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What We Will Fight Over: MARS
Mars has always been a world with secrets, and that has propelled mankind to launch dozens of unmanned exploration missions to the Red Planet in the vain hope of understanding the enigma that has captured imaginations of man since ancient times. Even with orbiting satellites and robotic rovers, Mars is like any woman, refusing to give up all of her secrets. This has driving mankind's long-held desire for manned missions to the 4th planet. In my lifetime, mankind will travel to the cold red deserts of the fourth rock from the sun and plant flags, and soon after, off-world colonies. What we find there, and how Terran society progress (or regresses) will determine if Mars is a second home to humanity or a battleground. In this installment of the What We Will Fight Over blogpost serial, FWS will be examining the truth behind sci-fi's love of setting future conflicts on the rust red sands of Mars and if the genesis of future wars will be for the control of Mars. By the way, Kim Stanley Robinson's excellent Red/Blue/Green Mars books are not mentioned in the sci-fi examples section...I simply could not find enough online about the revolt in the 3rd book without reading the novels...and with a newborn in the house, I could not devote the time. If you have read the novels, please comment and tell FWS about the trilogy and the revolt.
Fighting on Mars and Fighting for Mars
In this blog serial, FWS attempts to answer the question of the genesis of future conflicts. There is little doubt in my mind, that like many places on Earth, Mars will be a site of future conflicts, much like Luna or Belgium. This will depend on how important Mars is to humanity and how easy it is to get to the red planet. These will determine if these future conflicts will be just waged on Mars or for it. Fighting over Mars would be for its minerals or some other resources we are not yet aware of, or even a war of independence by Mars-born humans. Science fiction portrays the future of Mars the same way: either the war is over Mars or just fought on the planet itself because people just happen to live there. In this blogpost, FWS will be mainly discussing wars fought over Mars.
The Possible Roots of War
Why would Terrans and Martians fight? Some creators tell us that since Mars will be one of the first humanity off-world colonies, that by the time we push out further and beyond the solar system, Mars will have grown into more complex society than most pioneer colonial sites. That complexity could lead to a lack of dependence and loyalty to Terra and the "mother" society. These newly minted "Martians" could desire for their own destiny to be under their own control and government that was not some 6-8 months away. This has happened before. While the revolution of the American colonies against the rule of Britain could be chalked up to several core reasons, one is that we moved on and developed their own independent society. Many pioneer types have forged their communities and live-styles when striking out on their own. After all, living on Mars could mean living in underground communities due to the radiation. This happens with children when they move away from home and began having their own families. Other creators, like Kim Stanley Robinson and Ashely Wood have said that independent thinking Martian society will attempt new social models or even "workers' paradise", and this could forge a frosty relationship between the red and blue planets.
The Likelihood of an Martian War
The likelihood of a war on the red planet really depends on what really is on the surface Mars and under the sands and rocks once we get to these cold deserts. As I said above, if humans go to Mars and setup permit colonies, at some point, there will be an armed conflict of some kind. However, a "big" Martian War does depend on what secrets and treasures lay on and under the red planet. Some articles I've read on online suggest that Mars is no place for future space miners to get rich.
While the meteorites and the volcanos are good candidates for resources, Mars lacks the riches found on other solar system worlds and especially asteroids. Soil samples have shown iron, aluminum, and magnesium, but nothing worth the cost of transport to Terran business and customers. The best region for mining on Mars is the Tharsis Region. One of the present debates on Mars could determine the future of mankind on the red planet: how much water is on Mars? If the planet lacks water in great supply, and this could limit the amount of settlement and desirability of Mars, lessening the opportunity for war. If there is enough ice under the deserts and rocks, it would mean water resources, allowing for greater colonization. Some have suggested that a outpost on Mars or even the moons, could be a logically place for harvesting asteroids and being a hub for asteroid mined minerals being shipped back to Terra. That could be the genesis of an red planet wars. Wars fought on and over Mars could increase if Mars is ever terraformed, and becomes an 2nd homeworld of humanity if climate change renders Terra impossible to live on.
However, the real reason we might fight over Mars is not minerals, but lost relics and ruins. Since the Mariner 9 mission in 1971, photos have been coming back from Mars that may or may not show ruins of a vast civilization on the same level as the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians. This is not just contained to vast engineered structures, but also odd bits of scattered technology, and even art work. The internet was a buzz about a female statue that Spirit discovered in 2007 as seen in JPL photo PIA102014. Could this be the real genesis of future wars on the red planet? After all, wars waged over alien ruins have been featured in Total Recall, Stargate, Mass Effect and Semper Mars. Of course, all of this assumes that Richard Hoagland is right, and there really are ruins of Mars and NASA is covering up the evidence.
Martian War of Independence?
One of the most common conflicts involving Mars in sci-fi is the Martian Revolt scenario, when the "Martians" attempt to form an independent red planet from the blue planet and their controlling government or evil coporation. The concept of a Martian war of independence has been a very popular root of future conflicts in science fiction and was seen in the mainstream works like the Babylon 5 TV series and the Red Faction video games. Even I have been guilty of trope of sci-fi, including a liberated independent Mars in my own novel: Endangered Species.
These future conflict scenarios depend largely on if these Martians can sustain their own population without the help of Terra and her resources. Given the length of travel time between Terra and Mars, any operation on Mars of any size would need to be mostly self-sustaining, and some believe that any Martian settlement would use 3D printer technology and the materials found in the soil to forge tools and machinery. But 3D printers can only get us so far...for there to be a fully independent Mars, all of the red planet's needs would have to be met via other resources in the solar system. If the independent Mars settlement survived, they could compete with Terra for intersystem resources and real estate. This could lead to wars between Terrans and Martians. Of course, if Mars was to be the site of valuable ore that is unknown to us today, and their is profit to be made from its extraction, Mars and the workers could be under tight control, especially if Earth was depend on this Martian product. Such was the vehicle for red planet revolts in Zone of the Enders and Red Factions.
Why Are Wars on Mars so Popular in Science Fiction?
Mars has mystified and inspirited mankind since it was discovered that there was a red planet in our solar system. The mystery only deepened with the aid of telescopes, as canals, ice caps, and vegetation bands were seen. This fueled visions of alien life struggling to bring water from the caps to their cities. Mars was world under the force of desertification. These "canals" caused Mars to be featured in some of the earliest science fiction stories, as the source of alien invasions. This trend started with the very first genuine science fiction novel, War of the Worlds in 1898 featuring alien invasion from Mars. Within the same year of publication, there was the non-official sequel, Edison's Conquest of Mars also in 1898, that expanded on this theme of alien invaders from Mars. This theme continues today with the films like John Carter of Mars.
Another reasons for the popularity of Mars based conflicts is also due to the proximity to Earth, and similarity to Earth's deserts. After all, Mars appears more similar to New Mexico than truly alien planetary environments like Venus or Titan. With Mars being basically next door in terms of galactic distances, allows for Mars to be a logically "next big step" for manned space flight. In conjunction with the planetary environment, Mars seems like a logical site for Terran colonization, and could be the foundation of human spreading out into the solar system, and beyond. This could propel Mars to boast the second largest human population within a few hundred years, and a separate "Martian" society. This is one of the reasons why "revolts on the red planet" are popular in science fiction.
Oddly, while Mars was often the site of alien invasions by dying civilizations in sci-fi, space probes to the red planet soon revealed that there could be something in open rust-colored deserts and valleys to support the claims. Images that possibly showed pyramids, faces, statues, and fortresses were the subject of countless books, websites, and direct-to-video specials. All of this supports what my friend John says: "Mars is a super creepy place." Of course, the most obviously reason is that Mars is named for the Roman war god, and this gives Mars a violent air to it along with being red in color. Even Holst's score for red planet reflects that.
The Martian Independence Movement from the Babylon 5 Universe
According to B5, Mars is the oldest off-world settlement with a colony being established in 2155 by the private exploration firm, IPX. For one hundred years, Mars established itself as a center of scientific research, mining, and a place where companies and the governments could hide clandestine activities. All of this was under the control of EarthGov. By the 2250's, Mars had a population of over one million with a number of domed cities and underground structures.
Some governments and corporations used Mars as a place for secret research, drawing the hatred of native Martians. Much like there were divisions among ethnic and racial groups on Earth, the same was true with native born Martians and Terrans. This only seperated the two planets further and further. However, the worse was to come during the bloody Earth-Minbari War. During the war, Mars stated that it was neutral in the conflict, and the Minbari fleets passed by Mars on their way to Earth. EarthGov would not forget this, and after the chaos after the war, EarthGov cut back the food shipments to Mars, leading the Food Riots of 2251 and fueling the fever of red planet independence. By the 2260's, the situation had grown much worse, and President Clark used forced when several of the Earth Alliance colonies along with the Babylon 5 station broke away. No one felt his wrath worse than Mars. After the liberation of Mars from Clark, Mars was given independence, as per the conditions of the Interstellar Alliance. Mars would join the Interstellar Alliance as well as independent world. Mars would
The Great War from the World War Robot Universe
In the alternate universe of WWR, created by husband-and-wife artists Ashley Wood and TP Louise, Mars is a battleground between the Atheists and the fanatics (I guess I'm moving to Mars). This conflict, called "The Great War", started in July of 1986 when the Earth Coalition arrested the Martian foreign ministry. In the middle of this conflict was Darwin Rothchild, the founder of Rothchild Corporation, who supplied the combat robots to both sides in the conflict. Many of these war-bots were painted in camouflaged pattern of off-world locations, like Luna, Demios, and Cydonia. Also involved in The Great War are the factions of NOM and the robot pirates of MOD, along with the gasmask wearing Nom de Plume. The atheist settlements on Mars are underground, due to the radiation and thin atmosphere.
The Mars Rebellion from Two Hour Wargaming's 5150: First Contact
Two Hour Wargaming has a game set in their Star Empire universe on a revolting Mars. The Martian rebels, called "Sahadeen" are waging an open war for their independence from the Earth. The Sahadeen effort are given military and technological aid by the Empire of Gaea Prime. Two Hour Wargaming has produced a line of Earth and Martian 15mm model units can be used for these military science fiction games. Honestly, I love the basic storyline of an Martian revolt being aid by an alien government outside our star system.
Post-Golden Age Mars from the Destiny Universe
Mars is shown to be humanity's first contact with the godly sphere that is known as "the Traveler". In the Mars cinematic opening, we see three astronauts armed with Colt Commando carbines landing on Mars via a capsule, as they crest a mountain on Mars, they see The Traveler looming over a raining sky. Mars had a sizable population during the mankind's Golden Age, however, it was also a bloody battlesite as the armies of darkness push back humanity. During the game, the player and their friends acting as Guardians, fight on Mars to liberate the red planet from the grip of darkness. Mars is seen with the ruins of the Golden Age, and an nonbreathable atmosphere
The Crystal War on Mars from Legos' Mars Mission toyline
Even in the realm of Legos, Mars is a hostile place with riches worth fighting over. According to the story, human astronauts undercover special Martian crystals that could the answer to Earth's energy crisis, however, someone else wants them: the aliens. The exploration and mining missions was canceled, and the astronauts armed their vehicles for war. From 2007-2009, Lego would release about 30 sets devoted to the war on Mars. Along with the plastics pieces of joy, Lego also created the popular web-based video game "CrystAlien conflict"allowing players to take control of either alien or human astronaut-soldiers in the fight for the crystals.
The Shadow Raids on Mars from the STARCOM: The US Space Force Universe
Back in 1987, Coleco toys would release a line of military science fiction toys that depicted an near-future US military space force called STARCOM located in combat against the mad scientist Emperor Dark and his space terrorists forces. One of the key elements of the tension between the Shadow Force and the STARCOM is over the alien artifacts recovered on Mars, known as "the Obelisks". Mars is also the site of the US largest off-world real estate, the domed city known as Aras with a population of over 20,000 civilians, along with a sizable STARCOM presence. Along with industrial and commerce activities, Mars is the site of archeological exploration of the alien ruins belonging to an race known as "the builders". Shadow forces and STARCOM often crash on the cold deserts of Mars.
Mars of 1889 from the SPACE: 1889 Universe
The RPG gaming company that developed Traveler, Twilight 2000, and 2300 AD, Games Designer's Workshop developed a colonial 19th century era space combat game called Space: 1889. Thomas Edison develops the "ether propellant" in 1870's, allowing for space exploration of Luna, Venus, and Mars. On Mars, the "liftwood" is found, allowing for armed airships to patrol the pink skies of the red planet. On Mars, Terran imperial powers, like France, German, Japan, and the British develop colonial sites and commerce activities with heavy colonial military presences. However, while the red planet is dying, is not unpopulated. Three different Martian civilizations occupy Mars: the Canal Martians, the Hill Martians, and the High Martians. Some of these are hostile to the Terran nations, other attempt to share the red planet with the outsiders, while the more hostile High Martians attack Terran outposts and raid for slaves. Space: 1889 is one of those interesting combinations of history, alternate history, and space opera. I've always personally loved Space: 1889.
The UAC Mars City from the DOOM Universe
Mars and her moons have been the setting many of the DOOM games, especially the 2005 3rd installment. The United Aerospace Corporation runs an extensive operation on Mars. From the main underground city to countless little labs and bases, the UAC as invested billions into their Mars operations along with thousands of employees and contractors. We all know the type of combat seen in the games, but the 3rd game added the mythos of ancient and wiped out Martian species that developed the Soul Cube to defeat the spawn of Hell. DOOM 3 used the longheld enigma of Mars to full advantage here. It is rumored that the fourth reboot DOOM will also feature Mars or her moons as the backdrop to the war against Hell.
The Zio-Matrix Mars Coup from Armored Corps II
In the 4th Armored Corps mech-combat video game, the second largest Terran company, Zio-Matrix embarks on a terraforming mission on the red planet, attracting the attention of other corporations and mercenary units. This disrupts the plans that Zio-Matrix had for their Blue Mars, and the results in the Three Company War on Mars. Towards the end of the war, the Zio-Matrix attempts an coup against the Earth government based on Mars. Your character is a member of the Ravens PMC mecha group, and your job is to save Mars and her civilians from Zio-Matrix and prevent the Earth government of Mars from collapsing. I played Armored Corps 2 back in 2003, and liked the game pretty well, and was impressed by sweet mecha combat on the surface of Mars.
Faction Conflicts from Mars: War Logs
The French game developer Spiders created an action RPG for the PC and latest home console systems called Mars: War Logs in 2013. Set an hundred years after massive losing revolt, Mars is experiencing hard times, where water and basic needs are the order of the day. Added to this are various factions and heavy-handed government forces. Mars is also plagued by radiation and mutant species. Mars: War Logs is a unique setting for a Martian wars, especially the cyberpunk ascept.
The Martian Mine Workers Revolt from the Red Faction Universe
Since 2001, the Red Faction series has been exploring and fighting a war of Martian independance from the evil Ultor Corporation. In 2075, a dying Earth is reliant on the mining of Mars to support the blue world, and Utlor Corporation is the main company involved in the mining of Mars. Attempting to reap bigger profits, worker conditions are bad, leading to a vast sickness with no known cure. After the arrival of an Terran named Parker, and an incident when a Utlor guard kills an miner, the Mars mining workers revolt. Given the popularity of Red Faction, this game continued the seeding of the theme of Martian workers revolting and attempting to liberate themselves from a evil Terran corporation in sci-fi. More games in the Red Faction series have been released.
