text:
Stability and reform in the Gulf region
The snow was thick on the ground when we gathered to talk about the future of the Gulf region, but the importance and current relevance of the subject-matter soon warmed us up. Ditchley was pleased to be in partnership with the Sir William Luce Memorial Fund, which had been holding a series of seminars since 2005 on "Political Evolution and the GCC". This event was designed to build on that series and the Luce Fund was instrumental in helping to gather senior and experienced voices from the countries of the region to provide the foundation for our debate.
The Luce Fund findings had identified some key factors underlying political change in the GCC states and these provided a starting point for this conference. They are worth a brief summary here:
1 Political evolution in the Gulf had not kept up with economic change. Yet the six states had so far proved remarkably stable.
2 Each state had its own history and characteristics and the pace of change would vary from state to state.
3 The GCC faced strong internal pressures for reform. These were being suppressed in some states and social unrest was possible if oil prices fell. Developments in <?xml:namespace prefix = st1> Iraq were also a relevant factor.
4 The growing number of indigenous young people without jobs and large expatriate populations in several smaller states could compound the tensions.
5 Reconciling traditional tribal societies with modern economies and imported models of government could add to the challenge, though many Gulf nationals were suspicious of globalisation.
6 GCC governments had recognised that the oil price boom might be temporary and that they could find it hard to hold the loyalty of their populations if economic growth declined.
7 Change so far in this region had come from the top. Liberals were weakly organised and Islamists were suspect. The monarchical systems had reservoirs of legitimacy which might give them a good foundation for adapting to change.
8 It was unknown whether further gradual, stable transition would prove possible; unpredictable change was a risk. But to hold back on or reverse transition could increase the risk of radical change.
9 Western governments should accept that change had to be promoted from within the Gulf, not western driven, with an understanding of the individual characteristics of each state. The aim should be steady, managed and peaceful change, indigenously driven but with support from outside, primarily through private advice and practical assistance.
In meeting to take the temperature on these findings, the conference was conscious of the remarkable progress which the region had made in many respects since the smaller emirates became independent in the early 1970s. Their size, their wealth, their dependence almost exclusively on energy, the nature of their ruling arrangements and the highly uncertain environment of the wider region made these countries highly unusual. Yet their resilience had been remarkable through a number of regional and indeed global crises. These were states whose rulers had a clear awareness of their countries' strengths and limitations and who cared directly for their citizens, even without democratic institutions. They were attentive to foreign threats and they dealt with them with firmness or subtlety as appropriate.
Nevertheless participants agreed that the discussion needed to take into account a number of new factors. The changes in Iraq, and particularly the current trend towards comparatively greater stability there, had altered regional relationships and had broken new ground on democracy. Iran had drawn some advantages from the consequences of the invasion of Iraq and the nuclear saga would be coming to a head over the next two years or so. The global economic crisis had shown that even states with considerable reserves were not immune and that those which had taken risks, such as Dubai, were facing serious challenges. Information and communication technologies were increasingly making an impact as the pace of technological change accelerated and this was affecting the younger generation in particular. In the wider region, the intractability of the Israel-Palestine dispute, and not least the graphic violence of Israel's attack on Gaza recently, risked adding to any trends towards radicalisation in the Gulf. Finally, there was a new administration in Washington promising a more diplomatic approach to the Islamic world and to this region in particular, but whose capacity to affect developments positively was not yet clear. We therefore had a number of complex linkages to examine before we could come to any conclusions on the real prospects for reform and stability in the area.
In looking at the internal situation in the various countries, Gulf residents insisted, and outsiders agreed, on indigenous ownership of the nature of reform. But this still meant that the rulers and citizens of these countries had to set aside the temptation to blame any difficulties they had on external forces. This was as true of Iran as it was of the GCC countries. The latter in particular had traditions of respect for the ruling families, whose legitimacy was not seriously questioned. But some participants felt that traditional, top-down leadership only went so far. The GCC countries still lacked a common strategy and a common vision for the current era. Nor did the people find it easy to decide whether they were subjects or citizens. Aware of rapid developments in the world outside, it was now right to start asking the question of where the new fabric of Gulf society was heading. Conservative forces were still strong but the population was weighted towards young people and the new generation were not like their grandparents. They wanted a functioning, connected society. There was no longer unquestioning obedience and identities were changing as the different forms of modern communication developed. Many participants felt that it was difficult to forecast the effect of this generational change, let alone to see how to control it.
This connected with the whole issue of political and social reform. There was a dilemma here. Since the gradual reform so far attempted had been largely top-down, a feeling of security and stability was necessary for governments to be confident about continuing. Yet without a sense of crisis – and, on the whole, the GCC countries were not in crisis mode – the natural caution of the ruling elite would dominate. Some countries were better at experimenting with reform than others, with Kuwait having set the earliest models. Countries with smaller populations were inherently more cohesive and, with the possible exception of Bahrain, were not under particular pressure. But we recognised that there was a premium on wise leadership and most people thought that the generation gap was significant. As for progress towards democracy, no-one was clear that this was the right prescription, both because it did not fit easily with the history and traditions of the region and because there were such large expatriate populations present. Yet many people thought that governments might not be able to ensure development at a pace which met the demands of the population and that this might present opportunities for either external influences or Islamic extremism to fill the vacuum if it continued.
We recognised that economic performance was relevant to political and social change. Diversification away from energy would be necessary to create jobs for growing populations and this was occurring at different speeds in different countries. If unstable oil prices continue to create boom/bust cycles, this would make the process more difficult. Yet a trend was beginning of western corporations linking up with sovereign wealth funds to stimulate the kind of economic diversification which would benefit the indigenous population. This needed greater attention. It would also be necessary in most countries to develop a commercial middle class that was separate from the government bureaucracy and moved beyond family-owned companies. It would certainly have a stultifying effect if the citizenship relied upon a culture of entitlement from the paternalistic and redistributive nature of the state and failed to develop an innovative and knowledge-based set of economies. Here it was encouraging that education, including women's education, was a strong priority within the GCC states, which suggested that new generations of graduates would be feeding into business innovation. But it would still be necessary to ensure that jobs were created for them.
Finally, on the internal scene, we looked at the growth of civil society in the Gulf region. Development here was perhaps slower than in other parts of the world, with civil society largely co-opted by the government to fulfil its own purposes. ICT development might make it possible for private organisations to develop more independence, but at the same time new technologies could benefit governments themselves. It would help if freedom of speech was given more room, both in the media and in newer forms of communication. Too often, however, civil society was seen by governments as a form of opposition, when this was not clearly the case. It was time to raise standards of literacy and civic understanding and to encourage the grass-roots level of citizen activity. Improvement in the quality of governance and reinforcement of truly independent legal structures were also needed. In the circumstances of most of the countries of the region, this was perhaps a less problematic way to go than developing democratic institutions.
In looking at the potential for further Gulf cooperation, especially in the field of security, participants recognised that there was a broad area of shared interests between the countries of the Gulf, though perhaps too little recognition in practice that the problems which the region faced were deeply and inextricably linked. While the GCC had made some progress in internal coordination of security issues, there was still some way to go before it developed real defence capabilities. There was further scope for external strategic partnerships with different parts of the international community. At least, it was pointed out, the GCC and its individual governments had impeccable credentials of legitimacy in representing the region and in seriousness of intent in security matters.
The discussion then quickly turned to Iran. Strong regret was expressed that the Arab countries of the Gulf had not been sufficiently consulted on what to do about Iran. A much more open exchange was needed on what the two sides of the Gulf were really looking for. It was felt that the United States, having made a serious mistake over the Iranian revolution thirty years ago, now needed to bring the whole region along in rectifying that. The Iran situation was not just a matter of bargaining between Washington and Tehran. The Iraq-Iran relationship was also highly relevant, with no clarity at present on the direction it might take. It was firmly stated that Iraq would not accommodate Iran as a regional superpower; nor would it be possible for Iran to throw its military weight around. Saudi Arabia, too, was a heavyweight which would have to be closely consulted. We did not come to any hard conclusions about how the Iran nuclear issue should be handled, though there was a majority inclination to give diplomacy priority. But most participants favoured an approach at some point soon, whether or not force had to be used in the context of Iran, which promoted a regional security architecture including Iran as a major and trusted partner. At the same time some participants noted (and others doubted) the possibility of a nuclear-free zone in the Middle East as an ultimate remedy for the proliferation problem or as an alternative to international joint nuclear enrichment.
Regional security remained a constant focus throughout our discussion. Terrorism had to remain a serious concern, though no participant suggested that it was an existential threat. Just as worrying was that the Gulf not only had problems of its own, but was geographically connected with other serious flashpoints. Palestine and Afghanistan/Pakistan were undoubtedly the most serious of these. With Iraq's future still needing to be settled, Iran a massive uncertainty and the Middle East Peace Process, with Syria and Lebanon, still unproductive, a comprehensive approach had to be devised which realised the full potential of a constructive American approach under the new Administration and which established a framework for all the countries of the region to contribute as their sovereign interests required. Without this there was a serious danger of fragmentation. Unsurprisingly, even though our Chairman persuaded us not to take up Palestine too emphatically, the impact of a failure to make progress in the peace process was regarded as directly relevant to the Gulf's longer-term security. At the moment the search for a two-state solution was going in the wrong direction and this had to be regarded as an issue of the utmost concern.
In examining the Gulf's external relationships, everyone agreed that the United States was, by some distance, the most essential partner. Europe rarely featured in our discussion, though it was noted that European political support and commercial interest remained important. The UK in particular had strong traditional ties to the region. Global economic power was being redistributed and the Gulf region's links with Asia, and particularly with China and India, would play an increasing role. We were uncertain, however, whether there was yet a firm intention in either Delhi or Beijing to engage with the region more actively. Even Iran, which had been a leader in this respect, was meeting uncertain results. But this might be a theme for the future. We recognised that future foreign investment in the Gulf would come from a much wider variety of sources than in the past and this was bound to develop into a more global set of relationships.
