Foreign freehold ownership is still available within this condominium development located just moments away from Choeng Mon beach.
This listing features a brand new condominium and townhouse development located at Choeng Mon.
This new condominium development is Koh Samui's premier condominium development. The development is located only a 4 minute walk to Koh Samui's most beautiful beach, "Choeng Mon". The location of this condominium development could not be better situated, the airport is only minutes away, as are the main restaurants, bars, shopping areas, and the night life of the busy tourist area of Chaweng.
The development features 1 and 2 bedroom condominiums and three bedroom townhouses. Every condominium and townhouse have been finished to the highest standards.
The communal facilities includes a gym, landscaped gardens, a swimming pool, transfer service to Choeng Mon beach and a reception area.


Family Science students have unparalleled opportunities to work at major national organizations and institutes that address family issues in Maryland, the District of Columbia, and Northern Virginia. Undergraduate and graduate students complete internships, attend professional meetings, and obtain summer employment at these agencies.
Following is a partial list of organizations and institutes that have involved Family Science students in research, policy analysis, educational programs, and direct services to families.


text:
\section{Introduction}

In our globalized world, remote collaboration is increasingly important.
Air travel cost and time overheads, global warming, and more recently, the pandemics made the ability to work remotely very popular, if not essential.

Traditional approaches to remote collaboration, using voice and video, have been used for decades.
However, these technologies neglect essential aspects of interpersonal nonverbal communication such as
gaze, body posture, gestures to indicate objects referred to in speech (\textit{deictic gestures}~\cite{mcneill1992hand}), or even how people use the space and position themselves when communicating (i.e. \textit{proxemics}~\cite{hall1966hidden}).
These limitations negatively affect how remote people interact with a local user, especially for operations that require 3D spatial referencing and action demonstration~\cite{10.1145/3089269.3089281}.

\textit{ Mixed Reality} (MR) is a key technology for enabling effective remote collaboration. Fields such as engineering, architecture, and medicine already take advantage of MR approaches for 3D models' analysis. Remote collaboration through MR allows teams to meet in life-sized representations and discuss topics as if sharing the same office. This enables a high level of co-presence and allows a more rigorous spatial comprehension of the 3D models they are working on \cite{krolovitsch20093d,brunet2015immersive}. Indeed, previous research found that for a remote meeting to be closer to a co-located experience, it should rely on a real size portrayal of remote people to maintain the sense of ``being there"~\cite{pejsa2016room2room, Orts-Escolano:2016:HVT:2984511.2984517,Gotsch:2018:TCL:3173574.3174096}.
Furthermore, people perform tasks better when
communicating via full-body gestures \cite{dodds2010communication}.

A \textit{face-to-face f-formation}, i.e., two people position themselves facing each other~\cite{fformations}, was found to have potential advantages over \textit{side-by-side f-formations}, i.e., two people position themselves side to side facing the same direction~\cite{fformations}, including gaze awareness, shared attention and the ability to see the other person's visual cues ~\cite{Zillner:2014:WRC:2642918.2647393, Ishii:1992:CSM:142750.142977}. In addition to hindering the capacity to recognize consequential and intentional communicative cues, in a side-by-side f-formation participants share the same personal space, which makes it hard to implement mechanisms that can coordinate the use of this shared space \cite{Ishii:1992:CSM:142750.142977}.
However,
when virtually collaborating in a ``veridical face-to-face setting", people have to deal with the problem of sharing opposing points of view (POVs) of the workspace. In these situations, people do not share the same \textit{forward-backward} orientation, and there can be occlusions of parts of the workspace.
This constrains the ability for people to use descriptions of relative positions and affects the understanding of where or what the remote person is pointing at, leading to communication missteps and causing tasks to be more laborious~\cite{negativeSpace, Zillner:2014:WRC:2642918.2647393}.
This problem of disjoint visual perspectives when referring the workspace has been identified in previous work~\cite{whittaker2003things, Ishii:1992:CSM:142750.142977, Wood:2016:SHR:2992154.2992169, Li:2014:ITT:2598510.2598518,  Zillner:2014:WRC:2642918.2647393}, especially when using pointing gestures~\cite{tatar1991design, hindmarsh2000embodied}.
Previous work found that for 3D-object-centered collaboration, a shared POV is more effective and preferred when compared to an opposing POV ~\cite{feick2018perspective, vishnu}.
\revision{Although shared POV is a well-established approach for this purpose,}
\remove{However,} users lose the communicational advantages of seeing their partner in front of them~\cite{ishii1994interactive}\revision{, being deprived of non-verbal cues such as gaze, facial expressions, and body posture which are essential in terms of awareness of all remote users involved in the collaborative task. Indeed, Gutwin and Greenberg \cite{gutwin2002descriptive} suggest that to ensure workspace awareness people should gather information in ways familiar to what happens in real environments, with mechanisms such as {consequential communication}, {feedthrough}, and {intentional communication}. This first source of information, \textit{consequential communication}, relies on the other person's body: posture, movement of head, eyes, arms, and hands, or facial expressions provide an abundance of information about what is happening in the workspace.}

We conclude that shared viewpoints and face-to-face dialogues are both beneficial but incompatible.
\revision{To address this challenge, we explore integrating both by manipulating user's perception of each other and the environment, to provide a novel share of perspective where the local user is also aware of their partner's consequential communication. }

