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Category: tradeswomen
The Bowels of a Cruise Ship
Our cruise ship, the Westerdam, with a visiting rainbow
My wife Holly and I just returned from a cruise to the Caribbean. I know, it seems like a pretty bourgeois activity, but this was a lesbian cruise with Olivia, a company that commandeers whole ships so lesbians can commune with each other, be ourselves and be out. Our ship, the Westerdam of Holland Line (owned by Carnival Cruise Lines), is one of the "balcony-laden floating condominiums" with stories of ocean-view staterooms. Cruise ships don't have to be as seaworthy or built as strongly as ocean liners, which actually sail across oceans. Cruise ships sail in and out of the same port, and about a third of all cruises leave and return to ports in Florida, as did ours. I was ecstatic to be sailing with 1900 lesbians and figured there were probably many tradeswomen sisters among us.
Ft. Lauderdale Everglades terminal
Loading the ship
We Meet a Sister Electrician
One day at breakfast Holly overheard a woman talking about her work as an electrician. Finally, another tradeswoman! We joined her table immediately. Her name is Stephanie Jackson, she's from Mobile, Alabama, and she works maintenance at a steel plant in the hot dip section where steel is dipped in zinc. She's the only woman in her trade working there. She said she was married and having trouble paying bills when she got a job at a power plant through an affirmative action program. After working there for several years and training men who would then be promoted while she was denied journey status, she decided to look for work elsewhere (that power plant was later destroyed by Hurricane Katrina). She worked construction for several years—not her cup of tea—and then got the maintenance job at the steel plant. I was thankful my wife is good at eavesdropping.
I'd asked to meet with the chief stationary engineer and had received a formal confirmation note on Holland stationery, sealed and signed by the International Guest Relations Associate. Stephanie came with me to meet the engineer. He is Dutch from Rotterdam. Most of the crew is Philippine and Malaysian. We started in the control room where we asked general questions about the ship. It was built in 2004 in Italy, where most of these cruise ships are built. These ships are also built in a few other places in the world, but none are built in the U.S. and none are built in the Netherlands. Too expensive, said our engineer. Some of the new ships will hold over 6000 passengers, but Holland ships are smaller. The Westerdam is built for a maximum of 2,200 passengers. The crew numbers about 800.
My formal invitation
With Stephanie and the chief engineer
We Get to See the Guts of the Ship
Then we started down the metal stairs, Stephanie and I uttering exclamations of wonder periodically. Whoa! First we visited the shops: upholstery, carpentry, electrical, machine. These were the cleanest shops I had ever seen. The ship has a crew of eight electricians, with two people just charged with changing light bulbs. Lighting is slowly being changed over from incandescent and fluorescent to LED and new ships are manufactured with LED systems. Next we saw the bakery where bakers were weighing dough and prepping rolls for baking. Stephanie asked if she could take their picture and I could tell they had big smiles under their masks. The ovens and equipment are all electric, generated from the diesel engines and transformed down to 120/230 VAC. We saw the storerooms and staging area for deliveries. There are rooms for everything, including a florist's refrigerator, which doubles as a morgue and must be emptied if someone on the ship dies. Presumably all the unrefrigerated flowers are then used to make a funeral wreath. Or maybe the remaining living passengers all get extra bouquets.
Engines, Transformers, Scrubbers
The electrical system and most of the other systems work like a big building except everything is way more efficient. We saw the engine rooms where 11,000VDC is generated. Then it's transformed to 960VAC 3 phase. I didn't take notes, so may be misremembering some of these numbers, but they were voltages neither of us electricians had ever worked with. The ship has four generators, plus an emergency generator, and five big transformers. There are two kinds of diesel used; the heavy diesel is used while out to sea, but it's essentially refined on the ship using centrifugal force! One kind of fuel is heated and the other is cooled and the equipment doesn't always react well to that changeover, which occurs with regularity. Because of a California law (thank you CA!), the diesel products of combustion must be scrubbed before being put into the air, so scrubbers were added after this ship was built. We also saw a jet engine, which is used only in Alaska because the Alaska law requires that zero smoke be emitted. However, even though it doesn't make smoke, the engine is twice as polluting and the fuel is much more expensive. It's quite beautiful to look at though. The Azipod propulsion system developed in Finland automatically guides the ship.
What Happens to My Poop?
The HVAC system is enormous and also super efficient. Heat exchangers create condensation, which is then pumped to the laundry. And the ship makes its own potable water from seawater, which is compressed, heated and then condensed! I can testify it tastes fine. U.S. health regulations require the addition of a small amount of chlorine. Then we got to the vacuum toilet system. When you flush, a powerful vacuum pump sucks up the contents of the toilet. Don't flush while you are still sitting! We are cautioned not to put anything but paper and the waste from our bodies into the toilets or they will get backed up. Then a plumber will have to fish out the thing or push it further into the system where it is retrieved. Other waste can't be left in the system because the ship treats its effluent with digestive bacteria. The effluent can be dumped in the ocean only when it reaches a high level of refinement. There are three levels, and three distances from shore that it can be dumped. (We are always level A, says the engineer proudly). The treated water that results is clean enough to drink, but there's a rather unappetizing smell so we are not required to drink it. Whew! Other waste on the ship is recycled and we visited the garbage center where workers were dumping the contents of our wastebaskets onto a stainless steel table, sorting every bit of our garbage. Food waste is ground up and dumped in the ocean. Plastic is compacted and taken ashore. Paper is shredded and burned on ship. So remember, some worker must handle whatever disgusting thing you dump in the trash.
Every Day Something Breaks
There were so many systems I fear I'm forgetting them. I was surprised to learn that even large complicated maintenance projects take place at sea. But since cruise lines operate their ships 52 weeks a year in order not to lose money, maintenance must take place at sea. Every day something breaks, said the engineer. On this day technicians were designing a system to reduce problems from changing the two types of diesel fuel. We learned that the Westerdam will be in dry-dock next year and then will sail a different route.
Holly and I had a fine time at sea and now we're very happy to be back on solid land (we both got a bit seasick). I loved meeting so many interesting women, but meeting Stephanie, another electrical geek, and touring the guts of the ship with the chief engineer was the highlight of the cruise for me. I hope to connect up with her again at the Women Building Nations Conference in Chicago April 28-May 1.
I'll be posting more about the cruise on our travel blog: travelswithmoho.wordpress.com.
Author Molly MartinPosted on February 12, 2016 February 12, 2016 Categories Cruise ships, Lesbian, tradeswomen, UncategorizedTags blue collar jobs, electrician, lesbian, ships systems, stationary engineer, tradeswomen12 Comments on The Bowels of a Cruise Ship
What I Know About Stereotyping
The culture of the construction site was manmade. No women had been involved in its creation and so we had to negotiate the best we could. I said to myself I had a father and three brothers, I should be able to fit in. I'd been a tomboy as a kid and thought I knew how to hang with males of the species. Every new job, each with a new group of guys, held new challenges.
I quickly learned that my coworkers thought women were incapable of doing the physically challenging work of construction. They brought to work a stereotype of women as whiny, useless, money-grubbing weaklings who needed a man to give them worth in the world. (Most of these guys were divorced and still angry at ex-wives). They repeated to me an old saying: If this work was easy, women and children could do it. Something told me that when they repeated it to each other, the word they used was not women.
"Cunt," whispered the ironworker tying rebar next to me as I tied pipe to it. Then he quickly moved on. After I got over the shock, here's what I thought: "Ironworkers are a bunch of cowardly sexist dickheads."
My coworkers told me women weren't good partners on the job because we couldn't be trusted to hold up our end of a 300 pound piece of floor duct. We were all afraid of heights, we didn't know how to swing a hammer and hit anything. We were just there to get a man. Our presence on the job would cost the contractor money since it took us twice as long to complete a task. When criticized we would cry, so they had to be careful what they said to us. (Too bad that didn't translate to not insulting us.) Their worth was predicated on our worthlessness, our lack of merit. You are only as tall as the person you are stepping on.
I went to work each day with the objective of overturning the old stereotype. I was usually the only female on the job, and very conscious that I would embody a new improved stereotype. I worked hard, but was careful not to work so hard that I'd be accused of breaking down conditions and brown-nosing the employer. I tried to work just as fast as they did, but not faster. I picked up my end of the floor duct and used lifting skills to save my back, while thinking to myself that nobody should have to lift 300 pounds of anything. I was not afraid of heights, but if I had been, I never would have admitted it. I never cried, even when I felt like it.
A worker was welcomed into the construction culture in a backhanded manner. You didn't know whether you were being dissed or included. Race and ethnicity as well as gender were called out with jokes and put-downs. How one responded was noted. You were supposed to go along to get along.
The men could be empathetic while at the same time expressing homophobia, sexism and racism. I tried to come out as a lesbian whenever the opportunity arose because I was convinced this honesty made the job easier for me. On one job I worked with a traveler* from Arizona. We were assigned to tape connectors and boxes in the trailer while we waited for the deck to be readied for the electrical crew, so we had time to chat. He told me his wife worked as a nurse in a hospital in Oakland and the place was overrun with faggots. She was disgusted. Here was my opportunity! I admitted to being a dyke and probably noted that fags were a lot more fun to work with than his sorry ass. At that he did an about-face. He needed to make a confession too. He acknowledged that he was an alcoholic, that he was in recovery and that he was letting me in on the secret. That made us even, and we were friends from then on.
Ethnic slurs were thrown at people with what seemed like a try at love. Wetback, Chink, Dago were used inclusively, like welcome to our club, this is your identity. If I didn't object in the beginning, my nickname would be Girl. I objected, but not to every slight. You had to pick your battles. I let them know I wasn't keen on sexist or racist remarks. No one ever said the N word in racially-mixed company, maybe because they didn't want to risk getting the shit beat out of them. The exception was travelers who came from sister union locals in the South, but they only used the word when conversing with whites. Talking about football, one remarked, "I never understood why anyone would want to watch a bunch of n*****s running around a field." The Northern white guys on the crew were silent after that. Maybe they were seriously considering that football was no longer a white game. Or maybe they were silent on my account and would have agreed with the cracker if I hadn't been there. I hope it was because they were so appalled they were speechless.
The Southern travelers were a different breed—bigots who bragged about killing cops and evading taxes. All white. The story was told about one guy that he kept a length of 000 wire under the seat of his truck and had once used it on a cop's head. One day he drug up** and asked for his check. He was on the run, they said. White trash and dangerous.
That's the way it was, and few of us minorities were exempt. On one job I had a Jewish foreman. I knew he was Jewish when others on the job started making gas chamber and oven jokes. Jewish men—at least out Jewish men—were rare on the construction site, although I knew many Jewish women who worked in construction. This guy had been a carpenter and later got into the electrician apprenticeship. He was a skilled mechanic and a competent foreman with an upbeat attitude. He let the jokes slide off.
The job was an interior remodel of the Hyatt Regency hotel in San Francisco's Embarcadero Center. Cozy and insulated, we worked on an upper floor of the high-rise, piping in the ceiling, running up and down ladders. The construction crew would assemble in the basement in the mornings and ride the service elevator up to our floor together. The hotel pastry chef, a stern Austrian, came to work at the same time and rode the elevator with us. He never spoke to us, we figured, because he thought himself better than a bunch of construction workers. An unflattering stereotype of Austrians immediately took root in my mind. Austrians equal Nazis. Our crew began to refer to him as Herr Pastry. My foreman always spoke to him. Good morning or how are you this morning. The pastry chef may have nodded but he never spoke or smiled. It became a game. The Jew would force the Nazi to acknowledge us lower class plebes (the irony was that we union workers probably made way more money than he did).
Our IBEW contract gave us a half-hour lunch break 12 to 12:30 and one ten-minute coffee break, which we took at 10 am. I usually brought a bagel with cream cheese for break. I'd be starving by 10 even after eating a huge breakfast at 7. On jobs where the ten minutes was taken literally, I found I barely had time to down the bagel, which required some chewing, and to wash it down with my thermos of tea. This job was a bit looser. Coffee break might last 15 minutes.
"It's too short," I whined to no one in particular while standing on a ladder with my head in the ceiling. The piece of EMT*** I'd just cut didn't fit and I'd have to start over. "What a thing to tell a man!" came back to me from the Irish carpenter foreman whose head was the only one I could see up there. That made me smile. Irish guys—full of blarney.
"Break time," someone yelled, and I looked down to see coffee being served in a fancy silver service with a huge plate of pastries beside it. The gift had come from the pastry chef, and for the rest of that job we had complimentary coffee and pastries at 10 am, thanks to the persistent civility of our foreman. My stereotype of Austrians crumbled. I'm still waiting for help with my prejudice against ironworkers and white Southern men.
*Travelers follow the work around the country when work at home is slow.
**To drag up is to quit the job.
***Electrical Metallic Tubing, a kind of pipe used in the electrical industry.
Author Molly MartinPosted on January 23, 2016 June 8, 2020 Categories feminism, Racism, Stereotyping, tradeswomenTags blue collar jobs, Construction work, nontraditional jobs, Stereotyping6 Comments on What I Know About Stereotyping
Finding Wonder Women in the Tenderloin
My story, Wonder Women, posted on this blog on 9-18-15, which takes place in a Tenderloin cross dressers' bar, is based on true events. But I couldn't remember exactly where the bar was, and I couldn't remember the name of the bar. So uncovering the facts required some sleuthing.
Barry the bartender
Served by Jose inside Aunt Charlie's
Aunt Charlie's neon
I needed to find an old-timer who had been there. So I set about describing this gritty watering hole, as best I could remember, to every old codger gay guy I knew. Nobody could remember having been there, or maybe they just weren't talking.
