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Installing Thunderheader's 2-into-1 on a 2018 Road King
March 22, 2019 by Staff
Install • By Wendell Christopher
There are three sensations that define baggers: visual, audio, and performance. With that in mind, there are very few products that will enhance all three. But in that elite group there are some standouts, one of which is the Thunderheader exhaust system. Over the years Thunderheader has earned a well-deserved reputation. Many a Twin Cam-powered bagger stormed into the real riding world with a set of Thunderheader pipes. That ticket is now available for riders of Harley's Milwaukee-Eight-powered baggers.
Harley really improved the handling on its 2014 bagger models. Then in 2017 with the addition of the new 107″ Milwaukee-Eight motor, H-D gave a ton more resources to build on. But as usual with a mass-produced motorcycle, there are a few performance drawbacks. In its new bikes H-D started with the factory exhaust system; its 2-into-1-into-2 system doesn't really allow these 107″ and larger motors to develop their complete potential. Accompanying the incomplete power package is a system lacking a strong, high-quality sound.
Nary a new Harley slips by the crew at Thunderheader, and the M-8 -equipped baggers didn't escape they orbit. Thunderheader developed a true 2-into-1 high-performance exhaust system that lets all of the Milwaukee-Eight's inches breathe. But wait. When you say breathe, you're talking about an exhaust system, not an air filter or throttle body. I know, but an internal combustion motor's breathing starts by filling an empty combustion chamber, and it requires an exhaust system that really empties the motor's combustion chamber of all of its burned gases. If the introduction of the Milwaukee-Eight motor lit the proverbial match under H-D's baggers, now Thunderheader's new 2-into-1 exhaust system is fanning those flames into a firestorm of power and sound.
I installed Thunderheader's 2-into-1 exhaust systems on several hot Harleys, and they all performed very well. The Thunderheader design features an expansion chamber type of muffler that produces suction inside the exhaust system's headpipe. This actually pulls the spent exhaust gasses out of the motor's exhaust ports and down the pipes until they reach the reverse cone at the muffler's exit end. Because the new Milwaukee-Eight motor has a different exhaust port layout, Thunderheader had to design a completely new system. The system incorporates new, larger diameter headpipes, a higher capacity expansion chamber type of muffler, and new heat shields. The muffler's inlet is a larger diameter and the muffler has greater capacity. A very cool feature is that the headpipes' cylinder head-mounting flanges do not use snap rings to secure them to the pipes' inlets; they are secured with steel collars, which are welded to the end of the headpipe. For bagger riders that wish to have a left-side exhaust system that balances the bike's side-to-side appearance, Thunderheader offers a false left-side pipe and muffler system, which includes a partial pipe, an empty muffler, and their mounting brackets. For this article, we ordered Thunderheader's black system and matching left-side false system, part number 1075XFB, MSRP $575.
Installing the Thunderheader wasn't a hard job, but because I stopped the technicians, Memphis and Lucas, to snap pictures, it took about four hours. The system's three shipping boxes not only contained the pipes and mufflers, but every nut, bolt, and bracket that was needed; the instructions were also complete. The install only required hand tools. Not a hole was drilled nor a piece of the bike modified to fit the pipes. There are only three joints in the Thunderheader system, two between the headpipes' inlet and the exhaust outlets in the motor's cylinder heads and one at the end of the headpipe. The headpipe is made from two seamless tube sections that are welded together at the front of the muffler. Each of the three form-fitting heat shields was an exact fit. The hardware kit included two brackets to support the system. One of the system's big features is the bracket that mounts to the transmission; Thunderheader also included new clamps for the heat shields. The elimination of the two snap rings for flanges at the cylinder head exhaust port is well done. Installing the false left-side pipe and muffler was a no-brainer.
Complemented with a free-breathing Screamin' Eagle air filter, the completed exhaust worked great. The 2018 Road King now has fantastic sound quality, much deeper and mellower than the factory pipes. But the real deal was the bike's overall performance improvement; it was like a brand-new day in a more powerful world. The Thunderheader is also a great visual complement to what I think is one of Harley's best looking and performing bikes. This is not the end of our Milwaukee-Eight's performance road, but the opening to a new and much wider four-lane highway.
Sources: Thunderheader, Black 2-into-1 system
#1073XB, $1,364 Matching left-side false system, #1075XFB, $575 Thunderheader.net
For step-by-step instructions and to read the full install story, pick up Issue 119 of Garage Build RIGHT NOW at GreaseRag.com.
Subscribe to Garage Build for premium all-tech and DIY content just like this for less than the price of an oil change.
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Smashwords – Books Tagged "neutral buoyancy"
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A science fiction short story, where an ambassador from the federation of Planets is gathering data so as to establish the most effective trading method with the natives, but suddenly finds himself in deep trouble.


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The Harbour Town Golf Links course can be considered as quite short by today's standards of golf, but it requires shots that are perfectly positioned, arrow-straight accuracy, and consistency from the player. In fact, many of the holes are shorter than average, so many players usually find themselves relying on their wedges to shoot low scores. The signature hole on the golf course is the eighteenth hole which is a challenging 478 yard par 4. Most players will aim their tee shot at the famous red-and-white lighthouse beyond the course, however out of bounds lurks along the right and the sound captures any ball hit too far to the left.


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Die so genannte Apfelträgergarde war das Gardekorps der Großkönige des Altpersischen Reichs (Achämenidenreich). Bei den Persern war diese infanteristische Einheit unter der schlichten Bezeichnung "Lanzenträger" (altpersisch: arštibara, altgriechisch: αἰχμοφόροι oder δορυϕόροι) bekannt, während die Bezeichnung "Apfelträger" (μηλοϕόροι / mēlophóroi) aus der griechischen Geschichtsschreibung stammt und von den vergoldeten Füßen der von den Gardisten getragenen Lanzen abgeleitet ist, welche die Form eines Apfels (μηλο) besaßen, wobei in diesem Sinne Granatäpfel zu verstehen sind.

Geschichte

Erstmals unter Hinweis auf die Beschaffenheit ihrer Lanzenfüße werden die Apfelträger in den Historien des Herodot erwähnt, als Bestandteil der Streitmacht des Großkönigs Xerxes I. anlässlich der Invasion Griechenlands im Jahr  480 v. Chr. Allerdings dürfte die Einheit noch älteren Ursprungs sein, denn schon Kyros II. hatte über eine Gardetruppe verfügt, in der später unter anderem Dareios I. dem Großkönig Kambyses II. bei dessen Ägyptenfeldzug als Lanzenträger diente. Das Korps hatte eine Mannstärke von 1.000, die aus den tapfersten Söhnen der persischen Adelskaste rekrutiert wurden. Im Frieden diente es als Leib- und Palastwache und im Krieg umringte es auf dem Schlachtfeld den auf seinem Streitwagen stehenden Großkönig. Innerhalb der Marschordnung marschierten die Apfelträger offenbar in zwei Formationen zu je 500 Mann jeweils vor und hinter dem Streitwagen des Großkönigs, wobei die in der Front marschierende Formation die Spitzen ihrer Lanzen zu Boden gesenkt hielt. Entgegen der älteren Lehrmeinung werden die Apfelträger in jüngeren Untersuchungen nicht mehr als Bestandteil des 10.000-Mann-Heers der "Unsterblichen", sondern als separate Einheit betrachtet, da die Unsterblichen als das regulär stehende Heer vornehmlich aus Kriegern einfacher Herkunft aus den Ethnien der Perser, Meder und Elamiten zusammengesetzt wurden, während das Gardekorps einzig dem persischen Adel vorbehalten war. In dieser Begünstigung manifestierte sich in der Garde der Vorrang der persischen Herrscherkaste gegenüber derjenigen der von den Großkönigen zuvor unterworfenen Völker. Zugleich konnte der Großkönig damit die Elite seines Stammes in einem Loyalitätsverhältnis an sich binden.

Entsprechend ihrer Mannstärke wurden die Apfelträger von einem "Tausendschaftführer" (altpersisch: hazarapatiš, altgriechisch: chiliarchos) kommandiert, der aufgrund der herausragenden Bedeutung dieser Einheit von den Großkönigen stets aus Personen des engsten persönlichen Vertrauens ausgewählt wurde. Wegen ihrer herausgehobenen Stellung in der Heeresordnung hat das Kommando über die Garde im weiteren geschichtlichen Verlauf einen Bedeutungswandel erfahren. Die Tausendschaftführer hatten neben der Schutzfunktion für den Großkönig zunehmend auch Aufgaben in der Palast- und Staatsverwaltung überantwortet bekommen, bis ihre Stellung der eines Wesirs entsprach, der als "zweiter Mann im Staat" gelegentlich die Regentschaft über das Reich übernehmen konnte. Besondere Bekanntheit erlangte dabei die Chiliarchen Artabanos († 464 v. Chr.) und Bagoas († 336 v. Chr.), die durch die Ermordung dreier Großkönige die Staatsführung an sich bringen konnten. Dabei erweiterte sich auch der militärische Aufgabenbereich des Chiliarchen, der unter den letzten Achämeniden auch andere Truppenteile, wie z. B. die Kavallerie in der Schlacht bei Issos (333 v. Chr.), ins Feld führen konnte.