\remove{In this work} \revision{Hence}, we present MAGIC, a novel approach to collaborative remote work that enables two people to interact using pointing gestures, adopting a face-to-face f-formation while sharing a common perspective of the workspace.
MAGIC distorts gestures performed by a remote person to present a corrected virtual image to the local participant, ensuring accurate communication.
Prior work suggests that the interpretation of pointing gestures can be significantly improved by warping the pointing arm~\cite{mayer2020improving,warpingdeixis}. Sousa et al.~\cite{warpingdeixis} developed a model for correcting vertical errors using targets within one fixed column (1D), while Mayer et al.~\cite{mayer2020improving} manipulated pointing gestures for two dimensions. However, these works are focused on distal pointing for side-by-side f-formations with targets at a fixed distance.
Our work focuses on proximal pointing for face-to-face f-formations where targets can be anywhere in the shared 3D space.
Collaborators can use pointing gestures to refer to proximal objects in the workspace and interpret their partner's movements in a modified reference space. This creates the illusion that they performed a gesture as expected since it corresponds to the reference space of the local participant, as demonstrated by the usage scenario in Figure~\ref{fig:teaser}.
We implemented a telepresence environment using virtual representations of people rendered life-size around a shared workspace to evaluate our approach. Additionally, we introduce \textit{Pointing Agreement} to classify what participants perceive in common when using proximal pointing gestures to indicate targets located in a shared workspace, measured through the application of the \textit{Jaccard Similarity Coefficient}~\cite{jaccard1912distribution, tanimoto1968elementary} in a 3D space.
The user study results showed improved capabilities to understand pointing gestures using MAGIC as compared to a veridical face-to-face f-formation. Furthermore, participants did not detect our manipulations, and MAGIC distortions did not negatively affect the participants' sense of presence or the time they spent doing a task.
Our experiments validated the assumption that sharing the same perspective while in a face-to-face f-formation improves \textit{pointing agreement} and facilitates virtual object-centered remote collaboration.

The main contributions of this research include:
1) MAGIC, a novel interaction technique to integrate person-, task-, and reference spaces to improve the understanding of proximal pointing gestures in face-to-face remote collaboration in virtual environments;

2) Pointing Agreement, a concept that encapsulates referential consensus between two face-to-face collaborators;}
3) A user study, demonstrating the effectiveness of our technique.

\section{Related Work}

MAGIC builds on research in workspace awareness in shared spaces, interpretation of pointing gestures in Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs), and perception manipulation techniques.

\subsection{Workspace Awareness in Shared Spaces}
Workspace awareness relates to the immediate changes that occur in a shared workspace, and can be defined as the \textit{"up-to-the-moment understanding of another person's interaction with a shared workspace"}~\cite{gutwin2002descriptive}.
Greenberg et al.~\cite{greenberg1996awareness} suggest that
this real-time knowledge of another person's interactions and their effects on the workspace is essential to
effective collaboration.
As working together causes people to undertake the additional task of maintaining
collaboration through communication and decision making, apart from their individual domain jobs~\cite{adams1995situation},
inadequate workspace awareness
causes people to perform more challenging and awkward collaboration tasks, which, in turn, causes the domain tasks to be more laborious~\cite{negativeSpace}.

In addition to mechanisms such as \textit{feedthrough}, \textit{consequential communication} and \textit{intentional communication}
being challenging to recreate when collaborating remotely,
 most telepresence systems typically rely on a separation between the \emph{person space} and the \emph{task space}.

Buxton \cite{buxton1992telepresence} suggested that \textit{"effective telepresence depends on quality sharing of both person and task space"}, with collaborators meeting in a shared space where they can refer
the workspace using gaze or deictic gestures, the \emph{reference space}.

An early example of this concept is the Clearboard ~\cite{Ishii:1992:CSM:142750.142977}, where two participants engage in collaborative drawing tasks while seeing each other face-to-face.
To correct for the inaccurate reference system, the authors resorted to horizontally reverse the video streams to establish the same point-of-view for both participants.
To enable users to collaborate in a common reference space, other approaches combined physical and virtual objects on arbitrary surfaces~\cite{junuzovic2012see}, rendered the remote user's hands on the local space~\cite{sodhi2013bethere}, or mirrored remote users' representations rendered on top of a whiteboard content~\cite{Zillner:2014:WRC:2642918.2647393}. Leithinger et al. enabled users to manipulate physical shapes, with the person space in a face-to-face or corner-to-corner f-formation on the sides of the shared workspace~\cite{Leithinger:2014:PTS:2642918.2647377}. These demonstrated that face-to-face telepresence approaches allow for improved effectiveness when compared to side-by-side settings~\cite{Zillner:2014:WRC:2642918.2647393}, and suggested that to maintain awareness in face-to-face interactions, telepresence systems should resort to selective image reversal of text and graphics~\cite{Li:2014:ITT:2598510.2598518}.

\revision{Speicher et al.~\cite{speicher2018} provided users with a third-person view by default but enabled one collaborator at a time to gain control over everyone's 360\degree  video. This enabled all collaborators to view directions in a synchronized manner.
Similarly, Teo et al. \cite{teo2019} allowed experts to interact with trainees in a third-person view by default, but with the option to immerse themselves into the same point of view as the local collaborator, live-streamed through a 360\degree camera attached to the trainee's head.
Cai et al. \cite{cai2017} demonstrated a system that shows the remote user's virtual head and hands in a shared live 360 panorama captured from a backpack-mounted 360 camera.
Lee et al. \cite{lee2017} created a system that allows sharing of hand gestures and awareness cues over live 360 panoramas captured by a head-worn camera, enabling two-way non-verbal communication between a pair of users wearing AR or VR displays.
Similarly, Teo et al. \cite{teo2018} investigated adding ray pointing and drawing annotations to hand gestures as non-verbal communication cues in a live 360 panorama-based MR remote collaboration system, showing that participants acting as a local users were able to perform tasks faster and with less error with the help of visual annotation cues.
On the other hand, Rhee et al.~\cite{rhee2020augmented} created a system for enabling face-to-face collaboration using 360 panoramas that enabled a remote user to be teleported to a visually rich remote location with a visually-matched virtual object and share their interaction intentions with pointing gestures and voice.}

Regarding 3D object manipulation, Benko et al.~\cite{Benko:2012:MFI:2207676.2207704} introduced MirageTable,
to bring people together face-to-face as if they were working
at the same table.
Participants share the same task space, interacting with physical objects, although this approach did not seemingly avoid occlusions.
Additionally, \revision{Kim et al. \cite{kim2019} explored the combination of different visual cues (e.g., pointer, sketching, and hand gestures) showing a significantly higher level of usability when the sketch cue is added to a hand-pointing gesture cue alone.}

