As usual, the Seattle pinball scene continues to expand and grow; not only with the number of players joining in on the fun but also in pinball machines available to play. Perhaps the most exciting development for many is when a popular pre-existing location increases their number of games. For example, The Kraken in the U-District recently added a game room and increased their pins from two to eight! Classic Amusements, who operates the games there, has put in a really stellar line-up which includes favorites such as Medieval Madness alongside rarities like Sea Witch! Further north, the A-1 Hop Shop 144th stealthily increased from one pin to six with an eclectic selection of pins such as Big Guns and Space Invaders, while the downtown waterfront's Klondike Arcade has been slowly adding to their collection of new Sterns with Star Wars and The Beatles. More Pins!
The Beatles is a new pin by Stern and Ka-Pow Pinball, whose previous collaboration was Batman 66, and like that game, it is a re-theme of an earlier Stern pin (which coincidentally is) Sea Witch. Don't expect to see too many of The Beatles though as it may very well be the most expensive new pinball machine of all time, assumedly because of the music rights. American Pinball revealed their newest game Oktoberfest at the Chicago Pinball Expo in October and encountered a wave of controversy when many objected to the art of the back glass. The company quickly apologized for the lapse in judgement, which was a nice change of pace, and created new art for the game. Stern's The Munsters was officially announced in January so expect to see it in the area soon. Other rumored releases for this year include: Willy Wonka, Jurassic World, Black Knight 3, and a new game by Brian (Attack From Mars) Eddy. Rumors!
What isn't a rumor is that Washington State will have the highest payouts of any state at the IFPA State Pinball Championship this year! Even with most of the weeklies in Seattle opting out of the IFPA's new fees for World Pinball Player Ranking points, our state still managed to edge out all the others and this year's prize for first place will be a nice chunk of change. Along with WA becoming a "super state", the number of players competing in the State Championship this year will increase from 16 to 24, which will give more players the chance to move on to the IFPA North American Championship in Las Vegas in March. Congratulations to everyone who qualified this year. Salute!
The Add-a-Ball Babes Showdown in November is a new women's annual tournament where ladies will be able to obtain more points this year as well. Despite a date change for the 2018 event, 39 women competed for glory and a Dolly Parton pinball machine. The 21st Annual Shorty's Pinball Tournament was open to all and also had a Kings of Steel pin as part of the grand prize. This was the first annual hosted by Germain Mariolle and Dwayne Lamont Collins, and they did a fabulous job, although the match-play format in the crowded Pinball Cove was similar to playing Twister! The announcing (heckling) by special guests Todd Mac and Tim Kitzrow completed the scene. Cut!
Other events: The Ice Box has added a new (mostly) weekly women's tournament that is free to enter, as well as a Friday night tourney and other seasonal events. Both Raygun Lounge and Another Castle Edmonds are currently running weekly progressive tournaments, where the winners are entered into the series finals. Another Castle Bremerton is hosting a gauntlet-style contest where a successful run through their games gains the player glory (and the entry fees). Vidiot had their first progressive (Deadpool) tournament which we guess means more tourneys in West Seattle in the future. The Seattle Pinball Museum hosted a meet and greet with some of the police officers that have the International District as part of their beat. Jupiter has hosted art shows with sales of the art helping to raise money for various causes. Consult the calendar on our website for future pinball related events (and let us know if you are planning one!). Events!
Monday Night Pinball ended the Fall 2018 Season with two undefeated teams: Division 1 Champions: Full Tilt Ballard's The Soda Jerks who continue to dominate the league, and Division 2 Champions: Getaway Lounge's 18-Ball Deluxe, a new team loaded with seasoned players even if their ranking points don't reflect it. As Division 2 champions, 18-BD will now move into Division 1 next season to see if their winning streak can continue. The Spring season begins in February and contains two new teams: Tilt & Destroy based at Coindexter's and Slap Kraken Pop from – well you can probably guess 🙂 Fun!
Pinball Tidbits: Flip Flip Ding Ding rang in 2019 with their annual New Year's Day tournament. With 61 contestants, this has become one of the biggest local tournaments of the year! * Congrats to Raymond Davidson for ending 2018 as the world's #1 ranked pinball player! Amongst his accomplishments last year was winning City Champs (SF), Vancouver Flip-Out, Portland Pinbrawl, the IFPA World Championship and more. Wow! * Raymond also won the Seattle Pinball League's finals in December. The SPL had an almost record breaking year with 129 players in 2018. The new season begins in February; check out their website if you want to join them! * Much to everyone's delight, Dragonfist has returned to Add-a-Ball! * Shorty's move in 2019 is real as you can see their logo in the windows of their new space just one block north on 2nd Ave. *Ashley Weaver and Tim Collins are getting married this summer and want to have a pinball tournament as part of their festivities – stay tuned. * The new Narwhal is rumored to be opening this year in White Center with up to 30 pinball machines?!? * Watch for an announcement about Skill Shot hoodies on our website and Facebook page. These will be preordered only so we'll need to know ahead of time if you want one. * The Skill Shot Pincast is currently on hiatus while Kayla and Graham adjust to their new living situations. Once their dust settles, expect them to continue where they left off – perhaps sometime this spring? * RIP to Kirsten Wohlrab who died in an accident on August 21st. Kirsten lived in Ballard and frequented Full Tilt, Shorty's, and anywhere else that had pins to play. You are missed! * Support Local Pinball!


text:
Joël Valenzuela
Crypto-Anarchist Virgil Vǎduva of Cell 411: We Won't Need Police
Crypto-anarchist Virgil Vǎduva talks obsoleting police through his new decentralized, peer-to-peer emergency response App, Cell 411.
1474 Total shares
User-driven apps have radically changed multiple industries, from ride sharing (Uber, Arcade City) to navigation (Waze), temporary housing (AirBnB), to business listing and review (Yelp). Decentralized defense and emergency response are the next logical step in the peer-to-peer revolution. After the much-touted Peacekeeper failed to produce a workable app, Cell 411 burst on to the scene with an app that works as an emergency dispatch service with a potential response efficiency far surpassing that of law enforcement.
Cointelegraph spoke with the crypto-anarchist, activist and journalist Virgil Vǎduva about decentralized emergency response applications and their role in changing the future of governance and security.
Cointelegraph: What originally prompted the creation of Cell 411?
Virgil Vǎduva: As a crypto-anarchist interested in the topic of the police state here in the U.S., the issue of police accountability has become very important to me. So it was from early discussions at libertarian conferences and meetings with people who already had great ideas about building similar apps that prompted me to think about building something similar and hopefully better.
Decentralized Security For All
CT: Is there a typical user you had in mind? Is there one now?
VV: A typical user would be an activist who is involved in street activism and had interactions with police on a regular basis, or a stay at home mom who wants to know when her children are being assaulted at school or even a group of neighborhood watchers who team up to essentially crowd-source the security and safety of their neighborhood. Everyone could be a typical user of Cell 411 because everyone is ultimately concerned with their personal safety or the well-being of their communities.
CT: What made you decide to make it decentralized?
VV: This is an interesting question because the word "de-centralized" can mean different things to different people. No, this is not an app that runs on any sort of "blockchain" type of infrastructure so from that perspective it is not decentralized, but it is a decentralized logical implementation of cells that are independently managed by users without any central oversight or control on their choices. This decision was made in order to allow users to manage their own lives and emergencies that may come their way without any oversight from some central authority. Users do not have to ask for permission in order to build their own independent cells and call upon each other for help, whatever type of help that may be.
CT: Why haven't you made it open-source? Is this something you would consider down the road?
VV: It's very simple: because I have a very clear vision of what this project should be and I want to see that vision through to the end. This is not an anti-police app or some social justice warrior project that will allow a limited number of nice activists to undermine the status quo. Instead, as ambitious as it sounds, this is a project that is aimed at solving the issue of safety in the lives of every human being out there, regardless of skin color, country or uniform they may be wearing. It is too early in the life of this project to even discuss open sourcing it, not only that, but the current architecture of the platform would make an open source fork difficult to implement due to dependencies we have in place with hosting and wireless providers.
Help not Undermine
CT: Some critics say you are undermining law enforcement. Is this true?
VV: Not at all, the app is meant to help law enforcement, not undermine them. Since the release of the app in August 2015, there have been tens of thousands of alerts sent out by Cel 411 users to their friends, neighbors and family members. These are all instances where police did not get called, and where law enforcement were able to focus on other, perhaps more pertinent emergencies. Furthermore, this also keeps our users safe by encouraging them to interact with police less, which reduces the risk of unnecessary escalation of force, or even shootings. These are positive aspects of this app for both police and also average citizens.
CT: Where has Cell 411 been most popular?
VV: Due to very high crime, Cell 411 has become almost an overnight sensation in South Africa, where thousands of users use it daily to keep each other safe. Every 25 minutes someone is killed in South Africa and the app can literally save someone's life. Farmers in SA have also contacted me about how the app is helping them organize themselves into self-policing communities due to the lack of police protection and corruption. The app has also become very popular in Western Europe and countries like Denmark, Sweden and the U.K. where several security firms are using it to dispatch guards in case of emergencies and cabbies are using it to keep each other safe. Of course, the app is popular in the U.S. as well where at least one volunteer fire department is using it as a means to dispatch each other in case help is needed, and thousands of activists are using it during protests and interactions with police.
The Shifting Paradigm
CT: What's next for decentralized defense apps?
VV: I'm not sure what the future holds, but in many ways technology is becoming the way by which average people like you and me are letting the establishment know that their services are becoming obsolete and irrelevant. Disruptive market technologies that help shift the paradigm and help shift the power from the establishment and into the hands of users will continue to shape the future in a very positive way in my opinion. Look at how Uber redefined the ride-sharing paradigm or how crypto-currencies are reshaping the world of finance. I am hoping that Cell 411 will be a small piece of that force that will move the world towards a better and safe future without appealing to the violence of the State.
#Security
#Decentralization
#South Africa
#P2P
#Police
#P2P services
#P2P Networks
#Cell 411