Das persische Gardekorps selbst tritt erst in der Schlacht von Gaugamela (331 v. Chr.) gegen Alexander den Großen wieder namentlich in Erscheinung, wenngleich seine Anwesenheit auch bei Issos wahrscheinlich ist. Auch von Arrian und Diodor werden die Gardisten dabei mit ihrem Spitznamen "Apfelträger" bezeichnet. Zusammen mit dem Großkönig flohen sie nach der verlorenen Schlacht in die Persis. Welche Rolle sie bei dessen Ermordung spielten, in die der Chiliarch Nabarzanes verwickelt war, ist nicht bekannt. Im Zuge einer Orientalisierung seiner Verwaltungs- und Heeresstrukturen hatte Alexander nach der Ergreifung des Bessos 329 v. Chr. die Apfelträgergarde in sein Heer integriert und ihr die Angehörigen des höchsten persischen Adels zugeteilt, darunter auch Oxyathres, ein Bruder Dareios' III. Das Hofamt des Chiliarchen wurde nun an Hephaistion übertragen, wobei allerdings unklar bleibt ob dieser auch das Kommando über die Apfelträger übernommen hat, da dessen militärisches Kommando bis zu seinem Tod 324 v. Chr. eine Hipparchie der makedonischen Hetairenreiterei war. Arrian berichtet lediglich, dass die Apfelträger in die Bataillone (taxei) der Makedonen integriert wurden, aber auch hiernach bildeten sie einen eigenen Truppenteil. Letztlich bleibt die Kommandostruktur der Garde unter Alexander damit im Unklaren.

Als Alexander im Frühjahr 324 v. Chr. in Opis zehntausend seiner makedonischen Veteranen entlassen hatte, wurden diese durch persische Krieger gleicher Anzahl ersetzt, wobei es sich wahrscheinlich um "Unsterbliche" gehandelt hat. Dabei werden die Apfelträger erneut als separater Bestandteil des alexandrinischen Heeres erwähnt. Sie ergänzten fortan die makedonische Garde (agēma) der Schildträger (hypaspistes) und bildeten mit 500 in purpurnen und apfelgrünen oder weißen Roben gekleideten Soldaten den äußersten Ring um den Thron in Alexanders großem Audienzzelt. Neben den makedonischen Gardisten marschierend eskortierten die Apfelträger 321 v. Chr. Alexanders Leichenzug aus Babylon hinaus, der dann nach Ägypten umgeleitet wurde. Dies ist zugleich ihre letzte Erwähnung.

Bekannte Gardekommandanten (Chiliarchen) waren:

 Gobryas unter Dareios I.
 Atabarnos unter Xerxes I. und Artaxerxes I.
 Menostanes unter Sogdianos
 Tithraustes unter Artaxerxes II.
 Bagoas unter Artaxerxes III., Arses und Dareios III.
 Nabarzanes unter Dareios III.

Literatur

 A. B. Bosworth: Alexander and the Iranians. In: The Journal of Hellenic Studies. Vol. 100 (1980), S. 1–21.
 A. W. Collins: The Office of Chiliarch under Alexander and the Successors. In: Phoenix. Vol. 55 (2001), S. 259–283.
 Michael B. Charles: Immortals and Apple Bearers: Towards a better understanding of Achaemenid Infantry Units. In: The Classical Quarterly. Vol. 61 (2011), S. 114–133.

Anmerkungen

Perserreich
Alexanderreich
Alexander der Große
Militärischer Verband (Garde)

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text:
100 dead in battle as Yemeni army launch counterattack against Houthis in key province
Forces loyal to Yemen's Saudi-backed government fire towards Houthi rebel fighters during clashes in al-Jadaan area about 50 kilometres northwest of Marib in central Yemen on February 11, 2021. (AFP)
In this Saturday, Aug. 22, 2020 file photo, tribesmen loyal to Houthi militants raise their weapons during a gathering against the agreement to establish diplomatic relations between Israel and the United Arab Emirates in Sanaa, Yemen. (AP)
15 Feb 2021 12:02:04 GMT9
Oil-rich Marib is last bastion of government in north of country
Iran is accused of supplying missiles that the Houthi terrorists are using against Saudi Arabia
Saeed Al-Batati
AL-MUKALLA: More than 100 were killed in 48 hours of fierce clashes in Yemen as government troops battled fighters of the Iran-backed Houthi militia for control of the key province of Marib, a Yemen army spokesman said on Sunday.
Counter-attacking Yemeni army forces and allied tribesmen, backed by Arab coalition warplanes, targeted the Houthis in contested areas of the province — Al-Jeda'n, Serwah, Murad, Al-Mashjah and Helan.
The attack particularly centered on Murad Mountain and Al-Jeda'n, killing, wounding and capturing dozens of rebels and forcing the Houthis away from strategic locations near Marib city, Gen. Abdu Abdullah Majili, Yemen's army spokesman, told Arab News.
"The national army troops and the tribesmen have taken the upper hand on the battlefields of Murad Mountain and Al-Jeda'n, where they assaulted the Houthis and managed to seize control of new areas as well as weapons," Majili said. Government forces were still on the defensive in Serwah district, battling relentless Houthi assaults, he said.
The Houthis have been trying to capture Marib, which has extensive oil and gas reserves, since January last year.
They resumed their offensive last week, in what analysts believe is an attempt to gain territory as leverage amid growing international pressure for a cease-fire and talks to find a diplomatic solution. If they capture Marib the Houthis will have full control of north Yemen, weakening the government's negotiating position.
Gen. Majili said the latest attacks were more aggressive than before, and the Houthis seemed more determined to capture Marib despite suffering heavy defeats.
"The national army is fighting off continuing attacks by the Houthis. We have foiled all of their suicidal attacks," Majili said.
The government official did not give an exact figure for government forces killed in the fighting, only saying that a number were "martyred."
Official media outlets have said over the last couple of days that Yemeni President Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi and his Deputy Ali Mohsen Al-Ahmer have mourned the death of several army commanders who were killed in fighting in Marib.
In a bid to woo the Yemeni army commanders and tribal leaders in Marib to switch sides, Abdullah Yahya Al-Hakim, head of the Houthis' military intelligence, said on Saturday that the movement would pardon their enemies who desert the city.
He added that they pushed toward Marib to punish government forces for "kidnapping" women, in reference to the eight female Houthi spies who were arrested in Marib last month.
Meanwhile, Yemen's Foreign Ministry has repeated its call to the international community and the UN to condemn the Houthi attacks on Marib, government-controlled areas in Hodeidah and Saudi Arabia, stressing that the Houthis are contradicting their commitments to peace initiatives and previous agreements.
"Houthi violations in Hodeidah and attacks on Marib, which is a shelter for millions of internally displaced people fleeing Houthi oppression, coincide with their continued targeting of Saudi Arabia. It all confirms again how Houthis don't care about agreements and seeking peace," the ministry said in a statement on Sunday.
Yemen's Foreign Ministry repeated its call to the international community and the UN to condemn Houthi attacks on Marib, Hodeidah and Saudi Arabia.
"Houthi violations in Hodeidah and attacks on Marib, which is a shelter for millions of internally displaced people fleeing Houthi oppression, coincide with their continued targeting of Saudi Arabia," the ministry said. "It confirms again that the Houthis don't care about agreements and seeking peace."
Saudi air defenses intercepted and destroyed two more Houthi armed drones fired on Sunday toward the southern town of Khamis Mushait. On Saturday, the Kingdom thwarted a Houthi drone attack on Abha airport, days after a drone strike set a civilian plane on fire.
Houthi
Marib
Coalition strikes Houthi positions across Yemen
Strong earthquake rattles Miyazaki ...

