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Tree of life and its applications
Limin Lu,Miao Sun,Jingbo Zhang,Honglei Li,Li Lin,Tuo Yang,Min Chen,Zhiduan Chen
Biodiv Sci 2014,22(1 ):3 -20. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13170
Abstract (2188) HTML (4) PDF(pc) (608KB)(4247) Save
The term "Tree of Life" was first used by Charles Darwin in 1859 as a metaphor for describing phylogenetic relationships among organisms. Over the past three decades, the recognized tree of life has improved considerably in overall size and reliability due to an increase in diversity of character resources, a dramatic growth in useable data, and the development of tree-reconstruction methods. As a bridge connecting phylogeny, evolution and related disciplines, such as molecular biology, ecology, genomics, bioinformatics and computer science, the tree of life is increasingly widely used. In this paper, we review the history and progress of tree of life studies and focus on its application in the following fields: (1) the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees at different taxonomic hierarchies to understand phylogenetic relationships among taxa; (2) investigation of the origins of taxa and biogeographic patterns based on dating estimation and biogeographic reconstruction; (3) examination of species' diversification and its causes by integrating dated trees, ecological factors, environmental variation and key innovations; (4) the study of the origin and patterns of biodiversity, predating biodiversity dynamics, and development of conservation strategies. Finally, we evaluate the difficulties from matrix alignment, gene tree incongruence and "rogue taxa" distraction in tree reconstruction due to massive increases of useable data and in the context consider "supertree" building in the future.
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A review on studies of speciation in the presence of gene flow: evolution of reproductive isolation
Zhonghu Li,Zhanlin Liu,Mali Wang,Zengqiang Qian,Peng Zhao,Juan Zhu,Yixin Yang,Xiaohao Yan,Yinjun Li,Guifang Zhao
Biodiv Sci 2014,22(1 ):88 -96. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13143
Speciation has long been a core issue in evolutionary biology and is of fundamental importance to the formation of biodiversity. The traditional view of allopatric speciation holds that geographic isolation is a major driver of speciation and that species divergence only occurs in circumstances where there is geographic isolation between populations. In recent years, with the development of population genomics and the advance of coalescent-based analytical methods, speciation with gene flow has become a topic of major interest in the field of evolutionary biology research. Does gene flow occur during the process of speciation? How does it affect species divergence? What are the reproductive isolation underlying the speciation in the presence of gene flow? All these questions are foci of attention in current speciation research. In this paper, we review the distribution patterns of temporal and spatial gene flow, and elucidate the effects of gene flow on speciation and the evolution of reproductive isolation. We conclude that speciation with gene flow could be common in nature.
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Advances and challenges in resolving the angiosperm phylogeny
Liping Zeng,Ning Zhang,Hong Ma
Angiosperm phylogenetics investigates the evolutionary history and relationships of angiosperms based on the construction of phylogenetic trees. Since the 1990s, nucleotide or amino acid sequences have been widely used for this and angiosperm phylogenetic analysis has advanced from using single or a combination of a few organellar genes to whole plastid genome sequences, resulting in the widely accepted modern molecular systematics of angiosperms. The current framework of the angiosperm phylogeny includes highly supported basal angiosperm relationships, five major clades (eudicots, monocots, magnoliids, Chloranthales, and Ceratophyllales), orders grouped within these clades, and core groups in the monocots or eudicots. However, organellar genes have some limitations; these involve uniparental inheritance in most instances and a relatively low percentage of phylogenetic informative sites. Thus, they are unable to resolve some relationships even when whole plastid genome sequences are used. Therefore, the utility of biparentally inherited nuclear genes with more information about evolutionary history, has gradually received more attention. Nevertheless, there are still some plant groups that are difficult to place in the angiosperm phylogeny, such as those involving the relative positions of the five major groups as well as those of several orders of eudicots. In this review, we discuss the applications, advantages and disadvantages of marker genes, the deep relationships that have been resolved in angiosperm phylogeny, groups with uncertain positions, and the challenges that remain in resolving an accurate phylogeny for angiosperms.
Biodiversity and adaptive evolution of Antarctic notothenioid fishes
Qianghua Xu,Zhichao Wu,Liangbiao Chen
The sea surrounding the Antarctic continent is one of the coldest regions in the world. It provides an environmentally unique and isolated "hotbed" for evolution to take place. In the past 30 million years, species of Perciform suborder Notothenioidei evolved and diversified from a benthic and temperate-water ancestor, and now dominate the fish fauna of the coldest ocean. Because of their distribution across temperature zones both inside and outside the Antarctic Polar Front, notothenioid fishes are regarded as excellent model organisms for exploring mechanisms of adaptive evolution, particularly cold adaptation. We first summarize research progress on the biodiversity of Antarctic fish and then review current findings on the peculiar biological characteristics of Antarctic notothenioids that evolved in response to a freezing environment. Research has revealed that extensive gene duplication and transcriptomic changes occurred during the adaptive radiation of notothenioid fish. Examples of highly duplicated genes in the Antarctic lineages include genes encoding hepcidin, and zona pellucida proteins, in addition to various retrotransposable elements. A few genes from Antarctic notothenioid fishes have been used as transgenes and demonstrated to be effective in making transgenic plants cold-hardy. In the coming years, the genomes of some Antarctic notothenioid species will be fully sequenced and the adaptive functions of duplicated genes will be further elucidated. Such studies will deepen our understanding of how genomes evolve in freezing environments, and provide an improved knowledge of molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation.
Developmental repatterning and biodiversity
Rui Zhang,Chunce Guo,Hongyan Shan,Hongzhi Kong
Adult individuals of multicellular organisms are derived from single cells, the zygote. If the phenotype of a mature organism is regarded as a pattern of existence, then the process that generates the pattern can be called developmental patterning. Consequently, modification or alteration of the original developmental trajectory to generate novel phenotype(s) is the process of developmental repatterning. Accumulated data in recent years suggest that developmental repatterning is not only widespread, but is also very important during the evolution of multicellular organisms. According to the type and consequence of mutation, developmental repatterning can be divided into four main types: heterochrony, heterotopy, heterometry, and heterotypy. Heterochrony, heterotopy and heterometry refer to changes of gene expression over time, space and in amount/concentration, respectively, while heterotypy is the replacement of gene product. Here, by introducing examples of developmental repatterning, we explain the relationship between developmental repatterning and phenotypic evolution, and discuss its contribution to biodiversity.
Genome evolution of Oryza
Tieyan Liu,Mingsheng Chen
The genus Oryza is composed of approximately 24 species. Wild species of Oryza contain a largely untapped resource of agronomically important genes. As an increasing number of genomes of wild rice species have been or will be sequenced, Oryza is becoming a model system for plant comparative, functional and evolutionary genomics studies. Comparative analyses of large genomic regions and whole-genome sequences have revealed molecular mechanisms involved in genome size variation, gene movement, genome evolution of polyploids, transition of euchromatin to heterochromatin and centromere evolution in the genus Oryza. Transposon activity and removal of transposable elements by unequal recombination or illegitimate recombination are two important factors contributing to expansion or contraction of Oryza genomes. Double-strand break repair mediated gene movement, especially non-homologous end joining, is an important source of non-colinear genes. Transition of euchromatin to heterochromatin is accompanied by transposable element amplification, segmental and tandem duplication of genic segments, and acquisition of heterochromatic genes from other genomic locations. Comparative analyses of multiple genomes dramatically improve the precision and sensitivity of evolutionary inference than single-genome analyses can provide. Further investigations on the impact of structural variation, lineage-specific genes and evolution of agriculturally important genes on phenotype diversity and adaptation in the genus Oryza should facilitate molecular breeding and genetic improvement of rice.
Diversification of Southeast Asian mammals during the Quaternary glaciation: insights from the genomic era
Lin Miao,Shu-Jin Luo
Southeast (SE) Asia refers to the region east to the Philippine islands, west to the Indian subcontinent, north to central China and south to the Sunda islands. This region includes six of the world's 25 biodiversity hotspots and is of strategic significance in global biodiversity conservation. The complicated geological and climatological history of this region has resulted in extremely high species diversity and endemism. Two classic biogeographic boundaries, the Wallace Line and the Isthmus of Kra, divide SE Asia into the Indochinese province to the north and Sundaic province to the south. Because the Indochinese and Sundaic provinces are connected today through the Malay Peninsula and the Sunda shelf was exposed for the majority of time during the Quaternary glaciation, previous biogeographic studies have proposed that gene flow occurred between mainland and different island populations causing low divergence in the region. However, recent molecular genetic studies have reported that migration of terrestrial mammal populations was not as great as previously thought due to ecological restrictions. Thus, deep vicariant divergence was present in several mammals as early as two million years ago and appeared not to have been affected by gene flow following the formation of land bridges during later glacial periods. Furthermore, the super eruption of the Toba volcano in Sumatra about 73,000 years ago may have intensified divergence. A literature review has indicated three hierarchical levels present in the formation of mammalian diversity in SE Asia. These include populations between the Indochinese and Sundaic provinces which diverged millions of years ago, populations among the Sunda Islands which diverged hundreds of thousands of years ago, and Late Pleistocene biogeographic events causing demographic changes. Most of the previous population genetic studies on SE Asia mammals were based on analyses of mitochondrial or nuclear DNA data. Recent advances in population genomics provide new opportunities to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the demographic history and speciation processes of SE Asian mammals during the Quaternary glaciation.
Pollen dispersal analysis using DNA markers
Wei Zhou,Hong Wang
Biodiv Sci 2014,22(1 ):97 -108. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13135
Modes of pollen dispersal are important for plant ecology, conservation, and evolutionary biology as pollen-mediated gene flow connects one generation of sexually-reproducing plants to the next. With the development of DNA molecular techniques, molecular markers (especially microsatellite markers) have replaced traditional physical markers for pollen flow analysis. Methods of paternity assignment with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference have greatly improved the estimation of pollen flow characteristics with regard to direction, distance, and strength. Pollen dispersal curves have been characterized by single parameter, two-parameter, multi-parameter, and two-component composite models to better evaluate the shape of dispersal distributions. These innovative techniques and methods have been successfully applied to assess pollination patterns in studies of plant sexual polymorphism, population connectivity, and natural hybridization, which, in turn, have provided important insights into basic theories of evolution, ecology, and conservation. In the coming years, high-throughput sequencing technologies are expected to accelerate the application of molecular marker-based pollen flow analysis across a wide range of plant taxa.
Hongzhi Kong
Biodiv Sci 2014,22(1 ):1 -2. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14024
Effects of regulatory evolution on morphological diversity
Chunce Guo,Rui Zhang,Hongyan Shan,Hongzhi Kong
Abstract (995) HTML (0) PDF(pc) (217KB)(2849) Save
An important task in evolutionary biology is to understand the reason for and mechanisms of morphological diversification. Studies in evolutionary developmental biology have revealed that, rather than being invented repeatedly from scratch, many complex morphological structures have evolved by modification of ancient regulatory networks. In other words, morphological diversity is not always produced by changes in the protein-coding region of regulatory genes; rather, it largely depends on the evolution of gene regulation. As the main components of the regulatory regions of a gene, cis regulatory elements bind to specific trans factors and determine the precise expression of the gene in time, place and amount. As a result, gain, loss, change or modification of cis regulatory elements may lead to shifts in gene expression, which, in turn, generate morphological diversity. Here, by reviewing recent progress in this and related fields, we summarize the basic features of gene regulation in eukaryotes, elucidating its fundamental evolutionary pattern and revealing its importance in generating morphological diversity.
Copyright ©2017 Biodiversity Science
Editorial Office of Biodiversity Science, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
Tel: 86-10-62836137, 62836665 E-mail: biodiversity@ibcas.ac.cn


