We tested if growth rates of recent taxa are unequivocally separated between endotherms and ectotherms, and compared these to dinosaurian growth rates. We therefore performed linear regression analyses on the log-transformed maximum growth rate against log-transformed body mass at maximum growth for extant altricial birds, precocial birds, eutherians, marsupials, reptiles, fishes and dinosaurs. Regression models of precocial birds (and fishes) strongly differed from Case's study (1978), which is often used to compare dinosaurian growth rates to those of extant vertebrates. For all taxonomic groups, the slope of 0.75 expected from the Metabolic Theory of Ecology was statistically supported. To compare growth rates between taxonomic groups we therefore used regressions with this fixed slope and group-specific intercepts. On average, maximum growth rates of ectotherms were about 10 (reptiles) to 20 (fishes) times (in comparison to mammals) or even 45 (reptiles) to 100 (fishes) times (in comparison to birds) lower than in endotherms. While on average all taxa were clearly separated from each other, individual growth rates overlapped between several taxa and even between endotherms and ectotherms. Dinosaurs had growth rates intermediate between similar sized/scaled-up reptiles and mammals, but a much lower rate than scaled-up birds. All dinosaurian growth rates were within the range of extant reptiles and mammals, and were lower than those of birds. Under the assumption that growth rate and metabolic rate are indeed linked, our results suggest two alternative interpretations. Compared to other sauropsids, the growth rates of studied dinosaurs clearly indicate that they had an ectothermic rather than an endothermic metabolic rate. Compared to other vertebrate growth rates, the overall high variability in growth rates of extant groups and the high overlap between individual growth rates of endothermic and ectothermic extant species make it impossible to rule out either of the two thermoregulation strategies for studied dinosaurs.
Copyright: © 2014 Werner, Griebeler. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The project was financed by the 421 German Research Foundation (grant GR 2625/2-2). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
How fast does an organism grow? This is an important question because individual growth is linked to many life history traits. For example, age at sexual maturity and mortality rate in addition to metabolic rate and reproductive output vary with age and body mass –. The growth of an animal is determined by its energy intake (metabolic rate) and the allocation of metabolic energy to individual growth and other demands, like maintenance and reproduction , . Case ,  showed that endotherms have higher maximum growth rates than ectotherms, and suggested that endothermy (in conjunction with high metabolic rates and parental care) accounts for this observation. Since Case's ,  papers, many studies have been released dealing with the growth rates of animals and an ever increasing amount of data on growth in extant vertebrates and non-avian dinosaurs is available today –. However, to the best of our knowledge, a comparison between different taxonomic groups, similar to Case , was never done again. Only growth rates of single taxonomic groups (mainly mammals and birds) were studied and compared to Case's regression models , , . However, different mathematical methods were used to calculate growth rates of individuals; for this reason, comparisons might be difficult between studies. Even within his study, Case  used different methods to determine maximum growth rates of individuals from the studied taxonomic groups. Today, more objective methods (in terms of mathematics) to estimate growth rates are available.
Case ,  used maximum absolute growth rate (AGR) to assess maximum growth and linked that to (asymptotic) body mass. This is problematic because maximum growth can occur at different body mass (BM) proportions (e.g. at 30% and at 50% of asymptotic body mass) for species with similar asymptotic body masses. A higher AGR of one species compared to another can result only because the maximum growth rate occurs at a higher body mass proportion, even if the relative growth rate (RGR) of this species is the same as or lower than for the other species (RGR is maximum AGR through the BM where the maximum AGR occurs).
Today, a proper method for estimating growth rates is to fit non-linear growth functions to growth data. The most commonly used growth models describing individual growth are the Logistic, Gompertz or von Bertalanffy growth functions –. All three functions are similar in shape (sigmoidal), but the location of the point of inflection differs. The von Bertalanffy function has a point of inflection at approximately 30%, the Gompertz function at around 37% and the Logistic function at 50% of asymptotic body mass. Thus, maximum growth, which is observed at the point of inflection and is expressed in absolute maximum growth rate, is not comparable even between these standard models without an appropriate transformation.
In our study, we tested if Case's  statements that (i) "the evolution of endothermy was a key factor in lifting physiological constrains upon growth rate" and (ii) "the maximum observed growth rates of endotherms (except for some marsupials and anthropoid primates) are at least an order of magnitude greater than the maximum growth rate of any ectotherm" are still valid when analyzing a much larger dataset on growth rates in extant vertebrate taxa. To do this, we established phylogenetic generalized regression equations (PGLS) on maximum growth rate and body mass at maximum growth (BMatMG) for different extant taxonomic groups (altricial birds, precocial birds, eutherians, marsupials, reptiles, fishes; Note: if we use the term reptile(s) in this study we mean extant reptiles exclusive of birds, if we use the term bird(s) we only mean recent bird species, if we use the term dinosaur(s) we mean non-avian dinosaurs excluding recent birds). To minimize the drawback of using different methods for calculating growth rates, we only used growth rate constants of fitted growth models. Additionally, we standardized the growth rate constants of growth models (using AGR instead of the growth rate constant k and regressed AGR to the body mass where maximum growth occurred, instead of using adult body mass or asymptotic body mass as was done by Case , ; (for an introduction to growth models and their parameters see ). First, we calculated PGLS regressions on log-log-transformed data and tested if the slopes of our regressions were consistent with the theoretically assumed value of 0.75 (AGR should scale as metabolic rate with 0.75 , ). Second, we calculated the normalization constants for each of the different taxonomic groups (see Results in Table 1 and 2) using a slope of 0.75 as a fixed value in our regression model. Additionally, we compared growth rates of the studied extant species with those of several dinosaurs . In the case that dinosaurs had growth rates that are much higher than observed in any (scaled-up) ectothermic species and Case's statement (i) is valid, then strong evidence would be provided that dinosaurs were already endotherms. The last step taken was the comparison of our regressions with those presented in Case .
Table 1. Phylogenetic generalized least square linear regression models (PGLS) on maximum absolute growth rate per day (AGR) against body mass at maximum growth (BMatMG, in gram) for different taxonomic groups.
Table 2. PGLS regression models on maximum absolute growth rate per day (AGR) against body mass at maximum growth (BMatMG, in gram) for different taxonomic groups assuming a fixed slope of 0.75.
We established phylogenetic generalized linear least square regressions (PGLS) on the logarithm (log 10) of maximum growth rate (AGR) and the logarithm of body mass at maximum growth (BMatMG) for altricial (N = 343) and precocial birds (N = 164, ). We only used bird species whose growth rates were derived from a Gompertz or logistic model. Development modes of birds were taken from Starck and Ricklefs  and were classified as follows: a and sa = altricial; p, sp, sp/p and su = precocial. For abbreviations see . We analogously statistically analyzed eutherian mammals (N = 299, ), fishes (N = 30, ), reptiles (N = 35, ), and dinosaurs (N = 19, ). Since Zullinger  also provides growth rates for marsupials (N = 21) and his sample size is considerably larger than Case's (, N = 4), we analysed this group, too. Phylogenetic trees, which were needed to control for shared evolutionary history of species, were adapted from literature and online databases (–, for details see supporting information: Phylogenetic Information S1) to match the species of our datasets. To increase datasets, all names of species which did not match those in the respective phylogenetic tree were either corrected for typographical errors or the incorrect name(s) were updated when the taxonomy had changed using online databases (–).
For extant species, mean values for AGR and BMatMG were used when several values for the same species were available. For dinosaurs, we used all body masses and respective growth rates given in Griebeler . With the exception of the maximum growth rates of the reptile species taken from Case's study, all growth rates used were given as growth rate constants (k, ) of different growth models (Logistic, Gompertz, von Bertalanffy). If necessary, growth rate constants were converted to a daily basis. To make growth rates comparable between different growth models, we calculated maximum absolute growth rates (AGR, ) based on the fitted model: AGR = 1/2 * kL * BMatMG, where kL is the growth rate constant from the logistic model, AGR = kG * BMatMG, where kG is the growth rate constant from the Gompertz model and AGR = 3/2 * kB * BMatMG, where kB is the growth rate constant from the von Bertalanffy model. To make the growth rates of reptiles taken from Case's study comparable to the others, we assumed a von Bertalanffy model to estimate BMatMG. This model is often used for reptiles , , ,  and is consistent with the determination of the growth rate in individuals done by Case. Case calculated growth rates in the interval of fastest absolute growth. In reptiles, he observed this period between week-old hatchlings until they reached 30% of total body mass. We used Case's growth rates on reptiles, although they were not derived from fitted growth models, because fitted mass-specific growth models in reptiles are very rare in literature. All AGR and BMatMG values of the studied species are given in Table S1 in the supporting information.