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Great stories for today's kids
heartbeattheatre@gmail.com
experienced storytellers who've toured across Canada and into the USA
Testimonials & References
Share Your Comments!
Meet HeARTbeat's Owners
HeARTbeat is made up of three passionate artists, who love kids and are pursuing a calling to tell stories that will inspire students and the people who help them grow (parents, teachers & other creatives) to embrace their uniqueness and be the best version of themselves. We believe everyone of us has the power to make the world around us a better place!
Not only do we create, perform and work together, but we're great friends who love to travel, laugh and imagine together.
Melissa Dorsey
Melissa studied music at Rocky Mountain College and then moved on to take acting classes with The Company of Rogues Actor's Studio. During that time, she's helped start up three new theatre companies, performed six shows with Jubilations Dinner Theatre, composed music for seven of Heritage Park's original musicals, wrote and performed an original show for Fringe Festivals and toured with HOJA all around western Canada. Dorsey has also provided acting & singing coaching for high school productions, facilitated workshops for new works, adjudicated high school play festivals, as well as directed, stage managed, designed and produced over twenty productions around Calgary. Currently, she is teaching private music lessons, dubbing an anime cartoon (showing in Singapore and the UK) as well as performing for her sixth summer at Heritage Park. After working in a church for three years as their Drama/Worship Arts Coordinator, Melissa is excited to be bringing her passion out into the world inspiring kids around the country to discover their God-given talents and pursue a Christ-filled life.
Mark Holmes
Mark has been working as an actor for almost 20 years. After graduating from the Mt. Royal College theatre program, Mark performed at Shakespeare In The Park, Theatre Junction, The Shakespeare Company, and his own company- Corpus Callosum. Within a year from graduating, he was cast as Lance Vader in Disney's 'Honey, I Shrunk The Kids' tv series. Mark moved to Vancouver to continue his pursuit of a career in film and television and has acted in 'First Wave', 'Jeremiah', 'Big Sound', 'Boot Camp', 'Chicks With Sticks', 'Carolina Moon', and others. Recently, Mark has returned to his theatre roots and has focused on children's theatre, working with Quest Theatre and Evergreen Theatre as both an actor and instructor. He has also spent the past 3 seasons as a performer at Heritage Park, and toured with 'Bravehearted Boys', and 'Bravehearted Girls' across Canada. Mark's biggest pleasure has been his involvement with Foothills Alliance Church's worship team. He has acted in and directed numerous weekend skits, and holiday plays. Most notably, Mark performed as John The Baptist this Easter, and Jesus last Easter.
Rebecca Schnell
Rebecca has a BFA in Drama from the University of Calgary. She worked as a Children's Pastor in the midwest USA for 10 years; a ministry that combined her love of children, her devotion to Jesus, and her passion for the arts. Rebecca's taught drama to kids of all ages, in different places over the past 20 years, including Quest Theatre in Calgary. She's worked in Creative Arts ministry, Strategic Leadership and has experience in Communications. Rebecca has toured in Canada as an actor in 'Bravehearted Boys' and 'Bravehearted Girls' with Fun & Faith. She has experience as a theatre director and producer; having led casts of up to 65 children, teens and adults. Producing creative video work both as an camera host and behind the scenes as director is also part of her wheelhouse. Most recently, Rebecca's enjoying adding to new skills to her acting skills with recent training as a voice actor.
heartbeattheatre@gmail.com |
©2018 by Heartbeat Theatre Productions


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of the individual Child. This does not require any previous training in teaching / education.
SAP organises vacation classes for Children with Learning Difficulties.
Presently this is limited to Kaneshie in Accra. Contact us if you want us to organise this in your own school or community.
Parents of Children with Learning Difficulties organise themselves in groups for mutual support and to advocate together for better learning conditions for their Children. Find out from us whether there is a Group in your area or initiate your own Group.
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---Sponsored by Piotr---
Forcing her to apologize
Translated by Maggie Edited by Simple
"What do you want to do?" Hua Lao Wu was angry but he had nowhere to vent, seeing Lian Fang Zhou, he sternly and vicious glared at her. "Were it not for your matters, things wouldn't have become like this. What more do you want to do!"
Hua Lao Wu was extremely angry in his heart, he thought, "I dare not provoke the Wang Family, but the Lian Family is a small radish head I dare not mess with it? If I'm afraid of you, then from now on I don't even need to bother mingling in the village."
Lian Fang Zhou snorted. "What I want to do, your wife knows clearly. She poured dirty water on me, I just want to ask her what she wants to do! You're a grown man, in front of this helpless little girl, what do you to plan to do? Your family started this fight; can't even beat the other person with your own bad luck! You think my Lian family is weak and can't compare to the Wang Family, so you can freely insult us right? Then you've got the wrong idea. If you don't make things clear today, we'll go find a judge, and ask the judge to give justice! how about it?"
Aunt Zhang immediately stood beside Lian Fang Zhou and said, "That's right, Fang Zhou is already pitiful enough. I say, this engagement with your family, what is there that you're not satisfied with, that you need to ruin others? Anyhow, we're all from the same village, looking down and won't see, look up and you will see. What is the point of doing this? If you really force these siblings to death, will you be able to have a peaceful mind and conscience!"
Hua Lao Wu froze and couldn't say anything.
It was his mother who wanted his wife to come over to scold Lian Fang Zhou. Although he felt it wasn't a very good idea and he tried persuading a bit, he wasn't able to change her mind, so he let it be.
Just now when he saw his own wife suffer, he rushed over wanting to take her away. Who knew Wang San's Wife would interfere and go crazy!
After much difficulty was Wang San's Wife finally persuaded to leave. He had thought this matter would end here. How could he have known that Lian Fang Zhou pop out again and not let it drop!
How important is the reputation of a girl? When Aunt Zhang said forcing people to death, it wasn't an exaggeration. In everyone's heart, they understood and one after the other couldn't help but start talking again.
Lian Fang Zhou felt a burst of sadness and sympathy in her heart. Wasn't the once mighty Lian Fang Zhou forced to death by Mrs Liu's words? If she did not accidentally transmigrate over, leaving Lian Ze, Lian Che and Lian Fang Qing behind, she didn't know how pitiful these three would be!
From this point of view, wanting Mrs Liu to pay with her life isn't excessive!
But this matter, she had no way saying it out loud and could only let Mrs Liu off lightly.
"Then what do you want?" Hua Lao Wu took a deep breath and asked Lian Fang Zhou.
Lian Fang Zhou coldly said, "make her apologize and make it clear in front of the folks here, that she is making trouble for no reason; that she is talking nonsense and promise that she will not do the same thing again in the future!"
"Why should I!" Mrs Liu had not calmed down yet from fighting with Wang San's Wife, so she Immediately burst into anger again when she heard she must apologize.
"Shut up will ya!" Hua Lao Wu glared at her when he heard her speak. He said to Lian Fang Zhou, "I promise she will not talk nonsense anymore! This way it is enough, right?"
Lian Fang Zhou stared at him indifferently and said, "If us four siblings weren't parentless orphans, would you dare to say that? Do you think this is enough?"
"That right isn't it obvious that they are bullying!"
"Oh, these parentless children, what a sin, ah!"
Hua Lao Wu's face burst into shades red and white. He finally experienced how shrewd and powerful Lian Fang Zhou is. Seeing that he can't fool them, he could only glare at Mrs Liu lowly shouting "what are you waiting for? Still not quickly apologizing to them? In the future control your mouth and talk less nonsense!"
It was obviously her mother-in-law's idea, why should she have to shoulder the black pot? Mrs Liu's heart felt hundreds of thousands of times unwilling and felt aggrieved, but she could not say it.
Being a daughter-in-law to push all responsibility to the mother-in-law in front of everyone, if Hua Lao Wu doesn't divorce her, then it'll be strange!
Mrs Liu had endless bitterness but couldn't speak about it. she resentfully returned a glare at Hua Lao Wu.
Hua Lao Wu was starting to get somewhat impatient, the longer they stayed the more humiliating it was, he then again quietly shouted, "quickly apologize, did you not hear?"
Mrs. Liu's eyes blackened, she so angry that she almost fainted. Finally, with her husband's coercion did she reluctantly speak up, "Sorry ......"
Lian Fang Zhou did not speak, she just coldly stared at them.
Hua Lao Wu was really annoyed, he grabbed Mrs Liu and made her turn to face Lian Fang Zhou, yelling, "you playing dead? Just now in the fight, you had such spirit, where did it go? Telling you to apologize is not going to kill you! Hurry up, do not make me lose face!"
"You - Hua Lao Wu you are heartless!" Mrs Liu felt aggrieved, stamped her feet, and started clutching her face and cried.
"You want to cry, want to scold and want to get even; you couple please go back and do that, don't waste my time! We siblings have worked for the whole day today and we need to go back and rest. Tomorrow we need to get up early to work!" Lian Fang Zhou looked at them coldly.
"You hear that!" Hua Lao Wu really could not listen anymore to everyone's discussion and see their fingers pointed at them, he even understood Mrs Liu's intentions. She felt that apologizing to Lian Fang Zhou, a little girl is embarrassing and will lose face. She had delusions of fooling them to avoid it, but Lian Fang Zhou is not so easy to fool.
Everyone in the neighborhood saw it, and more and more firmly believed that the Hua Family is bullying a family of orphans, this isn't a good for their reputation!
"Listen well, if you don't properly apologize and cause the Hua Family's reputation to drop, don't believe that I won't divorce you! If I can say it then I can do it; It's up to you." Hua Lao Wu leaned close to Mrs Liu's ear and coldly whispered.
Mrs Liu's heart chilled, she lifted her eyes to look at Hua Lao Wu's solemn face and it killed all her resistance. She faced Lian Fang Zhou and said in a quiet tone, "I'm sorry...... it was me talking nonsense, I created trouble out of nothing, I should not have! In the future--- I will never do it again!"
Lian Fang Zhou indifferently said, "this is what you personally said, I hope you can remember it! If you ever talk nonsense again and try to ruin my reputation, whether in front of my face or secretly behind my back, my Father and Mother in heaven will not spare you! If I say it like this, do you dare accept?"
Mrs Liu was surprised and her heart "thumped" as it jumped.
"Accept or not!" Lian Fang Zhou snapped.
Mrs Liu was shocked to see a cold as knife-like eyes from Lian Fang Zhou, she for actually no reason felt a burst of fear sprout from the bottom of her heart. She subconsciously blurted out, "accept! I accept!"
"Then that's good!" Said Lian Fang Zhou. Glancing over at the neighbors, she said, "all the neighbors here are witnesses, Fang Zhou will thank you first!"
Everyone said, "it's something we should do."
Aunt Zhang laughed and said, "alright alright! So it's just a misunderstanding! All is well, everyone scatter, scatter!"
Everyone was still talking as they dispersed. Mrs Liu and Hua Lao Wu had already fled the scene.
"Oh, it's been hard on you, Fang Zhou! Now you can be at ease. From now on no one would dare to use this matter to talk nonsense! Alright, the day is not new and it is getting late, quickly go back, wash and rest early." Aunt Zhang lovingly stroked Lian Fang Zhou's head and softly said.
"Thank you, Aunt Zhang, if it wasn't for you, I'm afraid it wouldn't have gone so well!" Lian Fang Zhou looked up at Aunt Zhang, her heart bursting with gratitude.
Aquarilas 22 January 2017 at 02:59
GEWW character table
General's little peasant wife


