text:
Doreen Fletcher's East End
Hairdresser, Ben Jonson Rd, 2001
It is my pleasure to publish this selection of the remarkable paintings and drawings created by Doreen Fletcher in the East End between 1983 and 2003, seen publicly for the very first time.
"I was discouraged by the lack of interest," admitted Doreen to me plainly, explaining why she gave up after twenty years of doing this work. For the past decade, all these pictures have sat in Doreen's attic until I persuaded her to take them out yesterday and let me photograph them for publication here.
Doreen came to the East End in 1983 from West London. "My marriage broke up and I met someone new who lived in Clemence St, E14," she revealed, "it was like another world in those days." Yet Doreen immediately warmed to her new home and felt inspired to paint. "I loved the light, it seemed so sharp and clear in the East End, and it reminded me of the working class streets in the Midlands where I grew up," she confided to me, "It disturbed me to see these shops and pubs closing and being boarded up, so I thought, 'I must make a record of this,' and it gave me a purpose."
For twenty years, Doreen conscientiously sent off transparencies of her pictures to galleries, magazines and competitions, only to receive universal rejection. As a consequence, she forsook her artwork entirely in 2003 and took a managerial job, and did no painting for the next ten years. But eventually, Doreen had enough of this too and has recently rediscovered her exceptional forgotten talent.
Many of Doreen's pictures exist as the only record of places that have long gone and I publish her work today in the hope that she will now receive the recognition she deserves, not just for outstanding quality of her painting but also for her brave perseverance in pursuing her clear-eyed vision of the East End in spite of the lack of any interest or support.
Bartlett Park, 1990
Terminus Restaurant, 1984
Bus Stop, Mile End, 1983
Terrace in Commercial Rd under snow, 2003
Shops in Commercial Rd, 2003
Snow in Mile End Park, 1986
Laundrette, Ben Jonson Rd, 2001
The Lino Shop, 2001
Caird & Rayner Building, Commercial Rd, 2001
Rene's Cafe, 1986
SS Robin, 1996
Benji's Mile End, 1992
Railway Bridge, 1990
St Matthias Church, 1990
The Albion Pub, 1992
Turner's Rd, 1998
The Condemned House, 1983
Leslie's Grocer, Turner's Rd, 1983 (Pencil Drawing)
Newsagents, Canning Town, 1991 (Coloured Crayon Drawing)
Bridge Wharf, 1984 (Pencil Drawing)
Pubali Cafe, Commercial Rd, 1990 (Coloured Crayon Drawing)
Ice Crean Van, 1990 (Coloured Crayon Drawing)
Images copyright © Doreen Fletcher
You may also like to take a look at
The East London Group
Noel Gibson, Artist
John Allin, Artist
Alfred Daniels, Artist
Dan Jones, Painter
Nicholas Borden, Artist
Marc Gooderham, Artist
from → Cultural Life, Past Life, Street Life
Alphonse Credenza permalink
I love this work. I would buy Hairdresser or Rene's Cafe if I saw it in a gallery!
Janet M permalink
Great work, I particularly loved "Bartlett Park". I think she should keep painting!
Robert Green permalink
The lack of recognition for these paintings says more about the 'bizarre' outlook of the art critics than it dose about the quality of the work, they are so good I genuinely thought they were photos at first, the painting of the Albion pub near Mile End stadium is a remarkable coincidence for me as only a few days ago I noticed they are starting a new construction on the site where it stood and I was trying to find a photo of the old pub but was unable to find one, I find it very pleasing that such a wealth of hidden talent has at last been unearthed and now made available for the appreciation of a much larger audience, EXCELLENT work ALL ROUND.
kristine dillon permalink
Thank you for encouraging this artist to share her work with you so that we too could see it. She is indeed talented. I have worked many years as a graphic designer and these painting look like the work of a skilled illustrator and artist. I can't understand why this work was not snapped up by numerous sources. I think her work is lovely.
Susan Bianchi permalink
These are amazing. Thank you so much for photographing and sharing them.
julie permalink
These are wonderful pictures.
Eileen Collins permalink
Dear Doreen, your work is delightful. I am sorry to read that it has languished, unappreciated, in an attic for so many years. You deserve a solo exhibition. Please continue painting!
The paintings are wonderful, she has captured the atmosphere and above all the light of the East End so well. I very much hope that Doreen will get recognition for her work, she really deserves it! Thanks for showing, Valerie
Alison Ashfield permalink
These are delightful. I lived and worked in the City and part of the East End from 1979 to 1996 and was aware that many changes happened during that period. Almost unobserved, boarded-up bomb-sites became office blocks as the greedy, moneyed 1980s emerged – shouted and clattered, then subsided as the economy expired. The silence of Black Wednesday still resonates, a warning to those who rely on balloons, not foundations. When I go back and visit London, it seems a whole new world has been superimposed upon the images in my minds' eye. Exciting and fascinating. The places through which I wandered were N1, E8 and E5 (Islington, London Fields and Hackney) – Whitechapel and Spitalfields were less familiar. Doreen has beautifully captured the faded, forlorn and forgotten. Thank you, Gentle Author for seeking them out for the enjoyment of others. I now live in Scotland, but every morning I turn to this blog and indulge in a journey. It is a pleasing thing to do.
NSF permalink
What an interesting eye she has. And though the details are meticulous, the paintings are so much than just documents—they're deeply felt. I hope this post will lead to her getting the attention she deserves.
Carol Gilham permalink
These are just stunning! So glad you have given them an outing here, and I hope they have a remarkable future. And please will you keep us informed of their progress?
Linda Pennell permalink
Oh how grateful I am that you have given us all these marvellous pictures. There should be a book, prints,an exhibition. Thank you.
gabrielle permalink
I have long despaired of the art market…seems purely mercenary in the main. What gems you have uncovered here, gentle author. Thanks to you I'm sure this hugely talented artist, Doreen Fletcher, will now get the recognition she deserves. I'll be watching.
Bridgett Bardwell permalink
What fabulous detailed pictures – brought back memories
john ord permalink
What a stunning collection of pictures, so atmospheric and beautifully painted. Will they be exhibited of dare I ask for sale!?
Joan Bailey permalink
I hope this talented painter finds a market now. The changing demographic of East London with the increasing influx of young artistically engaged people might help. The work could also appeal to born and bred East Enders with a bob or two to spare.
The influence of Hopper is very clear but there is originality in the approach to the subject matter.
Barbara Elsmore permalink
Wonderful, marvellous pictures – DO NOT put them back in the loft!
robin clark permalink
I think these drawings are fantastic. They have a certain quality which captures that moment in time not so long ago which has all but disappeared Is there to be a run of prints?
libby hall permalink
What a lovely way to begin a Saturday morning: with an unexpected exhibition of such evocative paintings.
Many of them remind me of Walker Evans photographs.
Doreen Fletcher must surely now get the recognition she deserves.
Rob C permalink
Doreen ,
These are amazing, I have seen so many glimpses into my locale across the years.
Would be very interested in buying some.
Please keep going.
A unique sensibility, a treasure trove, Well done GA.
…also, they would make great cards and prints, all the best Doreen.
Greg Tingey permalink
BOOK BOOK!
These MUST be released to a wider audience.
They are in the classic realist "E London group" tradition, as seen by the school whose paintings you showed us last year & who had an exhibition close to Bow Church,
P.S. How much does she want for "Railway Bridge, 1990" ??
Peter Harrison permalink
Bravo for introducing Doreen's work to your readership and, hopefully, to many other people. Her paintings are excellent: they invite immediate comparison with the work of people like Edward Hopper in her sensitivity to light and how it lends to apparently banal urban subjects a sense of mystery and grandeur that is, in fact, integral to the experience of living in cities but one of which most of us remain wholly unconscious. Her sense of design, too, is exceptional in the way she captures the complex patterning of urban surfaces in works such as 'Newsagents, Canning Town.' Fantastic work.
Robert permalink
Enchanted. I love the lack of pretension and careful attention to detail. I do hope they get curated and kept for future generations as a record of late 20th century life.
Peter permalink
Beautiful representations of vanishing communities.
I really like the skilled eye of the artist and the photo realistic images.
If I lived in the area I would snap one up.
Even to non residents, the cool lines and careful attention to detail make them
Artworks in their own right.
I think Ms Fletcher should return to her art and use her skills to enhance her East End communities and establish herself in the local record.
Important work, to be enjoyed and treasured for the future.
Jill Leman permalink
It's wonderful that you have discovered Doreen's work and that she has started painting again.
Hopefully her paintings will be shown in a gallery soon – very many artists have the same problems of rejection – you just have to keep going.
The paintings are great – look forward to seeing them in a gallery!
Jackie Withnall permalink
What a wonderful start to the weekend! These pictures bought my childhood flooding back. I would love to go to an exhibition of these. Well done Doteen and well done GA for seeking them out.
Barbara permalink
Astonishing work, Doreen. Please keep painting and please, please have an exhibition……soon !
David Steers permalink
Excellent pictures, they really deserve to be better known, thank you for sharing them
Mary Grover permalink
Beautiful. Thank you for sharing them with us.
Nicholas Sack permalink
I am astounded that Doreen Fletcher's work has been ignored by galleries and publishers; these are superb paintings and drawings, created with tremendous skill and sensitivity. If it was the everyday subject-matter that did not appeal to promoters of the arts 20 years ago, I feel sure that would not be the case today. The wonderful bleakness of Bartlett Park is akin to the work of George Shaw – who was shortlisted for the Turner Prize in 2011.
Fletcher's carefully observed buildings and streets, invested with a delicious tang of poignancy, carry the baton of the East London Group in the 1930s and are similar in spirit to Edward Hopper and Jock McFadyen. I also admire her precise use of distant figures: separated by street furniture in Mile End, striding in Turner's Road, staring from the window of the Terminus Restaurant – and the disembodied legs seen through the doorway of a launderette.
This is truly marvellous work. An exhibition at The Townhouse in Fournier Street, for example, would be a knock-out. And a book would be absolutely stunning.
Vicky permalink
Wonderful! Through bad luck Doreen has them all – a complete body of work ready for exhibition. My instinct is to keep them together. I'd love to see more in the future.
Natalie Koch permalink
Wonderful! Thank you for sharing.
Ann permalink
These pictures are amazing in their clarity and sense of time and place. It's almost unbelievable that they met with indifference from the art world. i hope Doreen continues with her work. Thank you for bringing these pictures to light.
Love your blog, GA, even though I am not a Londoner and have no personal knowledge of the East End.
Patricia Cleveland-Peck permalink
They are remarkable. They have something of the atmosphere of Hopper. I love them . I used to buy a painting every time I had a book published but the price of paintings went up and that of author's advances down so not lately. I would happily buy one of these though if Doreen is selling ( and I could afford it) – and she could have it back for the solo exhibition which I feel confident will take place soon.
Andy Willoughby permalink
Wonderful paintings & drawings, such a talent. I was living in the flats (Galsworthy House, Carr Street) depicted in 'Snow in Mile End Park, 1986' , when it was painted, and until they were demolished in 1999. I probably saw Doreen painting it! I would buy it if it was for sale. They are all wonderful.
Jackie K permalink
Thank you for sharing, Gentle Author! It would indeed be wonderful to see an exhibition, a book, prints, and cards. So glad that you kept these fantastic paintings, Doreen, and hope that you continue painting our now rapidly changing Cityscape.
PS I love Rene's Cafe and St Matthias's Church!
Another astonishing treasure brought to light. Doreen is extremely talented. Could someone please let us know if these are watercolors? A few at the end say the media (pencil, colored crayon) but most of them are unidentified as to media. The Gentle Author's discoveries have been a highlight of every day now for months. I'm an artist in St. Louis who is an East Ender in heart.
Linda Granfield permalink
Doreen, what a talent you are! I hope there will be an exhibition and book of your work….and that you have returned full-time to your obvious joy–painting!
The lighting, composition, choice of subject–all spectacular.
Reading the comments above, Doreen, you have a "Sold Out" show already!
Thanks, Gentle Author, for providing this online gallery of wonder.
Jill permalink
Wonderful work! Well done GA for recognising their worth and bringing them out into the light again! I hope this encourages Doreen to continue recording 'ordinary' buildings and helping us to see their special character.
Bronchitikat permalink
Thanks for publishing these pictures. They just go to show that various gallery owners et al got it so very wrong all these years. But what do the critics know anyway?
Hope Doreen receives the recognition she so obviously deserves now.