I had a vague memory that the bar was associated with Charlotte Coleman, who owned a number of gay bars in San Francisco from the 1950s through the 1990s. During the 1970s Wonder Woman Electric worked on the electrical systems in many of her bars as well as in her home in Noe Valley. I learned that Charlotte, in her 90s, lived in an assisted living institution in Vallejo. Then I was lucky to meet an old friend of hers serendipitously. Roberta, in her 80s, regularly visited Charlotte and offered to drive me there to meet her.
In the meantime, I discovered a website, Lost Gay Bars of SF, with a map made by a guy named Mike Stabile that shows the locations of gay bars in San Francisco from the 1960s through the 1980s. I needed the name of the bar or the address to use this resource. I was stuck. But Mike responded to my questions in a Facebook message. He thought the bar might be Aunt Charlie's Lounge on Turk Street, still there, perhaps the very last of the old Tenderloin gay bars. I googled Aunt Charlie's and found an informative web page with interviews of some of the old timers. http://www.auntcharlieslounge.com. Could this be the bar I was searching for? It looked just as seedy as I remembered. And Aunt Charlie's still has drag shows! I had to go there.
By the time I could arrange to meet Charlotte, her health had deteriorated and new visitors were no longer welcomed. But I did get Roberta on the phone and described the bar to her. Sure, she said, she remembered that bar. It was called the Blue and Gold and it was on Turk Street. It was a black and white bar, she said, meaning it was racially integrated. It was Charlotte's most notorious bar, site of nearly nightly fights and disturbances. "They broke the toilet regularly." But the Blue and Gold made far more money than any other bar, Roberta remembered.
Site of the old Blue and Gold
Blue and Gold! I had the name! I had the street! Now I could use the Lost Bars map to locate the bar. I quickly found the address: 136 Turk. The description on the website said the piano bar opened in 1947 and closed in 1993. The Blue and Gold had been right across the street from Aunt Charlie's Lounge.
I chose a Saturday afternoon for a visit to Aunt Charlie's, knowing that I'd be unlikely to stay up late enough to hit the drag show. The one hundred block of Turk Street still rates high on the funky list. But the bar's regulars and bartenders welcomed us two old dykes and were happy to talk about the old days. Barry, who had tended bar at Charlie's for decades, remembered the Blue and Gold, as well as dozens of other neighborhood gay bars, all closed. The building's exterior had been covered in blue and gold tile, he said. (Nobody knows what the colors meant in 1947. A hangout for Cal alumni?) It has been painted over recently and it now houses the SF City Impact Rescue Mission. I noticed that the address is now 140, not 136, Turk.
The historic Cadillac Hotel
Graphic from the museum
Inside the new Tenderloin Museum
Feeling in a historical mood, we strolled the couple of blocks over to the new Tenderloin Museum, housed in the historic Cadillac Hotel. There we learned about the rich history of the Tenderloin neighborhood, including the gay and transgender scene in the 1960s. The Compton Cafeteria riot in 1966, "one of the first demonstrations against transgender and transsexual violence in San Francisco," took place right up the street from the Blue and Gold. It was a fitting completion of my magical history tour. Tenderloinmuseum.org.
Author Molly MartinPosted on November 28, 2015 October 5, 2016 Categories gay in the 1970s, Lesbian, Memoir, tradeswomenTags blue collar jobs, cross dressing, gay, history, The Tenderloin Neighborhood, transgender, Wonder Woman Electric1 Comment on Finding Wonder Women in the Tenderloin
Wonder Woman Electric to the Rescue
My first close-up encounter with drag queens took place in a Tenderloin bar when I worked as an electrician for Wonder Woman Electric in the late 1970s.
An all-female collective of electricians, we did mostly residential work. But our regular commercial accounts included some of the multitude of San Francisco gay bars. Each of the bars catered to a particular subculture in the larger gay community. Lesbians had a few bars and coffee houses. But bars for gay men proliferated. There were bars geared toward disco queens, the leather crowd, the sweater gays, uniform wearers, beach bunnies, cross dressers, fairies, bathing beauties–really more than I could even imagine.
One day in the middle of the week I was called to a hole-in-the-wall bar in the Tenderloin. When I finally found a place to park the Wonder Woman van, it was blocks away and I had to lug heavy tool bags through streets lined with junkies and drunks. This was the bad part of town.
I found the address on Turk Street, a nondescript brick front building. The door was locked, but I saw a discreet push-button near it. I pushed it and after a moment a beautiful young man, far more femme than I, greeted me. He wore matching coral pedal pushers, cardigan and mules with little heels. He did not look pleased to see me.
"I'm the electrician," I said hopefully. "Ok," he said, looking me over. Then his perfectly lipsticked mouth curled into a little smile. "Come with me. We've been waiting for you."
A small town girl who'd only lived in San Francisco for a year or so, I had just barely come out as a lesbian and had little experience with drag queens, transsexuals or transvestites, especially not the big city kind.
Stepping from the gray Tenderloin street into that little bar was like entering the Harry Potter toy store at Christmas. Lights and colored decorations hung from the low ceiling. Glitter littered the grungy floor.
I was surprised to see a good number of patrons at the bar in the early part of the day. Some sat at the bar, some at tables, but all looked fabulous. Most were men dressed in women's clothing. Some dressed as over-the-top made-up drag queens, but most looked more like the gals from the office across the street, dressed in low heels and conservative skirts and blouses. I thought I overheard one of them say "fish" which was pretty funny considering I was the butchest thing in the room, wearing a flannel shirt, jeans and work boots.
The bartender looked like a tough sailor just off the boat who'd thrown on a shoulder-length blonde wig and serious makeup—several shades of eye shadow and bright red lips outlined beyond their natural borders. He worked the bar in a tasteful tailored Donna Reed housedress, popped collar and pearls, and ran the joint with cutting sarcasm. I felt like I was encountering the Wizard of Oz and had to keep myself from jumping back like Dorothy did when she and her three cohorts first encountered him. A person could not help being intimidated.
"Here's what we need," he directed me. "I don't want the patrons to use the bathroom without my permission. They get in there, lock the door and stay. And, honey, we all know what they do in there." I could only speculate. Drugs? Sex? Probably both. Lesbians had been known to use the bathrooms in our bars for such purposes. Where else could a couple go? And if they were quick about it and others didn't have to wait too long, we were usually forgiving.
The bartender continued, "I want to be able to push a button right here under the bar to unlock the bathroom door when someone wants to use it. Can you set that up?"
This drag queen was also a Control Queen! I looked around the room at the disapproving patrons. I was going to be responsible for limiting their bathroom privileges. I was already the villain and I hadn't even done anything yet. But I was certainly capable of installing a push button and door lock. It would be all low voltage, so I'd just have to put in a transformer and run low voltage cable. I wouldn't need to run pipe or install junction boxes. "I can do that," I said.
I got to work, planning the job. Could I run the low voltage cable under the floor? Yes, said the bartender. There was a full basement. The beautiful young man ushered me down to the basement, a dank, spiderwebby space with a hundred years of grime on every surface. I had to figure out where to drill through the floor to run wires from the bar to the door lock. The job took me up and down the stairs and back to the van to retrieve materials. I focused on my work and I was relieved that the patrons went back to drinking and dishing.
Finally the job was finished. I emerged from the basement coated in its crud, looking more than ever like a construction worker.
"Let's test it," I said. I gave a nod to the bartender who pushed the button. The door buzzed open and, with a flourish, a patron entered the bathroom. It worked! Like electricians everywhere, I always got a thrill when I flipped the switch and my masterpiece (no matter how small) performed as intended. But I didn't usually have an audience.
These patrons understood drama far better than I. The dramatic moment of the day was all mine. It was as if I were making my big entrance, walking down the runway, head held high. They had all been watching closely and when the door opened, they let out a big cheer.
I bowed to the applause.
Author Molly MartinPosted on September 18, 2015 October 8, 2021 Categories 1970s, gay, gay in the 1970s, Lesbian, nontraditional jobs, queer fashion, queer history, tradeswomenTags 1970s, blue collar jobs, cross dressing, drag queens, gay, gay bars, gender fuck, transsexual, transvestites, Wonder Woman Electric10 Comments on Wonder Woman Electric to the Rescue
Canadian Women Working
Carla is a cement mason and a first aid captain. When I noted her pink hard hat, she said, "It was free."
Look up in this city of highrises and you will see cranes. There's lots of construction going on and presumably lots of jobs for construction workers. As in the States, I'm always on the lookout for women, and I found quite a few here. Most of the women I saw were flaggers, just like at home. But I did run into a cement mason on the street, so I'm confident there are many more women inside the buildings working in different trades.
Her job is Terminal Attendant at BC Ferries. She's a single mom who likes her job. Benefits are good.
That's a female laborer beyond the sign.
Ironworkers laying rod
On our way to the west coast of Vancouver Island, we saw women working at non-traditional jobs on the BC Ferries, a public/private partnership. High voltage line workers were upgrading poles and lines along Highway 4 on the island, and I wondered if any of them were electrician sisters.
One of many big buildings going up in Vancouver
The crane is on the site of a new casino being built in Vancouver
Downtown Vancouver is full of big cranes. Lots of new construction.
Just from my little anecdotal evidence, I think Canada is surpassing the US in breaking down barriers to women in construction. The signs are better here, too. Most are in a universal sign language that doesn't require words. We saw not a single sign that said MEN WORKING.
Flagger on Hwy 4
Many flaggers are women
Workers were replacing high voltage lines along Highway 4 on Vancouver Island. I didn't see women but it was hard to tell. Made me think of my Canadian high voltage electrician sisters.
Author Molly MartinPosted on August 26, 2015 January 12, 2017 Categories affirmative action, labor, nontraditional jobs, tradeswomen, Uncategorized, womenTags blue collar jobs, nontraditional jobs, tradeswomen, women2 Comments on Canadian Women Working
Women are Building Our Universe
A thousand cheering tradeswomen make a lot of noise
Sisterhood is Powerful. That was my take-home from the 14th Women Building conference. When more than a thousand tradeswomen, supporters, advocates and union brothers convened in Los Angeles May Day weekend, it was by far the largest gathering of female construction workers in the history of our movement. Union tradeswomen of all crafts came together from all over the country and the world to share experiences, strategize, laugh and cry together.
There is nothing like being in a room full of a thousand cheering sisters, and it was a new experience for me, a tradeswoman activist of 40 years. We are a diverse group of women, a rainbow of race, class and ethnicity, all part of the sisterhood. I spoke to many individual women—young members of the California Conservation Corps who drove all the way from Fortuna in Northern California, old timers greeting old friends, students who are working to get jobs in the trades. They all said the best thing about this conference was the camaraderie.
California Conservation Corps members
I've participated in the Women Building conferences since their beginning in 2002, and many tradeswomen conferences before that. But this conference was qualitatively as well as quantitatively different from past events and I think it portends a new chapter in our Tradeswomen Movement. I think three factors point to a sea change in our movement: first, the sponsorship of the North America's Building Trades Unions (NABTU); second, the development of mature leadership at local, state and national levels; and third, the advent of social media and its use by the larger community of tradeswomen.
The NABTU sponsorship was the result of work by the National Women's Committee, especially Patti Devlin, Debra Chaplan, and Caroline Williams. We now have leaders like these on a national level connected to union presidents and internationals as well as the Task Force on Tradeswomen's Issues, which brings policy expertise to our movement. I was thrilled by the number of women who stood up when asked who had been elected to a leadership position in their unions. And this year the vast majority of women were sent by their unions to the conference.
Women from the FutureBuild program
A new feature this year was the popular tradeswomen action clinic table. Organizers chose two primary issues that we could weigh in on: restoring federal WANTO funding for tradeswomen organizations, and resisting so-called Right-to-Work legislation in the states. The table was organized by elevator constructor LJ Dolin, Kelly Kupcak from Chicago Women in Trades, and Nicole Aro from the AFL-CIO. It was a great idea and organizers plan to expand it next year with more ties to workshops. The number of participants at the tradeswomen history workshop that I gave with historian Brigid O'Farrell showed us that women are interested in our history and in using what we have learned over the years to forge a new strategy for our movement.
When I got home and started friending folks on Facebook I could see that our community already has been successfully organized by Sisters in the Building Trades' Melina Harris, who gets kudos for bringing so many women into the electronic media fold. I love that we can kvetch and share our stories instantly on groups like Trade Women Chat. It's a far cry from our days publishing the quarterly Tradeswomen Magazine with writing, typesetting, layout and bulk mailing tasks taken on by volunteers.
What started as a conference for California tradeswomen (sponsored since 2002 by the California State Building and Construction Trades Council) has now become Women Building the Nation. Next year's conference will take place in Chicago—the first of these outside of California. We've got the dates: April 29-May 1, 2016. It's an opportunity to expand on existing networks of tradeswomen in the Midwest and to make our movement truly national.
Tradeswomen have long been virtually invisible on the front lines of the Feminist and Civil Rights Movements. We still are the ones who daily confront the most aggressive kind of sexism and racism in our traditionally male jobs. For decades now we have been devising strategies to counter isolation and harassment at work and to increase the numbers of women in the trades. The numbers and enthusiasm at this conference give me hope that we can build a better world for women in the trades. I'm looking forward to the 2025 conference: Women Building the Universe.
Author Molly MartinPosted on May 29, 2015 January 12, 2017 Categories civil rights, feminism, nontraditional jobs, trade unions, tradeswomenTags tradeswomen, tradeswomen conference, Women Building the Nation2 Comments on Women are Building Our Universe
Advice from an Old Tradeswoman Activist
Know your friends and know your enemies. Tradeswoman organizations are our friends, even when they are applying for the same funding. Those who want to keep us barefoot and pregnant and not allow us to work are our enemies. They will always try to divide us. Do not let them.
Discrimination makes us crazy (and sick and angry). Sometimes we are called upon to support crazy women and tradeswomen organizations must be there for women when we are crazy.
Tradeswomen are part of a larger movement for Civil Rights. We have more power when we coalesce with other people and organizations.
Our community is small. Activists in the Tradeswomen Movement must know that you will encounter over and over the same people who are also active in the Movement. Build bridges, don't burn them.