We did not have time to cover every aspect of this vast and complex set of issues. We spent less time on Saudi Arabia than we would have wished, though there was no suggestion that the current picture of a stable Kingdom was likely to change. Instability in Yemen worried us, as a place where terrorist groups might find greater room to base themselves. We also barely touched on Shia-Sunni tensions, though we noted that engagement with Iran and the failure of Al Qaeda and other extremists to appeal to the Sunni population would move things in the right direction.
A summary of our main conclusions, even allowing for some disparate voices within this broad-ranging gathering of experts, would produce the following:
- So many of the challenges facing the region were linked that it was important now, not least for Washington, to develop a strategic approach to the whole region which provided a framework for addressing those linkages and engaging the different countries in a much better understanding of how they could accommodate each others' priorities;
- Each country nevertheless had its different characteristics and a collective approach would have to be flexible enough to take account of these;
- Gradual reform should continue, but there was enough current stability within the GCC countries in particular at present to provide opportunities to be braver in this respect. Global change required regional adaptation and judgements on this would have to be made within the Gulf countries themselves. The development of civil society, of good governance and of the initiative and talent of individual citizens was as important as institutional political change;
- Iran must be engaged, at least as an experiment over the coming period to see what that might produce. In handling Iran, much more attention should be paid to the history of the country and its real aspirations as a nation, rather than as a putative exporter of Islamic radicalism;
- The impact of Palestine on the Gulf region could not be ignored and was an added reason for the most vigorous attempt in the coming months to find a new way forward;
- Finally, friendship mattered. The outside world had a strong contribution to make to the future of the region.
This was in many ways an extraordinary debate, taken very seriously by an impressive group of senior experts from the region and some very experienced and committed observers from both sides of the Atlantic. Ditchley would like to express its gratitude to the Luce Foundation for laying such an excellent foundation for the conference and for providing the wise guidance of our Chairman in steering what could have been a difficult discussion. We were all very conscious at the end of the uncertainties facing the region and of the need for a good deal of wise leadership, both internally and externally.
Chair : The Rt Hon Lord Luce GCVO DL
Life Peer, Crossbench (2000-); Founder, Sir William Luce Memorial Fund. Formerly: Lord Chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth II (2000-06); Governor of Gibraltar (1997-2000); Vice Chancellor, University of Buckingham (1992-96); Minister for the Arts (1985-90); Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (1979-81), then Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (1981-85), Foreign and Commonwealth Office; Member of Parliament (1971-92).
Ambassador Gordon Venner
Assistant Secretary to the Cabinet for Foreign and Defence Policy, Privy Council Office, Government of Canada. Formerly: Director-General, Middle East and North Africa Bureau, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT), Ottawa; Ambassador of Canada to Iran (2004-06).
CANADA/IRAN
Dr A. G. Dizboni
Assistant Professor, Comparative Politics, International Relations and Politics of the Muslim World, Department of Politics and Economics, Royal Military College of Canada; Associate Researcher, Université de Montréal, McGill University and Queen's University.
Dr Sameh Aboul-Enein
Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Minister Plenipotentiary/Deputy Chief of Mission, Embassy of Egypt, London (2007-). Formerly: Director, United Nations Affairs Department, Cairo (2007); Director, UN Specialised Agencies and International Organisations Department, Cairo (2006-07).
FRANCE/CANADA
Mr Victor Gervais
PhD Candidate in Political Science, Institute of Political Studies, Paris (Sciences Po); Visiting Researcher, Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research (Abu Dhabi).
Dr Mowaffak al Rubaie
National Security Adviser, Government of Iraq (2006-); Member (United Iraqi Alliance), Iraqi Council of Representatives (2005-).
His Excellency Abdullah al Bishara
President, Diplomatic Centre for Strategic Studies, Kuwait. Formerly: Secretary-General, Gulf Cooperation Council; Ambassador of Kuwait to the United Nations.
His Excellency Mr Khaled al Duwaisan GCVO
Ambassador of Kuwait to the United Kingdom; Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in the United Kingdom.
His Excellency Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah
Minister responsible for Foreign Affairs, Sultanate of Oman.
Mr Nasser al Jaidah
Member, Advisory Council, State of Qatar; Chief Executive Officer, Qatar Petroleum International, Doha.
Professor Sheikha Abdulla al Misnad
President, Qatar University (2003-); Member, Board of Directors, Qatar Foundation; Member, Supreme Educational Council; Member, United Nations University Council (2004-).
QATAR/UNITED KINGDOM
Dr Steven Wright
Assistant Professor of Gulf Politics, University of Qatar. Formerly: Sir William Luce Research Fellow, Institute for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, Durham University.
Dr Awadh al Badi
Member of HRH Prince Turki Al Faisal's group.
His Royal Highness Prince Turki Al Faisal
Chairman, King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies. Formerly: Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United Kingdom and Ireland; Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States.
Dr Mohamed al Osaimi
Mr Mohammed al Suwaidi
Assistant Researcher, The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research; BA International Studies (International Relations).
Mr Dominic Armstrong
Managing Director and Co-Founder (2002), Aegis Defence Services Limited, London. Formerly: Managing Director and Head of Research, ABN AMRO, Singapore (1999-2002).
Mr Michael Crawford CMG
HM Diplomatic Service (1981-); Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London (2001-).
Special Adviser on Middle Eastern Affairs to the Shadow Foreign Secretary and Senior Member of the Shadow Cabinet, The Rt Hon William Hague MP (2006-).
Sir Richard Dalton
Associate Fellow, Middle East Programme, Chatham House. Formerly: HM Diplomatic Service (1970-2006); Ambassador to Iran (2003-06); Ambassador to Libya (1999-2002); Consul-General Jerusalem (1993-97).
Dr Christopher Davidson
Lecturer in Middle Eastern Politics, Durham University (2006-); Visiting Associate Professor, Kyoto University (2009-); Expert, United Nations Alliance of Civilisations (2008-); Member, Sir William Luce Memorial Fund (2006-).
Professor Anoush Ehteshami
Head of School and Professor of International Relations, School of Government and International Affairs, University of Durham; Member, Centre for Iranian Studies; Special Advisor, Islamic Criminal Justice Project, Centre for Criminal Law and Criminal Justice. Author.
Dr Rosemary Hollis
Director, Olive Tree Programme and Visiting Professor, City University, London (2008-). Formerly: Director of Research (2005-08) and Head of Middle East Programme (1990-05) at Chatham House, and RUSI.
The Rt Hon Field Marshal the Lord Inge KG GCB DL
Life Peer, Crossbench (1997-); Council Member, International Institute for Strategic Studies. Formerly: Member, Butler Review Committee (2004); Chief of the Defence Staff (1994-97).
Dr John Jenkins CMG LVO
Director, Middle East and North Africa, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (2007-).
Mr Adam Leach
Chief Executive, HRH The Prince of Wales International Business Leaders Forum. Formerly: Regional Director, Middle East, Eastern Europe, Commonwealth of Independent States, Oxfam.
Ms Heidi Minshall
HM Diplomatic Service (1990-); Senior Research Analyst, Arabian Peninsula and Gulf Security, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London (2007-).
Mr Richard Muir CMG
Chairman, Sir William Luce Memorial Fund; Director, Altajir Trust; Chairman, Anglo-Omani Society; Member, Kuwait-British Friendship Association. Formerly: Ambassador to Kuwait (1999-2002); to Oman (1994-99).
The Rt Hon Sir Malcolm Rifkind KCMG QC MP
Member of Parliament, Conservative, Kensington and Chelsea (2005-). Formerly: Member of Parliament, Conservative, Edinburgh Pentlands (1974-97); Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1995-97). A Governor, The Ditchley Foundation.
Dr Claire Spencer
Head, Middle East Programme, Chatham House. Formerly: Deputy Director and Head, Mediterranean Security Programme, Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, University of London.
Sir Harold Walker KCMG
President, British Society for Middle Eastern Studies (2006-). Formerly: Chairman, Royal Society for Asian Affairs (2002-08); HM Diplomatic Service (1956-92); Ambassador to Iraq (1990-91), to Ethiopia (1986-89), to the United Arab Emirates (1981-86), to Bahrain (1979-81).
UNITED KINGDOM/IRAN
Professor Ali Ansari
Professor of Iranian History and Director of the Institute for Iranian Studies, School of History, University of St Andrews.
UNITED KINGDOM/UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Lady Judge
(Formerly The Hon Barbara Thomas). Chairman, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
(2004-); Chairman, School of Oriental and African Studies; Deputy Chairman, Friend's Provident Plc (2001-); Director, NV Bekaert SA, Brussels; Director, Massey Energy (US), among others. A Governor and Member of the Council of Management, The Ditchley Foundation.
Ambassador David Aaron
Director, RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy.
Ambassador Robert Blackwill
Senior Fellow and Special Assistant to the President, RAND Corporation (2008-); Faculty Member, John F Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (1995-). Formerly: President, Barbour Griffith and Rogers International (2004-08); Presidential Envoy to Iraq under President George W Bush.
Professor Nathan Brown
Professor of Political Science and International Affairs and Director, Institute for Middle East Studies, George Washington University; Non-Resident Senior Associate, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
The Hon Daniel Levy
Director, Prospects for Peace Initiative; Senior Fellow, The Century Foundation; Senior Fellow, New America Foundation. Formerly: Adviser, Office of the Prime Minister of Israel.
Dr Gary Sick
Senior Research Scholar, Middle East Institute and Adjunct Professor of International Affairs, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University; Board Member, Human Rights Watch, New York; Chairman, Advisory Committee, Human Rights Watch/Middle East. A Member, The Advisory Council, The American Ditchley Foundation.
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For many people, two of the most terrifying words in the history of mankind are "root canal". A root canal is a procedure that often needs to be done when there is no other way to repair a severely damaged tooth that is decayed right into the root or nerve. Many people dislike going to the dentist, but when they hear that they need to have this type of procedure done, the sense of dread really intensifies. If your dentist has told you that you need a root canal, don't let yourself get too stressed out about it. In fact, you should learn more about it. The more you know, the less likely you are to be afraid.
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An emerging model: educators and students connect with people in the community to solve local problems, work on real projects, and develop critical skills. Educators who utilize this approach say they could never go back to imaginary problem-solving. The challenge? Finding the right partners and developing relationships can be time-consuming and therefore out-of-reach for some educators.
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All over the country, educators are moving towards more authentic problem solving that allows their students to engage in real world learning while investing in the community around them. The challenge is that there is no easy way to find these partners who want to engage with students, and educators don't have time to cold call, looking for partners.
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A match-making platform that connects educators with community members in an easy and accessible way that encourages equitable partnership and authentic relationship-building between the school community and the broader community.
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The platform has been renamed EdHarmony to better embody the value we hope to bring: sparks of connection. We are currently in R + D and are looking to validate the idea by gathering interest from both educators and community members who are interested in working together to engage students in real learning opportunities in their community.
We are currently looking for thought partners who have done relevant work, ground game partners who would benefit from a platform like EdHarmony, and funding partners. If you would like to learn more or voice your support for us turning this idea into a reality, check out the website!
Update (March 2018):
We're building a platform that will help connect educators with community members that want to collaborate. We are still exploring match-making criteria and ways to support both stakeholders through a totally scalable platform. We're looking for ideas on how we can support authentic connection between diverse community stakeholders.
Additionally, we are looking for communities to pilot the platform in the 2018-2019 school year. If you have ideas about how this could work in your community, let us know!
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Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein (Núremberg, 24 de abril de 1870 - Múnich, 16 de octubre de 1948) fue un general alemán, miembro del grupo de oficiales alemanes que ayudaron en la dirección del Ejército otomano durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. Kress von Kressenstein fue parte de la campaña militar de Otto Liman von Sanders, que llegó a Turquía poco antes de que estallase la Primera Guerra Mundial.