Christy permalink
Capturing history in this way is so special. Keep on painting. Carmen Herrera at 100 years old is having her first exhibit at the Whitney, NYC after 60 years of painting and no recognition. Christy, Lilbitbrit
John McVey permalink
Enjoyed these.
Would like to know their dimensions.
Like the signage, decayed or sometimes obscured lettering (or advertising sign) in such as
Turner's Road, 1998
david permalink
Remarkable! She needs an agent/gallerist. Truly astonishing find!
Liz permalink
I love this work. Beautiful detail and captures the essence of the East London I knew. I would buy these – perhaps you could arrange for a limited edition print run?
Lynn Roffee permalink
Thank you GA for bringing Doreen's work to our attention. What a talented lady Doreen is!
I hope that this results in Doreen having that long overdue exhibition of her work made available to the wider public.
Doreen, please keep painting, you are such a talented lady and you capture the true essence of the East End.
Wendy Feldberg permalink
Wonderful work and story. How about putting them on Saatchi Online?
violet hoarder permalink
Just brilliant. Go back to your art Doreen, and thank you for preserving these images of the East End.
Rob Metcalfe permalink
These are fabulous. Among many others here no doubt, I would love to acquire one or two.
Thank goodness Doreen has started painting again!
Kate McHugh permalink
Fantastic. We met Doreen in France this Summer and loved her pictures so much that we had to have 2! Lovely to see her other work.
john clark permalink
These are stunning; this is the East London Group Mk2 – and now I hope Mk3 ! So much for agents and galleries. We want to buy (at least) one very soon. Good luck Doreen and thanks to GA for finding these gems.
Alison permalink
These pictures are fantastic, both the subjects and the artistry. Doreen, I'm so sorry no one recognized your talent and the value of documenting the East End. I hope you will now get the recognition you deserve. Gentle Author, thank you so much for making it possible for us to see the pictures!
Chris F permalink
Brilliant… The brickwork detail is amazing. When you see the tripe that often passes as art nowadays (and makes the artist a fortune) and then see this artistry and hear that it has languished in a loft for years due to a lack of interest. It's enough to make you weep. Another idea for a book, eh, GA?
Rhianwen permalink
These are really wonderful…
I hope Doreen finally gets the recognition she deserves.
Mr Jones permalink
These are superb paintings, so evocative of the East End I used to know and barely recognise now, I would certainly buy more than one of these fine works if they were in an exhibition.
I hope that Doreen is encouraged enough by the reaction here on Spitalfields life to pick up her brushes and continue, obviously an exhibition and a book are are in order – hint hint.
Neil Holbrook permalink
What talent Doreen has, these pictures are beautiful! I hope her skills as an artist are now finally recognised and she is able to pursue her dream.
Ed permalink
These are excellent. I would love to have a few for my home. Thanks for sharing
Cliff permalink
So talented, I can recognise most of the places having lived in the area for 25 years and I first thought that they were photographs….pics must be exhibited.
Alice Sanders permalink
I love the paintings if they ever go on display please let me know. best of all I love the one of the church, St. Matthias. I bet they will deffently be worth something now as its paintings of the past, nice memories, on how things used to be. Thank you for showing them to us all.
Alice.
Judith Haxton permalink
Loved them all. My favourite has to be News of the World. A sad reminder of changing times !!!
redandblackmanthinks permalink
Took a second glance to make sure they were not photographs, they are so good. Doreen is a very talented artist, so it`s wonderful that these paintings are being given an audience after all this time.
Sue permalink
What wonderful work. Hope Doreen takes up where she left off.
Jane S Gabin permalink
These pictures are absolutely lovely! I hope your publicity will lead to a gallery opening and a demand for Doreen Fletcher's pictures and prints!
Marjorie permalink
Fantastic work Doreen. I am so pleased for you, this is just the beginning. Thank you G.A. for showing them to us.
Richard permalink
The Condemned House – so atmospheric. Loved these pictures. I'm sure they would sell like hot cakes.
Sue Harding permalink
I am so excited to see these great images. Thank you so much Doreen and GA. I love the period feel of them and as an artist and urban sketcher myself, really appreciate these super works. As everyone has said, there must be an exhibition of these important records of the area. I feel privileged to have been able to see them and am so glad you are painting again Doreen. Don't forget that doing art is the important thing for us!
Pauline Taylor permalink
This situation is symptomatic of the art world today, utter rubbish is admired whilst real talent is despised. I hope that this artist will be encouraged by all the comments here, we all appreciate her work, and well done.
Sarah permalink
Beautiful pictures. So evocative. Thank you.
Kevin Halden permalink
These are great. I lived on Locksley Street which joins onto Turners Rd between 1985 -86 and regularly went in the Albion pub, Rene's Cafe and Leslies grocers. Most of Locksley St was sadly knocked down and I think the 'condemned house' was on that street. In the 1980s that area of London still had an old east end community feel though it was very neglected and many properties were boarded up. It was known locally as the 'Locksley triangle' (Clemence Road forming the other part of the triangle). I used to also go to the Prince Alfred pub on Locksley St (now closed) and the Marshal Keate pub in Poplar which was knocked down as part of docklands development. I'm sure Doreen would know these. Incredibly evocative work. Would love to see an exhibition of these.
Francesca Fenn permalink
Many of these are truly excellent. So atmospheric – simple yet telling, and what a hugely talented painter. I hope there will be an exhibition. Surely their time has come. Are they for sale, perchance??
Thank you Spitalfields Life for sharing Doreen's paintings with us.
There's real love in these intense pictures. Agree with all the other comments that really appreciate Doreen 's eye and talent and also your bringing these pictures to us. Thank you both.
She is extraordinary. Many of these have an Edward Hopper feeling of loneliness that lifts the viewer away from the simple pictorial. Her detail work is remarkable. All in all, I agree that she should be added to my collection, as others have remarked for themselves.
I hope this collection will secure a proper place for her in the appropriate London gallery.
Hugh Caldin permalink
Thanks so much, Gentle Author and Spitalfields Life, for giving Doreen and her paintings a new space! My daughter has just emailed your article to me from New Zealand and we both love the paintings, as much for the beautiful perspectives (such as in 'Turner's Row') as for the wry and economical observations of details such as graffiti daubed on the walls ('FAWKES IS INNOCENT' is class!) and little domestic touches, such as just the legs of a seated woman in the open doorway, perhaps of the manageress, in 'Laundrette'. The collection is a lovely, varied, refreshing and affectionate collection of scenes of a special community dynamic which is perhaps not so evident now, which I so enjoyed, and a record of a simpler life – where do you see a laundrette these days advertising a 'Daily Wash, Dry and Fold Service' after all?! Thank you, Doreen, for allowing the sharing your lovely and evocative paintings!
Hugh – and Lucy
Jane Jones permalink
You can tell how much Doreen loves her subjects. These painting are beautifully observed and executed, and she has a wonderful sense of design. I love the patterning and her particular use of colour.
Doreen must have sent her work to people who'd missed their appointments at Specsavers. This is a wonderful body of work that should receive the admiration and recognition it deserves.
When and where is her first exhibition please?
Further to my earlier post, Turner's Road in Bow also seized the eye of Jock McFadyen RA, another artist drawn to the East End. His painting of a shuttered retail or industrial premises with railway arches beyond, dated 2000, is included in his splendid monograph 'Jock McFadyen: A Book About a Painter', by David Cohen, published by Lund Humphries in 2001. The front cover depicts a photo, including the street name, on which the painting was based.
John Wallett permalink
Doreen these pictures are fantastic, and for me also a great reminder of what that area used to look like when I loved there (Acme prefab off Conder Street). Thanks for putting on this show, I can't wait to see them for real!
Josie permalink
It's been a pleasure knowing you Doreen! These works of Art has revealed you're unique talent. These paintings are absolutely amazing! They preserved the memories of these eatablishments.
Matt S permalink
These are wonderful – I don't understand why they never got the recognition they deserved at the time.
Derek permalink
Stunning. I love the variety and color of her skies. She captures the lonely wistful beauty of both the places and their time.
Andrew Willie permalink
As the juggernaut of digital imagery powers its way through our collective conscience; these images show that there is still a place for painting.
As photographs they would only reveal in mechanical detail the changing face of the East End, however, as the gesture of Doreen's hand and her intent, they carry an emotional charge, that triggers the punctum of those with a recent memory of the East End.
Marguerite Scott permalink
Thanks so much for sharing these images. I taught for a short time in the East End in the early 1970s and many of these images bring back memories of that time.
When do you think that the exhibition might be? The last week in May 2016 sounds a good time – I will be back in England that week!
Adrienne permalink
I love them all. An exhibition would be wonderful…
maureen insole permalink
Lov ely paintings, why not display them in a gallery i'm sure there is one on Fish Island near Bow
Leslie Mildiner permalink
Remarkable! Any chance of prints, at leasts, being made of these? I would buy. I'm Commercial Rd born, but now in Canada – memories flooded back!
James Hurley permalink
I love this work – it's a record of a disappearing world.
SIMON DIABLE permalink
Wonderfully evocative, I was at school in Benjonson Road in 1983 and she has captured the feeling of emptiness of the area as it morphed out of those post war years. I saw/used most of these shops and places in this period and it really did feel that the patient was dying. There was still a lot of flat, bare, open space courtesy of the Luftwaffe and dilapidated terraces waiting for the bulldozer or gentrification. Looking at these pictures I can once again smell the Pubali Cafe in Limehouse and the smoked fish from the fish mongers in Commercial Road beside the little patch of bomb gone street (he also had a live eel tank!) and I can feel my feet sticking to the carpet in Benjys. These ought to be on sale.
Are these exhibited or for sale anywhere ? My best friends mum and dad owned the Albion pub and I'm sure she'd love to see these paintings. They're all fantastic
Johanna Lawrence permalink
These paintings are stunning! I felt so much emotion looking at them. I have walked past most of these buildings and shops a hundred times in my past which brought them to life for me.
keep painting Doreen Fletcher. I would love to see them in an exhibition someday.
fred hicks permalink
forgot about some of these places memory jog great work
Paul Anderson permalink
Are these for sale, I would love to own one. If they are please email me.
bowsuze permalink
Beautiful, rich, wistful work. Ignorant galleries.
David smith permalink
My wife's parents owned the terminus restaurant in Mile End. At the time that painting was done. As my wife has no pictures of it and her parents have know passed away. Would there be by any chance we ca purchase it or get a print.
Roger permalink
Hi Doreen
I just love love you're work, the atmosphere of you're paintings is amazing so many memories of my past, keep them coming, get high quality prints done of these.
The very best to you
Peter Knoester permalink
Dear Doreen
Your paintings and drawings show a tremendous artistic quality and are really enjoyable. I used to know a Doreen East way back in 1957-8 in Holland who lived at Hall lane 14 in Chingsford , London England she was a beautiful lady and I did enjoy her company very much we did write for a while but that stopped after a few years. The possibility that this was you are slim to none but I thought to write this note to you anyway as memories do not always fade. I thank you for your time and keep up the good works
Peter Knoester
Ben Moxey permalink
Doreen,
I saw the article on the BBC and thought I'd look at the rest. These are a really great encapsulation of the time and will be amazing to look at in years to come as buildings change and disappear
One question I did have that has confused me beyond belief – In the Albion Pub, 1992 piece, there is an advert for Big Brother. Was that a later addition to cover up another billboard you didn't like? A real head scratcher!
But must distract from my main point: love these pieces!
Steve Hobley permalink
I agree with the positive comments, I think these are a wonderful snapshot of the UK I left behind when I moved overseas.
Marie Hammersley permalink
Hi Doreen,
After seeing you on the 6 o'clock news I had to look you up. What lovely paintings many I can recognise from my youth. I used to take my washing to the launderette in Ben Jonson Road in the 70's. Keep on painting Doreen what a talented lady you are.
Miriam Delorie permalink
Thank you to all concerned for allowing us to share those beautiful paintings – they look like photographs, so detailed – absolutely fantastic. My late father was brought up at an address in Artillery Lane – if ever the artist painted this road I would love to see it.


