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Historical Fiction Research
Adventures, misadventures and serendipity in doing the research that underlies a historical novel
Happy birthday, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II!
Today (December 26) is the 819th birthday of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Stupor Mundi, and the last and the greatest of the powerful medieval emperors.
Yesterday much of the world celebrated another long-ago birth, but today I'd like to take a brief look at the unusual circumstances under which this remarkable individual came into the world.
Frederick was, in the course of his 56 years, Emperor of the Romans; King of the Romans (these are very different things, but that's another blog post); King of Germany, Italy, and Burgundy; King of Sicily; and King of Jerusalem. He was also twice excommunicated, the bane of several popes' existence, and a brilliant ruler far ahead of his time. But in 1194, when his parents set out to invade Sicily, he was still an unlikely embryo in his 40-year-old mother's womb.
A bit of background information: Fred's mother, Constance of Sicily, was the posthumous daughter of Roger II and the heiress presumptive to the Sicily crown, since the holder of that title, her nephew King William II, was childless.
Constance, newly born, and Roger, slightly less newly dead
Unusually for such a valuable marital prize, Constance was 30 before she was betrothed, and this resulted in a rumor that she had become a nun and had renounced her vows to marry. Dante believed this; he placed her in the Paradiso and introduced her thusly:
This is the light of the great Constance who by the second wind of Swabia generated its third and last power. - Paradiso 3, translated by Robert M. Durling
Dante encountering Constance (with crown) in Paradise
The man Constance was to marry, the future Emperor Henry VI, was the second son of Emperor Frederick I. He wanted the throne of Sicily, and for that he needed Constance.
Henry and Constance
Unfortunately for this plan, Tancredi (another of Constance's nephews) had managed to seize the throne after William died in 1289. When Henry and Constance were crowned Emperor and Empress in 1291, they headed south with an army to try to oust Tancredi, who had widespread support despite being illegitimate.
It didn't work out well. Henry was forced to withdraw from the kingdom for the time being, and Constance was taken hostage in Salerno. She found herself next in Tancred's custody, and even as the pope was negotiating for her release, the imperial army came to her rescue and managed to get her safely back across the Alps.
Tancredi and his army in Palermo
Thus, aged 40 by now and finally pregnant, she must have harbored some misgivings about going along when, after Tancredi's death in 1194, Henry headed south again to depose Tancredi's young son William III. She went, but because of her pregnancy she traveled more slowly than Henry did.
The result was that on December 26, 1194, the day after Henry was crowned at Palermo, Constance gave birth to her son in Iesi, a small town near Ancona. Some things just won't wait, coronation or not.
But Constance was a savvy lady. She'd been dealing with royal politics for her entire life, and she knew perfectly well that given her age, somebody was bound to claim that Frederick was not truly her son. So she arranged to give birth in a pavilion tent in the town square of Iesi, surrounded by local matrons to serve as witnesses.
Constance and Frederick in the birth pavilion
It is also claimed that a few days later she breast-fed her son, the future Emperor, in that same town square, so there could be absolutely no doubt.
Constance was to die fairly soon, leaving her son, then four, under the protection of the Pope. But her clever public relations move had paid off, and no one questioned Frederick's legitimacy. So happy birthday to Frederick, and our compliments to his shrewd mother.
Images in this post are in the public domain by virtue of age.
Posted by Tinney Heath at 9:24 AM No comments:
Labels: Constance of Sicily, Emperor Frederick II
Winter comes to Assisi
A dejected soon-to-be Saint Francis in the snow, returning from war
As some of you know, I've recently returned from a trip to Assisi, where I had the privilege of spending three weeks in November doing research and drinking in all the beauties of that wonderful medieval city.
My husband and I often travel late in the fall, as the crowds are thinner then, prices lower, and the weather wherever we're going is probably going to be better than it is at home (Wisconsin). This time, though, for the first time I had the pleasure of watching the season change dramatically during the time we were there.
The day we were scheduled to arrive (which is not the day we did arrive, pace United Airlines; if you want to read more about this debacle, see the starred paragraphs at the end), it was supposed to be 70 degrees in Assisi. By the time we left, things had changed radically, and we were feeling more like this poor fellow:
Statue of friar at Eremo dei Carceri
We were fortunate to have an apartment with a view across the valley, so we could see the weather moving in. This was ideal for my research purposes, because I was learning about the life of a remarkable woman named Giacoma, and she might well have been a guest in a 13th century palazzo right where our apartment building was, near the cathedral and situated in the neighborhood where the upper crust lived (and a couple of doors down from Saint Clare's childhood home). So, when I looked out the window and realized I could see Santa Maria degli Angeli down below (that being the vast baroque church that has engulfed the tiny hut that served as the first home for Francis with his early followers), I knew that Giacoma, too, could have looked out her window and would have seen that hut, and could have watched the friars walking slowly up the hill toward her.
Everything was summery, green, and lovely. The Basilica of Saint Francis looked like this:
The old amphitheatre area looked like this:
The Rocca, high on its peak, looked like this:
But all that was about to change. Fortunately, the day we decided to hike up Mount Subasio to the Eremo dei Carceri, another Francis-related place of great interest, we still had decent weather, though it was a long, hard slog anyway (imagine climbing stairs for four and a half kilometers - that's how steep it was). We could look down on the valley and see the clouds collecting.
At home, too, things were starting to look a bit more ominous.
And at the Basilica, too:
Then the snow came. We watched, cozy in our apartment, as it blanketed the area, whiting out our view of the valley.
This was a great opportunity for me. I could watch how the twisting, winding streets below sheltered some areas and left others exposed. I could observe people making their way along the street, and from that I could tell how the wind was blowing. I could watch the storm progress across the valley - at least until the snow filled the air and obscured the view.
This was the first time I ever took notes on a snowstorm! When we finally ventured out, we found it slushy and a little slippery. I realized this was a problem Giacoma would not have had, since there would have been much less paving in her day - her main difficulty would have been mud, I suspect. It was quite nippy, and when I thought of Francis and his brothers in their thin, patched tunics, making their way up and down the mountain barefoot, I began for the first time to realize, just a little, how great were the hardships they chose to endure.
And now beautiful Assisi looked like this:
Tau cross and the word "PAX" outside the Basilica
Mount Subasio
It was winter. And we got to see it arrive. But now we had our view of the valley back, as the sky cleared:
And I had a much better idea of what life in Assisi would have been like for my characters, thanks to our fortunate timing.
I'll leave you with a couple of seasonal images also from Assisi. Note that the jolly red-clad gentleman is engaging in a most appropriate seasonal activity, namely, reading.
And here's that part about our travel misadventures. (Warning - rant ahead.)
*The reason we spent the first night of our trip in Newark, New Jersey instead of in Assisi is that United Airlines screwed everything up. Delays which should have been inconsequential snowballed into bigger delays that were badly handled, misinformation proliferated, and all in all, it was a mess. As if that wasn't enough, they then proceeded to send our luggage to Munich (Munich?!), where it remained, probably hanging out in a beerhall, for a week. That left us shopping for socks and underwear in Assisi's street market. (Thanks, Samuele - my husband loves the Albanian underwear!)
But that wasn't enough. Oh, no. Next, they bumped us from our seats on Phase 2 of the return trip (Chicago to Madison), reseating us twenty rows apart. But before we had even read the email that told us of that, they bumped us from the flight entirely, and told us the flight had been cancelled. That flight was not cancelled. They were prepared to just dump us in Chicago, making no further arrangements, presumably because someone had waved money at them for our seats. When we called from Vienna they scheduled us on a late plane, leaving about seven hours after our original flight was scheduled to go. Considering the time we started moving in Vienna, and the time change, that would have meant a travel day of twenty-three and a half hours door to door. We came home from Chicago on the bus, arriving two hours before we would have left on that late plane.
In this season of peace and goodwill toward mankind, one should not speak ill of an airline company, even one staffed by people who somehow manage to give you misinformation at every turn. I'm sure that next time it would be much better. (Of course, the next time we fly United will be when Hell freezes over, so I think we could realistically expect weather-related delays.)
I would just like to point out, however, that "Fly the friendly skies of United" can be anagrammed to read: "So tired: nuke filthy fly fiends." True, you have to add the punctuation and there's an "e" left over, but still.
Images in this post are all photos taken by Timothy Heath, who holds copyright.
Labels: Assisi
A dearth of evidence can be overcome! Guest post by Nancy Jardine
"Ravaged by war
…AD 71. After the battle at Whorl, Brennus of Garrigill is irrevocably changed.
Returning to Marske, Ineda finds her grandmother dead, though Brennus is not. Snared by a Roman patrol, they are marched to Witton where he is forced to labour for the Roman IX Legion.
Embracing his new identity as Bran, Brennus vows to avert Roman occupation of northernmost Brigantia. Ineda becomes his doughty spying accomplice, though sometimes she's too impetuous. Trading with the Romans lends excellent opportunities for information gathering. Over time, Bran's feelings for Ineda mar
with his loyalty to Ineda's father.
When she disappears, and cannot be found, Bran enters direct service with Venutius, King of the Brigantes. "
Today I'd like to welcome guest blogger Nancy Jardine, who is celebrating the launch of her new novel, After Whorl-Bran Reborn, the second book in her Celtic Fervour series. The Beltane Choice, first in the trilogy, has received enthusiastic reviews, including such comments as "powerfully sensual," "authentic and original and rooted thoroughly in the past," and "a stunning and truly believable evocation of life as it is likely to have been lived in Northern Britain in 71 A.D." (this last by archaeologist Mark Patton).
How does one research such a long-ago, minimally-documented period? I was curious, so I invited Nancy to talk about her research here. I think you'll find her explanation as fascinating as I did. Here's Nancy:
Nancy Jardine
A dearth of evidence can be overcome!
Researching the era of AD 71-84 in northern Britannia.
Imagine this scenario. You've managed to get a day pass to the best possible library for a historical project that you're researching.
"If you require more help, please ask."
Distracted by the voice of the librarian you become aware that you've stopped at an almost clear desk that's been allocated for your study: three books resting upon it. Only three books?
That hollow feeling engulfed me some time ago when I realised just how few written prime sources exist for researching the northern territory of Roman Britain, during the period of AD 71- 84, the target time slot for my Celtic Fervour series of historical romantic adventures. Images from the period are very rare in sculpture and metalwork. A few texts in Latin exist, written by Roman historians, but since I don't read Latin, I have to rely heavily on translations. Interpretations of very ancient material can differ greatly and can sometimes lead to confusion in the 'hobby historian' like me. (My University degree is history based, though I would never name myself an historian)
