC.
SIERRA ORAL/MAXILLOFACIAL IMAGING CENTER, INC.
STANLEY J. ALEXANDER M.D., INC.
DOWNTOWN LIQUOR AND DELI, INC.
MEDICAL EXPRESS INSURANCE AND BILLING SERVICES, INC.
U.S. MORGAN PACIFIC INVESTMENT ADVISOR, LTD.
WHITE EAGLE TRANSPORTATION AND CHASSIS SERVICE, INC.
MJ APPRAISALS & INLAND PROPERTY INVESTMENTS, INC.


text:
Swiss foreign ministry "very happy" about Raoul case dismissal
Swiss Foreign Minister Joseph Deiss says he is very happy that the Swiss-American boy at the centre of a highly controversial court case in the United States has been released and will travel to Switzerland on Friday.
This content was published on November 11, 1999 - 17:08 November 11, 1999 - 17:08
Swiss Foreign Minister Joseph Deiss said on Thursday he was very happy that the Swiss-American boy at the centre of a highly controversial court case in the United States had been released and would be able to travel to Switzerland on Friday.
"I am very happy that Raoul can now return to his parents," Deiss told a news conference in the capital Berne, a few hours after the incest and sexual assault case against the 11-year-old boy was dismissed by a court in the U.S. state of Colorado.
Deiss said Raoul would be accompanied to Switzerland by honorary consul Walter Wyss, who had been in daily contact with the boy during the legal proceedings.
The foreign minister said the Swiss government never interfered in the court procedures in the U.S. but always insisted on diplomatic representation for the boy.
Deiss also urged the Swiss media to show restraint and respect the privacy of Raoul and his family once they are reunited.
The parents, who moved to Switzerland immediately after police led Raoul away in handcuffs on August 30, were visibly relieved when they learned about the turn of events.
"I cannot describe with words how I feel now," Raoul's father, Andreas Wüthrich, said after he learned of the court decision.
Speaking at a news conference in the town of Chur, he said that he had already spoken to his son on the phone. "Raoul is free and in safe hands," he said, adding that he always believed honesty would win in the end.
Raoul's mother, speaking earlier on U.S. television, said she planned to put her son into a "therapeutic school" immediately.
"Obviously, he's gone through something of a trauma," she said.
Asked if Raoul would be allowed near his sister, she said the family would act as it always has. She said she would "keep an eye on them all the time, a very close watch on what they're doing, how they are playing, what they're watching on TV."
State Court Judge James Zimmerman decided to dismiss the case because Raoul's right to a speedy trial had been violated.
Raoul had been charged with aggravated incest and sexual assault on his five-year-old sister, and could have faced up to two years in juvenile detention if convicted. The boy and his parents always maintained his innocence.
The case caused uproar in Switzerland, where the media championed the boy's cause, saying the local U.S. justice authorities overreacted by arresting him at night, holding him for six weeks in a juvenile detention centre and shackling him in at least one court arraignment.
Many Swiss believe that the boy was being punished for behaviour not untypical of children his age.
A neighbour in the Denver suburb of Evergreen, where the family lived, said she saw Raoul sexually touching his sister in their yard.
Even though the prosecution said it remained concerned about Raoul's rehabilitation, lawyers said it was unlikely that new charges would be filed.
His defence attorney said they were now considering suing Colorado's Jefferson County authorities, claiming the boy should not have been arrested without a warrant.
From staff and wire reports.


text:
Posted on September 23, 2016 by rushfm
After FDA found weedkiller in nearly 100% of honey products, it kept the information secret and refused to warn the public
By Daniel Barker
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been doing its best to protect Monsanto and the entire GMO industry by dragging its feet and hiding information regarding glyphosate content in foods.
Glyphosate, the most widely-used herbicide on the planet and an essential component in GMO agricultural methods, has been the subject of increasing concern – particularly since the World Health Organization (WHO) classified it as a "probable human carcinogen" in 2015.
For many years, the FDA avoided testing foods for glyphosate residue at all, parroting Monsanto's assurances that the herbicide poses no threat to human health, but under mounting public pressure it finally began conducting tests in February of this year.
Although the agency routinely tests foods for other pesticide residues, it has rather suspiciously left glyphosate off of the list until now.
Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/055395_honey_glyphosate_FDA_emails.html#ixzz4L2B5Zhww
By Amy Goodrich
American researchers from the University of Virginia have conducted a 14-year study on genetically modified (GM) crops and pesticide use. They found that the widespread use of GM seeds has decreased the use of insecticides, but has increased the use of herbicides, as weeds become more resistant.
GM crops have been a heated topic of discussion because of the ongoing debate about the risks to human and environmental health. Monsanto claims that GM food will feed the world, while at the same time reducing pesticide use. But according to new research, overall herbicide use has risen dramatically over the recent years, causing severe environmental damage.
Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/055394_GMO_agriculture_herbicides_environmental_damage.html#ixzz4L2ARjkNO
By J.D.Heyes
Most people who don't live in Florida are not aware that the state is kind of famous (or infamous, depending on your point of view) for sinkholes; in fact, they're fairly common.
And, as reported by Daisy Luther, you may have recently heard some scuttlebutt about a new sinkhole in the state.
But there is more to this one than meets the eye, Luther reports – much more, in fact. As in, this one is poisoning the environment at a remarkable rate, and as usual, the Environmental Protection Agency has, for weeks, been in cover-up mode. So much for upholding the "public good."
Luther notes that while there hasn't been much news coverage of the sinkhole, it is massive and has already leaked more than 215 million gallons of water contaminated with radioactivity into the state's primary drinking water supply. Worse, the EPA has known about this contaminant leak since the early part of August, but it – along with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) – has kept quiet about it. This, despite the fact that officials knew Floridians and guests to the state were drinking, bathing in and cooking with radioactive water.
Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/055379_radioactive_water_EPA_cover-up_Florida_sinkhole.html#ixzz4L298di5b
By Natalie Forget
Electromagnetism is an interaction between electrically charged particles. Everything in the natural world produces an electromagnetic field, including the human body. But in this modern age, we are also exposed to unnatural EMF's that are emitted from various man-made devices, from handheld electronics, to power lines, to microwaves.
While short term exposure to low level electromagnetic fields is not known to cause significant change in our own fields, it is well documented and intuitively understood by anyone with EMF sensitivity: we need to protect ourselves from it. The duration of exposure raises serious concern however, because many of us are constantly bathing in it by holding cell phones, living in small spaces with WiFi routers, ect.
Electronic devices such as laptops, tablets, and cell phones "emit both Radio Frequency (RF) and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) radiation, which can be absorbed the tissues closest to where the device is used." Further research may be needed to confirm the specifics of the connection, though many studies have been done linking EMF radiation to cancer, eye damage, insomnia,fertility issues, enzyme dysfunction, DNA mutations, etc.
An ancient mineral discovered in Shunga, Russia, it has been used since the 18th century for medical treatments and water filtration. More recently, the physical properties and molecular structure of Shungite have been found to block EMF radiation when you place it on or near the emitting device.
Read more: http://www.naturalblaze.com/2016/09/shungite-plate-phone-absorb-harmful-emf-radiation.html?
By Samantha Debbie
Following months of negotiations and several offers, Germany-based Bayer finally managed to purchase Monsanto – one of the world's largest seed giants – on Wednesday, for a whopping $66 billion. The merger is the largest all-cash deal on record, reports Reuters.
"The $128-a-share deal, up from Bayer's previous offer of $127.50 a share, has emerged as the signature deal in a consolidation race that has roiled the agribusiness sector in recent years, due to shifting weather patterns, intense competition in grain exports and a souring global farm economy."
Investment experts say that the deal gives the companies an edge over their competition. But what the deal really does, is strengthen the stranglehold Monsanto and Bayer have over the agriculture industry, including the further monopolization of seeds, and ultimately of the world's food supply.
Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/055392_Monsanto_Bayer_food_cartel.html
By Luis Miranda
Producers and consumers are at the mercy of 4 large multinationals that control the seed supply and to a great degree the food supply.
Large monopolies control almost everything on planet Earth, from news and information to seeds and food. As we speak, large corporations like Nestle are fighting their battle to control water resources as its CEO, Peter Brabeck explained that access to clean water is not a right people should enjoy.
If people behind these multinationals do not believe people should have access to clean water as a human right, what would they think about having access to pesticide-free, GMO-free food?