One woman can change everything. In most cities where tradeswomen organizations have flourished, one woman organized the first meeting. Sometimes one righteous woman in a position of relative power in a state, federal or local government or a union organization can mean the difference between jobs for tradeswomen and none.
Laws (and lawyers) can be our friends. Having the backing of government makes a world of difference when we are trying to change our world (unfortunately, the feds have neglected affirmative action since Jimmy Carter's time).
Mentor each other. Our job is to support each other. Our job is to inspire each other. Sometimes we don't know the effect we have had on others until many years later.
Women have the right to be mediocre. We shouldn't always have to be the best at everything.
Always try to be the best at everything. Otherwise you make women look bad. When we are the only one on the job, we embody the stereotype of all tradeswomen.
Just going to work every day and putting on your toolbelt can be a revolutionary act.
Author Molly MartinPosted on May 10, 2015 January 12, 2017 Categories affirmative action, civil rights, feminism, labor, nontraditional jobs, trade unions, tradeswomen, womenTags Activist advice, affirmative action, feminism, history, nontraditional jobs, tradeswomen4 Comments on Advice from an Old Tradeswoman Activist
Tradeswomen at Work
Whenever I see tradeswomen at work, I try to take their pictures. Sometimes I even get a chance to talk to them. There's a big street project going on at the Glen Park BART station and I've made friends with Jackie the laborer who is usually flagging when I cross the street. She is often wearing a t-shirt that reads Fight Like a Girl. There's a female engineer working on this project too, and I did get a couple of pictures. That's her conferring with a foreman.
Jackie the laborer
Jackie and coworker
Author Molly MartinPosted on April 20, 2015 January 12, 2017 Categories nontraditional jobs, tradeswomenTags blue collar jobs, nontraditional jobs, tradeswomenLeave a comment on Tradeswomen at Work
Song: Sister in the Brotherhood
Along with my musical wife, Holly, I wrote a song. It will be included in an upcoming performance piece about women and work by Director Pat Wynne for our Rockin' Solidarity Labor Chorus.
Sister in the Brotherhood
When I was a girl my mother said to me
When you're grown what do you want to be
For choices I had only three
Teacher nurse or secretary
Typing and shorthand had paid mom's rent
So I learned secretarial skills
I didn't really get what that meant
Till I had to pay my bills
They made me wear pumps and pantyhose
To apply as a Kelly Girl clerk
I still only made minimum wage
Filing faster only got me more work
I wanna be in the Brotherhood
Where I can build something and the pay is good
I'll have a trade and I'll have it made
I answered an ad for cocktail waitress
But they were hiring topless dancers
When the man who was hiring looked at my chest
He said you've got the answers
You did not earn a thing
They said you could make 50 bucks a night
From tips stuffed in your g-string
I applied for a job in the construction trades
They said can you type, I said yes
I learned never to give that answer again
Cause you just get stuck behind a desk
(Spoken)
I was too fat to be a stewardess
Too angry to be a waitress
Too allergic for hairdressing
Too messy for housecleaning
Hated kids too much to be a teacher
Typed too slow to be a secretary
Wasn't into helping people
As a therapist or a nurse
Not social enough for social work
What could I do!
I finally got into the Brotherhood
I've got a trade and I've got it made
Now in the morning I hop out of bed
Pull on my Carhartts and boots
Just stick that hard hat on my head
Forget the business suits
No more pushing papers around
And not creating a thing
Now I can proudly say I built that
When I look at a building
But when I had to pay my dues
I wrote my check to the Sisterhood
And my check was never refused
The International Sisterhood of Electrical Workers
Has a nice ring to it
Author Molly MartinPosted on April 20, 2015 January 12, 2017 Categories feminism, nontraditional jobs, tradeswomenTags blue collar jobs, labor, songs, unions3 Comments on Song: Sister in the Brotherhood
The Birth of Our Movement: Tradeswomen in the San Francisco Bay Area
The tradeswomen movement might be the most unsung subset of the feminist movement of the late 20th century. Like the feminist movement, it did seem to erupt suddenly, simultaneously, across the country and the world. All at once in the mid-1970s women began demanding access to blue collar jobs that had been the exclusive domain of men, like construction, utility maintenance, driving, dock work, policing and firefighting.
But the movement was not as spontaneous as it appeared. Women had been working for decades toward equality under law. Women had been included—however disingenuously—in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and then Title IX, the 1972 law requiring gender equity in education including sports programs. Young feminists, studying the statistics, were painfully aware that on average women working full-time made only 59 cents for every dollar made by men (in 2011 the proportion had risen to 77 cents). Inspired by the Civil Rights Movement and efforts by black men to enter the white world of union construction, women began to organize toward employment equity.
In the 1970s and 80s organizations advocating for women's access to these jobs sprang up all over the U.S.: Chicago Women in Trades, TOP-Win in Philadelphia, Northern New England Tradeswomen, Hard-Hatted Women in Cleveland, Nontraditional Employment for Women in New York, Women in Trades in Seattle.
In the San Francisco B ay Area activists first formed Nontraditional Employment for Women (NEW) as a project of Union Women's Alliance to Gain Equality (Union WAGE), a nonprofit organization for working women which included housewives, unemployed, retired, and women receiving welfare.
Early tactics included demonstrations and marches and efforts to enter union apprenticeships in the construction trades. The training programs, administered by joint committees made up of employers and unions, are comprehensive and free. An apprentice works full-time while completing training, usually at night during the program, usually four years. Hourly pay increases until you "turn out" as a journeyman in your trade. The apprenticeship system, especially in desirable high-paid trades like electrician, plumber, operating engineer, sheet metal and ironworker, had been closed to all but white men, primarily relatives of men already in the trade. The federal government had put in place agencies to enforce the new civil rights laws and women began to organize to tear down that wall.
Carpentry was a popular choice among women. The idea of working with wood, which it turns out construction carpenters don't do much of—they mostly build forms for concrete–seemed romantic. The carpenters' union was and still is the largest construction union with the biggest apprenticeship program and the most jobs. In the 1970s, it was one of the easiest apprenticeships to get into. Other crafts required applicants to take aptitude tests, submit to interviews and wait for months for a score but the carpenters used the "list" method, just creating a list of applicants, first come first served.
In 1975, with support from a sister nonprofit, Women in Apprenticeship Program (WAP) whose purpose was to place women in these apprenticeships, women learned that getting into the carpenters' apprenticeship was just a matter of standing in line at the union office and signing up. The night before the apprenticeship opened, women formed a line outside the union door so there would be no question about who was first. Sleeping for one night on a concrete sidewalk seemed small payment for the opportunity to enter a training program which would also assist in placing trainees in construction jobs.
When the union's doors opened the next morning the women who had waited in line all night found that their names did not appear first on the apprenticeship list. They also learned that carpentry was a "hunting license trade," meaning that the apprentice must first find a contractor willing to hire him before he can be indentured into the apprenticeship. Hiring and, therefore, the apprenticeship was controlled by the contractor/employers who preferred to choose known workers rather than request new apprentices sight unseen from the union's list. The women did travel to various job sites in the Bay Area seeking work, but no contractor would hire them. They decided to look for a lawyer.
Sue the Bastards
Filing a lawsuit was a decision not taken lightly. It almost certainly meant that the filer would become a martyr to the cause and would be blacklisted from future work. It could also mean months and years of shepherding a case through the system. And, as much as it was apparent that the unions were acting as the enemy of women, the women did not want to make the unions their enemy. The unions were the only reason trades jobs paid decent wages with decent working conditions.
Litigation cannot be the sole foundation of a mass movement, but litigation in the 1970s when class action lawsuits proliferated and very often resulted in wins, became an important part of activists' strategy for change. San Francisco Bay Area tradeswomen activists were lucky to have advocate lawyers at Equal Rights Advocates, a law firm devoted to defending working women, and the Employment Law Center. Across the country, most women fighting employment discrimination were out of luck. No lawyer would take their cases.
Lawsuits filed by individuals rarely resulted in changes to laws or regulations. Women were pressured to settle for cash and to agree not to disclose the settlement. The lawsuit that had won affirmative action goals and timetables for women in the construction trades was filed by a coalition of feminist advocates against the U.S. Department of Labor in 1976.
(c)2015 JEB (Joan E. Biren)
The case that resulted from the 1975 attempt by women to join Carpenters Local 22, Eldredge vs. Carpenters Trust, kicked around in the courts for 21 years and was finally decided in favor of the women. Judge Betty Fletcher of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the union to reserve 20 percent of its job referrals for women. In her opinion, an obviously exasperated Fletcher wrote, "The bottom line is that women historically have been systematically excluded from carpentry work and for more than two decades have sought relief through the courts while the Joint Apprenticeship Training Committee, the craft's gatekeeping organization, has waged a relentless battle to preserve the status quo." But the carpenters union ultimately was the real winner. For a time, the union complied. It found plenty of women in the San Francisco Bay Area anxious to enter the trade, putting the lie to its past complaints that women weren't interested in construction work. Then, when the 20 percent apprenticeship goal was met, the union petitioned the court to end the consent decree. The settlement agreement failed to require follow up and when the judge's decree ended so did the hiring of women.
The women's lawyer, Alberta Blumin of Berkeley, essentially worked for free, but there is no accounting of the legal costs to the JATC for its "decades'-long legal recalcitrance and foot dragging" (Fletcher's words).
Goals and Timetables
In 1978, when the new federal affirmative action rules and regulations went into effect, tradeswomen and women who aimed for careers in construction celebrated. The goal for women to be hired on federally funded jobs was 6.9 percent, increasing to 9 percent over five years. Apprenticeship programs were required to indenture 23 percent women (the number was one half the percentage of women in the general workforce—46 percent). If the unions and employers actually met the goals and the federal and state governments actually enforced them, it would only take a few years for women to achieve parity in the construction trades.
The new comprehensive federal guidelines that resulted from the Department of Labor lawsuit spelled out more than just numerical goals. Titled Executive Order 11246 and upgraded under President Jimmy Carter, the law acknowledged that a critical mass of women would be needed to counter the isolation and harassment women were experiencing in nontraditional jobs. The regulations pointed out working conditions and safety as paramount.
That year, 1978, union construction apprenticeships across the US were forced to induct their first women, but most women were still alone in apprenticeship classes with men. Many dropped out. In San Francisco's IBEW Local 6, four women began the apprenticeship. One, Pat Snow, was able to retire with a full pension after 25 years as an "inside wireman."
The large hope was not fulfilled. The 6.9 percent goal was never met except for a few isolated jobs, and never increased. Nor was the apprenticeship goal met, except in the Seattle IBEW Local 46 program, which for seven years was headed by a female electrician, Nancy Mason.
Anti-poverty strategy
A good percentage of women who entered the construction trades in the 1970s were college-educated and middle class. Economics was a driving factor. Unemployment was high and women had difficulty finding well-paid jobs in more traditional occupational sectors. But many women didn't want to work as teachers, nurses or secretaries (the main historical choices). The feminist movement had posed the question: Why can't I do this? Suddenly everything seemed possible. Women who didn't want to dress in skirts and pantyhose, whose dream was other than sitting at a typewriter all day, who weren't interested in teaching kids, found a welcome alternative in construction work. You could get up in the morning, throw on the same clothes you'd worn the day before, put a hard hat on uncombed hair and go to work. You could drive around town and point proudly to buildings you had built. In union construction work men and women make the same wages and the contract provides for decent working conditions and benefits.
Among the many reasons to choose construction work was free apprenticeship training and no requirement for college education. Activists saw the breaking of resistance to women in trades as a path out of poverty for women. Here was a way to counter the "feminization of poverty," a shocking trend especially as more women in the U.S. became single heads of households. Such a demographic shift could end poverty for women and children all over the country.
Tradeswomen Inc.
In 1979, Tradeswomen Inc., a 501c-3 nonprofit, was organized by a group of advocates including Madeline Mixer, director of District IX of the Women's Bureau, US Department of Labor; and Susie Suafai, director of WAP. The goal was to access money to expand the already successful WAP project that was placing women in Bay Area union apprenticeship programs. For a short time, under President Jimmy Carter, construction jobs opened up to women. But after Ronald Reagan's election in 1980 everything changed. The Reagan administration immediately dismantled and defunded whatever affirmative action programs it could, and stopped enforcing regulations already on the books.
Women, however, continued to fight to enter construction and nontraditional jobs.
Author Molly MartinPosted on April 17, 2015 November 27, 2016 Categories feminism, history, labor, nontraditional jobs, tradeswomen, womenTags affirmative action, blue collar jobs, civil rights act, equal rights advocates, nontraditional jobs, tradeswomen Inc., union WAGE, unions, women in apprenticeship4 Comments on The Birth of Our Movement: Tradeswomen in the San Francisco Bay Area
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I want your photographs to remind you of your love, your inner light, and even make you tear up (in a good way).
I believe that love is everything. Love is the thread that connects us all, makes us human, and takes us to a place that cannot be described with words. Whether between partners, friends, parents...a wedding is a celebration of all things love. And I LOVE love.
I also love getting to know my couples, and making sure we are a good fit for one another.
My couples are down to earth, romantic, kind, and big-hearted. They truly care about each other and aren't afraid to show it, want to get a little creative, and really value photography as not just another box to check on their wedding to-do list. My couples see their wedding day as a big party with their closest family and friends, and don't sweat the small stuff. In the end, they know that being married and making that commitment to one another is the most important thing on their wedding day.
If this sounds like you, I think we can make some magic happen!