Flick through our kitchen design, rest room design, bedroom design, and extra dwelling spaces to create a sanctuary no matter the room. Retail: This entails charging clients the retail worth for every item you purchase-and your payment is the distinction between the wholesale cost you've paid and the retail value. In essence, this means clients aren't paying instantly to your services, which implies a decrease price for them. If all you're doing is shopping for products and arranging them relatively than planning areas and installing objects like curtains, this pricing technique could be possible. It also works greatest on smaller jobs.
Engage a designer based mostly on their expertise, qualifications and demonstrated capacity to ship the type and style of residence described in your temporary and to your local weather zone. Make sure you sight their skilled indemnity insurance. Seek references from previous purchasers and, the place doable, go to houses that the designer has completed.
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House design software program can value as little as $thirteen, and low-cost packages are great for basic indoor layouts. A full-bodied program can cost you up to $one hundred however is properly worth the price ticket if you need detailed management and are designing your whole property.
The designer can make an idea plan and web site evaluation after the primary website go to. Inspired by the seaside villas of the Renaissance era, Mediterranean home plans mimic romantic Italian and Spanish architecture. Visualizing your new landscaping is easy – just import your digital pictures, add fences and equipment and inside minutes, you'll have created a brand new, distinctive out of doors house.


1.Best badger hair shaving brush resin handle.
2.Badger hair is widely acknowledged as the perfect choice for shaving, for its high water retention and its wearable character.
3.With a resin handle, this brush appears elegantly glossy, and comfort to hold.


text:
Q: jQuery - How to get the address text when a Google Maps places autocomplete is validated I would like to know how to get the address text once a Google Maps places autocomplete is validated. For example, let's assume that while filling the text input up, the autocomplete list shows and when selecting one of its items (whether by hitting the direction keys in order to move to the wanted item then hitting the Enter key, or even by just making a mouse click on it), the selected address would be displayed in the console log.
Here is an example for a better illustration:

Here, I need to console log the address "Paris France" once it's selected.
This is my relevant HTML code:
<input type='text' id='nouvelleAdresse'>

And this is my relevant JavaScript code:
var options = {
                    componentRestrictions: {country: 'fr'}
                };
var autocomplete1 = new google.maps.places.Autocomplete(document.getElementById("nouvelleAdresse"), options);
autocomplete1.addListener('place_changed', fillInAddress);
                function fillInAddress() {
                    var place1 = autocomplete1.getPlace();
                }

Actually, I could make it by simply adding the code below:
$(document).on('change', '#nouvelleAdresse', function() {
                console.log('the address: '+$(this).val())
            });

However, that gives me the same result when not selecting any of the autocomplete list items (or even when clicking outside the text input).
So, again, I aim to console log the address only when selecting it from the autocomplete list. Any idea?

A: I've found it! I've just changed the code block below:
function fillInAddress() {
                var place1 = autocomplete1.getPlace();
            }

to this one:
function fillInAddress() {
                    var place1 = autocomplete1.getPlace();
                    console.log('the adress: '+$('#nouvelleAdresse').val())
                }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


to the exposed cabinet face frames. Cabinet doors and drawer fronts and hardware are replaced. The basic cost for minimum work above $6000- $10,000.
Can not change a dysfunctional kitchen layout.
Cabinet interiors stay as is.
Can not repair cabinet boxes with moisture damage.
Can not fix flimsy cabinet construction.
Can not have under mount cabinets lights controlled by wall switches.
Can not have adjustable cabinet shelving or a Lazy Susan in corners to maximize storage.
Can not utilize pull out drawers because of the middle stile (the wood piece that supports cabinets).
Can not have, without extra cost, dovetail constructed drawers.
Some older cabinets made of particle board can not support full extension, soft closing drawer glides.
New counter tops and back splashes.
If you want the items mentioned above, as most home owners do, the additional cost could increase dramatically — up to $30,000!
Get the Kitchen you want.
Before deciding to reface your cabinets, contact us. Call (760) 231-7134, or use our contact form.
With over 20 years experience in kitchen designs and creating estimates of actual costs, Catherine Anderson will explain how it is possible to remodel with new custom cabinets.
With Anderson Design and Remodeling you can get the kitchen you want at a cost you can afford.


Nermine Hammam: "Upekkha" tranports soldiers of the Egyptian army to a different type of paradise (PHOTOS).
Artist Nermine Hammam was in Tahrir Square during Egypt's revolution in early 2011 waiting to take pictures of the arrival of the Egyptian army.
She describes the waiting period for the army to arrive as almost mythological: the idea of a powerful, masculine force, a "military might" that would arrive almost "from outer space" to settle the situation.
But instead, at the location where Abercrombie & Kent buses had recently transported tourists to the famous square, hatches opened up from the tanks to reveal a completely different type of soldier. "I started looking at these boys who are 16, 17, or 18 and had never been to a city," Hamman said about the young soldiers.
Or, as she wrote in her artist statement: "I couldn't help but notice their youth. Their wide-eyes and tiny frames were so different from the police forces we had grown familiar with. They were the sons of anxious parents. They stood on street corners, squinting at the cacophony of Cairo, observers of history, not the angry stereotypes of masculinity through which our narratives of the army are articulated.
She began taking pictures of the young men and blended them with postcards to create images for a series she titled "Upekkha." The title refers to the Buddhist concept of equanimity, which is a common theme in her photographic projects.
For Hammam, herself a mother, she said looking at the soldiers made her want to transport them to pleasant places, to reassure them that they'd be OK. "This work is about youth, universal youth, and the harshness and inhumanity of sending our children to war," Hammam said.


Professional Hand Engraving is never a free hand affair: the engraver's hand needs to be guided manually.
Below is a metal plate being held in a vise. With time, master engravers develop their own jigs which they use to better hold items.
A diamond point is manually lowered and pressure is manually applied to make each hand engraved gift a treasure.
Below is a picture of the letter guide that the hand engraver will use to trace each letter.
Hand pressure on the white lever brings down the diamond point used to engrave.
This hand engraving device allows the engraver to get a feel of the material that they are engraving.
The engraver must apply pressure by hand which gives a more artistic feel to the engraving turning them to works of art.
The hand engraving technique leaves more room for human errors than other methods of engraving and it is more time consuming.
Limited hand engraving fonts are available.
The engraver has more freedom in the amount of pressure applied but less freedom in holding the engraved piece.