Establishment of allometries for birds, mammals and reptiles.
The first step taken was the separate analyses of the allometric relationships between AGR and body mass at maximum growth (BMatMG) of altricial birds, precocial birds, eutherian mammals, marsupials, reptiles and dinosaurs. For each of these taxa, we calculated regression slopes and normalization constants using PGLS in R (gls function, the ape package, and the Pagel correlation structure) on log-log-transformed data. Additionally, we calculated 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each regression coefficient. We also calculated ordinary least square regressions (OLS). This was done because the phylogenetic method reduced the sample sizes because no phylogenetic tree was available covering all species. Additionally, these results might also be useful for a comparison of the new regressions with other/older studies. For OLS results see Table S2, S3 and Figure S1.
In a second step, we tested whether or not the predicted value of 0.75 ,  was in the 95% confidence interval of our calculated slopes. If the 0.75 was not statistically rejected, we calculated the normalization constants for each of the different taxonomic groups (Table 1 and 2) using a slope of 0.75 as a fixed value in our model. Therefore we used the gnls function  in R and the model log10 AGR ∼ intercept+log10 BMatMG * 0.75. Again we used the ape package and the Pagel correlation structure to control for phylogenetic effects. These regressions were then used to establish our allometries between AGR and body mass at maximum growth of the studied vertebrate groups (see Results). For our purpose, the fixed slope approach had an important advantage in comparison to "normal" PGLS. Deviation of a single sample because of a stochastic infelicitous sample composition did not have such a strong effect on the derived regression functions. For example, since regression coefficients (intercept and slope) are highly correlated with each other  (see also Table S4), regression models with different slopes and intercepts may describe data very well within a specific range. The exact coefficients could be strongly influenced by sample composition. Using a fixed slope to estimate normalization constants attenuates this effect. Altogether, this should yield more robust regressions. Furthermore, this approach conforms with the observation that, when relating body mass to other traits, normalization constants often differ between taxa, while equal or very similar slopes are observed between – or within taxa –. Finally, as a measure of variability in residuals and the deviation of single species from the expected average, we calculated for each regression line the residual variation as residuals+average (intercept) and compared these values between regression models (see also Results). The respective regression models were compared to dinosaur growth rates and to Case's  regressions. All analyses and calculations were performed in R (Version 3.0.2, 64-bit, ).
There was a highly significant relationship between body mass at maximum growth (BMatMG) and maximum absolute growth rate (AGR) in all studied taxonomic groups (Table 1, see Table S2 for OLS analyses). On average the endothermic mammals and birds had higher growth rates than ectothermic reptiles and fishes (Table 1, see Table S2 for OLS analyses). The order of the intercepts of the extant taxa were equal to Case's studies (, ) (altricial birds >precocial birds>eutherians >marsupials> reptiles>fishes, Figure 1A) and regression models of extant taxa differed statistically from each other (95% CI of intercept and/or slope does not include the intercept and/or slope of the other models). The intercept of the studied dinosaurs was intermediary to those of the marsupials and reptiles. However, dinosaurian intercept and slope were not statistically different from the reptile regression model (95% CI of the reptile intercept include the intercept of dinosaurs and 95% CI of the reptile slope include the slope of dinosaurs).
Figure 1. Regressions of maximum absolute growth rate (AGR) against body mass at maximum growth (BMatMG) for (A) different vertebrate groups and (B) for sauropsids only.
Grey = altricial birds; black = precocial birds; red = mammals, red circles with black contour = eutherians, red circles with grey contour = marsupials, red star = blue whale; green = reptiles, dark green triangles = crocodiles; blue = fish; orange = dinosaurs, orange squares = sauropodomorphs, orange triangles upside down = theoropds, orange triangles = Archaeopteryx, orange circles = Psittacosaurus. Lines shown are regression lines with a slope forced to 0.75 (consistent with our empirical findings and with theory). For values of the intercepts see Table 2. Data on growth rate and body mass of the blue whale are from Case . Please note that the blue whale was not used to establish our regression model on mammals. Also, crocodiles were not used to establish our regression model on reptiles. Crocodiles were not included in the phylogeny of reptiles, which was needed for PGLS.
In general, PGLS slopes of all studied taxa coincide well with the value of 0.75 predicted by theory (also OLS slopes see Table S2). With the exception of altricial birds and fishes, the PGLS slopes of the studied groups did not differ statistically from 0.75 (Table 1). When using 0.75 as the fixed parameter (slope) in the PGLS regression model, however, all models including those of altricial birds and fishes were better than or equal to the regression models estimating both parameters (intercept and slope), as valued by the Akaike's Information criterion (AIC, see ) (Table 1 and Table 2). The latter observation justifies the usage of a fixed slope for all vertebrate groups studied.
When using 0.75 as the fixed parameter (slope) in the PGLS regression models, the same ranking of intercepts was observed as for the PGLS regression models estimating slopes and intercepts. The intercepts of most vertebrate groups differed significantly from each other (the intercept of most groups ranged outside the 95% CI of the intercept of any other group). Only the intercept of reptiles was in the 95% CI of fishes and the intercept of marsupials was in the 95% CI of eutherians (Table 2). While most intercepts differed between groups, the data points underlying the AGR to BMatMG relations overlapped between several groups (Figure 1A, Table 2). The individual AGR to BMatMG relations of ectotherms (reptiles and fishes) showed a stronger overlap (Figure 1 and 2) than with the endotherms (mammals and birds, Figure 1 and 2). Some individual ectothermic growth rates are similar to individual endothermic growth rates. Non-avian dinosaur growth rates overlapped with those of ectotherms (reptiles, fishes) and endotherms (mammals), but not with any endothermic recent dinosaurs (birds, Figure 1 and 2). Thus, within sauropsids the non-avian dinosaur growth rates fitted to growth rates of recent ectotherms, but not to those of recent endotherms (Figure 1B, Figure 2). Similar results were obtained for OLS regression analyses (see Figure S1).
Figure 2. Comparison of the residual variation seen in maximum absolute growth rates of different vertebrate taxa.
Taxa are ordered according to their phylogenetic relatedness. Presented are whisker-plots with means. The whiskers extend to the most extreme data point which is not more than 1.5 times (default value in R) the interquartile range given by the box. Open circles are outliers. Solid continuous lines represent the value of the intercept of the different amniotic groups (grey = altricial birds; black = precocial birds; red = mammals (eutherians+marsupials); green = reptiles; orange = dinosaurs). For values of the intercepts see Table 2.
The theoretical slope of 0.75 was always higher than the slopes calculated by Case (), (Figure 3). The greatest difference between Case's slopes and the 0.75 was observed in precocial birds and fishes with a deviation of 15% or more, followed by reptiles with 11%. In contrast, Case's slopes for altricial birds and eutherians differed by less than 4% from 0.75. Intercepts of reptiles and the regressions of fishes presented in Case did not statistically differ from our PGLS regressions with a fixed slope, whereas the intercept of the regressions for altricial birds, precocial birds and eutherians in Case's study (1978) differed statistically from ours (Table 1 and 2). Nevertheless, the order of the magnitude of the intercepts for the different groups was identical (altricial birds >precocial birds>eutherians>reptiles>fishes, Figure 3). However, a plotting of dinosaurian growth rates into Case's regressions and a comparison to our regressions (Figure 3) showed two remarkable differences between Case's and our results. First, while dinosaurian growth rates, especially those of the larger dinosaurs, were well described by the precocial bird regression model of Case, our results clearly demonstrated that dinosaurian growth rates do not fit those of precocial birds (Figure 3). Second, dinosaurian growth rates are more different from ectothermic reptiles compared to Case's reptile regression than compared to our reptile regression (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Comparison of (A) Case's (1978) regression models with (B) our regression models with studied dinosaurian growth rates shown.
Presented are the regression lines of altricial birds (black), precocial birds (grey), mammals (red), and reptiles (green). Orange points are non-avian dinosaurs: orange squares = sauropodomorphs, orange triangles upside down = theoropds, orange triangles = Archaeopteryx, orange circles = Psittacosaurus. For intercepts and slopes of regression models see Case (1978) and Table 2 (our models).