The lack of sources made me feel a bit daunted, but it didn't stop me writing my fictional tales of northern Britannia because my Celtic novels burned to be written!
Though, what exactly got me interested in the period in the first place? I'm an ex- primary teacher and loved to teach history at my school in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. In particular, I loved teaching 'Celts and Romans' of the northern climes of Britannia, my first foray teaching this era during the late 1990s.
A lot of the Celtic/Roman sources I used for my adult background knowledge had been compiled by historians during the late Victorian period and into the twentieth century. It was unfortunate that I couldn't easily lay hands on the newest interpretative evidence- the internet not as available as it is now. I could get currently published non-fiction texts for children, which were beautifully illustrated and which gave me a very nice image to base work on for class work, yet I found it very difficult to find concrete references for those interpretations in historical tomes. Data from the aerial surveys taken across the UK during the very dry summers of the 1970s seemed to be in University publications, but not available to me. At times, it was frustrating since I felt they could reveal more of what had happened in north-eastern Scotland, but my teaching meant limited research time- too many other subjects to currently deal with. Yet, I'd found enough information to keep my interest levels high.
There's a lot more evidence for the Roman Empire in general, though, which meant that it was easier to formulate class work based on the Roman tradition which seemed to vary very little across the Imperial Roman occupation of mainland Europe. Changing the situations slightly to take account of the different topography and probable climate of Aberdeenshire, two thousand years ago, took a little effort and was tempered with some degree of imagination. Celtic sources likewise were hypothesised from scant evidence unearthed at 'digs' across Europe.
Julius Agricola
In my favour, Victorian scholars had identified a stretch of land behind the school building in Kintore, Aberdeenshire, where there had been a Roman Marching Camp. Kintore was the school I taught in, and the village in which I still live. The marching camp was thought to be Agricolan (approximately AD 73/74), possibly harbouring some 4000 Roman soldiers, approximately a legion's worth. That was a great start to our studies. I had great fun with my classes as we investigated what it would have been like for them as Ancient Celts living in Kintore when the Romans invaded the area. We built wattle and daub walls for roundhouses on the grass outside my mobile classroom (pretty messy, but very good for summer-term outside activities) having collected the willow twigs, mosses and mud from local woods. We made small scale Celtic villages and dyed cloth and wool – all from plant materials. We marched Roman style across the playing field, under which lay the Roman Marching Camp. We did many other fun-filled activities like a re-enactment of the Battle of Mons Graupius - between the Roman Empire and the warriors of the Celtic chief named Calgacus (the Roman historian, Tacitus, having been largely responsible for this information). Naturally our cardboard swords meant zero blood loss- health and safety rules applying during all outside activities even back then. I was hooked on Celtic/Roman Britain history – and I truly believe those kids were too!
Kintore dig
By 2002, our Victorian built school was too small and a new school was planned, to be built on that very field where we had made battle. No new building could occur till a fairly large scale archaeological excavation was undertaken, and between 2002 and 2004 the results of the dig were astonishing. Technology had made sufficient advances and the conclusions were that the site had likely been occupied on at least three occasions by the Roman Army. The Agricolan camp might have sheltered as many as 10,000 soldiers, according to the new parameters found for the rampart ditch walls. The two hundred and fifty plus Roman bread ovens that were uncovered (dendrochronology only one technique used) were also substantial corroboration for the increase in the number of soldiers harboured at the camp. Only a part of the site was available for the dig and the estimate based on that: an oven pit thought to have been created for a contubernium squad of eight to ten men.
All classes at the school were invited over to the dig during the excavation period and were briefly updated. My class of 2004, 11-12 year olds, wrote such fabulous stories of the Roman invasion of the area. If they could do such wonderful work, then so could I - was my thought at the beginning of the long school summer holiday. I spent virtually the whole six week break writing the basis of what is my time-travel novel for early teens. Since then it has undergone many changes, though. Initially set in the Agricolan period (AD 84) I later changed it to be in the Severan era of AD 210: that made it during the very last large scale Roman campaign in north-east Scotland. (A Severan camp is also thought to have been at the same site at Kintore)
My reason for changing the time period was that during yet another vacation I wrote the first draft of what eventually became The Beltane Choice, the first novel in my Celtic Fervour series. I had no wish to use the same location and time period in my romantic adventure that I had used for my early teen novel, so I set The Beltane Choice in northern Brigantia in AD 71 (currently the north of England). That location was particularly chosen since the Roman Governor of the time, Quintus Petilius Cerialis Caesius Rufus, was making huge advances northwards in Britannia.
Cerialis is documented as …"having at once struck terror into their hearts by invading the commonwealth of the Brigantes, which is said to be the most numerous tribe of the whole province: many battles were fought, sometimes bloody battles, and by permanent conquest or by forays he annexed a large portion of the Brigantes." (translation from the Annals of Tacitus)
It took a number of drafts (those summer holidays again) and occasional forays of new research on the era in northern Britain to ensure the facts I used about the period were as accurate as possible-still a challenge given the dearth of resources. After I ceased full-time teaching in 2008, I submitted The Beltane Choice to publishers. On the third try, it was eventually published in August 2012 by Crooked Cat Publishing.
When I set myself to write a sequel to it in late 2012, I wanted to focus a bit more on Roman aspects since The Beltane Choice is heavy on the Celtic bias. I went back to Library sources again to find out more specific details about fort and signal tower building in northern Brigantia. I revisited the sources written specifically on the Governorships in Britannia of Cerialis, Frontinus and Agricola – approximately the period between AD 69 and AD 85.
I used the Inter-Library Loan Services and borrowed text material from The British Library: accessing sources suggested to me by Dr. Mark Patton, a fellow Crooked Cat author who is also an archaeologist. My main text to refer back to again and again, tended to be Sheppard Frere's Britannia, A History of Roman Britain (though dated, as it was written pre 1980s, it still held relevant information). I dipped into Patrick Ottaway's Roman York to learn about the earliest fort at Eboracum (just sufficient about the original wooden fort to satisfy me). I scoured translations of the Annals of Tacitus and of the few other Roman and Greeks historians who made brief mentions of Roman campaigns in northern Britannia.
Though there was still not very much to go on, I allowed my imagination to lead me into book two of the series which I named After Whorl: Bran Reborn. Many small forts, and some even larger fortresses, seem to have been built (or rebuilt since wooden structures had a limited 'shelf life') during the governorship of Cerialis. I focused on that aspect, and on the lines of communication set up by both Romans and Celts in the territory of northern Brigantia.
My male Celtic protagonist, Brennus of Garrigill from The Beltane Choice, does a little bit of spying on Roman troop movements and fort building – a core element of the novel. Aided by Ineda of Marske they send on information to the Brigante King Venutius, till something rather unfortunate happens.
The writing was going well till I realised my time-lines didn't really match up as my Brigante spies moved further north into the lands of the Selgovae (present day southern Scotland). I spent many hours trawling the internet to access the most recent information on fort excavations and was delighted to find that my own timeline (chosen to match incidents in my fictitious tale) was matching most recent data but not that of the 1970s scholars. Quite enervated, and definitely relieved, I continued to write and write. After a while, I realised that my follow-on story to The Beltane Choice had developed into two stories. After Whorl-Bran Reborn will be published on 16th December 2013 by Crooked Cat Publishing, the second book of the series. After Whorl-Donning Double Cloaks will be published in the spring of 2014 as the third book- the stories continuing.
By the end of book three, After Whorl-Donning Double Cloaks, I've taken my Garrigill Brigantes from Brigantia all the way up to the Bennachie, only nine miles from my home area of Aberdeenshire. The range of hills named Bennachie is one of the most likely sites in northern Scotland for the great battle referred to in The Annals of Tacitus where the Roman Empire's army battled against the Celtic leader named Calgacus. In my Battle of Mons Graupius (the name coined by scholars during the nineteenth century), Rome makes battle with Calgach, my name for the Celtic leader a more Gaelic sounding form.
So, given the difficulties of researching in a dearth of prime source information, I have great hopes that the readers of my Celtic Fervour series enjoy my fictitious tales set in as sound a historical background as I can possibly make it.
Than you for inviting me today, Tinney, on my little blog tour to launch After Whorl-Bran Reborn.
Some additional information:
After Whorl: Bran Reborn is available for pre-order in paperback from Amazon UK (http://www.amazon.co.uk/After-Whorl-Reborn-Nancy-Jardine/dp/1909841323/ref=pd_rhf_gw_p_t_1_CEPA)
Facebook Launch Party **Giveaways**
For a chance to enter the draw for a 'triquetra' necklace and other prizes join Nancy's Facebook Launch party https://www.facebook.com/events/520880144659724/ and look for details of how to win the prizes on offer.
Blog launch Tour **Special Prize**
A special Blog Tour 'friend' will WIN a mystery gift for the most commented visits to blogs during the launch tour for After Whorl: Bran Reborn. (i.e. most comments between 9th Dec and 18th Dec wins the prize) To be sure you don't miss any blog posts check Nancy's Blog regularly between the 9th Dec and the 17th Dec. http://nancyjardine.blogspot.com
Nancy Jardine lives in the fantastic 'castle country' of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, with her husband. She spends her week making creative excuses for her neglected large garden; doesn't manage as much writing as she always plans to do since she's on Facebook too often, but she does have a thoroughly great time playing with her toddler granddaughter when she's just supposed to be 'just' childminding her twice a week.
A lover of all things historical it sneaks into most of her writing along with many of the fantastic world locations she has been fortunate to visit. Her published work to date has been two non fiction history related projects; two contemporary ancestral mysteries; one light-hearted contemporary romance mystery and a historical novel. She has been published by The Wild Rose Press and Crooked Cat Publishing.
You'll find Nancy at the following places: Amazon UK author page Amazon US author page Blog Website Facebook Goodreads About Me LinkedIn Twitter @nansjar Google+
I'd like to thank Nancy for sharing this post with us, and I know we all wish her all the best with her book launch.
Nancy Jardine holds copyright to the images in this post, with the exception of the photos of the statues of Septimius Severus and Julius Agricola, which are in the public domain.
Posted by Tinney Heath at 6:18 PM 3 comments:
Labels: Afterwhorl, Celtic Fervour series, Nancy Jardine
Contest winner, and what's up next
Tower with Ghibelline (swallowtail) crenellations, Assisi