Though the integration of digital solutions into the National Health Service (NHS) has, in some instances, been slow, some digital systems are showing their worth.
This week, for example, came the news that St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust will be the first healthcare division in the UK and Ireland to adopt Cerner technology in its neonatal unit. The technology provides workflow and medicine management support through an electronic prescribing and medicines administration (ePMA) platform.
St George's Trust first deployed the Cerner Millennium technology in 2010 and it is now used across around 40% of the hospital, including its Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU).
The system uses barcoded wristbands that are scanned to ensure each patient receives the correct medication at the right time, with results integrated into an electronic health record (EHR). The ePMA platform is designed to lower the chances of missed doses and highlight needs for care improvement. In the hospital's PICU, the system has also been integrated with end-of-bed charting records, enabling the uploading of real-time vital information to each patient's EHR. The platform also allows synchronisation with certain medical devices.
Annette Carne, ITC change manager at St George's Healthcare shares her experience with Cerner.
Now, the technology will be deployed in the hospital's neonatal unit, which, considering the range of variables that need to be considered, such as how early a baby was born and feeding choices, makes integration of the software a more challenging scenario. However, the system has been through stringent testing and will launch on 2 August.
The St George's Trust has long backed digital health integration in the NHS, often being the first to trial new solutions. In 2011, it was one of two to adopt the iSoft CorVu laboratory management reporting tool to aid pathology testing.
With the further integration of the Cerner technology into its long list of existing digital health solutions, St George's Trust continues to be a beacon of hope for an eventual digital overhaul of the NHS – especially with regard to meeting what many perceive as the optimistic target of having a completely paperless health system by 2018.
The problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global concern. Due to poor hygiene in humans and agriculture, as well as the misuse of antibiotics, AMR already kills around 700,000 people worldwide every year – a figure expected to rise to around 10 million by 2050.
Among the many solutions being put forward is a project, launched this week, that is designed to take a 'genetic snapshot' of the global population. The five-year study, by the Metagenomics and Metadesign of Subways and Urban Biomes (MetaSUB) Consortium, involves 54 cities around the world, including London, Sydney, San Francisco, Barcelona, Paris and Rio de Janeiro.
It will map the genomes and epigenomes of the participating cities and the genetic information gathered will then be used to characterise and track AMR genes and to discover new biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for new drug development.
The MetaSUB map (accessed here) indicates where samples have already been taken around the world. At time of writing, 4089 samples had been taken.
The study is a Grand Challenges Explorations winner – an initiative created by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation that aims to foster innovative solutions to the world's biggest health problems.
Many companies are collaborating as part of the consortium, including genomic big data company CosmosID, which will work with Weill Cornell Medicine to support the aims of the study. CosmosID will lend its computational analysis tools and extensive genomic data to the project, which includes over 20,000 biological samples and 65,000 microbial genomes, to aid in the accurate identification of microbial community composition and AMR markers. Also involved is mass provider of molecular diagnostics platforms QIAGEN, bringing its sampling technology to help gather and prepare samples for analysis.
The study will also focus on the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics, analysing the city's 'metagenome' of an estimated 1 million people in attendance. Samples will be taken before, during and after the games to look for the presence of RNA viruses, including Zika and influenza.
In an age of personalised medicine, companies are trying their hardest to create better methods to detect, diagnose and monitor conditions. One of those methods involves combining tried-and-tested imaging platforms with machine learning capabilities to better analyse data from scans.
This week, Microsoft unveiled its own venture that does just that, teaming with medical imaging provider MEDIAN Technologies to develop new cancer detection, diagnosis and monitoring solutions.
The partnership will see MEDIAN's imaging biomarker phenotyping system (IBIOPSY) integrated into Microsoft's Azure cloud computing platform.
IBIOPSY allows the processing of digital images and acts as software for medical imaging equipment, namely CT scans. As part of Azure, the software will be used to extract biomarkers of disease in real time from medical imagery for cancer diagnosis and treatment purposes.
Its integration into a cloud platform like Azure is interesting as it means hospitals and medical centres will not need powerful computing capabilities to use the software – Azure being the core driver behind the technology itself. This of course opens the door to global expansion, which would be hugely profitable to both parties.
Although the ambition is there, whether the project will ever get that far is up for debate. IBIOPSY currently exists in an alpha form on the Azure platform which can only be accessed by internal individuals. The launch date given by Fredrik Brag, CEO of MEDIAN Technologies, is 2017. Its availability to parties outside of the US will therefore have to wait until then.
This collaboration is one of the latest projects that seeks to improve diagnostic services through image analysis techniques utilising big data analytical platforms. IBM recently revealed its own partnership with 15 collaborators, including medical centres, ambulatory radiology providers and imaging technology companies. Smaller initiatives such as Zebra Medical's partnership with Intermountain and Imaging Advantage's recent radiology project are also using similar means to analyse scan imagery to aid diagnosis.


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Stadio San Paolo To Be Renovated
After a brief standoff between club and city, plans for a renovation of Napoli's home ground are beginning to take shape.
By Conor Dowley@c_dowley Apr 9, 2014, 6:29pm CEST
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Despite some showman's threats from Aurelio De Laurentiis about moving the club to England, it looks like Napoli is set to stay at the Stadio San Paolo for the forseeable future. Statements from both the club and the mayor's office of the city of Naples have confirmed that Napoli have paid their rent on the stadium that was in arrears, with an agreement on planning a "significant" redevelopment of the stadium.
"Things will begin to move forward immediately," Mayor Luigi De Magistris told Radio Kiss Kiss. "I would like for the research to be done before the end of the year, at which point there will be a commitment to putting the necessary money in to fund the building of the stadium. There is a commitment to create a project, I will trust those who have designed the most beautiful stadiums."
Hearing plans of a redevelopment of the Stadio San Paolo can only be met with enthusiasm. The stadium is still a gorgeous building, but it's impossible to deny that the structure, built in 1959, has grown very out of date and is frankly starting to look old. A revitalization of the building can only serve to benefit both club and city in terms of new and improved revenue streams, and in an era where Napoli is facing the limitations of Financial Fair Play in Europe, working every euro they can out of their stadium will be vitally important.
When asked what the project will entail, Mayor De Magistris was a little more vague. He told Radio Kiss Kiss that he wants "a project worthy of football and of the city. There will be a debate to discuss the issue, at the moment the most important thing is that we have reached an agreement." As to the athletic track between the pitch and stands, he mentioned that there's been discussion of moving the stands in to where the track currently stands, but also confirmed an offer from De Laurentiis to build a new one as the existing track has fallen in to disrepair.
While perhaps moving in to a brand new building designed solely for football would have been the ideal endpoint to Napoli's stadium drama, getting a renovated and modernized Stadio San Paolo is a close second. This way they'll be able to retain the history and splendor of the ground that saw them win two Serie A titles, three Coppa Italias, and a UEFA Cup.
There's still the matter of stadium ownership to settle, De Laurentiis would rather own and control it himself, where the city would like to retain ownership, but that's something that doesn't need to be settled right this second. For now, things are on a good path, and will hopefully stay that way until the Stadio San Paolo has been restored to the shining beacon of football it deserves to be.