Unfortunately, control of the seed and food supplies is not the only problem that consumers face.
The same multinationals that seek to control food from seed to what you put on your dinner table, have either merged with or are in the process of merging with chemical companies, which makes everyone concerned with health issues question the safety and reliability of the food supply.
Under this scenario, it is more certain than ever that food and water crises are looming on the horizon. As powerful corporations control the world's food supply, there has never been a better time to be self-sufficient and self-reliant than now.
Producers fear that the wave of mergers limit the options they have to manage their crops, because the agrochemical industry is mired in an intense process of consolidation that will leave virtually the entire business of seeds, herbicides and pesticides concentrated in the hands of four global giants.
www.thesleuthjournal.com/humanitys-food-supply-rests-four-deadly-hands/
By Brandon Turbeville
In addition to providing a stunning performance during the 31st Farm Aid concert in Bristow, VA Neil Young stole the show at the press conference before the event began.
While Farm Aid has always been focused on saving family farmers who are in distress, decades of corporate control and monopolization of the American food supply has forced the organization to also move toward helping restart the tradition of family farming and facilitating the good food movement. Obviously, GMOs have become a major issue as a result. So when it came time for Young to speak at the press conference, the godfather of grunge didn't hold back.
Speaking fresh on the heels of the Bayer/Monsanto merger, Young spoke about the growing concern over corporate control over the food supply and the fact that this merger is a frightening new development in the corporate war on American agriculture. He also took aim at Barack Obama who has supported, facilitated, and pushed corporate control since the day he took office.
Read more: http://www.naturalblaze.com/2016/09/neil-young-slams-obama-bayer-fuck-monsanto.html?
Drug tests now being administered randomly at middle schools to indoctrinate children into the pharma police state
With each passing day, the nanny/police state encroaches a little further upon our freedom and the right to privacy – using the pretense of "protection" as an excuse to control and monitor every aspect of our daily lives.
One of the latest examples of this meddling mindset involves a New Jersey school district that has decided that random drug testing of middle school children is somehow a good idea.
The Lacey Township Board of Education voted on August 15 to begin a "voluntary" drug testing program for seventh and eighth grade students that will involve penalties for those who fail the randomly administered monthly tests.
Although the tests will be given only to those students who participate in sports or other extracurricular activities, and only with a parent's written consent, the program is likely to be viewed as a rather dubious one by those who support the concept of civil liberty.
Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/055393_middle_schools_random_drug_testing_pharma_police_state.html#ixzz4L1xOTd6I
A recent symposium on autoimmune disease that took place in France has brought to the world's attention a new disorder linked to the aluminum-based chemical adjuvants added to many childhood vaccines. Known as Autoimmune Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants, or ASIA, the novel disease includes a wide range of neurological and immune-associated effects, including chronic fatigue, sleeping disorders, muscle wasting and even early death.
Aluminum has long been recognized as a neurotoxin with a diverse array of metabolic reactions — a 1990 study published in the journal BioFactors, for instance, revealed that even low-level aluminum exposure can cause a host of neurological disorders and related symptoms. But these effects have been largely ignored in the vaccine context, with untold millions of children being injected with this poison every single year.
First identified by an Israeli doctor back in 2011, ASIA has become so widespread that a significant portion of the 9th International Congress on Autoimmunity was devoted to the unveiling of a world registry for those afflicted by it. Most doctors are still unaware of its existence, which means many patients suffering from the effects of ASIA are often bounced around among different specialists until finally being sent to the loony bin.
Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/055299_aluminum_adjuvants_vaccines_autoimmune_disease.html#ixzz4Kf7w8A25
By John Rappoport
Fingers pointed like a gun. A pop tart chewed into the shape of a gun. A toy gun. A screen shot of a gun.
For several years now, all over America, schools have been exercising what they call zero tolerance policy to suspend young children packing "suggestions of guns."
Behind this practice is the idea that populations can be conditioned against owning real guns. Start early, indoctrinate the kids, and society will change.
In turn, such thinking rests on the premise that human beings are Pavlovian dogs. Programmed biological machines. If the program currently running is faulty, and fails to obey the mandate of "greatest good for the greatest number," change the program.
Read more: http://www.activistpost.com/2016/09/mind-control-vs-freedom.html?