With the exception of altricial birds and fishes, none of the slopes of the studied vertebrate groups statistically differed from 0.75, but they did statistically differ from 0.67 (except for reptiles and eutherians, Table 1). When using 0.75 as the fixed parameter (slope) in the PGLS regression models, all models including those of altricial birds and fishes were better than or equal to the regression models estimating both parameters (intercept and slope), as valued by AIC's. Thus, our results corroborate the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE), which predicts a slope of 0.75 for the allometry on maximum growth rate and body mass , . Our results clearly refute a slope of 0.67, which is explained by the area to volume ratio of an animal . However, it is beyond the scope of this paper to test the assumptions and predictions of the MTE or any other theoretical model on scaling of life history traits with body mass. Whatever the underlying mechanisms are, the accordance of our empirical findings with theoretical predictions and other empirical findings (e.g. , , –) strengthens our approach: using a slope of 0.75 as the fixed parameter in our regression models.
Similar to Case's study, our results revealed that growth rates differed between taxa. On average, ectothermic fishes and reptiles have lower growth rates than similar sized endothermic mammals or birds (our results, ). Maximum absolute growth rates of ectotherms are about 10 (reptiles) to 20 (fishes) times (in comparison to mammals) or even about 45 (reptiles) to 100 (fishes) times (in comparison to birds) lower than that of endotherms (Table 2). Thus, Case's statement (i) that "the evolution of endothermy was a key factor in lifting physiological constrains upon growth rate" and Case's statement (ii) that "the maximum observed growth rates of endotherms (except for some marsupials and anthropoid primates) are at least an order of magnitude greater than the maximum growth rate of any ectotherm" seem to be valid. However, there were also considerable differences in the average growth rates within ectotherms and in particular within endotherms. Reptiles have, on average, a two-fold higher growth rate than similar sized fishes. Birds have growth rates 2 to 4.5 times higher than mammals (Table 2). Thus, different thermoregulation strategies (ectothermy or endothermy) alone cannot explain differences in growth rates between taxa.
A highly controversial issue discussed is if and how metabolic rate and growth rate are linked to each other , , , , , –. Paleontologists are very interested in this issue. If the two rates are indeed related, bone histological studies of fossilized bones, which provide growth rate estimates – of taxa, may also give information on metabolic rate and thermoregulation in taxa. Thus, in the following discussion we will focus mainly on this aspect. Nevertheless, we are aware that parental care, food supply and the allocation of available energy to growth and various other demands of an organism could strongly influence its growth rate. When applicable, we will briefly discuss these aspects. Furthermore, we will not compare non-avian dinosaurs to fishes or marsupials due to the high agreement of the eutherian model with the marsupial data and the high agreement of the reptile model with the fish data (Figure 1).
The same order of intercepts of the studied taxonomic groups is observed for metabolic rates , , ,  and growth rates. Additionally, similar slopes are observed in regression models of growth rate against body mass or metabolic rate against body mass , , , , , , , , –. Thus a link between growth rate and metabolic rate seems very likely. Consequently, the differences observed in growth rates might be caused by the different metabolic rates of the taxa. Metabolic rates of marsupials are 70–90% lower than in eutherians (McNab 1988) and this correlates well with our observed differences in AGRs between marsupials and eutherians (Table 2). However, comparing bird and mammal basal metabolic rates showed that they do not differ more than 1.5 times , ,  on average, whereas AGRs in birds are 2 to 4.5 times higher than in mammals. Brown et al.  suggested that, excluding body mass, (internal) temperature is the main factor causing the differences in (basal) metabolic rates between similar-sized organisms of different taxa. Also, their model predicts only a 1.5 times higher metabolic rate (e−E/(k*Tb_birds)/e−E/(k*Tb_mammals), E = 0.63, k = 8.6173324*10−5 (Boltzmann constant), Tb_birds = 314° Kelvin (41°C), Tb_mammals = 309° Kelvin (36°C)) for birds in comparison to mammals. Field metabolic rates vary only 1.2 (100 kg species) to two-fold (1 g species) between birds and mammals . This suggests that metabolic rate alone cannot account for the differences seen between avian and mammalian growth rates. Physiological differences (e.g. different thermoregulation strategies , ) combined with differences in parental care (e.g. biparental care (feeding) in many birds , maternal care (lactation) in mammals ) during growth also contribute to the observed differences between birds and mammals (for detailed discussions on these aspects see , , . The differences between fish and reptile growth rates might be mainly caused by different environmental temperatures alone; however, this could not be tested with our data on reptiles because temperatures were not measured in the studies on growth rates we selected (but see  for crocodiles).
Due to the strong temperature dependency of resting metabolic rates of ectotherms , , , a comparison of the resting metabolic rate of ectotherms with the basal metabolic rate of endotherms is not trivial. When comparing only the intercepts of regression models to determine differences in traits of different taxonomic groups, if the slopes differ considerably from each other further potential biases are present (see also ). To avoid the latter, we compared metabolic rates of reptiles, mammals and birds of different body masses (1 g and 100 kg species). Using Andrews'  multiple regression model of reptile resting metabolic rates, which accounts for (ambient) temperature, revealed that a reptile's metabolic rate (at 36°C) differs by more than 3 (100 kg species) to 9 (1 g species) times from that of a mammal (equation for mammals is from , Table 1, OLS regression, full tree). Comparing the resting metabolic rate of a reptile (at 40°C) with that of a bird showed that it is 3 to 7.5 (100 kg e.g. 1 g species, non-passerines) or 4 to 11 (100 kg e.g. 1 g species, passerines) times lower in reptiles (the equations used for birds are from , equations 3 and 4). Thus, even after adjusting for temperature, ectothermic resting metabolic rates are much lower than endothermic basal rates. Field metabolic rates of mammals are between 4 (100 kg species) to 25-fold (1 g species) higher than in reptiles, whereas field metabolic rates of birds are between 5 (100 kg species) and 54-fold (1 g species) higher than in reptiles. Growth rates of reptiles are about 10 times (mammals) or even 45 times (birds) lower than that of endotherms (Table 2). Therefore, it seems likely that metabolic rates (of adults) and growth rates are at least partly linked to each other.
However, metabolic rates and thermoregulation alone cannot explain all the differences identified between growth rates of ectotherms and endotherms, or in particular the full variability seen in growth rates (Figure 1 and 2). While the averages (regression lines) indicate a clear separation, individual growth rates overlapped between several taxa, even between endotherms and ectotherms (Figure 1 and 2). This indicates that an assignment of a species to ectotherms or endotherms solely based on its growth rate is not possible and that it is inappropriate to apply Case's or our allometries at the single species level. Furthermore, intraspecific studies (see  and references therein) question the link between metabolic rates and growth. They demonstrate that the relationship between metabolic rates and growth could be positive, non-existing or even negative. This shows that other factors besides (basal/resting) metabolic rates or temperatures have a high influence on growth rates in organisms.
Another factor with a high influence on growth rate is food supply , , . Burton et al.  proposed that when resources are abundant or predictable in availability, individuals with relatively high resting metabolic rates (RMR) can exhibit faster growth rates than low-RMR individuals. If these conditions are not met, individuals with high RMRs do not benefit from high growth rates or they experience lower rates of growth . Furthermore, differences in the amount of parental care exist between extant ectotherms and endotherms, which probably contributes to some differences seen in growth of their offspring. However, it seems that parental care alone does not to have such a high impact on growth rates. Precocial birds showing, in general, a lower amount of parental care than mammals (because the latter wean their offspring after birth), have on average higher growth rates than mammals. Additionally, an identical partitioning of energy allocation to growth, maintenance and reproduction by an individual must not be warranted in different taxa and especially in ectotherms and endotherms.
To conclude, it is not possible to safely predict metabolic rates by comparing the growth rates of single organisms. Irrespective of which factors cause the differences in growth rates between extant birds and mammals or endotherms and ectotherms, our results and other studies show that endothermy or different metabolic rates could not per se explain the full variability seen in growth rates of vertebrates. Nevertheless, very high growth rates seem to be linked to a high (basal/resting) metabolic rate and a considerable level of parental care in extant organisms.
Comparing Dinosaurian Growth Rates to Recent Vertebrate Growth Rates: were some Dinosaurs Endotherms?