We conclude that face-to-face encounters provide benefits to remote collaboration, although pointing at 3D objects from different perspectives still induces ambiguities since collaborator's gestures may be occluded. We tackle this challenge by implementing task- and personal spaces in combination. We also hypothesize that enabling the same perspective while correcting people's actions can improve intentional and consequential communication mechanisms mechanisms as it can make users' gestures and other visual actions more understandable by both parts of a remote encounter.
\vspace{-0.1 cm}

\subsection{Manipulating People's Perception}

In virtual meetings, the sense of presence of remote users has an essential role in the meeting participant's capacity to communicate and collaborate. Previous research suggests that utilizing complete or upper-body representations improves people's awareness~\cite{Benford:1995:UEC:223904.223935, buxton1992telepresence} since a richer vocabulary combining body language with speech can be used. Furthermore, understanding the other person's gaze~\cite{nguyen2005multiview}, communicative gestures~\cite{Bekker:1995:AGF:225434.225452, kirk2005ways} and deictics~\cite{Genest2011, tang2007videoarms} are known to improve remote collaboration.
To improve how one perceives the remote participants' intentions and actions, different warping techniques has been used by taking advantage of manipulating human perception.

A classic example of this approach is the Redirected Walking~\cite{razzaque2005redirected}, where the virtual environment is transformed so that the person can use a natural metaphor to cover larger distances in a limited physical space~\cite{azmandian2016haptic}.
Besides the environment, retargeting techniques can be applied to the representation of people.
This was first introduced with inverse kinematics to animate virtual characters when incomplete motion was available~\cite{gleicher1998retargetting,lee1999hierarchical}, and for one single person to simultaneously animate multiple skeletons~\cite{hecker2008real}. Feuchtner et al.~\cite{feuchtner} extended the users' arm to allow for access to devices that are out of reach.
Other approaches use motion remapping to modify real people's poses to match the motion of a person in a given video~\cite{chan2018everybody}.
Recent work also suggests that the interpretation of deictic gestures can be significantly improved by using retargeting techniques that warp the pointing arm~\cite{Zillner:2014:WRC:2642918.2647393,mayer2020improving,warpingdeixis}.

Piumsomboon et al. \cite{miniMe} found that manipulating the remote user's representation in order to guarantee that his gestures were always in the field of view of the local user enables a high sense of presence and increases task performance over an unmodified avatar.
Sousa et al. \cite{negativeSpace} studied different manipulations of remote people and workspaces, mirroring one or the other in order to enable a shared point of view for the users. Results suggested remote collaboration benefits more from workspace consistency rather than people's representation fidelity.
Hoppe et al. \cite{hopeetal} also manipulated virtual people's representation to provide a shared point of view, finding that modifications of the workspace and the user's avatar to induce a shared perspective reduces mental load and increases task performance. And later, in \cite{shisha}, Hope et al. further explore shared perspective by comparing the baseline condition of two users standing in the same location and working with overlapping avatars, with their approach of shifting the remote collaborator's representation to the side and redirecting their gestures to match the reference space using laser pointing.

In MAGIC, we warp the remote collaborator's representation to guarantee that their gestures match the reference space when enabling a share of perspective. Similarly to~\cite{gleicher1998retargetting,lee1999hierarchical,miniMe}, we apply inverse kinematics when redirecting the remote avatar's gestures.\\

\vspace{-0.5 cm}

\subsection{{Interpreting Pointing Gestures in CVEs}}
\label{rw_pointing}
The problem of interpreting remote pointing gestures in collaborative tasks has been long considered.
In the context of 2D gestures, Greenberg et al.~\cite{ greenberg1996semantic} considered the problem of representational differences between two collaborators' views when using 2D telepointers, outlining potential solutions such as scaling or object-based pointing.
Hindmarsh et al.~\cite{hindmarsh1998fragmented,hindmarsh2000object} also focused on the difficulties in identifying what other people are pointing at in a VR environments, identifying difficulties resolving pointing gestures when the pointing embodiments and target objects were not both in view. As a possible solution, they suggested to focus on exaggerating the representation of actions so that they can easily been seen by others.
Wong et al. extended Hindmarsh et al's work to quantify the amount of error in people's interpretation of others' gestures~\cite{wong2010you, wong2014support} when pointing in distance. Similarly, Sousa et al. \cite{warpingdeixis}, and later Mayer et al. \cite{mayer2020improving}, proposed solutions for correcting this problem by using retargeting techniques. However, these works are focused on \textit{distal pointing} for \textit{side-by-side f-formations} with targets at a fixed distance along 1D \cite{warpingdeixis} or 2D \cite{mayer2020improving}. In our work, we address the problem of \textit{proximal occluded pointing in face-to-face scenarios} for targets anywhere in the 3D space reachable by the user.

\subsection{Discussion}

We found approaches~\cite{Zillner:2014:WRC:2642918.2647393, higuchi2015immerseboard,Ishii:1992:CSM:142750.142977,Li:2014:ITT:2598510.2598518} successful in ensuring all three types of workspace awareness mechanisms for 2D artifacts, and approaches~ \cite{Benko:2012:MFI:2207676.2207704,Leithinger:2014:PTS:2642918.2647377,beck2013immersive} that support 3D artifacts, but have a limited capacity to ensure intentional communicational cues, hindering the use of pointing gestures to refer the workspace.
To the best of our knowledge there is no approach for remote face-to-face object-centered collaboration with 3D content that allows all three types of workspace awareness mechanisms.

Analysing Ishii et al.~\cite{Ishii:1992:CSM:142750.142977}'s view on the problem of how to communicate in a shared environment without separation between the task and the personal space, we
concluded that the \emph{over the table metaphor} would be the most suitable for object-centered collaboration. We believe that by enabling a share of perspective between collaborators, we can tackle the challenge of mismatched views of the task space and occlusions present in approaches with a similar metaphor~\cite{Benko:2012:MFI:2207676.2207704,Leithinger:2014:PTS:2642918.2647377, beck2013immersive}.
We resort to manipulations of the remote person's representation, as supported by \cite{negativeSpace,hopeetal}, to enable a
face-to-face meeting paired with a shared perspective of the workspace.
Regarding the interpretation of pointing gestures in CVEs, we build on top of previous work~\cite{wong2010you, wong2014support, warpingdeixis, mayer2020improving} exploring
retargeting techniques to correct distal pointing interpretation in 1D and 2D, to address the problem of proximal occluded pointing in 3D face-to-face scenarios. Similarly to~\cite{warpingdeixis,gleicher1998retargetting,lee1999hierarchical,miniMe, mayer2020improving}, we apply inverse kinematics when redirecting the remote avatar's gestures.