We have a winner! The contest in a previous post (here) has been well and truly won by Monique Liddle, whose absolutely correct and amazingly prompt answers appear in her comment at the end of the blog. Monique, please get in touch with me so I can send you the book you've won. I need to know your preferred format and where to send it. Congratulations, and thanks for entering!
On December 24th I will be hosting a guest post from author Nancy Jardine, who is promoting her new book, After Whorl: Bran Reborn, the second book in her Celtic Fervour series set in Roman Britain. She will describe what goes into researching a not-so-well-documented period, and I think you'll find it very interesting.
I'm recently back from a research trip to Assisi, where I had the privilege of spending a wonderful three weeks. My husband and I stayed in an apartment just a few yards from the cathedral, with its ancient romanesque facade. Had it been the thirteenth century, we would have been Saint Clare's next-door neighbors. We had a spectacular view out across the valley. We spent many days in the Basilica of Saint Francis, studying and enjoying the frescoes. That remarkable building is probably the most extraordinary indoor space I have ever been in (though the Sistine Chapel and the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua are both close competitors).
Naturally I will be blogging about this, but with all of the things that accumulated while we were away and the holidays coming up, it may come out in bits and pieces.
To whet your appetite, I'll post a random selection from our photos taken in Assisi:
View from our window
Fortress on a hill (the Rocca)
The Rocca, up close
View of the city
Nothing is flat here - lots of up and down
The cathedral
View from the Basilica of Saint Francis
The Basilica of Saint Francis
Assisi's answer to America's Pizzeria Uno
Images in this post are all photographs taken by Timothy Heath, who holds copyright.
Posted by Tinney Heath at 7:09 AM 5 comments:
Jimmy the Rat (or, A mercenary, a nobleman, and a ladies' man)
On October 6, 1308, the Florentine knight Corso Donati was slain by a Catalan mercenary while trying to flee the city after being sentenced to death for insurrection.
Much could be written about the complex politics that led to this fatal moment, but this time I wanted instead to see if we could answer this question: who was that Catalan who drove a spear into Corso Donati's throat?
A quick internet search yielded the name Diego della Ratta (also known as da la Rapta, de la Rat, da la Racta, de Larach). Diego was a Spanish nobleman, and in the year 1308 he was working for the Florentine government as marshall, commanding 250-300 Catalan mercenary soldiers.
Is he the man in the picture above?
Well, no, probably not. The internet is not omniscient, and a little digging around among less glib but more reliable sources told me that the guy on the other end of the spear was probably actually Diego's young brother-in-law, Berengario Carroccio.
However, I couldn't learn much about Berengario, other than that he was a valorous warrior who was to distinguish himself later, in the Battle of Montecatini, in 1315.
But I found quite a bit about Diego, and since Diego was the commander, Berengario would have been acting on his kinsman's orders. Therefore I think it's legitimate to take a look at Diego in this context.
First, though, let's take a closer look at the actual event.
Some sources say Corso deliberately fell from his horse, knowing full well that he would be killed, because he did not wish to be dragged back to Florence to face his accusers. Having tried unsuccessfully to bribe his captors, he chose to sacrifice his life. Once he was down, the Catalan speared him in the throat.
Other sources say that the spearman struck Corso and knocked him off his horse, whereupon he died.
In Dino Compagni's record (and Dino was a contemporary of Corso and Diego), we learn that Diego's brother-in-law Berengario arrived after Corso had been captured by the other mercenaries, and that although the others urged him to kill the prisoner, he refused. But "he was sent again, and this second time he struck messer Corso in the throat with a Catalan lance and then another blow to the flank, and knocked him to the ground. Some monks carried messer Corso to the abbey [San Salvo], and there he died..."
Who would have sent Berengario "again"? In all likelihood, that decision was made by Diego, who might have been with his troops on the spot, or might still have been back in the city (it isn't far away).
So, what was this Spaniard doing in Italy, anyway? What made him leave Barcelona and come, first to southern Italy and then to points north?
Beginning of the War of the Sicilian Vespers
It all goes back to the War of the Sicilian Vespers, which began in 1282 when the Sicilians reacted against one insult too many and revolted against their French ruler, Charles I. Although the Sicilians succeeded in slaughtering the French with a certain dogged thoroughness, they did not manage to achieve self-governance. The pope wanted them to take Charles back (Charles ran the show from Naples, so he did not get personally caught up in the massacre), but Pedro III of Aragon had other ideas. The upshot was that Sicily passed from French rule to Spanish.
Pedro III arrives in Sicily
This began an influx of Spaniards into Italy. Diego seems to have come to Italy in the retinue of Iolande (Yolanda, Iolanda) of Aragon, who was coming to Naples to wed Robert of Anjou, Duke of Calabria and heir to the throne of Naples. This was part of a deal to have the House of Aragon stick to Sicily and leave the Kingdom of Naples to the French.
Iolande
Iolande, who was Manfred's daughter and therefore granddaughter to Frederick II, did not live to become queen of Naples. Diego, however, seems to have become firmly established on Italian soil; his first wife, Domicella, was a lady of the court of Iolande's successor, Sancia di Maiorca, Robert's second wife, who did become queen when Robert became king in 1309.
Even before that, Diego had become a trusted deputy to Robert. He served as Robert's vicar in the Romagna for a time; he was active for years in Tuscany, present at the siege of Pistoia in 1306, and active in opposing Emperor Henry VII (in whom Dante vainly placed his hopes for Florence and his own return from exile) in 1311. He accrued prestigious military titles and became a member of the Italian landed nobility as well as the Spanish (he passed along the title of Count of Caserta to his son Francesco, Caserta being in Robert's duchy of Calabria).
Dante suggests that Diego and his Catalans are greedy (Paradiso VIII); Giovanni Villani calls them a group of "valient and renowned men of war."
But titles and general descriptions aside, it's Giovanni Boccaccio - as it so often is - who unerringly shows us the man.
Boccaccio was the author of an extraordinary book of short stories called the Decameron. His premise is that a group of ten young people, alarmed by the terrifying progress of the plague in Florence in 1348, flee the city, and spend ten days amusing each other by telling stories: one each, per day - 100 stories; hence, the Decameron.
The storytellers of the Decameron
In his third story on the sixth day, Boccaccio tells a tale which splashes a bit of mud on both Diego and on Florence's bishop, messer Antonio d'Orso (or Antonio degli Orsi), bishop from 1309-1321, so this tale takes place at least a year after Corso's death).
Tomb of Bishop Antonio d'Orso
Messer Diego della Ratta, Boccaccio tells us, was the Marshall of King Robert. He was handsome, and very much a ladies' man. He was most attracted to a young married woman, who happened to be the bishop's brother's niece. Diego had heard that the lady's husband was corrupt, so he made an arrangement to pay the man 500 gold florins for possession of the lady for one night. But Diego took some small-value coins and had them gilded, so that they looked like florins but were of much less value, and with that he paid the man. He enjoyed his night with the lady, against her will. The story of the false coins became widely known, and the joke was on the corrupt husband. The bishop wisely pretended to know nothing about it, though he and Diego were often in each other's company.
On one occasion during the Feast of San Giovanni, the two men were looking over the ladies who were lined up to watch the palio, a horse race always run to celebrate the feast day of Florence's patron saint. The bishop saw a young woman, monna Nonna de' Pulci, beautiful, clever, and recently married. He pointed her out to Diego, and then when they came closer to the woman, the bishop asked her, "Nonna, what do you think of this man? Could you win him over, do you think?" Rather un-bishoplike behavior, one might have thought.
Nonna, understandably, felt that her reputation was at stake, thanks to her uncle's brother. Knowing - as everyone did - the story of the unfortunate woman sold for small change, she replied,
"Sir, it's unlikely that he could win me over, but if he did, I'd want to be paid in real money."
Both the bishop and Diego realized they had been bested, so they rode on without another word.
And with that, we too will allow the lady the last word, and leave this tale of the discomfiture of the man behind Corso Donati's death.
Images in this post are in the public domain, with the exception of the photo of Caserta, which is licensed to photographer Kris de Curtis via Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license, and the photo of Bishop Antonio's tomb, licensed to Sailko via Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, both from Wikimedia Commons.
Labels: Berengario Carroccio, Corso Donati, Diego della Ratta, Giovanni Boccaccio
A dearth of evidence can be overcome! Guest post ...
Jimmy the Rat (or, A mercenary, a nobleman, and a ...
A few interesting links
Archivio di Stato di Firenze
BAPTISTERIA SACRA: An Iconographic Index of Baptismal Fonts
Battaglia di Campaldino
Callihoo Publishing
Castello di Poppi (with the Museum of the Battle of Campaldino)
Christian Catacombs of Rome
Conservazione della citta' di Firenze
Dante Resources on the Internet
Dartmouth Dante Project
Decameron Web (Brown University)
Electronic Bulletin of the Dante Society of America
Festa dei Ceri (Gubbio)
Find a Grave (Italy)
Gaetano Salvemini: Magnati e popolani in Firenze del 1280 ad 1295
Il Castello dei Conti Guidi in Poppi
International Congress on Medieval Studies
Late 14th Century Chronology
Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature
Medieval Market in Siena (with links to videos)
Medieval Sources Online (Manchester University)
Musee National du Moyen Age
Museo Casa di Dante
Museums of the Olive in the Mediterranean
NetSERF: The Internet Connection for Medieval Resources
The Labyrinth: Resources for Medieval Studies (Georgetown University)
The Medieval Review
Villani's Chronicles
Walks in Florence
World of Dante
Medieval Organs
See that pretty instrument? That's my baby - my gorgeous handmade portative organ, created in the Netherlands by a master organmak...
Medieval Italian insults
Angry words. Words intended to give offense, to hurt. To damage, whether feelings or reputation. We have no shortage of angry words i...
The Real Lions of Florence
Mom rescuing little Orlanduccio from a lion, mid thirteenth century Florence has a thing about lions. Stone lions, heraldic lions, a...
Grandfather of his country: Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360-1429) Was Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici really known as the grandfather of his country? We...
Fast Food in Medieval Italian Cities
Welcome to the Summer Banquet Blog Hop! With 31 blogs involved, this gives readers 31 chances to read about food in different ...
Profile of Troy: The Hittite-Trojan Connection (Guest post by Judith Starkston)
This week I'd like to introduce a guest blogger whose research fascinates me. Judith Starkston, novelist and book reviewer, sets her hi...
The Wheel of Fortune (Part 1 of 2)
Luck, be a lady. It would be hard to overstate the importance of Boethius's great work, The Consolation of Philosophy , among sc...
What Hittite and Mycenaean Women "Did" (guest post by Judith Starkston)
Trojan Women: Women's Roles in Ancient Anatolia and Mycenaean Greece Part I If you wish to read the introduction to this series on ...
Minstrel Schools in the Middle Ages
When you get a lot of musicians together in one place, interesting things happen. Terry Jones, medievalist and Python, cites an example...
A Medieval Doctor and His Career
Taddeo Alderotti was something of a rock star among 13th century physicians. A brilliant teacher and a skilled medical practitioner, Tad...
Background image by Sailko:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bologna_museum,_frammenti_dell%27arca_di_giovanni_da_legnano_%28m._1383%29_pier_paolo_delle_masegne_e_jacobello_02.JPG
Photos in slideshow by Timothy Heath
Judith Starkston
Tinney Heath