Nofan's original cases are a little on the ugly side. Introducing the Mini Letter Self (NOFAN edition) from Korea's Viako. A classy and diminutive enclosure, yet big enough to fit the 18 cm wide CR-95.
There's no word on pricing and availability in the US or Europe, but we definitely need small cases for giant passive coolers.


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Nunnikhoven spoke to SC Media at RSA 2018, just as word had spread on Apr. 18 that 48 million records collected by social media data aggregation firm LocalBlox were left exposed on a publicly accessible Amazon Web Services S3 bucket.
"My frustration… working with companies in the cloud, is that there's a lot of free tools available from AWS and the other providers from the community to look for mistakes like this," continued Nunnikhoven, who said members of the security community must do more to educate users about their responsibilities and the automated tools available to them.
Nunnikhoven also discussed current ransomware trends, including the decision among some cybercriminals to drop ransomware campaigns in favor of cryptominers, which are generally simpler to employ and are quicker to generate money.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Braneworld models with extra spatial dimensions have gained
considerable interest over the last decade, largely due to their
role in solving the naturalness/hierarchy problem in the context of
the standard model of elementary particles. Extra spacelike dimensions
with warped geometry elegantly bridges the gap of sixteen orders of
magnitude between electroweak and the Planck scale. The key feature of
the Randall-Sundrum type of theory\cite{rs} is the `$-$' exponential
warp factor attached to the Minkowski part of the metric, leading
to a suppression factor for all masses and gravitational couplings of
known fields residing on the visible brane located at one of the
orbifold fixed points of the extra compact spacelike dimension.

The essential input of the RS\cite{rs} type of theory is that
gravity propagates in a 5-dimensional anti-de Sitter bulk spacetime,
while the standard model (SM) fields are assumed to lie on a
3-brane. String theory provides a natural explanation for such
description as the SM fields arise as excitations of an open string
whose ends are fixed on the brane. The graviton,
on the other hand, is a closed string
excitation and hence can propagate in the bulk
space-time\cite{string}.  Consequently, when one takes its projections
on the visible brane, the massless graviton mode has a coupling $\sim
1/M_P$ with all matter, while the massive modes have enhanced coupling
through the warp factor. The massless graviton mode therefore accounts
for the presence of gravity in our universe, while the massive modes
raise hopes for possible new signals of extra warped dimension in
accelerator experiments \cite{rssig}. However, in a string-based model,
one should also consider other closed string massless excitations
which appear as various higher rank tensor fields in the low energy
effective theory\cite{string}. They are expected to propagate in the
bulk just as gravity. Two such massless closed string excitations are
scalar dilaton and second rank antisymmetric Kalb Ramond (KR) field
\cite{burges}.The question we ask here is: can these fields have any
observable effects? If not, why are the effects of their massless
modes less perceptible on our brane than the force of gravitation?
Implications of other type of bulk fields such as scalars\cite{gw},fermions
\cite{davod1} and gauge fields\cite{davod2} have also been considered in
this scenario. While some  such scenarios are testable in
accelerator experiments \cite{bulkac} or in the neutrino sector
\cite{gross}, by and large they do not cause any contradiction with
our observations so far.

The antisymmetric rank-2 tensor bulk field namely the
Kalb-Ramond\cite{kr} field has similar coupling to matter as
gravity. Using a generalised form of the Einstein-Cartan action, it
has been shown earlier that the third rank field strength tensor of KR
field can be identified with torsion \cite{ssgpm}. Experimental limits
impose severe constrains on such fields so that it is
vanishingly small\cite{torlim}. This apparent invisibility of torsion
has been clarified in one of our earlier work \cite{ourprl}. There it
has been shown that the zero mode of the antisymmetric tensor field
gets an additional exponential suppression compared to the graviton on
the visible brane. This could well be an explanation of why we see the
effect of curvature but not of torsion in the evolution of the
universe. But as mentioned earlier, string theory allow dilaton as
well to exist in the bulk and hence it is essential to consider the
dilaton-torsion coupling in the bulk, instead of taking a free torsion
field. In this light, the earlier conclusion regarding the suppression
of the torsion field on our brane must be re-examined when it is
coupled to the dilaton in the bulk. We address this question in the
current study in context of RS braneworld scenario. We also explore
other possible implications of bulk dilaton field on the Physics on
our brane. It may be mentioned that the issue of braneworld stability
in a similar dilaton-torsion coupled scenario has been investigated by
others\cite{sdssg}.