\section{MAGIC}

Following the assumptions of Gutwin and Greenberg~\cite{gutwin2002descriptive} that peripheral tasks bring additional efforts in maintaining collaboration, we propose to diminish the shift of attention between the personal space and the task space by creating a virtual environment to integrate the two, improving workspace awareness. To achieve that, MAGIC employs body representation manipulations in ways unnoticed by users to improve the understanding of pointing gestures used in the shared space, letting users focus on the main collaborative task.
The present work addresses collaboration with two users only. While this is arguably the simplest case, future work could explore the extension of our work's principles to accommodate multiple people. In the following, we detail the design and implementation of MAGIC.

\subsection{Improving Workspace Awareness}
\label{ImprovingWA}

MAGIC assumes an "above-the-table" metaphor~\cite{Ishii:1992:CSM:142750.142977} with life-sized virtual representations of remote people in front of one another with the workspace between them, as depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:teaser}.
In a face-to-face f-formation, participants can perceive natural gestures besides maintaining verbal communication, which contributes to
presence and increases awareness of other people's actions. This reduces the separation between task space and personal space. Hence, it enables the use of pointing gestures when interacting with the workspace's virtual artefacts. Yet, the 3D virtual model's occlusions can diminish workspace awareness. To tackle this problem, MAGIC guarantees that the two participants share the same point of view of the workspace at all times.
Sharing the same perspective in object-centred remote collaboration allows users to have a mutual understanding of the task space, allowing for the use of natural communication, easing the pressure of engaging in lengthy verbal cues about task-specific points of interest~\cite{feick2018perspective}.

However, to allow for a face-to-face setting with the same perspective in shared 3D workspaces, we can't only render the remote person in front of the local collaborator.
This naive approach makes the remote collaborator's gestures spatially incorrect as their gestures will not match the reference space.
To maintain the same reference space, MAGIC manipulates the remote person's representation so that there is a matching between the local observer's pointing location and the point of interest to which the remote person is referring.
Therefore, MAGIC aims to increase workspace awareness in object-centered three-dimensional collaboration by improving the pointing agreement between two collaborators.
It integrates person-, task- and reference spaces, enabling collaborators to thoroughly express and perceive consequential communication, feed-through, and intentional communication.

\noindent\textbf{Consequential Communication:}
Since MAGIC adopts a life-sized face-to-face arrangement, the remote collaborator is always visible, similarly to traditional face-to-face interactions.
Therefore, the local person can observe posture and body language, inferring significant information about what is happening in the workspace.
This way, remote collaborators do not need to switch
back-and-forth between the person space and the task space (requiring fewer eye-movements and no body rotations away from the workspace).

\noindent\textbf{Feedthrough:}
When manipulating artifacts in the workspace, they provide feedback information to both the person performing the action and the observer.
Thus, sharing the same perspective of the workspace allows direct object manipulations to
retain position and orientation in both the local and remote workspaces, assuring that feedthrough.

\noindent\textbf{Intentional Communication:}
MAGIC assures that gestures in the remote workspace are correctly converted to the local reference space.
And since both participants have the same understanding of the workspace artifacts' whereabouts, pointing gestures performed remotely remain meaningful when converted, allowing collaborators to communicate using natural language and gesture freely and accurately.

\vspace{-0.2 cm}

\subsection{Manipulating users' virtual representation}
To combine the advantages of both being face-to-face and sharing perspective, both participants stand on the same location, sharing the same point of view of the 3D model, but see a manipulated version of their partner.
These manipulations include
mirroring along
left-right
(z-axis), similarly to Zillner et al.~\cite{Zillner:2014:WRC:2642918.2647393} followed by an adjustment of the remote person's overall pose to correct for the depth of the interaction.

In Figure~\ref{fig:steps}, we illustrate the different steps necessary to accomplish the manipulations that enable our approach, where a remote collaborator intentionally communicates the position of a workspace artifact using a proximal pointing gesture.

In their local space, the remote collaborator points to an area of interest within the shared workspace to communicate a specific area of the 3D artifact (Figure \ref{fig:steps} [A]).
In a veridical face-to-face scenario, the remote pointing gesture is occluded from the local participant (Figure \ref{fig:steps} [B]).
With MAGIC, we follow the following steps to make the remote pointing gesture visible by the local user.

\noindent\textbf{1. Workspace Local Copy:}
We first procede to the renderization of the workspace artifact from the same PoV as the remote user their local space. In the local space, without any manipulation, the remote user's gesture highlights a different area of the task space (Figure \ref{fig:steps} [C]).

\noindent\textbf{2. Mirror:}
Similarly to Clearboard~\cite{Ishii:1992:CSM:142750.142977} and 3D-Board~\cite{Zillner:2014:WRC:2642918.2647393}, we then
mirror
the remote person's representation (Figure \ref{fig:steps} [D]).
A local observer can correctly understand the remote person's interactions in the workspace's left-right axis after mirroring.
There is a common understanding of right, left. Body language matches horizontally
in the local reference space.