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Ne na mojem dvorišču (znano tudi pod akronimom NIMBY za angleško frazo Not in my back yard) je slabšalni izraz za nasprotovanje lokalnega prebivalstva k predlogom nosilcev in izvajalcev novih projektov, ki neposredno posegajo v okoljsko in prostorsko ureditev v njihovi bližini. Prebivalci verjamejo, da so spremembe in razvoj v družbi potrebni, vendar tega ne želijo v svoji bližini. Prebivalci, ki temu napredku nasprotujejo, se včasih označujejo kot Nimbies (Nimbiji)

NIMBY koncept (učinek) se lahko uporablja na splošno tudi za ljudi, ki se zavzemajo za določene predloge (na primer varčevalne ukrepe, kot so zmanjševanje porabe proračunskih sredstev, zvišanja davkov zaposlovanje ali odpuščanje delovne sile, vendar nasprotujejo načinu njihovega izvajanja, ki bi posledično vplival na njih. Nastanek "NIMBY" učinka je posledica strahu pred spremembami, neznanim, novim, drugačnim. Vzrok temu je tudi nepopolna obveščenost in slaba komunikacija med prebivalstvom na eni strani, ter na drugi strani naročnikom oz. izvajalcem projekta , ki je odgovoren za obveščanje o nastalih spremembah.
Če povzamemo idejo tega učinka, gre pravzaprav za nasprotovanje skupnosti ali posameznikov gradnji ali drugim posegom v okolje, ki so načrtovani praktično na njihovem dvorišču oziroma v njihovi neposredni bližini.

Možni sporni posegi
Posegi, ki bi verjetno povzročili nasprotovanje lokalnega prebivalstva, so:
 naftne vrtine;
 industrijske cone;
 kemične tovarne;
 vojaška oporišča in baze;
 obrati za razsoljevanje morske vode;
 odlagališča odpadkov, sežigalnice odpadkov;
 postavljanje baznih postaj mobilnih omrežij v  ali v bližini naselij;
 razvoj infrastrukture, kot so nove cestne povezave, železniške proge in metroji, letališča, elektrarne, daljnovodi za električno energijo, čistilne naprave, deponije, kanalizacijski izpusti, zapori;
 uporaba obnovljivih virov energije, kot so: vetrne in sončne elektrarne, hidroelektrarne;
 gospodarski subjekti in podjetja, ki se ukvarjajo z dejavnostjo, ki se dojema kot nemoralna, kot so pornografija, trgovanje z alkoholom, ambulante ki omogočajo uporabe medicinske konoplje;
 gradnja objektov, ki lahko znižajo ekonomsko vrednost obstoječih objektov in pa ogrozijo socialno varnost bližnjih prebivalcev (npr. zapori);
 subvecioniranje stanovanj za socialno in  finančno ogrožene, prehodne domove za  odvisnike in kriminalce, zatočišča za brezdomce in osebe ki nimajo stalnega prebivališča;
 zagotavljanje storitev za nekatere stigmatizirane skupine prebivalstva (na primer odvisnike z intravenozno uporabo mamil), metadonske klinike, programi za brezplačno deljenje injekcijskih brizg za enkratno uporabo;
 klinike za splave;
 gradnja verskih objektov (predvsem mošeje, cerkve, sinagoge, budističnih templjev);
 razvoj velikega obsega vseh vrst, kot so izgradnja velikih trgovskih središč in nekontrolirano širjenje stanovanjskih naselij.

Vzroki za nasprotovanje
 Povečan obseg prometa: več delovnih mest, več stanovanj, več trgovin povzroča povečanje prometa na lokalnih cestah.
Industrijski objekti, kot so skladišča, tovarne, odlagališča povzročajo povečanje obsega tovornega prometa. Povzročanje škode majhnim podjetjem: Nastanek  velikih trgovskih centrov povzroča preveč konkurence lastnikom manjših lokalnih trgovin, saj prihaja do osipa kupcev ter posledično manjšega prometa in obsega poslovanja. Podobno je z gradnja novih cest, ki posledično povzroča manj prometa na manjših, starih cestah, kar vodi do izgube posla za gospodarsko dejavnost. To lahko pripelje do prekomernih stroškov za premestitev dejavnosti na drugo, boljšo lokacijo, ali do izgube ugleda in manjše konkurenčnosti lokalnega gospodarstva.
 Padanje vrednosti nepremičnin:  Stanovanjski objekti, v bližini katerih se dogajajo spremembe, kjer je preveč intenzivne gradnje, so za morebitne kupce manj zanimivi. Izgubo prihodkov s strani nepremičnin ter padanje vrednosti nepremičnin so lastniki prisiljeni nadomestiti na drug način.
 Onesnaževanje okolja, zemlje,zraka in vode: elektrarne, tovarne, kemični obrati, krematoriji, čistilne naprave, živalske farme, letališča in podobni projekti lahko, kontaminirajo zemljo, zrak in vodo v okolici. Tudi neprijetne vonjave, ki se širijo v okolici takih objektov, povzročajo negodovanje lokalnega prebivalstva.
 Svetlobno onesnaženje: Projekti, kateri vebujejo dejavnost, ki se odvija tudi ponoči,ter pri tem potrebujejo umetno osvetlitev, ali vključujejo uporabo varnostne rasvetljave (npr. ulična razsvetljava, veliki parkirni prostori) so vzrok prekomernega svetlobnega onesnaženja.
 Obremenjevanje okolja s hrupom: Poleg hrupa, ki ga povzroča promet, tudi nekateri projekti zaradi svojih značilnosti povzročajo hrup, npr. vetrnice vetrnih elektrarn, letališča in različni industrijski objekti, veliki zabaviščni centri, odprti športni objekti
 Odstopanja in neskladje z okoliško arhitekturo: Predlagani projekt je lahko neobličen, neustrezen ali prevelik. Zaradi svojih značilnosti se kot tak ne more vklopiti v krajevno arhitekturo.
 Izguba  občutka za pripadnost lokalni skupnosti: Predlogi, ki jih prinašajo ljudje, ki so novi, ki prihajajo iz drugih okolij, ki so se priselili pred kratkim, za izgradnjo številnih novih stanovanjskih objektov, kar bi bistveno vplivalo in spremenilo celotno skupnosti.
 Širjenje javnih ustanov in šol: Razlog za to je povečanje večanje števila prebivalstva na določenem območju, kar je vzrok, da bodo  zaradi povečanega števila otrok potrebni dodatni šolski objekti; ravno tako tudi projekti namenjeni za posebne skupine ljudi, ki so se pridružili skupnosti, kot so skupni domovi za starejše, domovi za osebe s posebnimi potrebami, domovi za imigrante.
 Nesorazmerne ugodnosti v korist zunanjih vlagateljev: nastajanje projektov, od katerih imajo korist ljudje, ki niso s tega območja, kot so vlagatelji, ki investirajo v komercialne projekte (tovarne, trgovski centri), ali ljudje iz sosednjih območij, v primeru regionalnih vladnih projektov, kot so izgradnja letališč, avtocest, čistilnic odplak ali odlagališč. Lokalno prebivalstvo nima možnosti vlaganja, vpliva na sam projekt,ter od njega nima družbene koristi.
 Povečanje stopnje kriminala: To se navadno nanaša na projekte, ki so zanimivi za delodajalce, saj ponujajo zaposlovanje cenene, nestrokovne delovne sile ali zaposlovanje delavcev različnih rasnih pripadnosti in manjšin. To se nanaša tudi na projekte, ki omogočajo zaposlovanje  ljudi s kriminalno preteklostjo, duševno bolnih oseb, revnih, nesocializiranim osebam ter odvisnikom. Tudi projekti, ki posredno omogočajo prodajo alkohola, dejavnost, ki se ukvarja s ponudbo medicinske marihuane, lahko posledično povezujemo s povečanim obsegom kriminala na tem območju.

Ne na mojem dvorišču v Sloveniji
Nesoglasja oziroma konflikti in nasprotovanja so neizogiben družbeni pojav, ki se kaže na vseh področjih življenja. Lokalna skupnost ima zagotovljeno in povsem legitimno pravico
soodločanja pri posegih v njeno okolje. Največkrat se lokalne skupnosti aktivno vključujejo
v posege v okolje zaradi lastnih vrednot in stališč ter zaščite lastnih interesov.
V zadnjerm času je pri različnih posegih v okolje  in prostor tudi v Sloveniji vedno bolj prisoten učinek "Ne na mojem dvorišču".

Nekaj izpostavljenih primerov:
gradnja garažne hiše pod Ljubljansko centralno tržnico
gradnja hidroelektrarn na reki Muri (2006)
gradnja športnega objekta Stožice v Ljubljani
širitev Jedrske elektrarne Krško (2010)
gradnja džamije v Ljubljani
gradnja plinskega terminala v Tržaškem zalivu
postavitev vetrne elektrarne na Volovji rebri
postavitev vetrnih elektrarn v Senožečah
gradnja daljnovoda mimo Ljubljane
varstveno delovni center za osebe s posebnimi potrebami v Grosuplju

Podobni akronimi
 BANANA - Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything : Ne gradi ničesar
 LULU - Locally unpopular land use : Lokalno nepriljubljena (nezaželena) raba tal
 PITBY - Put it in their back yard : Postavi ga na svoje dvorišče
 FRUIT - Fear of Revitalization Urban-Infill and Towers
 NOPE - Not on Planet Eart : Ni na planetu Zemlja
 NAMBY -  Not against my business or industry
 NIABY – Not in anybody's back yard : Ne na kateremkoli dvorišču
 NIMFOS – Not in my field of sight : Ne v mojem vidnem polju
 NINA - Ni ici ni ailleurs : Ne tukaj, niti drugje
 NIMD - Not in my district : Ne v mojem okrožju
 NIMTOO - Not in my term of office : Ne v času mojega mandata
 NIMEY - Not in my election year (yard) : Ni v mojem volilnem območju ( v volilnem obdobju)
 BIMBY - Build in My Back Yard : Gradimo na mojem vrtu
 SOBBY - Some Other Bugger's Back Yard :
 WIMBY - Welcome in my Back Yard : Dobrodošli na mojem dvorišču

Zunanje povezave
Preprečevanje "NIMBY" sindroma
Nimby kot  posledica nizke stopnje družbene sprejemljivosti okoljskih odločitev

Viri

Urbanizem
Okoljska etika

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Array ( [0] => [1] => park [2] => Silver-Lakes-Park-948 )
Silver Lakes Park, West Sussex
What Features Does Silver Lakes Park Have?
Peaceful site
Close to the coast
5 Miles to Bognor Regis
Near Chichester
Are you looking for a park home at Silver Lakes Park in West Sussex?
Silver Lakes Park is beautifully placed in a picturesque location, close to the beautiful and ever-popular West Sussex coast.
It is located on Drayton Lane approximately two and half miles south east of Chichester and five miles north of Bognor Regis.
It is a small, tidy park and has pedestrian access to a garden centre and lake nearby.
It is very close to Chichester which is a very popular and historic town. Chichester city centre's broad streets are packed with listed buildings, with the list headed by the towering presence of Chichester Cathedral.
The pedestrianised city centre is neatly enclosed within the ancient city walls and this helps to make Chichester compact and pleasant to explore on foot. There are plenty of good shops in Chichester and the city serves as the main shopping centre for a huge hinterland which stretches right up towards the north of West Sussex.
Just outside Chichester, in the village of Fishbourne, lie the remains of Fishbourne Roman Palace, one of the outstanding Roman sites in the UK, now a museum of national importance. The Chichester District Museum is opposite the library in Tower Street.
Silver Lakes Park
PO20 2EN


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I trasduttori di forza sono dei particolari trasduttori che trasducono la forza (grandezza di entrata) in una grandezza diversa o ne alterano alcune delle caratteristiche che la identificano. Sono utilizzati sia in ambito industriale sia in applicazioni più comuni.

Anche i trasduttori di pressione rientrano in  questa categoria di trasduttori (essendo la pressione una forza per unità di superficie), oltre ad alcuni trasduttori di spostamento.

I trasduttori di forza si possono suddividere in:
 trasduttori di forza omogenei;
 trasduttori di forza non omogenei (o ibridi).

Esempi

 Tutte le leve, sia che siano di 1°, di 2° o di 3° genere (tra cui lo schiaccianoci, la pinzetta, il piede di porco, le forbici), sia le carrucole, che da esse derivano (sia fisse che mobili), sia i paranchi (comunemente chiamati taglie), sono dei trasduttori di forza. Le leve infatti alterano il punto di applicazione e/o l'intensità della forza.
 Gli ingranaggi (ad esempio il cambio di un'autovettura) sono dei trasduttori di forza, in quanto alterano il punto di applicazione e/o l'intensità della forza.
 Le molle (sia in compressione, in trazione o in torsione) sono dei trasduttori di forza che trasducono la forza in spostamento.
 Un cristallo di quarzo o di tormalina (o anche altri cristalli non conduttori che appartengono a classi di simmetria prive di centro) se sottoposti a deformazione meccanica (compressione, trazione o torsione) presentano fenomeni di elettrizzazione. Il fenomeno è reversibile, cioè se viene alimentato da una tensione elettrica il cristallo si contrae o si dilata (dipendente dalla polarità del segnale elettrico applicato). Tenendo conto che il cristallo non è conduttore è il campo elettrico che si genera nel cristallo, grazie alla tensione elettrica applicata, che genera la deformazione meccanica. Esempi di trasduttori di questo tipo sono l'accendigas piezoelettrico e il microfono piezoelettrico. Nell'ipotesi che il cristallo di quarzo (o di tormalina) venga utilizzato in un circuito elettronico per stabilizzare la frequenza allora non può essere considerato un trasduttore, visto la mancanza della funzione di uscita. In questo caso specifico il cristallo serve solo per stabilizzare la frequenza del circuito medesimo per cui, il quarzo, è solo un componente elettronico.
 Negli estensimetri (o "strain-gauge"), applicando una forza ad un capo di un opportuno resistore (l'altro capo è fisso) il resistore subisce una deformazione elastica (più precisamente la sua lunghezza aumenta e la sua sezione diminuisce). Questo ne altera le caratteristiche elettriche, visto che la resistenza dipende proporzionalmente dalla lunghezza ed inversamente dalla sezione (più precisamente, all'aumentare della forza applicata, la resistenza aumenta). In realtà non è la resistenza a subire direttamente l'applicazione della forza, ma la resistenza viene incollata (a freddo o a caldo) o fotoincisa su un opportuno supporto ed è questo supporto che subisce direttamente lo sforzo e lo trasmette alla resistenza vera e propria. Esistono anche estensimetri a semiconduttori.

Trasduttori di forza in natura

Anche alcuni dei trasduttori presenti sugli esseri viventi (piante e animali) rientrano nella categoria dei trasduttori di forza:

Voci correlate
 Cella di carico

Trasduttori


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Debates at the 1818 Constitutional Convention
This fall being the 200th anniversary of the 1818 Connecticut Constitutional Convention, I was asked by the Connecticut Historical Society to speak in October to its membership about the importance of that Convention today. It was an interesting group to address—not my usual fare of lawyers with a fuzzy knowledge of Connecticut history but historians with an intimate knowledge of it.
I first pointed out that, while we live today under the 1965 Constitution, most of its terms were adopted verbatim or almost verbatim from the 1818 Constitution, making the 1818 debates relevant today. Nor can we assume that those debates were similar to the debates at the federal convention in 1787 because, first of all, a whole generation had gone by, and, second, the three main issues in the 1818 Convention were of little interest or importance in 1787. Those three issues were: (1) disestablishment of the Congregational Church; (2) separation of powers; and (3) expansion of the voter base.
The first issue resulted in two provisions in the 1818 Constitution that survive today: a religious freedom clause that is similar (but by no means identical) to the First Amendment, and a disestablishment article (Article Seventh) that is like nothing in the federal constitution. That Article focuses on private institutions as opposed to individual rights and could well be pressed into action whenever a law in effect favors one religious institution over another (subsidizing busing to religious schools comes to mind).
The federal constitution has much weaker separation of powers provisions than the 1818 Constitution. For example, Congress has control of the rule-making powers of the courts. I pointed out that the legislative overruling of a judicial decision in 1815 was the main reason in 1818 for adopting the strong Article Second on separation of powers. The legislature today continues to usurp the powers of the courts to declare what the law is by "clarifying" statutes in response to Supreme Court decisions with which the legislators disagree. Language in the debates suggests that clarifying statutes are unconstitutional.
As for expanding the voter base, expansion means little if incumbent legislators can pack hostile sets of voters into gerrymandered districts. Once again language at the 1818 Convention is relevant today, because it provides ammunition to attack gerrymandering.
The historians present received this history lesson from a lawyer well. Now is the time to celebrate the 200th anniversary of an enduring document: the 1818 Connecticut Constitution.


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Theme Profile (We Came, We Saw, We Conquered)
By Myra Miller | July 14, 2016 | Category: Yearbook
She saw herself differently in the sixth grade and she came to the conclusion that she was overweight. That is when her bulimia started.
"Growing up I was an outgoing person. But in sixth grade being overweight worsened the problem and that made me a target. This resulted in becoming shy and channeling my feelings in a negative way," Abby Hanson, a sophomore attending Noblesville High School said.
Hanson's sixth and seventh grade years were tough because she was bullied about her weight. This led to unhealthy habits and the start of her eating disorders.
However, being bullied and having an eating disorder introduced her to her love of writing and spoken poetry. She began with prose, which is a speech type, and reading more than she did before. She liked watching slam poetry on YouTube.
"Eating disorders is a big problem, but it makes you realize you are not alone. Hearing poetry over this problem, hits you right in the feels [heart] and it is a great way to vent," Hanson said.
Spoken poetry is a way for Hanson to channel her energy in a positive way.
"I think people get better by talking about things because before I could not and would not talk to others. Three years ago, I would not be able to do an interview. Poetry allowed me to talk to others and it is a creative outlet," Hanson said.
"I want to say people define their whole lives with what they deal with. No one can truly get rid of their problem. But over time you find ways to cope and you become a stronger person from that. As Kelly Clarkson said, 'What Doesn't Kill You Makes You Stronger', and poetry was my way to cope and made me stronger," Hanson said.
Hanson said everyone will struggle but each individual should face his or her problem because it can ease the situation. She conquered her eating disorder through her love for spoken poetry.


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ect of eliminatio
TORONTO - Old habits die hard. When the Lakers hosted Toronto 10 months ago, the Raptors held a 15-point first half lead before Kobe Bryant put on a show - as he has been known to do - and engineered a comeback victory, playing out in overtime. Undermanned hours after consummating what turned out to be a season-altering trade, the Raptors returned to Los Angeles nine months later, stealing the game from the Lakers and Bryant, who returned from injury that evening. Even if you believe theyve played over their head during a 14-7 stretch since that fateful night in LA, theres no denying the Raptors are a different team than they were 42 days ago. Still and for whatever reason, there are certain hurdles they dont seem ready to conquer. The Lakers are one them. "We played their game," coach Dwane Casey said after his team surrendered two big leads - a 19-point advantage in the second quarter and a 17-point cushion in the third - falling to the vulnerable Lakers, without the re-injured Bryant, 112-106 at the Air Canada Centre. For the second time in the span of a week, Caseys club had squandered a golden opportunity against a fallen NBA superpower. Four days after extending their winless streak in Boston to 11 games, the Raptors failed to complete what would have been their first ever season series sweep of the Lakers. Since the trade their offence has been much improved but Casey has and always will prioritize his teams effort on defence. The Raptors coach would rather win ugly than lose pretty, his team had gotten quite good at it, but on Sunday they lost that identity. "We didnt [play] a defensive game and that allows big runs," said Casey, his team giving up 112 points, the most theyve surrendered since Dec. 23 against the Spurs. "Thats not who we are. Weve got to be a defence-first team not a three-point shooting team. We got caught up in their quick threes, which theyre very good at and thats not who we are." Assisting on 13 of their first 14 field goals, the Raptors shot 5-of-6 from three-point range in the opening quarter before going 4-of-24 the rest of the way. The Lakers connected on 12 of 22 attempts from long distance and 26 of 28 free throws as the home team got to the line just 11 times. "They dictated the game a little bit more than we did [today]," said Kyle Lowry, who was spectacular again, scoring 21 points and recording nine of his teams season-high 30 assists. "They did a good job of playing the way they want to play and making us play that way also." "Weve got to understand that no matter how big the lead is no team is going to lay down," said DeMar DeRozan, who led the Raptors with 23 points. "Theyre going to play extremely hard to try to get back and weve got to understand that and withstand the runs they try to make." DeRozan continued to struggle down the stretch, hoisting difficult, out of rhythm jumpers and letting frustration get the better of him after a questionable call late in the game. The Raptors leading scorer made just two of his eight attempts in the fourth quarter, missing another key free throw, and is now shooting 4-of-21 from the field in the final period of his last three games. On the season, DeRozan is shooting 33 per cent in the fourth, down from 45 per cent the rest of the game. The minutes hes logged - hes fifth in the NBA in minutes played - could be a factor late in games in addition to some poor decision making, but Casey pointed to the opposition keying in on Torontos best player down the stretch. "Teams are loading up on him, teams are making it rough for him to get those same shots," said the Raptors coach. "Theyre putting their best defender on him and hes working really hard to get the buckets hes getting. Weve got to do a better job of helping screening him, getting him open, getting the ball to the weak side then coming back because hes expending a lot of energy to get his points." Lakers guard Nick Young scored 15 of his game-high 29 points in a back-and-forth final frame. There were eight lead changes in the fourth and 18 total on the afternoon. For the first time all season, Casey was forced to improvise without two of his rotation players. Tyler Hansbrough missed his ninth straight game with a sprained left ankle and John Salmons was inactive nursing a back ailment. Without Salmons, Casey opted to play small. Julyan Stone logged 13 scoreless minutes - the most playing time hes seen since Dec. 6 - and Greivis Vasquez was used in the backcourt alongside Lowry. Vasquez had one of his better games as a Raptors - recording 11 points and eight assists - so too did Chuck Hayes, who played the bulk of the fourth quarter in place of starter Jonas Valanciunas. "He needed to do a better job on (Pau) Gasol," Casey said of Valanciunas, who played just 14 minutes after picking up a pair of early fouls. "I thought Chuck and Amir (Johnson) did a better job on him and we want for the defensive matchup." Although the Lakers successfully treaded water without Bryant prior to his return in the last meeting between these teams, they have come apart ever since. While the Raptors have vaulted up the Eastern Conference standings, LA had lost 16 of 21 games prior to Sundays rematch. Historically and regardless of the personnel, the Lakers have owned Toronto. Now, having lost two of three, the Raptors travel to Charlotte to face another, albeit more perplexing demon in the Bobcats. The Raptors havent won in Charlotte since Mar. 29, 2010, a span of six straight losses to a mostly dreadful Bobcats team. Custom Dallas Mavericks Jerseys .com) - Devin Booker scored 19 points and top-ranked Kentucky put on a defensive clinic in an 83-44 obliteration of UCLA in the CBS Sports Classic. Dirk Nowitzki Jersey . Speaking with TSN 1050 following Brendan Shanahans introductory press conference, the Leafs GM also addressed the clubs perceived leadership issues and the type of working relationship that can be expected within Torontos front office. https://www.cheapmavericks.com/623l-j-j-barea-jersey-mavericks.html .ca! There is plenty of blame to be shared as a result of the most recent NHL player (Pittsburghs Brooks Orpik) to be evacuated from the ice on a stretcher following an ugly incident Saturday night in Boston. Josh Howard Jersey . Louis, MO (SportsNetwork. Marquis Daniels Jersey . The White Sox said Wednesday they acquired left-handed pitching prospect Sean Bierman and infielder Ben Kline, who both played at Class A this season. The White Sox dealt Crain to Tampa Bay on July 29.Andy Murray kept pace with No 1 rival Novak Djokovic as he booked his place in the semi-finals of the ATP World Tour Finals with victory over Stan Wawrinka at Londons O2 Arena on Friday afternoon. Having beaten Marin Cilic and Kei Nishikori, Murray only required a set against Wawrinka to guarantee his passage through to the last four of the season-ending event for the first time since 2012 and he got the job with the minimum of fuss in the opening set before going on to complete a 6-4 6-2 win. Six months half price Upgrade to Sky Sports to watch Man Utd v Arsenal on Saturday and get the first six months half price The comprehensive victory helped him equal his career-best winning run of 22 matches he set earlier this summer and book a clash against Milos Raonic and the Canadians foreboding serve on Saturday afternoon. Shot of the matchHe might not have won the match, but Wawrinka took the plaudits for this shot of the match. A deep forehand winner which swerved and dipped before landing smack bang on the baseline. Wawrinkas stunning deep winner was the only bright point in an otherwise disappointing day for the Swiss Murrays reactionThe first set was tight - there werent really many chances either way - but I just managed to get the break late in the set. And then, in the second set, I had already qualified and Stan obviously needed to win, so it was a bit easier for me to play freer than him in the second set, and that probably helped. The Briton was delighted to come through in straight-sets and now meets Milos Raonic next Expert opinionGreg Rusedski: So impressive from Murray. By far his best match so far in the tournament. The first set was nip and tuck, he gets it, and then just goes from strength to strength.A brilliant performance from Murray and it also ties his longest match-winning streak this year: 22 in a row. And it looks like he is going to beat that in the semis against Milos Raonic. Everything is coming into perfect shape for Murray. He needed to win quick to save his energy for the semis, and that is what he has done.Peter Fleming: It was an encouraging performance. It was the sort of performance that you would expect the world No 1 to come up with when his back is against the wall. And it was today, because a lot of people thought Wawrinka could punch holes in his defences, and Murray answered. He almost said, Ah ah, not today, pal. Murray was at the SkyPad alongside Sky Sports Leif Shiras to look back at his win over Wawrinka The matchMurray knew he would face the prospect of elimination if he lost in straight sets and Nishikori beat Cilic later on Friday, and both players made a rapid attacking opening to the match, striking the ball cleanly in another intoxicating atmosphere at a capacity O2 Arena. Heres the moment Murray sealed his spot in Saturdays semi-finals The Scot needed three hours and 20 minutes to see off Nishikori, but looked remarkably re-energised during the opening set.dddddddddddd Murray was motoring on serve and equally aggressive in attack. Few were surprised when he grabbed the first crucial break of serve in the sixth game. Murray attempted to lob Wawrinka but struck the scoreboard at The O2 Wawrinka came out knowing that a straight-sets win over Murray would maintain his record of always reaching the last four. He was forced to save three set points when serving to stay alive, but it didnt take long before the Wimbledon champion served it out to seal his semi-final spot. Wawrinka lost his temper so much so that he took out his fury out on not one, but two rackets! World No 3 Wawrinka looked dispirited and was broken in the opening game of the second set and then again in the third, by which time he had lost his composure by dismantling two of his rackets in pure frustration.It wasnt long before Murray completed a masterclass of a performance in an hour and 26 minutes to move back above Djokovic in the race the end the season as No 1. Murray v Wawrinka: Match Stats Murray Wawrinka Aces 3 7 Double faults 2 1 1st serve points won 87% 67% 2nd serve points won 57% 40% Winners 15 29 Unforced errors 13 27 Break points won 3/7 0/2 Total points won 67/118 51/118 Check our game-by-game coverage from all matches at the ATP World Tour Finals in London - including the semi-finals on Saturday - on skysports.com/tennis, our app for mobile devices and iPad and our Twitter account @skysportstennis. Upgrade to Sky Sports now to watch Man Utd v Arsenal this Saturday and get the first six months half price! Also See: As it happened... World No 1 permutations Raonic can only get better WATCH: Murrays double take ' ' 'S. Open in 2010. "My main goal is just to be very consistent this year and a win happens by itself, you dont have to force any of that," she said. World No. 1 Inbee Park, who finished runner-up to Swedens Anna Nordqvist last week at the LPGA Thailand tournament, had a 2-under 70 and was in a tie for seventh with four others. Park, the winner of three majors last year, could lose her top ranking to Suzann Pettersen this week if the Norwegian wins the event and Park doesnt finish higher than a tie for third. Pettersen had a 1-under 71 on Thursday for equal 12th place. "It wasnt a bad putting day, but I hit the ball great today," Park said. "And I didnt get myself in big trouble so thats good." Sixteen-year-old Lydia Ko of New Zealand struggled with her putting, making just two birdies and finishing at 1-over 73, tied for 27th place with Nordqvist, American Michelle Wie, former No. 1 Yani Tseng and several others. Ko is not the youngest in the field this week. Fifteen-year-old Singaporean Amanda Tan won a qualifying tournament in January to become the youngest-ever player at the HSBC Champions. She was in last place after a 7-over 79. ' ' '