text:
Billy Sperlich
Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Germany
Estêvão R. Monteiro
Wigand Poppendieck
Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Front. Physiol., 27 September 2017
Sec. Exercise Physiology
Volume 8 - 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00747
Massage Alleviates Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness after Strenuous Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jianmin Guo1,2†, Linjin Li3†, Yuxiang Gong1,2, Rong Zhu2, Jiake Xu1,4, Jun Zou1* and Xi Chen2*
1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
2School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
3Wenzhou People's Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
4Molecular Laboratory, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of massage on alleviating delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and muscle performance after strenuous exercise.
Method: Seven databases consisting of PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang were searched up to December 2016. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible and the outcomes of muscle soreness, performance (including muscle maximal isometric force (MIF) and peak torque) and creatine kinase (CK) were used to assess the effectiveness of massage intervention on DOMS.
Results: Eleven articles with a total of 23 data points (involving 504 participants) satisfied the inclusion criteria and were pooled in the meta-analysis. The findings demonstrated that muscle soreness rating decreased significantly when the participants received massage intervention compared with no intervention at 24 h (SMD: –0.61, 95% CI: –1.17 to –0.05, P = 0.03), 48 h (SMD: –1.51, 95% CI: –2.24 to –0.77, P < 0.001), 72 h (SMD: –1.46, 95% CI: –2.59 to –0.33, P = 0.01) and in total (SMD: –1.16, 95% CI: –1.60 to –0.72, P < 0.001) after intense exercise. Additionally, massage therapy improved MIF (SMD: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.21–0.90, P = 0.002) and peak torque (SMD: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.04–0.71, P = 0.03) as total effects. Furthermore, the serum CK level was reduced when participants received massage intervention (SMD: –0.64, 95% CI: –1.04 to –0.25, P = 0.001).
Conclusion: The current evidence suggests that massage therapy after strenuous exercise could be effective for alleviating DOMS and improving muscle performance.
It is well established that keeping an active lifestyle through exercise benefits human health, especially reducing the risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease. However, exhaustive or unaccustomed exercise (particularly involving eccentric contractions) frequently result in temporary muscle damage, leading to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) (Bleakley et al., 2012).
DOMS commonly occurs within the first 24 h after exhaustive or intense exercise, reaching a peak between 24 and 72 h (Howatson and van Someren, 2008). It is often accompanied by muscle swelling and reduction in muscle performance (Kargarfard et al., 2016; De Marchi et al., 2017), as well as a decrease in range of motion (Cheung et al., 2003; Lavender and Nosaka, 2006). Although the exact mechanism of DOMS remains unclear, the most accepted theory suggests primary mechanical damage induced by exercise, followed by inflammation attributing to the symptoms of DOMS. This is verified by microscopic analysis showing disruption of muscle fibers. In addition, there is also an increase of intracellular enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK) and inflammatory markers in blood (Peake et al., 2005a,b; Chatzinikolaou et al., 2010).
In an attempt to prevent or alleviate the symptoms of DOMS, a number of conventional physiotherapeutic strategies were used such as massage, cold-water immersion, whole body vibration, compression garments, and stretching (Weerapong et al., 2005; Howatson et al., 2009; Bleakley et al., 2012; Costello et al., 2012; Hill et al., 2014). Therapeutic massage has been used for body health for thousands of years worldwide. As a physiotherapeutic intervention, massage treatment is widely used to alleviate clinical symptoms of DOMS, and to benefit the athlete's recovery after exercise in preparation for the next event (Poppendieck et al., 2016). The potential effectiveness of massage therapy is proposed to increase skin and muscle temperature, blood and lymphatic flow, and parasympathetic activity. Subsequently, the effects include then relief of muscle tension and stiffness, reduction of muscle soreness, and increased joint range of motion (Weerapong et al., 2005). In addition, changes in the Hoffman reflex after massage also contributes to the reduction of muscle pain (Morelli et al., 1999). Moreover, the psychophysiological response to massage, including relaxation, leads to mood enhancement and fatigue reduction (Hemmings et al., 2000).
Previous systematic reviews have shown benefits from massage for symptoms of DOMS after intense exercise. However, little support for the use of massage was observed to enhance muscle performance (Ernst, 1998; Best et al., 2008), including peak torque and maximal isometric force, factors that are important for sporting events. It seems that the psychological effect is larger than the physiological effect. Torres et al. demonstrated that massage could reduce muscle soreness and increase muscle recovery 24 h post-exercise based on a meta-analysis, but there were only few trials pooled in the meta-analysis (3 trials) (Torres et al., 2012). Currently, the evidence of the effects of massage intervention on DOMS still limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of massage on DOMS and muscle performance after strenuous exercise.
Relevant research articles from January 1980 to December 2016 were collected with keywords such as "exercise," "massage," "delayed onset muscle soreness," and "random" from the following databases: PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI) and Wanfang Database. The search was imposed with the limitation of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and without language or status limitations. Supplementary Data (S1) details all of the search strategies used in this study. The protocol was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO), registration number: CRD42016053118.
Trials were included when they met the inclusion criteria as follows: (a) only the trials designed as RCTs were covered, (b) participants were human with no muscle or bone diseases, (3) the trials compared post-exercise massage intervention with the control group receiving usual care, or no intervention, (4) outcomes included the primary outcome of muscle pain or soreness rating, the secondary outcome: muscle strength (i.e., maximal isometric force (MIF) and peak torque), and the level of serum CK. Mean and standard deviation (SD) were reported in the trials.
Trials were excluded when they met the exclusion criteria as the following: (a) the articles were conference posters, abstracts, or case reports; (b) mean and SD could not be obtained from the articles or authors.
Studies Selection
Two reviewers (Guo JM and Li LJ) independently reviewed the titles or abstracts of all studies, and the full contents of the relevant studies were checked carefully to evaluate whether the study could be included. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion or consultation with a third author (Chen X) if necessary.
The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias of the included trials (Higgins et al., 2011). Two reviewers (Guo JM and Li LJ) independently evaluated seven domain biases as follows: random sequence generation (selection bias), allocation concealment (selection bias), blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias), blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias), incomplete outcome data (attrition bias), and selective reporting (reporting bias). Three grades of high, low, or unclear bias were labeled for every study included. Disagreements were resolved by discussion or consulting with a third independent reviewer (Chen X) if necessary.
The two reviewers independently extracted the data from every included eligible trial as the following: study characteristics (i.e., author and year), participant characteristics (i.e., age and number of participants), description of interventions, study period, outcomes, and time points. Any disagreements were settled by discussion to reach unanimity, and the authors of the trials were contacted directly to acquire original studies and data if necessary.
The Review Manager software (RevMan 5.3; Cochrane Collaboration) was used to perform the meta-analysis. Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated by I2 statistic as follows: low heterogeneity was assumed when I2 < 25%; moderate heterogeneity when I2 < 75% and >25%; high heterogeneity when I2 ≥ 75% (Higgins et al., 2003). Meta-analysis was used to combine two or more outcomes from the studies by random-effects or by a fixed-effect model. The fixed-effect model was used when I2 < 25% and the random-effects model was used if I2 > 25%. As the trials used different scales for muscle soreness rating assessment, we used standardized mean difference (SMD) to analyze the effects. If P < 0.05, it was considered to be a significant difference. Subgroups were used to analyze the effectiveness of massage at different time points after strenuous exercise. The possible publication bias was evaluated by Funnel plot asymmetry if more than nine trials were included. Sensitivity analysis was used when I2 > 50%, removing each trial one by one to evaluate the stability of the results.
If the included articles did not report mean and SD, we would contact the authors to ask for data, and the articles would be excluded if there was no reply. When the articles showed the data as median and interquartile range (IQR), the mean would be equivalent to the median, and the SD would be calculated as SD = IQR/1.35 (Wang et al., 2016). If the articles reported the data in terms of mean and standard error (SE), the SD would be calculated as SD = SE×n (n meaning sample size) (Higgins and Green, 2011; Higgins et al., 2011).
From our initial search, 882 records were obtained. After reviewing the information on the articles' title and abstract, 70 potentially eligible articles were identified. After reviewing the full content of the studies, 11 articles with 23 data points (504 participants) satisfied the inclusion criteria and were pooled in this meta-analysis (Weber et al., 1994; Lightfoot et al., 1997; Hilbert et al., 2003; Mancinelli et al., 2006; Yang, 2007; Frey Law et al., 2008; Xiong et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2010; Andersen et al., 2013; Imtiyaz et al., 2014; Kargarfard et al., 2016). The details of the process of identifying articles from initially searching to inclusion are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Flow diagram of the study selection.
Description of Included Studies
The characteristics of the included articles were summarized in Table 1. Eleven articles were included in this meta-analysis. The distribution of publication countries was as follows: the United States (n = 5, 45.5%), the People's Republic of China (n = 3, 27.2%), Canada (n = 1, 9.1%), India (n = 1, 9.1%) and Iran (n = 1, 9.1%). Eight articles were published in English, and three in Chinese.
Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
Most (eight articles) of the trials used western massage techniques or Swedish massage techniques including effleurage and petrissage. Effleurage is a succession of light and stroking massage, and petrissage is deep-tissue kneading of the muscles. Three articles performed traditional Chinese massage including pushing, swing, grasping, vibrating and plucking. According to the size of the muscle area, the massage intervention duration ranged from 6 to 30 min, but the duration per area approximately similar between the trials (i.e., 6 min massage for wrist muscles, 30 min massage for lower extremity muscles).
Control Conditions
Most (eight articles) of the studies used no intervention (just sitting for rest). The participants in one study listened to audiotapes while resting, while one study had a thin layer of massage cream applied but no massage received. Another study performed unilateral shoulder shrugs with Thera-Band elastic tubing.
Risk of Bias of Included Studies
Every included study was assessed for the risk of bias according to instructions by Higgins and Green (2011); Higgins et al. (2011). As shown in Figure 2, all of the 11 articles used a randomization method, but none of these reported any information about allocation concealment. None of the trials met the requirements for the blinding of participants. However, it seems unfeasible to use the blinding method in view of the massage intervention. Only two studies (18.2%) masked their outcome assessors, which increased the risk of detection bias. Seven studies (63.6%) showed low risk of incomplete outcome bias, and the other four were unclear. Nine studies (81.8%) showed a low risk bias of selective reporting, whereas it was unclear if the studies have additional bias. Funnel plot asymmetry did not show any publication bias of muscle soreness rating, MIF, or the serum levels of CK (Supplemental Figures S1–S3).
Figure 2. Risk of bias summary of included studies.
Effects of Massage on Muscle Soreness Rating
Four data points (72 participants) reported a muscle soreness rating immediately after strenuous exercise. No significant differences were found when the massage and control groups were compared based on a fixed model (SMD –0.03, 95%CI 0.5–0.44, P = 0.90, I2 = 0%) (Figure 3A). Twenty-three data points (504 participants) showed that a muscle soreness rating significantly decreased after the participants received massage intervention when compared with no intervention (SMD –1.16, 95%CI –0.72 to –1.60, P < 0.001, I2 = 79%) (Figure 3B). Among these, the muscle soreness rating presented a significant decrease compared to the control group when the participants received massage intervention in subgroups of 24 h (SMD –0.61, 95%CI –1.17 to –0.05, P = 0.03, I2 = 67%), 48 h (SMD –1.51, 95%CI –2.24 to –0.77, P < 0.0001, I2 = 82%) and 72 h (SMD –1.46, 95%CI –2.59 to –0.33, P = 0.01, I2 = 82%) post-exercise, respectively (Figure 3B). Based on these results, massage intervention after exercise showed higher efficacy at 48 and 72 h after exercise than at 24 h.