text:
GUICoherenceMode::GUICoherenceMode()
{
	// NOTE: uncomment WINDOW_FRAMELESS in main_Windows.cpp to let the engine control everything (including window borders and titlebars etc.)

	m_window = new VinylScratcher();
	//m_window = new Console();
	///engine->setConsole((Console*)m_window);

	m_window->enableCoherenceMode();
	m_window->open();

	// engine overrides
	convar->getConVarByName("console_overlay")->setValue(0.0f);
	convar->getConVarByName("fps_max")->setValue(420.0f);
	convar->getConVarByName("fps_max_background")->setValue(10.0f);
	convar->getConVarByName("fps_max_background_interleaved")->setValue(10.0f);
	convar->getConVarByName("vsync")->setValue(1.0f);

	Console::execConfigFile("autoexec.cfg");
}

GUICoherenceMode::~GUICoherenceMode()
{
	///engine->setConsole(NULL);

	SAFE_DELETE(m_window);
}

void GUICoherenceMode::draw(Graphics *g)
{
	m_window->draw(g);
}

void GUICoherenceMode::update()
{
	m_window->update();
}

void GUICoherenceMode::onKeyDown(KeyboardEvent &key)
{
	m_window->onKeyDown(key);
}

void GUICoherenceMode::onKeyUp(KeyboardEvent &key)
{
	m_window->onKeyUp(key);
}

void GUICoherenceMode::onChar(KeyboardEvent &charCode)
{
	m_window->onChar(charCode);
}

void GUICoherenceMode::onResolutionChanged(Vector2 newResolution)
{
	m_window->onResolutionChange(newResolution);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Return json list of values in SQL Server 2016 using data from 2 columns I have a database with 2 columns
A     B
--    --
X     1995
Y     2005
C     1962
D     2003

I'm trying to create a SQL statement that will take a string of comma delimited values and return a json list of values in B where any value in the string is in A
so if the comma delimited string was 'X,C' the json list would be [1995,1962]
I've been using json path to try this, but I can't get it exactly like I want it and I've been spinning my wheels for too long
This is what I've tried:
Select mt.B as json_list_b_values
 From  [dbo].[myTable] mt
Where  mt.A in (Select value From String_Split('X,C', ',')) for json path

This is the ouput:
[ {"json_list_b_values":"1995"}, {"json_list_b_values":"1962"} ]

A: If you are able to use FOR XML PATH('')
SELECT  DISTINCT
 QUOTENAME((STUFF(
    (
      SELECT ',' + try_convert(varchar(4),mt.B)
      FROM [dbo].[myTable] mt
      WHERE mt.a in ('X','C')
      FOR XML PATH('')
    ), 1, 1, '')));

If not, you could do a lot of REPLACE()ments
    SELECT  DISTINCT
 QUOTENAME(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE((STUFF(
    (
      SELECT  mt.B as '}'
      FROM [dbo].[myTable] mt
      WHERE mt.a in ('X','C')
      FOR JSON PATH, WITHOUT_ARRAY_WRAPPER
    ), 1, 1, '')),'"',''),'}',''),'{',''),':',''))