The Attack on Mars Base Sara from ROBOTECH and Macross
In the groundbreaking anime series, ROBOTECH, Mars was once home to an fairly large military/scientific base, called Sara. The Sara Base was established during or just before the Global Civil War, and Lisa Hayes had her first love, Karl Riber stationed here to avoid the chaos on Earth. At some point, other human forces attacked and wiped out Sara Base and the personnel or force them off of Mars. In the original Macross series, anti-unification factions after the Global Civil War force the evacuation of Sara Base. During their escape, the terrorist forces attack their ship in a captured space destroyer, and kill the base personnel, including Karl Riber.
In the recent ROBOTECH: Invasion comics, it was started that a scout force of Zentraedi were responsible for the base being abandoned. In the 7th episode of ROBOTECH, the SDF-1 lands on Mars after an radio signal is picked up. Captain Gloval believes that Sara Base would be a good opportunity to restock in supplies. However, Zentraedi forces are waiting. The result is the SDF-1 being held captive by alien gravity mines, and a desperate battle on the ground of Sara Base by the RDF. Lisa Hayes overloads the reflex generator to destroy the mines, allowing the SDF-1 to escape. Mars is never reoccupied by Earth Forces. Of course, in the 3rd Generation of ROBOTECH, it is said repeatedly that REF Scott Bernard spent time on Mars, and belongs to the 21st Mars Battalion. The series never makes it clear on how Bernard and Mars are connected, and it seems to be holdover from the original MOSPEADA anime series.
The Enders Revolt from the Zone of the Enders Universe
In 2173, the citizens of the planet Mars, called "Enders" by the Terrans revolt against the heavy-handed Terran government. Much like the other Enders revolt in the solar system, the Orbital Frame mecha is used as the tool of revolt and liberation. These mecha are based on the technology that is powered by the "Metatron" ore found on the Joviah moon of Callisto. The NES Gameboy Advance Zone of the Enders 2001 game; the Fists of Mars is fully devoted to the plight of the Mars Enders revolt.
The Federals vs. the Mutant Rebels from Total Recall (1990)
In the 1990 film Total Recall, Mars, settled by the "Northern Bloc" at great expense, and with the Cold/HotWar on Earth between the different political entities, Mars becomes more important with the discovery of "turbinium". One of the main reasons for the massive Martian Federal colonies on Mars was this mysterious ore-fuel that the Federal mined called "turbinium". The film never makes the role of this turbinium clear in the economics of 2084, but it could be taking the place of conventional fossil fuels on Terra. Some fans have speculated that trubinium is like Helium-3 and powers military space vehicles. This fuel and the its importance on the Northern Bloc's war effort, allows for major dick-bag Vilos Cohaagen to be an dictator with absolute rein over the population. While the trubinium flows, he stays in power. One of the elements screwing with Cohaagen was the mutant uprising that was led by Kuato. The mutants were created from some of the first settlers of Mars that were exposed to radiation via cheap domes that Cohaagen. These mutants are the untouchables of the Mars Federal Colonies and as long as Cohaagen is in power, they will never be more than outsiders. News reports are fulled with bombs, protests, and gunbattles fought between the mutants and the Mars Federal Police. All that changes when Quaid comes back to Mars, and finally removes Cohaagen from power.
Without a doubt 1986's ALIENS altered my life, and forged my deep passionate love affair with military science fiction. For me, this film and its universe are holy, and worthy of praise and worship. However, if it makes money, someone will exploit it for cold hard cash, and that is what Kenner did with their attempted (and stillborn) Operation: ALIENS cartoon series that was going to tie into the Kenner ALIENS toyline of 1992-1995...which was the same time I was in high school. In the next installment of Military Sci-Fi Oddities, FWS will be exploring and attempting to explain the effort by Kenner to create an ALIENS cartoon for kids.
Hi William
Great post and interesting topic
Here some other reasons for fighting over Mars that you or other MSF writers can use for your future FUTURE WAR STORIES:
1. Fighting over the ruins of lost Martian civilization might not be for retrieve alien technology at all! The discovery of lost intelligent creatures that lived billions of years before the first human appear on earth could serially affect the religious and philosophic beliefs of humanity.
This can cause religious nations/factions on earth to destroy or cover-up the Martian civilization remains while more secular nations/factions fight to protect them.
Think of the Taliban blowing centuries old Buddha statues in Afghanistan and extrapolate it to future Taliban blowing eons old Mars Face to protect their world view.
2. Even if Mars habitat in the past only microorganism - that can also be a reason to fight.
Such a microorganism, created on different world with separate evolution path, could be a treasure for the bio-engineering industry back on earth and something to fight about.
3. Scarier scenario for Mars microorganism is using it as a bio-weapon on earth.
Every microorganism that can create spores that can last billion of years underground will be an ideal candidate for using in bombs & missiles, like the Anthrax is.
This coupled with the fact that human immune systems will be helpless against this space bag makes any Mars microorganism a really dangers shit.
Again, modern example – a few years ago I read that al-qaeda researched the possibility of digging graves of Spanish flu victims to retrieve from the corpse lungs the deadly virus.
This staff about human waging wars on Mars to salvage ancient alien techno sounds unrealistic for two reasons:
1. Any useful technology that might have been there billions years ago was long gone.
2. If a nation have the technology to deploy armies and fight on mars surface meaning they already have advance tech. If the dead alien had even better tech than the future space marines have, why did they used it to leave their dying world and colonized… say, just idea… earth?
Maybe they did & humans are the aliens that colonized earth . Then Mikael bay explosion came & we forgot the advanced tech.
LCON September 29, 2014 at 8:58 PM
Martian Colonization would likely set the scale of conflict for mars wars. In the first days of a mars mission conflicts would likely be non existent as only a few dozen people would be on the planet. as mars colones expand. and it gets to a population comparable to the western territories in the Early US. Where you have Prefabricated townships propping up Wars would likely be akin to the cattle and Sheep wars or the Railroad wars where settlements would feud over food, mining and settlement claims. these early small conflicts might be fought with advanced small arms smuggled or built on the planet. maybe simple drones and crude fighting machines nothing really sophisticated.
Things would really get interesting once settlements reach a sophisticated scale with large cities ( likely domed) and a large Martian population is established. that is when Earth really would start loosing control. As these large settlements would likely have large water processing and Greenhouse dome producing enough basic nutrition to at least establish sustained growth levels, and the Marian colones would at that point be able to manufacture and process there own materials either harvested form Mars or the Asteroid belt or both to the production of there own indigenous shipping and defense materials.
At this point Earth would have two options one grant them autonomy, Option two move to try and reestablish dominance with a military action a blockade or occupation, Three blood red Mars, bombard the colones into a earlier level of development. how the Martians react and the options available to Earth gov would depend on how developed the Martian defense is. If The mars forces have access to there own military shipping say through defection of Earth war ships with pro-Martian crews then Things get interesting in space as both sides battle from the red to the blue. If Mars forces are limited to ground pounders it gets really ugly as Martian forces would be blasted form above if they massed for a force on force fight so expect battles of resistance and Guerrilla campaigns.
Now I shoot down the lost Martian civilization battle for a couple reasons.
1 unless these are god like aliens chances are any goodies we might want are long gone.
2 if there were any ruins chances are the cost of getting to them would prohibit any neo Taliban from getting at them. and the religious principles would likely demand the destruction of the colony more then the ruins.
I also question the microorganism bio weapons. Although Humans might not have anyway of responding the microorganisms of Mars, If they live would be more of a threat to Earth's environment then humanity. the microorganisms of mars would have evolved for mars and mars unless you believe in Native Martians, lacks any really advanced multi-cellular life like humans.
The Super flu's like the Spanish Flu is believed to have started when a bird flu jumped species to pigs and form pigs as a intermediary to humans. Sure you could try and weaponize martian microbs but why not just use a already lethal human bug? imagine Ibola let loose in a Martian dome. nasty.
Of course if you want kill the population of a Dome your best bet would be to shatter it or attack it's supply of water,food or even better air.
Maphisto86 October 1, 2014 at 4:01 PM
A nice rundown on the role the red planet has played in human science fiction (in particular militarized fiction). One thing I would like to point out is that the picture from the Mariner 9 mission that purports to show ruins of a city, pyramid and "face" have long since proven to show simple rock formations. The "face" of Mars in particular is just an optical illusion caused by the angle of shadows and erosion. Another picture from a later mission showing the same spot no longer shows the face even though the rock formation is the same.
Then again it is possible that Mars was Earth like in the ancient past and who knows what might be discovered. I have doubts there was ever sentient life or even animal life we think of here on Earth. Yet single celled or primitive life could have existed before the magnetic field and the atmosphere disappeared from Mars.
William October 1, 2014 at 6:04 PM
Maybe it has to do with products like War of the Worlds that have psychologically reinforced the concept, but it seems somehow logically that Mars would hold secrets and ruins. While I agree with you guys about the inability of a intelligence Martian civilization prior to the atmosphere blowing off, it somehow would not surprise me that aliens had been on Mars and her oddball moons.
Keep up the great comments!
Fascinating post.
Interestingly I've been working on my own martian war scenario, although in this case it is warring cities after earth withdrew its support. Although the cities are self supporting, they are always low on resources, and their militaries reflect this. Power, is cheap, but material is rare, which leads to things like no machinguns, as they are to wastefull of ammunition. Also, due to limited chmical supplies, their guns are not conventional firearms with cartidges, the handheld ones are based on combustion light gas guns, or electrothermal light gas guns, with heavier weapons often taking the form of gauss cannons. Vehicles are valuble but common, most of them ruggedised varients of what NASA has planned for MArs mission, with a simple weapons mount bolted on the top. Battles tend to be covert operations, or fast moving firefights between packs of light vehicles. Airial support is unknown, and drones are rare as the resurces are more valuble applied elsewhere. The reasons for the battles are conflict over the hundreds of autonomous mining and water gathering installations.
Hope someone found that interesting, just an idea of what the fighting could be like if it was to occur.
Aerial combat in Mars skies is not likely.
The low air density, 1% of earth at sea level, mean that any heavier or lighter than air vessel will not a have enough levitation to support its weight.
The air density at mars surface is equal to earth air density in 35Km altitude.
Any fixed wind craft moving in mars atmosphere will have to fly at supersonic. That means also that any takeoff & landing will need to be supersonic, good luck with that Maverick!
Plus, this aircraft couldn't be used for close air support (CAS) due to the speed.
There a few unmanned blimps that clime over 35Km in earth sky so it can be done also above mars but those are massive balloons with a small payload.
On the other hand the low gravity & low air density favor anti air guns & missiles, extending their range & speed.
Therefore my conclusion is that any combat on mars will be purely ground forces (at least if we talking about "hard SF").
LCON October 2, 2014 at 3:22 PM
The Tanks of Mars? Armored Mechanized fighting forces using rail or coil gun armed fighting vehicles on articulated chassis with wheels or tracks or both backed by orbiting support, Self propelled Rail artillery and Bull super guns?
William October 3, 2014 at 7:55 AM
The tanks of Mars as a nice ring! Could be a cool book title! The 1986 STARCOM: the US Space Force, they use 4x4 wheeled vehicles, but no tanks. Are we talking about Gerald Bull? The Canadian engineer?
Thank you William,
In Red Faction Guerrilla, EDF Forces employ a MBT and a Medium Tank armed with Gauss cannons
http://redfaction.wikia.com/wiki/EDF_Medium_Tank
and Yes Gerald Bull and his Project Harp/ Babylon Cannon based on the V3 Vengeance cannon. At first I was going to say a modified Star Tram system but such a system would likely have to be already in place on Mars for use in a Mars conflict, and would likely be targeted for attack and sabotage
. Gerald Bull's Gun system would be a viable option. It's sectional construction and smooth bore could likely be constructed with machinery used to construct plumbing and life support structures in habitats on Mars. a Number of Rovers have proven that the Chemical compounds needed to create propellant charges.
Project harp Showed that such a gun could reach orbit form earth, Mars having a lower escape velocity would mean a similar gun could be used to engage craft on route to mars. given the months a ship leaving earth or lunar obit would take to reach mars a number of projectiles could be fired at a regular rate on intercept trajectories. the Projectile could be a Nuclear mine or a kinetic energy missile with a simple RCS guidance to adjust it's course for a kill.
if enemy forces managed to get strong points on the planet, Smaller Cannons could launch Cube sats for Surveillance and long range artillery using projectiles with RCS systems to rain shells on enemy forces.
In a martian war, one with different on the planet itself, the use of strategic bombardment via some kind of advanced cannon could occure. A cannon, even a giant one, needs less technology and fewer resurces than, say, a cruse missile, even if it has terminal guidence, while the lower gravity and thinner atmosphere than earth would improve ballistic performance.
Also, although most books and movies show the use of electromagnetic weapons, railguns and coilguns, I think it likely that something like a light gas gun would be used, giving muzzle velocities of up to 10 km/s. As electrical power is likly to be plentiful to due to the need for life support systems/electric drives on vehicles, an electrothermal light gas gun using hydrogen could be any size and power, from a antipersonnel weapon, to a micro-satellite launcher. Even small railguns, although rapidly improoving, are still problematic, and a railgun/lauching sytem would be orders of magnitude harder. For an orbital launch system a ram/scram cannon might be the best bet. Fill a 100 km long tube with hydrogen/oxygen at a low temperature and pressure, and fire a projectile based off an existing hypersonic missile.
If an invading fleet was on the way, and the Martian High Defence force had acess to space, one plan springs to mind, similar to that proposed by Leon. But instead of building the acelerator/cannon on mars you build it on phobos or deimos, with an automated factory that mines water for hydrogen to use in a light gas gun, and firing projectiles built from metal mined from the moon. Such a design would be similar to variouse spaceguard concepts, but optimised for volume of fire and velocity. If fire was over a long enough period of time could this effect the moon's orbit?
To me I think that the reason for Martian wars are insurgencies is that tlmars doesn't have that much worth except for the colony inself.
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Plateau Teens Reach Out to Local Youth Through Athletes For Kids
Sammamish Review – March 17, 2004
The sign on the wall above Brandon Nelson and Kevin Howell clearly states that no horseplay is allowed in the whirlpool at a local athletic club.
But just as clear, the pool's lifeguard has allowed some latitude toward the duo.
The fooling around Nelson and Howell got away with is just part of their bonding process.
The Skyline High School senior is mentoring Howell, a fifth-grader at Challenger Elementary. The two were brought together through the Athletes For Kids program, which matches high school athletes with students who have disabilities.
"I've noticed our interaction has helped Kevin open up, especially to me," said Nelson, a varsity soccer player for the Spartans. "In the beginning, it was difficult to get a reaction from him. But now it's great to see him smile, see him happy."
Founded in 2002 by Ken Moscaret, the Athletes For Kids program has quadrupled in size, going from seven participants in its first year to 28 today. Moscaret said the program has been so successful at Skyline, they are looking to expand to Eastlake and Issaquah high schools.
In fact, Athletes For Kids representatives met with about 15 parents and members of the Wolfpack Booster Club March 9. Moscaret said he was surprised by how receptive Eastlake's booster club was to starting up their own program.
"They not only wanted to start a chapter at Eastlake, they didn't want to wait until next year," Moscaret said.
Moscaret recommended that Eastlake start with a handful of athletes, which is the same way Skyline began its program.
"The best way for them to jump-start a program is to sit in on our training session with 13 new Skyline athletes," Moscaret said. "Then once the students are trained and given a background check, (Eastlake) will see how students are officially inducted."
Moscaret's own son was the first special-needs student matched up with an athlete, Skyline graduate Simi Reynolds.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