\noindent\textbf{3. Adjust Arm Pose:}
Since we are working in a 3D workspace, the mirroring by itself is insufficient, and depth needs to be corrected.
We re-position the pointing arm along the forward-backward axis to correct for the depth of the interaction (Figure \ref{fig:steps} [E]). The transformation vector, $\vec t$, applied to the remote avatar's pointing finger, is calculated through the difference in position from the remote collaborator's fingertips in his local space, and the remote avatar's fingertips after the mirroring process (Figure \ref{fig:poitingarm}).
We note that all the arm segments need to move when changing the pointing finger's end position. We need to displace the upper arm, the forearm, and the wrist according to the finger's new position.
We can calculate these movements using Inverse Kinematics constrained by shoulder, elbow and wrist joints. As we focus on proximal pointing, the finger direction itself does not influence understanding of position as long as the fingertip is in the right place~\cite{UpToTheFingertip}.

\begin{figure}[b!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/MAGIC_ARM_Manipulation.pdf}
\caption{Manipulated avatar (right) corresponding to a pointing user in his local space (left). Transformation $\vec t$ is calculated through the difference in position from the remote collaborator's fingertips in his local space (left), and the remote avatar's fingertips after the mirroring process (right - grey). $\vec t$ is applied to the remote avatar's fingertip in combination with IK algorithm to calculate new arm joint's positions. }
\label{fig:poitingarm}
\end{figure}

Additionally, if the remote person is in a position relative to the worktable where, in order to match the workspace's pointing position, requires stretching of the arm beyond the arm length, we add an additional step: moving the remote person's avatar further along the forward-backward axis.
An arm that is too long could make the avatar representation weird for the local observer, breaking the user's sense of presence~\cite{mori2017uncanny}.
As we want to adjust the avatar's position, $p_a$, according to the remote collaborator's index fingertip position, $p_f$ , we compute the remote avatar's head position as a linear function of the updated fingertip position:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:1}
    p_a = m \cdot p_f + b,
\end{equation}
where m and b are calculated based on the limit points of the shared space considered (the table dimensions in our case).

\section{Evaluation}

We conducted a user study to determine whether our approach improves face-to-face collaboration in 3D object-centered remote collaboration settings
when both participants share the same perspective, when compared to a \textit{veridical} face-to-face.
Therefore, our hypothesis throughout the experiment is:

\textit{
\label{hyp:one}
\textbf{$H$}: A face-to-face setting coupled with manipulations that enable perspective sharing improves the understanding of proximal pointing gestures, increasing workspace awareness.}

Additionally, as we designed our approach to be used implicitly, we also wanted to confirm that it did not distract users from
the main
task. Furthermore, we wanted to assess whether the shared point of view with corrected gestures impacts the feeling of presence of the remote collaborator.

To test our hypothesis, we conducted a within-subjects user study where we asked pairs of participants
to complete a collaborative pointing task under two different conditions:

    \noindent \textbf{1. MAGIC Face-to-Face}: Participants can see their partner located in front of them, both share the "illusion" of standing on opposite sides of the workspace but are in fact sharing the same point of view. Remote participant's representation is manipulated in order to enable the illusion.

    \noindent \textbf{2. Veridical Face-to-Face}: Participants can see their partner located in front of them, each one standing on opposite sides of the model, with opposing points of view of the workspace, as it occurs in "traditional" real life face-to-face interactions.

These two conditions were designed to allow us to compare MAGIC interactions with "traditional" face-to-face collaboration, with the goal of improving face-to-face collaboration specifically. We did not compare or address mirrored side-by-side settings, since these prevent visualizing both the workspace and the opposite participant, making it difficult to take advantage of gaze direction, posture and body language cues. Additionally, in order to use proximal pointing, side-by-side collaborators need to invade each other's personal space which is avoided if standing face to face as the table delimits each other's personal spaces. Otherwise, collaborators need to stick to distal pointing which has been shown \cite{warpingdeixis} to induce errors in MR if uncorrected. Hence, we discarded side-by-side configurations and did not consider it in our experiments.

\subsection{Task}
\label{sec:eval_task}

\begin{figure}[t!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.95\columnwidth]{figures/4-model-target-target-label.pdf}
    \caption{A) Abstract representation of a protein used for the task with red highlighted target to be indicated by the participants. B) Target sphere target.}

    \label{fig:task_model}
\end{figure}

We paired participants and asked them to complete a series of outlining tasks using proximal pointing. Each participant was assigned a different role in the beginning of the experiment, either \textit{Demonstrator} or \textit{Interpreter}.
The \textit{Demonstrator}'s role was to communicate a highlighted area of the task model to the \textit{Interpreter} by outlining it with his pointing finger.
The \textit{Interpreter}, who could not see the highlighted area, was required to follow the \textit{Demonstrator}'s gestures and perform an outline of the interpreted area.

For the 3D model containing the targets participants had to indicate, we adopted an abstract representation of a protein, which was placed above the shared table (Figure \ref{fig:task_model}), visible to both participants. We employed an abstract 3D model so that it would be hard for participants to describe targets using only words and would be compelled to using pointing gestures. Participants could talk with each other freely throughout the experiment.

\subsection{Procedure}

All evaluation sessions followed the same structure, and each lasted for about 50 minutes.
Each session gathered two participants and the experiment moderator.
In response to the global circumstances caused by the COVID-19 outbreak, we undertook extra safety measures.
Afterwards, participants completed a demographic profile questionnaire and a consent form.
We then introduced the evaluation, where we explained conditions, tasks, and roles.
Before executing the main task, participants had a training period to familiarize themselves with the environment and the hardware, which consisted of three outlining tasks.

To start each matching task, the Demonstrator was asked to press a button on the controller, and once the workspace appeared, the target to communicate was shown as a small part of the workspace highlighted in red {(Figure \ref{fig:task_model} A)}.
The Demonstrator had to communicate that red target to their partner. To do so, the Demonstrator was asked to outline it with his finger while pressing a button from the controller, which would leave a green trail in the area outlined {(Figure \ref{fig:task_areas} A)}. This was only visible to the Demonstrator. The outline stopped once the button was released, ending the Demonstrator's turn.
Then, the Interpreter proceeded the same way, pressing a button while outlining his interpretation of the volume indicated by the Demonstrator, and finishing his turn by releasing the button.
Once an iteration finished, the target shown to the Demonstrator changed and the procedure was repeated. The Demonstrator was shown a set of 16 targets to communicate to their partner, one a time. Upon completion, we asked participants to answer a user preference questionnaire regarding the condition experienced.
Then, participants switched roles and performed the same task using a different set of 16 targets.