Figure 3. Meta-analysis of effects of massage intervention on muscle soreness rating. (A) The time point immediately. (B) Time points after received massage intervention combined 24, 48, and 72 h after exercise.
Sensitivity analysis revealed that outcomes of the total effect of muscle soreness rating were stable when trials were removed one by one.
Effects of Massage on MIF
Three data points with 70 participants compared MIF between massage and control groups immediately after intense exercise. No significant difference was observed based on the fixed model meta-analysis (SMD 0.13, 95%CI –0.34 to 0.60, P = 0.60, I2 = 0%) (Figure 4A). However, 16 data points (including 265 participants) demonstrated that massage intervention could significantly enhance the performance of MIF compared to controls (SMD 0.56, 95%CI 0.21–0.00, P = 0.002, I2 = 46%) (Figure 4B). Among these, only 72 h post-exercise subgroups showed significant positive effects of massage intervention on MIF (SMD 1.11, 95%CI 0.12–2.1, P = 0.03, I2 = 78%). No significant difference of MIF was observed between massage and control groups either at 24 h (SMD 0.34, 95%CI –0.09 to 0.77, P = 0.12, I2 = 0%) or 48 h (SMD 0.31, 95%CI –0.12 to 0.73, P = 0.16, I2 = 0%) post-exercise based on each subgroup meta-analysis.
Figure 4. Meta-analysis of effects of massage intervention on MIF. (A) The time point immediately. (B) Time points after received massage intervention combined 24, 48, and 72 h after exercise. MIF, maximal isometric force.
Sensitivity analysis revealed that outcomes of the total effect of MIF after strenuous exercise were stable when removing trials one by one.
Effects of Massage on Peak Torque
Two data points with 38 participants compared peak torque between massage and control groups immediately after exercise. No significant difference was observed based on the fixed model meta-analysis (SMD –0.26, 95%CI –0.89 to 0.38, P = 0.43, I2 = 0%) (Figure 5A). Eight data points (148 participants) as a total effect showed that massage intervention significantly increased peak torque after strenuous exercise when compared to the control group (SMD 0.38, 95%CI 0.04–0.71, P = 0.03, I2 = 24%) though no significant difference was found in the subgroups of 24 or 48 h (Figure 5B).
Figure 5. Meta-analysis of effects of massage intervention on peak torque. (A) The time point immediately. (B) Time points after received massage intervention combined 24, 48, and 72 h after exercise.
Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the outcome of peak torque after strenuous exercise was reversed when one of the trials was removed (Hu et al., 2010).
Effects of Massage on Serum CK Level
Five data points with 102 participants reported the outcome of serum CK level comparing massage and control groups immediately after exercise. No significant difference was found between the two groups (SMD 0.12, 95%CI –0.31 to 0.56, P = 0.58, I2 = 0%) based on fixed meta-analysis (Figure 6A). Seven articles including twelve data points (including 247 participants) showed that the serum CK level significantly decreased in the massage intervention group when compared to the control group (SMD –0.64, 95%CI –0.25 to –1.04, P = 0.001, I2 = 54%) as a total effect (Figure 6B). Among these, the subgroups of 48 and 72 h showed massage intervention could significantly decrease the serum CK level at 48 h (SMD –0.63, 95%CI –1.25 to –0.01, P = 0.05, I2 = 60%) and 72 h (SMD –1.69, 95%CI –3.27 to –0.11, P = 0.04, I2 = 66%) post-strenuous exercise. However, no significant difference was observed in the 24 h subgroup (SMD –0.33, 95%CI –0.75 to 0.09, P = 0.12, I2 = 9%).
Figure 6. Meta-analysis of effects of massage intervention on the serum CK level. (A) The time point immediately. (B) Time points after received massage intervention combined 24, 48, and 72 h after exercise. CK, creatine kinase.
Sensitivity analysis showed that outcomes of the total effects of the serum CK levels were stable when trials were removed one by one.
Massage therapy intervention is often used for reducing muscle pain or soreness (Field, 2016), and increasing post-exercise muscle performance (Buttagat et al., 2016; Best and Crawford, 2017). Several lines of evidence contributed to explaining the mechanisms of massage therapy on DOMS: (a) modulation of the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system (Weerapong et al., 2005), (b) increase in blood and lymphatic flow to rapidly clear the biochemical markers of muscle damage [e.g., CK and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); Bakar et al., 2015], (c) psychophysiological response also plays an essential role in reducing pain (Arroyo-Morales et al., 2011).
Best et al. reviewed the effectiveness of massage on muscle recovery including 27 studies and 440 participants, showing little effect of massage on muscle recovery after intense exercise (Best et al., 2008). However, only six RCTs investigated DOMS and muscle function post-exercise, and in some of the studies, the data could not be extracted for meta-analysis since the published papers did not report the mean and SD. Thus, Best et al.'s review did not pool the extracted data in a meta-analysis. Torres et al. showed that massage could alleviate muscle soreness 24 h after intense exercise, but few trials were pooled in the meta-analysis (3 trials) (Torres et al., 2012). Other reviews also reported that self-myofascial release (a type of self-massage using a foam roller) could alleviate muscle pain and enhance muscle performance after strenuous exercise (Beardsley and Skarabot, 2015; Cheatham et al., 2015), but no trials were pooled into a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness. Consistent with previous reviews, the present study confirmed that massage was an effective intervention for reducing DOMS after strenuous exercise with the outcomes of muscle soreness rating, muscle performance (MIF and Peak Torque) and the serum CK level. In addition, it is well known that the evidence from RCTs will be much better than from case studies. Therefore, this review pooled only RCTs in the meta-analysis with a total number of 23 data points (including 504 participants), to be better able to evaluate the effectiveness of massage on DOMS and muscle performance.
This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the participants receiving massage intervention post-strenuous exercise experienced a reduction in muscle soreness rating as a total effect. Additionally, our findings demonstrated that the SMD of 48 and 72 h subgroups were –1.51 and –1.46, respectively. This result was greater than that of 24 h subgroups (–0.61), indicating that alleviating muscle pain from massage intervention would be the more efficacious at 48 and 72 h post-exercise compared to 24 h post-exercise. Moreover, the stability of the total effect sensitivity analysis also strengthened the results.
Previous systematic reviews demonstrated that there was little evidence supporting the use of massage to enhance muscle performance after strenuous exercise (Best et al., 2008; Torres et al., 2012). Poppendieck et al. observed that post-exercise manual massage increased recovery of sprint performance (Poppendieck et al., 2016). However, many articles included in this meta-analysis are not RCTs. in contrast to Best et al.'s and Torres et al.'s reviews, the current evidence showed that massage intervention increased MIF and peak torque after exercise as the total effects. These results may reflect more trials included that had positive effects of post-exercise massage on muscle performance. Three studies (Yang, 2007; Xiong et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2010) using Chinese traditional massage were pooled in this meta-analysis. The single effects of those trials were not different from those of the trials using Western massage. In addition, two studies (Xiong et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2010) used daily massage and one study (Mancinelli et al., 2006) applied massage 48 h post-exercise, however the effects of these single trials were not different from the others. Conversely, the effectiveness of single trials is not enough to show significant benefits of massage intervention on muscle performance post-strenuous exercise. Additional trials and participants are needed. Furthermore, contrary to Poppendieck et al.'s review, which included studies using endurance-type exercise, most of the studies included in this review used eccentric strength exercise to induce DOMS, which may also contribute to the difference between this meta-analysis and that of previous reviews.
The serum CK level was frequently considered a marker of inflammation and skeletal muscle damage influencing the recovery of muscle performance (Clarkson and Sayers, 1999; Romagnoli et al., 2015). Our findings showed that massage intervention decreased the serum CK levels as a total effect, suggesting that massage decreased inflammation and muscle damage and promoted muscle performance recovery. This result is consistent with the results of muscle soreness rating, MIF, and peak torque, supporting evidence of the positive physiological effects of massage therapy on DOMS. Fast clearance of serum CK level from the circulatory system was thought to be the reason that massage promotes muscle recovery and performance.
Strength and Limitations
This study is the first meta-analysis that combines both Chinese and Western massage at different time points after strenuous exercise, assessing whether massage intervention was effective in alleviating DOMS. Compared with previous studies, the present study included three articles using Chinese traditional massage intervention and more trials were pooled into the meta-analysis than in previous systematic reviews. This strategy implied greater evidence to evaluate the effectiveness of massage intervention after exercise. Furthermore, current evidence suggests that massage is not only effective in reducing muscle pain after intense exercise, but also in increasing muscle performance and reducing the serum CK level.
This review searched a wide variety of database including two Chinese electronic databases for relevant articles and included the trials performing Chinese traditional massage that have not previously been reviewed. Two authors independently searched and selected the included studies, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias of every trial using recommended protocols and methodological schemes. Therefore, the results of this meta-analysis are considered a significant contribution.
However, this meta-analysis has several limitations. First, the quality of all the included trials in this meta-analysis was low. None of the studies detailed allocation concealment although all the trials used a randomization method. None of the studies met the blinding of participants though it seems unfeasible to use the blinding method in view of the massage intervention. This factor increased the selection bias and performance bias. Only two articles (18.2%) masked their outcome assessors, which increased the risk of detection bias. Second, the trials varied in methodological design (i.e., exercise type, control intervention), massage type, and conditions (i.e., duration). Thus, the outcomes of muscle soreness have high heterogeneity although the total effects of outcomes were stable. Sensitivity analysis implied that the outcome of peak torque after strenuous exercise was unstable; therefore, the results should be considered with caution. Third, there may be some publication bias as unpublished articles could not be searched in this review although the funnel plot asymmetry did not show the bias. Finally, the number of trials and participants was relatively small; therefore, larger sample sizes in future studies are needed to better understand the effects of massage intervention on DOMS and muscle performance.
This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that massage intervention could be effective for alleviating DOMS, as well as increasing muscle performance after strenuous exercise. The highest efficacy was achieved at 48 h post-exercise. Massage is a useful and practical therapy for exercise participants or athletes. Nevertheless, it is necessary to be cautious about the results in view of the limitations outlined in the present study. More RCTs with large sample sizes are needed for better understanding the effectiveness of massage intervention on DOMS and muscle performance.
XC and JZ designed the systematic review and supervised the entire program; JG and LL reviewed all the studies and extracted the information from the eligible trials; YG analyzed the data and prepared the figures and table; XC, JG, and LL wrote the paper; XC, RZ, and JX revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.
This work was supported by University student's Innovation Project of Zhejiang province (Xinmiao project) Grant No. 2014R413034 and Wenzhou public welfare science and technology plan project (Grant No. Y20170225) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81702235). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2017.00747/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: massage, physiotherapy, exercise, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), systematic review, meta-analysis
Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42016053118.
Citation: Guo J, Li L, Gong Y, Zhu R, Xu J, Zou J and Chen X (2017) Massage Alleviates Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness after Strenuous Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Physiol. 8:747. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00747
Received: 11 April 2017; Accepted: 13 September 2017;
Published: 27 September 2017.
Billy Sperlich, University of Würzburg, Germany
Estêvão Rios Monteiro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Wigand Poppendieck, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Copyright © 2017 Guo, Li, Gong, Zhu, Xu, Zou and Chen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Jun Zou, junzou@sus.edu.cn
Xi Chen, chenab004@126.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work.
Training intensity, volume and recovery distribution among elite and recreational endurance athletes