laser clay pigeon shooting !
Laser clay pigeon shooting can be played indoors or outside. We are proud to be one of the few mobile operators using the Brand new MK3 laser clay laser clay pigeon shooting systems.
The players use a realistic shotgun to fire an infra-red laser beam at clays launched from an automatic clay launcher. When the shotgun trigger is pulled, the control module scoreboard generates the shotgun "BANG"' and when a player hits the clay target it reproduces the sound of a breaking clay.
As with any sport, there are different levels and classes of Laser Target enabling it to be played by everyone. Each round consists of 10 clays being launched and up to 5 people can shoot at the same target launched from a number of different positions at various speeds and angles.
Laser clay shooting can be played indoors or out of doors, during the daytime or at night.
Laser clay pigeon shooting is very safe for participants and spectators. The guns have been deactivated so there is none of the danger associated with live ammunition. The sound is also fully adjustable so there is no risk of damage to hearing and there is no 'kick' from the gun when it is fired.
The laser clay pigeon launcher is housed behind a protective barrier so there is no possibility of participants coming into contact with flying clays, and the event is fully supervised to ensure all participants are safe.
I'm just writing to say a massive thank you for your services and help on Saturday. The two lads you sent down to set-up and break down were excellent and both had brilliant attitudes, a really good advert for your company!
Hopefully we can stay in contact for any future events.