Hence, each pair of participants performed under both conditions, and each participant experimented both roles (2 Conditions x 2 Roles x 16 Targets). As participants performed a similar task in more than one condition, we created four different sets of 16 targets and counterbalanced them to avoid carryover effects. Each target group comprised similar spots of the model that differed enough to guarantee that participants would not remember them from the precedent task but were similar enough to ensure consistency of tasks between participants and conditions. The order of conditions was also balanced.

\subsection{Evaluation Prototype}

\begin{figure}[t!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.95\columnwidth]{figures/7-AvatarsCollaborating.JPG}
    \caption{Our Prototype Virtual environment,
    featuring two collaborators and the
    abstract model used for the task.}

    \label{fig:prototype}
\end{figure}

We implemented our prototype using Unity3D. Although we envision our approach as relevant for both AR and VR, we conducted our evaluation in VR to minimize external factors and avoid problems resulting from matching real and virtual content in current AR hardware, and have a fully controllable experience. We created a simplistic office space with a tabletop and a 3D model between both users (see Figure~\ref{fig:prototype}). The prototype features an abstract avatar to embody each collaborator. We chose a humanoid abstract representation to avoid gender- and body-bias while focusing on nonverbal communication cues.
We used an Oculus Rift CV1 as the visualization tool, and we used
the controllers' positions and rotations input to animate the avatars using inverse kinematics~\cite{Aristidou:2011:FABRIK,Aristidou:2016:ExtFABRIK}.
These data are then transmitted to the remote participant's prototype to animate the local avatar and display it on the remote participant's HMD.
Whenever participants placed their hands inside the workspace, the virtual hand automatically adopted a pointing pose.

\begin{figure}[!b]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.95\columnwidth]{figures/8-setup-apparatus.pdf}
\caption{Setup for the experiment: two users in different tracked stations wearing an Oculus Rift HMD and using Touch Controllers. Moderator was present at all times.}
\label{fig:setup1}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Setup and Apparatus}
Our experiment
used a controlled laboratory environment with no contact with the exterior, occupied by the two participants and the
moderator. The physical setup consisted of two stations
separated by a physical divider. As participants were physically co-located, they could communicate verbally
among themselves. Each station
comprised a desktop running the participant's application, and an Oculus Rift set (Oculus HMD, two Touch Controllers, and two-position trackers), as displayed in Figure~\ref{fig:setup1}.

\subsection{Participants}
We recruited 12 participants (3 female, 9 male) through convenience sampling in our institution. Participants were not compensated monetarily for participating in the user study.
Participants' ages ranged from 22 to 26 years (M = 23,6; SD = 1).
All participants
knew their partners. One participant reported being left-handed.
Three participants indicated previous experience with using video-conferencing platforms at least once a day, eight at least once a week, and one reported a monthly use.
Three participants reported never having experienced VR environments, while the other nine participants reported rarely using
such environments.

\section{Results}

Results from our user study suggest that MAGIC significantly improves \textit{pointing agreement} in face-to-face collaboration settings without negatively affecting the time to perform a task. Furthermore, it improves co-presence and awareness of interactions performed in the shared space. \\

\subsection{Collected Data and Metrics}
\label{metrics}

During the user evaluations we collected information on both Task Performance and User Preferences.

\noindent \textsc{\textbf{Task Performance}}
To evaluate task performance, we measured the task error by determining the \textit{pointing agreement} between both participants. Additionally, we measured the task completion time.

\subsubsection{Pointing Agreement}
We define \textit{Pointing Agreement} as a measure of what two users perceive in common when using pointing gestures in a shared 3D space. We evaluate the pointing agreement between two users by calculating the \textit{Jaccard Similarity Coefficient}~\cite{jaccard1912distribution}. The Jaccard Similarity Coefficient, \textit{J}, is a metric usually used in understanding the similarities between sample sets, and is formally defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the union of the sample sets, as follows:

    \begin{equation}
        \textit{J}(A,B) = \frac{|A \cap B|}{|A \cup B|} = \frac{|A \cap B|}{|A| + |B| - |A \cap B|}.
        \label{eq:pointingagreement}
    \end{equation}

We apply this to the 3D sample sets of points that constitute the zone of interest pointed by each person. We chose this metric since it is able to characterize all possible scenarios in our experiments, as shown in Figure \ref{fig:PA_Scenarios}.
Hence, the higher the Pointing Agreement, the less error was present in identifying the region indicated by the task demonstrator and vice versa.
We note that, as we chose to designate parts of an abstract object, a centroid-based approach would not be accurate enough to show agreement as the target shapes are not spherical. Merely comparing 3D points would only measure the error distance and not highlight what participants had commonly perceived.

\begin{figure}[t!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.95\columnwidth]{figures/5-J_Scenarios.pdf}
    \caption{Different possible scenarios for outlines from best to worst case scenarios, and correspondent \textit{J}. Blue, green and orange represent the Demonstrator's Solid, $S_{Dem}$, Interpreter's Solid, $S_{Int}$, and the Intersection
    of both, $S_{I}$ }
    \label{fig:PA_Scenarios}
\end{figure}

To measure \textit{J} for each outlining task, we
generate, for each participant,
the
convex set comprising all the points that constitute the
outline of the zone of interest (Figure~\ref{fig:task_areas} A). This enables us to calculate the volume outlined by the Demonstrator, $S_{Dem}$ (Figure~\ref{fig:task_areas} C), the one the Interpreter perceived, $S_{Int}$ (Figure~\ref{fig:task_areas} C), and the volume of intersection between both, $S_{I}$ (Figure~\ref{fig:task_areas} D).

\begin{figure}[!b]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.95\columnwidth]{figures/6-intersection-all-2x2.JPG}
    \caption{Calculating the intersection of the volumes outlined by both participants: (A) Outline of zone of interest; (B) Corresponding Convex Hull; (C) $S_{Dem}$ (red) and $S_{Int}$ (blue); (D) Resulting intersection, $S_{I}$.
    }