Result for both:
(No column name)
[1995,1962]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Nigeria @ 57: Bring Back The Mammoth By Comr. Okhifo Oscar.
muzzammilwrites	Editorials, inspirational, politics	 October 4, 2017 August 11, 2018 4 Minutes
Happy Independence to Nigeria at 57! Yes, though we have been through downs together, it would have been an apogee to excuse myself from the celebration. Of course, we are in this together; we must all participate in the brainstorming to overcome.
I eloquently share in the view of some about the hastiness of our colonial freedom. They have, over the years, insisted that the independence of 1960 was too much in a hurry. For their arguments, they believed the colonial masters should have tarried a little longer. Perhaps, a similar development like the one in South Africa would have been the light.
As obvious, the level of infrastructural development and education would have been less abysmal. Unlike what we have at the present; Our self-rule struggle hadnt fetched us enough qualities like those years. As a matter of fact, there are communities where the only surviving means of formal education are the schools that were built by either the colonial influence or the missionaries.
Those who have had the mandate to lead such people simply refused to add up to what they grew up to meet. Such comatose has loudened the cry of pain. A society with an homegrown authorities but lack the basic needs for survival. What a dismal.
The elites of those times, aided by their subjects, worked together
to achieve goals. This sense of unity was one of the factors that helped during the struggle for independence. With such experience, they taught they could rule themselves even better without foreign supervision.
They had taught the foreigners were cheating and handicapping them. They wanted the colonialists to go. May be they should have been patient enough to learn well from the colonies; may be they should have seen the future first. But they(our heroes past) taught "We can rule ourselves". So the Briton left.
It only took years after for us to realise how big the new country is. The various nations within the Nigeria Nation began to antagonize each other. They began to appreciate that they did not know themselves as they thought they did. The various regions had legions of alibis and reasons to distrust the others.
Even the smaller nations aside the 3 major ones found out that their interests was not captured in the entire post independent Nigeria. Up til today, the Hausa/Fulani, Igbo and Yoruba concept is still the major creed. What about the people of Etsako, The Esans, the Igbirras, the igallas, the tivs, the Ibibios, the calabaris, the Ogonis and so on.
It became dawn that only enough wisdom and not knowlege would rule a 'nation' as 'big' as Nigeria. Indeed and in fact, a people that is so heterogeneous in nature ought to have been assured of their due space within the larger space. Maybe they should have tarried a little longer.
But anyway and anyhow, the Britons are gone and the independence had come. The unseen or the worries of the minorities that were ignored soon ballooned to Olympian size. And Just 6 years later, shortly after the Republic, the country went up in flames. I often wonders what the white were thinking at the time Nigerians were shelling themselves. The country they just granted independence only years back?
The 1967-70 civil war from all narrations was not only brutal but also damaging to the nationhood. Nigeria has since then not recover from the mishaps. Till today, the country is still coldly divided. The military coups that led to the war are still very historic and symbolic: the Kaduna Nzeogwu coup and the counter coup both in 1966 are termed Igbo coup and Hausa coup respectively.
Although we came out of the war again to proclaim oneness, the peace seem not to be absolute. All the same, we stayed as one. The civilians, however pressurise for a shake up in administration. They wanted the military to unhand governance in due course. After so many years, in an on and off circulation, the military reluctantly moved to the barracks. And so the dream finally came true in 1999.
Therefore in the last 18 yrs, the civilians have been in charge. But what have we seen? it's been a repetition of the same offenses and ills they had accused the military of. Nigeria has been wobbling and searching for the right leaders to lead her out of her state of limbo. It is only in deceit we refer to our self as great when we actually are not.
When we want to console our selves we call us the giant of Africa. We say that we are the most populous black nation on earth. Very true but, what is giant in a giant that has not protected his huge population? What is big in an economy that can't provided the basic needs for citizens?
In summary, Nigeria @57 can best be described as a sleeping giant. Its high time the giant woke up to take his pride of place. We are right to say that the founders of Nigeria did not fix the Nigeria nation on a solid foundation. But, does it still make sense to keep blaming them? We accused the military of enthroning corruption other illegal practices and we have done more than they did.
The colonialists have gone, our founding fathers have gone too. Blaming them now no longer appeal to common sense. It is now our responsibility to pull us out of the sandy foundation they built on. It is now our responsibility to reform and give flesh to the carcass that the military left.
Let us do the needful . Let us insist on doing the right thing. Let us build a solid country that will accommodate everyone, every faith and every view. Until we do that, we shall continue to be a sleeping giant even @100. May God guide and guard our leaders right and help our highly deprived youths to reconnect with the fact that there is hope when there is still life.
Nigeria is our country. Whatever it will take, let's make it work. Let the coming generations have many reasons to roll in green and white. As Hugo Grotius says "States are immortal" we will all leave some day while Nigeria remains. The type of Nigeria we will leave behind shall either trigger hailings or hailstorms from those who will come after us.
God bless Nigeria,
Okhifo Oscar O.
Edited and posted on muzzammilwrites.
#ChangeBeginsWithMe
Okhifo Oscar
YOUTHS AND CREATIVITY
Published October 4, 2017 August 11, 2018
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Personal papers, family papers, and institutional records document various businesses and industries in Philadelphia and the surrounding region during the 20th century. Some of the industries represented include insurance, real estate, banking and finance, manufacturing, coal mining, transportation, printing and publishing, and retail.
Please note that this is in not a comprehensive guide to HSP's manuscript collections relating to 20th-century business history. It is meant to serve as a starting point to help users locate collections that may be of interest to them.
HSP staff is regularly adding finding aids to the website. Users should click on a collection's title to see whether a full online finding aid is available.
The Clearing House Association of Philadelphia was organized in 1858 to provide a common place where representatives of the associated banks could exchange checks and settle balances. The records include: correspondence, 1858-1958, primarily with the member Philadelphia banks; financial reports, 1885-1909, on gold certificates, U.S. legal tender certificates, collateral securities, and gold coin held by the Clearing House for member banks; semi-annual statements, 1858-1939, of expenditures and expenses; journals, 1887-1957; cashbooks, 1858-1940; ledger, 1890-1895; account books, 1949-1958; records on other clearing houses in the United States, 1914, 1929-1957, including correspondence, reports, and miscellaneous items; Keystone National Bank liquidation records, including journals, 1890-1891, correspondence and miscellaneous financial records, 1891-1930; Union Bank and Trust Company liquidation records, 1929-1934; examiner's report on the Kensington Security Bank and Trust Company, 1931; claims of members against other banks, 1931; and settlement sheets, 1930-1931. There are also a few records on bank mergers in Philadelphia; the clearing of ration checks, 1943-1946; miscellaneous scrapbooks; National Currency Association of Philadelphia minutes, 1908-1914; and other records.
Albert M. Greenfield was a real estate broker, banker, and philanthropist of Philadelphia. He had many business interests among which were: Albert M. Greenfield & Co. (real estate), Bankers Securities Corporation, City Stores Co. (a chain of department stores), Bankers Bond & Mortgage Co., the Philadelphia Transportation Co., and its predecessor, the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company. Politically, Greenfield provided financial and other support to candidates for public office, including Edwin S. Vare of Philadelphia, Republican candidate for the United States Senate, 1926, and Lyndon B. Johnson, Democratic candidate for the presidency, 1960 and 1964; he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, 1928; a delegate-at-large to the Democratic National Conventions, 1948-1964; and a presidential elector, 1960. The large array of organizations in which Greenfield held prominent positions includes: Sesqui-Centennial Exposition of 1926; the Pennsylvania Constitutional Commemoration Commission, 1938; Pennsylvania Commission of Celebration of the 150th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence; World Affairs Council; Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce; Pennsylvania Water Resources Committee, 1951; Philadelphia National Shrines Park Commission, 1946-1956; and Fairmount Park Commission. He contributed to many institutions and organizations, including cultural and educational institutions such as Philadelphia Orchestra, Philadelphia Museum of Art, LaSalle College, and Lincoln University. In addition he founded the Albert M. Greenfield Foundation, a philanthropic institution created during his later years. Greenfield also supported a variety of Jewish institutions and organizations such as Federation of Jewish Charities, National Conference of Christians and Jews, Development Fund for American Judaism, American Jewish Tercentenary, 1954-1955, and Israel Philharmonic Orchestra.
These papers constitute the selected office files of Albert M. Greenfield. Incoming and outgoing correspondence make up the bulk of the collection, but there is also a great quantity of other material, including appointment books, photographs, newspaper clippings, pamphlets, periodicals, and reports. The papers for 1921-1966 cover several categories: personal, business, political, civic, philanthropic, Jewish affairs, and miscellaneous.The personal papers include mainly family, social, and private correspondence. They are interspersed throughout and constitute a small but important part of the collection. The collection contains, in addition, papers of Greenfield's two confidential secretaries, Donald Jenks, 1951-1954, and John O'Shea, 1954-1964, including correspondence, drafts of speeches, appointment books, and miscellaneous materials; and a few personal papers, 1922-1930, of Greenfield's first wife Edna Kraus Greenfield, including personal and social correspondence, financial records, and record book of the Ladies Auxiliary of the Jewish Hospital-Emergency Fund, Philadelphia, 1922.
The materials present in the Philadelphia Stock Exchange collection document exchange activities and history from 1746-2005. Items in the collection relate to sales and business transactions, conferences and symposiums, administrative functions, innovative technologies, people, events and publications. The collection is diverse with a variety of formats but the true strength of the papers lies with sales and business records.
Albert M. Greenfield papers, 1921-1966 (Collection 1959) 1,069 boxes, 85 volumes, 22 flat files (436.4 linear ft.) See listing under "Banking and Finance" above.
The Mutual Assurance Company for Insuring Houses from Loss by Fire was organized in Philadelphia in 1784, in order to make fire insurance available to those citizens who wished to have trees in front of their houses. A green tree was selected as a symbol to appear on the company's policies and fire marks. The company archives of the Mutual Assurance Company, familiarly known as the Green Tree, are arranged in five major sections: A. Histories of the company, research notes, and Eighteenth and Nineteenth century general papers; B. Minutes of meetings and related records; C. Cancelled surveys and cancelled policies; D. General papers, including correspondence; E. Financial records and receipts. The collection also includes fifty eight volumes of Treasurer's Accounts, Cash Books, Street Registers, etc. In addition there are 151 volumes of manuscript and typescript records, which include original and typescript copies of the Minutes of Meetings of the Board of Trustees, copies of the company's annual reports to the Pennsylvania Insurance Department, ledgers, and cash books, and other financial records.
The Philadelphia Contributionship, the oldest fire insurance company in the United States, was founded in 1752 and received a charter in 1768. From the beginning, the company inspected houses to be insured, reported faults in construction, and recommended changes to help protect against the risk of fire. Initially the company was purely mutual, whereby each member's deposit money was carried in a separate account, which was credited with interest earned and charged with its share of the losses. In 1763 this practice was changed so that all interest was earned on, and losses paid out of, a common account and each member's liability was limited to the amount of his deposit money. In 1810 the system of seven-year renewable policies was replaced with perpetual policies that require no renewal. The collection consists of insurance survey records on properties in Philadelphia and elsewhere in Pennsylvania, organized by location and including written reports, notes, diagrams of buildings (occasionally including blueprints), photographic prints, and negatives. Properties surveyed include houses, schools, churches, businesses, and non-profit institutions. Survey notes include policy numbers, names of owners, and information regarding a building's location, dimensions, construction, heating, lighting, waste disposal, and overall condition, as well as recommendations for safety improvements and whether or not to insure. There are also newspaper clippings, claims for losses by fire, and correspondence related to policies and claims.
The Coxe Family Mining Papers document the history of what once was the largest independent anthracite coal producer in the United States. Between 1865 and 1905 the Coxe family established and operated numerous companies for the purpose of developing the coal property purchased by the family patriarch, Tench Coxe, between 1790-1824. By the 1890s members of the Coxe family controlled multiple companies, collieries and mining towns in the Eastern-Middle Anthracite Field of Pennsylvania. The various Coxe-owned mining operations competed in an industry which was largely dominated by the major railroad lines of the region. Through the keen business management and ingenious engineering skill of Eckley B. Coxe, the Coxe family remained independent of the railroads for forty years. This distinction was brought to an end in 1905, when the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company purchased the capital stock of Coxe Brothers & Company, Inc.