The eighth annual Global Health Initiative (GHI) charity golf and dinner event took place on Monday, June 20th, 2016 at the Evanston Golf Club. Attendees from the Northwestern Medicine community came out for an afternoon of golf, tennis, and spa activities to help raise awareness and support for global health. Through sponsorship and donations, we raised over $125,000. These funds go to support medical trainee rotations, research priorities in global health, and a variety of faculty-led global health endeavors. Since 2008, the GHI Fund has sent over 720 medical students and residents to 38 different low-resource countries and to rural primary care clinics in the United States.


Terri started Character Coaching in the fall of 2010. While technically retired from Kent County Public Schools, she continues to home hospital teach. Terri is the Aquatics Directer at Easter Seals Camp Fairlee and Lifeguards at Aquafit.
Terri is an outdoor enthusiast, she has backpacked parts of the Appalachian Trail and through parts of Europe and the United Kingdom.


I've been working on a few new guitar arrangements of some lovely songs and this was my take on Habanera from Bizet last night. Please excuse the poor quality video but I do think the sound should be quite nice. Of course that and the playing are subjective Hopefully, you'll enjoy it and I look forward to your comments.
Nice arrangement and rendition, thank you for sharing !
Very nice. One of my favorites and I enjoyed listening. Thanks for sharing.
I enjoyed that. Did you know that Bizet stole the tune from Yradier? When Yradier tackled him about it Bizet apologised and claimed he thought it was a traditional Soanish tune. You can find a version of Yradier's song under the title El Arreglito on the Dos Amigos website. It is in the Romantic Music section under Other Composers.
I did hear something about this. Thanks for elaborating. Makes an interesting story. Not the first time a piece of music has been copied note for note.
Loved it. I've been working on this piece for years. My hands refuse to cooperate. Absolutely beautiful. Thank you for posting.
Thanks man. The way I approach this is playing the bass line and then singing the melody. Then singing the bass line and playing the melody. When my brain can do this, the fingers follow almost right away. Give it a go.
I enjoyed your performance. Thank you for posting.


I can't wait to see what the editors have to say about the piece in the "levelheaded" section of the site. If you're not familiar with LEVELER I suggest a you take a look-see.
…each poem published by LEVELER is accompanied by a brief note on our selection entitled levelheaded. Here we look at what a poem conveys and how. In no way do we claim levelheaded is a final, authoritative take on any corresponding poem. Instead, we hope to provide readers with another way into the poem, thereby encouraging closer readings, and ultimately, challenges to our findings.
When considering poems for publication in LEVELER, we try to approach every poem on its own terms. We feel a poem. We think about a poem. Part of our thinking involves attempting to surmise what a poem wants to achieve and determining, based on the poetic strategies employed, how close that poem comes to fulfilling its goals. While our process is necessarily subjective, we make a point not to let our limited predispositions dictate what we publish.
I wrote a blog post and prompt about zuihitsu a several couple few years ago. I'm going to re-post it here for you now. Feel free to contact me with questions, comments, little emoji hearts-in-the-eyes faces.
me over their thick sandwiches.
trees for seventeen years. No curfew. And no disputes.
PROMPT: Write a zuihitsu based on your favorite place that you've never been.
Have fun. Be free! (WHILE YOU STILL CAN).
Next Post What's Inside this Urban Writer's Downtown Apartment?