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Q: WPF ListboxItems Cosume too much memory Ok i have an WPF application in wich i create my own ListBoxItem in a resource dictionary that looks like this :
    <DataTemplate x:Key="StationItem">
    <Grid x:Name="Gridder" Tag="{Binding SItem.StationName}" Width="125" Height="55">
        <Grid.RowDefinitions>
            <RowDefinition Height="*"/>
            <RowDefinition Height="20"/>
        </Grid.RowDefinitions>
        <Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
            <ColumnDefinition Width="*"/>
            <ColumnDefinition Width="20"/>
        </Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
        <Rectangle x:Name="Rectagler" Width="120" Height="50" RadiusX="5" RadiusY="5" VerticalAlignment="Center" HorizontalAlignment="Center" Grid.ColumnSpan="2" Grid.RowSpan="2" StrokeThickness="1" Stroke="Black">
            <Rectangle.Fill>
                <LinearGradientBrush EndPoint="0.5,1" StartPoint="0.5,0">
                    <GradientStop Color="#FFFF3A00" Offset="0"/>
                    <GradientStop Color="#FFE88D20" Offset="1"/>
                </LinearGradientBrush>
            </Rectangle.Fill>
        </Rectangle>
        <TextBlock Grid.Column="0" Grid.Row="0" Grid.ColumnSpan="2" x:Name="StationName" Text="{Binding SItem.StationName}" Foreground="Black" FontSize="14" FontWeight="SemiBold" TextWrapping="NoWrap" VerticalAlignment="Center" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="10,0,0,0"/>
        <TextBlock Grid.Column="0" Grid.Row="1" x:Name="StationCountry" Text="{Binding SItem.StationCountry}" Foreground="WhiteSmoke" FontSize="11" FontWeight="Light" TextWrapping="NoWrap" VerticalAlignment="Center" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="10,0,0,8"/>
        <Image Tag="{Binding SItem.StationName}" Width="15" Height="15" RenderOptions.BitmapScalingMode="HighQuality" Grid.Column="1" Grid.Row="1" Source="{Binding FavSource}" VerticalAlignment="Center" HorizontalAlignment="Center" Margin="0,0,10,10"/>
    </Grid>
    <DataTemplate.Triggers>
        <Trigger Property="IsMouseOver" Value="true">
            <Setter TargetName="Rectagler" Property="Width" Value="125"/>
            <Setter TargetName="Rectagler" Property="Height" Value="55"/>
            <Setter TargetName="StationName" Property="Foreground" Value="White"/>
        </Trigger>
    </DataTemplate.Triggers>
</DataTemplate>