    \label{fig:task_areas}
\end{figure}

We use an adapted QuickHull Algorithm \footnote{Quickhull Algorithm for Generating 3D Convex Hulls - an Implementation in Unity, Oskar Sigvardsson (Accessed: 2020-05-15): \url{https://github.com/OskarSigvardsson/unity-quickhull}} to create $S_{Dem}$ and $S_{Int}$, and a \textit{Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) Library}
\footnote{Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) for Unity in C\#, Andrew Perry (2020-07-22): \url{https://github.com/omgwtfgames/csg.cs/blob/master/Assets/CSG/Plugins/CSG/CSG.cs}} to retrieve the intersection between the two, $S_{I}$.
We calculate the volume of the meshes, $V_{S_{Int}}$, $V_{S_{Dem}}$, and $V_{S_{I}}$, by adding the volumes of all tetrahedra that compose the mesh. The tetrahedra joins each triangle in the mesh with the vertex at the origin~\cite{TetrahedronVolume}.
From expression \ref{eq:pointingagreement},
\textit{J}
becomes:
    \begin{dmath}
        \textit{J}(S_{Int},S_{Dem}) = \frac{|S_{Int} \cap S_{Dem}|}{|S_{Int}| + |S_{Dem}| - |S_{Int} \cap S_{Dem}|}
        = \frac{V_{S_{I}}}{V_{S_{Int}} + V_{S_{Dem}} - V_{S_{I}}}.
        \label{eq:pointingagreement2}
    \end{dmath}

\noindent \textsc{\textbf{User Preferences}}
We also conducted a post-test assessment employing a user preference questionnaire that participants answered after completing the outlining task under each condition.
We selected three sub-scales from the original social presence questionnaire proposed by Harms et al.~\cite{harms2004internal}. This questionnaire included 13 statements regarding co-presence (i.e., the feeling of being together in the same shared space), attentional allocation (i.e., amount of attention given to each other), and perceived message understanding, to be answered on a six-point Likert-scale, from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (6).
We also included two open questions at the end of the questionnaire: one that queried users if they were able to identify any strange behaviors ("Did you notice any strange behavior during the session?"), to evaluate if participants noticed the manipulation we were employing to their remote partner's avatar, and another for further comments/improvements about the techniques and the general user study ("Observations and Suggestions").

\subsection{Analysis}

\noindent \textsc{\textbf{Task Performance}}
A Shapiro-Wilk test showed that results for both metrics were normally distributed.
A paired t-test indicated that \textit{J} was statistically significantly higher for MAGIC (\textit{M} = 0.24, \textit{SD} = 0.03) than for the Veridical condition (\textit{M} = 0.18, \textit{SD} = 0.02), t(11) = -2,899, p = .014.
As for task completion time, we found no statistically significant differences between conditions, t(11) = -2.00, p = .07.
Figure~\ref{fig:results} shows results for task performance metrics.

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.95\columnwidth]{figures/9-Results-J.pdf}
\caption{Task performance results for each condition: A) Completion Time, \textit{t}.  B) Jaccard Similarity Coefficient, \textit{J}.}
\label{fig:results}
\end{figure}

\noindent \textsc{\textbf{User Preferences}}
\label{sec:UserPref}
In terms of
co-presence, the Wilcoxon test reported a significant difference for Statement 1.2 (Z = -2.121, p = .034), revealing an increase in feeling of co-presence of the remote partner in the virtual environment under MAGIC.
Questionnaires showed no statistically significant differences between either approach in terms of Attentional Allocation and Perceived Message Understanding.
However, we observed a tendency for better message understanding under the  MAGIC condition.
Furthermore, when performing under MAGIC as Condition 2, three participants reported in the "Observations and Suggestions" open question that targets were easier to understand, and  one
participant pointed out that they had to "move less than previously" to understand what their partner was pointing to. One participant also pointed that targets were harder to understand in the second part of the experiment when performing under Veridical as Condition 2. Details on the questionnaires and associated results can be found in the Appendix, Figure \ref{fig:table-user-preferences}.

\subsection{Discussion}

Results obtained from the statistical analysis of the collected data confirm our research hypothesis, \textbf{$H$}.
Results showed a higher pointing agreement for both participants when sharing perspective, yielding a better understanding of the collaboration tasks.
Our approach improved pointing agreement by 6\%, representing a relative improvement of 33.3\% compared to the Veridical baseline condition .
Participants also reported a better understanding of the target location under our approach, with some commenting that they had to move less to understand their partner's pointing gestures.
However, the questionnaire results did not show any statistically significant differences in Perceived Message Understanding statements between either condition. This could be due to a false sensation of agreement that was more prevalent under the Veridical condition, i.e., people thought they perceived their partner's actions correctly when in fact, they failed the outlining task.
Therefore, pointing agreement dropped under the Veridical condition even though participants felt a similar personal performance.

Additionally, results showed no statistically significant differences in time completion under either condition. We hypothesise this to be due to a false sensation of agreement during the veridical condition that led participants to just move on to the next task even though they "failed" the latter.

As both conditions employed a life-sized representation of the remote avatar in a face-to-face configuration, we can say consequential communication was ensured under both conditions.
Yet, when sharing perspective, there was an increase of feedthrough mechanisms, as the manipulations of artifacts present in the workspace were visible to the local observer at all times, contrary to what happened in the Veridical condition.
The increased agreement on the pointing task also highlights enhanced intentional communication under MAGIC, as people showed a better capacity to use and understand pointing gestures.
Hence, we argue that MAGIC generally improves workspace awareness in terms of feedthrough, consequential, and intentional communication mechanisms.

As an additional finding, we should note that answers from the User Preferences Questionnaire reported a significant difference for Statement 1.2, revealing participants felt that their partner was more present in the virtual environment under MAGIC.
We argue that MAGIC's improvement in co-presence might be due to the fact that since the actions the remote collaborator performs in the workspace are both more visible and better understood, people feel their partner is more present in the workspace.