Von Kressenstein provenía de una familia noble de Núremberg. Su padre, Georg Kress von Kressenstein (1840-1911), fue un juez de la corte suprema. Von Kressenstein se unió el ejército bávaro como un alférez de artillería en 1888.

Primera Guerra Mundial

Palestina
Se unió al ejército de Cemal Pashá en Palestina como ingeniero militar y más tarde director del personal. Cemal Pasha fue el encargado por el dirigente turco Enver Pashá de capturar o inutilizar el Canal de Suez. Su esfuerzo se le apoda la primera ofensiva del Suez y ocurrió en enero de 1915. Kress von Kressenstein fue el responsable por crear barcas especiales para cruzar el canal (pontones) así como organizar una travesía en el desierto Sinai. Mientras el desierto fue cruzado con pequeñas bajas humanas, los británicos eran conscientes de su aproximación y su ataque en el Suez no fue una sorpresa para los defensores. Las fuerzas turcas fueron repelidas fácilmente y después de dos días de lucha,  retrocedieron. Los pontones especiales de Kress von Kressenstein jamás fueron utilizados.

Más de un año pasó cuándo los turcos intentaron un segundo ataque en el Suez. Con Cemal Pashá dirigiendo asuntos de su base en Damasco, Kress von Kressenstein dirigió un enorme ejército otomano a través del desierto del Sinaí, otra vez. Este ataque se encontró con una fuerte fortificación defensiva británica fuerte en Romani, 40 kilómetros (25 millas) al este del canal. El ejército otomano preparó un importante asalto en conjunto de piezas en Romani, planificado para el 3 de agosto de 1916 (ver Batalla de Romani para una descripción más detallada). El ataque fue repelido y una vez más los turcos retrocedieron hacia sus bases en Palestina.

Los británicos respondieron con un ataque propio. Capturaron algunos fuertes pequeños turcos en el Sinaí, construyeron un ferrocarril y tuberías de agua a través del desierto y entonces lanzaron un asalto hacia el fuerte otomano en Gaza. Kress von Kressenstein estaba a cargo de las defensas otomanas junto con el general otomano Tala Bey. En la Primera Batalla de Gaza (marzo de 1917), los británicos fueron derrotados, en gran parte debido a sus propios errores. En la Segunda Batalla de Gaza en abril de 1917, los británicos fueron derrotados nuevamente, el crédito para esta victoria es en gran parte hacia Kress von Kressenstein.

Los británicos retiraron a sus fracasados generales y les reemplazó con el general Allenby. Los otomanos también reemplazaron sus altos mandos, llevando al anterior jefe del Estado Mayor alemán, General von Falkenhayn. Kress von Kressenstein continuó como comandante de la 8.º división del ejército turco que defiende Gaza y también se le otorgó el premio más importante de Prusia, la Pour le Mérite.

En noviembre de 1917, los británicos bajo el mando del general Allenby incumplió las posiciones defensivas de los otomanos en la Batalla de Beersheba y la Tercera Batalla de Gaza. Kress von Kressenstein fue capaz de retirar sus tropas vencidas en orden bastante bueno a las nuevas posiciones defensivas en el norte.

Cáucaso
A mediados de 1918, con la alianza entre Alemania y el Imperio otomano hecha añicos, Kress von Kressenstein fue enviado con un pequeño ejército alemán a una travesía a Georgia, nación protegida por Alemania después de su independencia. Ayudó a frustrar la invasión de la región georgiana de Abjasia por parte del Ejército rojo.

Vida posterior
Kress von Kressenstein se retiró del ejército alemán en 1929 y falleció en Múnich en 1948.

Escribió La campaña en Palestina del lado del enemigo, publicado en el Real United Services Institutes, y también sus memorias Mi misión en el Cáucaso, que fue publicada en Tiflis (Georgia) en 2001.

Premios y condecoraciones
 Pour le Mérite (Prusia)
 Caballero de la Orden Militar de Max Joseph (Baviera)
 Oficial de la Orden del Mérito Militar (Baviera)
 Caballero de la Orden de Hohenzollern
 Cruz de hierro de 1914, 1.ª clase (Prusia)
 Orden del Medjidie, 4.ª clase (Imperio otomano)

Véase también
 Campaña del Sinaí y Palestina

Notas
 Con respecto a nombres personales: Freiherr es un antiguo título (traducido como Barón), que en la actualidad forma legalmente parte del apellido. Las formas femeninas son Freifrau y Freiin.
 "Kress" es parte del apellido, no un nombre de pila; de ahí, "Kress von Kressenstein" es el apellido completo.