A shout out from Renzo Gracie!
Renzo Gracie is a world class martial artist. He runs a school in Chelsea and his nephew is one of our students.
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Evangel Students performed in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade !
You own ears will hear Him. Right behind you a voice will say, "This is the way you should go," whether to the right or to the left.
… 6th-12th grade students use E-Textbooks exclusively!
Evangel is an official SAT test site.
Please check College Board for next test date.
Click below to read Mayor Bloomberg's and Councilman Van Brahmer's letters to Evangel.
Another successful Academic Fair at Evangel Christian School. Enjoy The slideshow!


In the agri-chain of cassava starch in Brazil, the supply of firms is through different governance structures. These structures range from the purchase via the spot market - without any contractual control over the production - to the hierarchy or vertical integration, structure in which the company is growing in own areas, with full control over the production. Between these two extremes were also identified other governance structures, which are called Hybrid arrangements that can approach the spot market or hierarchy. This essay aimed to identify the factors that influence the decisions of the paranaenses starch factories on the governance structures in buying - cassava supply in the state of Paraná. The specific objectives are: a) show if there is specifics that support the necessity to search for a particular organizational arrangement to the detriment of business through the spot market in the state of Paraná; b) analyze the factors that justify the choices of cassava starch factories for plural or singular forms in the state of Paraná; c) comparing the efficiency of the use or the combination of governance mechanisms in cassava starch factories in Paraná State, considering idleness as an index for the year 2014. The entire analysis of this essay is based on the theoretical assumptions of the New Institutional Economics (NIE), especially in the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE). In this essay the explanatory method was the most appropriate, once for this it sought to identify the determining factors for the occurrence of the phenomena observed: i) coexistence of plural forms of governance to coordinate the purchase of cassava by starch factories in Brazil and in the state of Paraná. This research method more approach the scientific knowledge to the real world as it explains the reason and why the facts. In the case of cassava, the characteristics of transactions - temporal and locational characteristics, as well as uncertainty and frequency – were not relevant for the choice of governance structures, on the contrary to what literature indicates. Even considering these characteristics, in Brazil and in the state of Paraná was prevailing the coordination by the spot market. The results also indicated the existence of a plurality of transactions in many levels - with different agents, and similar agents in a single transaction - since the combination of different governance structures can reduce transaction costs and even increase the efficiency of industry here measured by the reduction of industrial idleness.


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Ферьеландская церковь () — лютеранская церковь, принадлежащая приходу Ферьеланда-Хёгсетер диоцеза Карлстада. Он расположен на холме в центральном городе коммуны Ферьеланда.

Здание церкви
Нынешняя церковь была построена в 1869-1870 годах и заменила средневековую каменную церковь, расположенную к югу от новой церкви. Церковь была построена самими прихожанами под руководством строителя Андерса Петтерссона из Вёрсоса. Движущей силой строительства церкви был пастор Йохан Ферлин. Только в 1873 году, когда была налажена органная работа, церковь была освящена епископом Клаасом Германом Рундгреном.

Церковь состоит из длинных зданий с прямым хором и более узкой и нижней ризницей на востоке. На западе находится церковная башня с притвором и входом. Башня имеет колпак, увенчанный фонарем и шпилем. Церковный зал покрыт ступенчатой крышей.

Реновация
Первая капитальная реконструкция была проведена в 1940 году, когда в основном был изменен интерьер. Перламутровая панель между стропилами была обшита масонитом, а звездное небо на хорах было закрашено. В 1962 году церковь подверглась внешней реконструкции, когда фасад был оштукатурен, а крыша башни покрыта новым медным листом. Еще одна реконструкция была произведена в 1970 году, когда некоторые изменения с 1940 года были возвращены к оригиналу, в том числе звездное небо на хорах. Фасад был оштукатурен в 1985 году, когда цементная штукатурка 1962 года была заменена оригинальной известковой штукатуркой. Последняя реконструкция интерьера была проведена в 1995—1996 годах под руководством архитектора Йерка Альтона. Первоначальная цветовая гамма церковного помещения была восстановлена, и церковь была приспособлена для людей с ограниченными возможностями.

В 2012—2013 годах была проведена капитальная внешняя реконструкция фасада здания церкви. Штукатурка была полностью заменена, а повреждения в стене устранены.

Оборудование

В церкви есть две купели для крещения. Самая старая из них сделан из мыльного камня и датируется 13 веком. Её высота 62 см и она состоит из двух частей. Купель имеет простой круглый стержень вверху и прочный веревочный стержень внизу. На стержне отсутствуют украшения, есть повреждения, но несерьезные. Раньше купель стояла в нише, где находился северный вход. Теперь она заменила более новый, построенный в 1977 году из полированного искусственного камня, и теперь стоит в южной части хора. Он был снабжен серебряной вставкой, используемой при крещении.

Нынешний алтарь представляет собой триптих, выполненный в 1970 году Гарри Свенссоном. Это раскрашенный и позолоченный рельеф с изображением Тайная вечеря Иисуса с учениками.

Церковный колокол отлит еще в 1696 году. Два других были куплены пастором Йоханом Ферлином.

Орган
Орган построен в 1872 году Йоханом Николаусом Сёдерлингом из Гётеборга из 17 частей, двух руководств и педали.

Примечания

Лютеранские храмы Швеции
Вестра-Гёталанд

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Business Courier: CVG hits a new milestone
Cincinnati Business Courier / Chris Wetterich / January 21, 202
Carriers at Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport moved more cargo in 2021 than at any point in the airport's history, which allowed the airport to reach pre-pandemic levels of landed weight, despite the continued absence of most business travelers because of the pandemic.
That's significant because the airport's revenues depend in part upon the tonnage airplanes carry as they land at the airport. It includes both cargo and passengers.
CVG set new all-time monthly records in both November and December during the busy holiday season for the amount of cargo that landed – 158,273 tons in November and 168,059 tons in December. The airport already had set an all-time cargo record in October as well.
For the year, carriers brought 1.7 million tons of cargo through the airport. Some months, CVG was the 21st-largest cargo airport in the world, while in others, it was the 20th-largest.
"You can't say enough about cargo," said Bobby Spann, CVG's vice president for external affairs.
Cargo now represents 69% of the landed weight at the airport, with passenger operations comprising 31%.
FULL STORY HERE (subscription-based)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


To create the Patchwork Nation communities, we gathered many of the available pieces of data about all 3,141 counties in the United States. To find out more about your county or a county you are interested in, you can select the state and find your county. Each county page has basic demographic data, more on the economic conditions in that area, a locator map and a news feed from the area.


Body Moistueriser I brought from here. It's not available right now, but the fragrance lasts even longer than the parfum. Hope it comes back soon.
It as a very sad day when Geurlain took Mitsouko Bath Oil off the Market, I haven't seen it in over 5 years and I would pay $100. for a 4 oz bottle of just the bath oil. Way better than the perfume and definitely cannot be duplicated. Why Guerlain Why?????
I adore this sophisticated fragrance.
Wear as an everyday perfume signature, from office to evening date.


BARE Studio has the philosophy that everyones' skin care needs are unique. Each facial is tailored to the client's needs and wants. The skin care lines that we use, PCA and Cosmedix, were chosen for their natural ingredients, blended with cosmeceuticals to give the most benefits to the skin using the best active ingredients possible. PCA and Cosmedix are industry leaders in results driven skin care. Your facials are selected for you as we do a consult to figure out your needs. If you want to take your skin care to the next level, please see the Advanced Treatment page for furthering your results.
This facial is a basic facial that focuses on one specific target. Are you dehydrated? Do you need extractions? Do you need a quick boost of? It is a quick focused facial that targets what you want. Includes cleansing, steaming, hydrating and then whatever you choose for your focus. Perfect for a lunch time appointment!
This yummy facial includes all the necessities: cleanse, steam, extract, mask, hydrate, and sunscreen. A complete facial tailored to your skin's needs.
This is the most extravagant facial that includes everything in the complete facial plus a face massage. You receive a head, neck, shoulder, hand, and arm massage using blended oils while you mask.


With over 300 million users and 2 new users added each second, LinkedIn is one of the largest, fastest-growing social media networking website out there, and has the unique honor of being the only social network for professionals, job-seekers, head-hunters, as well as company-heads and CEO's.
Safe to say, anyone reading this should have a LinkedIn profile. We've spoken in great depth and detail about the importance of LinkedIn for professionals and job-seekers.
However, just being on LinkedIn isn't enough – in order to maximise the power of any tool and harness its full and true potential, you need to be able to use it properly.
According to statistics, only half (or 50.5%) of all LinkedIn users have completed profiles – which means one out of every two LinkedIn users haven't even set up their profiles properly. What this means is that this half isn't even close to getting the kind of results that they would like because their profiles are void of vital information. One of the most basic, easiest and essential things that you can do it properly fill everything out and set-up your profile, so recruiters, for instance, can find you and get in touch with you.
First impressions count. And people on LinkedIn will look at your photo before they even read a word on your profile – which means they've no matter how qualified or experienced you might be, they've already formed an opinion about you. It's make or break, so make sure that you put up a proper, high-quality and a professional-looking photo of yourself.
According to the stats mentioned above, two members become a part of LinkedIn every second. And with its userbase of over 300 million – more than half of those active users – the opportunities to connect with like-minded professionals from all over the world are endless! Find people from your industry or niche (or outside it, for that matter). Connect with them, start conversations, and find opportunities to network with them.
LinkedIn groups are pretty amazing. They put like-minded people – such as those from the same industry, niche or geographic location, or even those sharing the same interests and skills – in a single place. With so many people sharing ideas, thoughts, opinions, views, news and stuff in a single place, these professional groups can be of immense benefit. Groups also make it easy to voice your own opinions or views, seek help, discuss and talk or make conversation with people who share your interests or are from the same industry.
For example, designers might want to join the Freelance Graphic Design Group and talk about topics like custom logo design or just to see what design job opportunities are available.
On LinkedIn, people in your network can endorse you for particular skills that you may have. These endorsements allow LinkedIn to determine how to rank certain individuals in it's search results – for instance people with a lot of endorsements for a particular skillset will rank higher when someone searches for those keywords. In addition, your current and ex-colleagues can also leave you recommendations on your profile.
Using LinkedIn merely as a tool to 'look for a job' is a big mistake. Instead focus on networking and connecting with other professionals. There are millions of people you can connect, network and build connections with. So can and should be doing this even before you need to look for a job.
Look for thought-leaders, entrepreneurs, and like-minded people within your industry. Tap into second- and third-level connections. Good planning dictates that you build your network first and leverage it to look for job opportunities once you have a strong network.


Podcast recording, what microphone and software ?
What budget microphone would you suggest for the podcast (home environment) and the software to monitor/record?
I would need to connect two microphones to pc, is it even possible to use 2x USB connection for 2 microphones? And is it the best to use USB or audio-in port?
So far I have found that these microphones are 'okay' for the budget price.
Re: Podcast recording, what microphone and software ?
If you have two USB microphones you are going to have problems keeping them synchronised together - and you will also be limited to software that can handle multiple USB interfaces (not sure if Audacity can).
A much better solution is to use a separate audio interface with 2 mic inputs and plug conventional analogue microphones into it but this will end up being out of your budget unless you can pick up something used like the M-Audio Mobile Pre and a couple of cheap mics. You might find a small all-in-one recorder like the Zoom H1 would offer better value for money but that's still out of your current price range.
Two USB microphones won't work as yo won't be able to clock them together.
Ideally, as James said, you need an interface (eg: Focusrite Scarlett series) and two normal microphones.
You can get these at quite a low cost - but still above ypor almost zero budget.
If that is all you can afford - use only a single mic. - that's all you can do.
TBH, with that budget I'd suggest just using your phone. You may get results that are 'good enough', depending on your expectations.
The Elf wrote: TBH, with that budget I'd suggest just using your phone. You may get results that are 'good enough', depending on your expectations.
And the phone has probably got a better mic. than a £20 USB mic.
The two USB mic thing smells of trouble to me.
When you say a PC, do you have a Mic in? Say as one might find on a laptop? If its an older PC it might have a soundcard with only line ins. Bu if you have Mic-in then these are often stereo and on this Acer laptop plug-in-power of a few volts (enough to power a little condenser mic) is provided on both tip and ring. I believe on soundblaster cards its only provided on the ring.
Then stick each of the tie clip mics into the two sockets, plug into the mic-in on the laptop and use Audacity.
Its not going to be amazing, but it won't be bad and its cheap.
Option 2. Would be to get out soldering iron and toy box of bits and bobs and make a two channel mic pre and then scour eBay for a couple of second hand dynamic mics.
But thats a bit more complicated... very doable though and likely better quality.
Do you have anything, connectors, mics, cables? Anything?


text:
Where the Buffalo Roam Movie Review 1980
Information and Film Reviews for Where the Buffalo Roam the Movie
Early starring role for Murray as the legendary "gonzo" journalist Hunter S. Thompson. Meandering satire based on Thompson's books "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" and "Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72." Either confusing or offensively sloppy, depending on whether you've read Thompson. Music by Neil Young, thank goodness, or this might be a woof.
Universal Studios Home Video, 100 Universal City Plz., Universal City, CA 91608-9955, Phone: (818)777-1000, Fax: (818)866-1483, URL: http://www.universalstudios.com, Remarks: Does not handle retail queries from consumers; contact your local video distributor.
Satire & Parody, Front Page
Danny Goldman, Leonard Frey, Bill Murray, Peter Boyle, Susan Kellerman, Bruno Kirby, Rene Auberjonois, R.G. Armstrong, Rafael Campos, Craig T. Nelson
Art Linson
Christopher Greenbury


text:
Mumbai Kamala Mills Fire: A Death Trap (14 Dead, 55 Injured)
14 people died in Mumbai due to rapid spread of fire in Kamala Mills, Lower Parel at late Thursday night. Till now 14 people are dead and several others injured. However, most women died in the fire. 11 out of 14 are women who were in their mid-twenties and early thirties.
It spread rapidly to restaurants and offices. A nightlife club was also caught in this fire. Most of the places that caught fire were reported from the 37 acre premises that opened in the last few years. It is said that most of the people died due to suffocation.
A case of culpable homicide was launched against the promoters of "1 Above" restaurant where the fire broke out. Two people have incarcerated responsible for the fire break out. Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis has asked the civic body to "take strong action against erring officials".
Also read: Triple Talaq Bill Passed
Kamala Mills Fire News
Mentioned below are some of the updates about the massive fire that broke out in Kamala Mills, Mumbai:
The fire started a little after 12:30 am and began to spread. As reported by the witnesses, soon within half an hour of time, the building was engulfed in flames. Rescue teams immediately rushed to the spot to rescue those stuck in pub. Fire brigade immediately came in to stop the fire.
The majority of people who died were women. This group was celebrating the birthday of their friends at a rooftop restaurant. The 28 year old woman, Khushboo Mehta, whose birthday was being celebrated, is also reported to be dead because of the fire.
Allegations were made on the civic body stating that they ignored all the problems during construction. It is also said that the civic bodies had violated the fire norms. There wasn't any step for fire safety in the building.
The roof of the restaurant was made up of bamboo and tarpaulin sheets. These factors instigated the fire to spread even more.
Sulbha KG Arora, a Mumbai doctor described the horrific incident. She was an eye-witness and in conversation with NDTV over the phone, she said, "There was no time for anyone to reach out because the fire spread so rapidly. The staff members of the restaurant were trying to help the customers as much as possible." She then took to Twitter to describe the incident further. She tweeted "People were running over me even as the ceiling above me was collapsing in flames." She described the incident as the scariest thing she had ever seen.
Several news channel operators were shut down because of the damage caused to their equipment.
Reaction of politicians
As per the government bodies are concerned, they are all shocked and terrified by the incident. People have taken to Twitter to share their experiences and to express their gift. Even the President and Prime Minister of our country took to Twitter to express their grief.
PM Modi tweeted, "Anguished by the fire in Mumbai. My thoughts are with the bereaved families in this hour of grief. I pray that those injured recover quickly." Leader of Twitter, Aditya Thackeray tweeted, "Implementing fire audits of such places are a must, and action will be taken if violations are found." Shiv Sena lawmaker, Sunil Shinde has asked for a proper enquiry.
This place was once a 37 acre large construction area. This was recently turned into restaurants in the past few years. It is a major attraction of nightlife in Mumbai. The investigation is still going on. As per the latest reports by ANI, 14 are dead and 55 injured.
Tags: kamala mills firemumbai kamala mills


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Comedian Charlie Murphy Dies At 57
Posted on Thursday, April 13 2017 02:04:00 PM in POP NEWS by Chandra Meadows
(via Charlie Murphy's Twitter)
Charlie Murphy is often introduced as the brother of Eddie Murphy, but over the years he had definitely made a name for himself. In fact, one could argue that Murphy became one of the greatest comedians of our time.
People started paying attention to him from his role on Dave Chappelle's very popular comedy series Chappelle Show. Murphy's "Charlie Murphy's True Hollywood Stories" skits were hilarious. During the skits, he described various encounters he and his brother Eddie Murphy had with different celebrities. The Prince and Rick James' stories became classic. Murphy also did stand-up comedy tours and acted in a few movies.
Unfortunately, we have lost one of the people who had the ability to make our stomachs hurt from laughter. Charlie Murphy passed away Wednesday (April 12) due to a battle with leukemia. He was 57 years old.
Charlie Murphy was a rare find in the comedic world. We are thankful to have been able to witness such a funny soul.
Rest in Paradise Charlie Murphy. Darkness Everybody Darkness!


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Posted on behalf of Greg Monforton & Partners Injury Lawyers on January 6, 2023 in Auto Accident News
You have probably heard the expression that age is just a number.
While many people would like to think that age is just a number, in many situations a person's age indicates a lot of things. For example, age can be a factor when doctors are trying to diagnose an injury or determine the long-term impact of the injury.
Age can also be an important factor in a car accident claim, as a victim's age can have a significant impact on the value of the claim. For example, a younger crash victim may need more compensation than an older crash victim.
Below, we discuss how a crash victim's age could impact the value of a claim for car accident damages. If you or a loved one were injured in a car crash in Windsor or elsewhere in Ontario, our Windsor-based vehicle accident lawyers are ready to help you seek compensation.
There are no upfront fees or legal obligations with our services.
Contact Greg Monforton and Partners today: (866) 320-4770.
Life Expectancy and Your Claim
To put it simply, someone who has a longer life expectancy may have more damages after a car crash. Someone who has a shorter life expectancy may have less damages after a car crash. These are general statements, and each case needs to be evaluated on its own to determine its value.
Insurance companies are going to consider life expectancy when evaluating a claim, particularly when the victim suffered a long-term injury that is going to affect him or her long after the claim is settled or is resolved through a courtroom verdict.
How Claims Involving Children or Young Professionals May Have a Higher Value
Children and young professionals, such as people in their 20s or 30s, typically have a longer life expectancy than someone who is retired or close to retirement age. It is important to remember there are other factors at play, such as chronic health problems people may be dealing with that could affect their lifespan.
Age and Your Medical Expenses
Life expectancy plays a significant role in determining the value of ongoing medical expenses. Ongoing medical care may dramatically improve a victim's quality of life, particularly when the victim has decades of living with the effects of a serious injury.
However, insurance companies may be less likely to offer to pay as much for ongoing medical care to a victim who is older. Insurance companies may do this even though ongoing medical care could improve an older individual's quality of life. The insurance company may act as though quality of life is only important for victims who are younger.
How Age Impacts Lost Earning Capacity
Older injured victims are unlikely to be working much longer. They are probably not going to need as much compensation to make up for loss of earning capacity as younger victims.
Another factor to consider is younger people have not reached their maximum earning potential yet. It often takes until middle age for people to be earning the most they are likely to earn throughout their career. Younger people still have many opportunities for promotions, bonuses and pay increases.
People who are farther along in their career may still have opportunities for promotions and pay increases though. It is important to hire a lawyer who is committed to recovering full compensation for damages, including lost earning capacity. Your lawyer needs to be able to carefully evaluate your skills, education, promotion history and earning history to see what you were likely to receive if you had not suffered an injury.
How Age Impacts the Value of Pain and Suffering
Pain and suffering are often worse for those who have decades ahead of them. Dealing with chronic pain and other medical issues may impact relationships, such as with a spouse or child. They may be unable to take part in leisure activities they once enjoyed. They may suffer a significant loss in the enjoyment of their life.
That said, the pain and suffering experienced by older injury victims can also be significant. Insurance companies may downplay it, which is why victims need an experienced lawyer advocating for their interests. For example, some people have a more active lifestyle than others. If a car accident injury prevents someone from engaging in that active lifestyle, he or she should receive compensation for this.
It is important to remember that each claim must be evaluated on its own. Sometimes a younger victim suffers less damages than an older victim. For example, the same injury could be more severe for an older person than a younger person. The younger person may heal completely and have few, if any, ongoing damages. Meanwhile, the older victim may suffer declining health and a more significant decline in quality of life.
No matter your age, if your injury was caused by another's negligence, our experienced lawyers are ready to help you seek full compensation for your damages.
Call Today to Discuss Legal Options After a Crash
Car crashes can cause devastating injuries, no matter the age of the victim. However, the long-term impact of an injury can vary by the victim's age. That is why you need an experienced lawyer who understands the many factors that come into play when seeking fair compensation for an injury.
At Greg Monforton and Partners, our legal services come at no upfront cost. The initial consultation is free of charge as well.
Call us to learn more about our legal services: (866) 320-4770.


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ANTH 1001: Human Evolution
by Kat Nelsen Last Updated Dec 27, 2020 36 views this year
by Emily Reimer Last Updated Dec 25, 2020 5 views this year
by Julie Kelly Last Updated Dec 27, 2020 16 views this year
Kat Nelsen
Libraries & online resources available during COVID-19
COVID has affected access to library locations and resources, read our FAQ.
Find sources and search article databases
Find full text articles in academic journals or books on the arts, humanities, social sciences, and sciences. JSTOR provides articles from the journal's first issue. In some cases the most recent 2-5 years may not be available.
Anthropology Plus
Anthropology Plus provides extensive worldwide indexing of journal articles, reports, commentaries, edited works, and obituaries in the fields of social, cultural, physical, biological, and linguistic anthropology, ethnology, archaeology, folklore, material culture, and interdisciplinary studies.. Coverage is from the late 19th century to the present.
AnthroSource
Search or browse major journals from the American Anthropological Association (AAA) including American Anthropologist, American Ethnologist, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, and Medical Anthropology Quarterly.
Sample ebooks
Basics in Human Evolution by Michael P. Muehlenbein (Editor)
Basics in Human Evolution offers a broad view of evolutionary biology and medicine. The book is written for a non-expert audience, providing accessible and convenient content that will appeal to numerous readers across the interdisciplinary field. From evolutionary theory, to cultural evolution, this book fills gaps in the readers' knowledge from various backgrounds and introduces them to thought leaders in human evolution research. Offers comprehensive coverage of the wide ranging field of human evolution Written for a non-expert audience, providing accessible and convenient content that will appeal to numerous readers across the interdisciplinary field Provides expertise from leading minds in the field Allows the reader the ability to gain exposure to various topics in one publication
The Science of Human Evolution by John H. Langdon
This textbook provides a collection of case studies in paleoanthropology demonstrating the method and limitations of science. These cases introduce the reader to various problems and illustrate how they have been addressed historically. The various topics selected represent important corrections in the field, some critical breakthroughs, models of good reasoning and experimental design, and important ideas emerging from normal science.
Handbook of Paleoanthropology by Winfried Henke (Editor); Ian Tattersall (Editor)
Paleoanthropology is perhaps the most multidisciplinary of all the sciences. Any complete account of the evolution and cultural and biological context of Homo sapiens must combine information from geology, paleoecology, primatology, evolutionary biology and a host of other fields. Above all, historical information needs to be combined with, and interpreted in the light of, what we know of the living world. Paleoanthropology is also an actively developing field in which much remains to be settled. The three volumes of this handbook bring together contributions by the world´s leading specialists that reflect the broad spectrum of modern paleoanthropology, thus presenting an indispensable resource for both professionals and students alike.
The Evolution of the Eye by Georg Glaeser; Hannes F. Paulus
With fascinating, spectacularly beautiful images, the book piques readers' curiosity about the diversity of visual organs. This book is the result of a dual approach - scientific as well as aesthetic. The compelling images are accompanied by an easy-to-read, understandable text, aimed at both scientists and the educated public, and generally anyone interested in the beauty of nature. Thanks to this combination, the book presents the staggering diversity of eyes in the animal kingdom and provides countless insights into the intriguing mechanisms at work - from simple pigment cups to independently flexible, telescopic, facet and lens eyes. Educational, exciting, entertaining till the last page, this is a book for anyone who is interested in evolution, nature and the miracle of life.
URL: https://libguides.umn.edu/ANTH/1001


The SmartSeg project aims to develop a Marketing solution that has as main objective the creation of an intelligent segmentation motor to support marketing professionals in the definition of campaign targets.
During the implementation of the project, Bizdirect will develop a tool that will provide the platform already in use by the Marketing professionals (Microsoft Dynamics CRM) with intelligent tools of segmentation. The challenge is to aggregate 'dead data' that already exists in the organizations, with 'live data' that results from analysis of social networks, having as a basis a specific context that is being promoted by a given campaign. This solution thus pretends to provide the Marketing departments with a tool that will also consider the feeling/behavior of the final consumer/prospect/influencer, as an essential parameter to include or exclude the individual from the Marketing campaign.
Existence of an adaptive motor with learning capacity, making use of the latest technologies and advances in the field of artificial intelligence.
The SmartSeg project is co-funded through Portugal 2020's "R&D Incentive System – Individual Projects" scheme. It has started in April of 2016 and will continue to be implemented until March of 2018.