What can we infer from growth rates of dinosaurs about their metabolism or thermoregulation strategy? Our results suggest that dinosaurian growth rates were between those predicted by the reptile and mammal regression model and that some dinosaurian growth rates were within the range of mammalian growth rates. Thus, one may argue that at least some dinosaurs were endotherms and/or had metabolic rates similar to those of mammals. However, some ectothermic growth rates are also consistent with the variability of growth rates of mammals (Figure 1 and 2). Growth rate to body mass relations of dinosaurs are located within the intersection of the ectothermic and endothermic growth rates (Figure 1 and 2). Given this, the interpretation of endothermy or ectothermy in dinosaurs would be ambiguous. However, restricted to sauropsids, all studied non-avian dinosaurian growth rate to body mass relations were in the range of reptile growth rates and did not fit within those of birds. Hence, they conform better to an ectothermic sauropsid model than to the recent endothermic dinosaurian model, the birds. Additionally, non-avian dinosaurian PGLS regression coefficients (intercept and slope) did not differ statistically from coefficients of the reptile regression model. All these arguments provide evidence that the studied dinosaurs had a lower metabolic rate than recent endotherms. Our findings are in agreement with McNab (2009), who inferred from field energetic expenditure arguments that dinosaurs had a metabolism similar to varanid lizards. Thus a careful interpretation of all these results suggests that dinosaurs probably had a higher average (basal/resting) metabolic rate than an average recent reptile. This is probably consistent with differences in anatomical features of dinosaurs and reptiles, like a straight gait and a complex lung structure, feathers or behavioral features found in extinct dinosaurs, but not in recent reptiles –. Furthermore, endothermy emerged in the dinosaurs , . Thus dinosaurian species, which had not only intermediary morphological characters of ectotherms and endotherms but also physiological ones, should have lived. Seebacher  suggested that within the Dinosauria, the most likely candidate to have developed endothermy would be a small (feathered) dinosaur. The only small partly feathered dinosaur in our study, the Archaeopteryx, had growth rates similar to fast growing extant ectothermic reptiles and slow growing endothermic mammals (Figure 1, smallest dinosaur in the study). Based on Seebacher (2003), we suggest that the most likely candidate showing (probably) endothermy and a growth rate similar to an average recent mammal or recent bird would be a small (and feathered) dinosaur, which additionally provided considerable parental care to offspring (breeding and feeding their offspring). Large dinosaurs, like the sauropods, probably had limited (if at all) parental care during breeding and probably none after hatching, e.g. by feeding the young (, ). Therefore, high metabolic rates or endothermy as observed in recent mammals and birds seem to be very unlikely in sauropods (see also , ). Furthermore, the production of additional heat by a metabolic rate much higher than that of an ectotherm of similar size would have provided only small thermo-regulative advantages, if any at all, due to the gigantothermic effect in these large-bodied animals. In addition, large dinosaurs with a frugal metabolism because of a low mass-specific metabolic rate would not need so much food compared to a similar-sized endothermic species (see also McNab 2009). Thus, most large dinosaurs like the sauropods would probably not have actively regulated their body temperature by additional metabolic heat production at the same level as extant endotherms do.
Our results differ from those of other studies that compared dinosaurian growth rates to recent taxa using Case's regressions. Why are there such strong differences between Case's and our regressions when plotting dinosaurian growth rates? The most striking difference between Case's and our regressions was observed for precocial birds (see Results, Figure 3). This has far reaching consequences when interpreting the level of growth rates of dinosaurs and their metabolism. Whereas under Case's regression models dinosaurian growth rates, especially those of the larger dinosaurs, were well described by an endothermic dinosaurian (precocial bird) model, our results clearly demonstrated that none of the studied dinosaurian growth rates fit to those of endothermic dinosaurs (birds), but were in-between those of ectotherms and endotherms.
The regression models introduced by Case ,  for precocial birds and fishes should not be used anymore to compare growth rates of similar sized species, especially if these models are extrapolated in body mass. Due to the low sample sizes underlying these two models, they are biased. All models presented in this study are based on much larger sample sizes than the models given in Case , . They are consistent with theoretical predictions and other empirical observations on scaling of maximum growth rate and metabolism in extant vertebrates. Additionally, some models on recent taxa (mammals, fishes) were established in a body mass range that is observed in some dinosaurian taxa. The blue whale, which was not used to establish our regression model for mammals, fitted well to the mammalian model. This aquatic mammal has a considerably larger body mass than the largest dinosaurs in our study, the sauropods, (Figure 1, data for the blue whale is from Case 1978). Our regression model on dinosaurian growth rates is consistent with the recent vertebrate models (Table 1). Thus, the regression models presented in this study are reliable and may provide the best models on growth rate and body mass at present, especially if growth rates of vertebrates are compared at a broad taxonomic or functional (ectothermy, endothermy) level.
Our regression models revealed that dinosaurs had growth rates intermediate to similar sized/scaled-up reptiles and mammals, but had much lower rates than those observed in scaled-up birds. Furthermore, our results suggest that – irrespective of whether all dinosaurian growth rates were higher than that of an average reptile - they were still in the range of rates seen in fast growing reptiles. Dinosaurian rates are also consistent with those of slow growing mammals, but no dinosaur had a growth rate consistent with any precocial or altricial bird. Thus, under the assumption that growth rate, metabolic rate and thermoregulation are directly linked, it is not possible to infer whether the studied dinosaurs had an ectothermic or endothermic metabolic rate because of the large variability seen in ectothermic and endothermic growth rates. However, compared to growth rates seen in other sauropsids, all studied dinosaurs had rather an ectothermic metabolic rate than an endothermic rate.
Comparison of the residual variation seen in maximum absolute growth rates of different vertebrate taxa (OLS regression analyses). Taxa are ordered according to their phylogenetic relatedness. Presented are whisker-plots with means. The whiskers extend to the most extreme data point which is not more than 1.5 times (default value in R) the interquartile range given by the box. Open circles are outliers. Solid continuous lines represent the value of the intercept of the different amniotic groups (grey = altricial birds; black = precocial birds; red = mammals (eutherians+marsupials); green = reptiles; orange = dinosaurs). For values of the intercepts see Table S3.
Data used in regression analyses of maximum absolute growth rate (AGR) vs body mass at maximum growth (BMatMG). Species with asterix (*) were not within the phylogenies used to controll for phylogenetic effects and thus not used in the phylogenetic generelaized least square regression analyses (PGLS). BMatMG was calculated by multipling body mass with the percentage of growth at the point of inflection of the respective growth model (Gompertz = 1/e, logistic = 1/2, von Bertalanffy = 8/27). References of the data are given below the table. For further details see the Material and Method section in the manuscript. Relative growth rate (RGR) could calculated by dividing AGR through BMatMG.
Ordinary linear least square (OLS) regression models of maximum absolute growth rate per day (AGR) on body mass at maximum growth (BMatMG, in gram) for different taxonomic groups. AGR and BMatMG were log 10 transformed before OLS were performed, presented are the back transformed models (log10 AGR = log10 intercept+log10 BMatMG * slope). Models are ordered by values of intercepts. N = sample size. CI = confidence interval. AIC = Akaike Information Criterion.
Ordinary linear least square (OLS) regression models of maximum absolute growth rate per day (AGR) on body mass at maximum growth (BMatMG, in gram) for different taxonomic groups but with a fixed slope of 0.75. AGR and BMatMG were log 10 transformed before regressions were performed (log10 AGR = log10 intercept+log10 BMatMG * 0.75). Regression models are ordered by values of intercepts. N = sample size. CI = confidence interval. AIC = Akaike Information Criterion.
Correlation of regression coefficients (intercept and slope) of the PGLS regression models. For more information on the PGLS regression models see Table 2 in the manuscript.
Phylogenetic information used in PGLS regression analyses. Newick format.
We thank all researchers studying ontogenetic growth in species and providing growth rates. Without their studies this one would not have been possible. We thank two reviewers for their valuable comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. We are grateful to Rebecca Nagel for some linguistic improvements of the manuscript.
Conceived and designed the experiments: JW EMG. Performed the experiments: JW. Analyzed the data: JW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JW EMG. Wrote the paper: JW EMG.
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The National Energy Active Power Distribution Network Technology R&D Center was authorized to organize in 2013, supported by XJ Group Corporation and Beijing Jiaotong University. The work of the Center involves fields such as power battery applications, microgrid exchangers, new energy rail transit and active power distribution network energy control (including urban mass transit).
The Center mainly develops study on the basic theory of active power distribution network, technical standards, norm establishment as well as test and inspection and authentication, tries to get support from various departments of the nation, positively takes part in demonstration projects of the active power distribution network and applies active power distribution network technology to rail transit and power system. The R&D Center carries out related fundamental research based on industrial development strategies of active power distribution network and uses theoretical achievements of fundamental research of the Center and combines each other's R&D capability to carry out technical R&D and industrialization, thus keeping the leading status of XJ Group in the industry in fields of EV charging and battery swap system, microgrid and energy storage system. Moreover, the Center establishes related test platforms, forms product test capability and performs related tests and inspections.