text:
package cz.muni.fi.pa165.languageschool.test.service;

import cz.muni.fi.pa165.languageschool.Course;
import cz.muni.fi.pa165.languageschool.Language;
import cz.muni.fi.pa165.languageschool.dto.CourseTO;
import cz.muni.fi.pa165.languageschool.dto.LectureTO;
import cz.muni.fi.pa165.languageschool.service.impl.CourseServiceImpl;
import cz.muni.fi.pa165.languageschool.dao.CourseDao;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.After;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import org.mockito.runners.MockitoJUnitRunner;

/**
 *
 * @author Milos added org.mockito and org.hamcrest
 */
@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
public class CourseServiceImplTest{

    CourseServiceImpl courseService;
    CourseDao courseDao;
    LectureTO lectureTO;
    CourseTO courseTO;

    /**
     * Method which set up new course service
     */
    @Before
    public void setUp() throws Exception {
        courseDao = Mockito.mock(CourseDao.class);
        courseService = new CourseServiceImpl();
        courseService.setCourseDao(courseDao);

        lectureTO = Mockito.mock(LectureTO.class);
	courseTO = new CourseTO(5L, "code", "name", Language.ENGLISH, "level", new HashSet<LectureTO>());
    }

    /**
     * Method which we use for cleaning
     */
    @After
    public void tearDown() {
        courseDao = null;
        courseService = null;
    }

    @Test
    public void testCreateCourse() throws IOException {
        CourseTO course = courseTO;
	Course c = new Course();
        c.setId(new Long(5));
	c.setCode("code");
        c.setCourseLanguage(Language.ENGLISH);
        c.setLevel("level");
        c.setName("name");
        courseService.createCourse(course);
	Mockito.verify(courseDao, Mockito.times(1)).createCourse(c);

    }

    @Test
    public void testGetAllCourses() throws IOException {
        List<Course> exc = new ArrayList<Course>();
	exc.add(new Course());
	exc.add(new Course());

	Mockito.when(courseDao.getAllCourses()).thenReturn(exc);
	Collection<CourseTO> res = courseService.getAllCourses();
	Mockito.verify(courseDao, Mockito.times(1)).getAllCourses();
	assertEquals(exc.size(), res.size());
    }

    @Test
    public void testGetCourseById() throws IOException {
        CourseTO course = courseTO;
	Course c = new Course();
        Long id = course.getId();
        c.setId(new Long(5));
	c.setCode("code");
        c.setCourseLanguage(Language.ENGLISH);
        c.setLevel("level");
        c.setName("name");

        Mockito.when(courseDao.getCourseById(id)).thenReturn(c);
	CourseTO res = courseService.getCourseById(id);
	Mockito.verify(courseDao, Mockito.times(1)).getCourseById(id);
	assertEquals(course.getId(), res.getId());
    }

    @Test
    public void testGetCourseByName() throws IOException {
        CourseTO course = courseTO;
	Course c = new Course();
        String name = course.getName();
        c.setId(new Long(5));
	c.setCode("code");
        c.setCourseLanguage(Language.ENGLISH);
        c.setLevel("level");
        c.setName("name");

        Mockito.when(courseDao.getCourseByName(name)).thenReturn(c);
	CourseTO res = courseService.getCourseByName(name);
	Mockito.verify(courseDao, Mockito.times(1)).getCourseByName(name);
	assertEquals(course.getId(), res.getId());
    }

    @Test
    public void testGetCourseByLevel() throws IOException {
         CourseTO course = courseTO;

        List<Course> exc = new ArrayList<Course>();
	exc.add(new Course());
	Mockito.when(courseDao.getCourseByEntryLevel("level")).thenReturn(exc);
	List<CourseTO> res = courseService.getCourseByEntryLevel("level");
	Mockito.verify(courseDao, Mockito.times(1)).getCourseByEntryLevel("level");
	assertEquals(exc.size(), res.size());

    }

    @Test
    public void testGetCourseByLanguage() throws IOException {
        CourseTO course = courseTO;

        List<Course> exc = new ArrayList<Course>();
	exc.add(new Course());
	Mockito.when(courseDao.getCourseByLanguage(Language.ENGLISH)).thenReturn(exc);
	List<CourseTO> res = courseService.getCourseByLanguage(Language.ENGLISH);
	Mockito.verify(courseDao, Mockito.times(1)).getCourseByLanguage(Language.ENGLISH);
	assertEquals(exc.size(), res.size());

    }

     @Test
     public void testDeleteCourse(){
        CourseTO course = courseTO;
	Course c = new Course();
        c.setId(new Long(5));
        c.setCode("code");
        c.setCourseLanguage(Language.ENGLISH);
        c.setLevel("level");
        c.setName("name");

	courseService.deleteCourse(course);
	Mockito.verify(courseDao, Mockito.times(1)).deleteCourse(c);

       }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub