text:
2009.09.09: September 9, 2009: Headlines: COS - Uganda: Small Business: Food: Cooking: Restaurants: Orphans: HIV: AIDS: Women's Issues: Omaha World-Herald: Peace Corps volunteer Diana Kingston has helped establish a bakery in Ibanda, Uganda for 25 women who care for about 265 orphans who lost their parents to AIDS
Peace Corps Online: Directory: Uganda: Peace Corps Uganda : Peace Corps Uganda: Newest Stories: 2009.09.09: September 9, 2009: Headlines: COS - Uganda: Small Business: Food: Cooking: Restaurants: Orphans: HIV: AIDS: Women's Issues: Omaha World-Herald: Peace Corps volunteer Diana Kingston has helped establish a bakery in Ibanda, Uganda for 25 women who care for about 265 orphans who lost their parents to AIDS
By Admin1 (admin) (98.188.147.225) on Saturday, September 26, 2009 - 6:32 am: Edit Post
Peace Corps volunteer Diana Kingston has helped establish a bakery in Ibanda, Uganda for 25 women who care for about 265 orphans who lost their parents to AIDS
With the help and financial assistance of Sweet Magnolia's bakery at 813 N. 40th St., Kingston, the daughter of Bill and Sharon Kingston of Omaha, has mentored 25 women living in Ibanda, a town of about 30,000 where she is stationed. She taught the women the intricacies of properly running a successful business and, more important, how to work independently, without the influence or oversight of males. The positive impact of her venture is reflected in the nicknames given to her by her Ibandan students. "The bakery is so important because it has become a place to empower women and a place to discuss issues," Kingston by phone from Uganda recently. Kingston said women in Uganda often are subjected to domestic abuse for which their husbands rarely are punished. Wives who contract HIV from unfaithful spouses are commonplace, Kingston added. "Dealing with those social injustices has been a major reality to deal with," Kingston said. Each of the 25 women who now run Kid's Cafe has HIV, she said. They care for about 265 orphans who lost their parents to AIDS. The bakery was named for the children, who often play games or read there during the day.
The cake woman
By Ross Boettcher
WORLD-HERALD STAFF WRITER
Caption: Peace Corps volunteer Diana Kingston has helped establish a bakery in Ibanda, Uganda, with the help of the Omaha bakery Sweet Magnolia's. Each of the 25 women who now run Kid's Cafe has HIV, Kingston said. The women care for about 265 orphans who lost their parents to AIDS. The bakery was named for the children, who often play or read there. JOE PORTNOY FOR THE WORLD-HERALD
In Uganda, an east African country the size of Oregon, Diana Kingston is often called a "great ambassador for America," a "blessing" and "the white person who bakes."
Kingston, a 27-year-old Peace Corps volunteer and Omaha native, landed in the developing nation two years ago and has since mixed a bit of entrepreneurial spirit with her background in dietetics and nutrition to open a cake bakery called Kid's Cafe.
With the help and financial assistance of Sweet Magnolia's bakery at 813 N. 40th St., Kingston, the daughter of Bill and Sharon Kingston of Omaha, has mentored 25 women living in Ibanda, a town of about 30,000 where she is stationed. She taught the women the intricacies of properly running a successful business and, more important, how to work independently, without the influence or oversight of males.
The positive impact of her venture is reflected in the nicknames given to her by her Ibandan students.
"The bakery is so important because it has become a place to empower women and a place to discuss issues," Kingston by phone from Uganda recently.
Kingston said women in Uganda often are subjected to domestic abuse for which their husbands rarely are punished. Wives who contract HIV from unfaithful spouses are commonplace, Kingston added.
"Dealing with those social injustices has been a major reality to deal with," Kingston said.
Each of the 25 women who now run Kid's Cafe has HIV, she said. They care for about 265 orphans who lost their parents to AIDS.
The bakery was named for the children, who often play games or read there during the day.
Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for nearly 70 percent of the world's HIV/AIDS cases and 76 percent of all deaths resulting from AIDS, according to the Uganda AIDS Commission. But according to the Peace Corps, the infection rate in the Ugandan population has dropped dramatically over the last decade and now is about 6 percent, down from around 30 percent.
The women of Kid's Cafe are earning a new identity, thanks to the business, Kingston said.
"They're beginning to be known as the women who make cakes rather than just carriers of HIV."
As a country, Uganda has great economic potential. Fertile land and regular rainfall support the country's agriculture-based exports, but political instability and economic mismanagement have historically made Uganda one of the poorest countries in the world, according to the U.S. State Department.
Sweet Magnolia's and its customers have donated about $1,500 to Kid's Cafe. Bakery owner Amy Chin, a friend of the Kingston family, also provided equipment such as pots, pans and measuring cups to what she now calls her "sister bakery."
Just inside the entrance of Sweet Magnolia's hangs a poster with pictures of Kingston working with women at the African bakery.
The poster is a reminder of "how easy we have it," Chin said.
Sharing with people in a country more than 8,000 miles away has been fulfilling for Chin and for her niece, Amber Mausbach, who also works at the bakery.
"For them to get the same type of enjoyment that we do is amazing," Chin said. "When I think about it, $1,500 doesn't seem like that much money."
Kingston arrived in Uganda in August 2007 and spent two months learning about Ugandan culture and Runyankole, the Ubantu language spoken in Ibanda and villages scattered across the southwest region of the country.
Three months later, Kingston said, she was invited to a birthday party for Ibanda's orphans at the town's Child Development Center, run by Compassion International, a nonprofit organization.
A dozen youngsters, all with birthdays that month, gathered around a miniature cake, ready to blow out the candles. They extinguished the candles, then stood patiently as the center's director labored to cut the small cake.
First a butter knife was used. No luck.
Then, to Kingston's dismay, a machete was used to hack away at the hard confection.
It was a shocking experience, she said, but it also presented an opportunity.
Kingston volunteered to make the next month's cake, and when December's birthday celebration rolled around Kingston proudly unveiled her sweet sensation: white cake with raspberry frosting. Well, actually it was white frosting flavored with a packet of raspberry Crystal Light.
"The cake was fresh, there was a soft icing on it, so it was bizarre for people to have it."
Kingston's baking skills were a hit, so she baked cakes for the next month, and the next, and the next.
Ibanda's interest in Kingston's cakes grew.
The child center's caretakers approached her for baking lessons, and she happily agreed.
Using local ingredients and makeshift utensils, Kingston taught the women to bake over campfires. "I didn't realize that cakes were such a special thing," she said. "I took a pretty nonchalant approach to it, not realizing how important it was."
Now, after many months of teaching, overcoming language barriers and dealing with a foreign culture, Kingston has Kid's Cafe operating as a real business, receiving and filling customers' orders.
"It's something that has really impacted the community because people are able to order cakes locally, which they weren't able to do before," Kingston said.
The Ugandan women run the bakery now, with occasional guidance from their teacher.
In a country and town where agriculture is king, Kingston hopes the Kid's Cafe idea will spread.
"I really think it will succeed. It has the potential to be a model business and a place where people can come and learn how to run a business.
"I see a lot of potential for the bakery. I just wish I could see it all the way through."
Kingston is scheduled to leave Uganda on Oct. 7.
Contact the writer:
444-1414, ross.boettcher@owh.com
Links to Related Topics (Tags):
Headlines: September, 2009; Peace Corps Uganda; Directory of Uganda RPCVs; Messages and Announcements for Uganda RPCVs; Small Business; Food; Cooking; Restaurants; Orphans; HIV; AIDS; Nebraska
When this story was posted in September 2009, this was on the front page of PCOL:
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PCOL has asked five prominent RPCVs and Staff to write a memo on the most important issues facing the Peace Corps today. Issues raised include the independence of the Peace Corps, political appointments at the agency, revitalizing the five-year rule, lowering the ET rate, empowering volunteers, removing financial barriers to service, increasing the agency's budget, reducing costs, and making the Peace Corps bureaucracy more efficient and responsive. Latest: Greetings from Director Williams
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"We will double the size of the Peace Corps by its 50th anniversary in 2011. And we'll reach out to other nations to engage their young people in similar programs, so that we work side by side to take on the common challenges that confront all humanity," said Barack Obama during his campaign. Returned Volunteers rally and and march to the White House to support a bold new Peace Corps for a new age. Latest: Senator Dodd introduces Peace Corps Improvement and Expansion Act of 2009 .
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Senator Dodd's Senate Subcommittee held confirmation hearings for Aaron Williams to become the 18th Peace Corps Director. "It's exciting to have a nominee who served in the Peace Corps and also has experience in international development and management," said Dodd as he put Williams on the fast track to be confirmed by the full Senate before the August recess. Read our exclusive coverage of the hearings and our biography of Peace Corps Director Aaron Williams.
July 11, 2009: House says Yes, Senate No
Senate Funding for Peace Corps Falls Short of Goal 10 Jul
House supports $450M Peace Corps Budget 17 Jun
Senator Kit Bond says PC is Smart Power 29 Jun
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Ryan Van Duzer rode bike from Honduras to Boulder 17 Jun
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Dr. Roger Brooks spent 35 years with Concord Schools 9 Jun
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Bill Lorah Runs Pre-Collegiate Program in Colorado 7 Jun
Brian Carroll writes: An African village adapts 7 Jun
Rebekah Martin finds love is not enough 6 Jun
Peter Bartholomew helps preserve Korean traditional culture 5 Jun
Obama speaks to Islamic World at Cairo University 4 Jun
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Juana Bordas named 2009 Unique Woman of Colorado 2 Jun
Phil Hardberger left his mark on San Antonio 31 May
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Director Ron Tschetter: The PCOL Interview
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Story Source: Omaha World-Herald
This story has been posted in the following forums: : Headlines; COS - Uganda; Small Business; Food; Cooking; Restaurants; Orphans; HIV; AIDS; Women's Issues
PCOL44896


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Uysanus mira är en insektsart som först beskrevs av Stsl 1855.  Uysanus mira ingår i släktet Uysanus och familjen Flatidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Halvvingar
mira

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


15 Feb I downloaded them from WiiTDB and placed them in the usb-loader/covers/full director. For example, I have the NEW Super mario Bro Wii cover. 17 Dec I have recently installed this program on my Wii. In the instructions it says to " Copy the contents of "inSDroot" to the root of your SD card, This. 14 Dec is there a way i could get ALL the covers for every wii game and just stick them on so i wont ever have to bother with it any time i install a game?.
Hi folks. I installed Configurable USB Loader. It seems to copy games great, but the game covers I download are being saved to the SD card. Using version 70r78 of Configurable USB Loader. Two questions: 1: How the hell do I get it to recognize covers manually placed onto the. I have CFG USB Loader, a Homebrew application made to run backups perfectly fine on it, but unless you download the covers of the games.
Piratear wii cfg usb loader pack descarga temas covers idiomas y m sicas espa ol. Configurator for configurable usb loader revistabigteens.com the independent video. 16 Feb application for download covers for the most popular Wii Loader. Wii Loader: * Wiiflow * USB Loader GX * Configurable USB Loader. Game cover images can be downloaded from here: revistabigteens.com Updated revistabigteens.com can found here: revistabigteens.com Default File locations. WiiCoverDownloader is a simply (multi-language) Windows application for download covers for the most Wiiflow; USB Loader GX; Configurable USB Loader. 2 Aug You will also find the Configurable USB Loader Configurator which is a . I want to choose what sort of covers display in the menu and GUI.
Wii USB loaders: Run Wii games from a USB device. Cover images can be downloaded via the USB loader itself. If you don't Configurable USB Loader. Configurable USB loader for Wii. Play Wii games from USB. USB Loader GX is a configurable USB Loader client based on libwiigui, giving it a Supports Themes: Create your own theme and use it with the loader; Cover. 15 Jan Eine Modifikation der Modifikation des Configurable USB-Loaders. Herunterladen von Cover und Spiele-Infos; Ocarina-Cheatcode-Support.


text:
Marlins News & Rumors
Marlins projected to win 76.5 games, per Bovada
Are the Marlins set to regress?
By Scott Gelman Feb 28, 2017, 10:35pm EST
Share All sharing options for: Marlins projected to win 76.5 games, per Bovada
Photo by Rob Foldy/Getty Images
The Marlins will win about 76.5 games in 2017, according to Bovada.
Here are the win total projections:
MLB Win Totals (Alphabetically)
Arizona Diamondbacks 77½
Atlanta Braves 73½
Baltimore Orioles 80½
Boston Red Sox 92½
Chicago Cubs 95½
Chicago White Sox 69½
Cincinnati Reds 70½
Cleveland Indians 92½
Colorado Rockies 80½
Detroit Tigers 82½
Houston Astros 89½
Kansas City Royals 76½
Los Angeles Angels 79½
Los Angeles Dodgers 93½
Miami Marlins 76½
Milwaukee Brewers 69½
Minnesota Twins 74½
New York Mets 88½
New York Yankees 82½
Oakland Athletics 73½
Philadelphia Phillies 73½
Pittsburgh Pirates 82½
San Diego Padres 66½
San Francisco Giants 87½
Seattle Mariners 85½
St. Louis Cardinals 84½
Tampa Bay Rays 77½
Texas Rangers 84½
Toronto Blue Jays 84½
Washington Nationals 90½
Though the Marlins are without a clear ace, they are expected to compete. They built a "super bullpen" of sorts and return a core that features Giancarlo Stanton, Christian Yelich and J.T. Realmuto.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Breaking News Community Health Latest News
NCSD #1 confirms whooping cough within Casper school
By Trevor T. Trujillo on January 15, 2020
UPDATE: The school district says that parents and guardians of students at the affected school have been notified directly. NCSD says that if additional reports or information come in, they will communicate directly with parents and guardians and will communicate that information with the community.
CASPER, Wyo. — The Natrona County School District has received confirmation from the Casper-Natrona County Health Department of a confirmed case of whooping cough at a district school.
The name of the exact school was not released.
Whooping cough is a highly contagious respiratory infection that can cause serious complications, especially for infants and young children. The disease is spread by respiratory material containing the bacteria from an infected person who sneezes or coughs.
"In its early stages, whooping cough appears to be similar to the common cold," a School District statement said Wednesday. "But as it develops, the coughing fits can be so severe that patients can't eat or sleep normally. Pertussis symptoms usually start within 5 to 10 days after exposure to an infected person but may take as long as 21 days."
The school district asks residents if you or your child are experiencing symptoms of pertussis as described above, we strongly recommend you contact your healthcare provider to see if pertussis could be causing the illness.
"The ill person must stay home from school until pertussis has been excluded or they have received an appropriate antibiotic for at least 5 days," the district advises. "It is also important that staff who may have pertussis stay home."
The district says the primary responsibility of a child's health and school attendance resides with the parent or guardian.
The Natrona County School District is committed to providing a safe and healthy environment for all students, staff, and school visitors. We will be working closely with the Casper-Natrona County Health Department to monitor this situation in our community and together will provide information as it is available.


text:
Bug #42692 (Procedure 'int1' not present with doc/lit SoapServer)
--SKIPIF--
<?php require_once('skipif.inc'); ?>
--FILE--
<?php
ini_set('soap.wsdl_cache_enabled','0');

function checkAuth($peid,$auth) {
	return $peid;
}

class TestSoap extends SoapClient {

	function __construct($wsdl, $options) {
		parent::__construct($wsdl, $options);
		$this->server = new SoapServer($wsdl, $options);
		$this->server->addFunction("checkAuth");
	}

	function __doRequest($request, $location, $action, $version, $one_way = 0) {
		ob_start();
		$this->server->handle($request);
		$response = ob_get_contents();
		ob_end_clean();
		return $response;
	}
}

$client = new TestSoap(dirname(__FILE__) . "/bug42692.wsdl", array("trace"=>1));
try {
	$result = $client->checkAuth(1,"two");
	echo "Auth for 1 is $result\n";
} catch (Exception $e) {
	echo $e->getMessage();
}
?>
--EXPECT--
Auth for 1 is 1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
21: Chemistry of The Main-Group Elements I
Map: General Chemistry (Petrucci et al.)
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Thu, 20 Aug 2020 18:27:03 GMT
21.2: Group 1: The Alkali Metals
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https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FGeneral_Chemistry%2FMap%253A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)%2F21%253A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I%2F21.2%253A_Group_1%253A_The_Alkali_Metals
Humphry Davy (1778–1829)
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811–1899)
Preparation of the Alkali Metals
General Properties of the Alkali Metals
Reactions and Compounds of the Alkali Metals
Complexes of the Alkali Metals
Liquid Ammonia Solutions
Organometallic Compounds of the Group 1 Elements
Uses of the Alkali Metals
To describe how the alkali metals are isolated.
To be familiar with the reactions, compounds, and complexes of the alkali metals.
The alkali metals are so reactive that they are never found in nature in elemental form. Although some of their ores are abundant, isolating them from their ores is somewhat difficult. For these reasons, the group 1 elements were unknown until the early 19th century, when Sir Humphry Davy first prepared sodium (Na) and potassium (K) by passing an electric current through molten alkalis. (The ashes produced by the combustion of wood are largely composed of potassium and sodium carbonate.) Lithium (Li) was discovered 10 years later when the Swedish chemist Johan Arfwedson was studying the composition of a new Brazilian mineral. Cesium (Cs) and rubidium (Rb) were not discovered until the 1860s, when Robert Bunsen conducted a systematic search for new elements. Known to chemistry students as the inventor of the Bunsen burner, Bunsen's spectroscopic studies of ores showed sky blue and deep red emission lines that he attributed to two new elements, Cs and Rb, respectively. Francium (Fr) is found in only trace amounts in nature, so our knowledge of its chemistry is limited. All the isotopes of Fr have very short half-lives, in contrast to the other elements in group 1.
Davy was born in Penzance, Cornwall, England. He was a bit of a wild man in the laboratory, often smelling and tasting the products of his experiments, which almost certainly shortened his life. He discovered the physiological effects that cause nitrous oxide to be called "laughing gas" (and became addicted to it!), and he almost lost his eyesight in an explosion of nitrogen trichloride (NCl3), which he was the first to prepare. Davy was one of the first to recognize the utility of Alessandro Volta's "electric piles" (batteries). By connecting several "piles" in series and inserting electrodes into molten salts of the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, he was able to isolate six previously unknown elements as pure metals: sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium, barium, and magnesium. He also discovered boron and was the first to prepare phosphine (PH3) and hydrogen telluride (H2Te), both of which are highly toxic.
Bunsen was born and educated in Göttingen, Germany. His early work dealt with organic arsenic compounds, whose highly toxic nature and explosive tendencies almost killed him and did cost him an eye. He designed the Bunsen burner, a reliable gas burner, and used it and emission spectra to discover cesium (named for its blue line) and rubidium (named for its red line).
Because the alkali metals are among the most potent reductants known, obtaining them in pure form requires a considerable input of energy. Pure lithium and sodium for example, are typically prepared by the electrolytic reduction of molten chlorides:
\[\mathrm{LiCl(l)}\rightarrow\mathrm{Li(l)}+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{Cl_2(g)} \label{21.15}\]
In practice, CaCl2 is mixed with LiCl to lower the melting point of the lithium salt. The electrolysis is carried out in an argon atmosphere rather than the nitrogen atmosphere typically used for substances that are highly reactive with O2 and water because Li reacts with nitrogen gas to form lithium nitride (Li3N). Metallic sodium is produced by the electrolysis of a molten mixture of NaCl and CaCl2. In contrast, potassium is produced commercially from the reduction of KCl by Na, followed by the fractional distillation of K(g). Although rubidium and cesium can also be produced by electrolysis, they are usually obtained by reacting their hydroxide salts with a reductant such as Mg:
\[2RbOH_{(s)} + Mg_{(s)} \rightarrow 2Rb_{(l)} + Mg(OH)_{2(s)} \label{21.6}\]
Massive deposits of essentially pure NaCl and KCl are found in nature and are the major sources of sodium and potassium. The other alkali metals are found in low concentrations in a wide variety of minerals, but ores that contain high concentrations of these elements are relatively rare. No concentrated sources of rubidium are known, for example, even though it is the 16th most abundant element on Earth. Rubidium is obtained commercially by isolating the 2%–4% of Rb present as an impurity in micas, minerals that are composed of sheets of complex hydrated potassium–aluminum silicates.
Alkali metals are recovered from silicate ores in a multistep process that takes advantage of the pH-dependent solubility of selected salts of each metal ion. The steps in this process are leaching, which uses sulfuric acid to dissolve the desired alkali metal ion and Al3+ from the ore; basic precipitation to remove Al3+ from the mixture as Al(OH)3; selective precipitation of the insoluble alkali metal carbonate; dissolution of the salt again in hydrochloric acid; and isolation of the metal by evaporation and electrolysis. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) illustrates the isolation of liquid lithium from a lithium silicate ore by this process.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Isolating Lithium from Spodumene, a Lithium Silicate Ore. The key steps are acid leaching, basic precipitation of aluminum hydroxide, selective precipitation of insoluble lithium carbonate, conversion to lithium chloride, evaporation, and electrolysis. The other alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals are recovered from their ores by similar processes.
Various properties of the group 1 elements are summarized in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\). In keeping with overall periodic trends, the atomic and ionic radii increase smoothly from Li to Cs, and the first ionization energies decrease as the atoms become larger. As a result of their low first ionization energies, the alkali metals have an overwhelming tendency to form ionic compounds where they have a +1 charge. All the alkali metals have relatively high electron affinities because the addition of an electron produces an anion (M−) with an ns2 electron configuration. The densities of the elements generally increase from Li to Cs, reflecting another common trend: because the atomic masses of the elements increase more rapidly than the atomic volumes as you go down a group, the densest elements are near the bottom of the periodic table. An unusual trend in the group 1 elements is the smooth decrease in the melting and boiling points from Li to Cs. As a result, Cs (melting point = 28.5°C) is one of only three metals (the others are Ga and Hg) that are liquids at body temperature (37°C).
Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Selected Properties of the Group 1 Elements
*The values cited are for four-coordinate ions except for Rb+ and Cs+, whose values are given for the six-coordinate ion.
atomic symbol Li Na K Rb Cs Fr
atomic number 3 11 19 37 55 87
atomic mass 6.94 22.99 39.10 85.47 132.91 223
valence electron configuration 2s1 3s1 4s1 5s1 6s1 7s1
melting point/boiling point (°C) 180.5/1342 97.8/883 63.5/759 39.3/688 28.5/671 27/—
density (g/cm3) at 25°C 0.534 0.97 0.89 1.53 1.93 —
atomic radius (pm) 167 190 243 265 298 —
first ionization energy (kJ/mol) 520 496 419 403 376 393
most common oxidation state +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
ionic radius (pm)* 76 102 138 152 167 —
electron affinity (kJ/mol) −60 −53 −48 −47 −46 —
electronegativity 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
standard electrode potential (E°, V) −3.04 −2.71 −2.93 −2.98 −3.03 —
product of reaction with O2 Li2O Na2O2 KO2 RbO2 CsO2 —
type of oxide basic basic basic basic basic —
product of reaction with N2 Li3N none none none none —
product of reaction with X2 LiX NaX KX RbX CsX —
product of reaction with H2 LiH NaH KH RbH CsH —
The standard reduction potentials (E°) of the alkali metals do not follow the trend based on ionization energies. Unexpectedly, lithium is the strongest reductant, and sodium is the weakest (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Because Li+ is much smaller than the other alkali metal cations, its hydration energy is the highest. The high hydration energy of Li+ more than compensates for its higher ionization energy, making lithium metal the strongest reductant in aqueous solution. This apparent anomaly is an example of how the physical or the chemical behaviors of the elements in a group are often determined by the subtle interplay of opposing periodic trends.
All alkali metals are electropositive elements with an ns1 valence electron configuration, forming the monocation (M+) by losing the single valence electron. Because removing a second electron would require breaking into the (n − 1) closed shell, which is energetically prohibitive, the chemistry of the alkali metals is largely that of ionic compounds that contain M+ ions. However, as we discuss later, the lighter group 1 elements also form a series of organometallic compounds that contain polar covalent M–C bonds.
All the alkali metals react vigorously with the halogens (group 17) to form the corresponding ionic halides, where \(X\) is a halogen:
\[2M_{(s)} + X_{2(s, l, g)} \rightarrow 2M^+X^−_{(s)} \label{21.7}\]
Similarly, the alkali metals react with the heavier chalcogens (sulfur, selenium, and tellurium in group 16) to produce metal chalcogenides, where Y is S, Se, or Te:
\[2M_{(s)} + Y_{(s)} \rightarrow M_2Y_{(s)} \label{21.8}\]
When excess chalcogen is used, however, a variety of products can be obtained that contain chains of chalcogen atoms, such as the sodium polysulfides (Na2Sn, where n = 2–6). For example, Na2S3 contains the S32− ion, which is V shaped with an S–S–S angle of about 103°. The one-electron oxidation product of the trisulfide ion (S3−) is responsible for the intense blue color of the gemstones lapis lazuli and blue ultramarine (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)).
Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): The Trisulfide Anion Is Responsible for the Deep Blue Color of Some Gemstones. (a) The rich blue color of lapis lazuli is due to small amounts of the normally unstable S3− anion. (b) The aluminosilicate cages of the minerals (zeolites) that make up the matrix of blue ultramarine stabilize the reactive anion; excess Na+ ions in the structure balance the negative charges on the zeolite framework and the S3− anion.
Reacting the alkali metals with oxygen, the lightest element in group 16, is more complex, and the stoichiometry of the product depends on both the metal:oxygen ratio and the size of the metal atom. For instance, when alkali metals burn in air, the observed products are Li2O (white), Na2O2 (pale yellow), KO2 (orange), RbO2 (brown), and CsO2 (orange). Only Li2O has the stoichiometry expected for a substance that contains two M+ cations and one O2− ion. In contrast, Na2O2 contains the O22− (peroxide) anion plus two Na+ cations. The other three salts, with stoichiometry MO2, contain the M+ cation and the O2− (superoxide) ion. Because O2− is the smallest of the three oxygen anions, it forms a stable ionic lattice with the smallest alkali metal cation (Li+). In contrast, the larger alkali metals—potassium, rubidium, and cesium—react with oxygen in air to give the metal superoxides. Because the Na+ cation is intermediate in size, sodium reacts with oxygen to form a compound with an intermediate stoichiometry: sodium peroxide. Under specific reaction conditions, however, it is possible to prepare the oxide, peroxide, and superoxide salts of all five alkali metals, except for lithium superoxide (LiO2).
A crystal of spodumene (LiAlSi2O6). This mineral is one of the most important lithium ores.
The chemistry of the alkali metals is largely that of ionic compounds containing the M+ ions.
The alkali metal peroxides and superoxides are potent oxidants that react, often vigorously, with a wide variety of reducing agents, such as charcoal or aluminum metal. For example, Na2O2 is used industrially for bleaching paper, wood pulp, and fabrics such as linen and cotton. In submarines, Na2O2 and KO2 are used to purify and regenerate the air by removing the CO2 produced by respiration and replacing it with O2. Both compounds react with CO2 in a redox reaction in which O22− or O2− is simultaneously oxidized and reduced, producing the metal carbonate and O2:
\[2Na_2O_{2(s)} + 2CO_{2(g)} \rightarrow 2Na_2CO_{3(s)} + O_{2(g)} \label{21.9}\]
\[4KO_{2(s)} + 2CO_{2(g)} \rightarrow 2K_2CO_{3(s)} + 3O_{2(g)} \label{21.10}\]
The presence of water vapor, the other product of respiration, makes KO2 even more effective at removing CO2 because potassium bicarbonate, rather than potassium carbonate, is formed:
\[4KO_{2(s)} + 4CO_{2(g)} + 2H_2O_{(g)} \rightarrow 4KHCO_{3(s)} + 3O_{2(g)} \label{21.11}\]
Notice that 4 mol of CO2 are removed in this reaction, rather than 2 mol in Equation 21.10.
Lithium, the lightest alkali metal, is the only one that reacts with atmospheric nitrogen, forming lithium nitride (Li3N). Lattice energies again explain why the larger alkali metals such as potassium do not form nitrides: packing three large K+ cations around a single relatively small anion is energetically unfavorable. In contrast, all the alkali metals react with the larger group 15 elements phosphorus and arsenic to form metal phosphides and arsenides (where Z is P or As):
\[12M_{(s)} + Z_{4(s)} \rightarrow 4M_3Z_{(s)} \label{21.12}\]
Because of lattice energies, only lithium forms a stable oxide and nitride.
The alkali metals react with all group 14 elements, but the compositions and properties of the products vary significantly. For example, reaction with the heavier group 14 elements gives materials that contain polyatomic anions and three-dimensional cage structures, such as K4Si4 whose structure is shown here. In contrast, lithium and sodium are oxidized by carbon to produce a compound with the stoichiometry M2C2 (where M is Li or Na):
\[ 2M_{(s)} + 2C_{(s)} \rightarrow M_2C_{2(s)} \label{21.13}\]
The three-dimensional cage structure of the Si44− ion in the ionic compound K4S4. The Si44− ion is isoelectronic and isostructural with the P4 molecule.
The same compounds can be obtained by reacting the metal with acetylene (C2H2). In this reaction, the metal is again oxidized, and hydrogen is reduced:
\[ 2M_{(s)} + C_2H_{2(g)} \rightarrow M_2C_{2(s)} + H_{2(g)} \label{21.14}\]
The acetylide ion (C22−), formally derived from acetylene by the loss of both hydrogens as protons, is a very strong base. Reacting acetylide salts with water produces acetylene and MOH(aq).
The heavier alkali metals (K, Rb, and Cs) also react with carbon in the form of graphite. Instead of disrupting the hexagonal sheets of carbon atoms, however, the metals insert themselves between the sheets of carbon atoms to give new substances called graphite intercalation compounds (part (a) in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). The stoichiometries of these compounds include MC60 and MC48, which are black/gray; MC36 and MC24, which are blue; and MC8, which is bronze (part (b) in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). The remarkably high electrical conductivity of these compounds (about 200 times greater than graphite) is attributed to a net transfer of the valence electron of the alkali metal to the graphite layers to produce, for example, K+C8−.
Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\) Graphite Intercalation Compounds. Reacting graphite with alkali metals such as K, Rb, and Cs results in partial reduction of the graphite and insertion of layers of alkali metal cations between sets of n layers of carbon atoms. (a) In KC8, layers of K+ ions are inserted between every pair of carbon layers, giving n = 1. (b) The stoichiometry and color of intercalation compounds depend on the number of layers of carbon atoms (n) between each layer of intercalated metal atoms. This schematic diagram illustrates the most common structures that have been observed.
All the alkali metals react directly with gaseous hydrogen at elevated temperatures to produce ionic hydrides (M+H−):
\[2M_{(s)} + H_{2(g)} \rightarrow 2MH_{(s)} \label{21.15a}\]
All are also capable of reducing water to produce hydrogen gas:
\[\mathrm{M(s)}+\mathrm{H_2O(l)}\rightarrow\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{H_2(g)}+\mathrm{MOH(aq)} \label{21.16}\]
Although lithium reacts rather slowly with water, sodium reacts quite vigorously (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)), and the heavier alkali metals (K, Rb, and Cs) react so vigorously that they invariably explode. This trend, which is not consistent with the relative magnitudes of the reduction potentials of the elements, serves as another example of the complex interplay of different forces and phenomena—in this case, kinetics and thermodynamics. Although the driving force for the reaction is greatest for lithium, the heavier metals have lower melting points. The heat liberated by the reaction causes them to melt, and the larger surface area of the liquid metal in contact with water greatly accelerates the reaction rate.
Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Reacting Sodium with Water. Like most elements in groups 1 and 2, sodium reacts violently with water. The products are the Na+(aq) ion and hydrogen gas, which is potentially explosive when mixed with air.
Alkali metal cations are found in a wide variety of ionic compounds. In general, any alkali metal salt can be prepared by reacting the alkali metal hydroxide with an acid and then evaporating the water:
\[2MOH_{(aq)} + H_2SO_{4(aq)} \rightarrow M_2SO_{4(aq)} + 2H_2O_{(l)} \label{21.17}\]
\[MOH_{(aq)} + HNO_{3(aq)} \rightarrow MNO_{3(aq)} + H_2O_{(l)} \label{21.18}\]
Hydroxides of alkali metals also can react with organic compounds that contain an acidic hydrogen to produce a salt. An example is the preparation of sodium acetate (CH3CO2Na) by reacting sodium hydroxide and acetic acid:
\[CH_3CO_2H_{(aq)} + NaOH_{(s)} \rightarrow CH_3CO_2Na_{(aq)} + H_2O_{(l)} \label{21.19}\]
Soap is a mixture of the sodium and potassium salts of naturally occurring carboxylic acids, such as palmitic acid [CH3(CH2)14CO2H] and stearic acid [CH3(CH2)16CO2H]. Lithium salts, such as lithium stearate [CH3(CH2)14CO2Li], are used as additives in motor oils and greases.
Because of their low positive charge (+1) and relatively large ionic radii, alkali metal cations have only a weak tendency to react with simple Lewis bases to form metal complexes. Complex formation is most significant for the smallest cation (Li+) and decreases with increasing radius. In aqueous solution, for example, Li+ forms the tetrahedral [Li(H2O)4]+ complex. In contrast, the larger alkali metal cations form octahedral [M(H2O)6]+ complexes. Complex formation is primarily due to the electrostatic interaction of the metal cation with polar water molecules. Because of their high affinity for water, anhydrous salts that contain Li+ and Na+ ions (such as Na2SO4) are often used as drying agents. These compounds absorb trace amounts of water from nonaqueous solutions to form hydrated salts, which are then easily removed from the solution by filtration.
The tetrahedral [Li(H2O)4]+ and octahedral [Rb(H2O)6]+ complexes. The Li+ ion is so small that it can accommodate only four water molecules around it, but the larger alkali metal cations tend to bind six water molecules.
Because of their low positive charge (+1) and relatively large ionic radii, alkali metal cations have only a weak tendency to form complexes with simple Lewis bases.
Electrostatic interactions also allow alkali metal ions to form complexes with certain cyclic polyethers and related compounds, such as crown ethers and cryptands. As discussed in Chapter 13, crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain four or more oxygen atoms separated by two or three carbon atoms. All crown ethers have a central cavity that can accommodate a metal ion coordinated to the ring of oxygen atoms, and crown ethers with rings of different sizes prefer to bind metal ions that fit into the cavity. For example, 14-crown-4, with the smallest cavity that can accommodate a metal ion, has the highest affinity for Li+, whereas 18-crown-6 forms the strongest complexes with K+.
Cryptands are more nearly spherical analogues of crown ethers and are even more powerful and selective complexing agents. Cryptands consist of three chains containing oxygen that are connected by two nitrogen atoms (part (b) in Figure 13.7). They can completely surround (encapsulate) a metal ion of the appropriate size, coordinating to the metal by a lone pair of electrons on each O atom and the two N atoms. Like crown ethers, cryptands with different cavity sizes are highly selective for metal ions of particular sizes. Crown ethers and cryptands are often used to dissolve simple inorganic salts such as KMnO4 in nonpolar organic solvents.
A remarkable feature of the alkali metals is their ability to dissolve reversibly in liquid ammonia. Just as in their reactions with water, reacting alkali metals with liquid ammonia eventually produces hydrogen gas and the metal salt of the conjugate base of the solvent—in this case, the amide ion (NH2−) rather than hydroxide:
\[\mathrm{M(s)}+\mathrm{NH_3(l)}\rightarrow\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{H_2(g)}+\mathrm{M^+(am)}+\mathrm{NH_2^-(am)} \label{21.20}\]
where the (am) designation refers to an ammonia solution, analogous to (aq) used to indicate aqueous solutions. Without a catalyst, the reaction in Equation 21.20 tends to be rather slow. In many cases, the alkali metal amide salt (MNH2) is not very soluble in liquid ammonia and precipitates, but when dissolved, very concentrated solutions of the alkali metal are produced. One mole of Cs metal, for example, will dissolve in as little as 53 mL (40 g) of liquid ammonia. The pure metal is easily recovered when the ammonia evaporates.
Solvated electrons. The presence of solvated electrons (e−, NH3) in solutions of alkali metals in liquid ammonia is indicated by the intense color of the solution and its electrical conductivity.
Solutions of alkali metals in liquid ammonia are intensely colored and good conductors of electricity due to the presence of solvated electrons (e−, NH3), which are not attached to single atoms. A solvated electron is loosely associated with a cavity in the ammonia solvent that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Alkali metal–liquid ammonia solutions of about 3 M or less are deep blue (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)) and conduct electricity about 10 times better than an aqueous NaCl solution because of the high mobility of the solvated electrons. As the concentration of the metal increases above 3 M, the color changes to metallic bronze or gold, and the conductivity increases to a value comparable with that of the pure liquid metals.
Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): Alkali Metal–Liquid Ammonia Solutions. Most metals are insoluble in virtually all solvents, but the alkali metals (and the heavier alkaline earth metals) dissolve readily in liquid ammonia to form solvated metal cations and solvated electrons, which give the solution a deep blue color. Image copyrighted by the Klein research group.
In addition to solvated electrons, solutions of alkali metals in liquid ammonia contain the metal cation (M+), the neutral metal atom (M), metal dimers (M2), and the metal anion (M−). The anion is formed by adding an electron to the singly occupied ns valence orbital of the metal atom. Even in the absence of a catalyst, these solutions are not very stable and eventually decompose to the thermodynamically favored products: M+NH2− and hydrogen gas (Equation 21.20). Nonetheless, the solvated electron is a potent reductant that is often used in synthetic chemistry.
Compounds that contain a metal covalently bonded to a carbon atom of an organic species are called organometallic compounds. The properties and reactivities of organometallic compounds differ greatly from those of either the metallic or organic components. Because of its small size, lithium, for example, forms an extensive series of covalent organolithium compounds, such as methyllithium (LiCH3), which are by far the most stable and best-known group 1 organometallic compounds. These volatile, low-melting-point solids or liquids can be sublimed or distilled at relatively low temperatures and are soluble in nonpolar solvents. Like organic compounds, the molten solids do not conduct electricity to any significant degree. Organolithium compounds have a tendency to form oligomers with the formula (RLi)n, where R represents the organic component. For example, in both the solid state and solution, methyllithium exists as a tetramer with the structure shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\), where each triangular face of the Li4 tetrahedron is bridged by the carbon atom of a methyl group. Effectively, the carbon atom of each CH3 group is using a single pair of electrons in an sp3 hybrid lobe to bridge three lithium atoms, making this an example of two-electron, four-center bonding. Clearly, such a structure, in which each carbon atom is apparently bonded to six other atoms, cannot be explained using any of the electron-pair bonding schemes. Molecular orbital theory can explain the bonding in methyllithium, but the description is beyond the scope of this text.
Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\): The Tetrameric Structure of Methyllithium. mMethyllithium is not an ionic compound; it exists as tetrameric (CH3Li)4 molecules. The structure consists of a tetrahedral arrangement of four lithium atoms, with the carbon atom of a methyl group located above the middle of each triangular face of the tetrahedron. The carbon atoms thus bridge three lithium atoms to form four-center, two-electron bonds.
The properties and reactivities of organometallic compounds differ greatly from those of either the metallic or organic components.
Organosodium and organopotassium compounds are more ionic than organolithium compounds. They contain discrete M+ and R− ions and are insoluble or only sparingly soluble in nonpolar solvents.
Because sodium remains liquid over a wide temperature range (97.8–883°C), it is used as a coolant in specialized high-temperature applications, such as nuclear reactors and the exhaust valves in high-performance sports car engines. Cesium, because of its low ionization energy, is used in photosensors in automatic doors, toilets, burglar alarms, and other electronic devices. In these devices, cesium is ionized by a beam of visible light, thereby producing a small electric current; blocking the light interrupts the electric current and triggers a response.
Compounds of sodium and potassium are produced on a huge scale in industry. Each year, the top 50 industrial compounds include NaOH, used in a wide variety of industrial processes; Na2CO3, used in the manufacture of glass; K2O, used in porcelain glazes; and Na4SiO4, used in detergents.
Several other alkali metal compounds are also important. For example, Li2CO3 is one of the most effective treatments available for manic depression or bipolar disorder. It appears to modulate or dampen the effect on the brain of changes in the level of neurotransmitters, which are biochemical substances responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between neurons. Consequently, patients who take "lithium" do not exhibit the extreme mood swings that characterize this disorder.
For each application, choose the more appropriate substance based on the properties and reactivities of the alkali metals and their compounds. Explain your choice in each case.
For a reaction that requires a strong base in a solution of tetrahydrofuran (THF), would you use LiOH or CsOH?
To extinguish a fire caused by burning lithium metal, would you use water, CO2, N2 gas, or sand (SiO2)?
Both LiNO3and CsNO3 are highly soluble in acetone (2-propanone). Which of these alkali metal salts would you use to precipitate I− from an acetone solution?
Given: application and selected alkali metals
Asked for: appropriate metal for each application
Use the properties and reactivities discussed in this section to determine which alkali metal is most suitable for the indicated application.
Both LiOH and CsOH are ionic compounds that contain the hydroxide anion. Li+, however, is much smaller than Cs+, so the Li+ cation will be more effectively solvated by the oxygen of THF with its lone pairs of electrons. This difference will have two effects: (1) LiOH is likely to be much more soluble than CsOH in the nonpolar solvent, which could be a significant advantage, and (2) the solvated Li+ ions are less likely to form tight ion pairs with the OH− ions in the relatively nonpolar solution, making the OH− more basic and thus more reactive. Thus LiOH is the better choice.
Lithium is a potent reductant that reacts with water to form LiOH and H2 gas, so adding a source of hydrogen such as water to a lithium fire is likely to produce an explosion. Lithium also reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the air to form Li2O and Li3N, respectively, so we would not expect nitrogen to extinguish a lithium fire. Because CO2 is a gaseous molecule that contains carbon in its highest accessible oxidation state (+4), adding CO2 to a strong reductant such as Li should result in a vigorous redox reaction. Thus water, N2, and CO2 are all unsuitable choices for extinguishing a lithium fire. In contrast, sand is primarily SiO2, which is a network solid that is not readily reduced. Smothering a lithium fire with sand is therefore the best choice.
The salt with the smaller cation has the higher lattice energy, and high lattice energies tend to decrease the solubility of a salt. However, the solvation energy of the cation is also important in determining solubility, and small cations tend to have higher solvation energies. Recall that high solvation energies tend to increase the solubility of ionic substances. Thus CsI should be the least soluble of the alkali metal iodides, and LiI the most soluble. Consequently, CsNO3 is the better choice.
Indicate which of the alternative alkali metals or their compounds given is more appropriate for each application.
drying agent for an organic solvent—Li2SO4 or Rb2SO4
removing trace amounts of N2 from highly purified Ar gas—Li, K, or Cs
reacting with an alkyl halide (formula RX) to prepare an organometallic compound (formula MR)—Li or K
Li2SO4
Predict the products of each reaction and then balance each chemical equation.
Na(s) + O2(g) →
Li2O(s) + H2O(l) →
K(s) + CH3OH(l) →
Li(s) + CH3Cl(l) →
Li3N(s) + KCl(s) →
Given: reactants
Asked for: products and balanced chemical equation
A Determine whether one of the reactants is an oxidant or a reductant or a strong acid or a strong base. If so, a redox reaction or an acid–base reaction is likely to occur. Identify the products of the reaction.
B If a reaction is predicted to occur, balance the chemical equation.
A Sodium is a reductant, and oxygen is an oxidant, so a redox reaction is most likely. We expect an electron to be transferred from Na (thus forming Na+) to O2. We now need to determine whether the reduced product is a superoxide (O2−), peroxide (O22−), or oxide (O2−). Under normal reaction conditions, the product of the reaction of an alkali metal with oxygen depends on the identity of the metal. Because of differences in lattice energy, Li produces the oxide (Li2O), the heavier metals (K, Rb, Cs) produce the superoxide (MO2), and Na produces the peroxide (Na2O2).
B The balanced chemical equation is 2Na(s) + O2(g) → Na2O2(s).
A Li2O is an ionic salt that contains the oxide ion (O2−), which is the completely deprotonated form of water and thus is expected to be a strong base. The other reactant, water, is both a weak acid and a weak base, so we can predict that an acid–base reaction will occur.
B The balanced chemical equation is Li2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2LiOH(aq).
A Potassium is a reductant, whereas methanol is both a weak acid and a weak base (similar to water). A weak acid produces H+, which can act as an oxidant by accepting an electron to form \(\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{H_2}\). This reaction, therefore, is an acid dissociation that is driven to completion by a reduction of the protons as they are released.
B The balanced chemical equation is as follows: \(\mathrm{K(s)}+\mathrm{CH_3OH(l)}\rightarrow\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{H_2(g)}+\mathrm{CH_3OK(soln)}\).
A One of the reactants is an alkali metal, a potent reductant, and the other is an alkyl halide. Any compound that contains a carbon–halogen bond can, in principle, be reduced, releasing a halide ion and forming an organometallic compound. That outcome seems likely in this case because organolithium compounds are among the most stable organometallic compounds known.
B Two moles of lithium are required to balance the equation: 2Li(s) + CH3Cl(l) → LiCl(s) + CH3Li(soln).
A Lithium nitride and potassium chloride are largely ionic compounds. The nitride ion (N3−) is a very strong base because it is the fully deprotonated form of ammonia, a weak acid. An acid–base reaction requires an acid as well as a base, however, and KCl is not acidic. What about a redox reaction? Both substances contain ions that have closed-shell valence electron configurations. The nitride ion could act as a reductant by donating electrons to an oxidant and forming N2. KCl is not an oxidant, however, and a redox reaction requires an oxidant as well as a reductant.
B We conclude that the two substances will not react with each other.
Predict the products of each reaction and balance each chemical equation.
K(s) + N2(g) →
Li3N(s) + H2O(l) →
Na(s) + (CH3)2NH(soln) →
C6H5Li(soln) + D2O(l) → C6H5D(l) + LiOD(soln)
CH3CH2Cl(soln) + 2Li →
Li3N(s) + 3H2O(l) → NH3(aq) + 3LiOH(aq)
\(\mathrm{Na(s)}+\mathrm{(CH_3)_2NH(soln)}\rightarrow\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{H_2(g)}+\mathrm{Na[(CH_3)_2N](soln)}\)
CH3CH2Cl(soln) + 2Li → CH3CH2Li(soln) + LiCl(soln)
The alkali metals are potent reductants whose chemistry is largely that of ionic compounds containing the M+ ion. Alkali metals have only a weak tendency to form complexes with simple Lewis bases. The first alkali metals to be isolated (Na and K) were obtained by passing an electric current through molten potassium and sodium carbonates. The alkali metals are among the most potent reductants known; most can be isolated by electrolysis of their molten salts or, in the case of rubidium and cesium, by reacting their hydroxide salts with a reductant. They can also be recovered from their silicate ores using a multistep process. Lithium, the strongest reductant, and sodium, the weakest, are examples of the physical and chemical effects of opposing periodic trends. The alkali metals react with halogens (group 17) to form ionic halides; the heavier chalcogens (group 16) to produce metal chalcogenides; and oxygen to form compounds, whose stoichiometry depends on the size of the metal atom. The peroxides and superoxides are potent oxidants. The only alkali metal to react with atmospheric nitrogen is lithium. Heavier alkali metals react with graphite to form graphite intercalation compounds, substances in which metal atoms are inserted between the sheets of carbon atoms. With heavier group 14 elements, alkali metals react to give polyatomic anions with three-dimensional cage structures. All alkali metals react with hydrogen at high temperatures to produce the corresponding hydrides, and all reduce water to produce hydrogen gas. Alkali metal salts are prepared by reacting a metal hydroxide with an acid, followed by evaporation of the water. Both Li and Na salts are used as drying agents, compounds that are used to absorb water. Complexing agents such as crown ethers and cryptands can accommodate alkali metal ions of the appropriate size. Alkali metals can also react with liquid ammonia to form solutions that slowly decompose to give hydrogen gas and the metal salt of the amide ion (NH2−). These solutions, which contain unstable solvated electrons loosely associated with a cavity in the solvent, are intensely colored, good conductors of electricity, and excellent reductants. Alkali metals can react with organic compounds that contain an acidic proton to produce salts. They can also form organometallic compounds, which have properties that differ from those of their metallic and organic components.
21.2: Group 1: The Alkali Metals is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.
21.1: Periodic Trends and Charge Density
21.3: Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals


The petition against Canada was filed in November 2012. Canada and the victims, through CCR, have filed initial and supplemental briefs on jurisdiction and the merits with the Committee Against Torture. The petition is pending.
In an effort to ensure accountability for torturers and hold the U.S to its obligations under CAT, in 2011 the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) and the Canadian Centre for International Justice (CCJI) lodged a detailed indictment against former U.S president George W. Bush with the attorney General of Canada, on behalf of four torture victims who had been detained by the U.S. This action is brought under the principle of universal jurisdiction.
CCR urged the attorney general to open a criminal investigation against Bush, who was scheduled to visit Surrey, British Columbia, for his role in authorizing and overseeing his administration's wide ranging and well-documented use of torture. These methods included, but were not limited to water boarding, sleep deprivation, physical violence, and solitary confinement. As Canada failed to initiate proceedings against Bush, four torture victims lodged a private prosecution against Bush, while he was present in Canada, on October 20, 2011. Canadian officials moved to immediately close the case against Bush.
On November 2012, a petition was lodged with the Committee Against Torture against Canada for its failure to uphold its treaty obligations to investigate and prosecute Bush while he was in Canada. Over the next two years, CCR, on behalf of the torture victims, and Canada, submitted briefs addressing both admissibility of the petition (standing of the victims, exhaustion of domestic remedies) and the merits (Canada's failure to investigate and prosecute Bush following claims and evidence of a credible case for torture being brought). The case is currently pending before the Committee.
Petitioners are notified of this decision on December 17, 2015.
Petitioners maintain that the Communication is admissible, in that it asserts Canada violations of Articles 5, 6 and 7 of the Convention Against Torture, and the petitioners – as victims of torture who sought to initiate proceedings in Canada – and their complaint fall within Canada's jurisdiction. Petitioners assert Canada confuse standing and jurisdiction. Petitioners set forth in detail Canada's violations of the Convention, in failing to exercise universal jurisdiction, failing to properly examine the information provided against Bush and initiate a preliminary inquiry, and failing to submit the case against Bush to the competent authorities for prosecution.
Canada's response both on the admissibility of the complaint and the merits was due July 22, 2013. CCR and CCIJ were informed that Canada requested an extension of time to submit its observations, and such an extension was granted, with the new due date of September 23, 2013. Canada failed to respond to the Committee by that date, and the Committee has sent an official reminder to Canada to respond.
The complaint is filed for Canada's failure to investigate and prosecute former U.S. President George W. Bush during his October 2011 visit to British Columbia. This filing is the first time a complaint concerning torture allegations against a high-level U.S. official is filed with the U.N. Committee.
The report sets forth Canada's failure to comply with its obligations to initiate criminal proceedings against Mr. Bush during his visit to Canada in October 2011, after it was presented with a draft indictment and supporting materials setting forth the legal and factual basis for a case of torture. The report calls upon the Committee to investigate the role of various Canadian officials in deciding against initiating an investigation against Bush and to make strong recommendations to ensure that signatories of CAT abide by their obligations under the Convention to prosecute torturers present in their territory so as to further the Convention's aim of ending impunity for torture.


Simple instructions on how to connect the iPhone 6 to the Jabra Solemate wirelessly using bluetooth and playing music using a cable.
These instructions assume that you are running Apple iOS 7 or greater on the iPhone 6. Ensure you have download version 1.34 or greater of the latest Jabra Solemate firmware from the official Jabra Solemate support site . After you have set up the speaker you can turn off the default 'Solemate is connected' announcements by holding down the Volume down button when turning on the Jabra Solemate until you hear 'Sound prompts off'.
A simple guide on how to play music from the iPhone 6 to the Jabra Solemate wirelessly with bluetooth.
Follow these steps to pair the Jabra Solemate with the iPhone 6. On the right hand side of the Jabra Solemate locate the power slider, there are 3 settings - off, on and bluetooth. From the off position push up the power switch all the way to the top and hold it until the indicator light starts flashing blue and you hear the announcement "Go ahead and connect me, use the Bluetooth setting on your phone".
You can now play music on the Jabra Solemate wirelessly from the iPhone 6. Tapping on the AirPlay icon in any iOS application which plays audio will bring up a list of devices where you will be able to toggle between headphones, the loudspeaker and the Jabra Solemate. In the future you can turn on the Jabra Solemate and it will automatically connect to the iPhone 6 without needing to pair again, just turn both devices on and wait for the "Solemate is connected" announcement.
As long as you do not pair the Jabra with any other devices this will continue to automatically connect to the iPhone 6.
Learn how to connect the iPhone 6 to the Jabra Solemate.
These instructions show you how to hook up the iPhone 6 to the Jabra Solemate using a cable to play music. First locate the headphone socket at the base of the phone.
Connect the headphone socket on the iPhone 6 to the line in on the Jabra Solemate port using a 3.5mm stereo male to 3.5mm stereo male cable .
Any audio from the iPhone 6 will stop playing on the phone speaker and play on the Jabra Solemate instead.
After turning on the speaker you should hear a "Bluetooth off" announcement, this means that the speaker will only play audio from the line in port . You can now play audio on the Jabra Solemate from the iPhone 6.


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Cork Athletic Football Club was a former Irish football club based in Cork. They played in the League of Ireland between 1948 and 1957. They were the successor club of Cork United. When United quit the league in October 1948, Cork Athletic was immediately formed to take their place. Athletic won the league in 1950 and only lost the cup final against Transport after two replays. The following year they won a league and FAI Cup double after beating Shelbourne in a replay to win the cup. In 1953 they won the first all-Cork FAI Cup final, beating Evergreen United 2–1. Athletic also began the Cork tradition of fielding veteran English League players by recruiting Sunderland legend Raich Carter. The club eventually folded in 1957, due to financial problems. They were replaced in the League by Cork Hibernians.

Honours
League of Ireland: 2
1949–50, 1950–51
FAI Cup: 2
1950–51, 1952–53
Munster Senior Cup: 3
1950–51, 1952–53, 1954–55

Season placings

Notable former players

Ireland (FAI) internationals
  Florrie Burke
  Noel Cantwell
  Ned Courtney
   Owen Madden
  Jack O'Reilly

Ireland (IFA) internationals
   Owen Madden

England internationals
  Raich Carter

Scotland internationals
  Jimmy Delaney

Other sports
  Noel Cantwell – played cricket for Ireland
  Ned Courtney – played Gaelic football for Cork

Notable former managers
  Owen Madden
 Raich Carter
 Jimmy Delaney

See also
League of Ireland in Cork city

References

Association football clubs established in 1948
Association football clubs disestablished in 1957
Association football clubs in County Cork
Defunct League of Ireland clubs
1948 establishments in Ireland
1957 disestablishments in Ireland
Association football clubs in Cork (city)


What Stormtroopers do on their day off.
If you are like me (and most normal people), Monday is not your favorite day of the week, so I thought I'd bring you a little humor to make it a little more bearable. So what's going on your grill or smoker tonight?


Neat Ideas want all Dad's to be spoilt this coming Father's Day, so we have these FANTASTIC offers to suit all budgets. All offers are strictly while stocks last so we urge you log into your benefits portal and take advantage of these great deals today!
Redefine your portable entertainment with Nebula, the World's Most Advanced Pocket Cinema by ANKER.A soda-can size smart projector with high-contrast, a 360° speaker, Android 7 and extended playtime.
For Father's Day we have included the PowerCore + as a bonus when purhcasing the Nebula. This is an External Battery with Dual Input Port and Double-Speed Recharging, 3 USB Ports for iPhone, iPad, Samsung Galaxy, Android and other Smart Devices.
We have very limited stock of this package selling for just $579. This items retail for $898 combined, so you're saving a huge $319!
As an exclusive offer to the Neat Ideas family we also have a HOT DEAL from our good friends at Event Cinemas.
Event Cinemas Father's Day VMAX Package – this includes two VMAX vouchers and two small popcorn for the super low price of just $50.00. That's a massive saving of $17.00 off the recommended retail price.
With great movies like Mission: Impossible – Fallout, The Predator and Johhny English Strikes Again, there's something to suit every Dad.
As well as these two great deals listed above don't forget about the range of gift cards we have available across the platform. Choose from Super Cheap Auto, BCF and Rebel for those dads who like to get out and about, or maybe a Booktopia or endota Spa if you think he needs to just unwind and relax.
These great offers can be found by logging into your benefits platforms.
Please be aware not all platforms stock all these lines, if you would like any of the above included, please speak to your coordinator who can arrange this with us.


2675660 Kurt_Busch_Action_Racing_2017_Number_41_HAAS_1:24_Monster_Energy_NASCAR_Cup_Series_Color_Chrome_Die-Cast_Ford_Fusion http://images.fanatics.com/lf http://dmimages.ff.p10/chains/2675660.txt false We are unable to customize this item with the text you have entered. Please try a different entry again. Your current entry cannot be processed due to guidelines for past and present player names. Please create a new entry.
Since Kurt Busch's arrival to Stewart-Haas Racing in 2014, Haas Automation has served as one of the most prominent primary sponsors on his No. 41 Ford Fusion. Three of Busch's four wins with the team have come with the all-Haas paint scheme on the car. Haas Automation was founded in 1983 and is the largest machine builder in the western world. The company manufacturers CNC vertical machining centers, horizontal machining center CNC lathes and rotary products. In 17 years of competing at NASCAR®'s highest level, Busch has compiled 28 wins, 125 top fives, 243 top 10s and 21 poles. He also won the series title in 2004, the first year the Chase format was implemented. Lionel Racing is excited to announce the latest release in its Action Racing Collectables line - Busch's No. 41 Haas Automation Ford Fusion. This die-cast will be on every collector's wish list next season.
Shop for Kurt Busch 2017 Daytona 500 Champion Diecasts at NASCAR.COM SUPERSTORE. Whether you're a diecast collector or just supporting your favorite driver, you'll be able to find the perfect car in our selection of Kurt Busch #41 diecast model cars in 1:24 and 1:64 scales. Each diecast car boasts over 100 nicely detailed parts and pieces and will look great wherever you decide to display it. Be sure to check back often and see what new Kurt Busch Diecast cars are in stock.


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MUST WATCH: Second CNN Producer Involved In Child Sex Grooming
(TeaParty.org Exclusive) – Liberal news network CNN has been hit with a slew of sex scandals recently, one of which actually included one of its own star anchors, Chris Cuomo, who was initially suspended from the network for trying to help his brother, disgraced New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo navigate his own sexual harassment issues before being permanently booted for his own.
And that's not all.
Just last year, one of its personalities was fired for exposing himself during a Zoom call. Another anchor, Don Lemon, has also been accused of sexual harassment, and one of Cuomo's former producers was busted for allegedly trying to entice minors into unlawful sexual activity.
News publication WND put out a story talking about a new report from undercover journalists with Project Veritas and how they have documents of allegations from an informant that say another producer was openly fantasizing about engaging in sexual activity with young teenage girls. And if that wasn't bad enough, he was apparently trying to solicit nude pictures of the teens.
"The video interview between Project Veritas founder James O'Keefe, and PV whistleblower Janine Bonanni: (Be advised about explicit references to sexual activity in social media statements referenced in the video)," the WND report said.
The folks at the Liberty Daily went on to openly wonder, "What is it about CNN that makes them hire the sickest pedophiles around? Last week, it was revealed that one of Fredo Cuomo's former producers, John Griffin, had been arrested for allegedly luring girls as young as 9-years-old so he could rape them to teach them 'sexual submissiveness.'"
"Now, a Project Veritas whistleblower, Janine Bonanni, has come forward with text messages and audio recordings of ANOTHER CNN producer fantasizing about and shooting sick pictures of his 14-year-old step-daughter and asking Bonanni to send him nude photos of her 15-year-old daughter," the report said.
"Project Veritas' first course of action was to reach out to authorities. Following that, we reached out to the mother of the children to ensure their safety. Project Veritas then reached out to his employer, CNN, to inform them of the situation and give them the opportunity to comment. As of this press release, we are still awaiting a response," the Project Veritas website explained.
The producer who is involved in CNN's latest sex scandal has not yet been publicly identified. However, Project Veritas reported videos and texts that "show a primetime producer at CNN fantasizing about sex acts with a child in graphic detail."
"The source, who obtained evidence for authorities, came to Project Veritas after she was uncertain proper action would be taken," PV went on to reveal in its report. "The producer in question also solicited sexually explicit photos of the source's underage daughter."
The source for the allegations expressed her "disgust" with the producer's alleged actions and "was compelled to come forward, because 'these people with power seem to get away with it.'"
The PV report revealed that the woman who is the source of the allegations was actually involved in a sexual relationship with the producer for a number of years.
Just days ago, CNN producer John Griffin was fired from the network and arrested on three charges of using a facility of interstate commerce to try and entice minors to engage in unlawful sexual activity.
Griffin had worked at the network since 2013, but was then accused of using "the messaging applications Kik and Google Hangouts to communicate with people purporting to be parents of minor daughters, conveying to them, among other ideas, that a 'woman is a woman regardless of her age,' and that women should be sexually subservient and inferior to men."
These people are sick, folks. Just absolutely sick. If you have doubts about the existence of devils and demons, here's some excellent proof that they exist and that they work through sick and twisted people like Griffin to accomplish their deeds.
Griffin then tried to "persuade parents to allow him to train their daughters to be sexually submissive," prosecutors went on to say.
"Griffin also allegedly flew a mother and her 9-year-old daughter to Boston in 2020 and took them to a Vermont home, where 'the daughter was directed to engage in, and did engage in, unlawful sexual activity,'" the report said, adding, "Commented the Western Journal, "The details of the indictment are absolutely sickening."
"You have to wonder: Are all these allegations of sexual harassment and abuse just a big coincidence, or is this reflective of a depraved company culture? At a time when the political left, at the behest of social radicals, celebrates the widespread acceptance of promiscuity and all manner of sexual indulgence, it's easy to point the finger not just at a left-wing cable network but at a culture that glorifies sex without attachment and attacks traditional sexual ethics as 'oppressive,'" the Western Journal wondered.
"In a world where indulging all of one's sexual desires is seen as empowering, where is the line between what's acceptable and what's criminal? This behavior is not just indicative of a depraved cable news network. It's indicative of a depraved culture that is morally adrift," the publication added.
Copyright 2021. TeaParty.org
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BREAKING: 103 US Marines Discharged For Refusing Vaccine
Biden In Kentucky: POTUS Talks Crap About Aaron Rodgers & Gets Called A "Pedophile" As Trump Supporters Chant "Let's Go Brandon"


The first industrial robot Unimate joined the work force in 1961 when it started pouring liquid metal in die cast for General motors. Its ability to handle 500 pound payloads made it clear that robots have a huge potential in the manufacturing industry. Robots have since become the most dedicated employees in the manufacturing industry working 24×7, 365 days an year without any demands.
The robots that can be found on today's factory units are smarter, more adaptable and work well in a collaborative environment. These robots cannot only perform difficult task like wielding, grinding, cutting to delicate jobs of assembling smartphones. If we look at the trends currently South Korea tops the charts in terms of the number of robots deployed in the manufacturing workforce per 10,000 employees with 437 robots followed by Japan with 323 robots, Germany with 282 robots, US with 152 and China with 30 robots working per 10,000 employees. The advantages of deploying robots in the high wage countries are considerable cost savings and safeguard against outsourcing work to cheaper labour cost countries.
The robots are highly responsible for Japan's success in the auto industry. While Renault SA plant in France have robots made by Universal Robots AS of Denmark drive screws in engine. Australia's Drake Trailers installed a single welding robot on its production line and benefited from it with a staggering 60% increase in productivity. The other auto giants are using robots to lift, weld, and apply glue & paint. The robots are also taking care of the wiring inside the modern age cars.
The new age industrial robots have been designed to work in an environment in collaboration with humans. The robots can use cameras, sonar and other advanced technologies to sense presence of human beings in their proximity and avoid hurting them. The earlier robots which were incapable of such judgements were responsible for many accidents which can now be easily avoided.
Robots not only improve the quality of a process but also ensure delivering at high quality benchmark levels. Robots can perform with precision and high repeatability. The industrial robots speed up the overall manufacturing process and can operate consistently without breaks. Robots can take care of hazardous job in dangerous environment which was earlier performed by humans being under constant risk. Robots provide huge savings on cost as there are fewer healthcare and insurance concerns for the employees. Robots also provide a competitive edge and can achieve low cost operations widening the profit margins which have made them lucrative in the manufacturing industry.
Baxter is an industrial robot that facilitates line loading and machine tending. It can also take care of packaging and material handling. You can deploy Baxter to handle monotonous tasks. This smart robot has ability to seamlessly integrate in a collaborative environment, working side by side with humans without being a threat. This robot can be trained rather than the need of it to be programmed. Baxter can be deployed on multiple tasks with its ability to be retrained for each task assigned.
When it comes to auto industry, KUKA is robust and dynamic solution to handle a wide range of applications. KUKA have high precision and accuracy while performing laser operations. They can very well carry the heavy weld guns. With universal application, these robots perform well with one hand operation. They are easy to integrate in any process and provide safe work conditions especially in collaborative environments.
Fanuc M 1 iA robots are well suited for small parts assembly but they can also be deployed in task such as part transfer and finishing. Fanuc robots are used for painting in automotive and aerospace industries. These robots are designed to promote safety in an environment where they are working alongside with humans. The backbone of these robots is a strong software development team that program these robots to easily integrate in a dynamic environment.
With the latest technological advancement like Internet of Things and Big Data, there would be more practical implementations of industrial robots as they can be monitored and supervised more efficiently. Robots have brought efficiency and speed in the manufacturing process but the initial cost of investment in installing a robot is still high and out of reach for small scale industries.
The courses offered by Intellipaat address the unique needs of working professionals. She is based out of Bangalore and has an experience of 5 years in the field of content writing and blogging. Her work has been published on various sites related to Hadoop, Big Data, Business Intelligence, Cloud Computing, IT, SAP, Project Management and more.
With the development of European Industry 4.0, the utilization rate of industrial robots is constantly increasing, and gradually expanding from the automotive market to other markets. At present, the Chinese version of Industry 4.0 and Made in China 2025 also focus on smart manufacturing. Many Chinese-owned industrial robots have also joined the market competition.


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AKT inhibitors as anti-cancer treatments
The impact was compared with a pharmaceutical agent, i
December 30, 2021 December 30, 2021 Mia Henderson SOC Channels
The impact was compared with a pharmaceutical agent, i.e., CQN, that is clinically used to antagonize endosomal TLR activation (27). as previously reported, ssRNA40 induced TLR-8 activation more efficiently than TLR-8 activation by R848. The inhibition of ssRNA40 induced TLR-8 activation was CQN dose dependent (40). CQN at concentrations of 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/mL inhibited TLR-8 induced activation 0.7 ( 0.0001), 0.5 ( 0.001), and 0.2-fold ( 0.0001), respectively. Open in a separate window Physique 3 Inhibitory effects of CQN on ssRNA 40 and R848 induced activation of TLR-8. The TLR-8 agonists ssRNA40 (50 Carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) Inhibitor g/mL) and R848 (100 g/mL) were used to stimulate TLR-8 expressed in HEK293 cells after pre-incubation with chloroquine (CQN) for 1 h at 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/mL (= 4). (A) Fold-change activation induced by CQN compared with the untreated cells/medium. (B) Fold-changes in the inhibition of ssRNA40 or R848 induced TLR-8 activation. NF-B release was measured by spectrophotometry at 650 nm. Data is usually represented as mean SEM. Statistical differences were measured using One-way ANOVA and Tukeys test. Significant differences compared to ssRNA40 Carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) Inhibitor and R848 are indicated by * 0.05, ** 0.01, *** 0.001, and **** 0.0001. The inhibition of TLR-8 by CQN was less strong when the agonist used for stimulation was R848. A statistically significant but moderate inhibition occurred at 0.1 mg/mL ( 0.01) and at 1 mg/mL ( 0.05) but at a concentration of 10 mg/mL CQN significantly co-stimulated the R848 induced TLR-8 activation ( 0.001) (Physique 3B). Physique 4 demonstrates the inhibitory capacity of the different 0.0001). This inhibitory effect was already strong at a concentration of 1 1 mg/mL and was not further increased at the higher dose (4 mg/mL) Physique 4A. In contrast, when R848 was used to stimulate the cells, only the high, 4 mg/mL, concentration of the native = 5). After 1 h, the TLR-8 agonists ssRNA40 (50 g/mL) and R848 (100 g/mL) were used to stimulate the cells. NF-B activation was measured by spectrophotometry at 650 nm. Data is usually represented as mean SEM. Statistical differences were measured using paired 0.05, ** 0.01, and **** 0.0001. As shown in Physique 4B, the partially demannosylated 0.05). The partially desialylated 0.0001) at all tested concentrations and also to a similar extent as native 0.01 and 0.001, respectively) (Figure 4C). Inhibitory Effects of bLF 00001). The secretion of IL-6 was decreased 0.3-fold and 0.4-fold ( 0.0001), by the partially demannosylated and desialylated 0.001) and partially desialylated ( 0.01) Tukeys test. Significant differences compared to ssRNA40 are indicated by ** 0.01, *** 0.001, and **** 0.0001. The secretion of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 was mildly affected by CQN and unaffected by Carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) Inhibitor the native, partially demannosylated, and partially desialylated em N /em -glycans (Physique 5B). The ssRNA40 induced TNF- secretion was strongly inhibited by CQN but was not reduced by the treatment with the em N /em KIAA0078 -glycans (Physique 5C). Discussion In this study, we decided and compared the inhibitory effects of em N /em -glycans isolated from bLF around the activation of TLR-8. Also, we assessed its immunomodulatory effects in human dendritic cells. The impact was compared with a pharmaceutical agent, i.e., CQN, that is clinically used to antagonize endosomal TLR activation (27). Previously, we have reported that dietary em N /em -glycans isolated from bLF are inhibitors of ssRNA40 induced TLR-8 activation in reporter cell lines (20). Endosomal activation of TLRs is critical for host defense. However, excessive stimulation has been linked with the development of autoimmune disorders. TLR-8 specifically plays a role in autoimmune disorders because it is involved in the regulation of TLR-7 and TLR-9 signaling and a direct link has been found between the dysregulation of TLR-8 activation and pathological inflammation (25, 41)..
← Provided the issue of developing potent and selective kinase inhibitors, for both mutants G2019S and I2020T specifically, where DFG-out inhibitors don't have any kind of benefit over type-I inhibitors, the concentrate of medicine discovery ought to be broadened to substances that inhibit LRRK2 through obstructing its interaction with additional proteins or interfering the GTPase function
Our findings provide insights into the mechanism underlying the development of glioma and provide a novel strategy for the development of glioma therapeutic treatments →
Copyright © 2022 AKT inhibitors as anti-cancer treatments.


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Dartmouth police arrest California fugitive
The Standard-Times
Aug 15, 2017 at 9:42 PM Aug 15, 2017 at 9:42 PM
DARTMOUTH — A suspicious man was going door-to-door trying to solicit magazine sales Tuesday afternoon in town, police said.
Around 3:15 p.m., Detective Sean McGuire spotted Tyrone Trevell Scott, 27, of Chicago, and determined that he was not properly registered to solicit within the town.
Upon conducting a check, police learned a full extradition warrant was issued for his arrest by the California Department of Corrections for burglary into a dwelling.
Based on the warrant, Scott arrested and charged with being a fugitive from justice, police said in a statement.
Scott will be arraigned Wednesday in New Bedford District Court.
No information regarding extradition proceedings is available at this time.
"This further solidifies the importance of the rules and regulations that have been put in place regarding solicitation in Dartmouth," said acting police Chief Brian Levesque in a statement. "The arrest of Mr. Scott should also serve as an important reminder to everyone that you never know who you may encounter at your own front door, so please be very cautious about who you decide to open it for!"


By the time they entered the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1976, Grand Funk Railroad — they had re-added the last part of their name earlier that year — were on a strange lap of honour.
The multi-million-selling Michigan rockers had effectively split up after the release early that year of the uncharacteristically dark Born To Die, which peaked at No. 47 in the US, the lowest ranking of their seven-year chart career there. But then came word that a certain highly creative maverick had expressed an interest in working with them.
That prompted the final hurrah, in Grand Funk's 1970s history, of the Good Singin' Good Playin' album, produced by none other than Frank Zappa. The album's chart debut was preceded by the single 'Can You Do It,' which unlike most of the rest of the album, wasn't written by the band's Mark Farner.
Instead, the song was another in Grand Funk's series of covers of old tracks from their collective youth. 'Can You Do It' had been a top 20 R&B hit in the US in 1964 for Motown group the Contours, co-written by Richard Street (formerly of the Distants, later the Monitors and ultimately the Temptations) with label boss Berry Gordy's ex-wife Thelma.
The single entered the Hot 100 at No. 82, and over the next month it looked set fair for a good chart run, as it rose swiftly to No. 51. But it peaked at No. 45 in what turned out to be Grand Funk's final showing on the US singles countdown. Good Singin' Good Playin' peaked at No. 52, and the band called it a day, again.
In a postscript, Zappa then stepped in. "I immediately offered [GFR drummer Don] Brewer a job since he wasn't doing anything," he told the NME. "He's terribly nervous and insecure but he's a really good rock 'n' roll drummer…every once in a while he grows a full beard to hide behind." Zappa and Brewer did work together for a while, but Brewer and other Grand Funk bandmates soon formed the new group Flint.
'Can You Do It' is on the Grand Funk compilation 30 Years of Funk: 1969-1999, The Anthology, which can be bought here.
Follow the official Grand Funk Railroad Best Of playlist.
I think you guys do an excellent of giving classic rock artists such as Grand Funk and Kiss the coverage that music fans like me think they are important enough to receive. I hope you also write about GFR albums such as Born To Die, Grand Funk Lives, and What's Funk? They are all very classy albums. "El Salvador" and "Rock 'N' Roll American Style" and others from the 1983 LP What's Funk are really great hard rock, and the 1981 comeback LP Grand Funk Lives is perhaps their heaviest sounding albums. Mark Farner's solo career, especially noting his Christian rock LPs, is very noteworthy too, and lastly the band Flint that Brewer, Shacher & Frost formed after the original GFR split is a very interesting listen.