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The research group SEITS processes the analysis, modelling, design and development of information systems for the energy economy in a smart market as well as smart grid context. Among other projects, the team elaborates solutions for energy value networks linked to specific market actors, such as virtual power plants. Further the roll out and application of intelligent meters, so called smart meter, is observed. We cooperate with universities, scientific institutions and industry partners within Leipzig energy region, but also with both national and international partners. Mr. Robert Kunkel is at your disposal in the case of interest.


text:
package org.apache.lucene.analysis.core;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.StringReader;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import org.apache.lucene.analysis.BaseTokenStreamTestCase;
import org.apache.lucene.analysis.Tokenizer;
import org.apache.lucene.util.AttributeFactory;

public class TestUnicodeWhitespaceTokenizer extends BaseTokenStreamTestCase {

  // clone of test from WhitespaceTokenizer
  public void testSimple() throws IOException {
    StringReader reader = new StringReader("Tokenizer \ud801\udc1ctest");
    UnicodeWhitespaceTokenizer tokenizer = new UnicodeWhitespaceTokenizer();
    tokenizer.setReader(reader);
    assertTokenStreamContents(tokenizer, new String[] { "Tokenizer",
        "\ud801\udc1ctest" });
  }

  public void testNBSP() throws IOException {
    StringReader reader = new StringReader("Tokenizer\u00A0test");
    UnicodeWhitespaceTokenizer tokenizer = new UnicodeWhitespaceTokenizer();
    tokenizer.setReader(reader);
    assertTokenStreamContents(tokenizer, new String[] { "Tokenizer",
        "test" });
  }

  public void testFactory() {
    Map<String, String> args = new HashMap<>();
    args.put("rule", "unicode");
    WhitespaceTokenizerFactory factory = new WhitespaceTokenizerFactory(args);
    AttributeFactory attributeFactory = newAttributeFactory();
    Tokenizer tokenizer = factory.create(attributeFactory);
    assertEquals(UnicodeWhitespaceTokenizer.class, tokenizer.getClass());
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
@interface JFComicBookReaderController () <UICollectionViewDelegate, UICollectionViewDataSource, UICollectionViewDelegateFlowLayout>

@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UICollectionView *contentCollectionView;

@property (nonatomic, strong) JFComicReaderBookModel *contentModel;

@property (strong, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIButton *backBtn;

@end

static NSString *cellIdentifier = @"JFComicShowImageContentCellIdentifier";
@implementation JFComicBookReaderController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
     self.backBtn.imageView.backgroundColor = [[UIColor blackColor] colorWithAlphaComponent:0.5];
    [self requestData];
    [self initSubViews];
}

- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated{
    [super viewWillAppear:animated];
    self.navigationController.navigationBar.hidden = NO;
}

- (void)initSubViews{
    UICollectionViewFlowLayout *layout = (UICollectionViewFlowLayout *)self.contentCollectionView.collectionViewLayout;
    layout.minimumLineSpacing = 0;
    layout.minimumInteritemSpacing = 0;
    layout.sectionInset = UIEdgeInsetsMake(5, 5, 5, 5);
    [self.contentCollectionView registerNib:[UINib nibWithNibName:@"JFComicShowImageContentCell" bundle:nil] forCellWithReuseIdentifier:cellIdentifier];
}

- (void)requestData{
    if (!_bookID) {
        [KVNProgress showErrorWithParameters:@{KVNProgressViewParameterStatus: @"未找到相关漫画!",
                                               KVNProgressViewParameterFullScreen: @(NO)}];
        return;
    }
    NSString *headerURLString = @"http://api.kuaikanmanhua.com/v1/comics/";
    NSString *urlString = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@%@", headerURLString, _bookID];

    __unsafe_unretained typeof(self) p = self;
    AFHTTPRequestOperationManager *manager = [AFHTTPRequestOperationManager manager];
    [manager GET:urlString parameters:nil success:^(AFHTTPRequestOperation *operation, id responseObject) {
        p.contentModel = [[JFComicReaderBookModel alloc]initWithDictionary:responseObject[@"data"]];
    } failure:^(AFHTTPRequestOperation *operation, NSError *error) {
        [KVNProgress showErrorWithParameters:@{KVNProgressViewParameterStatus: @"网络不给力!",
                                               KVNProgressViewParameterFullScreen: @(NO)}];
    }];
}

- (void)setContentModel:(JFComicReaderBookModel *)contentModel{
    _contentModel = contentModel;
    [self.contentCollectionView reloadData];
}

#pragma mark - delegate
#pragma mark collection
- (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInCollectionView:(UICollectionView *)collectionView{
    [collectionView.collectionViewLayout invalidateLayout];
    return 1;
}

- (NSInteger)collectionView:(UICollectionView *)collectionView numberOfItemsInSection:(NSInteger)section{
    return _contentModel.images.count;
}

- (UICollectionViewCell *)collectionView:(UICollectionView *)collectionView cellForItemAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath{
    JFComicShowImageContentCell *cell = [collectionView dequeueReusableCellWithReuseIdentifier:cellIdentifier forIndexPath:indexPath];
    JFComicReaderBookContentModel *model = _contentModel.images[indexPath.row];
    [cell.contentImageView sd_setImageWithURL:[NSURL URLWithString:model.cover_image_url]
                                    completed:^(UIImage *image, NSError *error, SDImageCacheType cacheType, NSURL *imageURL)
     {
         if (image) {
             model.contentHeight = @((kScreenWidth - 10)/ image.size.width * image.size.height);
             [CATransaction begin];
             [CATransaction setDisableActions:YES];
             [collectionView reloadItemsAtIndexPaths:@[indexPath]];
             [CATransaction commit];
         }
     }];
    return cell;
}

- (CGSize)collectionView:(UICollectionView *)collectionView layout:(UICollectionViewLayout *)collectionViewLayout sizeForItemAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath{
    CGFloat height = 250 * 320/ 375.0;
    JFComicReaderBookContentModel *model = _contentModel.images[indexPath.row];
    if (model.contentHeight) {
        height = model.contentHeight.floatValue;
    }
    return CGSizeMake(kScreenWidth - 10, floorf(height * kScreen375Scale));
}
#pragma mark - action
- (IBAction)backButtonAction:(id)sender {
    [[JFJumpToControllerManager shared].navigation popViewControllerAnimated:YES];
}

@end


I never thought I'd get excited about a plate amp.
There's no reason to stop at one subwoofer – as far as I can tell, you can chain as many more as you like. It's not hard to envisage a distributed multi-sub system built using these, with additional subs being added whenever funds allowed or the need arose.
Maximum output is 98 dB at 20 Hz (excursion limited) and 106 dB at 40 Hz (power limited), with an f3 around 36 Hz. Why an 8 ohm driver? While the amp is rated to operate into a 4 ohm load in BTL mode, the continuous power rating into this load is much less. Personally, I just feel more comfortable with a more conservative 8 ohm driver in this situation.
I mentioned above that the digital source has to have a volume control, but if it hasn't, this can be done by putting a miniDSP OpenDRC-DI at the front of the chain, which I've shown in the above diagram. Once you have one of those in the chain, you can use it to linearize the phase of the whole system, with the aid of rePhase.
Maximum power output is 98 dB at 20 Hz, and 106 dB at 40 Hz, both power-limited. So, the same as the single 12″… f3 is about 46 Hz… but you can easily alter this with a Linkwitz transform. We have incurred the cost of two 10″ drivers now instead of a single 12″, so what did we gain?
Each box is much smaller – 28 vs 84 litres (1 vs 3 cu ft) – and therefore likely to be easier to place.
With two subs, we increase the number of bass sources, which can (if done carefully) help produce a smoother (pre-EQ) response.
While it certainly wouldn't hurt if the amp had more power – say twice as much – for an extra 3 dB maximum output above around 30 Hz, this is still enough for most home systems, and likely to be suited for situations where space is at a premium. Of course, you can play numbers games like these all day, but in the end the builder has to choose what suits them best. Horses for courses, as they say… but still, this is all pretty cool.
Forgive my lack of audio knowledge, but could you explain in more detail why the 8 ohm speaker choice was better for this amp than the 4 ohm load its rated for? Is it something to do with the RMS of the amp? I'm on the fence about using this amp for a future diy sub build.
Hi Andrew, what driver are you thinking of using?
Anything good. 🙂 I was going to initially use that same driver except in a 4 ohm load in a home theater setup. But then your choice of 8 ohm confused me. Would the 8 ohm speaker with this amp be enough for a 19x19x8 room? I know you can never have enough but I'm just looking for a well balanced setup with some "presence". Thanks for asking!
Hi Andrew, just to be clear I reference two different drivers above. In the BTL mode with a single driver it's an 8 ohm 12″ driver. In "tandem" mode with two drivers it's a pair of 4 ohm 10″ drivers. The reason I suggested using an 8 ohm driver in the BTL configuration is because of the continuous power rating of the amp module in that configuration – this information is in the ASX2 datasheet and also in the PWR_ICE125 amp user manual. In BTL mode, each channel is effectively seeing half the load impedance, so if using a 4 ohm driver each channel is effectively driving into 2 ohms. Under these conditions the continuous power rating is substantially less than the short term power output. It seems to be fairly common these days to have a continuous power rating less than the short term rating, as it allows for less heatsinking, even with Class D….
So, the conservative choice (for someone like me who started building kit amps when we used to calculate the heatsinks' thermal resistance for continuous full power output…) would be an 8 ohm driver. However, does it really matter? I don't know. It just depends on how you use it. Also bear in mind that the difference between 250 and 450 W is less than 3 dB in output. And the final data point, with 250W the RSS315HFA-8 in 3 cuft reaches Xmax about 27 Hz, and at 38 Hz with 450W. So below those frequencies you are excursion limited not power limited. Somewhat paradoxically, I suppose I might use the 4 ohm driver for music applications and the 8 ohm driver for HT applications (and look to add a second unit when funds allowed). But that's simply a personal choice.
I've started building some subs and do have some 4 ohm 12″ drivers that are a bit similar to the RSS315HF, so perhaps I'll make one with a slot for the amp and try it.


A lovely two-tone Deneb clutch of LeatherCarry collection is handcrafted by MagMile in the USA from two pieces of luxurious Horween leather in half moon shapes, top stitched and enclosed with a metal zipper. Deneb clutch features decorative inserts on both sides in contrasting leather and a detachable wristlet. Nickel plated rivets add interest to this urban clutch. Deneb can be mixed and matched with MagMile leather jewelry and accessories made from matching Horween leather.


Mug says "Captain America" on one side and has an image of Captain America on the other side.
Mug is White inside with Red, White & Blue design outside, with a White handle.
Mug says "The Invincible Iron Man" on one side and has an image of Iron Man flying on the other side.
Mug is White inside with Red & Yellow design outside, with a White handle.


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What is SEL?
HomeRWR2020-10-01T08:06:45+00:00
We turn great books into
GREAT INSTRUCTION.
Explore our standards-aligned curriculum for uniting academic, social, and emotional learning.
As an educator, are you looking for ways to:
seamlessly integrate academic instruction with your students' social and emotional development?
present your students with reading experiences that are culturally relevant and help them explore their identities?
save time prepping thoughtful lesson plans that help young people make meaning of real-world topics like immigration, civil rights, and social justice?
flexibly adapt to changing learning conditions, including navigating in-person and remote instruction?
Welcome to Reading with Relevance!
Reading with Relevance is a literacy program that guides students and teachers through the process of reading relevant, culturally diverse, socially and emotionally rich literature. By integrating intentional social/emotional development into every lesson, we are creating a generation of learners ready to understand, question, and remake the world around them.
COLLABORATIVE FOR ACADEMIC, SOCIAL, AND EMOTIONAL LEARNING CERTIFIED
"Reading with Relevance unites cultural responsiveness, academic instruction, and SEL. The collection itself is based around culturally relevant and diverse texts, creating 'windows and mirrors' where students have ample opportunities to learn about and reflect on their own lives and the lives of others. This promotes deep awareness of and respect for diversity along with opportunities to build self-awareness."
~The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning
SOCIAL CONTENT FRAMEWORK APPROVED
The Reading with Relevance curriculum "portrays accurately and equitably the cultural and racial diversity of American society," and has been approved by the California Department of Education for meeting the state's Social Content Framework.
Learn about the power of our Reading with Relevance book selections. Janijah reflects on the impact that We Beat the Street made on her thoughts about her future; in her words, "It motivates me more to know if they can do it, I can do it, too."
Learn more about how Reading with Relevance impacts student achievement!
Our Program Outcomes
Contra Costa Case Study
See Reading with Relevance in Action
Featured Guide for Fall
Books are a Powerful Antiracist Tool: Here's How to Start the Conversation
So many of us are searching for solutions to engage our students and our children in conversations about what is happening in our country. How do we support young people to think critically about the social justice issues that affect their lives and communities, and make meaning of the legacy of systemic racism that we're grappling with as a nation? Our first FREE Reading with Relevance guide is a practical, easy-to-use tool for engaging the young people in your classroom, and your life, in empathy-building conversations about racism and injustice in America today.
Featured Title for Fall: Ghost Boys
Ghost Boys centers the stories of three young people grappling with the impacts of racism on their lives and experiences. Meet Jerome–a 12-year-old Black boy who has just been killed by a White police officer–and bear witness to his powerful journey to understand his life and death. Follow along as Jerome meets and learns from the ghosts of other boys, like Emmett Till, who have lost their lives to racial violence, and explore his unlikely friendship with the only living person who can see him: the 12-year-old White daughter of the police officer. We chose this novel for its thoughtful attention to some timely social and emotional themes: systemic racism, telling one's story, police brutality, bullying, empathy, and understanding. We're sharing this resource with our community because Ghost Boys is a must-read during this moment in history. We're inviting you to join our mission by sharing this resource with the young people in your life.
Download the FREE Teacher's Guide!
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info@movingforwardinstitute.org

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We read the book The Dragon and the Turtle Go On Safari by Donita K. Paul & Evangeline Denmark and did an activity to go along with the books theme. This is a cute story about 2 best friends, Padraig the dragon & Roger the turtle, who are pretending to be great adventurers and are determined to spend the whole night outside in their tent. The night starts out with them roasting marshmallows over a fire, but as the night goes on, they begin to hear scary noises. They hear a howler monkey, a giraffe, an elephant, and a rhino. Of course this is just their imagination as it is really an owl, a squirrel, a raccoon, and a dog! They finally fall asleep when a kitten-er-leopard wakes them with a loud screech. They think the baby leopard needs help and convince themselves to be courageous and rescue him. Bravely, the shine their flashlight everywhere looking for the leopard and find him in a tall tree. They work together to get him out of the tree and back to his mother. Padraig and Roger return to their tent and decide that they are ready to go home and try again another night. Just as they arrive home, the sun rises and they are super excited that they did last the whole night outdoors!
I think this is a great story for 5-8 years old. I like that it teaches them that it's okay to be scared, to work together as a team, and to use their imaginations.
As a book-related activity, I set up my son's little tent and chair. I read the book to him while he sat in his chair. When I finished read the story, I had him go inside his tent while I placed his Jungle/Safari animals in various spots of his bedroom. Then, I turned off the light and give him his little flashlight (it shines red) for him to go on his own little safari adventure. He had fun finding all the different animals. He really surprised me when he found the baby leopard I hid in the tree (floor lamp) and said, "Momma, I have to save the baby leopard!" He bravely got the leopard down and gave him kisses. He's so cute, he took the stuffed animal leopard with him everywhere for the rest of the night!
For a snack, we made smores…. yum!
Like my review? Please rank it…. thank you!!!
***Disclaimer: I received this book for free from WaterBrook Multnomah Publishing Group for this review.
Reading this book in a tent with snack would be wonderful.

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Methodologies of work
News from Europe
VET National Reports Cedefop
Material of Dissemination
What is the point of view of the interns doing an internship in another country?
Mad of Europe
In the case of Spain, at MAD for Europe we had four participants from Latvia during July and August 2020 in Madrid who carried out work placements in a tourist-type restaurant in the city. After their experience, we sent them the HOSTVET partners' survey for participants to see how their experience went. It was the second experience with Erasmus+ for all of them and they had had training in their country before they came to Madrid.
From this example, we can clearly see that the training programs that young people do in other countries are something very positive for them as they learn to live in another country, very different from their own, in a dynamic and different ways, by following their work customs and living a unique experience.
From the point of view of the companies, it is also beneficial as they learn new customs from their foreign employees, enriching their way of offering the services.
This group from Latvia told us about their experience through the survey, and about the social skills they obtained. We saw that they mainly developed their teamwork and skills of initiation. For them, the best thing was the kindness and atmosphere amongst the staff in the restaurant, and the worst thing was the language barrier with the clients, because they couldn't speak very good Spanish and that's why it was a little complicated for them, but they communicated in English.
In regards to the COVID-19 situation, for the most part it did not affect their traineeship, the only thing one participant remark was worry for safety.
To conclude, they said that they would like to spend more time in Spain doing their work placements because they really liked it and the experience was very positive. They want to repeat it and they would recommend these internship programs to a friend or a colleague.
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The EU Digital Europe Programme 2021-2027 – Digitalize society in many areas including tourism: a strategic impact
The Digital Europe Programme (DIGITAL) is a new EU funding programme focused on bringing digital technology to businesses, citizens and public administrations. The Digital Europe
Why Tourism is Ideal to Promote Youth Employment
It is always sad to see young people being out of employment, education, or training. Or else, what we call young people in this situation
Visit to a Touristic Company in Madrid
From the 29th of November to the 1st of December, we had a Meeting in Madrid of the KA2 HOSTVET Project. It was a very
Tourism in times of pandemic
It is in the shadow of a new wave of Covid-19 that the twenty-fourth General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization starts in Madrid. It
WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ?
Looking at the need of a sustainable society it is considered a core element a sustainable tourism, and there are a lot of activities that
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I purchased Silver Wampum in 1978 when he was just six months old. He was the horse I had always dreamed of having, an Arabian. Initially he was to be my trail horse so that is what we did for the next six years. We rode the trails all across Southern California. Then in 1986 I was in an auto accident that pretty much put an end to my riding. This is when I decided to teach Silver Wampum how to drive. I was lucky enough to live close to the late Anita Mellot and her beautiful Friesians and was able to go to her to learn about driving.
Silver Wampum was the start of my driving career. He turned out to be a natural at driving and I showed him for the first time at the San Diego Open Driving Show in 1990 where we took a 1st, 5th and 4th in our driving classes. Our first official ADT (Arena Driving Trail) was the Old Pueblo in Tucson, AZ in 1995 where we placed 2nd.
Aside from competing in CDE events in both California and Arizona he has shown in many shows both in San Diego and Phoenix, where he was high point winner in his division two years in a row at the Arizona Driving Festival.
He has participated in many parades over the years as well as carrying many brides to their weddings. Silver Wampum had a role in a TV commercial for an upscale ladies boutique in Palm Springs and has served as a model for the Petsmart store in Palm Desert, and is the only horse that was named pet of the month by Petsmart. Aside from driving he is an accomplished trail horse and has taken me to places like Havasupi in the Grand Canyon, Willie Boy Ride, Phoenix to Wickenburg Ride, Palm Springs to Joshua Tree and Man Against Horse Race. He has also served as my mount for four years while on the Riverside County Sheriff's Posse search and rescue.
We did many more competitions, fun drives and yes some trails rides over the next five years. Silver Wampum did his last CDE (Combined Driving Event) at the age of 20 and earned the Best Arabian award. At the age of 22 Wampum left the world knowing that he was loved and cherished. Silver Wampum will always be remembered for his ability to adjust to any situation.


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Campaigning or Awareness Raising Events
Here are some examples of the many diverse campaigning and awareness raising events that have taken place throughout the UK
1) Location: Exeter
Venue: City Centre
Title of Event: Test the public – can you pass the citizenship test?
Summary: Over two days members of the public were invited to take the British Citizenship test.
2) Location: London
Venue: City Hall
Title of Event: Refugee Stories Exhibition
Summary: A visual and oral exhibition showing the contributions that refugees have made to London through business, community work, arts, sport, healthcare, food and education. Combining facts with the voices of refugees themselves, the exhibition gave an insight into the experiences of those who have been forced to make London their home and who have in turn helped to create one of the most diverse and vibrant cities in the world.
3) Location: Belfast
Venue: Law Centre
Title of Event: Forced to Flee – asylum FAQ guide launch
Summary: Launch of third edition of "Forced to Flee: frequently asked questions about refugees and asylum seekers in Northern Ireland", an updated response to questions on asylum frequently asked by journalists, politicians, community activists, teachers and members of the public and playing an important part in educating the Northern Ireland public about this important issue. Speakers on the night included Amnesty International's Patrick Corrigan, the Michael Fisher of the NUJ and RTE, Buster Cox of the Refugee Action Group and a member of the local refugee community.
4) Location: Peterborough
Venue: Waterstones / Starbucks / Boots
Title of Event: Refugee Week Information Stalls
Summary: Peterborough businesses engaged with local Refugee Week organisers by allowing their premises to be used for events. Members of the public were invited find out more about refugees and Refugee Week in Peterborough at an information stand outside Boots, and also to find out how to become a mentor to new arrivals through the Time Bank Time Together programme while enjoying a coffee in Starbucks in Cathedral Square. The public was also given the opportunity to discover the contribution refugees have made to the literacy world by visiting Waterstones stores throughout the week where work by refugee authors as well as books on refugee and asylum issues were highlighted.
Venue: Marcus Garvey Library
Title of Event: Refugee Week 'Represent' Programme
Summary: A number of skills & creativity workshops for adult refugees and asylum seekers which culminated in an exhibition and launch event showcasing insights into the lives, past, present, and future, of refugees and asylum seekers in the North London Area. There was a strong focus on the reasons for seeking asylum, what they have achieved, and contributed to the UK since becoming refugees (volunteers, valued employees etc.). There was also a week long display of success stories of different Refugees/Asylum Seekers which were shown in writing, documentaries of past events and pictures. Event attendees were also encouraged to talk to the Refugees featured in the exhibition.
6) Location: Woking
Venue: Wolsey Place Shopping Centre
Title of Event: Refugee Awareness
Summary: This awareness raising event included displays about the current worldwide refugee situation, facts and myths about asylum seekers and individual stories. It promoted understanding of why people become refugees, celebrated the contribution they make to society, and highlighted the many issues faced. There was also an opportunity to talk to refugees and listen to their stories.
7) Location: Coventry
Venue: Coventry Peace House
Title of Event: Myth Busting Training
Summary: An information session introducing the facts and fibs surrounding asylum based on the Refugee Councils Tell It Like It Is myth busting booklet.
Venue: Kensington Charity Centre
Title of Event: Refugee Journalists into the Media: refugees as a voice for refugees
Summary: An evening of discussions focusing on the challenges faced by refugee Journalists in their engagement with the mainstream media and the British Public at large, and also to reflect on some of the practical initiatives that need to be undertaken to promote refugee journalists' active involvement.
Venue: Throughout London
Title of Event: The New Londoners
Summary: A tabloid-size 24-page newspaper for Refugee Week 2007 was produced. Mimicking already existing free papers such as 'London Lite' and the 'Metro' the launch issue of The New Londoners contained articles on the media coverage/hysteria on asylum issues, Strangers into Citizens campaign, party political differences on asylum, the housing crisis and destitution, personal accounts of the process of seeing asylum in the UK as well as a worldwide map of global human displacement, stories of refugee achievements and political interviews with Tony Benn, Ken Livingstone and Angelina Jolie. During Refugee Week the newspapers were handed out at bus, train and underground stations as well as in the street and it is estimated that over 45'000 copies of the paper were distributed throughout the week
10) Location: Coventry
Venue: Coventry Refugee Centre
Title of Event: Coventry Refugee Centre Open Day
Summary: During Refugee Week the Coventry Refugee Centre opened its doors to the general public to raise awareness of the services it offers, in addition to the current legal, political and social situation of asylum seekers and refugees. Members of the public were invited along to hear speeches made by local lecturers, participate in myth busting activities, mix with Coventry's community groups and gain a more balanced understanding of how the Centre helps some of the world's most needy establish a new life.


Bali Gili Transfer by Puji Gili Transfer offers family friendly transportation service from the major Southern Bali cities to the Gili, Nusa and Lombok Islands. Pick up at your accommodation is included and you will travel comfortably in an air conditioned vehicle to the harbor. At the harbor,you will get assistance with the check in then you will go by fast boat to your destination. Drop off service is included in the return trip package .


KEENE, Calif. – President Obama's stop in this remote and sparsely populated San Joaquin Valley town was about as far off the campaign trail as a candidate could be so close to an election. But his message as he dedicated the Cesar E. Chavez National Monument was not without political significance, as he honored the legacy of a civil rights and labor leader whose "si se puede" credo was an inspiration for his own historic campaign four years ago.
Speaking on the 187-acre property that served as both home and operational headquarters for Chavez and his United Farm Workers movement, Obama said Chavez's tenacity on behalf of a new generation of workers was part of "the story of who we are as Americans," meriting such a tribute alongside other national monuments like the Statue of Liberty and the Grand Canyon.
"It's a story of natural wonders and modern marvels, of fierce battles and quiet progress. But it's also a story of people, of determined, fearless, hopeful people who have always been willing to devote their lives to making this country a little more just and a little more free," Obama said.