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Home 2009 May
ICJ Denies Belgium's Request for Provisional Measures in the "Prosecute or Extradite" Case
Published on May 29, 2009 Author: Joanna Harrington
Joanna Harrington is an Associate Professor with the Faculty of Law at the University of Alberta in Canada, where she teaches constitutional law, international law, and international criminal law. Her scholarship often examines the interplay between international human rights law and criminal law, and international law and constitutional law in general. She has written previously on matters of interim measures, arguing for the application of the ICJ's jurisprudence to requests arising within the context of communications before the international human rights treaty monitoring bodies: see "Punting Terrorists, Assassins and Other Undesirables: Canada, the Human Rights Committee and Requests for Interim Measures of Protection" (2003) 48 McGill LJ 55.
I wish to thank Dapo Akande, the editor of EJIL Talk!, for the invitation to express my initial (and perhaps hasty) thoughts on yesterday's decision by the International Court of Justice (see here) concerning Belgium's request for the indication of provisional measures in the proceedings lodged against Senegal concerning the "obligation to prosecute or extradite" Hissène Habré, the former President of Chad (1982-1990), for the commission of serious international crimes, including crimes of torture and crimes against humanity.[1] Habré has been living in Senegal since he was overthrown in 1990; however, in light of recent statements made by the Senegalese head of state intimating that Habré may be allowed to leave the territory,[2] Belgium sought an order from the ICJ requiring Senegal to ensure that such a departure did not occur. Senegal opposed Belgium's request, challenging Belgium's interpretation of the statements made by its President as well as the general admissibility of Belgium's case, while also arguing that such an order was not needed given the existing controls concerning Habré. By 13 votes to one, the Court declined to make the requested order, finding that:
"the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power under Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures."[3]
A key factor contributing to the Court's decision were the solemn assurances provided by Senegal, both on its own initiative and in response to a direct question put by a Member of the Court during the hearings, that it will not allow Habré to leave its territory before the Court has given its final decision.[4] Credit goes to Judge Greenwood, a recent appointment to the Court, for asking Senegal at the end of the first round of the oral observations whether it would be prepared to give a solemn assurance to the Court that it will not allow Habré to leave while this case is pending.[5] Although Senegal had said as much in its submissions, the question prompted Senegal to solemnly confirm in its closing statement to the Court that:
"Senegal will not allow Mr. Habré to leave Senegal while the present case is pending before the Court. Senegal has not the intention to allow Mr. Habré to leave the territory while the present case is pending before the Court."[6]
With this solemn declaration, the denial of Belgium's request for the indication of provisional measures was a likely result, notwithstanding Belgium's efforts to suggest that a "clear and unconditional" assurance "could be sufficient" but the need for certain "clarifications" made an order from the Court preferable.[7] The ICJ's decision may thus be viewed as a non-result in terms of the actual request that was put before the Court, and the fact that the parties were generally in agreement as to the law governing the indication of provisional measures. Nevertheless, the reasoning behind the Court's order is worth consideration, as are the issues raised in the relatively lengthy dissent of Judge Cançado Trindade, another new appointment to the Court.
The Existence of a Dispute and the Involvement of the African Union
In addressing a request for the indication of provisional measures, the Court must first satisfy itself that it has prime facie jurisdiction as regards the merits of the case. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, EJIL Reports, Extradition, International Court of Justice
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Professor Thomas Franck Passes Away
Published on May 29, 2009 Author: Iain Scobbie & Catriona Drew
The news of Tom Franck's death (see here and here) must sadden us all. Our community of international lawyers has lost one of its greatest scholars. We have also lost a mentor, and a dear friend.
Readers may be interested in a 2002 EJIL Symposium containing a series of essays which evaluate Franck's Fairness in International Law and International Institutions (1995)
Filed under: EJIL, EJIL Reports
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ICC Launches Online Library on International Criminal Law
Published on May 27, 2009 Author: Dapo Akande
The International Criminal Court has recently launched a new version of its Legal Tools site. The site contains an invaluable online library on international criminal law which will probably be the first port of call for those working in this field. According to the release announcing the launch:
The Legal Tools amount to a knowledge-transfer platform for international criminal and human rights law made freely available to the general public through the website of the ICC. The Legal Tools Database is the most comprehensive on international criminal law. It contains more than 40,000 documents, including decisions and indictments from all international or internationalised criminal tribunals, preparatory works of the ICC, case documents from the ICC, treaties, information about national legal systems, and relevant decisions from national courts. The service also contains a new knowledge-base on national legislation implementing the ICC Statute.
The Legal Tools were designed and developed in the Legal Advisory Section of the ICC Office of the Prosecutor by Morten Bergsmo and his team, while a network of outsourcing partners are collecting and registering the documents, metadata and keywords in the Legal Tools Database: the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights (University of Oslo), the Human Rights Law Centre (University of Nottingham), the International Research and Documentation Centre for War Crimes Trials (University of Marburg), the Institute of International Law and International Relations (University of Graz), the T.M.C. Asser Institute, the Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law and TRIAL (Track Impunity Always). The Nottingham Human Rights Law Centre has developed the knowledge-base on implementing legislation. The EEAR (European academy of eJustice) is responsible for technical implementation of the Legal Tools Database and Website.
Filed under: EJIL Reports, International Criminal Court, International Criminal Law
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The Field of Exception/the Field of Exclusion — Reflections for Martti Koskenniemi
Published on May 25, 2009 Author: Pål Wrange
Editors Note: This post was originally posted on EJIL:Talk! as a comment by Pål Wrange LLM, PhD (Stockholm) in response to last week's discussion on Prof. Koskenniemi's article. Mr Wrange, Principal Legal Advisor on public international law at the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, is currently on leave of absence and working as a consultant in Kampala
I have engaged with Martti's work since 1989, when I first read From Apology to Utopia (for example, see my Impartial or Uninvolved? The Anatomy of 20th Century Doctrine on the Law of Neutrality (Visby: Dokumaten.se, 2007) 62-73) . An academic gone practitioner (the opposite career move to Martti's, I have always felt at home in his texts – the mix of seriousness of purpose and irony of tone, the fealty to old-fashioned Bildung, the shared heritage of continental theory and Anglo-Saxon dominated practice. His theoretical theses, like indeterminacy, have been addressed by me at quite some length elsewhere - admiringly and critically (in the original sense of that world, of course). Instead of the usual extensive quotes and reverences, let me this time pay tribute to Martti by reflecting, from the floor as it were, on two themes which Martti puts up front in his blog contribution – his criticism of managerialism and, in particular, the fragmentation of international law.
I presently live in Uganda, and have since 2007 been involved in various aspects of the peace process between the Government and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). As many readers of this blog will know, in 2005 the ICC handed down five arrest warrants against Joseph Kony and other commanders of the LRA. These arrest warrants were extremely controversial in this country, partly because they were said to derail the peace process, partly because they did not correspond with many people's perception of justice, and partly because they were felt to constitute a heavy-handed intervention by 'global governance'. While I believe that neither of these points is completely wrong, let me also say for the record that I think that the decisions to request and issue the arrest warrants were right (which is not to say that the ICC could not have done things different, and much more sensitively). Be that as it may, the important point in this context is that the ICC has been quite central to the peace debate in Uganda ever since the 'self-referral' by the Government to the ICC became public in 2004.
So, there is a peace-process, fledgling for sure, but still holding real prospects for peace. And then there is a threat to this peace-process, in the form of a prosecution by an international body. No one will lay down his arms if that means going to jail. Now, how do you think about this problem? A human rights issue? An international humanitarian law issue? An issue of the recently formed – and now fully established — field of international criminal law? An issue of conflict resolution? An issue of domestic law (criminal law or constitutional law)? Or perhaps an issue of transitional justice?
It is obvious that the mere choice of field from which to analyse situation does not answer any questions. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: EJIL: Debate!, International Criminal Court, Theory of International Law
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On the road to Avila? A Response to Koskenniemi
Published on May 20, 2009 Author: Iain Scobbie
Professor Iain Scobbie, is the Sir Joseph Hotung Research Professor in Law, Human Rights and Peace Building in the Middle East, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
The burden of Professor Koskenniemi's article appears to bear an uncanny likeness to St Teresa of Avila's aphorism that answered prayers cause more tears than those that remain unanswered. His article is both a restatement and development of the concerns he addressed twenty years ago in "The Politics of International Law", namely that law is inevitably indeterminate and must always defer to contested political assumptions (or discretion) in order to impose a decision and that, consequently, international lawyers must be reflective and take responsibility for their actions in both the practice and doctrinal development of the discipline. He has consistently argued that a failure to examine one's actions contributes to the perpetuation of the problems that international law claims to alleviate. There is merit in this argument: as Colin Warbrick pointed out, a refusal to think about what one is doing may amount to a "latent theory" which rests content with the status quo and seeks neither to question nor justify either the substance or practice of international law (see Warbrick C, "The theory of international law: is there an English contribution?", in Allott P et al, Theory and international law: an introduction (BIICL: London: 1991).
But to speak of the "discipline" of international law is perhaps to impose a falsely monolothic character on the enterprise. As Professor Koskenniemi argues, one of the characteristics of contemporary international legal practice is specialisation, where discrete sets of substantive issues are packaged into categories such as humans right law or trade law or environmental law, each of which have attendant specialised vocabularies that intellectually structure the possibilities and limits of the given field. Special regimes have thereby been created "that cater for special audiences with special interests and special ethos". Each of these embody structural biases in the form of dominant expectations about the values, actors and solutions appropriate to that specialisation, which thus affect affect practical outcomes . These expectations differ from specialisation to specialisation. Participants conceptualise issues in ways which locate them within a particular specialisation in order to pull on the biases encoded within that specialisation. In doing so they highlight some elements of a situation while disregarding others. This act of classification is often seen as natural or neutral, rather that one which chooses between contested categories which emphasise conflicting values and thus determine the range of possible or permissible outcomes. Consequently international lawyers should examine the implications of their classification of an issue. Professor Koskenniemi agrees with David Kennedy's observation that international lawyers often have recourse to using specialised vocabularies and institutions without reflecting on their effect in the real world, but continues that if his indeterminancy thesis is correct, then these vocabularies and institutions must themselves be sites of controversy and compromise. Thus an agreement on broad objectives may lead to disagreement on how these are to be achieved, and different political approaches may be adopted to the same given issue—"One needs to know whose understanding of 'human rights' or which notion of security ought to be preferred and, once that preference is fixed, what type of action will best support it". This requires detachment–"strategic sensitivity and the pursuit of critical distance"—from the institution chosen and the objectives it pursues in order that one is not blinded by, but rather may apprehend, its particular structural bias.
Professor Koskenniemi's indeterminacy thesis may be seen to have affinities with one of the principal strands of American legal realism, rule scepticism, which argued that uncertainty lies in the very formulation of rules, and thus judicial decisions cannot not lay claim to being simply the inexorable application of the law to the issue in question. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: EJIL: Debate!, Theory of International Law
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The Politics of International Law – Twenty Years Later: A Reply
Published on May 19, 2009 Author: Jason Beckett
Dr Jason Beckett is a Lecturer in Law at the University of Leicester (UK). His publications include The End of Customary Internaitonal Law: A Purposive Analyis of Structural Indeterminacy (2008) as well as a couple of articles in the European Journal of International Law (in 2001 (here) and 2005) dealing with international law theory.
It is a privilege, as well as a pleasure, to be given the opportunity to comment (once more) on the works of Martti Koskenniemi. To be asked to do so in tandem with Iain Scobbie brings a symmetry to that pleasure. Both are scholars I have long admired, and men I am honoured to consider friends. But the symmetry runs deeper than this, as whilst Iain wrote the best review essay of the first edition of Koskenniemi's book: From Apology to Utopia (FATU), it is my claim to fame to have written (by far I suspect) the longest review of the second (see here). Martti's thought has evolved in those twenty years, as has my response to it. Yet his has retained a consistency which mine has not. Iain's, I believe, comes somewhere in between. I suspect he remains opposed to the central strands of Koskenniemi's thinking, yet he has learned from them, softening his stance in some regards. But what constitutes Koskenniemi's thought? What, if anything, is its central tenet?
Indeterminacy, contingency, false necessity, critique, and perhaps pessimism (or, from another perspective, an unjustifiable utopian optimism) seem obvious candidates; but I would reject them all, not outright, but as epiphenomenal. To my mind, the central thrust of Martti's work is a demand for responsibility, a demand that we recognise and accept our implications in both the project of Public International Law (PIL), and its "effects in the world of outcomes"; (p. 12 – unless otherwise indicated, all page references are Koskenniemi's latest EJIL article) a demand that we take responsibility for our choices.
But this demand is coupled to a resigned acceptance of the historical irony of (modern?) international law. In Koskenniemi's narrative, PIL is (always) a normative project. Its best proponents, those who pursued their progressive politics through PIL. "International law was born from a move to defend a liberal-internationalist project in a time of danger and opportunity." (p. 18) But international law was also a professional technique; indeed it adopted a technique of technicalisation and professionalisation precisely as the best way to pursue its (then) progressive mission.
The irony, of course, is that the means became an end. PIL bought into its own rhetoric of technical expertise, and the pursuit of politics became the effacement of politics. From a political project, PIL grew into a demand for the anti-political, the technical, the correct, the necessary. In this evolution, political responsibility was lost, replaced by technical expertise and false necessity. It was against this loss and this delusion that Koskenniemi's own project – nothing less than the rebirth of a (cosmopolitan?) PIL – was initiated. That project has not changed, but in some ways, its target 'mainstream PIL' has.
PIL it is a Changin':
The Politics of International Law sought to demonstrate the linguistic and structural indeterminacy of a PIL perceived – and perceiving itself – as unitary, an attempt (albeit doomed) to "make the scales fall from the eyes of the professionals". (p. 8 ) Perhaps with a wider, though never to my knowledge explicitly articulated, ambition to unmask PIL publically; to demonstrate that the Emperor wore no clothes. An attempt to fracture the legitimatory ideology of PIL. Certainly, this was the effect it would have on me, but then, I belonged always to that most naïve class of international lawyer, the professional academic. Read the rest of this entry…
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The Politics of International Law – Twenty Years Later
Published on May 18, 2009 Author: Martti Koskenniemi
The essay (see here) examines some of the changes in my own thinking about the politics of engaging in international law since the original publication of the article (see here) that opened the first issue of EJIL in 1990. The essay points to the change of focus from indeterminacy (to which I am as committed as ever) of legal arguments to the structural biases of international institutions. I still think the study of language must remain an important part of the critical project. That study must now focus on the idiolect of the particular technical fields have occupied the centre of the discipline. In fact, the emergence of numerous specialised fields of international law, suggests that the centre of the discipline may have completely collapsed. Much of this has to do with the politics of definition, that is to say, the strategic practice of defining international situations and problems in new expert languages so as to gain control over them. There are two distinct approaches to this internal power-struggle. One, persuaded by the regimes which are bold in ambition and able to rely on the support of some powerful sector of the political world aims at changing the general bias of the law by bringing it closer to its own. Another, more modest in its ambitions but not necessarily less effective, aims at establishing patterned exceptions to the well established classical concepts, seemingly without intercepting the application of these old biases on a general level. This approach does not establish new rules, but new exceptions to the old rules owing to new emerging "challenges".
With this, the politics of international law has taken the form of struggles for jurisdiction. Because each specialist vocabulary claims to be applicable to everything, this conflict cannot be managed by comparing them against each other. Each is applicable and the question of whom to empower can only be answered after the prior question "which bias do you prefer" has received a response.
This new political intervention in international law, the politics of re-definition, is based on fragmentation. It involves strategic definitions of situations by reference to a technical idiom so as to secure the application of the expertise related to that idiom with all its structural biases. The ultimate goal of the politics of definition is to upgrade a particular idiom to the level of universality, securing to its methods (and ultimately its outcomes) the character of neutrality or, even better, of "reality" itself. The consequences of such approaches, which conceal the application of structural biases behind the application of "objective reasons", calls for taking a highly critical attitude toward the increasing managerialism in the field.
Committing to one of these institutions (or to that end even the prevalence of one over the others) does not resolve any of the problems of indeterminacy, since every particular field has its own controversies and compromises. Read the rest of this entry…
Discussion of Koskenniemi "The Politics of International Law – 20 Years Later"
Editors Note: This is an updated featured post. More recent posts appear below
This week, we host an online discussion (see below) of the Special Anniversary Article by Prof. Martti Koskennimi which opens the current issue of EJIL. The full text of the article – "The Politics of International Law – 20 Years Later" – is available here. On Monday, Professor Koskenniemi opens with a post which summarises his article and sets out some of his thinking on the topic. On Tuesday and Wednesday we will have responses by Professor Iain Scobbie (School of Oriental and African Studies, London) and Dr Jason Beckett (University of Leicester).
Cheney Chatter and Complicity
Published on May 15, 2009 Author: Jordan Paust
Jordan Paust is the Mike & Teresa Baker Law Center Professor at the University of Houston, a former U.S. Army JAG officer and member of the faculty of the Judge Advocate General's School. His book, Beyond the Law: The Bush Administration's Unlawful Responses in the "War" on Terror, was published by Cambridge University Press.
Former Vice-President Dick Cheney is chatting about his role in assuring approval and use of manifestly unlawful interrogation tactics such as waterboarding during the eight-year Bush Administration. According to Cheney, he has "[n]o regrets" that he was directly involved in the approval of severe interrogation methods, including waterboarding, and he has admitted that he was involved in helping to get the process cleared by President Bush. "[T]his was a presidential decision," Cheney said, "and the decision went to the President. He signed off on it." (see here)
On September 16, 2001, Cheney publicly declared that "[a] lot of what needs to be done … ["on the dark side"] will have to be done quietly, … using … methods that are available to our intelligence agencies … to use any means at our disposal, basically, to achieve our objective." He added: "we" "have the kind of treatment of these individuals that we believe they deserve." For the next two years, many of his preferences were effectuated by his top lawyer, David Addington. Moreover, it has been reported that Cheney attended meetings of the National Security Council's Principals Committee in the White House Situation Room during 2002 and 2003, at which specific tactics such as waterboarding and the "cold cell" were addressed and expressly and/or tacitly approved and abetted. It has also been reported that during this time there was "live feed" or "real time" viewing of parts of actual interrogations, including that of al Qahtani at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
According to the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), SERE tactics were being used against detainees at Guantanamo in September 2002 and that, during October 2002, military intelligence interrogators "used military dogs in an aggressive manner to intimidate" al Qahtani. In November 2002, FBI Deputy Assistant Director Harrington reported that al Qahtani had exhibited symptoms of "extreme psychological trauma." Around the third week in November, he was subjected to what was known as the "First Special Interrogation Plan," a plan to use tactics later detailed in an 84-page log describing their use during a six-week period. CCR reported that among several tactics used were: threats against his family, forced nudity and sexual humiliation, threats and attacks by dogs, beatings, and exposure to low temperatures for prolonged times. Each of these tactics is patently illegal under the laws of war, human rights law, and the Convention Against Torture, among other relevant international legal proscriptions and requirements. As my article The Absolute Prohibition of Torture [forthcoming in 43 Valparaiso Law Review 1535 (2009)] documents, death threats, use of dogs to create intense fear, beatings, the cold cell or a related inducement of hypothermia, and waterboarding are each manifest forms of "torture" that are absolutely prohibited under all circumstances and regardless of the status of the victim. If they were not torture, they would also be absolutely prohibited as cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, along with the other tactics mentioned.
Cheney's direct involvement is evidence of complicity in international crime. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, Human Rights, Torture
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Norm Conflicts and Human Rights
Published on May 13, 2009 Author: Marko Milanovic
Consider the following scenario: the United Kingdom, together with the United States and other allies, invaded Iraq in 2003. From that point on, there was an international armed conflict between the UK and Iraq. Further, as it obtained effective control over certain parts of Iraqi territory, the UK became the occupying power of these territories. Under Art. 21 of the Third Geneva Convention, and Arts. 41-43 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, the UK had legal authority to subject enemy POWs and civilians to internment.
Yet, on the other hand, the UK is a state party to the European Convention on Human Rights. In some circumstances, the ECHR applies extraterritorially. What those circumstances are is an (overly) complex question, but the UK has conceded in the Al-Skeini case before its domestic courts that the ECHR applies to extraterritorial detention.
Unlike Article 9 ICCPR, which sets a standard by prohibiting arbitrary arrest and detention, Article 5 ECHR contains a categorical prohibition of detention, except on a limited number of grounds. Preventive detention or internment on security grounds is not one of them. Further, Article 5(4) ECHR requires judicial review of any detention, while Art. 5 GC III only provides for status tribunals if POW status is doubt, and Art. 43 GC IV expressly permits review of detention by mere administrative boards.
So, on one hand we have IHL treaties expressly authorizing preventive detention or internment. On the other we have the ECHR expressly prohibiting such detention. No amount of interpretation can bring the two rules into harmony – they are in a state of genuine norm conflict. That norm conflict could have been avoided had the UK made a derogation under Art. 15 ECHR, but it did not do so (and there is a further question whether it could have actually done so, which needs ti be clarified in the future, though in my view the answer is clearly in the affirmative).
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, European Convention on Human Rights, Extraterritorial Application, Iraq


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Henry Young
Librarian, East Sussex LIbrary and Information Service in Bexhill on Sea
PRESENTED ON OCT 26, 2017
IN BEXHILL-ON-SEA @ VOL 8
Bibliophile Henry Young loves to read. His story about the power of reading and the benefits of reading begin with an unfortunate incident whilst holidaying in Italy ...
Why Madison? It's the Public Libraries
BY GREG MICKELLS
@ VOL 9 ON APR 17, 2014
"Libraries are truly becoming more of an experience. We're trying to create environments where the users can interact within the library"
In "Why Madison? It's the Public Libraries" from PechaKucha Night Madison, WI Vol. 9, Greg Mickells showcases Madison's terrific public library system as it doesn't look like the libraries of the past. Today's libraries are engaging the community with new ideas, and ways to learn, share and create.
Words Mean Things
BY OMAR KHAFAGY
@ VOL 2 ON FEB 07, 2014
Average humans will often converse on a daily basis exchanging at least 200 words per minute. With this many of them flying by, it's hard to sit back and think on what each word can really mean. Omar Khafagy takes us through on just a sample of what it's like to read a little deeper into what we say.
"Presentation of the Day" on June 28, 2014.
20 Favourite Words
BY LEE KEMP
Lee Kemp joins us from Birmingham and takes us through his favourite 20 words from other languages that describe things we would use a sentence to tell someone about.
You See, I Say: Transforming Pictures to Prose
BY HYACINTHE MILLER
@ VOL 10 ON JAN 22, 2016
Hyacinthe Miller feels strongly that words are magic. She is an omnivorous reader, a world traveller, blogger and content curator. She shares about how, as a writer with a vivid imagination, her perceptions, especially of
the visual, yield stories.
BY HENGTEE LIM
@ VOL 137 ON JUN 29, 2016
"Words are really powerful, and if we're going to use them to express the people we are and the feelings that we have, let's make them count!"
In Magic Words from PechaKucha Night Tokyo Vol. 137, Hengtee Lim looks at how words inspire new ideas, create a shared experience, and foster understanding. Lim argues that there's a power in words and the way we use them to express ourselves and tell stories.
This was "PechaKucha of the Day" on Friday, July 22nd, 2016.
The Strength of Georgia's Public Libraries
BY WENDY CORNELISEN
"When I say, 'library' you think 'books'," begins Wendy Cornelisen's PK talk. Do you think about books when you think about libraries? Well, Wendy's talk disavows you of the notion that libraries are only about books. How about music? Free movies? FISHING RODS! Wendy works with the State's Public Library system which supports all of the public libraries here in the state of Georiga.
BY DEREK COGHLAN
Derek Coghlan is a high school English teacher, so it's not surprising he loves words. Listen closely as Derek tells us a bit about Ireland and how he came to fall in love with the words of Shakespeare.
the words in my head
BY KIM TOSCANO HOLMES
We begin with chaos, the incessant drumming of a restless mind. A journey through emotion follows – feeling to the nth degree. Deconstruction seeks order in the confusion. Negotiation hatches a sense of reconciliation. Words emerge, carrying a fresh understanding and myriad new questions. This, for me, is writing.
Love Letter to My Mom (A Life in Libraries and Words)
BY VALERIE WRIGHT
Thanks to Valerie Wright's Mother, she grew up on a public library, which is the foundation and cornerstone of our Democracy and has shaped her to become the woman she is today. Not only did her mother's passion for libraries impact her life, but so did the endless exposure to literature, words, and the broad access to new ideas.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Passover: The Holiday of Rebirth and Renewal
D'vrei HaShomrim
By Rabbi Tracy Kaplowitz
Like many Jews, Passover is my favorite holiday. The Seder is a fun family night filled with great food and lively conversation. Preparations for Passover force me to do a good spring cleaning. Though I dislike the process, I love the result. The weeklong celebration, bookended with holy days, gives me time to reflect on the meaning of Passover and the values embedded within it.
Our Celebration of Spring, one of the alternate names of Passover, is aligned with the seasons of the year. The connection between Passover and springtime is further reinforced with this blessing that can first be recited during the month of Nisan, the month in which Passover falls, upon seeing fruit trees blossom. "Blessed are You, Lord our G-d, Sovereign of the Universe, who has made nothing lacking in this world, and created in it goodly creatures and goodly trees for humans to enjoy."
Also, through the exodus from Egypt, the Passover story, the Israelites become reborn as a free people.
I find the connection between Passover and rebirth inspiring. It encourages me to look around and identify other places where this rejuvenation is taking place. Luckily, in my position as Director of Operations at JWB Jewish Chaplains Council, I don't have to look far to find Jewish life in the military constantly in a state of renewal and rededication. I will share just a few examples of the new buds of Jewish life popping up around the globe at military installations.
• Every Jewish community knows that educating the next generation through Hebrew schools is a must. Yet service member families expect that dedication to country comes at the cost of Jewish education for their children. JWB is at the forefront of changing this reality. This year, we piloted five Hebrew school classrooms, with a hybrid of in-person and remote learning. The response has been overwhelmingly positive and an expansion to more installations is planned for this fall. Soon, every Jewish child growing up in an active-duty military family will have access to their Jewish history, culture, and values.
• Military Jewish lay leaders take on the responsibility of leading the Jewish community in the absence of a local Jewish chaplain. While there are more than 60 lay leaders serving around the globe, the recruitment of lay leaders has been sporadic. This spring, two JWB Chaplain candidates, Ensigns Stefanie Gedan and Alex Hamilton, are facilitating a Lay Leadership Training Course. Over 20 new lay leaders are participating. This is the largest influx of JWB lay leaders at one time, since World War II.
• JWB chaplains remain the number one facilitators of meaningful Jewish life throughout the military. As we enter our second year of a COVID Passover, JWB chaplains are reaching out and creating spiritual Passover celebrations for more Jewish service members and their families than in-person gatherings could ever reach. Through video conferencing and recorded Seders, no Jewish military family will miss out on Passover this year.
At each Passover Seder table we place a filled cup for Elijah, in the hope that the prophet will visit our homes, heralding the coming of a brighter tomorrow. At JWB, while we too anticipate Elijah's visit, we know that JWB chaplains and lay leaders, along with our Hebrew School teachers, are bringing forth the blossoms of Jewish life today.
Rabbi Tracy J. Kaplowitz, Ph.D., is the director of operations of JWB Jewish Chaplains Council®, a signature program of JCC Association of North America. Rabbi Kaplowitz served nine years as a chaplain in the U.S. Air Force Reserve. She was attached to Dover AFB, DE, where she supported the Carson Center for Mortuary Affairs in caring for our country's fallen heroes during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Kaplowitz was ordained at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and holds a doctorate in sociology of education from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Volume 75. Number 1. 2021
March 31, 2021 /by Iryna Apple
https://www.jwv.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Rabbi-Tracy-Kaplowitz.jpg 665 563 Iryna Apple https://www.jwv.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/jwv-logo-v4.svg Iryna Apple2021-03-31 16:12:552021-03-31 16:12:55Passover: The Holiday of Rebirth and Renewal
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Comrades Betrayed: Jewish World War I Veterans Under Hitler
PFC. Steven A. Gershnow – Mission Accomplished


text:
GM Consolidated line's extension good news for community: Unifor Français
OSHAWA, ON, Oct. 17, 2013 /CNW/ - The announcement this morning that General Motors has extended the life of its Assembly Complex (Consolidated Line) in Oshawa is good news for the workers at the plant, and the entire community, Unifor National President Jerry Dias says.
"This was great news to wake up to this morning," Dias said. "It is a testament to what we've been saying about this plant all along - that the skills and efficiency of the workers at the plant make it worth keeping open."
General Motors announced this morning that in order to meet expected demand for the Impala and Equinox, both made on the Consolidated Line, it was extended production there until 2016. The plant had been scheduled to close in within the next year.
"By maintaining production over the next few years, we have a chance to bring in another product and keep the plant open longer," said Ron Svajlenko, president of Unifor Local 222, which represents workers at the plant.
Svajlenko said the awarding of a J.D. Power Silver Plant Assembly Line Quality Award on Oct. 2 was a testament to the hard work of unionized auto workers, and a key factor in why the plant will now remain open longer.
"The workers at that plant have done a great job," he said.
The Consolidated Line has consistently been a top plant in North America, and the decision to extend operations is evidence of that, he said.
The decision also means that workers in the plant will be able to continue supporting their families and the local economy, Dias said, adding that every job at the plant supports another 10 down the value chain.
Unifor represents more than 300,000 workers in every sector of the Canadian economy, including the auto indistry. The union was founded Labour Day weekend when the Canadian Auto Workers and the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers union merged at a convention in Toronto.
SOURCE: Unifor
Unifor Communications, Stuart Laidlaw (647) 385-4054 or Unifor Local 222 Communications, Joe Sarnovsky (905) 439-1007
Unifor is Canada's largest union in the private sector, representing 315,000 workers in every major area of the economy. The union advocates for all working people and their rights, fights for equality and social justice in Canada and abroad, and strives to create...
Porter Airlines targets laid-off workers in an effort to reduce...
Unifor members at CAMI ratify agreement with General Motors...
Electric commercial van production coming to CAMI Assembly if GM...


text:
Q: Restrict user to access only one service in a namespace I have been trying to attempt a scenario where user should be able perform all the operations on the service in a namespace except on one service where he should be able to do only read operations.
Below is the Cluster Role I am using to give access to all the user in cluster level for services.
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: test-clusterRole
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - pods
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - pods/exec
  verbs:
  - create
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - replicationcontrollers
  - services
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
  - create
  - delete
  - update
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - persistentvolumeclaims
  - serviceaccounts
  - namespaces/status
  - pods/log
  - pods/status
  - replicationcontrollers/status
  - resourcequotas
  - resourcequotas/status
  - namespaces
  - persistentvolumes
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - configmaps
  - secrets
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
  - create
  - update
  - delete
- apiGroups:
  - apps
  resources:
  - deployments
  - replicasets
  - statefulsets
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
  - create
  - update
  - delete
- apiGroups:
  - extensions
  resources:
  - ingresses
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - extensions
  resources:
  - replicasets
  - deployments
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
  - create
  - update
  - delete

And I have created associated RoleBinding for the above ClusterRole.
kind: RoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: test-roleBinding
  namespace: test-namespace
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: User
  name: pradeep
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: default
  namespace: test-namespace
roleRef:
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: test-clusterRole
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io

Now, I am trying to create a Role and RoleBinding for the namespace "test-namespace" restricting user "pradeep" to read only access for a specific service "test-service" as following
Role:
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
    name: test-role
    namespace: test-namespace
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["services"]
    resourceNames : ["test-service"]
    verbs: ["get","list","watch"]

RoleBinding:
kind: RoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: test-roleBinding1
  namespace: test-namespace
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: User
  name: pradeep
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: default
  namespace: test-namespace
roleRef:
  kind: Role
  name: test-role
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io

But, still the user "pradeep" is able to delete the specified service "test-service" for some reason.
Is test-clusterRole permissions are overriding the test-role permissions? If so, how can resolve this issue.
If not, Please suggest a way to achieve this scenario.

A: The ClusterRole and Role permissions are additive. The ClusterRole permissions are taking as base permissions for any namespace and Role permissions for specific namespaces are added to that.
If a user should only have access to a single namespace he cannot be assigned to a ClusterRole.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We recently committed to a new three-year membership of the flagship education programme set up by Business in the Community (BITC).
Members of Business in the Community, which is the Prince's Responsible Business Network, work together to tackle a wide range of issues to build a fairer society and a more sustainable future. Its Business Class scheme aims to support a cluster of eight schools in disadvantaged communities by creating long-term, sustainable partnerships with local businesses and we've been part of the scheme since 2013.
Our chairman Stuart Seddon, who is a member of BITC's Regional Leadership Board and chairs his local Business Class cluster, has confirmed that we will continue our involvement for the next three years and seek to build on the links we've built with schools in Staffordshire.
The first partnership that we created began in 2013 when the company started working with staff and students from Thistley Hough Academy, where collaborative projects have included the creation of a community garden, path-building and fencing installation, and students have been involved in needs-led activities, mentoring, volunteering and skills development.
The partnership flourished from the outset, and was recognised with Business in the Community's West Midlands Collaborative Action Award earlier this year. The award recognises a partnership that is pooling resources and working together to make a positive impact on a key social or environmental issue through their collaborative action.
The Business Class cluster, which we established and secured the involvement of eight businesses, has supported more than 3,000 school pupils to help improve their skills and employability.
Stuart Seddon reflected on the success of our involvement in the scheme, saying: "Business Class is a very special initiative that has grown close to the hearts of the Novus team.
"The investment of time and costs that we have put into working with the schools brings a range of benefits, the most important being the boosting of career opportunities and employment skills for young people in the region.
"Our business thrives on its links with the local area, and the decision to continue our involvement in the programme – which delivers such vital work and involves such dynamic schools and businesses - was an obvious one."


Discovering his artistic eye after relocating to Massachusetts later in life, Irwin has been inspired to delve deeper into photography. He considers photography his opening to the world around us. Irwin's focus is primarily on single subjects that have a story to tell and might be overlooked or noticed but remain in our minds only a short time. Through his photography he seeks to make these scenes that bring beauty and life to our world, permanent objects of enjoyment. Irwin does not manipulate or Photoshop his photographs, choosing to represent the exact image as it is seen through the lens of his camera.
Irwin's work can also be seen in art books including: Hidden Treasures Art Magazine Year Book 2014; International Contemporary Artists Volume V; and Featured Artists Volume IV, and he has had travel photographs published in New York Lifestyles Magazine.
When he is not photographing Irwin enjoys teaching Nonprofit Leadership at Wheelock College in Boston where he is the chair of the Department of Leadership and Policy. He also enjoys traveling and taking long walks on Nantasket Beach and World's End preserve with his wife Paula and spending time with his three beautiful grandchildren.


Take your personal brand to the next level with data-driven marketing research and consulting.
People who have a well-defined personal brand generate increased value for themselves and their organization. Please click on one of the options below to learn more about our services.
Personal branding impacts every industry.
Explore our journey with finance, healthcare, education, and home.
Stakeholders from multiple diversity groups within the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) were incorporated in a codesign process to create a personal branding workshop that was both inclusive and industry specific.
Kamilah is a 20 year home decor entrepreneur. She serves as the co-founder and COO of the American division, as well as the co-founder of its sister brand.
Dr. Waller created a curriculum to provide MBA and undergraduate marketing students with insights on Global Trends in Personal Branding.
Learn about a variety of personal branding topics in our blog.
From digital news to local television, we provide a perspective across all media.
Featured news, media and press.


text:
Fact Sheet | Overtime
What you need to know about the new overtime pay law
Fact Sheet • May 17, 2016
On May 18, 2016, the U.S. Department of Labor announced a major change to the law governing overtime pay. Here's what you need to know.
What is the new overtime pay law?
The new overtime pay law significantly increases the number of people who qualify for time-and-a-half pay for any hours they work beyond 40 in a week. Under the new law, salaried employees making less than $47,476 a year must be paid overtime. (Almost all hourly employees, regardless of their wage, are already entitled to overtime pay.) This new protection applies to almost anyone making less than $47,476, including salaried managers or professionals.
When does the new overtime pay law go into effect?
The new overtime pay rule went into effect on December 1, 2016, but the updated rule has not been fully implemented or enforced by the Labor Department, in part, because of a lawsuit, and also because the Trump Labor Department is considering weakening or killing the updated rule.
Does the new overtime pay law apply to me?
The new overtime law makes it easier to figure out whether you're eligible for overtime pay. Under the new law, almost anyone making less than $47,476 per year is eligible—regardless of title, job description, or managerial status.
The main exceptions are those who aren't covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), the federal law that sets overtime rules and other labor standards like the minimum wage.
If your company makes at least $500,000 in annual sales, or your organization has customers in multiple states, you are probably covered by the new overtime law (assuming you make less than $47,476 per year).
If you work at a business that does not meet either of these criteria—for example, most nonprofits doing charitable work—or you work in one of a few excluded occupations, then you may not be covered by the new law, regardless of how much you make. The Department of Labor has details on who is covered by the FLSA.
If you make $47,476 or above, you may still qualify for overtime if you are paid by the hour or if your job duties are not those of a bona fide professional, executive, or administrator, as defined by the Department of Labor.
Do you know someone who might be affected by the new overtime pay law?
Does the new overtime pay law affect managerial and salaried employees?
Yes. The changes in the new overtime law are specifically intended to protect people who are paid a weekly, biweekly, monthly, or annual salary. Now, anyone making less than $47,476, regardless of whether they are salaried or hourly, is guaranteed overtime pay if they are covered by the FLSA.
Why was the threshold set at $47,476? Will it be raised again?
The Department of Labor set the overtime salary threshold at $47,476 to be equal to the 40th-percentile salary for workers in the lowest-wage Census Region, currently the South. The threshold will be raised every three years to maintain its effectiveness.
How will the new overtime pay law affect me at work?
If you qualify for overtime pay under the new law and don't already receive it, your employer has three principal options:
Pay you time-and-a-half for all hours worked beyond 40 each week
Scale back your hours to just 40 per week and still pay you the same salary
Give you a raise to $47,476 or above so you can continue working more than 40 hours per week without overtime pay
Here's an easy way to explain the new overtime rules to your coworkers or managers:
The Department of Labor just updated the rules determining who is guaranteed overtime pay when they work more than 40 hours per week, and I think this affects our company. The new rules went into effect on December 1, 2016, and require that most people—including salaried employees—making under $47,476 a year be paid time-and-a-half when they work over 40 hours in a week. This means that to comply with the new rule, employees making less than $47,476 must be paid for overtime work or limit their workweek to 40 hours. The Department of Labor has resources on how to comply with the new rule.
I think I now qualify for overtime pay. Do I need to do anything?
Hopefully not. If you work at a large organization, it's likely that the human resources department will know about the new overtime law and will have a plan to legally comply. Some employees who should be receiving overtime pay have filed lawsuits. You may want to contact a lawyer if you have not received a raise if you are eligible.
Help! I think the new overtime pay law affects me, but I don't think my boss knows about it yet.
If you think the new overtime law will affect your workplace, and you don't think your boss has a plan to comply, here are a few things you can do:
Ask your organization's human resources department if it has a plan.
Ask your coworkers if they know about the new rule.
Tell your boss that you think you qualify for overtime under the new law.
If your employer refuses to comply, you should contact an attorney.
See related work on Overtime


Charges stem from reports of gunfire June 15. Law enforcement arrived to discover Amy Butler, 37, shot dead in her driveway from multiple gunshot wounds. Galberth was arrested later that day without incident on Interstate 77 near New Philadelphia, Ohio.


TULSA, Okla.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Williams Partners L.P. (NYSE: WPZ) announced today that Transco has filed an application with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) seeking authorization for its Southeastern Trail expansion project, which would create 296,375 dekatherms per day of additional firm transportation capacity to markets in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern U.S. for the 2020/2021 winter heating season.
Transco, the nation's largest-volume and fastest-growing interstate natural gas pipeline system, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Williams Partners L.P. (NYSE: WPZ), of which Williams owns approximately 74 percent, including the general-partner interest.
Williams Partners has executed precedent agreements with utility and local distribution companies located in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia for firm transportation service under the project. Once complete, the project will help meet the growing natural gas demand in the Southeast, as well as provide access to new sources of domestic natural gas supply while enhancing system reliability.
The company held an open season for the project last summer and executed long-term binding precedent agreements with five natural gas shippers for 100 percent of the firm transportation capacity. Customers served by the project are PSNC Energy, South Carolina Electric & Gas, Virginia Natural Gas, the City of Buford, Ga., and the City of LaGrange, Ga.
Subject to approval by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the Southeastern Trail Expansion project will consist of approximately 7.7 miles of 42-inch pipeline looping facilities in Virginia, horsepower additions at existing compressor stations in Virginia, and piping and valve modifications on other existing facilities in South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana to allow for bi-directional flow.
The certificate application reflects an expected capital cost of $404.8 million and a target in-service commitment of Nov. 1, 2020.


The new soulbond mechanic lets creatures team up to fight side by side.
When a creature with soulbond enters the battlefield, you may pair it with another unpaired creature you control. When another creature enters the battlefield under your control, if you control a creature with soulbond that isn't currently paired, you may pair it with the new creature.
The two creatures become unpaired if either of them leaves the battlefield, is no longer under your control, or stops being a creature.
Abilities—usually abilities on the creature with soulbond—will refer to paired creatures. There are no special rules about paired creatures beyond that. The two creatures still attack separately, block separately, get targeted by spells separately, etc.
If Silverblade Paladin and Wingcrafter are paired, they'll both have flying and double strike.
There are also a few cards in the set that don't have soulbond that refer to paired creatures.
As with any other targeted spell, Joint Assault will be countered if its target isn't legal when it resolves. (Joint Assault only has one target, even though it may affect multiple creatures.) So if you target a paired creature and it leaves the battlefield, gains protection from green, or otherwise becomes an illegal target, neither creature gets the bonus. If it's still a legal target but the creatures are no longer paired (say, because they're no longer controlled by the same player), only the targeted creature gets the bonus.
702.93a. Soulbond is a keyword that represents two triggered abilities. "Soulbond" means "When this creature enters the battlefield, if you control both this creature and another creature and both are unpaired, you may pair this creature with another unpaired creature you control for as long as both remain creatures on the battlefield under your control" and "Whenever another creature enters the battlefield under your control, if you control both that creature and this one and both are unpaired, you may pair that creature with this creature for as long as both remain creatures on the battlefield under your control."
702.93b A creature becomes "paired" with another as the result of a soulbond ability. Abilities may refer to a paired creature, the creature another creature is paired with, or whether a creature is paired. An "unpaired" creature is one that is not paired.
702.93c When the soulbond ability resolves, if either object that would be paired is no longer a creature, no longer on the battlefield, or no longer under the control of the player who controls the soulbond ability, neither object becomes paired.
702.93d A creature can be paired with only one other creature.
702.93e A paired creature becomes unpaired if any of the following occur: another player gains control of it or the creature it's paired with; it or the creature it's paired with stops being a creature; or it or the creature it's paired with leaves the battlefield.
Situatie 1: Jij hebt een unpaired Wingcrafter liggen, en je speelt er een Squire naast. Soulbond triggered en je mag ze pairen.
Situatie 2: Jij hebt een unpaired Wolfir Silverheart liggen en je speelt een Lightning Mauler. Beide soulbond triggers triggeren, al heeft er maar 1tje effect. (Want nadat de 1e resolved zijn je creatures al paired). Beide creatures zijn pairen en krijgen +4/+4 en Haste, aangezien de 2e abilities niet geven om hoe de creatures paired zijn geraakt.
Situatie 3: Jij hebt een paired Druid's Familiar+Hill Giant liggen en je speelt een Tandem Lookout. Je mag de Tandem Lookout niet pairen omdat je andere creatures al paired zijn, en je mag pairings niet zomaar opbreken.


text:
Moneygram International
People Payments Retail banking
MoneyGram hires Yogesh Sangle and Andrew Typrin
Source: MoneyGram
MoneyGram (MGI), a leading global money transfer and payment services company, today announces that two key leaders have joined the company to focus on two strategic growth areas for the Company: emerging markets and self-service channels.
Yogesh Sangle has joined MoneyGram as senior regional director for Asia, and Andrew Typrin joins as the company's vice president of the global MoneyGram Online business.
"I'm very pleased to announce the addition of Yogesh and Andrew to our leadership team. Each will be integral to pursuing our companywide strategy of growing both our core cash-to-cash business in emerging markets and expanding our self-service channels, including online, mobile, account deposit and kiosks," says Pamela H. Patsley, MoneyGram's chairman and CEO. "Yogesh has extensive experience in the payments industry in Asia Pacific and will help MoneyGram continue its strong growth in a rapidly developing region. Andrew is a global innovation expert in the payments industry, and his leadership in growing our online presence will help reach our goal of generating 15 to 20 percent of our revenue from self-service channels in 2017."
Sangle, who most recently held a leadership position at PayPal, Asia Pacific, has more than 15 years of experience in banking and payments solutions throughout Asia, along with expertise in online payments, digital marketing, and sales and product management. He is based in Singapore.
Typrin previously supported Amazon's global expansion and led strategy development and execution for payments acceptance. He formerly founded a consumer payments company, National Payment Network, gaining extensive experience in building and executing new business ventures. Typrin will lead the expansion of MoneyGram Online, focused on building an exceptional and innovative online customer experience. He is based in Dallas.
"With the addition of Yogesh and Andrew, we are making significant strides toward innovative, customer-focused solutions that create long-term shareholder value," Patsley said.
[New Report] The Reinvention of Card Payments


text:
morphineaddiction.com
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It's time to pooper-scoop your leftover medicine. Mixing cough syrup, Vicodin or Lipitor with cat litter is the new advice on getting rid of unused medications �'' preferably used cat litter.
It's a compromise, better for the environment than flushing �'' and one that renders dangerous medicines too yucky to try if children, pets or drug abusers stumble through the trash.
A government experiment is about to send that advice straight to thousands of patients who use potent painkillers, sleeping pills and other controlled substances. Why? Prescription drug abuse is on the rise, and research suggests more than half of people who misuse those drugs get them for free from a friend or relative.
In other words, having leftovers in the medicine cabinet is a risky idea. Anyone visiting your house could swipe them. So 6,300 pharmacies around the country have signed up for a pilot project with the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
When patients fill prescriptions for a list of abuse-prone medicines, from Ambien to Vicodin, the pharmacist also will hand over a flyer urging them to take the cat-litter step if they don't wind up using all their pills.
Not a cat owner? Old coffee grounds work, or doggie doo, even sawdust. Just seal the meds and the, er, goop in a plastic bag before tossing in the trash.
"We don't want to assert that this is a panacea for the larger problem," says SAMHSA's Dr. H. Westley Clark. "It just provides them with a caveat that these are not things you can just lay around."
But the concern isn't only about controlled substances. How to best dispose of any medicine, whether prescription or over-the-counter, is a growing issue.
Unfortunately, "we don't have a silver bullet," says Joe Starinchak of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
No one knows just how many unused drugs Americans dump each year, or how many are hoarded because patients simply don't know what to do with them or that they should dispose of them.
Once, patients were told to flush old drugs down the toilet. No more �'' do not flush unless you have one of the few prescriptions that the Food and Drug Administration specifically labels for flushing.
That's because antibiotics, hormones and other drugs are being found in waterways, raising worrisome questions about potential health and environmental effects. Already, studies have linked hormone exposure to fish abnormalities. Germs exposed to antibiotics in the environment may become more drug-resistant.
Some communities set aside "take-back" days to return leftover doses to pharmacies or other collection sites for hazardous-waste incineration. The Environmental Protection Agency recently funded a novel pilot program by the University of Maine to see if consumers will mail back unused drugs �'' a program that local officials estimate could cull up to 1.5 tons of medications.
But it's not clear if incineration is better for the environment than the slow seepage from a landfill, cautions the Fish and Wildlife Service's Starinchak.
Plus, take-back programs require legal oversight to make sure what's collected isn't then diverted for illegal use.
Starinchak calls the yucky-bag disposal method interim advice �'' the top recommendation until more research can determine the best way to balance the human health, environmental and legal issues.
So early next year, Fish and Wildlife will team with the American Pharmacists Association for a larger campaign called SMARxT Disposal. The campaign will spread this latest advice through even more drugstores, to purchasers of all types of medicine.
"There is a $64,000 question here: Whether people really will get rid of it," says Carol J. Boyd, director of the University of Michigan's Institute for Research on Women and Gender and a well-known specialist on drug diversion.
Say you're prescribed a week's worth of Vicodin for pain after a car crash, and you use only three days' worth. Most people would keep the rest, to avoid paying for more if they suffer serious pain for some other reason later. Boyd isn't sure how to counter that money issue.
But keeping the leftovers makes them accessible for misuse by children, other relatives or visitors. Stealing aside, Boyd's research uncovered that friends and family openly share these pills �'' "Use this, it helped me" �'' even with teens and college students, apparently not realizing there could be serious health consequences.
"The public needs to know this," Boyd says of the disposal advice. "What's not easy is, we don't know if it's working."
Methadone is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and local health and substance abuse agencies.
Methadone enters the illicit drug market primarily as a result of patients selling their prescriptions.
By the early 19th century, morphine had been extracted in a pure form suitable for solution. With the introduction of the hypodermic needle in the mid-19th century, injection of the solution became the common method of administration.
Methadone is a Schedule II prescription drug that is sold in oral, liquid (ampules and vials) and tablet forms.
"In Florida, we had a 71 percent increase in methadone-related deaths from 2000 to 2001 - now methadone is associated with more deaths than heroin," said Goldberger, a clinical associate professor of pathology, immunology and laboratory medicine at UF's C
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


If you've been wondering about Ian Hart's newest film, I hope that this Urban Hymn film review will answer a few questions. If you enjoy inspirational movies, you'll want to take the time to watch this film. It's already received rave reviews from HeyGuys and Cinevue. I received a screener to view this film. This post contains affiliate links, and I will receive compensation if you make a purchase after clicking on my links.
Urban Hymn follows a troubled teenage girl, Jamie, who possesses an amazing singing voice, and an inspiring and unconventional social worker, Kate, who encourages her to use it. This film was written by Nick Moorcroft and directed by Michael Caton-Jones.
Fans of Harry Potter will recognize Ian Hart as the actor that played Quirinus Quirrell in the 2001 fantasy film Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.
Urban Hymn takes place in London during 2011 which was the time of the riots there. Jamie is like many teens. She's got potential but is led into trouble by her friends. Jamie's newest social worker sees that Jamie has real potential and hopes that by using music she can reach her and help before it's too late.
This film will be one that many teens can relate to. Jamie's friend, Leandra, is in and out of jail and is getting Jamie in trouble when they're together. Despite the social worker trying to help both girls, Leandra is just becoming more and more distant, and the time in jail is just causing her to get in more trouble. Because Jamie and Leandra are friends, Leandra's violence and criminal behavior are dragging Jamie into more and more trouble.
This is definitely a film you'll want to watch with your teens. Yes, there is some violence, but nothing terrible. And, the lesson of seeing their lives unfold as they make poor choices is one that will teach a real lesson.
Bubble Guppies Super Guppies DVD from Nick Jr.
Thanks for reviewing this film: sounds perfect for me to watch with my daughter. She's been overseas as a missionary and is due to come home next month.
I'm sure you must be excited!


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Jonshel Alexander, former Beasts of the Southern Wild child actor, dies at 22
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Home Tags Seattle Storm
Tag: Seattle Storm
WNBA Legend Sue Bird Was In Attendance To Watch The OL Reign & Chicago...
Sep 10, 2022 8:30 AM
On Friday evening, WNBA Legend Sue Bird was in attendance at Lumen Field in Seattle as the OL Reign took on the Chicago Red Stars...
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Earlier this week, the Las Vegas Aces ended Sue Bird's legendary career in her final home playoff game at Climate Pledge Arena. The Storm...
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Seattle Storm Crowned 2020 WNBA Champions
Breanna Steward scored 26 points, Jewell Loyd added 19 points and nine rebounds, and the Seattle Storm won their fourth WNBA Championship defeating the...
The fan ran on the court and was trying to get to Chiney and...
Security tackles fan at the Los Angeles Sparks and Seattle Storm game: https://twitter.com/Ballislife/status/1173355276038213633?s=19 Nneka Ogwumike was asked about the incident after the game: "I don't know who...
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Explanation: An old Moon and the stars of Orion rose above the eastern horizon on August 10. The Moon's waning crescent was still bright enough to be overexposed in this snapshot taken from another large satellite of planet Earth, the International Space Station. A greenish airglow traces the atmosphere above the limb of the planet's night. Below, city lights and lightning flashes from thunderstorms appear over southern Mexico. The snapshot also captures the startling apparition of a rare form of upper atmospheric lightning, a large red sprite caught above a lightning flash at the far right. While the space station's orbital motion causes the city lights to blur and trail during the exposure, the extremely brief flash of the red sprite is sharp. Now known to be associated with thunderstorms, much remains a mystery about sprites including how they occur, their effect on the atmospheric global electric circuit, and if they are somehow related to other upper atmospheric lightning phenomena such as blue jets or terrestrial gamma flashes.


The Will County Treasurer's Office participated in Disability Mentoring Day on October 10, 2018. Disability Mentoring Day is a nationwide effort to promote career development for students with disabilities through hands-on career exploitation.
The program, which began in 1999, encourages students experience a typical day on the job and learn how to prepare to enter the world of work. Employers gain an increased awareness that people with disabilities represent an overlooked talent pool.
Our student was Alexis, a senior at Lockport Township High School.
We paired Alexis with Liz Bagley, one of our Accounting Assistants. In addition to working with the public on various issues related to property taxes, Liz processes partial tax payments, insufficient funds payments, and overpayment refunds.
In Liz's words, Alexis wanted to be part of a team that focuses on customer service.
We started the morning by having Alexis navigate the Treasurer's website. She learned how to search for a property tax bill. She looked up her parent's tax bill, printed a copy, and then placed it in an envelope. This is a task we do for the public every day.
Alexis, who manages the conditions of cystic fibrosis, quickly endeared herself to the staff.
Alexis was such a pleasure to work with. Her determination to learn and accomplish was inspiring. She was able to experience being part of an office team.
One facet of a modern office, such as the Treasurer's Office, is a phone system that progressively rings from one desk to the next until someone answers.
It was a new experience for Alexis. The fact that the phone rang at multiple desks was confusing at first. We had another employee pretend to call us. Alexis took the call and answered her "customer's" question. It was a thrill for all of us.
I don't think she wanted to leave. Her smile said it all. I will never forget this experience.
Disability Mentoring Day is a program of the American Association of People with Disabilities. Locally, the program is organized by the Disability Resource Center, a unit of the Center for Independent Living.