Referencias
 "Biografía de Kreß von Kressenstein" en www.firstworldwar.com
 "La Gran Guerra y el único Triumphant Campaña de 1917 " Sobre la campaña palestina de Allenby de 1917
 "Revista del T. E. Lawrence Sociedad – Otoño de 1997" Reseña la monografía de Von Kressenstein sobre la campaña.
 Fromkin, David (1989). Una Paz para Acabar Toda Paz. Avon Libros.

Enlaces externos
 Versión en línea de Mi Misión en Caucasus

Barones de Alemania
Militares alemanes de la Primera Guerra Mundial
Militares otomanos de la Primera Guerra Mundial
Testigos del genocidio armenio
Militares de Baviera
Caballeros de cuarta clase de la Orden del Águila Roja
Galardonados con la Orden de Hohenzollern
Condecorados con la Cruz de Comandante de la Orden Militar de Max Joseph
Condecorados con la primera clase de la Cruz de Hierro
Pour le Mérite
Caballeros de la Orden de Federico
Caballeros de segunda clase de la Orden de la Corona de Prusia
Nacidos en Núremberg
Fallecidos en Múnich

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I did a quick look on the list and tried to use it. First impression was – cool, that's what I needed many times but it was not available and every time I had to open VS and write Custom Workflow Activity to make this or that operation available. Unfortunately the list is not complete yet (Delete, Associate/Disassociate, Add to/Remove from Marketing List and many-many more are still not available OOB). The other gap I discovered – unavailability of Outputs for actions in scenarios when action generates some output (for example Qualification of Lead or Revise of Quote). I and my friend Oleksandr Klymenko decided to invest some time in development of Workflow Toolkit that should close those gaps in workflows. Let us introduce you "Ultimate Workflow Toolkit".
Any action that generates some data (like Qualification of Lead, Revise of Quote e.t.c.) contains corresponding output/outputs so you can use it in workflow after action was executed.
Every action contains additional boolean Input "Throw an Exception on Error". The main goal for it is to provide user power of choice – allow workflow finish execution with error if you choose "True" or handle that error somehow (through email notification or so) using 2 additional Outputs added – boolean "Error Occurred" and string "Error Message".
The list of actions can be extended because it is opensource solution available on GitHub.
If we missed any actions that are generic enough (doesn't depend on your particular customization e.t.c.) feel free to leave your comment and we consider adding it to the list of new actions to implement.
This seems like a very valuable solution, I look forward to testing this out! I'm curious if it would be possible to use this toolkit to build a workflow within the Campaign Activity entity that would create a custom entity record for each member of the associated marketing lists? Trying to workaround how they've restricted the ability to "distribute campaign activities" to only the default activity entities included and use a custom one. Thanks!
You are very welcome to test and leave your feedback here or on the github.
Regarding your question – potentially your query is possible with Relationship Operations -> Distribute Workflow. This worth a look.
Thanks for the reply Andrii. Forgive my oversight here but I just noticed that the solution is a v8.2 /Dynamics 365 one. Do you by any chance have a version that would be compatible with CRM 2016 SP1?
At the moment I work on the next version that will be available soon. I will provide version compatible with your environment.
Thanks Andrii, I appreciate it and look forward to the next release!


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Dear students, faculty, prospective students and friends
in these challenging times, where all public life is slowing down or is on hold and many of us are (self-)confined at home, we are doing everything we can, to keep Sound Studies and Sonic Arts up and running. While the university is closed during the period of emergency operation for students and most employees from Friday, 20.03.2020 until further notice, we are planning the summer semester. Please bear with us, until we find and communicate solutions.
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The primary goal of motorcycle helmet is to protect the rider's head during impact, although many helmets provide additional conveniences such as face shields, ear protection etc.
Always remember the #1 rule!
Anyone who decides to ride a bicycle or motorcycle must consider that wearing of helmets is the most effective strategy for preventing injuries from a crash or fall. The initial benefit of wearing motorcycle helmets is the protection it provides as they absorb the impact of a crash or fall. Scratches on arms and knees are easier to treat than a serious damage to the head that may cause death. With the high-speed most motorcycle riders employ, it is most likely that when they crash, the impact is great and damaging. Wearing a motorcycle helmet will reduce such impact and may prevent the chances of getting a severe head injury.
Make sure your helmet is certified, fits you snugly and you always fasten the strap. Motorcycle helmets not only protect the head from injury, but they provide protection against strong wind, dust, and smoke. Too much wind and dust may harm the eyes that will make it difficult for the rider to have a good vision of the road. Studies have shown that one cause of motorcycle accidents is the failure of the riders not wearing motorcycle helmets to act accordingly because of vision obstructions caused by wind, dust, or dirt.
that makes all the difference in an event of an accident"


Posted in Admissions of a Tired Mom, Kids, Mommydom, Parenting	by Sarky T.
1. I rearranged the living room while the rest of my family was napping. Bad: I am way too old to do this alone. Good: my son thinks I might be directly related to Superman.
2. The other night, after a particularly hectic evening, I settled down for a decadent dinner of crackers, triple cream brie and a perfectly ripe pear. And my beverage pairing? Cherry Juicy Juice. For real. Who the hell have I become?!
3. I'm pretty much over bacon, and I just can't get on board with the weird trend of putting mustaches on everything. Baby onesies with mustaches on them? Why? Am I missing something? I must(ache) be missing something.
4. When Pistachio was born, we removed a big-kid car seat and replaced it with his baby carrier seat. The big-kid car seat went into the garage with plans to put it back into service when Pistachio got big enough. Well, he got big enough. So I cleaned the seat cover and went to clean the rest of it when I noticed that an animal – who had probably discovered a yummy little food stash of goldfish and other crumbs – had chewed up the foam seat and the straps. Yuck.
On a related note: I received lovely and thoughtful Christmas gifts, but my favorite was probably the gift certificate to get the minivan interior detailed.
5. Sometimes, I have to look hard and think for a second before I can identify whose baby picture it is. And I have already forgotten what time each child was born. In my defense, I do know the general times of their births (Pickle was early morning, Plum was evening and Pistachio was midday). Just more evidence that I pushed out a bit of my brain each time I pushed out a baby.
Onward and upward! Stay warm and be happy!


Operations Research (OR) was first used during World War II to assist high level decision makers with analyses that could be used to support planning for strategic ground, air, and maritime operations. Analysis by operations analysts and researchers provided carefully researched and focused data and analyses to provide answers to questions from the senior commanders or to provide them with insights that would allow them to make more informed plans and decisions.
If you are reading this, then you must know a service member who is in school. My husband is currently attending a military career training school, but these tips can be applied to anyone who knows a service member in school, military career related or civilian.
Many veterans returning to the U.S. from stints overseas have years of job experience under their belts, yet they feel daunted by the challenge of making the transition into the civilian workforce. Often they've put in five, ten or more years in the field but they don't have college degrees. While they may have driven heavy equipment, supervised troops, worked as medics or done computer programming, they're not sure how to apply those skills in the civilian world.
by Bradley Hood Contributor, InMilitaryEducation.com Every student has a different approach to their school work. The variable circumstances of the individual student and his/her life and program mean that no approach will be one-size-fits-all. I can also attest that over time what works best for any one individual will change, and how I slog through my master's program today is entirely different from my approach to school work from as recent as even a year ago. However, while what works may change over time, there are a couple of basic foundations which can help aid a busy student in accomplishing their education goals, one week (or day) at a time.
by Col. Phil McNair Contributor, In Military Education Let's conclude our four-part series on classroom tactics with a dual view of what going to class is all about. On one hand you take classes to gain knowledge. Ideally you leave college having learned something - perhaps quite a lot - about a field of study that you are interested in. Let's call this the academic view.


The Lockheed Martin subsidiary received the contract for production of AN/SQQ-89(V)15 Surface Ship Undersea Warfare System (UWS) combat system.
The contract, announced Friday by the U.S. Department of Defense, is worth more than $77.7 million and covers production of the U.S. Navy's AN/SQQ-89A(V)15 Surface Ship Undersea Warfare System (UWS).
The AN/SQQ-89A(V)15 is the Surface Ship Undersea Warfare combat system with the capabilities to search, detect, classify, localize and track undersea contacts, and to engage and evade submarines, mine-like small objects and torpedo threats.
Work is expected to be completed by May 2021.
The AN/SQQ-89(V) provides surface warships with a seamlessly integrated USW/ASW detection, localization, classification and targeting capability. The system presents an integrated picture of the acoustic tactical situation by receiving, combining and processing active and passive sonar sensor data from a variety of hull-mounted arrays, towed arrays, and sonobuoys.
In addition to active and passive detection, the system provides a full range of USW functions: underwater fire control, onboard training capability, a highly-evolved display subsystem, and integration with the Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS MK III and Block II Upgrade) helicopter for sonobuoy signal processing.


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Thursday, Feb. 2, 2023, 4 – 5 p.m.
Learn Japanese in an informal setting and for free with Japanese student Ayumu Oshiro. The sessions are open to all levels and include playing games, watching video clips, and asking questions about the Japanese language.
To request disability accommodation, including American Sign Language interpretation, contact the Disability Resources for Students office at 253-692-4508, drsuwt@uw.edu or submit a request at www.tacoma.uw.edu….
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Rifles Scopes Expert
Blaser Infinity 4-20×58 iC vs Zeiss Victory V8 2.8-20×56
Posted October 8, 2018 by admin under Scope comparisons
Another review of two high-end hunting rifle scopes, this time between one of the oldest rifle scopes manufacturers on the planet, against a totally new competitor which started to produce hunting optics in the year 2017.
The first competitor is Zeiss, which produces high-end optics for any kind of use. In this comparison, we have one of the best hunting rifle scopes that the company is capable to produce, from their latest and best rifle scopes line. The rifle scope is named Victory V8 and has a magnification range from 2.8x to 20x with a big objective lens diameter of 56 millimeters.
The second competitor is Blaser, known because of their prestige hunting weapons, clothes, and ammunition. In the year 2017 they also started to produce optics for hunting, first, they came out with high-quality binoculars and now with high-quality rifle scopes. Like seen in our last review, the new rifle scopes from Blaser are truly high-end optics that can be compared to even the most expensive ones on the market.
Because we already had the Blaser Infinity rifle scope from our last test, I have asked a good friend if he can borrow me his Zeiss (which was already mounted) to make also a second test. So in this test, we have the Zeiss Victory V8 2.8-20×56 against the Blaser Infinity 4-20×56 iC.
To make the test as realistic as possible, I have cleaned the Zeiss lenses to be sure that nothing interferes the optical comparison.
The second comparison of the Blaser Infinity rifle scope, now against the Zeiss Victory V8 2.8-20×56. Blaser is known because of their prestige hunting weapons, clothes, and ammunition. Zeiss, on the other hand, because of all kind of optical products for any kind of use.
Size and weight:
A: Blaser Infinity 4-20×58 iC
B: Zeiss Victory V8 2.8-20×56
Tube diameter:
Diopter setting:
-3 / +2.5
-3,5 / +2
Parallax adjustment:
50 m to infinity
Mounting with rail:
Number of Colors:
Because both rifle scopes have a huge 36 millimeters big main tube diameter, they both look very bulky and massive. Whatsoever, the weight of these rifle scopes tells differently. Sure they are not the lightest rifle scopes on the market, but for many features, big elevation range, big main tube diameter and even a Zeiss ZM/VM mounting rail, they aren't even so heavy.
With 770 grams, the Blaser is the more lighter-weight rifle scope, with 85 grams less than the Zeiss, even if it's for 15 millimeters longer and has a bigger objective lens.
The big 36 millimeters main tube has a big advantage compared to smaller main tube diameter rifle scopes because you get much more elevation range for shots on long distances, what is more, and more popular nowadays.
The diopter on both rifle scopes is adjustable, on the Blaser Infinity rifle scope from -3 to 2,5 and on the Zeiss from -3.5 to +2. The parallax on both rifle scopes is adjustable from 50 meters to infinity, and both rifle scopes have nice parallax adjustment turrets so the user can adjust the parallax even in low light.
Like mentioned before, the Zeiss was already mounted on a weapon with a specific mount for the Zeiss ZM/VM mounting rail. Also, the Blaser features such a rail, with which one the user can very easily mount the rifle scope on his rifle without the help of a gunsmith.
Both rifles are available only in one color, the Zeiss in Black and the Blaser in Black with brown details like the turrets, magnification ring, and the diopter adjustment ring.
Both rifle scopes have a 36mm main tube but are not too heavy. However, the Zeiss is 85 grams heavier, but 15mm shorter. The big main tube offers bigger elevation range.
Blaser Infinity 4-20×58 iC (below) vs Zeiss Victory V8 2.8-20×56 (above)
Optical properties:
Minimal magnification:
Maximal magnification:
Zoom factor:
Maximal Field of View:
9.2 m / 100 m
15.5 m / 100 m
Minimal Field of View:
Minimal eye relief:
Maximal eye relief:
Light transmission – declared:
Tunneling effect at low magnifications:
Central sharpness – subjective impression at 4x, 12x and 20x magnification:
4x magnification – 3
12x magnification – 6
Edge sharpness – subjective impression at 4x, 12x and 20x magnification:
Inner reflections at 4x, 12x and 20x magnification:
FOV – subjective impression at 4x and 20x magnification:
Eye-box at 4x and 20x magnification:
Overall – subjective impression:
All in all (112 total points)
Already here, we see a big advantage of the Zeiss over the Blaser – the magnification range. Because the Zeiss has a zoom range of 7,14 times, it is a more universal rifle scope than the new Blaser Infinity 4-20×58 iC with its 5 times zoom. On the smallest magnification, the Zeiss has a field of view of 15.5 meters on 100 meters, compared to only 9.2 on the Blaser. This is in my opinion very important when you hunt also in the night, with a thermal or a night vision clip-on attachment, because you can find the animal more quickly and with less movement. If you want to use the rifle scope only in dusk and dawn, then maybe the Blaser would be the better choice because it gathers more light than the Zeiss, thanks to the bigger diameter of the objective lens.
The eye-relief on the Blaser is 90 millimeters, and 95 on the Zeiss. Because of this feature, when shooting strong recoiling calibers you are a little bit safer behind the Zeiss compared to the Blaser.
The Zeiss offers 2% better light transmission through the scope than the Blaser, but because the Blaser has a bigger objective lens, it gathers much more light than the Zeiss. Because of this, the Blaser is still brighter in low-light situations than the Zeiss.
And now the optical quality of both rifle scopes, which we tested again with 8 people that do not know any of these brands. Before the test, I adjusted both rifle scopes that they aim at the same spot and adjusted the parallax for the best image possible. The only thing the testers adjusted for themselves was the diopter setting.
As we see in the sharpness test, the Blaser has the upper hand. Especially on the biggest magnifications, we can see that the difference gets bigger and the end result was 28 against 20 points for the Blaser. Completely different was with the inner reflections because on the biggest magnifications more people voted for the Zeiss because it had fewer reflections than the Blaser.
The biggest difference and simultaneously the biggest advantage of the Zeiss is the big field of view. Even if we tested the rifle scopes on completely same magnifications on 4x and 20x, the testers gave the Blaser only 1 point and all other 15 got the Zeiss. The big field of view pulled the Zeiss out from loosing, because for the overall picture quality also more people voted for the Blaser than for the Zeiss. In the end, we came to a very interesting result – a tie.
Zeiss Victory V8 has a bigger zoom ratio and a smaller minimal magnification. Because of that, much wider field of view. Optically the Blaser is better, but because of the FOV, the test was a tie.
Reticle properties:
Focal plane:
Reticle name
Reticle 60
Reticle illumination:
Yes, RED
Daylight strong illumination:
Illumination intensity tuning:
Illuminated dot coverage:
0.55cm /100m (at 12x magnification)
Minimal reticle thickness:
Motion sensor:
Auto turn-off:
Reticle styles:
The reticles in those two rifle scopes are very similar in design, the difference is just in the middle, where in the 60 reticle from Blaser is a free space around the center dot. In the reticle 60 from Zeiss, the lines come in the middle together, where also the illuminated dot appears when you turn it on. Unfortunately, both rifle scopes manufacturers offer only 1 reticle option.
The main difference whatsoever is in the reticle position, because the Zeiss features a second focal plane reticle and the Blaser a first focal plane reticle. This means, that the reticle in the Zeiss has the same size and dimensions on the entire magnification range. On the Blaser, the reticle changes simultaneously with the magnification, so it is very thin on the smallest magnification, and much thicker on the biggest magnification.
Both rifle scopes feature an illuminated center dot for hunting in a low light environment, but the brightness can be adjusted also for day-time hunting. The center dot in the Zeiss is made of fiberglass, and that's why the dot is really small and covers only 0,55 cm of the target on 100 meters with 12x magnification. On bigger magnifications, it covers even less of the target. Completely differently is it on the Blaser because of the first focal plane reticle, the red dot coverage is always the same. Unfortunately, I couldn't find how much does the dot cover, and I searched the entire Blaser homepage for this information. What I've also noticed was the brightness of the illumination. On the Zeiss, the illuminated dot is better to see in a very bright environment, even if you look into the sky. But since these two rifle scopes are designed for low-light hunting, I think that such a bright illuminated dot is not even needed.
Both rifle scopes feature a motion sensor and an auto turn-off function, which is perfect to save the battery life. The motion sensor shuts the illumination off when the rifle is tilted sideways, upwards or downwards into a non-firing position. The turn-off function, on the other hand, shuts the illumination off if you let the rifle scope stay in a firing position for a long time and forget to turn the illumination off. The Blaser has also an additional function, named iC – illumination Control. With this function, combined with a Blaser R8 rifle, the rifle scope turns the illumination automatically on when you cock the rifle. So if you see an animal, you don't need to adjust your illumination but simply cock the rifle. This is possible because all new Blaser R8 rifles and Infinity rifle scopes feature this new iC sensor, which notices when the rifle is cocked or if it's locked.
The reticle in the Zeiss is in the second focal plane, in the Blaser in the first focal plane. Both have very similar reticles, and both are illuminated. The illumination in the Zeiss is much stronger, and the red dot is much smaller. Both rifle scopes have an auto turn-off function to save battery life.
Blaser Infinity 4-20×58 iC reticle with illuminated dot
Turret properties:
Turret Style:
Click value:
0.1 mrad
MTC function:
Number of turns:
Single-turn
Turn indication:
Zero stop:
Position locking:
Elevation in one turn:
8 mrad (80cm/100m)
10mrad (100cm/100m)
Total travel of turret:
10 mrad (100cm/100m)
BDC turret type:
BDC turret accuracy:
0.1 MIL (1 cm/100m)
BDC turret flexibility:
Elevation range:
8 mrad
10 mrad
Windage range:
Turret size:
Click sound
Click feeling
Ease of zeroing
All in all (40 total points)
Like I mentioned in the review between the Blaser Infinity and Swarovski Z8i, for me personally the turrets from Blaser are one of the best on the market. The only problem is, that you can not change them with a different BDC ring, so that you could have only numbers for different distances for your personal ballistic curve. With the turret that is standard on the Blaser, the user has to remember the clicks for each distance. What I like is that the turret is lockable at zero and 4 clicks over the zero, but everywhere else you can not lock the turret. Because of this, you visually see that you are not on zero and you cannot forget to turn it back after the hunt. The windage turret is capped, and under the cap is a very nicely designed small turret. What is very interesting, is that Blaser decided to make the windage turret on the left side of the rifle scope and the parallax adjustment and illumination control on the right side of the rifle scope.
It is completely different on the Zeiss, where you can order the rifle scope with the elevation BDC turret or both, elevation and windage BDC turrets. The BDC turret on the Zeiss is extremely well made, and it is always locked when you don't use it. If you want to adjust, you have to pull the turret up to unleash the locking function. Then you simply click the desired elevation or windage, and when you let the turret go, it automatically locks in place. This is a great feature, so you can't accidentally change your adjusted settings. Another great feature of these turrets is the ability to change the rings where you see the clicks. On the beginning, there is a standard ring on it where the spacings are in mrad, with numbers only every 10 clicks. Additionally, you get 9 different BDC rings with different scales for different ballistic curves, which cover the most of known calibers.
Because both rifle scopes are made in Germany, are the clicks in 1 cm on 100 meters. The clicks are clockwise, and both have a single-turn turret design. In one turn on the Blaser, you can adjust the reticle for maximal 80 centimeters on 100 meters (80 clicks). On the Zeiss, on the other hand, you have 20 clicks more available, so altogether 100. With such a big elevation range, you can shoot with some fast calibers even over 1000 meters.
Like previously mentioned, I find very interesting that the Blaser switched the windage turret with the parallax control and the illumination control compared to all other rifle scopes manufacturers. I personally find this decision a little bit inconvenient, because it is somehow easier to adjust the parallax and the illumination with the left hand (if you are right-handed) and you hold a rifle in your hand. Maybe they looked this over the Kahles K series rifle scopes, because there you can order the scope as you want. But in my opinion for a tactical rifle scope this is a great option to have, because there you have to adjust windage more often and on the left side it is closer to your free hand. On the Blaser scope, you have to grab over the scope or even adjust it with the right hand. When you do this, you can not simultaneously aim and adjust.
Whatsoever, the design, and how the parallax adjustment turret and the illumination control are made, is of the highest quality possible. The parallax has a small groove on 100 meters, so even at night, you know if your parallax adjustment is correct. To adjust the parallax, you have to pull the adjustment ring out, and then simply turn it to the desired distance. On the turret are also lines for distances up to 300 meters. In the same turret is also the illumination control, where you have to pull the ring out to turn the illumination on, and then simply turn it slightly to adjust the brightness of the illumination.
Zeiss has a more standard design of the parallax control, with a normal rotatable turret on the left side of the rifle scope. This turret is adjustable from 50 meters to infinity, and on exactly 100 meters, there is a ˝click˝, so even in low light, you know where your parallax adjustment is. The illumination control is one of the best – or the best on the market because it is on a really good spot for right and left-handed shooters. The illumination control is easy to operate, and all functions are completely quiet so no animal can hear what you are doing. To turn the illumination on, you just have to push the button in the middle of the ring on the ocular, and then simply rotate the rotation button to adjust the brightness of the illumination.
The turrets on both rifle scopes are excellent, and both are lockable. Blaser has the parallax and illumination control on the right side of the rifle scope, which is inconvenient and not so easy to reach. On the Zeiss, the illumination control is on the perfect position for left and right-handed shooters.
Blaser Infinity 4-20×58 iC (on the left) vs Zeiss Victory V8 2.8-20×56 (on the right)
General properties:
Introduced in:
Available original accessories:
MRSP Price:
3095 € (+ Windage ASV 3380€)
Both rifle scopes are made in Germany, even in the same city of Wetzlar. Wetzlar is the capital city of optical products in the world because the most innovations came directly from this city. In Wetzlar are stationed many well-known manufacturers like Zeiss, Leica, Schmidt & Bender and so on.
Zeiss produces all their products in their own company, except for the lenses, which they order from their partner SCHOTT AG. All these lenses are then additionally coated in the Zeiss facility, to gain better resolution and light transmission. Zeiss was also the first company which used fluoride glass in optical products like rifle scopes, because this type of glass has the best light transmission rate compared to other glass alloys.
Blaser, on the other hand, is a completely new company in the optics world, because they started to produce optics in the year 2017. These optics are produced by GSO, which was founded in 2013 when Minox, Optronika and L&O Group united. Both, Minox and Optronika have a long experience in optics, especially in the rifle scopes production. Because Blaser rifle scopes are on the market for just a few months, they don't yet have original accessories available. At Zeiss, they offer few accessories like rifle scope neoprene covers, flip-up covers, lens cleaning kits and so on.
Both manufacturers offer 10 years long warranty for their products, but even after these 10 years, I am sure that there will be no problem if something will be defective.
Both rifle scopes have a premium price, which is not affordable for any hunter. Especially for a newcomer is the price with 3289 very high, if we compare that the Zeiss comes with even more features for almost 200 Euros less. If you add an additional BDC turret for windage, then the price gets higher for 285 Euros.
These are very expensive rifle scopes, with many features. For a lower price you get more at Zeiss than at Blaser, and you can upgrade the scope with another BDC turret. For the high price you get 10 years of warranty.
Blaser Infinity 4-20×58 iC rifle scope
After a long and detailed testing of those high-end rifle scopes, I can really say that both of them are very well made, even in the smallest details. Because of the smaller and more compact turrets on the Blaser, the rifle scope does not look so bulky like the Zeiss.
As I said, I like the elevation turret of the Blaser, but after a while of testing, I think that the turret of the Zeiss is still better because you can lock the turret on every setting. This is very useful if you use a clip-on device because it can happen that the device changes the point of impact. So if the device changes the POI, you can easily click the difference and lock the turret in place, so that you have a true zero when you have a clip-on on the rifle scope.
Another benefit of the Zeiss, in my opinion, are the parallax adjustment and illumination control locations. I don't understand why Blaser chose to put those adjustments on the right side of the rifle scope, but for me personally, the location is a little bit inconvenient because I am right-handed. On the Zeiss, the locations are on the perfect spot, especially the illumination control which is directly on the ocular. And not only the position, but also the illumination itself is the best you can get in any rifle scope today. The glass fiber illumination is extremely strong, so that you see the dot even if you look in a very bright target, and it is still very small so it does not cover a lot of the target. The parallax whatsoever has a better design on the Blaser, because it is locked at exactly 100 meters.
Another big benefit of the Zeiss is the bigger zoom factor and because of this the wider field of view, which is crucial for my decision which scope is better. The Zeiss offers 6 meters wider field of view, what is very important if you hunt in low light conditions. Though the bigger zoom factor has also a drawback, which is the light transmission. Here the Blaser scores big, because it has a bigger objective lens and because of that a much brighter picture in low light. Also in the optical quality, Blaser scored extremely well, where it was in some points a lot better than the Zeiss V8.
From the design, the Blaser is much more elegant than the Zeiss. Blaser is brighter in low-light, because of the 5 times zoom factor and the bigger objective lens diameter. Zeiss, on the other hand, is a more universal scope because of the much smaller minimal magnification and a wider field of view. The ergonomics of the Zeiss is better because the turrets are easier to reach and use with gloves.
We would like to thank Optics-Trade for letting us use and test the above-mentioned products. We also thank them for letting us use their videos.
This featured test is impartial and we always try our best not to prejudice and favor one product over the other. Our team of enthusiasts who tests these products and writes these articles is doing it from dedication, as rifle scopes are our big passion. We also feel a great amount of joy and satisfaction when we know that we have contributed and shared with you our experiences. We try not to be biased and try to be as accurate as possible when interpreting our sightings. We will do our best to described things as they really are.
How the testing is done:
Our team comprises of two enthusiasts who write the articles for hobby and our very helpful unbiased friends who help us make the evaluations, such as the optical characteristics. As we are volunteers/enthusiasts we are not always present in the same numbers. Our ranks can fluctuate from 5 to around 8 people at the time of a test. Other than the two of us who are responsible for writing the articles our friends have almost zero experience in rifle scopes. They have no prejudice and are as such perfect for our objective observations. None-the-less we always try our best to hide all the labels that can give away the products ID. For that reason, we mount the rifle scopes in parallel on a special stand and cover them so the brand names are not visible.
We accurately fine tune the parallax on all the testing products for observing trees and buildings at 200 m and each person sets the diopter for their specific needs.
After we are sure that the test can be done without preferations we ask our volunteers to test the following parameters:
Central sharpness – subjective impression at 4x, 12x and 20x
Edge sharpness – subjective impression at 4x, 12x and 20x
Inner reflections – subjective impression at 4x, 12x and 20x
FOV – subjective impression at 4x and 20x
Eye-box – subjective impression at 4x and 20x
Overall – subjective impression
In this article, we tested optical properties with 8 volunteers, which have no experiences with hunting scopes and have no bias towards any of these two brands. To be exact none of the volunteers even knew any of these two brands before the test. Both scopes were mounted in parallel and people observed trees and buildings about 200 meters away. Parallax was fine-tuned before the test and each person also adjusted the diopter setting for himself. From 8 volunteers 3 were women and 5 were men.
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Blaser Infinity 4-20×58 iC vs Swarovski Z8i 2.3-18×56
Minox ZP5 5-25×56 vs Kahles K525i 5-25×56
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Peter Scranton has been both identifying and developing early stage venture opportunities and is presently involved in an entrepreneurial venture partnership developing a nationwide service business. Prior to this, Peter worked on client strategy, capital development, community assessment, and feasibility and development planning for healthcare and science projects focusing on university and research institutions for Jensen + Partners, a project and construction management firm specializing in large scale institutional facilities in the healthcare, science and technology sectors.
Peter was a principle in the Atlantic Advisory Group concentrating on strategic alliances, process management and raising capital for high tech and Internet companies. He has been involved with digital content, online financial services and wireless initiatives. Previously, Peter developed a company that provided policy analysis via the Web and advised edutainment companies based on more than a decade of experience in the entertainment industry.
Peter has been instrumental in program development in the nonprofit field from conferences for the Council on Foundations to programming for several nonprofit organizations.
As chairman of a private foundation and an international nonprofit organization, Peter initiated and developed strategic planning, organizational systems, capital planning and capital development. Peter is fluent in French and has broad experience in international cultures. He has an M.B.A. from Antioch University and a B.A. from Yale University.