Thank you ladies for sharing your creations with us! And since tomorrow is Canada Day, we would love to see your Canada Day layouts! Just send them to us at ideas@scrapbookandcards.com. Of course we would also like to share 4th of July layouts so send them in too!
And if you would like a chance to get published in our next issue or want to answer to Becky Fleck's PageMaps call, be sure to check out our fall call here!
See you tomorrow for the release of the July Project 12 sketch and some new prizes up for grabs!
On Monday, I encouraged you to get your Summer To-Do list complete so you'll never be at a loss for summertime fun. Of course, it goes without saying that you should keep the camera handy so you'll have plenty of photos to scrap when summer comes to an end. And today I wanted to share a few ideas for scrapping your warm weather memories.
1. Scrap a typical summer day. How do you spend your summer days? Is your schedule different this time of year? Document it on a scrapbook page! Around here, we spend most of the warm days at our neighborhood pool. I used days-of-the-week tags to highlight the frequency that we visit our pool, and chose bold, bright colors to match the summertime theme.
2. Scrap a favorite summertime treat. One of the best parts of warmer weather is the seasonal foods! From barbeque to fresh produce to homemade ice cream, everyone has a favorite. Scrap yours on a page dedicated to summer foods. My page features campfire treat of s'mores, a treat the whole family loves to make.
3. Scrap an overview of your summer. Chances are, you have hundreds of photos from your summer activities. And scrapping them all can be overwhelming. So why not do a quick "summer in review" page by picking 6-8 of your favorite photos that span your summer? I used eight photos and a few quick lines of journaling to create a snapshot of our summer adventures.
4. Scrap a photo that captures the summertime feeling. Some things just define summer: eating popsicles, backyard bbqs, lemonade stands. Pick one of your photos that screams "SUMMER!" and scrap it with a favorite summertime quote. I used photos of my son cooling off in our sprinklers and added some whimsical circular accents to create a scene that just captures my memories of summer.
5. Use a summertime color palette. Even if you don't have the perfect warm weather photos (yet!), get in the summer scrap mood by scrapping a page with bright, saturated seasonal colors. I used vibrant shades of pink, blue, yellow and green on this page and balanced them with some doses of white, creating a color scheme that definitively summery!
Summer holidays are almost here and I can't wait to enjoy some crafting time with my kids. Whether it's creating birthday party invitations, scrapbook pages of summer fun or wall art for our newly renovated house, it's going to be a very crafty summer at our home.
In the summer issue of Scrapbook & Cards Today I shared a layout about my mother. She is a seamstress and quilter. There is no doubt in my mind that the crafty apple does not fall far from the tree in our family. For this layout, I took advantage of the features of the Xyron Creatopia and used the fabric adhesive option to add die cut felt flowers.
Supplies: Core'dinations cardstock and Sand-It Gadget tool, Jillibean Soup kraft paper, My Little Shoebox patterned paper, stamp and diecuts, Maya Road trinket pins, American Crafts buttons and layering tape, Sizzix flower dies, Quickutz letter dies, ProvoCraft embossing folder, Xyron Creatopia (fabric adhesive, Cutz, Shapez), Tsukineko ink, DMC embroidery thread, Font: Another Typewriter, other: felt, pattern paper.
When I was growing up my mother worked full-time once I entered grade one. She would get a few weeks of vacation in the summer so most of my days were spent with my maternal grandmother. My grandmother taught me how to knit, sew, needlepoint, quilt, smock, paint, rug hook, braid, and hot glue gun. Yes, it staggers the mind to think of how many pinecone-spray-painted-gold-angels-blowing-golf-tee-trumpets I hot glue gunned one summer for a fall bizarre at her church. We would make nylon-baby-faced-fridge-magnets out of empty creamers. We would make God's Eyes and Barbie clothes for every season. I remember spending one particularly hot summer rug hooking a large Mary Maxim wool creation which left me dehydrated at the end of each day. Every day with Grandma was like a craft boot camp and I loved every minute of her wisdom and attention.
The Xyron Creatopia got me thinking, "What other crafty elements can I start adding to my layouts and cards? How about knitting?" That's something I haven't added to my paper crafts at this point. I literally ran next door to my neighbour, Kimberly, and asked if she had any knitting needles since I have lost mine in our recent move. She didn't have any but she did have some bamboo skewers which worked even better than I had planned because I could trim them to fit the card. After I have knitted several rows I ran it through the Xyron Creatopia to add adhesive to the back. My sewing machine added a nice border to the card and - Voila!
Supplies: Jillibean Soup kraft paper and patterned paper, Patons yarn, Xyron Creatopia fabric adhesive, Font: Another Typewriter, other: sewing machine, thread and bamboo skewers.
What can you add to your paper creations? Have you tried adding hand-stitching to your layouts and cards? Do you have scraps of fabric which could be used to make gorgeous flowers? Be sure to let me know which crafting techniques you might add to your future projects or which ones you are already using. Do your crafting guru proud and add show off your skills in your next scrapbook or card project!
Designer Challenge with Lisa Dickinson!
Hello friends! Lisa Dickinson here, happy to report that summer has finally arrived in Colorado (hopefully in your neck of the woods, too!). And if your summer is anything like mine, you have high hopes for accomplishing lots of fun summertime activities over the next few months. This year, my kids and I decided to make a master list of fun things we'd like to include in our summer vacation. We wrote them down on tags punched from cardstock and pinned them to a bulletin board where we'll see them everyday. As we do activities, we'll remove them from the board, and hopefully by the end of August, the bulletin board will be empty and our summer itinerary will be full! I plan to keep the "completed" tags and file them with the photos I take this summer to help remind me of our adventures and serve as prompts when it comes time to scrap them.
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Good morning and thank you so much joining us today! It has been an exciting few months putting together our summer issue and I'm sure you'll agree that it is filled with seasonal inspiration, brand new products, not to mention tips, tricks and techniques! Our team of designers and contributors have truly outdone themselves. We have so much to share today so go grab a cup of coffee, a tea or my personal favourite a latte and get comfortable!
First, here is our summer issue that you can view online OR you can download to your smartphone, iPad, Playbook, etc...for FREE!
The Colour Suite is a brand new monthly colour inspiration challenge by design team member Summer Fullerton starting July 15th on our website! With Summer's extraordinary eye for colour, she will provide you with a beautiful colour palette and inspiration layout to get those creative juices flowing! Be sure to join us for the debut of "The Colour Suite" on July 15th!
Of course, release day would not be complete without...a GIVEAWAY! One of our top 10 most wanted items from this issue is the brand new Presto Punch from Spellbinders and our friends at Spellbinders have offered a Presto Punch and Font punch template for one lucky reader! OH YES THEY HAVE!
"Presto Punch™, the first automatic Punch and Embossing Machine! Presto Punch offers the easiest, most convenient solution for paper punching. Its innovative design and one touch operation virtually eliminates the need for a multitude of bulky, space-consuming punches. With Presto Punch, you can cut and emboss effortlessly and store more than 30 punch designs in the space of just one standard punch."
The Presto Punch is brand new and just starting to ship so you will be one of the first of all your friends to have one! And of course, we would be remiss if we didn't offer a one year subscription to our lucky winner as well! Just leave a comment below telling us what you really liked in the summer issue before Thursday, July 7th at 6:00 p.m. EST for your chance to win this amazing prize. Good luck!
We also want to share last week's winners who will automatically receive a copy of the summer issue! Winners are Kim Holmes, Jackie Hyland, Theresa Miller, Heather Pitre and Melissa Mason. Thank you to all who entered. Our subscription manager will be in touch for your mailing information.
Now, either run to your local store that carries the summer issue or hit download above and enjoy what our designers have put together for YOU! And if you would like it delivered to your door, we've got a special price on subscriptions JUST for the weekend! Subscribe HERE!
A special thank you to the Scrapbook & Cards Today team for another job well done! Have a great weekend! Lisa Dickinson is joining us next week so don't miss it!
Good morning! ONE MORE DAY until the summer issue launches and we are SUPER excited to share it with you! Be sure to join us right here tomorrow at 10:00 a.m. for the reveal and...some prizes of course!
On Monday, Summer challenged our blog readers to dig into their stash and use up their buttons. If you were in my scraproom you would be digging for awhile! Why do those cute round things just scream BUY ME? Many of you shared the same thought which once again tells me I am not alone in my love of buttons! Today we thought it would be a perfect time to share some of those projects we received and inspire you on how to use those darling things!
Just remember to link your project back to Monday's post for a chance to win some great buttons for your next project(s)!
We also want to let you know that Crop & Create Saskatoon is selling out fast! We now have two classes sold out and a couple of others very close so be sure to register quickly! We cannot wait to share an exciting weekend with you!


text:
El progreso científico es una etiqueta o una denominación, con frecuencia usada para señalar o evocar el desarrollo de los conocimientos científicos. El progreso técnico depende, en buena medida, del progreso científico.

Nuestro concepto de progreso científico está detrás de la idea de que la ciencia como disciplina incrementa cada vez más su capacidad para resolver problemas, a través de la aplicación de cuidadas y particulares metodologías que genéricamente englobamos con la denominación de método científico. Sin embargo, es posible que la ciencia no progrese indefinidamente, sino que llegue el fin de la ciencia.

Teorías cerradas y teorías abiertas

Desde determinado punto de vista la descripción de la historia de la ciencia puede causar una visión compendiada de la historia en la que una teoría falsa es sustituida por una «verdadera», que será falsa cuando es sustituida por otra «verdadera». Tal es lo que ocurre si mantenemos una visión simplista de la ciencia como «conjunto de teorías cerradas» es decir que se sustentan por sí mismas en su contenido de verdad y se generan en una sucesión cuyo producto acabado es «una ciencia consolidada», producto de «Una Razón», si no absoluta, al menos humana, pero en tanto que verdadera y definitiva.

De hecho, una visión así se produce cuando la tesis más frecuente y constantemente repetida es que el método científico es una combinación de deducción e inducción, de matemática y experiencia. Tal idea se remonta a Galileo (o incluso más atrás, hasta los más grandes científicos de la Grecia clásica), calificada como inductivismo cuyo fundamento reside en considerar que los hechos justifican las teorías en el sentido de hacerlas verdaderas de forma definitiva y permanente.

Tal visión ha sido definitivamente superada por la crisis vivida durante el siglo XX al tener que considerar las teorías como «teorías abiertas».

Teorías cerradas:

 Rigurosamente formalizadas, o formalizables en lenguaje lógico-matemático.
 Se basan en un determinado sistema de axiomas y reglas lógicas.
 No necesitan tener referencia alguna a presuntas verdades intuitivas ajenas a dicho sistema.
 Dos teorías diversas entre sí no pueden tener equivalencias puesto que se basan en sistemas primitivos lógicos diferentes.

La crisis de la ciencia del siglo XX por el contrario muestra la necesidad de teorías abiertas. No se trata de la idea de «sucesión descriptiva» sino de «el fundamento del progreso científico» entendido como proceso histórico. La actual epistemología representa un punto de inflexión importante en la visión de la historia de la ciencia como:

Evaluación del progreso objetivo de la ciencia entendido como cambios progresivos y regresivos de problemáticas para un conjunto estable de teorías científicas que ofrecen un marco o modelo teórico global.

La historia de la ciencia deja de ser la historia de las teorías y se constituye en el planteamiento y consideración de «problemáticas comunes» a diversas teorías unidas en una continuidad de largo recorrido histórico y cultural. Dicha unidad encuentra su fundamento en un «marco conceptual común», una unidad cultural de lenguaje que ofrece una visión determinada acerca de un determinado ámbito del universo mundo, como interpretación del mismo, sobre la base de unas mismas reglas lógicas de interpretación de la experiencia. Las series más importantes de estas teorías científicas vienen caracterizadas por una «continuidad» en el tiempo; teorías que se relacionan en una unidad global dentro de en un ámbito suficientemente amplio de investigación del mundo. Vienen a suponer una cierta unidad conceptual y de visión general. Sobre estas unidades es sobre lo que se construye el progreso científico, pues es en el ámbito de estas donde se producen las transformaciones de «antiguas verdades» en «nuevas verdades» con independencia de cómo se interprete dicha transformación:

 como «falsación de teoría concreta»: Popper.
 como una «ruptura epistemológica»
 como una revolución o «cambio de paradigma»
 como evolución de «programas de investigación»
 como simple «anarquía de los métodos», Feyerabend.,
 como esbozo de posibilidades para la intelección posibilitante de lo real
 como genialidad deductiva de un investigador.
 como casualidad heurística de hecho.

Cada uno de estos puntos de vista requiere su reflexión y nos muestra que el proceso no es tan simple como suele mostrarse en la historia de una «ciencia consolidada» como sucesión de teorías: una racionalización lógica y sucesiva de teorías que se sustituyen unas a otras de un modo lógico-constructivo.

La cuestión estriba en desplazar la idea de «una teoría que es refutada por hechos nuevos que se descubren» y considerar la explicación o interpretación de cómo se mantienen en unidad profunda y continua diversas teorías que comparten una misma visión conjunta, manteniendo diferencias de escuelas o autores claramente diferenciados y a veces opuestos en sus explicaciones. Esto explica la consistencia de las grandes visiones teóricas señaladas anteriormente con las distintas escuelas, posturas, y movimientos que dentro de la unidad diversifican las formas de comprensión de la realidad, es decir, cómo se mantienen las incongruencias e inconsistencias que unas teorías mantienen frente a otras compartiendo un núcleo fundamental de unión. Núcleo de unión continua que diversifica los modos y métodos de investigación como heurística negativa, que señala rutas de investigación que hay que evitar y heurística positiva que señala los caminos que se debe seguir. La heurística positiva y negativa suministra una definición primaria e implícita del «marco conceptual» (y por tanto del lenguaje) en el que se sitúa la problemática común. El reconocimiento de que la historia de la ciencia es la historia de los paradigmas o de los programas de investigación científica o de la anarquía de los métodos, en lugar de ser la historia de las teorías, puede por ello entenderse como una defensa parcial del punto de vista según el cual la historia de la ciencia es la historia de los marcos conceptuales o de los lenguajes científicos.

La ciencia en su conjunto puede ser considerada como un «enorme programa de investigación» con una regla suprema como señaló Popper: Diseña conjeturas que tengan más contenido empírico que sus predecesoras.

Mecanismo del desarrollo científico

Con facilidad podrían citarse a varios filósofos de la ciencia argumentando en el sentido que el progreso científico es discontinuo, o sea que se realiza a saltos, y que por tanto no es resultado de una acumulación relativamente continua de conocimientos y de experiencias. Muy por el contrario, la propia historia parece confirmar que el progreso científico es muy dinámico y revolucionario, y durante este proceso constantemente se van introduciendo y adaptando nuevas ideas, mientras que ideas anteriores son abandonadas o son restringidas en cuanto a sus posibles aplicaciones.

El filósofo científico Thomas Samuel Kuhn es precisamente uno de los defensores de este modelo, lo que bien explica en su libro The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, y en donde a través de estudios históricos, muestra con acierto que el progreso científico no es un proceso acumulativo, sino por el contrario, una sucesión de cambios de paradigmas, que él llama revoluciones científicas ya que se tratan de cambios bruscos.

Cuando un nuevo paradigma se instala en una comunidad científica, hay igualmente una fase de progreso en el marco de lo que Thomas Kuhn llama « ciencia normal », y dicha fase continúa hasta que fenómenos inexplicables o anomalías se presentan, poniendo en duda el propio paradigma.

Progreso científico en cuestión, luces y sombras

El filósofo Hans Jonas puso en duda muy fuertemente la idea de progreso, que con frecuencia se asocia a la tecnociencia, entre otras cosas en razón de las consecuencias de la actividad humana sobre el clima.

En el mismo orden de ideas, el filósofo Alain Finkielkraut observó el divorcio entre la ciencia moderna, surgida del divorcio entre la promesa de la modernidad y el progreso.

El investigador Étienne Klein analizó la « crisis de la ciencia » identificando el divorcio entre la propia sociedad y la ciencia moderna, surgida esta última de Galileo y Descartes. Según este filósofo y físico francés, en la concepción de ciencia de Galileo y Descartes, la naturaleza es descripta en lenguaje matemático, lo que condujo a la idea de una naturaleza separada de los humanos, y susceptible de ser « gobernada » por estos últimos. Étienne Klein rechaza con énfasis la idea de una ideología cientificista, recordando que la ciencia no emite valores, ni define el sentido de la vida humana, ni indica como vivir ni como relacionase con otros humanos.

Impacto de la investigación científica sobre la producividad

Un estudio del año 2008, muestra que el impacto de la investigación y desarrollo de las empresas sobre su productividad, es más eficaz gracias al progreso científico realizado por otras empresas (externalité positive, innovation ouverte) así como por las universidades.

Fin de la ciencia

Véase también

 Historia de la ciencia
 Progreso
 Instrumento científico

Bibliografía

 Guy Sorman, Le Progrès et ses ennemis, 2001, ISBN 2-213-61007-X

Notas y referencias

Filosofía de la ciencia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Official Trailer: Whitney Houston & Bobbi Kristina: Didn't We Almost Have It All
The two-hour documentary presents an in-depth look at the parallel lives of renowned singer Whitney Houston and her daughter Bobbi Kristina. Both faced similar struggles and turned to drugs and alcohol for relief from the pressures of being in the spotlight, before leaving the earth in the same tragic way. In a candid look at the ups and downs of their personal stories, and a celebration of their lives.
Whitney Houston & Bobbi Kristina: Didn't We Almost Have It All premieres on Saturday, February 6 at 8 p.m. EST on Lifetime.
CHECK OUT EXCLUSIVE LIFETIME CONTENT:
Website - https://mylt.tv/myLifetime
Facebook - https://mylt.tv/facebook
Twitter - https://mylt.tv/twitter
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Tamar Braxton Shares What Really Triggered Her Breakdown
Tamar Braxton (Braxton Family Values) appeared on the show and spoke about her personal struggle with depression and being fired from The Real
The Unbelievable Truth About Singer/Actor Terrell Carter
When We Speak TV was very familiar with Terrell Carter's career as a singer and his appearance in several Tyler Perry productions, but we had no idea that there was a more surprising personal life story.
LIFETIME ANNOUNCES MOVIE AND DOCUMENTARY EVENTS FOR WINTER 2021
Lifetime unveils airdates for two all-new authorized biopics and three new documentaries centered on some of the most iconic women in pop culture history--Salt-N-Pepa, Wendy Williams and Whitney Houston, airing on three-consecutive Saturdays to heat up Winter 2021.
The three-hour Lifetime original movie Salt-N-Pepa, about the groundbreaking hip hop duo, premieres Saturday, January 23 at 8 pm ET/PT, followed by the documentary Salt-N-Pepa Interview Special, hosted by Emmy® and NAACP award winning, Loni Love (The Real, Café Mocha, Bridezillas) and featuring exclusive interviews with Salt-N-Pepa, airing immediately after the biopic, at 11 pm. Wendy Williams: The Movie, the first biopic about outspoken television host Wendy Williams, premieres Saturday, January 30 at 8 pm ET/PT, accompanied by the documentary The Wendy Williams Story…What a Mess!, featuring a raw and emotional interview with Wendy, airing at 10 pm. And finally, the new documentary, Whitney & Bobbi, about the heartbreaking parallel lives and ultimate fates of pop legend Whitney Houston and daughter Bobbi Kristina, premieres Saturday, February 6 at 8 pm ET/PT.
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'Salt-N-Pepa' biopic on Lifetime
Lifetime has announced the premiere date of the long awaited Salt-N-Pepa biopic, with an after show special featuring the hip-hop icons.
WHITNEY AND BOBBI DOCUMENTARY ON LIFETIME
The two-hour documentary presents a candid look at the ups and downs of renowned singer Whitney Houston and her daughter Bobbi Kristina.
WHITNEY & BOBBI DOCUMENTARY ON LIFETIME
The two-hour documentary presents an in-depth look at the parallel lives of renowned singer Whitney Houston and her daughter Bobbi Kristina.
Both faced similar struggles and turned to drugs and alcohol for relief from the pressures of being in the spotlight, before leaving the earth in the same tragic way. In a candid look at the ups and downs of their personal stories, and a celebration of their lives, Whitney and Bobbi offers intimate conversations with the friends and family that were closest to them. Whitney & Bobbi is produced by Entertainment One and Creature Films for Lifetime. Executive producers include Tara Long, Shawna Foster, Madison Merritt, Mark Ford, Kevin Lopez from eOne and Creature Films and Brandi Burnside-Boyd. Brie Miranda Bryant and Gena McCarthy serve as executive producers for Lifetime.
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Lifetime has announced the premiere date of the long awaited Salt-N-Pepa biopic.
Actor/Singer Terrell Carter Shares His Unbelievably True Life Story in His New Book
Bronner Bros. Reimagines Legendary Beauty Show
Bronner Bros. Reimagines Legendary Beauty Show
All-new virtual experience offers top education, networking and competitions for nation's largest community of multicultural cosmetology pros
Features special tribute to Charles Gregory and shopping bazaar
Register online for all-access September 26-27, 2020
The 74th annual Bronner Bros. Int'l Beauty Show (BB) returns with an all-new virtual format to provide salon pros the education and skills needed to adapt and evolve during COVID-19. The tech-powered platform is designed to meet the unique needs of barbers, stylists, and cosmetology students in the growing multicultural industry. Hosted on September 26th & 27th, the event will feature more than 60 master classes and 100 exhibitors from around the world. This is the nation's first and largest virtual beauty show of its kind.
To register, visit bronnerbros.com.
Bronner Brothers International Beauty Show: Fantasy Hair Competition
As the impact of COVID-19 ripples through the multicultural beauty community, salon professionals, manufacturers and suppliers are facing unforeseen challenges. Due to the pandemic, BB cancelled the company's in-person event for the first time in its history.
James Bronner- SVP of Bronner Bros. Show Operations
"COVID-19's impact on the Black beauty industry has been unprecedented, halting the ability for many stylists and barbers to generate income. This is unchartered territory for us all— but the Show must go on!" said James Bronner, SVP of Bronner Bros. Show Operations. "The BB team has reimagined an exciting virtual experience that will be entertaining and most of all, safe."
The virtual Show's agenda is dedicated to continuing education and celebrating the culture. Programming includes classes taught by some of the industry's foremost artistic teams, global educators and business experts. Students are also encouraged to take advantage of the virtual platform to sharpen their skills.
Other virtual Show highlights include:
Digital Marketplace: Attendees can connect with exhibitors to preview and buy new products and services. Sponsors and partners include Allied Beauty Association (ABA) Canada, Andis, EAP Heat, and UPS, among others.
Master classes: Classes for barbers and stylists at all levels; Learn the latest techniques on cut, color, weaves, natural haircare, barbering and more.
Business panels: Interactive discussions on topics such as safely re-opening your salon or barbershop, disaster proofing your business, and maintaining your health behind-the-chair.
Competitions: Live streams featuring some of the industry's top talent as they battle for cash and prizes on the virtual main stage.
Charles Gregory Tribute: Special presentation honoring beauty industry legend and icon, Charles Gregory. He was best known for revolutionizing the industry with his ready-to-wear cuts. For more than three decades, Mr. Gregory served as a master educator and judge for the BB Show and BB® Professional.
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"Atlanta Track Club will deliver a virtual experience worthy of the Peachtree name to ensure that runners and walkers feel the community, camaraderie and competition of the world's largest 10K," said Rich Kenah, Executive Director of Atlanta Track Club and Race Director of the AJC Peachtree Road Race. "As coronavirus has spiked in recent weeks here in Georgia, we recognize that this decision is the best and only responsible way forward."
The 51st Running of the AJC Peachtree Road Race will be held across the country and around the world as the race moves to a completely virtual event in 2020, Atlanta Track Club announced Wednesday. The Club, which organizes the Peachtree, had previously postponed the event from July 4 to Thanksgiving Day. However, as the COVID-19 pandemic continues, the Club concluded that a virtual race was the safest option for participants, volunteers, staff, and the hundreds of city and state employees, many of whom are first responders, who come together to help deliver the event to Atlanta each year.
The Virtual Running of the AJC Peachtree Road Race will still be held on Thanksgiving Day, November 26. Participants can complete the 10K between the hours of 12:01 a.m. and 11:59 p.m.
READ THE FULL ANNOUNCEMENT: AJC Peachtree Road Race to Be Held Virtually in 2020
FOLLOW AJC PEACHTREE ROAD RACE
Peachtree Road Race website
Peachtree Road Race on Facebook
Peachtree Road Race on Twitter
Peachtree Road Race on YouTube
AJC Peachtree Road Race - Peachtree Road Race - atlanta road race 2020 - atlanta track club registration - peachtree road race pictures - virtual race medal - peachtree road race 2020
50th Running of Peachtree Road Race Breaks Records in 2019
The 50th Running of the AJC Peachtree Road Race re-wrote the event's history books with four brand new event records and the fastest 10K ever run on U.S. soil.
Secret To Starting Your Media Company
Greg Robbins speaks with When We Speak TV about his desire for a beautiful life as a jazz singer.
Want A Thriving Business? Focus On Your...
When We Speak TV has spoken with many entrepreneurs and business owners over the years. Recently we spoke with our friend, Barry Adams, President of Peachtree Awnings in Norcross, GA. During the conversation, we asked Barry about the best business advise he's ever been given. Check out his response.
For the full length version of this interview, go to: What Do YOU Speak: Barry Adams, owner of Peachtree Awnings
PEACHTREE AWNINGS WEBSITE
TENNESSEE AWNINGS WEBSITE
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CHEF/RESTAURATEUR: KELLI FERRELL
For Kelli Ferrell, founder of the successful Nana's Chicken-N-Waffles Restaurant, God and timing attributed to the company's popularity.
NOW HIRING- Jobs on the rise amid COVID-19
The pandemic's upheaval has created a surprising list of several in-demand jobs, revealing how the labor market is already shifting in the wake of COVID-19, according to LinkedIn's latest Workforce Report.
BE FEATURED ON WHEN WE SPEAK TV
What Do YOU Speak? is a documentary style segment on the When We Speak TV network that explores the beliefs, inspiration, and motivation that contributes to the guest's goals, aspirations, and purpose.
GLOBAL POPULATION SET TO SHRINK BY 2100
NEWS SOURCE: BBC
The global population is set to shrink by the year 2100, and nations need to start preparing for the economic implications, according to researchers at the University of Washington. Fertility rates have fallen, partly due to increased access to education and contraception for women, so they say populations in some countries could shrink by more than half by the turn of the century. Globally, there would be twice as many people over 80 as under five, posing questions about how countries pay for aging populations, with migration likely to become essential.
Photo Originally By User: Pixelsandbacon
In honor of John Lewis, stream the documentary 'Good Trouble'
Using interviews and rare archival footage, John Lewis: Good Trouble chronicles Lewis' 60-plus years of social activism and legislative action on civil rights, voting rights, gun control, health-care reform and immigration.
We had so much fun speaking with Rhonda Ross and she was so super cool and down to earth! We feel so blessed for this opportunity and hope that this interview inspires you!!!!
Unisex Short Sleeve Tee
Let your voice be heard and pledge allegiance to liberty and justice for ALL.
City Winery Hitting Pause
News Source: City Winery Atlanta
Thank you for being a part of the City Winery Atlanta family. These have been trying times for everyone, and we are so grateful for your continued support.
The length of our temporary closure is unclear at this time, but we are optimistic that it will only last a short while. Ultimately, that timing will be dictated by uncontrollable factors that we are hopeful will work in our favor sooner than later.
This decision is not one that we took lightly, and one that has been made in order to preserve the continued existence of City Winery. I believe we will return stronger than ever to serving you, our incredible guests, putting on concerts, hosting private parties, and supporting our amazing team members, but for now, we are truly in survival mode. Although this process has been more painful to endure than we initially thought, we will get through this.
In the meantime, take care of yourselves and your communities, and if you are able, please consider supporting City Winery by:
Making a donation to our Employee Relief Fund
Ordering our award-winning wine for home delivery*, with free shipping on 6+ bottles
Becoming a member of our wine club*
Attending an upcoming CWTV livestream show
Please note that throughout this pause, we are still accepting private event inquiries, and our team is available to help you plan life's special moments - safely.
We will continue to communicate with you on our efforts throughout this pause, and we look forward to sharing hopeful news of safely reopening soon.
Founder & CEO, City Winery
*All wine orders will ship from City Winery Hudson Valley during this temporary pause
Rhonda Ross (daughter of Diana Ross) speaks with When We Speak TV
We had so much fun speaking with Rhonda Ross and she was so super cool and down to earth! We feel so blessed for this opportunity and hope that this interview inspires you!!!!
SYLEENA JOHNSON CELEBRATES THE RELEASE OF HER 10TH STUDIO ALBUM!!!
As an established singer/ songwriter, Syleena Johnson has nine albums to her name, including the critically acclaimed debut album...
Jazz In The Alley- Norcross, GA
Jazz in the Alley is a free jazz concert series sponsored by the City of Norcross, Georgia. The series aims to showcase various jazz artists with diverse genre backgrounds.
NEWS SOURCE: LinkedIn
The pandemic's upheaval has created a surprising list of several in-demand jobs, revealing how the labor market is already shifting in the wake of COVID-19, according to LinkedIn's latest Workforce Report.


text:
<?php

namespace NextBuzz\SEO\Translate\Drivers;

/**
 * Use PolyLang for custom translations
 *
 * @author LengthOfRope, Bas de Kort <bdekort@gmail.com>
 * @author srdjan <srdjan@icanlocalize.com>
 */
class Polylang implements \NextBuzz\SEO\Translate\Interfaces\Translate
{
    /**
     * Check if the driver is available.
     *
     * @return boolean True if the driver is ready for use.
     */
    public function isAvailable() {
        return function_exists('pll_register_string');
    }

    /**
     * Registers the string to the translation plugin.
     *
     * @param string $text The string to register to the multilingual plugin.
     * @param boolean $multiline True if multiline text, false otherwise.
     * @param string $context The context of the registered string.
     * @param string $identifier A unique identifier ie. plugin name
     */
    public function register($text, $multiline = false, $context = 'Buzz SEO', $identifier = 'buzz-seo')
    {
        pll_register_string($identifier, $text, $context, $multiline);
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve a translated string from the translation plugin.
     *
     * @param string $text The string to get the translated content for from the multilingual plugin.
     * @return string
     */
    public function translate($text)
    {
        return pll__($text);
    }

    /**
     * Get the default language
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getDefaultLanguage()
    {
        return pll_default_language();
    }

    /**
     * Get an array with all available translations for a given post
     *
     * @param int $postID
     * @return array Indexed array with as key the language code, and as value the post id
     */
    public function getTranslatedPosts($postID)
    {
        $languages = pll_the_languages(array('raw'=>1));

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            $lang = $lang['slug'];

            $transPostID = pll_get_post($postID, $lang);
            if (is_int($transPostID) && $transPostID !== $postID) {
                $result[$lang] = $transPostID;
            }
        }

        return $result;
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    /**
     * Get an array with all available translations for a given term
     *
     * @param int $termID
     * @return array Indexed array with as key the language code, and as value the post id
     */
    public function getTranslatedTerms($termID)
    {
        $languages = pll_the_languages(array('raw'=>1));

        $result = array();
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		return get_terms($args);
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     * Force language plugin to return the permalink of the given ID.
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     * Force language plugin to return the link of the given term ID.
     * This might be required in some situation using WPML.
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    public function getTermlink($termID, $lang = false)
    {
        return get_term_link($termID);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Performing Arts Center » Events
Orpheus Chamber Orchestra Steven Isserlis, cello
The PAC, 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, NY 10577
Music by the tragically short-lived Hans Rott gives a tantalizing taste of a rising star admired by Bruckner and Mahler; British cellist Steven Isserlis, whose playing "is as passionate as it poetical" (The Sunday Times) navigates a dizzying spectrum of unabashed emotions in C.P.E. Bach's Cello Concerto in A Major.
PAC audience favorite Orpheus Chamber Orchestra creates extraordinary musical experiences, performing music at the highest level, challenging artistic boundaries, and inspiring the public.
Finally, Schubert commingles anguish and sublime beauty in the string quartet based on his song Death and the Maiden, which Orpheus plays in the lush arrangement by Mahler.
ROTT Symphony for String Orchestra in A-flat Major
C.P.E. BACH Cello Concerto in A Major, H. 439
SCHUBERT String Quartet No. 14 in D Minor, D. 810 ("Death and the Maiden") (arr. Gustav Mahler)
$75 / $60 /$40
www.artscenter.org
Tickets and More Information
Satoshi Aoyagi
Donate To Purchase
Back to top of page » Site map »


text:
Fallujah's empty promise
A U.S. Army photo shows buildings and debris burning in Fallujah on Tuesday.Staff Sgt. Michael Nasworth / AP
Nov. 12, 2004, 11:42 AM UTC
By Michael Moran
As battles go, Fallujah has been a big disappointment to the U.S. military, which had wanted to draw the Iraqi insurgents into a cataclysmic mistake: a "fair" fight. Not that any officer relished the prospect of a Stalingrad- or Hue-like street-to-street, house-to-house blood-letting. But the alternative has even less to recommend it: a continuing series of roadside bombings and mortar and grenade ambushes that bleed American forces and frustrate efforts to secure Iraq ahead of January's elections.
Unfortunately, from a military standpoint, the latter, less attractive option is the reality, and the choice was never the U.S. military's to make. Iraq's insurgents, with weeks to react as U.S. forces gathered and postured about what was about to happen in Fallujah, decided against turning it into al-Alamo. They saw the folly of taking on the Americans on their own terms, and they did what intelligent, determined guerrilla movements have always done in the face of overwhelming force: They faded away and lived to fight and kill and maim another day.
For those who accepted the notion, propagated by the Pentagon in the week leading up to the attack, that many thousands of Iraqi insurgents had dug in to defend their vital base in Fallujah, news that only light resistance greeted the U.S. and Iraqi government forces may be perplexing.
"In military terms, Fallujah is not going to be much of a plus at all," says Bernard Trainor, a retired three-star Marine Corps general. "The downside is that we've knocked the hell out of this city, and the only insurgents we really got were the nut-cases and zealots the smart ones left behind — the guys who really want to die for Allah."
And Godspeed to them, you might well say. But if all of this sounds anticlimactic and slightly dismal, don't despair. For the attack on Fallujah, while not decisive militarily, could mark a political turning point in Iraq. For the first time since the interim Iraqi government of Ayad Allawi took power, the interim Iraqi leader showed that he was willing to deal with the insurgents on their own terms: with raw power and violence.
"Fallujah became symbolic on both sides that things were out of control over there," says Trainor. "In the bigger picture, we [Americans] are incidental over there in that this is a struggle between Iraqis over what Iraq will be when we leave. The solution is not going to be a military one, it has to be some kind of political deal that is uniquely Arab. But that deal also has to be backed up with power and force, and Fallujah being taken down now demonstrates to all concerned that Allawi will not shrink from that course of action."
Seizing the initiative
The military is fond of old saws, and one that has come back into style this year is this one: "In guerrilla war, if you're not winning, you're losing." From that standpoint, some officers are relieved to see the U.S.-backed Iraqi government attempting to seize the initiative.
Prior to the assault on Fallujah, many officers felt that "losing by not winning" fairly well summed up the situation in Iraq. The "metrics" soldiers like to provide their political bosses to attest to progress on the ground were nowhere to be found, or at least not in a form that would paint a positive picture. U.S. casualties continue at a pace that is making U.S. commanders uneasy: about two per day (61 in October).
Reconstruction aid has been held up by security problems and bureaucracy, and much of it has been re-channeled into a desperate effort to speed up the training of Iraq's new army and paramilitary forces ahead of the election. Assassinations of Iraqi officials and the wholesale slaughter of police recruits and trainees appeared to be keeping many Iraqis on the fence. And the day-to-day drumbeat of bombings and ambushes appeared to give the insurgents the initiative.
Whether success in Fallujah — even a limited success like turning it into a ghost town — will be enough to bring the "silent majority" in Iraq off the fences is a major question. Military analysts suggest that similar pushes into other Sunni cities — Ramadi, Samarra and Hit — as well as the much larger, ethnically mixed city of Mosul may also be necessary. In the meanwhile, there is a real danger that the insurgents who slipped out of Fallujah ahead of the attack may slip right back again when things calm down.
Betting on voting
Another question is which side of the fence that silent majority will come down on when they do decide to jump in.
"The big question is the elections — they are the key," says David Phillips, who served through most of the first term of this Bush administration as a senior adviser on Iraq matters before stepping down in September. "Can you make elections go forward in Fallujah and elsewhere by rolling over the city? I don't think so. You can't bring people to the polls at gunpoint."
For Allawi, though, the die has been cast. His own fate is now inexorably tied to the decision to attack in Fallujah, as demonstrated with tragic clarity by the kidnapping and threat to behead several members of his family this week. His government's feelers over the past few weeks toward an accommodation with the insurgents were rebuffed by their representatives and in any case would have been vetoed by the United States. Allawi's strategy is the iron fist, and now he has to use it or lose it.
Defusing the disenfranchisement bomb
For Iraqis, hope now lies more than ever in the ability of the coming elections to empower leaders who can somehow cut the kind of deal that hives away the Iraqi nationalists from the insurgent camp. That would leave the anti-American zealots and "foreign fighters" isolated and exposed.
That's why it is so important that the United States do everything possible between now and then to ensure that voting takes place in as many parts of the Sunni Triangle as possible. For if the vote brings to the polls only the Kurds and Iraq's largest ethnic group, the Shiites, it could leave Sunnis completely disenfranchised, too. That is a prescription for many more years of American troops in harm's way. After all, Kurd or Shiite, Sunni or American, when you've got nothing, you've got nothing to lose.
As a battle, Fallujah has been a disappointment to the U.S. military, who wanted to draw the rebels into a cataclysmic mistake: a fair fight. Unfortunately, that's not likely any time soon, and that will severely blunt the value of the American victory.
Michael Moran's Brave New World column, on hiatus since late September, resumes today and once again will appear weekly on MSNBC.com
Michael Moran


Prepare food based on instructions of kitchen staff.
Help with kitchen cleaning, sanitation, and maintaining food safety.
May occasionally supervise job trainees or other volunteers in food preparation.
Know how to use basic kitchen equipment.


text:
Worlds of Ursula K. Le Guin
(USA, 64 mins)
Writer/Director: Arwen Curry
Worlds of Ursula K. Le Guin is a feature documentary that explores the remarkable life and legacy of the science fiction and fantasy writer Ursula K. Le Guin, who passed away in 2018. Produced with Le Guin's participation over the course of a decade, the film is a journey through the writer's inimitable career and her worlds, both real and fantastic. Le Guin exploded onto the literary scene in the late 1960s, elevating science fiction to new levels of sophistication and artistry with works such as A Wizard of Earthsea and The Left Hand of Darkness. Le Guin defiantly held her ground on the margin of American letters until the sheer excellence of her work finally forced the mainstream to embrace fantastic literature. Viewers will accompany the writer on an intimate journey of self-discovery as she comes into her own as a major feminist author, opening new doors for the imagination and inspiring generations of women and other marginalized writers along the way.
#bbatx
St Edwards Rhetoric and Writing
Hideout Theatre 617 Congress Ave, Austin, TX 78701
Film, Marquee Feature