A ListBox like this :
        <ListBox x:Name="StationsListLB" Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="0" Grid.ColumnSpan="5" ItemTemplate="{DynamicResource GenreStyle}" ItemContainerStyle="{DynamicResource ContainerStyle}" Background="{x:Null}" BorderBrush="{x:Null}" PreviewMouseLeftButtonDown="StationsListLB_PreviewMouseLeftButtonDown" ScrollViewer.HorizontalScrollBarVisibility="Auto" ScrollViewer.VerticalScrollBarVisibility="Disabled" PreviewMouseDoubleClick="StationsListLB_PreviewMouseDoubleClick">
        <ListBox.ItemsPanel>
            <ItemsPanelTemplate>
                <WrapPanel IsItemsHost="True" Orientation="Vertical" MaxHeight="220" ScrollViewer.HorizontalScrollBarVisibility="Disabled" ScrollViewer.VerticalScrollBarVisibility="Disabled" HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center"/>
            </ItemsPanelTemplate>
        </ListBox.ItemsPanel>
    </ListBox>

And i populate my ListBox items when the user chooses an Genre of the station, with a method like this :
 public class Stations
{
    public StationItem SItem { get; set; }
    public string FavSource { get; set; }
}

public class StationItem
{
    public string StationName { get; set; }
    public string StationUrl { get; set; }
    public string StationGenre { get; set; }
    public string StationWebsite { get; set; }
    public string StationCountry { get; set; }
}

    private void LoadStationByGenre(string Genre)
    {
        StationsListLB.Items.Clear();
        StationsListLB.ItemTemplate = (DataTemplate)FindResource("StationItem");

        IEnumerable<Stations> results = StationList.Where(s => s.SItem.StationGenre.Equals(Genre));

        foreach (var Station in results)
        {
            StationsListLB.Items.Add(Station);
        }
    }

Note : Every StationGenre will populate my ListBox with at least 1000 StationItems.
My code works fine and starts with a memory of 40MB (Window Task Manager). But whenever i select a genre and populate my ListBox, memory explodes at 100MB.And i then select another genre memory explodes further. I thought that with ListBox.Items.Clear(); the ListBoxItems will be destroyed from memory too, but this doesnt happen.
I tried to remove the image from my ListoBoxItemTemplate and checked my app's memory, but didnt see a real difference (About 4-7 MB's difference).
So my answer is : How can i make my application consume a lot less memory when adding items in the ListBox?
Thanks in advance!!

A: Try use VirtualizingStackPanel.VirtualizationMode="Recycling" to improve performance. Quote from MSDN:

By default, a VirtualizingStackPanel creates an item container for each visible item and discards it when it is no longer needed (such as when the item is scrolled out of view). When an ItemsControl contains a lot of items, the process of creating and discarding item containers can negatively affect performance. When VirtualizingStackPanel.VirtualizationMode is set to Recycling, the VirtualizingStackPanel reuses item containers instead of creating a new one each time.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Home » Kingwood High School English 3 AP
Kingwood High School English 3 AP
The following books are part of the English 3 AP Book Bundle for Kingwood High School, and a portion of the total sales will be returned to Kingwood High School. Add the books to your cart and place your order with a credit card. The books will be shipped all together by USPS Media Mail to the shipping address on your order.
The Things They Carried (Paperback)
By Tim O'Brien
Availability: On Our Shelves Now
Published: Mariner Books - October 13th, 2009
"O'Brien has written a vital, important book—a book that matters not only to the reader interested in Vietnam, but to anyone interested in the craft of writing as well."—Michiko Kakutani, New York Times
A classic work of American literature that has not stopped changing minds and lives since it burst onto the literary scene
Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood (Pantheon Graphic Library) (Paperback)
By Marjane Satrapi
Published: Pantheon - June 1st, 2004
BEST SELLER • A NEW YORK TIMES NOTABLE BOOK • Wise, funny, and heartbreaking, Persepolis is Marjane Satrapi's acclaimed graphic memoir of growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution.
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (Mass Market)
By Frederick Douglass, Peter J. Gomes (Introduction by), Gregory Stephens (Afterword by)
Published: Signet - June 7th, 2005
Frederick Douglass's dramatic autobiographical account of his early life as a slave in America.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Officers arrest one person after issuing search warrant in Mishawaka
By: Mandi Steffey
Posted: Feb 13, 2020 9:19 AM EST | Updated: Feb 14, 2020 12:02 AM EST
NOW: Officers arrest one person after issuing search warrant in Mishawaka
MISHAWAKA, Ind. — Police were dispatched to a home in Mishawaka in an attempt to serve a warrant.
According to St. Joseph County dispatch, police were called to a residence on Burdette Street near Logan Street around 9:12 a.m. Thursday.
Police say officers were at the home to issue a search warrant, but residents were uncooperative and a SWAT team was called to assist.
Police in Mishawaka say that the house in question has a history, which was why the SWAT team was activated.
According to police, they believed that there were guns in the home.
After a few hours hours of calling on the occupants to come outside and using attention tactics, three individuals exited the home peacefully.
Police say that one person was arrested and booked into the St. Joseph County Jail on preliminary charges of burglary. Stolen property in the home was located and recovered.
The identity of individual taken into custody is being withheld until formal charges have been filed.
The two other individuals were not taken into custody and they are not suspects. One individual was transported to the hospital for a medical evaluation.
The SWAT situation at the home is now cleared.
Contributions to this story also made by: Nick Pappas


Each day comes bearing gifts. Untie the ribbons.
Often we think of spiritual disciplines as being difficult and uncomfortable, and they often are, especially when we begin. But there is a profound sensuality that is also possible, one of many rewards of our practice.