We organise our work as follows. In the next section, we review the RS
theory and then illustrate our model in the background of RS
spacetime, where torsion coexist with gravity and dilaton in the bulk
and has a non-minimal coupling with dilaton as one obtains in string
inspired models. Section 3 presents the solution of the bulk dilaton
on the visible brane. In section 4, we describe in detail how the
different KK modes of the KR field are coupled to the dilaton fields
on the brane, and how these couplings affect our previous explanation
of the invisibility of torsion on our SM brane. From this, we conclude
that even in presence of dilaton coupling the zero mode of the KR
field is suppressed with an additional exponential
suppression. Thus this work reinforces our claim that RS scenario can
provide an explanation of why the effect of torsion is much weaker
than that of curvature on the brane. However, because of the presence
of the dilaton, we obtain trilinear couplings between dilaton-KR field
which may have their imprints in Tev-scale Physics.

\section{Dilaton-Torsion in Randall Sundrum framework}

In the Randall-Sundrum model, we have a 5-dimensional
anti de-sitter spacetime with the extra spatial dimension orbifolded
as $S_1 /Z_2$. Two 4 dimensional branes known as the visible (TeV)
brane and hidden (Planck) brane are placed at the two orbifold fixed
points $y = 0$ and $\pi$ . The 5-dimensional spacetime is characterised
by the metric
\begin{equation}
ds^2= e^{-2\sigma}\eta_{\mu\nu}dx^{\mu}dx^{\nu}+r_c^2 dy^2
\end{equation}
where $\eta_{\mu\nu}$ is the usual 4D Minkowski metric with the sign
convention $(-,+,+,+)$, and $\sigma = kr_c|y|$. $r_c$ is the
compactification radius for the fifth dimension, and $k$ is on the
order of the higher dimensional Planck mass $M$ . (Greek indices are
used for brane coordinates and Latin indices are used for the full 5D
coordinates). The standard model fields reside at $y = \pi$ while
gravity peaks at $y = 0$. The dimensionful parameters defined above are
related to the 4-dimensional Planck scale $M_P$ through the relation
\begin{equation}
M_P^2=\frac{M^3}{k}[1-e^{-2kr_c\pi}]
\end{equation}
Clearly, $M_P$ , $M$ and $k$ are all of the same order of
magnitude. As a consequence of warped geometry, all mass scales get
exponentially lowered from the Planck scale to the TeV scale because
of the warp factor $e^{−kr_c\pi}$. Thus the hierarchy between the
Planck and TeV scales can be explained without the need of any
fine-tuning.

In the scenario adopted by us the source of torsion is taken to be the
rank-2 anti symmetric KR field $B_{MN}$\cite{ssgpm}. It has been shown
in \cite{ssgpm}, that in the low energy effective string action the
torsion field $T_{MNL}$, which is an auxiliary field, could be
identified with the rank-3 anti symmetric field $H_{MNL}$ by using the
equation of motion $T_{MNL}=H_{MNL}$. Torsion can be identified with
$H_{MNL}$ which is the field strength tensor of the KR field $B_{MN}$.

In the context of string theory, apart from gravity, scalar dilaton
and the second rank anti-symmetric tensor KR field both co-exist in
the bulk. The five dimensional action for the gravity-dilaton-torsion
sector is given by
\begin{equation}
S_{tot}=\int d^5x \sqrt{-G}[2M^3R
-e^{\phi/M^{3/2}}2H_{MNL}H^{MNL}+\frac{1}{2}\partial_M\phi\partial^M\phi-m^2
\phi^2]
\end{equation}
 where
\begin{eqnarray}
S_{grav} &=&\int d^5x \sqrt{-G} 2M^3R\\
S_{KR} &=& \int d^5x \sqrt{-G}[-e^{\phi/M^{3/2}}2H_{MNL}H^{MNL}]\\
S_{dil} &=& \int d^5x \sqrt{-G}[\frac{1}{2}\partial_M\phi\partial^M\phi-m^2 \phi^2]
\end{eqnarray}

From now onwards, we focus on the the part of the action consisting of
$S_{KR}$ and $S_{dil}$ only. Our aim is to find out the influence of
the dilaton field on the KR Lagrangian, and to see how it affects the
existence of different torsion modes on the visible brane. Moreover, we
take into account the massless dilaton field only, as the massive
field on the bulk will anyway decouple. The relevant part of the
action is,
\begin{equation}
S=\int d^5x \sqrt{-G}[-e^{\phi/M^{3/2}}2H_{MNL}H^{MNL}+\frac{1}{2}\partial_M\phi\partial^M\phi]
\end{equation}
Using the explicit form of the background metric in the Randall-Sundrum scenario
and also the KR gauge fixing condition $B_{4\mu}=0$, the above action can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
S=\int d^4 x dy
r_c[&-&2e^{\phi/M^{3/2}}\{e^{2\sigma}\eta^{\mu\alpha}\eta^{\nu\beta}\eta^{\lambda\gamma}\partial_{[\mu}B_{\nu\lambda]}\partial_{[\alpha}B_{\beta\gamma]}-\frac{3}{r_c^2}\eta^{\mu\alpha}\eta^{\nu\beta}B_{\mu\nu}\partial^2_y
B_{\alpha\beta}\}\nonumber\\
&+&\frac{1}{2}\{e^{-2\sigma}\eta^{\mu\nu}\partial_{\mu}\phi\partial_{\nu}\phi-\frac{1}{r_c^2}\phi\partial_y[e^{-4\sigma}\partial_y\phi]\}]
\end{eqnarray}

Next, consider Kaluza-Klein decomposition of the following form
for both the KR and the dilatonic field
\begin{eqnarray}
B_{\mu\nu}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}B^n_{\mu\nu}(x)\frac{\chi^n(y)}{\sqrt{r_c}}\\
\phi=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\phi^n(x)\frac{\psi^n(y)}{\sqrt{r_c}}
\end{eqnarray}
In terms of the projections $(B^n_{\mu\nu}(x),\phi^n(x))$ on the
visible brane our effective action looks like
\begin{eqnarray}
S=\int d^4 x [\sum_n\sum_m \int dy e^{2\sigma}\chi^n\chi^m \{
-2e^{\frac{1}{M^{3/2}}\sum_i\frac{\phi^i\psi^i}{\sqrt{r_c}}}
\eta^{\mu\alpha} \eta^{\nu\beta} \eta^{\lambda\gamma}
\partial_{[\mu}B^n_{\nu\lambda]} \partial_{[\alpha}
B^m_{\beta\gamma]}\nonumber\\-3[\frac{1}{r_c^2}\frac{e^{-2\sigma}}{\chi^m}
\partial^2_y\chi^m]\eta^{\mu\alpha}\eta^{\nu\beta}B^n_{\mu\nu}B^m_{\alpha\beta}\}]\nonumber\\
+\frac{1}{2}[\sum_n\sum_m \int dy
e^{-2\sigma}\psi^n\psi^m\{\eta^{\mu\nu}\partial_{\mu}\phi^n\partial_{\nu}\phi^m-[\frac{1}{r_c^2}\frac{e^{2\sigma}}{\psi^m}\partial_y(e^{-4\sigma}\partial_y\psi^m)]\phi^n\phi^m\}]
\end{eqnarray}
This essentially represents the four dimensional action where the term
in the first square bracket is the lagrangian corresponding to the KR
field coupled to dilaton and the second square bracketed term  is the lagrangian
for a dilaton field. It is interesting to note that the second term
which is basically $S_{dil}$ has no coupling with the KR field and
hence corresponds to a free dilaton action. We first proceed with this
part to find out how the massless bulk dilaton field that appears on
the standard model brane.

\section{Bulk Dilaton Field}
It is straightforward to check from above that the dilaton action
assumes a standard canonical form on the standard model brane i.e.,
\begin{equation}
S_{dil}=\int d^4 x \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2} (\eta^{\mu\nu}\partial_\mu\phi^n\partial_\nu\phi^n+{m_n^d}^2 {\phi^n}^2)
\end{equation}
provided $m_n^d$, the mass of the nth mode of the dilaton field, is defined by
\begin{equation}
-\frac{1}{r_c^2}\frac{e^{2\sigma}}{\psi^m}\partial_y(e^{-4\sigma}\partial_y\psi^m)]={m_n^d}^2
\end{equation}
and $\psi^m(y)$ satisfy the orthonormality relation
\begin{equation}
\int^{\pi}_{-\pi} dy e^{-2\sigma}\psi^n(y)\psi^m(y)=\delta_{nm}.
\end{equation}
In terms of $z_n=\frac{m_n^d}{k}e^\sigma$ and $f^n=\psi^n e^{-2\sigma}$ equation (13)
can be recast in the form
\begin{equation}
z_n^2\frac{d^2f^n}{dz_n^2}+z_n\frac{df^n}{dz_n}+[z_n^2-4]f^n=0
\end{equation}
The above equation admits a solution of Bessel function of order
2. Consequently, $\psi^n$ has a solution of the form
\begin{equation}
\psi^n=\frac{e^{2\sigma}}{N_n}[J_2(z_n)+\alpha_n Y_2(z_n)]
\end{equation}
where $J_2(z_n)$ and $Y_2(z_n)$ are Bessel and Neumann functions of
order 2, $\alpha_n$ and $N_n$ are two constants to be determined from
the boundary conditions at the orbifold fixed points.  The continuity
condition for the derivative of $\psi^n$ at $y=0$, dictated by the
self-adjointness of the left hand side of equation(13), yields
\begin{equation}
\alpha_n=-\frac{J_1(\frac{m_n^d}{k})}{Y_1(\frac{m_n^d}{k})}
\end{equation}
Using the fact that $e^{kr_c\pi}>>1$ and the mass values $m_n^d$ on
the brane is expected to be on the order of TeV scale $(<<k)$,
\begin{equation}
\alpha_n=-\frac{\pi}{4}(\frac{m_n^d}{k})^2<<1
\end{equation}
The boundary condition at $y=\pi$ gives
\begin{equation}
J_1 (x_n ) = 0
\end{equation}
where $x_n=z_n(\pi) = \frac{m_n^d}{k}e^{kr_c\pi}$.\\ The roots of the
above equation determine the masses of the higher excitation modes. As
$x_n$ is of order unity, the massive modes lie in the TeV scale. The
point to note here is that the masses of the higher excitation modes
of the dilaton field are same as the massive graviton modes.