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LG V30 vs OnePlus 7T vs LG V60 ThinQ
2460 x 1080 pixels, 20.5:9 ratio, 395 PPI
P-OLED
HDR video support, Oleophobic coating, Scratch-resistant glass (Corning Gorilla Glass 5), Ambient light sensor, Proximity sensor
90Hz refresh rate, HDR video support, Scratch-resistant glass (Corning Gorilla Glass 5), Ambient light sensor, Proximity sensor
Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 MSM8998
Qualcomm Snapdragon 855+ SM8150-AC
Qualcomm Snapdragon 865 SM8250
Octa-core, 2450 MHz, Kryo 280, 64-bit, 10 nm
Octa-core, 2960 MHz, Kryo 485, 64-bit, 7 nm
64GB, available to use: 50 GB
128GB (UFS 3.0), not expandable
128GB, available to use: 99 GB
microSDXC up to 2000 GB
Android (9.0 Pie, 8.0 Oreo, 7.1 Nougat), LG UX UI
Android (10), OxygenOS UI
Battery life test results:
Qualcomm Quick Charge 3.0, Qi and Powermat wireless charging
OnePlus Warp Charge
Qualcomm Quick Charge 4+, Qi wireless charging
Aperture size: F1.6; Focal length: 30 mm; Sensor size: 1/3.09"; Pixel size: 1 μm
Aperture size: F1.8; Sensor size: 1/1.7"; Pixel size: 0.8 μm
12 MP (Telephoto, PDAF)
Aperture size: F1.9; Focal Length: 12 mm; Sensor size: 1/3.4"; Pixel size: 1 μm
Optical zoom: 2x; Aperture size: F2.2; Focal Length: 51 mm; Pixel size: 1 μm
Aperture size: F1.9; Sensor size: 1/3.4"; Pixel size: 1 μm
16 MP (Ultra-wide, Autofocus)
HQVGA (240x160) (ToF 3D depth sensing)
Aperture size: F1.4; Sensor size: 1/4"; Pixel size: 1.4 μm
3840x2160 (4K UHD) (30 fps), 1920x1080 (Full HD), 1280x720 (HD) (240 fps)
3840x2160 (4K UHD) (60 fps), 1920x1080 (Full HD) (240 fps), 1280x720 (HD) (960 fps)
7680x4320 (8K UHD), 3840x2160 (4K UHD), 1920x1080 (Full HD)
HDR, Time-lapse video, Continuous autofocus, Object tracking, EIS, Video calling, Video sharing
HDR, Time-lapse video, EIS
5 MP (Wide Angle, Autofocus)
16 MP (EIS, HDR)
6.34 x 2.93 x 0.32 inches (160.94 x 74.44 x 8.13 mm)
Back: Glass (Corning Gorilla Glass 5); Frame: Aluminum
Water, Dust, Shock; IP68; MIL-STD-810 certified
Water, Dust; IP68; MIL-STD-810 certified
2D Face unlock, Fingerprint (touch)
In-screen fingerprint
Left: Volume control, Lock/Unlock key
Left: Volume control; Right: Lock/Unlock key
Black, Silver, Purple, Blue
Glacier blue, Frosted silver
n2, n41, n66, n71, Sub-6
Bands 1(2100), 2(1900), 3(1800), 4(AWS-1), 5(850), 7(2600), 12(700 a), 13(700 c), 20(800 DD), 25(1900+), 66(AWS-3)
Bands 1(2100), 2(1900), 3(1800), 4(AWS-1), 5(850), 7(2600), 8(900), 12(700 a), 13(700 c), 17(700 b), 18(800 Lower), 19(800 Upper), 20(800 DD), 25(1900+), 26(850+), 28(700 APT), 29(700 d), 30(2300 WCS), 66(AWS-3), 71(600)
Bands 1(2100), 2(1900), 3(1800), 4(AWS-1), 5(850), 7(2600), 12(700 a), 20(800 DD), 29(700 d), 30(2300 WCS), 66(AWS-3)
Bands 34(2000), 38(2600), 39(1900+), 41(2600+), 46, 48(3600)
Bands 38(2600), 39(1900+), 40(2300), 41(2600+), 46
800, 850, 900, 1700/2100, 1800, 1900, 2100 MHz
850, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz
LTE-A Pro Cat 16 (1000/150 Mbit/s), HSDPA+ (4G) 42.2 Mbit/s, HSUPA, UMTS
LTE-A Pro Cat 18 (1200/150 Mbit/s), HSDPA+ (4G) 42.2 Mbit/s, HSUPA 5.76 Mbit/s, UMTS
HD Voice:
Earpiece, Multiple speakers
32-Bit DAC, aptX-HD
Dolby Atmos, aptX-HD
32-Bit DAC
for Noise cancellation, Video recording
802.11 a, b, g, n, ac, dual-band; MIMO, Wi-Fi Direct, Hotspot
802.11 a, b, g, n, ac, ax, dual-band; MIMO, Wi-Fi Direct, Hotspot
Video out, Charging
GPS, A-GPS, Glonass, Galileo
GPS, A-GPS, Glonass, Galileo, BeiDou, Dual-band positioning, Cell ID, Wi-Fi positioning
GPS, A-GPS, S-GPS, Glonass, Galileo, Cell ID, Wi-Fi positioning
NFC, UMA (Wi-Fi Calling)
Hearing aid compatible:
This is the official OnePlus 7T User Guide in English provided from the manufacturer.
Warp Charge 30 power adapter, Warp Type-C cable, Quick Start guide, Welcome letter, Safety information and Warranty card, LOGO sticker, Case, Screen protector (pre-applied), SIM Tray ejector
AC adapter (charger), USB C cable, SIM Tray Eject Tool, Quick Start Guide


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Home » Resort Review / Feature
Resort Suites of Scottsdale: Welcome Golf Warriors and Partiers
By Shane Sharp, Contributor
SCOTTSDALE, AZ - Three words: Personal Vacation Planner.
You don't have to be a millionaire or a movie star to have one. Resort Suites of Scottsdale will provide you with one should you decide to stay in one of their suites during your golf trip to the Valley of the Sun. Once most golfers discover this facility nestled between the Tournament Players Club of Scottsdale and Grayhawk, the decision becomes a no-brainer.
"We have a diverse number of floor plans that make our suites conducive to golfers," says general manager Rick Hamilton. "We have one and two bedroom suites with full kitchens, and we also have four bedrooms suites that are 1800 square feet. With us, you don't have to line up four or five rooms at a hotel. Guys can get together at night and play cards and do what they do in the same suite, all with separate rooms."
Unlike a golf package provider, Resort Golf Suites travels the road of the upscale steak house by offering a la carte stay and play arrangements. When a golfer calls into Resort Suites to book a room and a golf vacation, he or she is immediately forwarded to one of the company's experienced vacation planners.
The vacation planner asks the golfer some basic questions, gaining an understanding of skill level, familiarity with the local golf scene, and budget. Based on the information gained from this extensive interview, the vacation planner recommends a series of golf courses to fit the golfer's every need.
"A typical resort suites client travels with three other players and plays golf every day," Hamilton says. "From there, we essentially have two types of players. There is the 10 a.m. player that wants to stay out late and have some drinks and dinner, and play 18 holes a day. Then there is the battle-hardened veteran having breakfast at 6 a.m., teeing off by 7:30 a.m., and then teeing off again by 1 p.m. There is the golf warrior and the golf partier."
Warriors and partiers alike will be glad to know that the vacation planners aren't just pencil pushers looking at brochures of the Valley's 100 plus golf courses. Each vacation planner, including Hamilton, heads out each weekend to play a different course, gathering information on rates, course conditions, and service levels.
"It is a tough business, but someone has to do quality control for this operation," Hamilton chides. "Seriously though, we want to be able to give players the first and last word on the 60 plus course that we work with in the area, as well as the ones we don't work with. If a new course opens, we are there. If an older course gets a face-lift, we are there. The planners know their reputation is on the line, so they give the best updates on conditions and new courses."
Resort Suites has a proud tradition of working with some of the best golf courses in Scottsdale, which in turn translates into some of the best venues in the western United States. But Hamilton feels that the perception that Scottsdale is for wealthy, upscale daily fee golfers only, is misplaced and needs to be corrected right away.
"With Troon North (at right), and Grayhawk, and the Boulders, it's easy to categorize us as a high end daily fee destination," he says. "But what we have that Las Vegas and Palm Springs lack is a group of 30-35 courses that are affordable and incredible plays like Wildfire, Kierland, Anthem Country Club, Sun Ridge Canyon and Dove Valley Ranch. Scottsdale has ridden the coattails of those high end facilities, but what we are doing now is trying to educate everyone as to the depth of the golf here."
Resort Suites is conveniently located for golfers who want quick access to both top of the line and middle tier courses. Within a five to six mile drive of the property are 12 golf courses, and Kierland, with its 27 holes of pristine desert golf, is just two miles down the road.
One of Resort Suites' most unique guest services is its ability to book tee times at local private courses, such as Anthem Country Club and Tonto Verde. Hamilton says that these private facilities realize that a majority of Resort Suite clients are potential members, and traveling golfers are given the red carpet treatment upon their arrival.
"We can get golfers on courses like Tonto Verde, where they can play 36 holes on the two courses," Hamilton says. "They will be treated like members, from the bag drop to the 19th hole. With the daylight limited in the winter months, it's a great chance to fit in two rounds without having to travel."
Because Resort Suites doesn't specialize in golf packages, per se, Hamilton says that golfers are typically offered the "rack" or off the street rate at the courses he works with. However, the lack of discounts is offset by the fact that Resort Suites is able to secure tee times at the Valley's finest courses three to four months in advance.
"We are starting to push the envelope with the courses we work with quite a bit by getting advanced tee time discounts," Hamilton says. "But we want to stick with our concept of giving you exactly what you want. We don't force feed anything, in terms of a golf package that tells you where you can play. You get your room and then you pick your courses with a trusted adviser."
For more information on Resort Suites, call 800-767-3574.
Hamilton's Analysis
Resort Suites general manager Rick Hamilton and his vacation planners are considered experts on the golf courses of the Valley of the Sun. Here is their breakdown on some of the toughest, and most player friendly courses in the Phoenix area, with their comments in parenthesis.
Score Card Wreckers: Las Sendas (forced carries, undulating greens), the Talon Course at Grayhawk (target golf with teeth), Dinosaur Mountain at Gold Canyon (the views will distract you from the 200 yard carries), the Pinnacle Course at Troon North (the granddaddy of target golf.)
Sympathetic Layouts: Anthem Country Club (built for members who play everyday), Eagle Mountain (feels like the desert, but you can play your normal game and shoot your regular score), Kierland (wall to wall grass with fairways that feed to the middle), Wildfire (new Faldo Course will be available for $100, what is more sympathetic than that?), and Dove Valley.
Shane Sharp, Contributor
Shane Sharp is vice president of Buffalo Communications, a golf and lifestyle media agency. He was a writer, senior writer and managing editor of TravelGolf.com from 1997 to 2003.


text:
// Copyright 2000-2022 JetBrains s.r.o. and contributors. Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license.
package com.intellij.lang.documentation;

import com.intellij.openapi.extensions.ExtensionPointName;
import com.intellij.util.concurrency.annotations.RequiresBackgroundThread;
import com.intellij.util.concurrency.annotations.RequiresReadLock;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.ApiStatus.Experimental;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.ApiStatus.Internal;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;

@Experimental
public interface DocumentationLinkHandler {

  @Internal
  ExtensionPointName<DocumentationLinkHandler> EP_NAME = ExtensionPointName.create("com.intellij.lang.documentationLinkHandler");

  /**
   * @return result of resolving the given {@code url} to another {@link DocumentationTarget},
   * or {@code null} if this handler is not applicable, or the target cannot be resolved
   */
  @RequiresReadLock
  @RequiresBackgroundThread
  default @Nullable LinkResolveResult resolveLink(@NotNull DocumentationTarget target, @NotNull String url) {
    return null;
  }

  /**
   * Implement this method to load some additional data when a link is activated,
   * and then to update the documentation browser content with the loaded data.
   *
   * @return a stream of updates, which should be applied to the existing content,
   * or {@code null} if this handler is not applicable
   */
  @Internal
  @RequiresReadLock
  @RequiresBackgroundThread
  default @Nullable ContentUpdater contentUpdater(@NotNull DocumentationTarget target, @NotNull String url) {
    return null;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


PeaceWay Counseling & Mediation Services, Inc. (PCMS) is a Valdosta based clinical practice that focuses on helping families and individuals with putting the pieces together through therapeutic interventions. PCMS is dedicated to providing a variety of services which include: Individual Therapy, Family Therapy, Premarital Counseling, Martial Counseling and group therapy. Our therapists are trained professionals that are committed to providing quality service.
Peaceway Counselors pride themselves on Integrity, commitment professionalism. We believe that many people are influenced by their surroundings, which suggests that people mimic the behavior that others display in their presence. Social theorist Albert Bandura referred to this process as the social learning theory. We believe that behavior is learned from the people, places and things that the individual has the most interaction with. We also believe that behavior can be unlearned. As clinicians working with our clients, we become a coach or co-constructor with the family in the therapeutic process.
Dear Dr. L. Andrews, I thank GOD for my STRUGGLES because without them I would have not STUMBLED across my STRENGTH. Through you GOD has blessed me with STRENGTH and ENCOURAGMENT and for that... I am forever GRATEFUL! May GOD continue to bless you.


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Degreeing a Cam on the 22R-Series Engine
http://www.4x4wire.com/toyota/tech/cam_degreeing/ Short Cuts
| Toyota Section | Toyota Tech | Toyota Reviews | Toyota Maintenance |
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By:Jeff Moskovitz - January, 2002.
Before I explain why you should degree your camshaft, let's review the function of the crankshaft and camshaft in a four stroke, internal combustion engine.
As the name implies, four stroke internal combustion engines go through four distinct strokes for each combustion cycle: intake, compression, power, and exhaust, also known as suck, squish, bang, and blow. This means that for each combustion cycle, the piston moves up and down twice. This corresponds to two complete revolutions of the crankshaft. Interesting fact: because the camshaft rotates at half the speed of the crank, that means the camshaft only rotates a quarter turn for each of these strokes.
From the crankshaft end of things, the operation is very simple: the piston is moving straight up or straight down every 180 degrees of crankshaft rotation. The camshaft, however, has a much more complex series of tasks to perform, as each valve must be opened and closed at precisely the right moment. To accomplish this, the camshaft rotates once for every two crankshaft revolutions, or one complete revolution per four stroke cycle.
As the piston is being pulled down, the intake valve is opening, and the intake mixture is being sucked into the cylinder, or pushed into the cylinder in the case of forced induction motors.
Once the mixture has been pulled into the cylinder, the intake valve closes, and the piston begins to rise on the compression stroke.
As the piston is rising and the mixture in the cylinder is being compressed, a spark event is initiated at some predetermined point. This ignites the fuel mixture, and as it expands it forces the piston downwards on the power stroke.
Once the power stroke is complete, the piston rises again, the exhaust valve opens, the combusted gasses are expelled, and the cycle is repeated.
Needless to say, all of these events must occur at just the right time, in the correct order, and for the correct duration. The point where an intake valve is first opened, how much it is ultimately opened, when it closes, and how these events relate to the same events taking place on the corresponding exhaust valve are critical, determining factors in an engine's performance. These characteristics are all built in to your camshaft, and you change them by changing cams.
The relationship of these valve events to one another cannot be changed in a 22R engine except by changing camshafts. However, the relationship of these events to the movement and position of the pistons/crankshaft CAN be changed. This is referred to as cam timing, and small changes in your cam timing can make noticable, and sometimes even dramatic changes in your performance. To determine your actual cam timing and make these changes in an informed, logical manner, it is necessary to "degree in" your cam.
What is "degreeing in" your cam, and why is it necessary?
By "degreeing in" a camshaft, we mean determining its *exact* relationship to the crankshaft. While it would be nice if we could trust the timing marks on the crank pulley and oil pump housing for this, the reality is that there are many components that actually determine cam timing, and small variations in any or all of these components can make the actual cam timing several degrees advanced or retarded from the timing as shown on the stock timing marks.
Consider all of the components that figure in cam and crank timing: the crankshaft and camshaft, obviously, but also the timing gears, timing chain, thickness/height of the head, thickness/height of the cam bearing journals, height of the deck, thickness of the headgasket, precision of the marks on the cast oil pump housing, and the integrity of the stock crank pulley (which is actually a two piece affair on all but the early 22R engines). Quite a few factors to trust, and all it takes is milling a few thousandths off the head and/or deck to retard stock cam timing by a few degrees.
So, to be as precise as possible, it is necessary to degree in your camshaft.
What do you need to do this?
The degree wheel and other necessities for properly setting up a cam on a 22R series engine.
To degree in a camshaft on a 22R series engine, you need the following special parts and tools:
a camshaft degree wheel (I used the Mr. Gasket 7" wheel, p/n 1570, about $21 from Summit Racing)
a piston stop (I used the Crane Cams p/n 99412-1, which is made from brass and features a center hole to relieve cylinder pressure while you rotate the engine. And the brass will dent before your piston does. This was about $12 from Summit).
a dial indicator with a magnetic base and adjustable arm.
a 14MM X 1.5MM X 75MM bolt.
two or three nuts of the same size and pitch as the above bolt.
a number of 14MM (or 1/2" or 9/16") washers.
a piece of stiff wire to use as a pointer (e.g., a wire coat hanger).
an adjustable cam gear. You can measure your cam timing without an adjustable cam gear, but you will need such a gear to change your cam timing.
patience and the dedication to be as accurate as possible, even if it takes a while.
First things first: let's get set up
It is much easier to degree a cam when the engine is out of the vehicle...but I'm going to assume that your engine is still in your vehicle. If it's out of the vehicle, pat yourself on the back, because this just became a whole lot easier for you. For everyone else, roll up your sleeves...
To degree in the cam, you will need to have clear access to the crank pulley. I found that I needed to remove both the power steering belt and the alternator belt. I also found that I needed to remove my fan and pulley from the front of the water pump (you want to remove the four 10MM nuts, and extract the fan and fan clutch as one unit, if possible). Some folks may also need to remove the fan shroud. I got lucky and didn't, but you might, depending on the exact year and style of fan shroud you have installed. If you have an aftermarket electric fan and shroud combo, I believe you will also need to remove that as well.
You will also need to remove the stock crank pulley bolt. This can be a major PITA if you haven't done it before, but it's actually pretty easy once you master the basic technique of using the starter and a breaker bar braced against the frame. I am going to assume that you have a method for removing this bolt that you are familiar with, as removing this bolt could make up a decent article in its own right.
So, remove the following:
belt(s).
fan and fan clutch.
crank pulley bolt.
fan shroud (if necessary).
spark plugs.
valve cover.
Attach the degree wheel
Once the belts and fan are out of the way, you can attach the degree wheel to the crank pulley.
As I said above, I used the Mr. Gasket 7" degree wheel. This wheel comes with a big hole in the center and two aluminum bushings to size this hole down for the more common domestic sized bolts. If you use this wheel, you will need to enlarge the opening of one of these bushings to make it work with the larger Toyota crank pulley bolt. I held the bushing with a pair of Vise Grips and used a 9/16" drill bit to enlarge the hole, which worked fine.
Look at that washer stack! It wasn't pretty, but it worked well...
To actually attach the degree wheel to the crank shaft, I used a long bolt of the same thread size/pitch as the stock crank bolt, and a number of washers and nuts to allow me sufficient stand-off to keep the degree wheel from touching the crank pulley. The picture to the right illustrates the improvisation required to make this setup work.
Two things to keep in mind: you will need to be able to move the degree wheel a little bit after you determine positive TDC (explained below), and you will need to use this bolt to turn the engine both forwards and backwards. For these reasons, I used a metric nylon lock nut to keep the washer stack and degree wheel pressed very-firmly-but-not-quite-immobilized against the head of the bolt. You want to have a lot of friction between the two clamping surfaces, but not so much that you can't rotate the wheel a little bit when you need to. I then used a standard nut as a jam nut and spacer against the lock nut, because I was going to be using this bolt to turn the engine and really didn't want anything in the stack to move once I had the degree wheel in position.
Finally, I used several very stout washers between the jam nut and the end of the crank shaft. Even though I was doing this operation with the crank pulley still in place, I didn't want these final washers to touch anything other than the surface of the crank, because washers that would be wide enough to span the crank pulley opening might deform when this bolt was tightened, or even worse, then the engine was turned, which would move my TDC marker and force me to start over. So I went with stout washers of a diameter small enough to allow me to tighten this bolt firmly against the crankshaft.
Your finished degree wheel and pointer assembly should look similar to this.
After assembling the degree wheel, bolt it firmly to the front of the crank shaft! You will be using this bolt to rotate the engine in both directions, so this bolt needs to be on there tightly, or you might inadvertently break it free when you are moving the engine in reverse rotation. If that happens, you will need to begin this procedure all over again, so make sure that this bolt is on there tight.
Finally, after you have the degree wheel in place, attach the heavy wire pointer to any convenient bolt on the timing chain cover or water pump. I chose the lower right timing cover bolt, because this was a convenient spot from which to read the degree wheel.
Locate positive top dead center (TDC)
As mentioned above, you just can't trust the stock timing marks for this operation. Consequently, it is necessary to determine positive TDC before you begin. By positive TDC, I mean the point where the piston is at TDC after you have taken up all of the slack in the timing chain and the engine's other rotating parts.
The overview of this procedure is to install the degree wheel and bring the engine to TDC on the stock marks, and rotate the degree wheel so that it, too, indicates TDC on the wire pointer, as explained below. Next, the engine is backed off 30-40 degrees, and a piston stop is inserted into the cylinder. The engine is then rotated forward until the piston hits the stop, and the position of the degree wheel is noted. The engine is then rotated in the opposite direction until the piston again contacts the piston stop, and the position of the degree wheel is again noted. Positive TDC will be at the middle point of these two readings, and the degree wheel is moved so that it indicates true TDC. For example, if the piston initially contacts the piston stop at 16º BTDC, and then after being rotated in the reverse direction contacts the piston stop again at 20º ATDC, 16 + 20 = 36. Divide 36 ÷ 2 to get the average, 18. Subtract the average from the greater number, and rotate the degree wheel (NOT the engine!) by the difference to bring the degree wheel to true TDC. If the side before TDC was greater, you will rotate the wheel clockwise, and vice versa if the side ATDC was greater. In this example, rotate the wheel 2º counter-clockwise. Repeat the test again to verify that the degree wheel now reads the same each time it hits the piston stop.
Here are the step-by-step instructions to determine positive TDC:
Remove the spark plugs and valve cover, and disconnect the negative battery terminal.
Bolt your degree wheel firmly to the crank shaft, keeping in mind everything described in the previous section.
Bend a piece of coat hanger wire into the shape of a pointer, and bolt it to the underside of the engine. I found that the lower right timing cover bolt worked well for this. Use wire that's strong enough so that it won't be moved or bent by accidental contact -- if this wire gets moved at any point after you establish positive TDC, you will need to start over, and reestablish positive TDC.
Using a socket or wrench, rotate the engine so that it is at TDC, using the stock timing marks.
Adjust the degree wheel so that it's TDC mark lines up with the pointer.
Reverse rotate the engine 40 degrees or so, so that the piston is down in the cylinder.
Insert the piston stop into the cylinder until it bottoms out. If you contact the piston before the piston stop bottoms out, I recommend backing the engine up further, so that you can really make sure the piston stop is bottomed out.
Take a Sharpie pen and mark a vertical line on the head of the piston stop at the 12:00 position. [NOTE: Because of the relatively shallow angle between the spark plug and the piston top, as well as the proximity of the piston stop to the intake valve, there will be valve to piston stop contact when you try to rotate the engine through a complete revolution. Consequently, the best method I found was to mark the piston stop and then pull it out while you rotate the engine. This isn't ideal, but it's also not going to introduce too much inaccuracy as long as you are careful. Remember, too, that if the piston stop is made of brass it will deform easily, so don't torque this down as if it were a spark plug.]
Rotate the engine slowly forward until it is stopped by the piston stop.
Note the position of the degree wheel in degrees before TDC, and write this number down.
Remove the piston stop.
Rotate the engine through TDC, and about 40 degrees past TDC.
Reinsert the piston stop, making sure that it is aligned the same as when you removed it.
Reverse rotate the engine until it contacts the piston stop.
Note the position of the degree wheel in degrees after TDC.
Subtract the smaller number from the bigger number, and divide the difference by 2. This is the number of degrees you will need to rotate your *degree wheel*. If the BTDC number is greater than the ATDC number, you are going to rotate the degree wheel clockwise. If the ATDC number is greater, rotate the wheel counter-clockwise.
Repeat the procedure one more time, just to make sure the two piston stop numbers are the same. If they are not, adjust and repeat until they are. Be as exacting as possible -- there's no point in going through this process if you aren't willing to take the time to be exact.
Remember to remove the piston stop when you are done!
Find the centerline of the intake lobe
Now that you know the exact location of true TDC, you are ready to find the centerlines of the intake lobe. The intake centerline is used because this is information that is typically included on the cam card that ships with most cams. Note that "intake centerline" is different from "lobe separation angle." If your cam card doesn't have the intake centerline listed, call your cam manufacturer!
Our goal is to find the highest point on the cam's intake lobe, and map that position to a point on the crankshaft degree wheel.
With the engine still set to TDC on the degree wheel, set the valve lash to 0.000". For measuring purposes, valve last just increases cam retard, so it's important to make sure things are set to zero before we go any further.
Next, get your dial indicator, and mount it to a sturdy location where you will be able to track the movement of the valve spring retainer, such that the dial indicator's tip will move parallel to the valve spring.
Dial indicator shown on the exhaust valve spring retainer; mount yours on the intake valve retainer!
Most dial indicators have a magnetic base. Because the head and intake manifolds are aluminum, this can make it hard to mount the dial indicator in a position where it will do you any good. I found that by sandwiching a small piece of flat stock between two nuts on one of the valve cover retainer studs, I was able to work on both intake and exhaust valves pretty easily. My mount is visible in the picture (shown on the exhaust valve, because it made for an easier picture).
You are going to be take your readings from the valve spring retainer as it moves downwards. This might be counter-intuitive, but it's a lot easier to measure valve movement on the retainer than on the lobe of the cam -- the presence of the cam follower makes it very difficult to get good readings from the lobe itself. Consequently, it is important to preload the dial indicator against the valve spring retainer such that you will get readings throughout the full range of valve's movement. In other words, if you start the dial indicator at 0.00" (no preload), you are only set up to measure the compression of the indicator tip. We are actually going to be measuring the droop of the tip, so we need to preload the gauge accordingly. How much preload doesn't really matter, as long as the gauge never bottoms out.
Again, this picture was taken on the exhaust side because it was easier to see, but set yours up on the intake valve.
Also, when mounting the indicator, remember to pay attention to the angle at which the tip of the dial indicator intersects the valve spring retainer. Ideally, the tip should be perpendicular to the retainer, so that the movement of the tip is identical to the movement of the shaft:
Don't get fooled by the valve lash adjuster, either. It's the valve's movement you want to follow.
Once you have things set up, rotate the crankshaft in the direction of engine rotation until you come up near the toe of the intake lobe (the point of maximum lift). As the valve spring is depressed by the cam follower, the dial indicator dives downward, and its reading decreases. At the point of maximum valve lift, the dial indicator will seem to hesitate for a moment, and then its readings will begin to increase. When this happens, you know that you have just passed through maximum lift. Back the engine up, and locate this point of maximum lift again. Once you have it, align the dial indicator's dial such that the zero on the dial lines up with the needle on the face of the gauge.
As when we located positive TDC, we are now going to take two crank degree measurements on either side of this point of maximum lift. I like to take these measurements at .075" less than the point of maximum lift, but any point greater than .030" will probably do, as long as you use the same measurement for both sides of the lobe. (Note: I use .075" because the Toyota rocker arms use a 1.5:1 ratio. Most cam measurements are taken at .050", but if you are going to measure at the valve retainer, you need to factor in the built-in mechanical advantage of the rocker arm.)
Begin by backing the engine up so that the dial indicator moves about .200" from max lift.
Next, slowly rotate the engine forward, until the dial indicator shows that the valve spring is .075" before maximum lift. Try to be as exact as possible. This can be a little frustrating, as the motor always seems to want to move .005" more than you want it to. If you overshoot the mark, be sure to back the motor up about .100" and try again (you do this to eliminate the slop in the valvetrain). Once you have the cam at exactly .075" before max lift, note the position of the degree wheel.
Once you have the first measurement down, rotate the engine past the point of max valve lift, and take the same measurement on the other side, when the cam reaches .075" past max lift. Write this measurement down.
IMPORTANT: all figures need to be referenced to 360 degrees of total cam rotation. The Mr. Gasket degree wheel I used was marked in 90º increments, so all marks over the first 90º had to be converted to their respective 360º equivalents. For example, my first measurement was 69º ATDC. My second measurement was 29º BBDC...which is really 151º ATDC (BDC = 180º ATDC, so 180º - 29º = 151º).
Your intake centerline is:
(the first measurement) + (the second measurement)
So in this case, my intake centerline is (69º + 151º)/2, or 110º. Compare your result to the number on your cam card. In my case, my intake centerline on the cam card was also listed as 110º, so no adjustment was necessary to bring my cam back to zero. I can now advance or retard the cam with some confidence that I am starting from the proper position.
However, what if my numbers had come out different? When the measured intake centerline is less than the centerline specified on the cam card, the cam is said to be advanced. Similarly, when the measured intake centerline is greater than the centerline listed on the cam card, the cam is considered to be retarded.
For example, if my measured intake centerline had come out to 114º, my cam would be installed 4º retarded. If the intake centerline was measured as being 108º, my cam would have been installed 2º advanced.
What to do with this info?
Advancing or retarding a cam moves peak torque lower or higher in the rpm range, respectively. If you add torque to the bottom of the rpm range, you take torque off the top, and vice versa. Because the cam is only one engine component, and all engine components need to work together, some engines can benefit from more advance or more retard.
22R/RE engines typically benefit from 2�-3� of cam advance. Since many engines inadvertently develop several degrees of cam retard after their heads have been decked, actually bringing the cam to a true 2� or 3� of advance can make a very noticeable difference in performance. In the case of turbo engines, which typically breathe better at higher rpms, you will usually see more peak power by retarding the cam timing several degrees. However, this increase in peak power will come at the expense of some low end torque. If your turbo is already feeling pretty laggy and you want more torque down low, you may want to forsake more top end power and advance the cam several degrees, which will definitely translate into more seat of the pants/off the line acceleration.
Finally, keep in mind that 6º is about as much as you would want to move the cam in either direction without making absolutely certain that you have sufficient piston-to-valve clearance. Because the 22RTE pistons have a dish to them, you have a fair amount of clearance, but advancing the cam increases the likelihood of contacting the intake valve, while retarding the cam increases the likelihood of contacting the exhaust valve. Go slow and use your head -- nothing would be worse than bending a valve trying to squeeze another 5 hp from your motor.
Related Links: Sources:
Jeff's 22R-TE Page
Jeff's LC Engineering Turbo Header Review
CompCams' catalog, especially page 23, "Degreeing in a Camshaft"
Crane Cams' "Degreeing in a Cam"
The article "Cam Truth", by Buddy Rawls
Toyota Review- D.O.A. Racing Engines 22R Timing Chain
Toyota Maintenance- 22R Timing Chain Replacement
Toyota Tech Section
Toyota Main Page
D.O.A. Racing Engines
LC Engineering
CompCams
Trending on 4x4Wire TrailTalk Forums