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Ostrina portion translation of Shchuchin Yizkor Book
Translated by Rochel Istrin
Kehillot Austrin - Ostrin
Aharon Abelov, Khanon Glembotzki, Chaya Draznin, Shlomo Ztz'pinshka
Yakob Yelin, Hinda Lipshitz, Shmuel Novik, Tzvi Segalovitz, Dina Shklarovski
Shlomo Boyarsky, Mikal-Meir Ezrski, Abraham Kzimir,
Itzak Reznik, Moshe Sholner
[Page 295 {27}]
The Shtetl [Village] of Ostryn
The village of Ostryn, surrounded by forests, was set in the fields of White Russia at the crossroads of Grodna to Vilna. Ostryn seemingly sprouted directly from the forest. All the roads to and from it led through forests. For a distance of two to three kilometers from the village, on the way to Grodna, stretched the Hashkolanski Forest. Along that forest, gently flowed a stream called Kotra. The road that led to Shtutchin descended into the Baranichi Forest. On the way to Kamiyonka in the direction of Kaskidal, the thick Dzembrova forests continued. Where the Nowy Dwor road descended leading to Vilna was the Heloviski forest. All around were many lakes. One brook named Osterinka crossed the village. The source of this brook was in the estate of the Count Skavinski. It passed through the roads to Vasilishuk and Nowy Dwor and behind the brick factory where it spilled into the Kotra, a tributary of the great Neiman River.
For many years, Ostriners used two wooden bridges to cross the stream Ostrihnka, one on Nowy Dwor Road and the other on Vasilishuk Road. Only after the Polish government took power were two concrete bridges built because the main road to Bialystok-Grodna-Vilna went through the village.
The two largest cities nearest to the village were Grodna, at a distance of fifty kilometers, and Vilna, at a distance of 66 kilometers. There was no train station in the village, the nearest Being [?] at Rozhanka, a distance of 28 kilometers. Until the First World War, many Jews in the village had never seen a train in their lives.
At the time when the Russian Czar ruled, the village belonged to the Vilna District. During Polish rule, it belonged to Novogrudok District. The regional capital until 1930 was Lida. After that, it was Shtutchin.
In former times, the village was the feudal property of the Prince Drotzki-Lubetzky. The Jewish settlement grew in the village. It increased with the influx of Jews from surrounding villages by the decree of the Russian Czar at the end of the last century [1800's]. At that time, strongly built rural Jews came to the village: tenant farmers, millers, innkeepers and forest laborers. The Jewish population rose to 375 families, about 2,000 people. The Christian population numbered about six hundred people. The populations in the neighboring villages were mainly White Russians, with a Polish minority. All of them were estate owners. This was also true in the village. After the Polish government was established (after World War I) Polish teachers, clerks and settlers began to appear in the area. This was official government policy in order to increase the number of Poles in the areas where those of Polish nationality were in the minority.
The Jews lived near the center of the village. The Christians lived in the alleys and on the edges of the village. The Gayayoneya Provoslavic Church stood in the middle of the marketplace and seemed to look scornfully down at the low wooden houses of the village Jews. In the year 1930, the Poles put up a wooden Catholic church on a hill near the village. The center of the village was the Market Place. From here, the roads and lanes led out in all directions. The shops were there, tens of them belonging to Jews. The storekeepers and the merchants, whose homes were adjacent to the stores, were considered the most respectable citizens (ba'aley batim) of the village. The simple folk among the villagers, craftsmen and laborers, were crowded together in the lanes. A social division existed between the merchants and the blue-collar workers. The daughter of a merchant or storekeeper was considered wellborn. A match between her and a member of the lower class was definitely considered unfitting. Only at the beginning of the twentieth century, and specifically after the First World War, did this change. At that time, workers began to feel their potentially great strength; and they began to intervene in the public issues of the village. The divisions fell apart. There was no longer a social difference between one man and another.
The sons of the simple people enrolled as members of the Zionist Youth Pioneer Federations. Together, they reveled in song and dance. Together, they dreamed of going up to Israel, to a world of greater justice, more beautiful and more interesting than theirs that was waiting for them in the near future.
Religious Life in the Village
Religious life in the village centered in two "btay midrash" (Houses of Study, or Synagogues; to be referred to here as "synagogues"): the Large Synagogue and the Small Synagogue. These were built of bricks and stood adjacent to one another, sharing one courtyard. Both had an elaborate "aron hakodesh" (ark, the part of the synagogue where the Torah scrolls are stored) and were filled to overflowing with Holy books. These tomes were not meant only to impress but were in constant use. The Jews of Ostryn devoted themselves to Torah and to avodah (vocation) each according to his ability.
Adjacent to the Large Synagogue were two small "kloizen" (small rooms for prayer). Adjacent to the small synagogue was a single kloiz. The main gabai'im (managers of synagogue affairs) for the large synagogue for many years were Chai'chik DRAZNIN, the head gabai, and Yishayahu KRINTZKY, who assisted him. (Among the builders of the large Synagogue was Eliezer Meir PELOVSKY). The gabai of the small synagogue were Alter (the son of Eliahu Chaim) and Avraham YELLIN. Prior to them, it was Moshe Yakov ZATZAPINSKI. The prayer leaders (baaley tefilla) in the village were Ichy Ber ZALUTZKY, Itchy Chaim, the butcher KAMIONSKY, and Yisroel, the son of Zalman. The need for a second synagogue came about because the population of the village increased substantially and not because of any dispute between the villagers. As the congregation grew in numbers, the original synagogue was just too small to hold everyone. The financial means of the village Jews were insufficient to complete the building so money was collected from neighboring villages, too. Finally, a wealthy widow from Vilna gave a generous donation that made it possible to finish the building.
The Large Synagogue was always humming with the movement of many people while the small Synagogue was known for its quiet and order. The Rabbi and the most respected members of the community were seated along the eastern wall of the synagogue while the rest of the congregation sat on the western side. On each Sabbath of the new month, a chazan (cantor) led the prayers. He sang the Sabbath evening prayers in the small Synagogue; and on the Sabbath morning, he led the Musaf prayers in the large synagogue.
The synagogues in the village were not only a place for prayer but were also the main meeting place for the Jews of the village. Here, they exchanged information and caught up on all the village news. They discussed the situation of Jewry in the world at large and in the village itself. Here, they heard about all that was happening in the world. For the children and the youth, the synagogues were a place for games, mischief, and the release of excess energy. The open courtyard between the two synagogues became an improvised sports field. There was a "chevras Shas" (group of men who learned Talmud together) at the Large Synagogue whose members were composed mostly of householders well on in years. Among them were some outstanding scholars, including Akiva BOROCHOVITZ, Yisroel ZALIKOVSKY the grocer, and Reb Ber the flour merchant. During the whole week, they learned individually; and only on the Sabbath, the village Rabbi would expound before them.
In the larger kloiz, there was a "chevras Chayei Adom" (group of men who learned the simpler Talmudic material together). Most of the members were working class men: tailors and cobblers. The Rabbi would go over the lessons with them daily, between the afternoon minchah prayers and the evening ma'ariv prayers. Over time, many men joined this group. The gabai (manager) of this group was a cobbler named SAVITZKY, an outstanding Torah scholar.
In the small klois was a "chevras mikra" (a group of men who learn the Five Books of Moses with the Commentaries) who were composed of blacksmiths and steelworkers. Their Gabai (manager) was a smithy. A "chevras Mishnayos" (a group of men who learn the sections of the Talmud dealing with Torah Law) met in the small Synagogue every morning as well as every afternoon between afternoon and evening prayers. Many of the men who davened (prayed) in the large Synagogue would come join these study sessions in the small Synagogue afterwards. For many years, Rabbi Neta Hirsh BRETLOSKY taught the lessons voluntarily (without salary). The study was systematic. There were scheduled conclusions for each portion of the material. Wen a "siyum" (celebration at the completion of each section) was held, they partook of a feast while competing in pilpul (Talmudic debate) until their hearts rejoiced. The simplest of the simple Jews formed a "cheveras Tehillim" (group of men who read Psalms together). After their prayers they would "gulp down" some verses of Psalms. Every afflicted person knew they could turn to the members of this group to offer balm to their souls.
In addition, a "chevras Tiferes Bachurim" (literally "Company of Splendid Young Men") existed where teenaged boys could learn Torah together. Torah learning was considered for the sake of pleasure, and not for any specific purpose. Jewish workers, after a day of back breaking labor, Jews who were constantly troubled over their parnossah (source of income), would forget all of their troubles under the influence of a beautiful new Torah lesson or a challenging Talmudic debate. Even the simplest Jew had the greatest respect for the Torah scholars who could ply the Oceans of Talmud; and they listened with great concentration to their every word.
The Village Dispute
Even though the Ostryn community put a priority on the salary of their Rabbi and on purchasing necessary religious articles, the Rabbi's salary was woefully inadequate. Most of his income came from fees for ritual slaughter, the sale of yeast (a monopoly customarily given to the rabbi's family to supplement their meager income), and from officiating at weddings.
Occasionally, disputes broke out among the congregation about the role and direction the community was taking. The wealthy "enlightened" householders viewed the community as a secular municipal institution, while the Rabbi and his supporters wished to continue the ancient tradition of the community as a religious network only. Laborers protested that the well-off householders had wrested control of the community institutions and that their opinions totally were ignored. These controversies sometimes reached such dimensions that one group boycotted the butcher shops associated with the other side or proclaimed that their "shchitah" (ritual slaughter) was "treyf" (not kosher). In one instance, the Rabbi, HaRav LEIBOVICH may his memory be blessed, put a ban on the meat from a particular butcher, Leizer Hirsh DRAZNIN, the son-in-law of the butcher Chaichik KAMIONSKY. However, the public did not heed the Rabbi's call to ostracize him and continued to buy meat, slaughtered by his son-in-law, from the butcher shop of CHAICHIK. In the end, the sides came to a compromise. Such disputes usually broken out during Chol HaMoed (the intermediate days of Passover) when the Jews of the village were free from their occupations and turned to public issues. Their sustenance for the week of Passover was prepared already and they were not working at their usual occupations because of the holiday, so their time was free for public matters.
Maggidim/Itinerant Preachers
The maggid was a multi-faceted lecturer who delivered colorful sermons on a variety of ethical themes, using a combination of stories and parables to give either harsh rebuke or gentle persuasion. From time to time, such preachers came to the village. As soon as one arrived, he would hang a notice on the door to the synagogue informing the public as to when he would speak and his subject. By the time the sermon began, the synagogue would be filled to capacity, standing room only. Each maggid had his own signature melody by which he preached. The lecture would be generously spiced with verses from the Torah, the Talmud, and the great classic Jewish sages, heavily dosed with humorous anecdotes. When the preacher described the waiting terrors of gehinnom (the place of punishment in the afterlife), the audience could feel its feet burning and smell their singed beards. When he spoke of gan eden (the place of reward in the afterlife), his listeners thought they could feel the bliss and taste the ecstasy awaiting each upright and righteous Jew "after a hundred and twenty years". All the men would nod their heads sagely as they followed the message of the maggid while the women in their separate gallery wept with excitement. Laborers who had worked hard all day fell asleep with expressions of nachas (satisfaction) on their slumbering faces, their tired heads leaning on the wooden stenders (high individual tables where prayer books and Gemorahs [books of Talmud] were supported during prayer and learning). Every sermon was based on the designated Torah portion of that week and incorporated practical moral lessons applicable to the people's daily lives. Among the maggidim were some real "fire and brimstone" preachers whose sermons were a lively topic of conversation even after the preachers had long left the village to move on to their next appointment. Collectors visited each home in the village the next day in order to collect donations for the maggid who had spoken the previous night.
The venerable Gaon (Torah genius) Rabbi Yakov Tzvi SHAPIRA died in the year 5667 of the Hebrew calendar (1907). He was world famous for his commentary on the Mishnah "Tiferes Yakov". His Rabbinical position was inherited by Rabbi Yakov TEBSHONSKY, who was a talmid (student) at the famous Volozhin Yeshiva (founded by the leading disciple of the Vilna Gaon) and the Slobodka Yeshiva. A fellow student at Volozhin eventually became the Zionist national poet, Chaim Nachman BIALIK. Rabbi TEBSHONSKY was an honorable man of stature, projecting a dignified appearance, and zealous for the honor of the Torah. He addressed the congregation four times during the year: on Shabbos HaGadol (the Sabbath preceding Passover); on Shabbos Tshuva (the Sabbath between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur); on Yom Kippur) the Day of Atonement (before the concluding prayer service (Neilah); and on Shabbos Zachor (the Sabbath preceding the holiday of Purim). His eloquence was so incomparable that all of the members of all of the synagogues in Ostryn crowded into his synagogue to hear his sermons. He would speak from three to four hours straight in a pure voice with crystal clear articulation. All listeners sat rapt to catch every word like a gem, marveling both at his amazing grasp of the Talmudic and classical ethical sources of the Torah, and at the depth of his genius and his ability to make the most complicated concepts seem simple and obvious. The Jewish community of "Lithuanian Jerusalem" [Vilna] offered him the prestigious post of maggid (preacher) (Vilna) but he refused this illustrious post, preferring to stay in the little village of Ostryn. His permanent place was in the Large Synagogue (Bes HaMidrash HaGadol) and only rarely did he leave to join the Small Synagogue (Bes HaMidrash HaKoton).
Immediately after the prayers, he would turn to his house and immerse himself in the Holy Books. He was a great masmid (extraordinarily diligent student of Torah) and did not take part in ordinary community life. Rabbi Tebshonsky drew many yeshiva bachurim (young men who learned Torah exclusively) to him, even those who learned in distant places. When they came to Ostryn for the festivals, he would invite them into his home and discuss Torah with them. He related to them as dear companions and encouraged their parents, most of whom were very poor, to make every possible effort to allow their sons to continue learning Torah for as long as possible before taking them home to help earn a living for the family.
At the end of World War I, the division of the area was unsettled. While Polish legions controlled Ostryn, Germany ruled nearby Grodna. The village was closed and locked, stranding several visiting Yeshiva students who were unable to return to their yeshivot over the border. The Rabbi gathered them into the small synagogue and created a private yeshiva for them that he addressed twice a week. Rabbi Tebshonsky published a commentary on the Book of Esther entitled "Pdus Yakov". Every single Jew in Ostryn acquired this book. An addition to this, he wrote thirty-two books on interpretations of holy subjects. Tragically, Rabbi Tebshonsky died young in 1922 from typhus. Every Jew in the village mourned the untimely passing of their beloved and admired Rabbi and leader at the age of 47.
After the death of Rabbi Tebshonsky his post was given to Rabbi Chaim HaCohen LEIBOVITZ, a relative of the legendary Chofetz Chaim (Rabbi Yisroel Meir HaCohen of Radin). His daughter Gittel taught in the village Tarbut (non-religious Zionist) school. When she reached marriageable age, he wanted to take a rabbinical student for her but his "enlightened" daughter refused. In the end, however, she succumbed to her father's will and married the young man he chose for her. Her husband sat for many years learning Torah in his father-in-law's house. After the death of Rabbi LEIBOVITZ, a dispute arose among the villagers between those who wished to pass the rabbinate on to his son-in-law and those who disagreed. The followers of the Rabbi carried his coffin into the synagogue, placed it beside the ark containing the holy Torah scrolls, and threatened the community that they would refuse to bury the Rabbi until it was agreed to make the son-in-law Rabbi in his place. The congregation gave in to this demand; and the son-in-law, Rabbi S. GERSHONOVITZ was made Rabbi of Ostryn. He was the last to hold a rabbinical position and was martyred during the Nazi occupation.
Reb Shmuel the Cantor
Among those serving the religious needs of the community, the Cantor Reb Shmuel was famous. Tens of years he was the cantor, the slaughterer, and the mohel (ceremonial circumcizer) in the village. He was from the celebrated family of the Rabbi from Brisk, having been orphaned in early childhood and adopted in turn by the genius Reb Yoshe Ber, the son of the Rabbi of the city of Brisk, who taught him Torah. He learned Torah with the chief Rabbi, Rabbi Chaim SOLEVICHIK, known widely for his genius. The world of melody drew him inexorably until he left his learning and applied himself to chazzanus (liturgical music). He was the lead voice during the Days of Awe (the High Holy Days) accompanied by a choir, which was an innovation at the time in small villages. Many guests were invited to his table. At that time, there were no Jewish maids. Country girls from the surrounding areas would come to the village to serve in the Jewish homes in order to earn themselves a dowry. When a girl came to work in his house, he would set aside an amount of money in addition to her regular salary that could be used to buy a horse or a cow when she came of marriageable age. Many farmers from the surrounding areas knew him and were his friends. They married his former housemaids. During the years, when they came to the village market, they would bring him appreciation gifts from their agricultural produce. Their devotion to Reb Shmuel was boundless. During the German occupation of the First World War, the authorities forbade the raising of tobacco. Reb Shmuel was addicted to smoking and suffered from the unavailability of tobacco. Then, "his" farmers (the ones who had married his former servants) raised tobacco in secret and supplied him generously with enough sacks of tobacco to last him throughout the war years and into the twenties when Poland again ruled the village.
He was a Jew who loved pleasure but only the pleasure permitted by the Torah. Always brimming with the joy of life and joking tastefully, his quips spread and were repeated throughout the village. They even became famous in neighboring villages, near and far. In his old age, he lost his voice but still continued to pass before the cabinet containing the Torah scrolls during the prayers. The congregation enjoyed his intonation of the prayers because it so clearly expressed the meaning of the words. He died in a very old age during the winter of 5686 (1926).
Burial Society
The Chevra Kadisha (Burial Society) had a complete monopoly on religious burial services and sometimes took advantage of it. It was rumored that, in rare instances, they had actually delayed burying a wealthy person in order to demand payment according to their estimation of the family's wealth. (This money was then used for charitable purposes.) Once a year, on the Thursday of the week when the "V'Yechi" portion was read from the Torah, a grand dinner was held to which all the Jews of the village were invited. For many years, the treasurers of the Burial Society were Chaichik DRAZNIN and Yeshayahu KRINSKY. A death, when it happened, caused a pall to wrap the entire village Jews. Ostryn Jews observed the mitzvah (commandment) of "Halvayas haMes" (accompanying the dead). Many, many of them would accompany the coffin with the body all the way to the cemetery.
The Chederim for Older Children where Bible and Talmud were Taught
The teachers in these Chederim were mostly princes of learning whose subjects never strayed from the text and whose intellectual demands from the students were strict. …
Yoshe Ber, the Melamed from Vasilishok Street
Yoshe Ber was an expert in Tanach (Bible). He would sit at the head of a long table and explain each verse. Then, in a chorus, the pupils repeated the verse in Hebrew and the explanation in Yiddish. This is how they learned every day, according to the traditional Jewish system of memorization. Yoshe Ber was a weakly person in physique and found it hard to get up from his regular place to move about the room. However, it seemed like he had muscles of steel to the students sitting in arm's reach whenever they received a deserved "gift" from the teacher's hand. Obviously, all the pupils tried to catch the places furthest away from the Rebbe's chair!
On Fridays, before the children were sent home, they read the weekly Torah portion with the traditional vocalization and melody as it is read in the synagogue. And, "oy" to the student whose strident voice rang out in discord from the rest! He sometimes took on the additional role of physician for his charges. During the winter season, when a mother would complain that her son had a sore throat, the Rebbe would use a spoon as a tongue depressor and spread honey (or, if severe, his own secret concoction) to the throat with a long feather and the boy would quickly recover. For stomachaches his remedy was a purge. He had charms to ward off the evil eye, and folk remedies for circulatory problems too. His pupils watched him in open-mouthed awe as he performed his medical "miracles". They knew by heart the verses he whispered against the evil eye. The children especially enjoyed the Rebbe's "medical" ministrations on their classmates because meanwhile they had unscheduled breaks from their studies.
Moshe Avraham's Cheder
Reb Moshe Avraham was on the short-tempered and authoritarian side. He was strict about his students knowing their lessons well. It was bad news for a boy who failed his exams. He explained the lessons very well. His rich imagination painted living portraits of the Tanach for the children in words that pleased the ears. He was a talented speaker and often was asked to speak before the whole congregation at the synagogue. He was the regular speaker on the night of Yom Kippur. His talks fired the imagination, causing the women among his listeners to weep and moan in the Ladies' Section. Their voices split the air of the synagogue and filled the sanctuary. During the semester breaks, he would travel around the neighboring villages and speak before eager crowds of listeners. His income from these speeches was a welcome supplement to his meager salary, as all the melamdim (cheder teachers) lived in dire poverty. In his old age, he served as sexton in the large synagogue of the village.
Ishiya, the Melamed from Novidvor Street
Ishiya the Melamed was a moderate and quiet man. He always was ready to teach Torah to someone who was interested, even without pay. Never in his life did he raise his hand to strike a pupil. When the boys misbehaved and acted wildly, it was enough for him to scold: "Shaygetz!"(Gentile!) "Mechutzaf!" (Insolent!) Az Ponim!" (Impudent!) Since he did not hit his students, an exception among the Rebbes, he was not accepted by many of the parents. Both the parents and other Rebbes not only did not think that the strap caused harm, but exactly the opposite! This was the proven and traditional way to inculcate the pupils with the fear of heaven...
Reb Avraham YELLIN
An innovation in the educational system of those days was the "Modern Cheder" of Reb Avraham YELLIN. He was a recognized Torah scholar. A tall man with clever eyes and a quick brain, modern for his generation in regards to education and to life in general, he was an educated man and an expert in Hebrew grammar. From him, the residents of Ostryn learned the Hebrew language and its grammar. It was accepted in the village that "Who never learned Torah from the mouth of Reb Avraham Yellin does not know proper Hebrew". He was the first to rent a room solely for his "Modern Cheder" instead of teaching out of his private apartment, as did the other Melamdim. The tuition at his school was relatively expensive. The other Melamdim took 8-12 rubles for a semester while he demanded 20-32 rubles for a semester. Being accepted to his cheder was regarded as a great accomplishment.
In his cheder, the Tanach was interpreted according to the reformist Moses Mendelsohn with the explanations in German instead of Yiddish. The basic subjects were Hebrew, Bible, Grammar and Language. Later, he broadened the subjects taught. Vizhianuc (the Principal of the local Russian school) came to teach the Russian language, mathematics, geography and Russian history in the cheder. Eventually, he added lessons in Talmud to the curriculum taught by yeshiva students.
There was a small library near the cheder of Reb Avraham Yellin independently run by the pupils. At the end of the semester, he would hold examinations and give prizes to the outstanding students. He would often court the most talented students among the village children, accept them in his cheder, and continue to support them. Several generations of pupils passed through the cheder of Reb Avraham Yellin.
The First Buds of Modern Teaching Methods in the Village
External students with high school diplomas from Vilna, Grodno, and Bialystok frequently came to Ostryn when they needed money to continue their studies. The village youth craved knowledge of the modern world outside their limited experience. They (especially the girls who had no cheder) offered these college students plenty of work as private tutors in Russian as well as other general subjects. These students would stay for awhile in the village until they earned enough money. Then, they departed to whence they came. Other external students came to take their places until they too departed. The demand for studies was very high. Sometimes, the tutor would fall in love with his pupil and marry her, remaining in the village.
There was one such teacher called VADOMBLANSKI who came from Eishishok. He graduated from a Pedagogy College in Grodno. He came to the village on the eve of the First World War. Like those who preceded him, he planned to stay a short while to earn some money. He married a young woman from the village, from the ZALIKOVSKY family, and became a permanent resident of the village. He was a very successful teacher. In 1913, he founded a private mixed-gender school and brought his father, a melamed from Eishishok, to the village to teach the holy subjects. He taught secular subjects in the school: history, geography, and mathematics. Most of his students were from financially well off families. This school only operated for one year because he was drafted into the army at the outbreak of the First World War. After the war, he did not return to the village but went to Kovna to become a teacher in the Tarbut school ("Culture"--nationalist, secular Jewish school) there.
Mr. OTINSKI was another teacher who came to the village. He used to appear before the court of law that convened in Ostryn. He began by tutoring Russian and other general subjects to village girls, mostly the daughters of laborers. He continued until the outbreak of W.W.I.
New "Cheders"
During the First World War, several yeshiva students were stuck in Ostryn, unable to travel because the roads. Disruption by the armed forces made it impossible to reach their distant yeshivas. They sat and sat without employment in the village until finally they sought to make a living as teachers. They opened new cheders that taught Talmud on a very high level and taught in private cheders as well as in Houses of Study.
During the German occupation, school attendance at a newly opened government school was compulsory. The language of instruction was German. Of course, they also invested time in the holy subjects. The head of this school was a man named KASCHINEVSKI with his wife. The teachers VIGDOROVICH, SERVER, and others, all native to Ostryn, regularly returned to the village for their vacations during the school summer break. They organized choirs, theater performances, and lectures on literature and science. These activities introduced a spirit of life into the village. (After the First World War a great change occurred in the villager's values. The traditional foundations of Jewish life were undermined; and new parties arose. The Bund began to operate and drew many of the children of the masses, as did the Zionist parties, etc.)
The First Modern School in the Village
In 1921, the first primary school, taught in Yiddish was established. The Principal was VOLCHAKOVSKY, a native of Zaludok. He was a talented teacher, a good organizer, and an enthusiastic Yiddishist. He came to Ostryn and began with private lessons. Within a short time, he had gathered around himself a group of admirers and supporters from the working class of the village. Under his influence, they founded a school to be taught in Yiddish. They rented a building and began to register pupils. At first, they took students for the high primary grades and later opened lower grades, too. The study program was that of Tz.Y.Sh.A. In addition to Voltchakovsky, the other teachers in the school were Chaim VOLITSKY and Dovid SHKLAROVSKY. The school opened a club for students and had wide cultural activities. The hymns of the Bund were heard in the village, something arousing great indignation, especially among the local Zionist youth.
The Tarbut Schools
When Polish rule was established, a law of compulsory education came into effect. School age children were registered. The language of instruction was Polish. A great outcry arose in the village: "Our children are being led to apostasy!" The Zionist circles rose to action. One Motzei Shabbos (Saturday night), when most of the village's Jews were in the synagogue, they convened a general meeting. Aaron ABLOV and Yosef VIGDOROVICH explained to the assembled public that there is no choice but to establish a modern school that would be recognized by the government authorities but in a Jewish spirit. Most of the audience was convinced. On the spot, they chose a committee to organize and activate the decisions made that night to establish a Jewish school that would be recognized by the Polish authorities. The Melamdim and those active in traditional Jewish education vehemently rejected this plan because it ignored the vital importance of religious instruction. However, many activists from both the older and younger generations joined the committee notwithstanding. They included Yitzchak GREZLASKI, BerlPARETZKI, and others who did succeed in setting up the school. The school's classrooms were in the women's sections of the synagogues. A teacher's union was set up and a principal chosen. The Polish teacher, a woman named Kovalski from Lodz, had a Polish Teacher's Certificate so the license for the school was obtained in her name. She was Jew completely assimilated into Polish society.
Aaron ABLOV taught general history and Hebrew, the language of instruction. Dovid SHKLAROVSKY was the math and geography teacher. The daughter of the Ostryn Rabbi, the teacher Gittel, was the teacher for all the younger classes. Moshe BERZOVSKY was the music teacher. The town melamdim also were appended to the teaching staff. They taught Tanach (Bible) with the commentary of Rashi. Because of a shortage of qualified teachers, the Headquarters of the Tarbut schools in Vilna could not supply certified teachers at first. They made do with teachers from the local work force. In the school's second year, two registered teachers were sent: CHAZAN TZIGELINITZKY.
They changed Principals, too. A teacher from Lida named NOVOPRUTZKI came to replace the original one. His subjects were Polish and mathematics (An interesting note: The children were taught mathematics in their mother tongue Yiddish while all the rest of the subjects were taught in Hebrew.) From year to year, more certified teachers were added to the staff; and the student body grew. The school was on the rise.
A New Building for the Tarbut School
The classrooms in the women's sections of the synagogues could not hold the student body. A vacant lot was allotted to erect a building for the school. The public was very excited about the idea but the financial resources were limited. Some tens of parents and activists in the field of education volunteered for the new school. They donated days of work, dragged bricks and building materials, and served as assistants to the professional construction workers. Construction continued for years and was finally finished in 1935. The Tarbut School moved to its new wider and more comfortable and appropriate quarters.
Gradually, the local teachers left the school staff. Outside teachers with government certification took their places. Serving alternately in the position of Principal were CHAZAH, KLECKO, BRONSTEIN, KRAMER and others. The school reached a high academic level and was acclaimed throughout the vicinity. Many neighboring communities sent their children to learn at the Tarbut School in Ostryn. Under the school's direction, a choir and orchestra, led by the very talented teacher Lazer KAPLINSKY, were formed. From period to period, the school's students presented performances before audiences. These performances pleased the public very much and helped to unite them in support of the school. Every Lag B'Omer (33rd day of the counting of the Omer between Passover and Shavuos--a Jewish children's holiday) the traditional trip to the Halovisky Forest took place. The band led the way. The children spent the day playing games and singing and dancing in the heart of nature.
Most of the populace supported the Tarbut School, even the religious because time was invested in religious studies too. Usually the students paid tuition. Only the poorest students were released from the obligation to pay. There was a parent committee responsible for the financial and organizational matters of the school. Among the parents on this committee, a few names stood out. Berl PARETSKY was the connection with the headquarters of the Tarbut schools. Yitzkak GRAZELSKY supervised religious affairs and organized a special minyan for the students, honoring them on the Sabbath and Holidays by calling them up to the Torah and Ezra MEIEROV, Motke MEIEROV and Yosef VIGDOROVICH. Over time, the Tarbut School became the cultural center of the village. The sounds of Hebrew being spoken could be heard in the streets and houses. The Nazi murderers silenced the voice of Hebrew in the village.
The Necrology begins on Page 368 {100}.
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If there were one hair dye that my friends had recommended to me numerous times it would be this one. I was told that I would never look at another hair dye again after giving this one a try.
With this in mind, last week I headed into Superdrug (to the hair dye section of course) and headed straight to the Schwarzkopf - Colour mask dye which retails at a bargainous £4.
The colour mask dyes are the first hair mask colourants that are apparently as easy to use as a hair mask and to some extent, I would agree as you are provided with a little pot to dunk your hands in to gather product which makes it super easy to distribute with your fingers through your hair.
I have to say the colour selection isn't very broad with only two or three shades per colour family, however, I opted for 910 Pearl Blonde which is the lightest shade in the collection.
I know that I always hammer home how important it is for faux blondes like myself to stick to dyes with ash toned bases but pearl blonde is okay to use as well as it has a silvery/ash undertone as opposed to a warm yellow or orange.
The pearl blonde shade states that it will lift your hair colour up to 2 levels so it is pretty powerful.
The formula itself mixes to an electric blue/purple colour which looks pretty scary but is actually excellent news if like me you are trying to eradicate brassy tones as blue/purple are the best toning colours.
The instructions advise this shade to be left on for 30-40 minutes, however, I ended up taking a phone call and left it on for almost an hour oops.
Upon rinsing the formula leaves your hair feeling super soft, something that my friends had promised.
I found this product really easy to use and the colour payoff was great my super dark roots were covered perfectly and have not turned a brassy orange shade.
Have you ever tried the Colour Mask dye's?


text:
Sheriff's officials monitoring Oostburg breeder
Sheriff's officials monitoring Oostburg breeder whose operation Town of Wilson officials voted to shut down Monday.
Sheriff's officials monitoring Oostburg breeder Sheriff's officials monitoring Oostburg breeder whose operation Town of Wilson officials voted to shut down Monday. Check out this story on sheboyganpress.com: https://shebpr.es/1JtO9xY
Kali Thiel, Sheboygan Press Media Published 11:09 a.m. CT Jan. 23, 2015 | Updated 1:31 p.m. CT Jan. 23, 2015
The sun illuminates the light bar on a Green Bay Police squad car at the station on Nov. 17, 2009. The City of Green Bay spends a large portion of its attorney fees dealing with the union. Photo by Corey Wilson/Press-Gazette(Photo: , Corey Wilson)
Sheboygan County Sheriff's Department is monitoring an Oostburg dog breeder's operation after the Wilson Town Board revoked its conditional use permit earlier this week, effectively putting it out of business.
Town of Wilson Board members voted Monday night not to renew Christy Tuchel's CUP for Kinship Companions, LLC at 8509 Middle Road. The vote could mean that Tuchel will have to shut down her operation and remove most of the animals from her premises.
Kinship Companions manager Anthony Keyport said Monday night the kennel currently houses about 130 adult and teenage dogs and puppies of the Golden Retriever, Bernese Mountain Dog and mixed Golden Mountain Dog breeds.
The permit states Tuchel can only have 75 adult dogs, but kennel officials have at least 10 adult dogs over that limit, according to Town Board minutes. The exact amount of adult dogs on the premises is still unclear due to conflicting definitions of what qualifies as an adult dog.
Since Monday's vote, Lt. John Detienne with the Sheriff's Department said the office has been receiving multiple anonymous alerts concerning the kennel on its Crime Stoppers Tip Line.
Detienne said law enforcement paid a visit to Tuchel's Oostburg home, where the kennel is located, Thursday afternoon. They found nothing much amiss and kennel officials were cooperative, he said.
"We went there and things seem to be stable at this point," said Detienne. "We'll follow up on it though. ...At this point, we don't have any legal standing to go in there and order anything."
Town Attorney John St. Peter said at Monday's meeting that the Town first needs to give official notice to Tuchel to shut down her operation, which he said would happen sometime this week or next.
If she doesn't comply, Town officials can then obtain a court order and with it, request support from the Sheriff's Department and Sheboygan County Humane Society, he said.
St. Peter did not immediately respond to phone calls Friday seeking comment on where the Town is at in that process.
Sheboygan County Humane Society Executive Director Leah Helms said Friday the Humane Society is ready and willing to help in finding homes for the dogs, but they're waiting for word from authorities before they can act.
The Humane Society doesn't have the capacity to house all of the dogs, said Helms. They currently have about 13 dogs and the building's capacity is 40.
The organization does have connections to foster families and other rescue organizations, however, that Helms said she'd reach out to if it comes to that.
"If they need us, then we're here to help them," Helms said.
Read or Share this story: https://shebpr.es/1JtO9xY


HI has extensive experience with both the BeagleBone Black (BBB) and the smaller Pocket Beagle (PB) platform. We often leverage the platform in our projects.
Entirely open source (both hardware and software unlike the Raspberry Pi) the Beagle Bone platform is supported by strong Texas Instruments documentation. This platform is a stepping stone to commercialization that leverages many of the speed to market advantages of the Raspberry Pi.
The Beagle Bone platform is supported by embedded Linux®.
This high level of integration increases performance, while lowering system power consumption and cost.
The Beagle Bone Black (BBB) is a compact (only 3.4in x 2.1in), cost-effective, and powerful platform for developing high performance applications including Internet of Things (IoT) gateways and routers, data acquisition, imaging, medical and industrial control.
At the heart of the BBB is the Texas Instruments Sitara AM3358 processor with an ARM® Cortex A8 core. This processor is a highly integrated System on a Chip (SoC) with core speeds up to 1.0GHz, a flash controller (4GB), DDR3 RAM controller (512MB), and a suite of peripherals Ethernet, USB, HDMI, UART directly accessible.
The PocketBeagle (PB) is used as the heart of many systems managing sensor data acquisition and communication. While we often design custom circuitry based on the open source Pocket Beagle schematic, we have found applications to use the PocketBeagle directly with only secondary circuits supplementals with a second connected circuit board.
The PB has numerous interfaces, UART, CAN, SPI, USB, I2C, Analog inputs, thereby allowing HI enormous flexibility in choosing the best sensors for the application.
The Beagle Bone Platform, (whether it be the Black, the Pocket, the Green, or whatever color is next) is an open-source hardware AND software platform.
Today you can PURCHASE Beagle Bone boards like those shown above (which is what we do for rapid prototyping). But more importantly, you developers like Hallsten Innovations can use those existing open source schematics and firmware to spin a circuit board customized for a specific application. This re-spin methodology fits extremely well with our rapid prototyping model, but offers none of the licensing/availability down sides of the hobbyists' favorite Raspberry Pi.
Hallsten Innovations has extensive experience with embedded operating systems and firmware. Our stock configurations of operating systems and firmware can be customized to meet your particular needs very quickly.