The orthonormality condition determines the constant $N_n$:
\begin{equation}
N_n=\frac{e^{kr_c\pi}}{\sqrt{kr_c}}J_2(x_n)
\end{equation}
Thus the final solution for the massive modes turns out to be
\begin{equation}
\psi^n(z_n)=\sqrt{kr_c}\frac{e^{2\sigma}}{e^{kr_c\pi}}\frac{J_2(z_n)}{J_2(x_n)}
\end{equation}
We shall compare the lowest-lying massive modes of the dilaton field
with those of graviton as well as the bulk KR field in the next
section, when we determine the masses for the latter.

The solution for the massless dilaton mode can be obtained from
equation (13) for $m_n^d=0$ and is given by,
\begin{equation}
\psi^0 =\frac{C_1}{4krc}e^{4\sigma}+C_2
\end{equation}
With the help of the same boundary conditions that has been used for
the massive case, to determine the constants $(C_1,C_2)$, one finally
arrives at the solution for the massless mode as,
\begin{equation}
\psi^0=\sqrt{kr_c}
\end{equation}
The complete solution for the dilaton field is then,
\begin{equation}
\phi(x,y)=\sqrt{k}\phi^0(x)+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\sqrt{k}\frac{e^{2\sigma}}{e^{kr_c\pi}}\frac{J_2(z_n)}{J_2(x_n)}\phi^n(x)
\end{equation}
On our visible brane the field would appear as
\begin{equation}
\phi(x,y=\pi)=\sqrt{k}\phi^0(x)+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\sqrt{k}e^{kr_c\pi}\phi^n(x)
\end{equation}
At this point it is useful to mention that the solution for the bulk
massless dilaton is the same as that for the bulk graviton
field. Unlike the massless case, the massive modes in both the cases
appear with an exponential enhancement factor.

\section{Bulk KR field coupled to dilaton}

In this section we proceed with the term in the first square bracket in
equation(11) where the dilaton field is coupled to the bulk KR
field. Since we have already found out how the bulk dilaton field
would appear on the visible brane (eqn(12)) and what would be the
structure of the dilaton field (eqn(24)), we now use this
solution in our subsequent analysis.
\begin{eqnarray}
S_{KR}=\int d^4 x
[\sum_n\sum_m \int dy e^{2\sigma}\chi^n\chi^m \{ -2e^{\frac{\sqrt{k}}{M^{3/2}}[\phi^0+\sum_i\frac{e^{2\sigma}J_2(z_i)}{e^{kr_c\pi}J_2(x_i)}\phi^i(x)]} (\eta^{\mu\alpha} \eta^{\nu\beta} \eta^{\lambda\gamma} \partial_{[\mu}B^n_{\nu\lambda]} \partial_{[\alpha} B^m_{\beta\gamma]}\nonumber\\
-3[\frac{1}{r_c^2}\frac{e^{-2\sigma}}{\chi^m}
\partial^2_y\chi^m]\eta^{\mu\alpha}\eta^{\nu\beta}B^n_{\mu\nu}B^m_{\alpha\beta})\}]\\
=\int d^4 x
[\sum_n\sum_m \int dy e^{2\sigma}\chi^n\chi^m \{ -2e^{\frac{\sqrt{k}}{M^{3/2}}[\phi^0+\sum_i
b_i(y)\phi^i(x)]}(H^n_{\mu\nu\lambda}{H^m}^{\mu\nu\lambda}+3{m_m^t}^2 B^n_{\mu\nu}{B^m}^{\mu\nu})\}]
\end{eqnarray}
As discussed earlier, the third rank anti-symmetric field strength
$H^n_{\mu\nu\lambda}=\partial_{[\mu}B^n_{\nu\lambda]}$ may be
identified as torsion on our 4D brane,
$$b_i(y)=\frac{e^{2\sigma}J_2(z_i)}{e^{kr_c\pi}J_2(x_i)}$$
 and
$$-\frac{1}{r_c^2}\frac{e^{-2\sigma}}{\chi^m}\partial^2_y\chi^m={m_m^t}^2$$
defines the mass of the $m$th mode of the KR field. This equation is
much like equation (13). In terms of
$z_m^\prime=\frac{m_m^t}{k}e^\sigma$ the equation can be recast in the
form
\begin{equation}
{z_m^\prime}^2\frac{d^2\chi^m}{d{z_m^\prime}^2}+z_m^\prime\frac{d\chi^m}{dz_m^\prime}+{z_m^\prime}^2\chi^m=0
\end{equation}
This is a Bessel equation and solutions of this equation are Bessel
functions of order $0$.
\begin{equation}
\chi^m=\frac{1}{N_m^\prime}[J_0(z_m^\prime)+\alpha_m^\prime Y_0(z_m^\prime)]
\end{equation}
where $J_0(z_m^\prime)$ and $Y_0(z_m^\prime)$ are Bessel and Neumann
functions of order 0 and $\alpha_m^\prime$ and $N_m^\prime$ are two
constants in this case to be determined from the boundary
conditions. The continuity condition for the derivative of $\chi^m$ at
$y=0$ yields
\begin{equation}
\alpha_m^\prime=-\frac{J_0^\prime(\frac{m_m^t}{k})}{Y_0^\prime(\frac{m_m^t}{k})}=-\frac{J_1(\frac{m_m^t}{k})}{Y_1(\frac{m_m^t}{k})}
\end{equation}
Here
$J_0^\prime(\frac{m_m^t}{k})=\frac{d}{dz_m^\prime}J_0(z_m^\prime)|_{y=0}$. Like
the previous section we use the fact that $e^{kr_c\pi}>>1$ and the
mass values $m_m^t$ on the brane are expected to be in the TeV
range $(<<k)$,
\begin{equation}
\alpha_m^\prime=-\frac{\pi}{4}(\frac{m_m^t}{k})^2<<1
\end{equation}
The continuity condition for the derivative of $\chi^m$ at $y=\pi$
determines $m_m^t$ from the roots of the equation
\begin{equation}
J_1 (x_m^\prime) = 0
\end{equation}
where $x_m^\prime=z_m^\prime(\pi) = \frac{m_m^t}{k}e^{kr_c\pi}$. It is
interesting to see that the masses of the excited modes for both the
KR field and dilaton field are governed by the same equation. While
the masses of the higher modes of the dilaton field are the same as
those of the graviton modes, the massive KR fields are scaled by a
factor of $\sqrt3$ from the other two. We enlist the masses of a few
low-lying modes of graviton, dilaton and KR field in table 1.
\begin{center}
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c c c c|}
\hline
n  & 1  & 2  & 3  & 4  \\
\hline
m_n^{grav}~(TeV) & 1.66 & 3.04 & 4.40 & 5.77 \\
\hline
m_n^{dil}~(TeV) & 1.66 & 3.04 & 4.40 & 5.77 \\
\hline
m_n^{KR}~(TeV)  & 2.87 & 5.26 & 7.62 & 9.99 \\
\hline

\end{array}
$$
\end{center}

{\em Table 1: The masses of a few low-lying modes of the graviton, dilaton
   and Kalb-Ramond fields, for $kr_c=12$ and $k=10^{19}$GeV.}

\vspace{0.2cm}

So, as a result of these boundary conditions $\chi^m$ looks like
\begin{equation}
\chi^m=\frac{1}{N_m^\prime}J_0(z_m^\prime)
\end{equation}
where $N_m^\prime$ is yet to be determined. Now we go back to
equation(27) and make a series expansion of the exponential term
\begin{eqnarray}
S_{KR}&=&\int d^4 x\sum_n\sum_m [\int dy e^{2\sigma}\chi^n\chi^m
[1+\frac{\sqrt{k}}{M^{3/2}}\left(\phi^0+\sum_i b_i(y)\phi^i\right)\nonumber\\
&+&\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\sqrt{k}}{M^{3/2}}\right)^2
\left[{\phi^0}+(\sum_i b_i(y)\phi^i)\right]^2+........]
\{ -2(H^n_{\mu\nu\lambda}{H^m}^{\mu\nu\lambda}+3{m_m^t}^2 B^n_{\mu\nu}{B^m}^{\mu\nu})\}
\end{eqnarray}
The first term of the series in the integral represent solely the
lagrangian for the free KR field in 4D. The integral on the extra
dimension, associated with this term, defines the orthogonality
relation for the function $\chi^n$ as,
\begin{equation}
\int dy e^{2\sigma}\chi^n\chi^m=\delta_{mn}
\end{equation}
This is the same as found in ref\cite{ourprl}. The orthogonality
relation determines the normalisation constant $N_m^\prime$ as
\begin{equation}
N_n^\prime=\frac{e^{kr_c\pi}}{\sqrt{kr_c}}J_0(x_n^\prime)
\end{equation}
Using this the final solutions for the massive modes for the KR field
turns out to be
\begin{equation}
\chi^n(z_n^\prime)=\sqrt{kr_c}{e^{-kr_c\pi}}\frac{J_0(z_n^\prime)}{J_0(x_n^\prime)}
\end{equation}
The solution for the massless mode of the KR field can be obtained by
solving the differential equation for $m_m^t =0$. This yields,
\begin{equation}
\chi^0=C_3|y|+C_4
\end{equation}
The condition of self-adjointness implies the solution will be a
constant which can be determined from the normalisation condition as,
\begin{equation}
\chi^0=\sqrt{kr_c}e^{-kr_c\pi}
\end{equation}
This identically matches our solution in ref \cite{ourprl} and thereby
consolidates our claim that due to the presence of this large
exponential suppression factor the KR field is heavily suppressed on
the visible brane and thus makes the torsion imperceptible.