Although the Coxe family surrendered the direct control of their mining operations, they did retain ownership of all their coal property. During the years 1905-1968, the Estate of Tench Coxe acted as land agents for their vast coal properties. In return for the coal-leases granted predominantly to Coxe Brothers & Company, Inc., the Estate of Tench Coxe received large monthly royalty payments, which were then distributed to the various Coxe Heirs. In 1950, the Estate of Tench Coxe cancelled its lease with Coxe Brothers & Company, Inc. Although this had the effect of placing Coxe Brothers out of business, the Estate continued to lease its property to various other operating agents. In 1962, the Coxe family began to liquidate its property, due in large part to the depressed condition of the anthracite industry. Six years later the remaining portions of the Coxe Estate were sold, ending nearly 200 years of active involvement in the coal business.
The Coxe Family Mining Papers document the Coxe family and its ownership of coal lands in northeastern Pennsylvania, as well as the various mining enterprises that were formed by the Coxes. The papers date from 1774 to 1968, with the bulk of the materials dating from 1905-1968. The collection includes land records, financial papers, mining and engineering files, corporate administrative materials, labor and employee papers, family records, bound volumes and photographs. Materials are divided into three record groups: the Estate of Tench Coxe, Coxe Mining Company Operations, and Coxe Family Files. Nearly all the materials are in English, with a few items in German.
Sophia Yarnall Jacobs was a civic worker and author. She attended Bryn Mawr College from 1919-1921, marrying Reginald Robert Jacobs in 1921. They divorced in 1937, and she served as secretary of the United Nations Council (later the World Affairs Council of Philadelphia) and was president of the National Council of Women from 1960-1963. The Sophia Yarnall Jacob papers contain photocopies of correspondence, photocopies of newspaper clippings, research notes, manuscript drafts, printed materials, letter books, and photographs. All the files relate either to the Coxe family or to the various Coxe mining enterprises. The papers are divided into two series, Coxe family research materials and bound volumes, and date from 1861-1990.
The Autocar Company was located in Ardmore. Founded in 1899 by Louis S. Clarke and his brother John S. Clarke, the Autocar Company became a pioneer of the automotive industry, producing passenger cars and commercial motor vehicles. After 1910 the company produced commercial motor vehicles exclusively. The company became a division of White Motor Company in 1954. The records include: minutes, 1899-1953, 1953-1954; annual reports, 1929-1952; ledgers, 1909-1952, contain year-end figures; list of officers and directors, 1899-1925; and miscellaneous items. Much of the material, 1942-1945, is on Autocar Company war production of heavy duty military vehicles.
In 1917, American International Shipbuilding was contracted by the U.S. government to manufacture ships and build a shipyard at Hog Island, Philadelphia, in an effort to support American soldiers fighting overseas during World War I. President Woodrow Wilson's wife, Edith, christened the yard's first completed ship, the freight steamer Quistconck, in August 1918. The shipyard ceased operations in 1921. Howard F. Baile of Gloucester City, N.J., worked as an inspector at Hog Island Shipyard. His collection of related items includes photographs of the yard and ships, including those of the launch of the Quistconck; programs and invitations; a copy of General Specifications: Hog Island Shipyard, Plant, and Property, July 1920; and issues of Hog Island News from 1918 and 1921. Additionally, there are two navy surplus auction catalogues, 1924 and 1928; a liquidation catalogue for the facilities of Wm. Cramp and Sons, undated; and a printed hearing before the U.S. Senate of the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, 1919; various issues of Hog Island News, 1918-1921; two issues of Emergency Fleet News, July and August 1918; and a small group of receipts, invoices, purchase orders, and form letters. There is also a pin of the U.S.-E.F.C. 606 Shipping Board.
Forty six volumes of diaries and scrapbooks, 1942-1989, which document both visually and textually the daily lives of a Philadelphia, Pa. suburban couple. The scrapbooks include photographs, Christmas and birthday cards, ephemera from social events, and material relating to their children's education and interests. These "memory books" go several steps beyond the typical scrapbook, however. They often include items that are more readily classified as artifacts -- apple stems, dixie cup spoons, and probably most memorably, a wishbone from a turkey. Mary Ann Clapp obviously spent a great deal of time compiling these albums and most items are captioned or refer the viewer to the diaries, take up the latter part of each volume.
Joseph Fels, Philadelphia-London soap manufacturer, was a leader in the Single Tax movement. After his death in 1914, the Single Tax was carried on by the Joseph Fels Fund Commission. Correspondence discussing economic and political reform in the United States, Europe, South American, and China, includes letters of Antonio Albenden, Earl Barnes, Gilbert Keith Chesterton, James Ludwig Hardie, Peter Kropotkin, William Hesketh Lever, Meyer Lissner, Wilhelm Ludwig Schrameier, and Samuel Fels, his brother and partner in Fels and Company, manufacturers of Fels-Naptha Soap. Copies of letters, 1899, 1906-1909, on the Fairhope Single Tax Colony in Alabama. Correspondence, 1906-1914, with Israel Zangwill, and others, on the establishment of Jewish Agricultural Settlements by the Jewish Territorial Organization (I.T.O.). Miscellaneous speeches and articles by and about Joseph Fels. There is also correspondence, 1915-1918, of Daniel Kiefer, the Chairman of the Joseph Fels Fund Commission.
Papers, 1907-1952, of Fels's wife, Mary Fels, include: discussions of women's politics, Zionism, business, financial, and personal matters. Correspondents include: Rifka Aaronsohn, Newton Diehl Baker, Anna Barnes, Walter Coates, "Gypsy Bill" Cortez, and Frank Smith. Letters, reviews, and clippings about her writings including a typescript with notes of The Life of Joseph Fels. Scrapbooks with clippings about Joseph Fels, on his death, including In Memorium. Guest book, 1906-1908, of Fels's home in Bickley, Kent. Correspondence, 1953-1956, and notes, clippings, and printed material of Arthur Power Dudden, relating to his research for Joseph Fels and the single tax movement, 1971. In Memorium in Danish and Swedish with English translations.
Seven series of papers including: correspondence, publications, Fels and Company, financial records, legal papers, biography, and miscellaneous. Samuel Simeon Fels, youngest son of Lazarus and Susanna Fels, was born in Yanceyville, N.C., on February 16, 1860. His family moved north to settle in Philadelphia, where in 1876 Samuel joined the soap manufacturing business established that year by his older brother. The firm, Fels & Co., was incorporated in 1914, and Samuel became its first president, holding the office until his death in 1950. (The company was sold to Purex Corporation in 1964.) While remaining active in the affairs of Fels & Co., he also became one of Philadelphia's most prominent philanthropists. He took an active interest in, and gave generous support to civic, scientific, cultural, and educational causes. In 1936 Fels established the Samuel S. Fels Fund to continue financial support in these areas.
The correspondence series, 1889-1957, is comprised primarily of Fels's personal letters and business correspondence. The letters reflect Fels's philanthropic services as well as his interests in civic affairs and government reform. Financial concerns as well as Fels's interest in the medical field, in scientific research, and in music and musicians are also documented in this series. There is also a section in this series for the Samuel S. Fels Fund.There is Fels & Co. Executive Committee and Board of Directors correspondence, 1952-1965; Board of Directors minutes, 1914-1965; and annual reports 1951-1964. The publication series contains notes, drafts, correspondence, and comments concerning Fels's book This Changing World (Boston, 1933), his pamphlet, "A Layman's Program for Peace" (reprint from the New York Times Magazine, 1943), and some miscellaneous writings, mostly about education, and war, and plans for peace. Financial records, 1904-1954, consist of Fels's personal tax returns and related papers; his personal and business bank books; bills and receipts; miscellaneous stock and insurance certificates; and estate papers. A small group of legal papers, 1916-1952, contain miscellaneous deeds, agreements, and estate papers. The biography series, 1950-1973, includes groups of letters on the death of Fels, as well as correspondence and some working papers concerning publication of a Fels biography written by Dale Phalen in 1969. The miscellaneous series contains clippings, photographs, blueprints, printed material, records, and scrapbooks concerning various projects and interests of Fels.
Otto W. Schaum and his son Fletcher Schaum were directors and managers of the Fletcher Works, a Philadelphia manufacturer of machinery for the textile industry. The firm began in 1850 as Schaum & Uhlinger and became the Fletcher Works ca. 1920 because of a change of stock ownership in this closed corporation. The Schaums retained their interests in the firm. The firm was sold in 1955. The records include Otto Schaum's foundry notebooks, 1890-1929, detailing the daily operations of the shop; annual financial statements of the firm, 1923-1955; records of cost estimates for orders and sales, 1920's-1946; and inventories of looms, 1952, and baten shop, 1953-1954. Of particular interest are the fairly extensive records of the firm's relations with its work force. Beginning with a 1945 job classification survey by the National Metal Trades Association, Fletcher Schaum's files reveal the company's efforts to adjust to unionization. Included are several time studies, 1946-1947, and a copy of the union contract with the International Moulders & Foundry Workers, Local #1, in 1948. There are additional wage surveys, 1951-1955, and information on employee retirement. Also included are papers containing correspondence with several Philadelphia banks on recapitalization in the 1920's and debt problems in 1930's and 1940's. Two personal account books of Otto Schaum, 1930-1947, a small group of Schaum family photographs and memorabilia complete the collection.
Primarily the personal papers of several related Philadelphia families, including correspondence, financial records, estate records, diaries, photographs, and much miscellanea. The earliest papers, 1814-1858, are by members of the Shaw, Craige, and Lippincott families, and include: correspondence; miscellaneous receipts; Sarah Lippincott's receipt book, 1826-1858; and the diary, 1839-1840 of Josephine Craige who in 1845 married J.B. Lippincott, the founder of the publishing house. The Sigmund H. Horstmann papers include a few personal letters, 1869-1870; and miscellaneous business records, 1851-1864, of Horstmann Brothers and Company, importers and manufacturers of military uniforms, insignias, and flags. His wife, Elizabeth West Horstmann, is represented by account books of household expenses, 1864; servant's wages, 1856-1896; travel expenses in Europe, 1869-1870; and two miscellaneous volumes. Also included are the European diaries, 1869-1870, 1873, of her daughters Sarah and Elizabeth Horstmann.
The bulk of the collection is made up of the personal papers, 1860-1927, of Walter Lippincott, son of J.B. Lippincott and husband of Elizabeth Horstman. It contains: incoming correspondence; accounts; bills and receipts; contracts; real estate records; tax records; household accounts; inventories; instructions to servants; photo albums; Lippincott's diary, 1892-1919, with brief notations on routine activities; transcript of Lippincott's interview with Admiral George Dewey on the problems of the German fleet at the battle of Manila Bay; school records and reports; and other miscellanea. Elizabeth Horstmann is represented by incoming letters, account book, 1884-1919, scrapbooks, school papers, and miscellanea. The papers, 1906-1950, of Bertha Horstman Lippincott Coles, the only child of Walter and Elizabeth Lippincott, include a few letters, some regarding her published writings; financial records on the large estate inherited from her parents and other properties; a diary, 1906-1907; papers on her work with the U.S. Service Club; and the manuscript of her book, Wound Stripes, (1921.)"
Francis Perot began a Philadelphia brewing and malting business in 1818. About 1825 he absorbed the brewery which had been founded in 1687 by Anthony Morris, Jr., and which was then owned by Perot's father-in-law, Thomas Morris, 2d. The Perot Malting Company gave up brewing in 1850, eventually closed its manufactories in Philadelphia and Oswego, N.Y. (acquired in 1882), and used only their malting plant in Buffalo, N.Y., which had been built in 1907. The company was acknowledged as the oldest American business firm until it was sold in 1963. The smattering of records here, consisting of 88 volumes and 200 loose papers, are all that survive housecleaning. They include ledgers and cashbooks, 1818-1953; salesbooks, 1873-1879, 1885-1953; minutes, receipt books, barley and malt accounts, rents and interests, contracts for the Buffalo plant construction.Perot family papers include: Francis Perot account books, 1823-1843, 1863-1885; William S. Perot, lawyer and estate executor for Sansom Perot, account books, 1836-1846; Elizabeth Marshall estate papers, 1862-1883; Mary Ann Marshall estate papers, 1881-1913; Elliston Joseph Perot diaries of academic, social, and church related activities, 1877-1901; and transcriptions of responses from the beyond to questions of T. Morris Perot, ca. 1890. Among the T. Morris Perot, Jr., papers, 1893-1945, is correspondence with Sarah Tyson Hallowell and her niece Harriet Hallowell, both living in Moretsur-Loing outside of Paris, on financial affairs and family news. In addition, the letters of Sarah Hallowell give glimpses of the coming of World War I, the Hallowells' hospital war work (financially supported by Perot), and post-war France. Harriet, who died in 1943, gives some commentary on the events of World War II, but the restrictions which the war placed on communications with France limit this information. There are also correspondence and annual reports of the Santo Domingo Silver Mining Company, with mines in Chihuahua, Mexico, of which Perot was a major stockholder, and correspondence on the Association of Centenary Firms.
John Wanamaker (1838-1922) was a merchant and entrepreneur. Active in religious, political, and philanthropic areas, he founded several Presbyterian churches and Sunday Schools and served as Postmaster General under President Benjamin Harrison, 1889-93. As merchant he opened Oak Hall in Philadelphia, PA, with partner Nathan Brown in 1861, founded John Wanamaker and Co. in 1869. In 1876, they opened ""A New Kind of Store"" known as the Grand Depot at 13th and Market Streets. This store later became the flagship store, with branches in Manhattan (NY), Westchester/Yonkers (NY), Moorestown (NJ), Wilmington (DE), Harrisburg (PA), Jenkintown (PA), King of Prussia (PA), Wynnewood (PA), Oxford Valley Mall-Langhorne (PA), Springfield (PA), Reading (PA), Deptford (NJ), Montgomery Mall-North Wales (PA), Lehigh Valley-Whitehall (PA), and Northeast Philadelphia. John Wanamaker was at the fore front in many areas in retailing including merchandising, employee relations and advertising. His sons Thomas B. Wanamaker and L. Rodman Wanamaker were active in the business, Thomas running John Wanamaker and Co. in Philadelphia and Rodman taking over the New York store operations in 1906. The collection is organized in five series: I. Personal records, (1850-1986); II. Store records, (1861-1987); III. Miscellaneous Publications, (1827-1917); IV. Prints and Photographs, (1861-1980, Bulk 1900-1936); V. Addendum.