Cambodia gained independence in 1953. The Vietnam War extended into the country with the US bombing of Cambodia from 1969 until 1973. Following the Cambodian coup of 1970 which installed the right-wing pro-US Khmer Republic, the deposed king gave his support to his former enemies, the Khmer Rouge. The Khmer Rouge emerged as a major power, taking Phnom Penh in 1975 and later carrying out the Cambodian genocide from 1975 until 1979, when they were ousted by Vietnam and the Vietnamese-backed People's Republic of Kampuchea, supported by the Soviet Union in the CambodianҐVietnamese War (1979-91). Following the 1991 Paris Peace Accords, Cambodia was governed briefly by a United Nations mission (1992-93). The UN withdrew after holding elections in which around 90 percent of the registered voters cast ballots. The 1997 factional fighting resulted in the ousting of the government by Prime Minister Hun Sen and the Cambodian People's Party, who remain in power as of 2018.


URBAN scooters are designed for hobby and sport-enthusiasts. Front 26 "and rear 20" wheel is cloaked to low rolling resistance tires from Czech manufacturer Mitas. The braking system consists of components TEKTRO with excellent braking effect. Handlebars and stem carry CRUSSIS logo. The scooter is designed as for children from 8 years old as for adults up to 6ft 7in. URBAN kick scooters have sporting ambitions. They fit into the city, asphalt or gravel paths. The short wheelbase ensures excellent drive-ability and maneuverability.


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An Old Box Car From Am Old Canadian Pacific Train Wreck Lies In The Forest Along The Cheakamus River Where Trees Have Grown Up Around It And Graffiti Artists Have Left Their Marks.


Terrace at the age of 86 with her family and friends at her bedside.
raising 4 children. Muriel was an avid gardener, cookie baker, card player and loyal friend, she also enjoyed a life long relationship with the United Church.
Medical Clinic as Dr. Appleton's nurse, she shared many camping and exploring trips with family and friends.
Linda (Russ), Brian (Brenda), David, Susan, and grandchildren Coral-Jean (Ian), Rob (Kim) and Patricia as well as great grandchildren Gabriel, Alison, Keaton and Mackenzie.
Special thanks to Dr. Appleton as well as all our friends who supported us at this time.
Memorial service to be held on September 9, 2015 at 1pm at Know United Church.
to the Heart & Stroke Foundation, 200-1212 West Broadway, Vancouver BC, V6H 3V2.
Linda, Brian, David & Susan.


The Safescan 2985-SX is your ultimate tool for easy and effective counting, validating and sorting of banknotes, offering professional-grade mixed-note counting and counterfeit detection. A large touch screen with quick menu, numeric keyboard and individual presets ensures fast operation. Featuring a dual-pocket design and dual CIS technology, it will value-count even the most advanced currencies, such as those printed on polymer, those that have transparent windows and those whose denominations have nearly identical dimensions. Designed for high-volume use, the 2985-SX is ideal for businesses that need fast, error-free counting for multiple currencies and proven 100% accurate banknote authentication.
The quick menu is a helpful tool that offers several features like batch presets and saving often used counting settings for dual operators, printing and a verify function. The quick menu is easily accessible via the large 3.2" TFT color touch screen.
Save time and eliminate all chance of error. The 2985-SX's spacious hopper can hold 500 banknotes, and with an adjustable counting speed of up to 1.200 banknotes per minute it provides you with maximum counting flexibility, reliability and efficiency.
The 2985-SX's front-loading hopper makes it possible for you to keep adding banknotes while it runs, for continuous counting—ideal in environments where time and accuracy are of the utmost importance.
The 2985-SX is equipped with an additional stacker, known as the reject pocket, where it automatically places all unrecognized or suspicious banknotes. After counting, you can view a detailed report to see the reason why a particular banknote was rejected. The reject pocket is also used in the FACE and ORIENT modes to rapidly align a random stack of banknotes all in the same direction.
The Safescan 2985-SX uses the latest counterfeit detection technology to scrutinize seven advanced security features built into today's currencies: ultraviolet, magnetic ink, metallic thread, infrared, image, size and thickness. This technology is so reliable it will detect double banknotes and half notes. You'll know with 100% certainty whether each banknotes is genuine or counterfeit.
The 2985-SX is programmed to automatically identify and fully authenticate banknotes in all available currencies. It will count all other currencies in counting mode ALL.
Save time with this convenient feature; no need to scroll through all the currencies. The 2985-SX recognizes instantly the currency of the first loaded banknote.
Like all Safescan money counters, the 2985-SX rapidly and reliably counts sorted banknotes in any currency, including custom coupons and vouchers. But it can also count unsorted banknotes for all supported currencies. Just place your unsorted stack on the hopper and press start; the 2985-SX will automatically keep track of the number and value counted for each denomination.
What's more: With the value-mix feature you can manually set a desired value. The machine counts banknotes until the desired value is reached. Denominations not suitable for reaching the desired value will be transported to the reject pocket. In multi-mix mode the 2985-SX will count three mixed currencies at once. All available currencies are selectable, and there's no need to sort your currencies in advance.
Want your banknotes neatly organized, all facing the same way and in the same direction? The convenient FACE and ORIENT modes allow you to sort your banknotes perfectly. Thanks to its double CIS technology, the 2985-SX is able to tell which way a banknote is turned, and which side is up. It takes just two quick sorting sequences to create a perfectly sorted stack. Ideal for preparing your cash deposit or to organize your cash drawers for the next shift.
Let the 2985-SX help you optimize your cash-counting workflow. Press the convenient "add" button and the 2985-SX will automatically keep track of the total banknote count across individual runs. Press "batch" and enter the desired number of banknotes and the 2985-SX will automatically pause each time it counts out that number. There's no faster way to prepare your bank deposits and cash drawers.
Thanks to its integrated double CIS sensors, the 2985-SX is able to read the serial number on each banknote regardless in which orientation the banknotes are inserted. Serial number recording is useful for tracing and when you need an audit trail. Connect the 2985-SX to the TP-230 printer and receive a detailed printout of all the scanned serial numbers. You can also export the serial numbers to the MCS software for further processing or to verify them at a later stage.
To make your administrative task even easier, the 2985-SX can automatically print your complete results to the optional Safescan TP-230 thermal printer, or export them to the Safescan MCS software. MCS provides you with comprehensive, automated cash flow management and insight using advanced filters and detailed breakdowns for each employee, register and denomination.
Save time and make your administrative tasks easier. The Safescan 2985-SX is packed with the latest technology that allows you to continuously and rapidly count high volumes of mixed banknotes. With the included cable you can connect your Safescan 2985-SX to the included Safescan Money Counting Software and save or export your counting results with just the push of a button.
To keep your 2985-SX in shape and ensure optimal counting and verification results at all times, regular cleaning is required. The top cover and back panel of the 2985-SX can be opened in such a way that removal of any excess dust and dirt from the internal sensors and feeding mechanism can be done within seconds. No tools required to open the device!


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Pablo Neruda's Birthday 2009
Born Ricardo Eliecer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto in southern Chile on July 12, 1904, Pablo Neruda led a life charged with poetic and political activity. In 1923 he sold all of his possessions to finance the publication of his first book, Crepusculario ("Twilight"). He published the volume under the pseudonym "Pablo Neruda" to avoid conflict with his family, who disapproved of his occupation. The following year, he found a publisher for Veinte poemas de amor y una cancion desesperada ("Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair"). The book made a celebrity of Neruda, who gave up his studies at the age of twenty to devote himself to his craft.
In 1927, Neruda began his long career as a diplomat in the Latin American tradition of honoring poets with diplomatic assignments. After serving as honorary consul in Burma, Neruda was named Chilean consul in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1933. While there, he began a friendship with the visiting Spanish poet Federico García Lorca. After transferring to Madrid later that year, Neruda also met Spanish writer Manuel Altolaguirre. Together the two men founded a literary review called Caballo verde para la poesîa in 1935. The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 interrupted Neruda's poetic and political development. He chronicled the horrendous years which included the execution of García Lorca in Espana en el corazon (1937), published from the war front. Neruda's outspoken sympathy for the loyalist cause during the Spanish Civil War led to his recall from Madrid in 1937. He then returned to Europe to help settle republican refugees in the United States.
Neruda returned to Chile in 1938 where he renewed his political activity and wrote prolifically. Named Chilean Consul to Mexico in 1939, Neruda left Chile again for four years. Upon returning to Chile in 1943, he was elected to the Senate and joined the Communist Party. When the Chilean government moved to the right, they declared communism illegal and expelled Neruda from the Senate. He went into hiding. During those years he wrote and published Canto general (1950).
In 1952 the government withdrew the order to arrest leftist writers and political figures, and Neruda returned to Chile and married Matilde Urrutia, his third wife (his first two marriages, to Maria Antonieta Haagenar Vogelzang and Delia del Carril, both ended in divorce). For the next twenty-one years, he continued a career that integrated private and public concerns and became known as the people's poet. During this time, Neruda received numerous prestigious awards, including the International Peace Prize in 1950, the Lenin Peace Prize and the Stalin Peace Prize in 1953, and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971.
Diagnosed with cancer while serving a two-year term as ambassador to France, Neruda resigned his position thus ending his diplomatic career. On September 23, 1973, just twelve days after the defeat of Chile's democratic regime, the man widely regarded as the greatest Latin-American poet since Darío, died of leukemia in Santiago, Chile.
A Selected Bibliography
Alturas de Macchu-Picchu (1948)
Anillos (1926)
Canto General (1950)
Cantos ceremoniales (1961)
Cien sonetos de amor (1959)
El corazon amarillo (1974)
El mar y las campanas: Poemas (1973)
Espana en el corazon: Himno a las glorias del pueblo en la guerra (1937)
Estravagario (1958)
Jardin de invierno (1974)
La rosa separada (1973)
Las piedras de Chile (1961)
Las piedras del cielo (1970)
Las uvas y el viento (1954)
Libro de las preguntas (1974)
Los versos del capitan: Poemas de amor (1952)
Memorial de Isla Negra (1964)
Odas elementales (1954)
Plenos poderes (1962)
Residencia en la tierra (1933)
Viente poemas de amor y una cancion desesperada (1924)
Confieso que he vivido: Memorias (1974)
Correspondancia (1980)
Discurso pronunciado con ocasion de la entrega del premio Nobel de literatura (1971)
El habitante y su esperanza (1925)
Cuarenta y cuatro (1967)
Paginas escogidas de Anatole France (1924)
Romeo y Julieta (1964)
Visiones de las hijas de Albion y el viajero mental (1935)
Fulgor y muerte de Joaquin Murieta: Bandido chileno injusticiado en California el 23 julio 1853 (1967)
Poetry in Translation
100 Love Sonnets (1986)
A New Decade: Poems, 1958-1967 (1969)
A Separate Rose (1985)
Extravagaria (1972)
Five Decades: A Selection (Poems 1925-1970) (1974)
Full Woman, Fleshly Apple, Hot Moon : Selected Poems of Pablo Neruda (1998)
Fully Empowered: Plenos poderes (1975)
Isla Negra: A Notebook (1980)
Late and Posthumous Poems, 1968-1974 (1989)
Memoirs (1976)
Neruda and Vallejo: Selected Poems (1971)
New Poems, 1968-1970 (1972)
Pablo Neruda and Nicanor Parra Face to Face (1977)
Pablo Neruda: An Anthology of Odes (1994)
Pablo Neruda: The Early Poems (1969)
Passions and Impressions (1982)
Residence on Earth (1962)
Selected Odes of Pablo Neruda (1990)
Selected Poems (1970)
Spain in the Heart: Hymn to the Glories of the People at War (1993)
Splendor and Death of Joaquin Murieta (1972)
Stones of the Sky (1970)
The Book of Questions (1991)
The Captain's Verses (1972)
The Heights of Macchu Picchu (1966)
The House at Isla Negra (1988)
The Sea and the Bells (1988)
The Stones of Chile (1987)
The Yellow Heart (1990)
Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair (1969)
Twenty Poems (1967)
Windows That Open Inward: Images of Chile (1984)
Winter Garden (1986)
The Essential Neruda (2004)
[www.poets.org]
Fiestas Patrias en Chile 2009
Herbert George Wells's Birthday 2009
Alexander Pushkin's Birthday 2009
Igor Stravinsky's Birthday 2009
2009, birthday, Chile, Pablo Neruda


PubMed is a popular search engine for biomedical literature. It has lost a lot of ground to Google Scholar over the past few years, but for a long time it was the go-to scientific search engine for psychologists, neuroscientists, and the likes. And the cool thing is that, unlike Google Scholar, PubMed allows you to write scripts to automatically download enormous amounts of information.
Which is what I did over the weekend: I downloaded information about scientific articles. Names, authors, abstracts (summaries), journal titles, etc. And lots of it. I figured I would eventually get banned for abusing the PubMed service, but I didn't, and the end result is a database containing 257.535 articles published between 1950 and 2010 in 43 academic journals, broadly focused on neuroscience and cognitive psychology . To the extent that PubMed has a complete index, this should include a large proportion of all articles published between those years in those journals.
So that's a lot of data!
I'm planning to write a series of blog posts, each time focusing on a different aspect of this data set. My main aim will be to understand the whole system academic publishing just a little bit better, and to see how it has evolved over the years. All the while keeping in mind, of course, that even these quarter of a million articles reflect just a tiny fraction of the total volume of scientific output. And a biased fraction at that, because the journals have been hand-picked. By me.
Figure 1. The number of published articles per year. The grey lines indicate individual journals.
Wow! In 2010 alone, 14.544 articles have been published across 39 journals (the blue line, which has been scaled down by a factor of 10 to make it fit in the graph). And it's a fair bet that in 2011 this number will be even higher, because scientific output has been rising constantly and explosively over the past decades.
There is a caveat though: The dataset includes a lot of new journals, but hardly any old journals that have gone out of existence. This is partly because, like the number of articles, the number of journals has increased. But also because I wouldn't know about a journal if it has gone out of existence a few decades ago. In other words, my cherry-picking induces a bias, which may cause the growth to appear larger than it really is.
So, just to be sure that the increase in science-mass is real, I also plotted the average number of articles per journal (the orange line). Obviously this is a gross underestimation of the overall increase, because it does not take into account that the number of journals has also increased. But even the average number of articles per journal has doubled over the past two decades.
Whether this prodigious growth in scientific output is a good thing is open to debate. Personally, I'm a little sceptical, because more than anything else it reflects the pressure on scientists to publish lots of articles. University libraries, which are the primary consumers, will buy pretty much all scientific literature by default. So we have a) scientists that want to publish as much as possible (to gain a good reputation), b) academic publisher than want to sell as much as possible (to make money), and c) totally uncritical consumers that will buy anything that is thrown their way. All the ingredients for a vicious circle, in other words, which explains the more-or-less exponentially growing science-mass.
On to the next statistic: The number of authors per article.
Figure 2. The number of authors per article.
As you can see, the mode, or the most common number of authors is two. This is because articles are often written by young researchers, under supervision of a senior researcher. Single author papers are relatively rare, because researchers that can act alone are typically senior. And seniors typically don't want to do everything by themselves.
The graph above shows the overall statistics across 60 years. But have there been changes in the constitution of the typical academic team?
Figure 3. The size of academic teams across the years.
Yes! Teams are growing. The conventional junior-senior formation is rapidly losing ground to larger teams of researchers. (All lines are rising, of course, but this is due to the overall increase in science-mass. Here we focus on relative differences.) Presumably, this has to do with the fact that a lot of the new science-mass comes from huge biomedical laboratories that produce papers with enormous numbers of authors. (The term 'author' should obviously be taken with a grain of salt. In these cases, authorship is used as an acknowledgement for someone's contribution to the research programme.) The largest number of authors on a single paper in my database is 158!
But we're just getting started! Stay tuned for more insights into the world academic publishing.


Whether you are an amateur iPhone photographer, a professional iPhone photographer, or a professional SLR photographer, you have ample reason to rejoice. The new iPhone X is a photographer's dream come true. The iPhone X is the most advanced iPhone ever, and its cameras are no exception to this fact. The rear 12MP dual cameras support deeper pixels, and new and improved color filters. The new iPhone X also features a new telephoto camera with improved Optical Image Stabilization (OIS).


The new KRK ROKIT Generation 4 line of professional monitors, taking music and sound creativity to a whole new industry-level.
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I'm no expert on the best Itinerary for Ireland so I asked my friend Jody from Ireland Family Vacations, to give me a sample itinerary for anyone looking to hit a few highlights during a week-long stay.
Ireland is an incredibly deceptive country.
It's small… roughly the size of the state of Indiana, which leads people to believe that they can zip from one place to another quickly and "see it all" in a week to 10 day long trip.
Despite its small size, Ireland is filled with an incredible wealth of magical castles, breathtaking views, ancient history and charming pubs.
Add to that the narrow rural roads, the friendly locals and the many (many) discoveries to make at each and every place you visit and that "see it all" itinerary becomes overwhelming and rushed; far too much to do in a single visit.
Everyone wants to view the stunning Cliffs of Moher, drive the Ring of Kerry and see a castle (or 2 or 3). But, beyond that, the ideas are vague… traditional music is often mentioned, as is the thought of learning Irish dance, but how to see and do these things? Often first time visitors aren't sure where to begin.
Get your rental car and begin your journey to Killarney. The most popular tourist town in the Southwest, you'll find plenty of shopping and dining centered in some of the most beautiful landscapes in the country.
I recommend splitting your day in 2 halves, with a more grown-up activity and a more kid-friendly activity, with room to fill in explorations. With so many things to do in this area, you may find it difficult to choose your activities.
Take a jaunting cart ride from Killarney to Ross Castle, through Killarney National Park.
Drive to Muckross House and Gardens. Tour the house and the Traditional Farms or just wander the beautiful grounds. Be sure to wander to Muckross Abbey where many of Ireland's High Kings are buried.
Enjoy the beautiful views at Tork Waterfall and the Ladies' View.
Rent a bicycle or walk through the Gap of Dunloe.
Skip the Ring of Kerry and instead take a day trip to the Dingle Peninsula. The scenery is just as beautiful and you'll find incredible history to explore like the Gallarus Oratory, a stone age fort and beehive huts. Dingle also has an incredible aquarium and it's most famous resident is a dolphin named Fungi.
Just outside Killarney is Kennedy's Pet Farm, a fun hands-on petting zoo with deer, rabbits, peacocks, puppies, sheep and more.
Leave Killarney (I know- there is still so much to do!) and head to Ballyhoura Country. This region of Ireland covers much of County Limerick and the northern portion of County Cork.
I highly recommend staying at The Old Bank B&B in Bruff, though you'll find other options in the area as well.
As you drive toward Bruff plan to stop at The Donkey Sanctuary near Mallow.
Hundreds of abused and neglected donkeys from across Ireland have found a beautiful home here. Take time to walk the farm trails or cuddle the donkeys at the entrance. Pop into the gift shop before you go… You can adopt a donkey!
The Ballyhoura Region is a hub of outdoor activities.
Plan on at least half a day exploring the magic of Lough Gur. Stone and Bronze Age artifacts have been found throughout the area. You can also explore the largest stone circle in Ireland, the entrance to faerie land, the Giant's Grave and stand where ruling clans once hung their enemies.
The town of Kilmallock is filled with history- as well as being the hub of walking and cycling in the area. You'll find the Loop Walks to be family friendly and the Ballyhoura Mouintains incredibly scenic.
Scattered throughout the region are 'Rambling Houses'; evening entertainments of live music, storytelling and dancing. A few quick phone calls can set you up for an evening of craic (pronounced "crack"; the Irish for fun and entertainment) you won't soon forget.
Enjoy the astounding beauty of the Glen of Aherlow from horseback. Plan a trail ride with Hillcrest Riding Centre.
And don't overlook the towns and villages. Bruff, Emly and Kilmallock all have extensive histories, as do many of the other towns in the area.
It's time to leave Bruff and head north to Doolin. On your way you'll stop at one of the best restored castles for families- Bunratty. In fact, you probably saw it as you left the Shannon Airport.
Bunratty Castle is terrific for families. You can explore the castle all the way to the top battlements. The surrounding Folk Park is filled with traditional Irish cottages, a cute village with stores and a nice pub for lunch and plenty of animals in the farm.
Kids adore the Irish Wolfhounds. And you must visit the piggery… just for the name alone. If the kids are young enough to enjoy a play area, they will love the one at Bunratty.
Be sure to let them run off their energy before you get back in the car to drive up the coast to the Cliffs of Moher.
No matter how many photos you've seen, you will be unprepared for the dramatic beauty of the Cliffs of Moher. Take time in the visitor's centre and learn the history of the cliffs before climbing the steep paths for the view. It is breathtaking.
From the Cliffs of Moher it is just a short drive to Doolin, a lovely village known for traditional music. By now you have probably learned that pubs are kid friendly, so make sure the kids have a bit of a rest so you can stay for a session (an informal gathering of musicians).
From Doolin there are plenty of activities for you to do.
Explore the Burren. The Poulnabrone Dolmen and Aillwee Caves are just incredible to see.
Take a cruise on the Doolin Ferry to see the Cliffs of Moher from an entirely different angle.
Plan a day trip to the Aran Islands.
Take the very scenic drive to Loop Head. Wander a nearby sandy beach looking for shells, visit the Loop Head Lighthouse (the last landmark between County Clare and America) or visit the natural "Bridges of Ross".
It's your final day in Ireland. If you are flying out of Dublin, it's time to head that way.
If you're final day is in the Shannon Region, take a look through the list of things you wanted to do but didn't have time for. Or maybe the things you wanted to do, but the weather didn't agree.
Relax, enjoy your last day in Ireland and begin planning your return.
Jody Halsted is a family travel authority with a mad passion for Ireland. A frequent visitor to the country, she loves nothing more than exploring the country with her husband and two daughters. Jody has a FREE Ireland itinerary at her site Ireland With Kids. GRAB IT NOW. Jody also plans Ireland itineraries and provides Ireland travel coaching. Get inspired by the Ireland Family Vacations Pinterest boards or follow Jody on Twitter @IrelandFamTrvl.
I so would love to visit Ireland. I visited England when I was younger, and had so much fun..it was so green!
Love the idea of visiting as many places as possible..but I think that I would take weeks to explore the area.
Lisa- this is the year to visit Ireland! So much is going on because of The Gathering that doesn't normally happen. In the decade I've been visiting Ireland I've yet to "see it all" and still find new places every time we return!
I'm ready to pack my bags! This is a great itinerary. The first picture you included is amazing. Absolutely love it and would definitely enjoy a cart ride even without my children. I have heard to skip the Ring of Kerry for Dingle before so it must be a good tip.
Debbie- Thank you for such kind words. Riding in a jaunting cart is definitely a must do in Killarney- even if it is touristy! Just talking with the jarvey is amazing- so much history to hear and riding through Killarney National Park is gorgeous!
I've done both the Ring of Kerry and Dingle and much preferred Dingle- which is why I recommend it!
That Irish breakfast looks yummy!
You can never go wrong with a Full Irish breakfast! Of course, you easily gain 10 pounds from all the brown bread and meats…. But so worth it!
I love that little house in the first photo! Can I live there! Ireland is a place we haven't been, time to put it on the list!
Laurel- the cottage is in the middle of Killarney National Park. I wish I could live there!
Great article – and I'll be using the information on an upcoming trip to Ireland. But the page appears as grey writing on a black background. It is very hard to read!
Bronwyn what browser are you using? My site has a white background with black text, so the fact that you are seeing the opposite is very concerning. Thanks!


Philadelphia – The McDonald Group, one of Philadelphia's top producing real estate teams, announced today that it has joined Weichert Realtors to launch a new Center City office.
After over a decade of partnership at Space & Company, and after achieving the title of Top Producing Team with over $50 million in closed transaction since 2015, it was a difficult decision for Johnny McDonald, owner and lead realtor of The McDonald Group, to join a new brokerage. The group was actively recruited by five excellent brokerages in the Philadelphia area.
"We chose Weichert for three main reasons: their impeccable national brand, their cutting edge technical support, and the opportunity to launch the new Weichert office in Philadelphia to serve the growing local market," said McDonald from his team's office at WeWork in Northern Liberties.
The McDonald Group is made up of five licensed sales agents that serve all the Delaware Valley markets throughout Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with the primary focus being Center City in Philadelphia. The group is supported by two full time administrative and marketing staff members who help streamline business operations.
In addition to his role with The McDonald Group, Johnny McDonald is a seasoned real estate professional who also serves as owner and principal of the real estate developer Onion Flats, the architectural firm Plumbob, and the general contractor JIG. Experience across these disciplines has honed his expertise in real estate finance, marketing, sales, leasing, design, and construction management. McDonald is a licensed Realtor® since 2004, a Certified Eco-Broker, and an appointee to PAR's Presidential Advisory Committee on Climate Change.
It is The McDonald Group's mission to impart their experience and expertise into each transaction, and to exceed clients' expectations with insight, service, and communication that gain the trust and respect required for a lifetime of business together.


text:
Q: Let $\mathbf S = \sin(n)$, where $n \, \epsilon \, \Bbb N$. Prove $ \sup \mathbf S = 1$ and $ \inf \mathbf S = -1$ Let $\mathbf S = \sin(n)$, where $n \, \epsilon \, \Bbb N$. Prove $ \sup \mathbf S = 1$ and $ \inf \mathbf S = -1$.
I understand that the $\sin$ function for real entries is normally bounded by $1$ and $-1$, but I am at a loss for how to translate that to real analysis to prove this.

A: An idea-- show that the natural numbers contain elements that are arbitrarily close to multiples of pi/2 by odd numbers. Find an element close to a multiple by an odd number with remainder 1 mod 4 for supremum and and by an odd number with remainder 3 mod 4 for infimum. Haven't taken real analysis yet so not sure about this, btw. Similar ideas might show that any periodic function has the same supremum and infimum on the natural numbers as on the reals.


text:
Q: Point apache to NAS folder? I have a NAS on which I have a RAID 10 array that I use as my GIT repository, I like my clients to have access to the site's builds right down to the latest commit.
My plan is like so:
 ____________       ___          __________
|            | Git |   | Apache |          |
|Dev Computer|---->|NAS|------->|Web Server|--> NAT/WAN
|____________|     |___|        |__________|
   X.Y.Z.199     X.Y.Z.200       X.Y.Z.201

So what i'm wondering is how do I point apache for say example.com goto X.Y.Z.200/Git/example.com/
I can probably plug the NAS direct into the web-server via USB but ethernet is preferable (it is gigabit so latency shouldn't be that bad).
What do you guys recommend?
Or maybe install git on the apache web server itself - bypass the NAS and just have the repository hosted on the server's local HDD?

A: You have a source control system, so why not simply check out the latest version from GIT to the web server with a cron job daily or hourly?

A: I've successfully used apache to serve content off of an SMB-mounted file share before. Worked just fine. Instead of setting up a static mount, I'd recommend using automount - this will give you quite a bit more resiliency over a standard fstab-style mount.
The only issue I did run into was an odd interaction between apache and samba where initially, it would only pull partial files. I needed to add EnableSendfile Off to my vhost definition to fix this.