Let us now look back at equation (34). Different terms of the series
exhibit different couplings (trilinear and higher order) between the
KR field and dilaton field. The second term demonstrate a trilinear
coupling of the form $H^2\phi$. The coupling of the massless mode of
the dilaton field with the massless KR mode is suppressed by
$~\frac{1}{M_P}$ (k is taken to be on the order of Planck
scale). However, the trilinear coupling of the form $\phi^0 H^0 H^n$
vanishes due to the orthogonality relation. We have to figure
out the coupling scale of the massive modes of the dilaton field to
the KR field (both for its massive and massless modes). But the
subsequent terms of the series, representing quartic and higher order
coupling between the two fields, are even more heavily suppressed by the
factors of $~\frac{1}{M_P^2}$ or more.  Thus there is hardly any
phenomenological implication of such terms in the context of terrestrial
experiments.

Next, we calculate the coupling of
the massive dilaton fields with the KR fields on the brane. For this,
we use the solutions which we have obtained so far for both the
fields.

From equation (34), the strength of the trilinear coupling between the
$i$th massive mode of the dilaton field and the $n$th and $m$th mode
of the KR field is given by,
\begin{equation}
\frac{\sqrt{k}}{M^{3/2}} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} dy e^{2\sigma} \chi^n\chi^m  b_i(y)
\end{equation}
Using the expression for $b_i(y)$ and the solution for massive mode of
KR field $\chi^n$ as given in equation(37), the above integral becomes,
\begin{equation}
\frac{kr_c}{M_P e^{3kr_c\pi}} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} dy e^{4\sigma}\frac{J_0(z_n^\prime)J_0(z_m^\prime)J_2(z_i)}{J_0(x_n^\prime)J_0(x_m^\prime)J_2(x_i)}
\end{equation}
while the coupling expression for the massive dilaton field with the massless KR field is
\begin{equation}
\frac{kr_c}{M_P e^{3kr_c\pi}} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} dy e^{4\sigma}\frac{J_2(z_i)}{J_2(x_i)}
\end{equation}
We compute the integrals numerically taking $kr_c=12$ and considering
the mass of different modes of the fields from table 1. The couplings
for the all the massive fields turn out to be $0.99\times 10^{-3}$
GeV$^{-1}$ while the coupling for the massive dilaton with massless KR
is $7.51\times 10^{-3}$ GeV$^{-1}$. Thus the interaction strength is
suppressed by TeV$^{-1}$ and the lowest lying mass modes are also in
the TeV scale. This yields the rather interesting possibility: the KR zero mode,
which is shown to have extreme suppresed coupling with all matter fields,
can now be produced in TeV-scale hadron collider experiments through
the Drell-Yan process mediated by massive dilaton modes. Since the
interaction with gluons or quark-antiquark pairs are now suppressed
by only the TeV-scale, such production may have significant rates
for sufficient integrated luminosity, and may show up in final
states with missing transverse energy with some accompanying tagged
jets. In addition, massive KR modes, too, can in principle be
pair-produced, leading to final states that may look akin to those
from graviton pairs, but may differ in angular distributions etc.
due to the characteristic Lorenz structure of the interactions
involved. Thus dilaton mediation proves to be of interest, so far
as the experinmental signatures of the KR tower are concerned.

\section{Conclusions}
Extending our earlier work \cite{ourprl}, we have considered the full
bosonic sector of the low energy effective string action comprising of
bulk dilaton, KR and gravity embedded in a five dimensional RS
scenario, and have shown that the heavily suppressed nature of torsion
on our visible brane is unaffected by its non-trivial coupling with
the dilaton inside the bulk. This explanation of the torsion-free
nature of our space-time originates in the warped braneworld model
proposed by Randall and Sundrum.

We have also shown that such an warped extra dimensional model
indicates the presence of new interactions between the Kaluza Klein
modes of the dilaton and KR field which may be of significant
phenomenological importance.  The compactification of the fifth
dimension gives rise to a spectrum of Kaluza Klein modes for all the
fields including gravity. It is interesting to notice that the
condition that determines the masses of the different Kaluza Klein
modes of all the three fields are same, which eventually identifies
the same mass for different modes for graviton and dilaton while the
massive KR spectrum is scaled by a factor of $\sqrt{3}$ with respect
to the others[see table 1]. It is shown that the trilinear coupling
between dilaton and KR field are of the order of TeV$^{-1}$ and hence
can lead to detectable signals in TeV scale accelerator
experiments. The other higher order (quartic and so on) couplings are
again very highly suppressed $(~{\cal{O}}(\frac{1}{M_P^2}))$ and won't
have a visible impact.

\section{Acknowledgement}
We thank Ashoke Sen for helpful comments. SS acknowledges
the financial support provided by the University Grants' Commission
under Dr. D.S. Kothari fellowship scheme. The work of BM
was partially supported by funding available
from the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, for the
Regional Centre for Accelerator-based Particle Physics,
Harish-Chandra Research Institute.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Review of the Formaldehyde Assessment in the National Toxicology Program 12th Report on Carcinogens
Project Scope:
A committee of the National Research Council will conduct a scientific peer review of the formaldehyde assessment presented in the National Toxicology Program (NTP) 12th Report on Carcinogens (RoC). The committee will identify and evaluate relevant, publicly available, peer-reviewed literature, with particular emphasis on literature published as of June 10, 2011, the release date of the 12th RoC. The committee will document its decisions for inclusion or exclusion of literature from its evaluation and will identify the set of information deemed most critical to the evaluation. The committee will apply independently the NTP's established RoC listing criteria to the scientific evidence from studies in humans, experimental animals, and other studies relevant to mechanisms of carcinogenesis and make independent level-of-evidence determinations with respect to the human and animal studies. The committee will integrate the level-of-evidence conclusions, and considering all relevant information in accordance with the RoC listing criteria, make an independent listing recommendation for formaldehyde and provide scientific justification for its recommendation.
Note: The NRC has an agreement with the Department of Health and Human Services to undertake a scientific peer review of the determinations concerning formaldehyde and styrene in the National Toxicology Program's 12th Report on Carcinogens (RoC). The expert committees appointed by the Academy for this assignment will follow standard Academy practices in carrying out their independent scientific reviews, which may include consideration of any and all issues that the committees and the Academy decide are necessary to carry out credible, independent, scientific evaluations of the two determinations, potentially including the criteria for the determinations. The statements of task for these two peer reviews were recently modified to make it clear that the NRC's assignment does not also include a separate review of the National Toxicology Program's listing criteria.
PIN: DELS-BEST-12-04
Project Duration (months): 24 month(s)
RSO: Murray-Smith, Heidi
Division(s):
Division on Earth and Life Studies
Board(s)/Committee(s):
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
Environment and Environmental Studies
Geographic Focus:
Committee Post Date: 01/10/2013
Alfred O. Berg - (Chair)
Alfred O. Berg (Chair) is a professor in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Washington. His research interests are centered around evidence-based research and policy in family medicine, including the development and use of clinical practice guidelines as practice and teaching tools. Dr. Berg has served on many national expert panels using evidence-based methods to guide practice and policy, including chair of the United States Preventive Services Task Force, co-chair of the Otitis Media Panel convened by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, chair of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines Panel, and member of the American Medical Association/CDC panel producing Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services. He currently chairs the CDC Panel on Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference on Family History and Improving Health. Dr. Berg is a member of the Institute of Medicine and has served as a member and chair of several National Academies committees. He is currently a member of the Committee on Governance and Financing of Graduate Medical Education and the Committee on the Assessment of Studies of Health Outcomes Related to the Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule. Dr. Berg earned an MD from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.
John C. Bailar, III
John C. Bailar III is an emeritus professor of the University of Chicago. His research interests have included trends in cancer, assessing health risks, such as the risks of new chemicals, and misconduct in science. His areas of expertise include statistics, biostatistics, epidemiology, and environmental and occupational hazards. Dr. Bailar worked at the National Cancer Institute for 22 years, and he has held academic appointments at Harvard University, McGill University, and the University of Chicago. For 11 years, he was the statistical consultant and a member of the editorial board for The New England Journal of Medicine. He was a MacArthur Fellow from 1990 to 1995, and was elected to both the Institute of Medicine and the International Statistical Institute. Dr. Bailar has served as a member and as chair of many National Academies committees. His most recent committee work has included participation in the Committee on the Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities – Phase I and the Committee to Review Possible Toxic Effects from Past Environmental Containment at Fort Detrick. Dr. Bailar earned an MD from Yale and a PhD in statistics from American University.
A. Jay Gandolfi
A. Jay Gandolfi recently completed a position as Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies at the University of Arizona and is now a professor emeritus. His research interests include the molecular and cellular mechanisms of toxicity. His most recent studies have concentrated on the use of in vitro systems to evaluate cell specific injury, including the effects of low-level metal exposure on cell signaling and gene expression and the development of in vitro models to reflect in vivo toxicity. Tissues of interest are the liver, kidney, bladder, and prostate. Dr. Gandolfi earned a PhD in biochemistry and biophysics at Oregon State University.
David Kriebel
David Kriebel is a professor and chair of the Department of Work Environment at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell. He is also co-director of the Lowell Center for Sustainable Production. Dr. Kriebel's research focuses on the epidemiology of occupational injuries, cancer, and non-malignant respiratory disease. He has published on various aspects of epidemiologic methods, particularly on the use of quantitative exposure data in epidemiology. He has been active in developing dosimetric models to better understand the effects of aerosols on the lungs. He teaches introductory and advanced courses in epidemiology, risk assessment, and research synthesis. Dr. Kriebel has served on several National Academies committees, including the Committee on Beryllium Alloy Exposures and the Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides. Dr. Kriebel received an ScD in epidemiology from Harvard School of Public Health.
John B. Morris
John B. Morris is the Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor, a professor of pharmacology and toxicology, and Assistant Dean for Research in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy. His research focuses on toxicity of inhaled irritant vapors, irritants and asthma, regional uptake and metabolism of inspired vapors, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, and risk assessment. Dr. Morris has served on the editorial boards for Toxicological Sciences and Inhalation Toxicology and on advisory panels for the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the Department of Energy. He has also served as a member of the National Research Council Committee on Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants. Dr. Morris earned a PhD in toxicology from the University of Rochester.
Kent E. Pinkerton
Kent E. Pinkerton is a professor in the Department of Pediatrics in the School of Medicine and the Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California, Davis. He also serves as director of the university's Center for Health and the Environment. His research interests focus on the health effects of environmental air pollutants on lung structure and function, the interaction of gases and airborne particles within specific sites and cell populations of the lungs in acute and chronic lung injury, and the effects of environmental tobacco smoke on lung growth and development. Dr. Pinkerton has served as a member of the National Research Council Committee on Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction Benefits from Decreasing Tropospheric Ozone Exposure and the Committee for Review of the Army's Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Project Report. Dr. Pinkerton received a PhD in pathology from Duke University.
Ivan Rusyn
Ivan Rusyn is a professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering in the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill. He directs the Laboratory of Environmental Genomics and the Carolina Center for Computational Toxicology in the Gillings School of Global Public Health at UNC-Chapel Hill. He is a member of the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, the Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, and the Carolina Center for Genome Sciences. Dr. Rusyn's laboratory focuses on the mechanisms of action of environmental toxicants, the genetic determinants of the susceptibility to toxicant-induced injury, and computational toxicology. He has served on several National Research Council committees and is currently a member of the Committee on Use of Emerging Science for Environmental Health Decisions and the Committee on Toxicology. Dr. Rusyn received his MD from Ukrainian State Medical University in Kiev and his PhD in toxicology from UNC-Chapel Hill.
Toshihiro Shioda
Massachusetts General Hospital Cander Center
Toshihiro Shioda is an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and director of the Molecular Profiling Laboratory at Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center. Dr. Shioda's research focuses on the way in which toxic substances in the environment affect the regulation of gene function in the mammalian cells, including stem cells and germ cells. That work has included the use of cutting-edge technologies of genome analysis to determine how environmental endocrine disruptors and other toxins act at the molecular level to disrupt genetic and epigenetic programming in human and mouse cells in live bodies and cell cultures. His laboratory is also exploring the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer resistance to certain anti-estrogen therapies. Dr. Shioda received his MD license in Japan and earned a PhD in biochemistry from Hiroshima University Graduate School of Medicine.
Thomas J. Smith
Thomas J. Smith is a professor emeritus at the Harvard School of Public Health. His research interests are in the characterization of environmental and occupational exposures for studies of health effects and the investigation of the relationship between environmental exposure and internal dose. He has developed a toxicokinetic modeling approach for designing exposure evaluations for epidemiologic studies. He is currently using the approach in a cohort study of lung cancer mortality in the United States trucking industry where workers are exposed to diesel exhaust. Dr. Smith is also involved in an exposure study of human metabolism of 1,3-butadiene. He has served as a member of the National Research Council Committee on Human Health Risks of Trichloroethylene and the Panel on Monitoring and the Institute of Medicine Committee on the Assessment of Wartime Exposure to Herbicides in Vietnam. Dr. Smith received a PhD in chemistry and environmental health from the University of Minnesota.
Meir Wetzler
Meir Wetzler is chief of the Division of Leukemia in the Department of Medicine at Roswell Park Cancer Institute, professor of medicine in the School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in the State University of New York at Buffalo, and assistant research professor in the Department of Immunology in the Roswell Park Graduate Division State University of New York at Buffalo. Dr. Wetzler's research interests focus on the role of signal transducer and activation of transcription in leukemogenesis; the cellular and humoral immune response to leukemic-associated antigens; and cytogenetics in acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Dr. Wetzler earned an MD from the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
Lauren Zeise
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency
Lauren Zeise is Deputy Director for Scientific Affairs for the California Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). Dr. Zeise oversees the department's scientific activities, which include the development of risk assessments, hazard evaluations, toxicity reviews, cumulative impacts analyses, frameworks and methodologies for assessing toxicity and cumulative impact, and the department's activities in the California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring Program. Dr. Zeise was the 2008 recipient of the Society of Risk Analysis's Outstanding Practitioners Award. She has served on advisory boards and committees of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Office of Technology Assessment, the World Health Organization, and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Dr. Zeise has served on numerous National Research Council and Institute of Medicine committees. She is currently a member of the Committee on Use of Emerging Science for Environmental Health Decisions and the Committee on Sustainability Linkages in the Federal Government. Dr. Zeise received a PhD in environmental sciences from Harvard University.
Patrick A. Zweidler-McKay
The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Ctr
Patrick Zweidler-McKay is Section Chief for Pediatric Leukemia and Lymphoma and an associate professor in the Division of Pediatrics at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. His interests are in developing targeted therapies for children with leukemias and neuroblastoma and his research laboratory is directed at understanding the critical pathways that contribute to leukemia and neuroblastoma. Clinically, he specializes in treating children with particularly difficult or relapsed forms of leukemia and lymphoma, such as infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Dr. Zweidler-McKay has previously served as a member of the National Research Committee to Review the Draft IRIS Assessment on Formaldehyde. Dr. Zweidler-McKay earned a PhD in molecular biology and genetics and an MD from Temple University.
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text:
The Social Science Research Council
Essays | October 7, 2013
Social Protest, an African Perennial
By Ernest Harsch
"Y en a Marre" protests in Paris, Sept 2011
Source: Gwenaël Piaser via Flickr
Early one morning in March 2013, residents of Bujagali in eastern Uganda, upset by the deplorable state of the road through their village blocked it with logs and large stones. The protesters expressed anger that President Yoweri Museveni had not kept a promise to pave the road, which becomes virtually impassable during heavy rains and throws up dust clouds in dry weather. Although the residents seemed determined to keep the road closed—some youths jokingly planted banana suckers and maize across it—riot police eventually came from nearby Jinja, arrested several demonstrators, and dispersed the remainder.[1]
A few months later, and some 4,500 kilometers across the continent in Nigeria, women traders in an Onitsha marketplace launched a tax strike against a new fee of 3,000 naira imposed by the Anambra state government. The strikers were familiar with the history of popular protest in Nigeria, noting that market taxes had been a central cause of the 1929 Aba Women's Riot. When security forces shut down the marketplace in retaliation, the women barricaded a main road, marched on the state legislature, and threatened to demonstrate naked in front of state government offices if the tax was not lifted.
These were just two of thousands of protests held across Africa this year. Whether in the form of strikes, marches, rallies, sit-ins, boycotts, or unorganized outbursts of violence, Africans have taken to the streets in large numbers to voice diverse social and political grievances.
In early 2011, in the immediate wake of the Arab Spring revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt, some African analysts wondered why people south of the Sahara were not similarly revolting, since conditions in many sub-Saharan countries are comparably bad, if not worse.[2] Their assumption that the North African example should easily spread southward—if not for ethnic fragmentation, political passivity, or other factors—failed to take into account the complex conditions that historically give rise to large-scale popular mobilizations. It also ignored how people's movements in North and sub-Saharan Africa have in fact inspired each other over the decades.[3] And by adopting a rather narrow focus on only explicitly political actions aimed at toppling sitting governments, such a view tended to discount the significance of protests focused on immediate social and economic concerns.
A Turbulent Continent
True revolutions may be few and far between. But that does not mean that Africans have been passive in the face of the serious difficulties they face. While Africa's elites have many ways to influence policy—bankrolling favorite candidates and parties, evading unwelcome taxes and regulations, subverting state institutions through corruption and bribery—the poor must often resort to one of the few sources of power available to them: public protest. In most African countries, accurate and accessible data on protest activities are scarce. Researchers usually are obliged to rely on media reports, which by their nature are partial, inconsistent, and vary greatly by country (depending on the extent of press freedoms and the capacity of the given media). Such sources, despite their limitations, can nevertheless be quite illuminating. Simple searches on just a few keywords ("protest," "strike," "riot") on the website allAfrica.com, for example, found well over 3,000 reports of protest events in Africa during the first seven months of 2013 alone—even excluding the exceptional cases of Egypt and Tunisia.
Beyond the sheer numbers of reports, their geographical breadth is notable. With only a half dozen or so exceptions, every African country has experienced some form of public protest, even in highly repressive states where demonstrators readily face violent police or military reactions (such as Angola, Chad, Ethiopia, Gambia, Sudan, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe).
Across the continent, Egypt and Tunisia stand out. The overthrow of long-entrenched authoritarian governments in early 2011 lifted the lid on popular protest—although the recent bloodshed in Egypt may well dampen citizens' continued willingness to hit the streets. The Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights recorded 3,817 separate protest acts in 2012. Another group, the International Development Center in Cairo, reported 1,354 protests in just the month of March 2013, an average of 44 per day. In Tunisia, the Ministry of the Interior recorded 12,270 protests in that country during the first eleven months of 2012.[4]
In the rest of Africa, a few countries are notable for frequent demonstrations and strikes. Kenya and Nigeria, both of which have plentiful and active civil society groups and relatively free medias, yield reports of scores of incidents each month. If police tallies were available, they might well give much higher numbers. For example, the Ministry of the Interior in Senegal—which has a much smaller population—registered 3,295 demonstrations in 2011.[5] The South African police, who diligently record such data, reported an annual average of 9,300 "crowd management incidents" there between 2004/05 and 2011/12, a category that included mostly protests but also some sporting events.[6]
Once sporadic occurrences, protests have become more common in Africa in recent years. Except in a few countries, it may still be premature to talk of the emergence of African "movement societies."[7] But it is nevertheless evident that active dissent is no longer stigmatized—or so easily repressed—and that public tolerance for disruptive protest has been spreading.
Social Grievances at the Fore
Most often, it is explicitly political protests that make headlines, especially when they include some violence. And with Africa still beset by so many flawed governing systems, overt political unrest remains a prominent feature. During the first half of this year, deadly election-related clashes repeatedly broke out in Guinea and Togo. Local residents and demonstrators clashed with riot police in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, and other countries. Political activists staged dramatic "Occupy Parliament" protests against legislators' high salaries in Kenya. Western Sahara residents—often led by women—mounted some of the largest and most sustained demonstrations for independence since Morocco occupied the territory in 1975.
Yet overall, the bulk of protest activity in Africa (as elsewhere in the world) has focused on social and economic grievances, much of it carried out by particular sectors of the population or for very specific demands. Like youths in general, students often strike or demonstrate, sometimes over major political issues affecting society as a whole, but frequently over immediate complaints particular to their institutions, as they have recently in Burkina Faso, Gabon, Gambia, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.
Labor actions have been most common across the continent. During the first half of 2013, teachers struck in Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Kenya, Liberia, Namibia, Nigeria, and Senegal; doctors, nurses, and other health workers in Burkina Faso, the DRC, Kenya, and Mozambique; transport workers in Cameroon, the DRC, Nigeria, Morocco, and South Africa; miners in Liberia, Niger, and Zimbabwe; and oil workers in Gabon, Nigeria, and Mauritania. Municipal workers walked off their jobs in Senegal and farm workers struck in Kenya and South Africa. In August, some 30,000 workers went on strike against major auto manufacturers across South Africa. Such labor actions have often been called by trade unions, pointing to the importance of organization for successful mobilization. Their frequency also belies notions among some scholars of "new social movements" that working-class action has been largely superseded.[8]
Protests have occurred over a wide range of other issues as well. Government moves to lift food price subsidies prompted an upsurge of labor, student, and broader citizen protest in Zambia. Merchants shut their markets in Uganda. Women marched against rape in Nigeria. Bakers struck in Senegal. Residents staged protests against electricity outages in Guinea and Madagascar and poor refuse collection in Nigeria and South Africa. Deaf people demonstrated in Kenya to demand better services. In June, youths led violent protests in Ashaiman, near the Ghanaian industrial city of Tema, to protest government neglect. In Tanzania's southeastern region of Mtwara, residents rose up over plans for a gas pipeline that promised few benefits for local residents.
Political Connotations
It is often not easy—or useful—to categorize a given protest as simply "political" or "social." Based on the predominant demands or nature of the organizations leading them, some may lean more in one direction than the other. But some can reflect multiple demands and motivations. Take, for example, the large demonstrations in Burkina Faso on July 20. Many thousands of trade unionists, civil society activists, and other citizens marched through the capital and other cities to protest high prices, low wages, poor health and education services, corruption, and numerous other maladies. But like the political opposition parties, which had demonstrated separately against creation of a controversial and costly 89-member Senate, the unionists' also called on the authorities to scrap the new institution and use the funds for social needs instead. "One midwife is worth more than 89 senators," chanted the marchers.[9]
Given the weakness of African state institutions and the multitude of social networks, noted the editors of a collection of research papers on social movements in Africa, African movements frequently exhibit a "rather hybrid nature" when viewed through the categories of conventional social science. "They often display social, political and religious characteristics that overlap one another."[10]
Some activists try to maintain distinctions, however. The unionists in Burkina Faso denied that their demonstrations were political, meaning they were not organized by the opposition parties, which they distrust to some extent. Most often, activists worry that explicitly political alliances or demands may invite repression or make it less likely the authorities will concede their demands.
Whether openly political or not, most protests, even those for seemingly modest reforms or concessions, have political implications. In Africa's more repressive states, any protest can implicitly challenge rulers' authority. Even in Africa's more democratic systems, popular agitation around day-to-day grievances can highlight the limits of government performance or the wide gaps in social and political power between ruling elites and ordinary citizens.
Widespread social and economic unrest can influence the tenor and tempo of overt political life. It may encourage political challengers to step up their opposition activities and sap the resolve of a regime's supporters. From time to time, seemingly "non-political" protest may converge with mounting political opposition to yield genuinely revolutionary occurrences. In sub-Saharan Africa, the anti-austerity protests of the 1970s and 1980s laid the groundwork for the massive pro-democracy movements that shook dozens of countries in the early 1990s. In North Africa, the Arab Spring was preceded by years of labor and other social agitation, most notably in Egypt and Tunisia.[11]
And when a seemingly significant political turnover does take place, the persistence of social protests after that change can point to uncompleted agendas, especially for poor people who may experience little improvement in their daily lives. In Senegal, the popular "Y'en a marre" youth movement is credited with helping initiate a massive citizens' insurgency on June 23, 2011, which blocked President Abdoulaye Wade from subverting the constitution and contributed to his electoral defeat some months later. This year, on the second anniversary of that event, Fadel Barro, a leader of "Y'en a marre," noted that under the new government of Macky Sall unemployment, high prices, and illegal land acquisitions continue to afflict Senegal's youth, contributing to ongoing unrest. For a clear break with the past, Barro said, "we are still waiting."[12]
[1] New Vision (Kampala), March 26, 2013, and The Observer (Kampala), March 28, 2013.
[2] See, for example: Charles Onyango-Obbo, "The Revolution in Black Africa Won't Be Played Out in the Streets," and Fredrick Golooba-Mutebi, "As the Arabs Rise Up and Conquer Fear, Black Africa Looks On in Gloomy Envy," both in the East African, February 14, 2011.
[3] Ernest Harsch, "An African Spring in the Making: Protest and Voice Across a Continent," Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter/Spring 2012, pp. 45-61.
[4] La Presse (Tunis), January 14, 2013.
[5] Le Soleil (Dakar), February 17, 2012.
[6] Peter Alexander, "Protests and Police Statistics: Some Commentary," paper, University of Johannesburg, March 2012, and Peter Alexander, "A Massive Rebellion of the Poor," Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg), April 13, 2013.
[7] David Meyer and Sidney Tarrow (eds.), Towards a Movement Society? Contentious Politics for a New Century, Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998.
[8] Such as Jean Cohen, Alain Touraine, and Alberto Melucci. For a critical review, see Steven M. Buechler, "New Social Movement Theories," Sociological Forum, Vol. 36, No. 3, Summer 1995, pp. 441-464.
[9] L'Evènement (Ouagadougou), No. 260, July 25, 2013.
[10] Stephen Ellis and Ineke van Kessel, "Introduction: African Social Movements or Social Movements in Africa?", in Ellis and van Kessel (eds.), Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa, Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2009, p. 4.
[11] On the role of economic and climatic "stressors" in contributing to North Africa's political upheavals, see: Caitlan E. Werrell and Francesco Femia (eds.), The Arab Spring and Climate Change: A Climate and Security Correlations Series, Washington, DC: Stimson, Center for American Progress, and the Center for Climate and Security, 2013. Available at: http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/report/2013/02/28/54579/the-arab-spring-and-climate-change/
[12] Le Soleil (Dakar), June 22-23, 2013.
Tags: African Spring, Arab Spring, civil society, legitimacy, political protest, popular mobilization, protest, Senegal
One Response to "Social Protest, an African Perennial"
david seddon June 29, 2015
The Review of African Political Economy will shortly (August 2015) be going live with a new website which will include, among other things, project on particular topics. The first of these will be on 'popular protest, social movements and class struggle'. This will be coordinated by David Seddon. The first issue or output of the project on 'A New Era of Crises?' will include a reference to this excellent article by Ernest Harsch.
Leave a Reply to david seddon
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We use different types of rates to help fund our activities. There are five rates (general, transport, economic development, stadium and river management) that apply to the whole region. Other rates apply to specific areas within the region.
the current rateable capital value of each city or district.
Greater Wellington's general rates requirement is reduced by revenue generated from investment and treasury activities.
General rates are apportioned across the whole region on an equalised capital value basis and then set according to the current rateable capital value of each city or district. Greater Wellington does not charge general rates on a differential basis, nor does it levy a Uniform Annual General Charge.
This rate funds our expenditure for the region's public transport services, transport infrastructure and transport planning activities.
This rate funds local community contributions to river maintenance and flood protection improvements.
This rate meets the annual cost of servicing and repaying the loan raised to fund our contribution to the Wellington Regional Stadium Trust.
This rate funds the region's economic development agency Grow Wellington Limited.
This rate applies to ratepayers who use Greater Wellington's assistance to get insulation or clean heat installed at their home.
These rates are set on a uniform land area basis on properties where rateable land is 4 hectares or more and in areas where there are current vector control programmes.
These rates are set on a uniform land area basis on properties where rateable land is 4 hectares or more.
These rates are set on specific properties within some thirty river management, catchment and drainage schemes within the Wairarapa Constituency. These schemes fund the local community contributions to river maintenance, flood protection and land management activities within these areas.


Signed in pencil lower left above the Boat seal. Seals of the carver, Kentaro Maeda, and printer, Fusakichi Ogawa, lower right margin. Published: 3 June 1939. Numbered 172/250 together with red circular collector's seal on the reverse. Slight toning to reverse, otherwise very, very good condition."