Kepā Maly and Onaona Pomroy Maly completed a review of all the original land title records of the Hawaiian Kingdom recorded during the Māhele 'Āina (Land Division) between the years 1847 and 1855. For the first time, all of the Māhele records have been compiled in one collection, and the original Hawaiian-language documents of the Native Register and Testimony collections were translated by Kepā Maly for this program. The results provide readers with significant documentation coming from those who lived on and knew the land in a traditional manner. The Māhele documents describe land use, residency, and the practices of the families of Honouliuli and its smaller land subdivisions. With this information, we are able better to understand the history and cultural landscape of Honouliuli. While much has changed in the last 170 years, the spirit of place, the named places, and lives of those who came before us are still present on the land. Their history adds value to our own lives and community.
The following plants and other resources are noted in Māhele claims.
Another important facet of the records compiled as a part of the Māhele 'Āina are the place names of Honouliuli. Some 182 place names were cited in the claims, testimonies, and surveys of native tenants lands in Honouliuli. The names are often descriptive of i) the terrain, ii) an event in history, iii) the kind of resources a particular place was noted for, or iv) the kind of land use which occurred in the area so named. Sometimes an earlier resident of a given land area was also commemorated by place names.
The records of the Māhele are the earliest and most detailed records of Honouliuli, in their documentation of native residents—those people who were the survivors of their ancestors, and those whose iwi (remains) were buried upon the plains (kulāıwi). Following a detailed review of all the Māhele records from Honouliuli Ahupua'a, at least 208 resident names were found. These names, often modernized surnames, are the people who lived upon, cared for, and were sustained by the 'āina and kai lawai'a of Honouliuli.
The Buke Māhele (Division Book) of 1848, copy of 1864, documents the agreements among King Kamehameha III, family members, supporting chiefs, and others who supported Kamehameha I and his heirs in the period between the 1790s and the 1830s. The Buke Māhele also lists the lands granted by the king to the government land inventory—financial returns from sales and leases of such were dedicated to the support of government operations—and for conveyance through Royal Patent Grants to Hawaiians and other parties in leasehold and fee-simple interests.
The records of the Māhele 'Āina are a significant source of firsthand accounts from native tenants of Honouliuli whose residency generally spanned the period from ca. 1800 to 1855. The records describe native Hawaiian residency and land use practices. They identify specific residents, types of land use, fishery and fishing rights, crops cultivated, and features on the landscape.
The Kuleana Act remains the foundation of law pertaining to native tenant rights and prescribed the following.
An Act confirming certain resolutions of the King and Privy Council passed on the 21st day of December 1849, granting to the common people allodial titles for their own lands and house lots, and certain other privileges.


text:
Q: Trying to define a 'View' for a control by using a scrollviewer. Different results between Silverlight but not WP7? I'm trying to create a simple image rotator control where a user can click an arrow and an image will slide to another one. I'm doing this with a stackpanel of images inside of a scrollviewer.
n silverlight, the following code works as expected:

<Grid x:Name="RootLayout" Margin="200" Width="480">
    <Grid.RowDefinitions>
        <RowDefinition Height="50" />
        <RowDefinition Height="50" />
    </Grid.RowDefinitions>
    <Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
        <ColumnDefinition Width="50" />
        <ColumnDefinition Width="50" />
    </Grid.ColumnDefinitions>

    <ScrollViewer Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="0" HorizontalScrollBarVisibility="Hidden" VerticalScrollBarVisibility="Hidden">
        <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal">

            <StackPanel.RenderTransform>
                <TranslateTransform x:Name="tt" />
            </StackPanel.RenderTransform>

            <StackPanel.Resources>
                <Storyboard x:Name="sb">
                    <DoubleAnimation
                        Storyboard.TargetName="tt"
                        Storyboard.TargetProperty="X"
                        From="0"
                        To="-50"
                        Duration="0:0:0.25" />
                </Storyboard>
            </StackPanel.Resources>

            <Rectangle Width="50" Height="50" Fill="Blue" />
            <Rectangle Width="50" Height="50" Fill="Green" />
        </StackPanel>
    </ScrollViewer>

    <Button Content="Push" Click="test" Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" />
</Grid>

The "Push" button simply begins the storyboard.
Now, when I use this same code in a wp7 page, I get a runtime error on the Begin method of the storyboard saying that the targetname could not be resolved.  Interestingly enough, if I remove the ScrollViewer wrapped around the StackPanel completely, the page runs just fine.  Why would it fail on wp7 when the stackpanel is contained inside the scrollviewer?  (Note that the root level of the phone page is phone:PhoneApplicationPage)
Thanks!

A: Can't answer why there is a difference, but generally when I have been writing storyboards on WP7 I reference the transform I want like this.
Storyboard.TargetName="myStackPanel" Storyboard.TargetProperty="(UIElement.RenderTransform).(TranslateTransform.X)
Perhaps there is a difference in the traveral algorithms.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Woman's shock after witnessing 'nice' couple perform sex act on train
She says she couldn't believe what she was seeing
Luke GreenReporter
A woman witnessed a couple perform a sex act on a train from Sheffield to Cleethorpes (Image: Grimsby Live)
A woman has spoken of her horror after witnessing a couple performing a sex act on the seat opposite her.
The woman was on the 1.30pm Sheffield to Cleethorpes service on Sunday, January 2 when she noticed the couple in a compromising position.
But as the train reached Scunthorpe, she heard the man undo his belt and couldn't believe what she was seeing, she told Grimsby Live.
Click here for the latest real life stories
The woman, who wishes to remain anonymous said she told staff at Cleethorpes train station about the incident after she and the couple had got off the train.
She said it was an absolutely shocking experience and a sight she did not expect to see on a Sunday train journey.
She said: "I was on the 1.30pm train from Sheffield to Cleethorpes and got on the carriage which had a group of drunken lads and a nice looking couple on.
"I sat opposite the couple as they looked nice and I felt I'd be better sat next to them than the drunken men.
"It was all fine until we got to Scunthorpe. At this point, I heard the man's belt unbuckle and wondered what on Earth was going on?
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"After a while, the man had his pants down - I didn't know where to look.
"I was coughing loudly and looking out the window to try and make them aware that I was there.
"At one point, the man pulled his coat over the lady, but you could clearly see what was going on."
"I just felt so uncomfortable.
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"At Cleethorpes, both myself and the couple got off the train and I just shook my head at the pair of them, but they just looked at me and smirked."
The woman told the staff at the train station before informing the British Transport Police about the incident.
She told Grimsby Live: "It's the strangest thing I've ever seen, but I definitely didn't want to see it.
"They must have been in their 30s, I was just so shocked they would even think about doing something like that.
Despair as Hull pensioner's lifeline scooter destroyed while he played bingo
"I felt incredibly uncomfortable throughout the whole thing.
"I spent £200 on a return ticket from Bristol to Cleethorpes and that is not what I wanted to experience."
A spokesperson for British Transport Police said: "We received a report on January 3 of a couple engaging in a sexual act onboard a train Cleethorpes.
"The incident occurred on January 2.
(Image: Grimsby Live)
"Further witnesses or anyone with information can contact BTP by texting 61016 or calling 0800 40 50 40 quoting reference 287 of 03/01/22."
A TransPennine Express spokesperson said: "The safety and comfort of our customers and colleagues is of paramount importance to us and we are sorry for any distress experienced during this journey.
"This type of behaviour is unacceptable, and we are now working closely with colleagues at British Transport Police to identify and trace those responsible."
To get the latest real life stories straight to your inbox, click here.
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The 12 best women's teams from all five continents will compete for the FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup 2011 title across six Japanese cities from November 4-18. Volleyball occupies place of pride in Japan. All the Japanese fans are ready to give their full support to the best players of the planet, gathered in Japan to go for the gold medal a podium finish and to get a chance to compete at the London Olympic Games next year. The FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup 2011 promises to be a great show.
Nagano Prefecture is known for its mountains – many higher than 2,500m – and is nicknamed "the Roof of Japan". White Ring was used for figure skating and short-track speedskating at the 1998 Winter Olympics, and has hosted the FIVB World Cup twice before (1999 and 2003), as well as the FIVB World Championships (2006).
Momotaro Arena is located in the coastal region of Okayama on the south coast of Honshu, the main island of Japan. It has previously hosted a number of national volleyball events including a group in the 2010 World Grand Prix Preliminary Round.
Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium is the "B" venue for the fourth round of women's matches and was used in the 1964 Olympics. It was completely rebuilt in the early 1990s under the supervision of architect Fumihiko Maki, who gave the building its futuristic design. It is the venue for a number of major sporting events.
Hiroshima Sun Plaza is a world-class multipurpose hall built in 1985. The international "Peace City" of Hiroshima has produced many famous volleyball players, such as Katsutoshi Nekoda who won gold with the Japan men's team at the Munich Olympics in 1972. Hiroshima will be hosting the World Cup for the ninth time.
Hokkaido Prefectural Sports Centre is located in Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, and will host the World Cup for the sixth time this year, including the women's tournament for a fourth time. Sapporo is the capital city of Hokkaido and the fifth biggest city in Japan.
Built to house the swimming competitions at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, the spectacular Yoyogi Gymnasium features a unique, high-tension suspension roof. It has held many volleyball competitions, including the 2010 Women's World Championship final and is designated as one of the 100 architectural landmarks of Tokyo.


text:
Q: Duplicating Onepage Block to a Custom Page anyone could give me a tips or any kind of possible solution or good approach in doing this?.
My objective is to make a custom page that has the same onepage block on it
(the step by step procedure until placing final order)(please see the image)

let us say, we have the original checkout/onepage, but i also want a duplicate that goes by checkout/customname that has the same onepage block.
is it possible?
if it is, what is the good approach to do it?
by the way, im fine with doing it using Action (checkout/onepage/customname) than of Controller(checkout/customname).
ps: if you are going to ask why make two, the answer is,because two different user will be accessing two different checkout page. why? I'm afraid I cant answer that.
Thanks! :)

A: In magento you should not edit the core files. So first you have create a custom module. With your controller.
Now to get the onepage checkout content in your page. Add below code in your layout file.
<yourmodule_yourcontroller_index>
    <update handle="checkout_onepage_index"/>
</yourmodule_yourcontroller_index>

Refer this link for update handle


text:
Buchbinder - Rent-a-car Menu
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For the time being, please use the regular booking mask without login or contact our service center (+49 203 860510). Once the new login solution is operational, this notice will be removed.
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Buchbinder expands its fleet with two trendy eye-catchers
The fleet of the car rental company Bookbinder Rent-a-Car is gaining popular momentum: Just in time for the summer, Buchbinder is introducing a new cult car with the Ford Mustang. Whether as a coupe or convertible, the Mustang promises a driving pleasure in a class of its own. Equipped with a V8 engine, the Mustang features a distinctive retro design with plenty of power and its characteristic sound. The Mustangs will be available at Buchbinder Rent-a-Car at the city stations in Munich, Dusseldorf, Berlin, Hamburg, Stuttgart and Cologne. The vehicles can be booked over the telephone via the Service Center +49 203 860510, in the aforementioned stations on site or online via the Buchbinder Rent-a-Car website. The daily rental for a Ford Mustang starts at just 99.99 euros per day.
A highlight this June will be the "Transformers: The Last Knight" sweep stakes campaign (promotion period 01.06 - 30.06.2017), where fans of the film can rent specially branded Mustangs and win attractive prizes. Further information about the contest will published soon on the Buchbinder Rent-a-Car Facebook-page and on www.buchbinder.de .
The Ford Ranger pick-up - the all-rounder of the road
Another new model is the Ford Ranger pick-up. This vehicle combines a great deal of off-road expertise with the practical advantages of a comfortable passenger cabin. In addition, the models are equipped with powerful engines and four-wheel drive, which is why they are particularly attractive for those customer groups that are regularly off the paved roads. Whether used as a mobile office or as a rolling workshop, the pick-up is very popular with construction professionals, forestry workers, landscape gardeners or civil engineers.
Buchbinder offers the Ford Ranger with a double cabin - enough space for up to five people
Ford's powerhouse provides a towing capacity of 1,361 kilograms and can effortlessly tow a 3.5-tonner trailer. At Buchbinder Rent-a-Car customers always rent the with a double cabin. The spacious double cabin is a true four-door car and can accommodate up to five people. The loading area in this variant is 1.61 meters long and 1.56 meters wide. For the loading area, the customer has the choice between:
A fixed cover with double hinge system for easy access
A flexible roll cover with steel frame
A robust load compartment protection tray made of plastic
The Ford Ranger pick-up is bookable for 99.00 Euros per day, including 100 free kilometers and liability insurance.
"We are pleased to be able to offer our customers two new models this summer. While the Ford Mustang trumps with a sporty driving feel, stands the Ford Ranger pick-up as the vehicle for all cases. The pick-up offers all kinds of possibilities, which are requested by more and more of our customers. The possibility of distributing the drive power to all four wheels guarantees our customers to remain mobile even when other drive concepts are already reaching their limits. Try our two new exotics for an unbeatable daily price and experience the exclusive driving experience first hand ", says Hubert M. Terstappen, Managing Director, Buchbinder Car Rental.
About the Buchbinder Group:
"Mobile on point." - this is the claim Buchbinder Rent-a-Car has made since its founding. Reliable and competent service, as well as high-quality rental vehicles at fair prices, this is the Regensburg car rental, which has an extensive network of stations over 152 city and airport stations in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia and northern Italy. In addition to passenger cars, transporter and bus rental, the full-range provider has gained market leadership in the truck sector in Germany and Austria over the years. Since 2015, the brand portfolio of Buchbinder Rent-a-Car also includes the modern brands GLOBAL Rent-a-Car and CaRE. Behind it is a completely new franchise concept that brings movement into the car rental market. With international locations run by franchisees and partners, the Buchbinder Group has since provided its customers with a large network of more than 5,000 rental car stations in over 100 countries. The focus is on customers whose satisfaction is the greatest maxim.
Buchbinder Rent-a-Car
Buchbinder corporate group
E-Mail: pressebuchbinder "«@&.de
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