Recorded by Mercedes Maharis at a public meeting regarding the Monument Fire.
The spot where the Monument Fire started is well-known as a major smugglers' entry point into the United States. Cochise County Sheriff's Deputy Danny Romero, who has worked that area with the county's narcotics and border-interdiction teams, says the biggest trail in the area runs up the ridge about 300 yards from the spot of the fire. It measures 2 feet wide in places and is nicknamed Joe's Trail.
Romero also says there is a drug-scout's perch on the Mexican side of the line, across from where the Monument Fire started. "We've gone up to where you can see their packs and their gear pretty well," says Romero. "It's not even 50 feet south of the line.
The issue of smugglers setting diversion fires—essentially drawing law enforcement's attention to one area while pushing a load through another—is a controversial one. In a meeting at Border Patrol headquarters in Nogales on July 12, when the Weekly asked Border Patrol's Randy Hill, patrol agent in charge in Tucson, whether smugglers use fire as a tactic, he said he'd never heard of that happening.
He said they do set distress fires, but called smuggler diversion fires counter-intuitive. "They don't want to destroy the cover they need on whatever trail they're using," Hill said.
In the Weekly's June 30 story on recent border fires, Ron Colburn, former national deputy chief of Border Patrol, said diversion fires are fairly common. On the matter of potentially destroying cover, Colburn said the smugglers "don't think that far ahead." Colburn's career included a stint as agent in charge in Nogales.
Romero says Border Patrol agents have told him that fire is indeed a tactic of the smugglers, and he has seen it happen. He tells of an incident in late spring or early summer of 2006, between the Coronado National Memorial and the San Rafael Valley. The episode did not generate a police report, so Romero cannot give the exact date. The area is about 8 miles west of where the Monument Fire started.
The pedestrian fence had not been built yet, and no Normandy vehicle barriers were in place, as they are now. The only barrier the smugglers faced was five strands of barbed wire.
About midnight, Romero says they saw two bodies emerge from a hiding place and jump the wire fence. The smugglers showed up on the thermal scopes as green patches called hotspots. They came north only about 25 or 30 yards.
"We thought maybe it was their scout group coming up to see if everything was clear," says Romero. "Then we started seeing other hotspots close to where the first two were, and then we see the two guys go back over the fence and head south. All of a sudden, we start seeing hotspots next to where the two people were at.
"First, we thought they might be bodies. But we could see them starting to get bigger, and we were like, 'Hey, that's fire!' So we blacked out (our lights) and drove down there. We have night-vision stuff for the truck, infrared lights, so they didn't even know we were coming. We went to the same area they were at, and sure enough, they started fires in three or four different spots.
The area where the Monument Fire started to the west, all the way across the San Rafael Valley, is a busy one for drug-smuggling and for fires, says Lee Eseman, who lived in the valley for eight years as manager of a planned San Rafael State Park.
In the time she lived there, from 2000 to 2008, Eseman says there were "fires all the time" that she and her rangers believed were set by drug-smugglers. In addition to diversion fires, Eseman says they'd set fires in retaliation if one of their mules got caught, or if they lost a load.
"We had one fire down on the Santa Cruz River that was set, and it took 700 acres of riverfront," says Eseman. "It started at 6:30 at night, and there were no thunderclouds or anything." As they do along the San Pedro River to the east, smugglers frequently cross into the U.S. along riverbeds.
Eseman and her rangers dealt with a variety of issues caused by drug-smugglers. She lived in the San Rafael mansion, a mile and a half from the border, and kept a telescope in a kitchen alcove to monitor illegal cross-border activity.


text:
Take a bath 90 minutes before bedtime to get better sleep
by University of Texas at Austin
Bathing 1-2 hours before bedtime can significantly increase your chances of getting a good night's rest. Credit: Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
Biomedical engineers at The University of Texas at Austin may have found a way for people to get better shuteye. Systematic review protocols—a method used to search for and analyze relevant data—allowed researchers to analyze thousands of studies linking water-based passive body heating, or bathing and showering with warm/hot water, with improved sleep quality. Researchers in the Cockrell School of Engineering found that bathing 1-2 hours before bedtime in water of about 104-109 degrees Fahrenheit can significantly improve your sleep.
"When we looked through all known studies, we noticed significant disparities in terms of the approaches and findings," said Shahab Haghayegh, a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Biomedical Engineering and lead author on the paper. "The only way to make an accurate determination of whether sleep can in fact be improved was to combine all the past data and look at it through a new lens."
The paper explaining their method was recently published in the journal Sleep Medicine Reviews.
In collaboration with the UT Health Science Center at Houston and the University of Southern California, the UT researchers reviewed 5,322 studies. They extracted pertinent information from publications meeting predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria to explore the effects of water-based passive body heating on a number of sleep-related conditions: sleep onset latency—the length of time it takes to accomplish the transition from full wakefulness to sleep; total sleep time; sleep efficiency—the amount of time spent asleep relative to the total amount of time spent in bed intended for sleep; and subjective sleep quality.
Meta-analytical tools were then used to assess the consistency between relevant studies and showed that an optimum temperature of between 104 and 109 degrees Fahrenheit improved overall sleep quality. When scheduled 1-2 hours before bedtime, it can also hasten the speed of falling asleep by an average of 10 minutes.
Much of the science to support links between water-based body heating and improved sleep is already well-established. For example, it is understood that both sleep and our body's core temperature are regulated by a circadian clock located within the brain's hypothalamus that drives the 24-hour patterns of many biological processes, including sleep and wakefulness.
Body temperature, which is involved in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle, exhibits a circadian cycle, being 2-3 degrees Fahrenheit higher in the late afternoon/early evening than during sleep, when it is the lowest. The average person's circadian cycle is characterized by a reduction in core body temperature of about 0.5 to 1 F around an hour before usual sleep time, dropping to its lowest level between the middle and later span of nighttime sleep. It then begins to rise, acting as a kind of a biological alarm clock wake-up signal. The temperature cycle leads the sleep cycle and is an essential factor in achieving rapid sleep onset and high efficiency sleep.
The researchers found the optimal timing of bathing for cooling down of core body temperature in order to improve sleep quality is about 90 minutes before going to bed. Warm baths and showers stimulate the body's thermoregulatory system, causing a marked increase in the circulation of blood from the internal core of the body to the peripheral sites of the hands and feet, resulting in efficient removal of body heat and decline in body temperature. Therefore, if baths are taken at the right biological time—1-2 hours before bedtime—they will aid the natural circadian process and increase one's chances of not only falling asleep quickly but also of experiencing better quality sleep.
The research team is now working with UT's Office of Technology Commercialization in the hopes of designing a commercially viable bed system with UT-patented Selective Thermal Stimulation technology. It allows thermoregulatory function to be manipulated on demand and dual temperature zone temperature control that can be tailored to maintain an individual's optimum temperatures throughout the night.
Does hitting the snooze button really help you feel better?
More information: Shahab Haghayegh et al. Before-bedtime passive body heating by warm shower or bath to improve sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Sleep Medicine Reviews (2019). DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.04.008
Provided by University of Texas at Austin
Citation: Take a bath 90 minutes before bedtime to get better sleep (2019, July 20) retrieved 20 January 2020 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-07-minutes-bedtime.html
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text:
The Travers Stakes is listed as race 12 on a marathon card of 13 at Saratoga Race Course, with a scheduled Post Time of 6:15.
Here is a look at the field for tomorrow's feature event.
1. MIDNIGHT BOURBON [ML 9-2] Trainer: Steve Asmussen. Jockey: Ricardo Santana Jr. In 10 career starts, he has hit the board in eight, with the exceptions coming in the Kentucky Derby and the controversial Haskell (G1). 6th in the Derby is not a negative and at Monmouth Park he was fortunate to avoid serious injury when he was cut off in the stretch by HOT ROD CHARLIE. He Won the Lecomte (G3) in January and has not found the Winner's Circle since then. Like a couple others, there is no reason he shouldn't run well again.
2. ESSENTIAL QUALITY [ML 4-5] Trainer: Brad Cox. Jockey: Luis Saez. He is just one length shy in the Kentucky Derby from having a perfect 8-for-8 record. His seven Victories – which include three Grade 1s, two Grade 2s and a Grade 3 – tower over the rest of this field. He is the reigning 2-year-old champion, and a Win in the Travers would lock up the 3-year-old championship. ESSENTIAL QUALITY is not the kind of horse that racks up big Winning margins, he just keeps Winning races against the best of the division.
3. KEEPMEINMIND [ML 6-1] Trainer: Robertino Diodoro. Jockey: Joel Rosario. He has earned $654,000 in 10 starts but he still has only a Maiden Victory to his credit. Since that first Win, he ran in nine Graded Stakes with five top three finishes, including the recent 2nd in the Jim Dandy (G2). He handled the 10-furlong distance in the Run For The Roses when he made up ground after a slow start. KEEPMEINMIND figures to be running down the stretch at Saratoga which cannot be said for many others in this field.
4. DYNAMIC ONE [ML 6-1] Trainer: Todd Pletcher. Jockey: Irad Ortiz Jr. Got his first Stakes Win when he rallied from 7th and last in the Curlin Stakes at Saratoga. In the Wood Memorial (G2), he had the lead but got run down by his long-shot stablemate. That qualified him for the Kentucky Derby (G1), where he was never comfortable in the large field or on the rail. Pletcher has two previous Winners of the Travers. His breeding says the 10 furlongs will not be a problem.
5. MILES D [ML 12-1] Trainer: Chad Brown. Jockey: Flavien Prat. This lightly raced colt earned a spot in the Travers when he finished 2nd in the Curlin Stakes in his third career start. However, this field is full of well-tested 3-year-olds with plenty of Graded Stakes experience. Even with all of his recent success, Brown would love to get his first Travers Victory.
6. MASQUEPARADE [ML 8-1] Trainer: Al Stall Jr. Jockey: Miguel Mena. He burst onto the 3-year-old scene with his runaway allowance Win at Churchill Downs that served as a prep for his Victory in the Ohio Derby (G3). In the Jim Dandy, he was part of the early pace, raced gamely down the stretch, but could not match the top two finishers who went by him. That said, he is just as good as anybody here, except for #2.
7. KING FURY [ML15-1] Trainer: Kenny McPeek. Jockey: Jose Ortiz. Has had three starts in 2021 – his exciting Victory in the Lexington (G3) at Keeneland in April, a 2nd in the Ohio Derby (G3), and then 10th in the Saratoga Derby (G1) when his trainer needed to get a race in him. His two dirt races this year make him a contender to beat the rest of the field. McPeek Won the Travers in 2012 with GOLDEN TICKET.
Analysis: DYNAMIC ONE enters the Travers with strong Win in the Curlin Stakes earlier in the meet. He Won by 1 3/4 lengths over MILES D in a nine-furlong time of 1:49.36, which is faster than the 1:49.92 ESSENTIAL QUALITY posted when Winning the Jim Dandy Stakes one day later.
If not DYNAMIC ONE, KING FURY could also pull off the upset in his return to dirt if he can build on his close 2nd-place finish in the Ohio Derby in June.
Use DYNAMIC ONE, ESSENTIAL QUALITY and KING FURY multi-race wagers.
thesaratogan August 28, 2021
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