Frederick M. Yost collection on John Wanamaker's department store publicity, 1861-1985 (Collection 3440) 45 boxes 13 volumes (63 linear ft.) This collection chronicles several decades of displays and promotions at John Wanamaker's department store, much of it under the supervision of Frederick M. Yost. Yost began working at Wanamaker's in 1948. From 1952 to 1965 he was in charge of sales promotions, and in 1965 became the Corporate Vice President. Yost's background included theater and lighting design. The collection includes papers and scrapbooks documenting public relations, advertising, special events, and store design and display. Also included are internal office memos, photographs of displays and their construction, architectural drawings, news clippings, and many materials pertaining to the elaborate Christmas displays and light shows that were a tradition at Wanamaker's.
The first successful Greek language newspaper published in America, Atlantis was founded in 1894 by Solon J. and Demetrius J. Vlasto. The paper was headed by a member of the Vlasto family until it closed in 1973. Published in New York City, it had a national circulation and influence. Atlantis supported the royalist faction in Greek politics until the mid-1960s. Other recurring editorial themes include naturalization, war relief, Greek-American business interests, and Greek religious unity. The records include legal files, correspondence, scrapbooks, subscription records, tax returns, financial ledgers and labor files that span the newspaper's entire history. Legal files include translations from Panhellinios, National Herald and other rival newspapers, as well as documentation of Atlantis' compliance with the 1917 Trading with the Enemy Act. Editorial files before 1963 are missing. Labor relations files and financial records are especially extensive.
Cyrus H. Curtis, a pioneer of modern magazine publishing in the United States, established the Curtis Publishing Company in 1891 in Philadelphia. Prior to this, Cyrus Curtis started his career by publishing a local weekly in Portland, Oregon, until a fire destroyed the plant. He later moved to Boston, Massachusetts, where he started to publish The People's Ledger magazine. He continued to publish the magazine after he moved to Philadelphia in 1876. The Curtis Publishing Company became one of the most influential publishing companies in the United States during the early 20th century, having published Ladies Home Journal, The Saturday Evening Post, Holiday, The American Home, Jack & Jill, and Country Gentleman.
The collection contains financial documents that include annual reports, reports to the Board of Directors, information on annual meetings, ledgers, bills, deeds, contracts, Old Age and Social Security Records, payroll accounts, etc. In Boxes 3 to 6 there is information on standards for advertisements, writing and advertising case histories; miscellaneous publications on business advertising; and some materials on history of the business press. Apart from this the collection contains slides, brochures, pamphlets, magazines, and newspapers that provide information on publishing industry and the Philadelphia business community. The collection also has two volumes of preferred and common stock certificates (which are mostly empty), bound copies of The Ladies Home Journal from 1913- 1917, and 1915 summaries of Saturday Evening Post and The Ladies Home Journal. In the latter half of the collection there is information on domestic subsidiaries of Curtis Publishing Company like National Analysts Inc., The American Home, Royal Electrotype Company, and also other publishing and printing companies in Philadelphia and other parts of the country. There are closing papers and settlement papers that highlight the sale of subsidiary companies of the Curtis Company. A brief history of Cyrus Curtis and Saturday Evening Post can be found in Box 16. Additionally Boxes 14 to 16 contain images of the Curtis Company, its employees, and various internal departments. There are also some early photographs showing the construction of the Curtis Building at Sixth and Walnut streets.
Angelo Fiorani was born in Tarquinia, Italy, and came to America ca. 1905. Rose Florey Fiorani was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania in 1902. Beginning in 1933, the Fioranis worked as "time brokers" for radio programming targeting Italian Americans and broadcast Italian programs on Scranton-area radio stations, eventually owning and operating their own station, WPTS. The collection documents the Fioranis' forty-two years in broadcasting. It contains personal and business correspondence, advertisements and advertising account files, program schedules and scripts, financial records, uncatalogued photographs, fan mail, and souvenir programs of special events. The collection includes unprocessed additions. In English and Italian.
Angelo Fiorani was born in Tarquinia, Italy, and came to America circa 1905. Rose Florey Fiorani was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania in 1902. Beginning in 1933, the Fioranis worked as "time brokers" for radio programming targeting Italian Americans and broadcast Italian programs on Scranton-area radio stations, eventually owning and operating their own station, WPTS. The collection documents the Fioranis' forty-two years in broadcasting. It contains personal and business correspondence, advertisements and advertising account files, program schedules and scripts, financial records, uncatalogued photographs, fan mail, and souvenir programs of special events. In English and Italian. Unprocessed additions include phonograph recordings of radio programs, court dramatizations, advertisements, and other segments used in the Fiorani radio broadcasts in the Scranton, Pa. area. Many of the recordings concern Italians or Italian-Americans.
The Irish Edition newspaper, founded in Philadelphia in 1981, is a regional monthly Irish-American newspaper with a focus on metropolitan Philadelphia, including south New Jersey and the Wilmington area of Delaware. While primarily concentrated on local concerns, the paper's circulation is of a national scale and covers current events, politics, business, and the culture of Irish and Irish Americans both at home and abroad. The founders of the paper, Anthony R. Byrne and Jane M. Duffin, have served respectively as publisher and editor from the beginning of the paper to the current day. The paper is presently located in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania. The collection is divided into eight series, and the materials themselves consist of correspondence; article drafts and submissions; advertisements and ad copy; press releases and newsletters; publications and mailings from various information and newswire services; a smattering of financial materials; newspaper clippings and articles; and photographs and a few slides.
J. B. Lippincott & Co. was an American publishing house founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1836 by Joshua B. Lippincott. Joshua Lippincott's company began by selling Bibles and other religious works then successfully expanded into trade books, which became the largest portion of the business. In 1849, Lippincott acquired Grigg, Elliot & Co., a major book distribution company. The acquisition helped make the company one of the largest publishers in the United States. In the 1950s the company began producing a successful line of medical and nursing books and journals. The company was sold to Harper & Row in 1978 but Joshua Lippincott's great-grandson Joseph Wharton Lippincott, Jr. remained on the Board of Directors until 1987. In 1990, the company was acquired by Wolters Kluwer, who merged it with Raven Publishers and then with Williams & Wilkins to form Lippincott Williams & Wilkins in 1998.
The collection consists of business records documenting over 100 years of the company's history. The largest portion of the collection is a series of letterbooks containing outgoing correspondence related to all aspects of the publishing operation, from soliciting advertising magazines to negotiating author contracts. Several dozen letterbooks contain incoming correspondence from Lippincott's London Agency. Much of the rest of the collection consists of a variety of financial records, including general ledgers, receipt books, cash disbursement books, and payroll records. Publication costs and sales are documented through stock cards, royalty payment records, and order and inventory volumes. The collection includes several manuscripts for publications, and some original artwork and illustrations. There are also boxes of books published by Lippincott, including the Annals of Surgery." The collection is divided into eight series, and the materials themselves consist of correspondence; article drafts and submissions; advertisements and ad copy; press releases and newsletters; publications and mailings from various information and newswire services; a smattering of financial materials; newspaper clippings and articles; and photographs and a few slides.
People's Voice was a leftist African American newspaper in New York, N.Y., founded by Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. It was published from 1942 to 1948. The collection includes correspondence, press releases, booklets, clippings, flyers, programs, printed materials, and photographs.
This Philadelphia publishing firm was known first as The German Daily Gazette Publishing Company, 1891-1918, and then as The Philadelphia Gazette Publishing Company, 1918-1954. The firm published the principle German language newspapers of Philadelphia: Philadelphia Gazette-Demokrat; Philadelphia Sonntags-Gazette; Philadelphia Tageblatt, 1933-1944; and the Philadelphia Sonntagsblatt; also, it did a large scale printing business, including the printing for publishers of other Philadelphia area newspapers.
Financial records make up the main body of the collection, and may be divided into general accounts, advertising accounts, branch accounts, carrier's accounts, subscriber's accounts, special accounts, and miscellaneous accounts. Included are journals; ledgers: general ledgers, advertiser's ledgers, branch ledgers, carrier's ledgers, commission ledgers, subscriber's ledgers, miscellaneous ledgers; cashbooks: general cashbooks, advertiser's cashbooks, carrier's cashbooks, subscriber's cashbooks; subscriber's receipt books; indexes to the record books; special accounts: advertising contract records, payroll records, trial balances, voucher registers; and miscellaneous financial accounts. The collection also contains minutes, 1891, concerning the organization of the company; miscellaneous non-financial records; correspondence, financial records, and miscellany, 1923-1954, of the publishing company, and also, of the Mayer family, proprietors of the company. Members of the Mayer family represented include Gustav Mayer, Theodore Mayer, and Louis Mayer.
Prior to the 1870s, Philadelphia's public transportation system consisted of dozens of independently owned and operated horse drawn streetcar lines. In the 1880s and 1890s steps were taken toward electrification and unification, a goal finally achieved in 1902 with the founding of Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company (PRT). PRT constructed subway and elevated train lines, and managed public transportation until 1940, when the Philadelphia Transportation Company (PTC) was established, absorbing PRT and all of its functions. The Dr. Harold E. Cox transportation collection is composed primarily of records from PTC and PRT, as well as PRT's subsidiary and predecessor rail lines. This collection dates from 1803 to 1967, with the bulk of materials ranging from 1858 to 1960. It consists of financial records, legal records, correspondence, administrative records, ephemera, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, atlases, and route maps and diagrams. The collection documents the growth and development of public transportation in Philadelphia, with a focus on the business activities and legal affairs of the PTC and PRT.
Correspondence and miscellaneous writings of Charles G. Darrach, Philadelphia civil and consulting engineer: Topography of the Earth, 1906, contains maps and essays on the formation of the universe; Obligation, a Compilation, 1919, a metaphysical treatise on evolution; Folly of Philadelphia, 1918, criticism of politics, transit problems, concentration of business; The World War, 1917, correspondence on conscription in the United States Army; Port of Philadelphia, Public Utilities, 1913; National transportation and a discussion of the report on Atlantic Intracoastal Canals, 1917; Water Supply, Philadelphia, 1914-1917, a history of the water system, plans of dams and pumping plants.
Albums contain photographs of Market Street from the 300 block to the 1200 block, highlighting storefronts and excavation, showing workmen, pipes, and cables. Includes views of subway tunnels, subway stations, trains, and construction diagrams for subway stations and equipment. Also includes scenes of New York City and Brooklyn.
Street views in and around Philadelphia documenting the construction of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company's mass transit system. The construction of the Schuylkill River Bridge is highlighted, including views of its piers. Emphasis is placed on the Market Street line, especially of excavations. Retaining walls are shown with views of cracks and their destruction. Trench views are included. Substations are shown, especially at Willow Grove, Glenside, and the station at Market-Chestnut Street.
Papers of Samuel Matthews Vauclain as a member of the Delaware River Bridge Joint Commission on the planning, construction, and operation of the bridge, now named the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. They include: correspondence, much of which is with Ralph Modjeski, chief engineer; minutes of the Joint Commission Executive Committee; financial reports; blueprints and maps; photographs; scrapbooks. There are also 6 blueprints of the Remington Arms Company plant built by The Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1915 under Vauclain's direction.
The Fifth Street Merchants Association was formed in 1975 to represent the interests of merchants within the so-called ``Golden Block," the Fifth Street corridor bordered by Lehigh Avenue on the north and Allegheny Avenue on the south in North Philadelphia. Membership consisted primarily of Spanish-speaking persons, mainly Puerto Ricans, who were numerically the largest group in the neighborhood. The organization engaged in a variety of activities, namely the sponsorship of workshops and advertising promotions to foster business in the area. The Fifth Street Merchants Association also worked to provide a link between merchants and the surrounding residential community and frequently acted as a liason between the city government and the district, lobbying for municipal services such as better police protection and street repairs. This collection is made up of a small amount of meeting minutes, correspondence, and financial statements and receipts. While the collection contains minutes from a 1987 meeting, the primary focus is on the earlier period. Also included are a number of neighborhood maps that detail proposed Fifth Street parking improvements.
The Spanish Merchants Association was founded in 1970 by Puerto Rican businessmen in Philadelphia to distribute Minority Business Development Agency funds in the Latino community. Initially created to foster the growth of local Latino businesses, the association increasingly focused on housing, food, and other entitlement programs in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The organization was dissolved in 1989. The collection includes financial and other administrative records, and records from affiliated and associated organizations. In English and Spanish. Unprocessed additions consist of two boxes.


How do I install a package to a custom path for my framework?# Each framework may have one or many different required package installation paths.... How do I install a package to a custom path for my framework?# Each framework may have one or many different required package installation paths.
Meanwhile, if I truncate the image path to a relative one, the images won't load in my local project. This seems to be an updated version of this question , and I would also like to avoid modifying startup.py .
Installing Drush on Windows with Composer. Acquia Dev Desktop comes with Drush pre-installed. So, if you're using that, you already have Drush on your machine, and you're ready to begin the series.


text:
Catchments and wetlands: A functional landscape approach to sustainable use of seasonal wetlands in central Malawi
Adrian Wood, Patrick Thawe
Huddersfield Business School
Cultivation of seasonal wetlands makes an important contribution to rural livelihoods in many parts of Malawi. However, these wetlands are under increasing pressure due to population growth, the development of markets for wetland crops, and land degradation both in wetlands and in their catchments. These pressures are likely to increase with the challenge of climate change. A multicommunity process of developing a consolidated understanding of wetland functioning, especially the links between wetlands and their catchments, and identifying specific innovations, which can help improve the possibilities of sustainable wetland use, is described in this chapter. It shows that over the generations rural communities have built up an understanding of wetland functioning to varying extents, and that when consolidated and supported by appropriate external scientific knowledge, this can provide a basis for community identification of specific measures that will improve the sustainability of wetland use. Together, the upland and wetland technical measures form a functional landscape approach (FLA) which takes a system-wide view recognising ecological and socio-economic processes. However, while technical measures may help address specific problems, the critical need is for the development of community institutions to ensure landscape-wide coordination of these measures in both wetlands and their catchments, as well as for economic incentives to increase the value of wetlands and make the application of the FLA worthwhile. Lessons from this experience feed into the debates about institutional development and economic motivation as critical elements of wetland management for sustaining livelihood benefits.
Wetland Management and Sustainable Livelihoods in Africa
Adrian Wood, Alan Dixon, Matthew McCartney
Published - 31 May 2013
sustainable use
wetland management
institutional development
Wood, A., & Thawe, P. (2013). Catchments and wetlands: A functional landscape approach to sustainable use of seasonal wetlands in central Malawi. In A. Wood, A. Dixon, & M. McCartney (Eds.), Wetland Management and Sustainable Livelihoods in Africa (pp. 63-84). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203128695
Wood, Adrian ; Thawe, Patrick. / Catchments and wetlands : A functional landscape approach to sustainable use of seasonal wetlands in central Malawi. Wetland Management and Sustainable Livelihoods in Africa. editor / Adrian Wood ; Alan Dixon ; Matthew McCartney. Taylor and Francis, 2013. pp. 63-84
@inbook{265079896d0f4fc698bf692178e42d18,
title = "Catchments and wetlands: A functional landscape approach to sustainable use of seasonal wetlands in central Malawi",
abstract = "Cultivation of seasonal wetlands makes an important contribution to rural livelihoods in many parts of Malawi. However, these wetlands are under increasing pressure due to population growth, the development of markets for wetland crops, and land degradation both in wetlands and in their catchments. These pressures are likely to increase with the challenge of climate change. A multicommunity process of developing a consolidated understanding of wetland functioning, especially the links between wetlands and their catchments, and identifying specific innovations, which can help improve the possibilities of sustainable wetland use, is described in this chapter. It shows that over the generations rural communities have built up an understanding of wetland functioning to varying extents, and that when consolidated and supported by appropriate external scientific knowledge, this can provide a basis for community identification of specific measures that will improve the sustainability of wetland use. Together, the upland and wetland technical measures form a functional landscape approach (FLA) which takes a system-wide view recognising ecological and socio-economic processes. However, while technical measures may help address specific problems, the critical need is for the development of community institutions to ensure landscape-wide coordination of these measures in both wetlands and their catchments, as well as for economic incentives to increase the value of wetlands and make the application of the FLA worthwhile. Lessons from this experience feed into the debates about institutional development and economic motivation as critical elements of wetland management for sustaining livelihood benefits.",
author = "Adrian Wood and Patrick Thawe",
editor = "Adrian Wood and Alan Dixon and Matthew McCartney",
booktitle = "Wetland Management and Sustainable Livelihoods in Africa",
publisher = "Taylor and Francis",
Wood, A & Thawe, P 2013, Catchments and wetlands: A functional landscape approach to sustainable use of seasonal wetlands in central Malawi. in A Wood, A Dixon & M McCartney (eds), Wetland Management and Sustainable Livelihoods in Africa. Taylor and Francis, pp. 63-84. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203128695
Catchments and wetlands : A functional landscape approach to sustainable use of seasonal wetlands in central Malawi. / Wood, Adrian; Thawe, Patrick.
Wetland Management and Sustainable Livelihoods in Africa. ed. / Adrian Wood; Alan Dixon; Matthew McCartney. Taylor and Francis, 2013. p. 63-84.
T1 - Catchments and wetlands
T2 - A functional landscape approach to sustainable use of seasonal wetlands in central Malawi
AU - Wood, Adrian
AU - Thawe, Patrick
N2 - Cultivation of seasonal wetlands makes an important contribution to rural livelihoods in many parts of Malawi. However, these wetlands are under increasing pressure due to population growth, the development of markets for wetland crops, and land degradation both in wetlands and in their catchments. These pressures are likely to increase with the challenge of climate change. A multicommunity process of developing a consolidated understanding of wetland functioning, especially the links between wetlands and their catchments, and identifying specific innovations, which can help improve the possibilities of sustainable wetland use, is described in this chapter. It shows that over the generations rural communities have built up an understanding of wetland functioning to varying extents, and that when consolidated and supported by appropriate external scientific knowledge, this can provide a basis for community identification of specific measures that will improve the sustainability of wetland use. Together, the upland and wetland technical measures form a functional landscape approach (FLA) which takes a system-wide view recognising ecological and socio-economic processes. However, while technical measures may help address specific problems, the critical need is for the development of community institutions to ensure landscape-wide coordination of these measures in both wetlands and their catchments, as well as for economic incentives to increase the value of wetlands and make the application of the FLA worthwhile. Lessons from this experience feed into the debates about institutional development and economic motivation as critical elements of wetland management for sustaining livelihood benefits.
AB - Cultivation of seasonal wetlands makes an important contribution to rural livelihoods in many parts of Malawi. However, these wetlands are under increasing pressure due to population growth, the development of markets for wetland crops, and land degradation both in wetlands and in their catchments. These pressures are likely to increase with the challenge of climate change. A multicommunity process of developing a consolidated understanding of wetland functioning, especially the links between wetlands and their catchments, and identifying specific innovations, which can help improve the possibilities of sustainable wetland use, is described in this chapter. It shows that over the generations rural communities have built up an understanding of wetland functioning to varying extents, and that when consolidated and supported by appropriate external scientific knowledge, this can provide a basis for community identification of specific measures that will improve the sustainability of wetland use. Together, the upland and wetland technical measures form a functional landscape approach (FLA) which takes a system-wide view recognising ecological and socio-economic processes. However, while technical measures may help address specific problems, the critical need is for the development of community institutions to ensure landscape-wide coordination of these measures in both wetlands and their catchments, as well as for economic incentives to increase the value of wetlands and make the application of the FLA worthwhile. Lessons from this experience feed into the debates about institutional development and economic motivation as critical elements of wetland management for sustaining livelihood benefits.
BT - Wetland Management and Sustainable Livelihoods in Africa
A2 - Wood, Adrian
A2 - Dixon, Alan
A2 - McCartney, Matthew
PB - Taylor and Francis
Wood A, Thawe P. Catchments and wetlands: A functional landscape approach to sustainable use of seasonal wetlands in central Malawi. In Wood A, Dixon A, McCartney M, editors, Wetland Management and Sustainable Livelihoods in Africa. Taylor and Francis. 2013. p. 63-84 https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203128695