\revision{Regarding possible uncanny valley effects, our avatar was deliberately chosen as an abstract androgynous avatar, as these avatars are less likely to affect presence and embodiment significantly in unnatural behaviors \cite{uncanny}.}
\remove{Furthermore,} We directly asked participants in the User Preferences Questionnaire whether they noticed any "strange" behaviors when performing the tasks.
None of the participants reported noticing anything strange under MAGIC or the Veridical conditions, which leaves us to assume that the local collaborator did not notice distortions of the remote avatar, \revision{hence not revealing significant uncanny valley effects. However, we acknowledge that this could be due to the unrealistic avatar in itself, and that our distortions could potentially cause significant effects on presence and embodiment in more realistic avatars. To tackle this problem, the distortions we perform on the user's movements could be optimized in the future by manipulating all points of a cloud representation instead of manipulating the three arm joints we used in our current implementation.}
\remove{Thus we can say that MAGIC is transparent to face-to-face collaborations.}

We also observed that participants performed the tasks using pointing gestures only and used verbal cues for keeping track of the partner's understanding of their performed actions (with sentences like "This is the area I want to show you," "Done!"), typically with one sentence before starting outlining and one sentence when finishing. As we developed our approach to tackling the problem of the complexity of trying to explain relative positions through words, considering pointing comes as such a natural behavior to humans that avoids confusion arising from speech, we assumed that if one can easily point and say "here," one would not feel the necessity to use "to your left/ right," eliminating communication errors related to handedness. Indeed, no participant used relative position words such as left and right during our experiments.

In general, MAGIC improves pointing agreement, thus increasing task performance.
Furthermore, MAGIC generally improves workspace awareness regarding feedthrough-consequential- and intentional- communication.
Additionally, MAGIC distortions of remote avatars are not noticeable or impairing. Finally, MAGIC positively impacts the presence of remote collaborators in the workspace.
Thus, we can affirm that \textit{\say{a face-to-face setting coupled with manipulations that enable perspective sharing improves the understanding of pointing gestures, increasing workspace awareness.}}.

\subsection{Limitations}

Our experiments assumed static participant positions around the shared workspace.
Further research is needed to see whether these results scale to moving (or more than two) participants.

\revision{Since our work falls into the category of a shared perspective \textit{with the twist of maintaining the advantages of a face-to-face formation}, we were interested in comparing this with traditional face-to-face formations. However, we acknowledge that a comparison with a traditional share of perspective could have also been interesting.}

\revision{Additionally, our approach was tested through an observational task, where users did not have the chance to manipulate the object.  We wanted to introduce our new paradigm of view sharing and test its feasibility in a simple case still representative of design review scenarios: pointing to regions of interest of a fixed 3D object for the discussion of relevant points.}

\revision{Our approach conceptually guarantees that there is a share of the same perspective of the workspace for both users. In our use case and implementation, this workspace was static, and only the remote user's movements were manipulated. We believe that applying similar manipulations to a dynamic workspace will guarantee that both users keep the same perspective of the workspace, hence generalizing to interactive scenarios.
We envision
future work to include
manipulation of 3D objects with MAGIC.}

We should also note that our approach doesn't avoid hand occlusions. Future work could address this problem by manipulating posture to ensure visibility at any time by, e.g., always bringing the hand to the top layer of rendering

The experiments focused on objects commensurable with participants' apparent sizes. An open question remains on how to explore the trade-offs between apparent size and level of detail.

Furthermore, MAGIC does not work with distal pointing since the manipulated pointing gestures only reference the correct place when the user touches the desired area. It could be interesting to extend our approach to enable distal pointing by dynamically changing the user representation depending on the task at hand~\cite{IterativelyAdaptingAvatars}, exploring different \textit{Beyond Real Interactions}\cite{BeyondReal} such as extending the user's arm in order to facilitate reaching an object as inspired by works such as in the Go-Go technique~\cite{GoGoTechnique}.

Our technique does not ensure verbal communication between participants located in separate physical spaces, despite it being crucial in the course of the collaboration.
During our experimental sessions, participants could talk to each other since they shared the same room.
Our findings suggest that co-localization only impacted verbal communication between participants, implying that our technique should be as effective for audio-enabled remote collaboration.

Additionally, during our studies, we asked pairs of participants to repeatedly point to the exact position of an object for internal validity, so that we could understand if MAGIC increases understanding of pointing gestures. A less controlled experiment will be valuable to evaluate further MAGIC's impact in a more general collaborative object-centered task.

It is also worth mentioning that the experimental sessions were conducted during the pandemic which presented challenges in gathering participants, 12 total. Nevertheless, our results are statistically significant.

Finally, our results show an increase of \textit{J} from a medium value of 0.18 in the veridical condition to a medium value of 0.24 with MAGIC, representing an improvement of 33.3\%. These illustrate situations where the pointing agreement is close to what is depicted in Figure \ref{fig:PA_Scenarios} - 3rd left. Although this value has room for improvement, we believe this increase to be relevant in this context.

\section{Conclusions and Future Work}

We introduced MAGIC, an approach to improve remote collaboration by enhancing pointing agreement in object-centered collaboration in virtual environments.
Our approach allows people to be in a face-to-face f-formation, promoting the sense of co-presence, and improving object-related communication accuracy.
MAGIC addresses the problem of different viewpoints and the natural occlusions that arise from it, by allowing people to view the same workspace PoV while subtly altering the remote participant gestures to match the same reference space.
Our work is the first to support face-to-face collaboration with a shared viewpoint without apparent avatar manipulation or resorting to additional tools to perform the communication (e.g., pointers).

Results from a user study show that MAGIC improved participants' pointing agreement during
tasks using pointing gestures and increased the sense of co-presence,
while being unnoticeable to
users.
These findings validate our initial hypothesis and clear the way for future research on remote face-to-face meetings
in virtual environments.
Although our study was conducted in VR, we envision our approach to be relevant for general Mixed Reality scenarios. However, this generalization to MR was not formally evaluated, remaining as future work.

Future work could extend our approach to multi-user settings and apply MAGIC to more complex real-life tasks\revision{, expanding to dynamic workspaces where users can manipulate the objects under analysis}.
Moreover, as we could see that subtle manipulations of pointing gestures had such positive impacts, future work should focus on more complex body representations.
Interestingly, gaze and posture can communicate different intents in non-verbal ways, including cooperativeness, social status, and turn-taking, among others~\cite{holograms19}. We would be interested in exploring whether we can manipulate such cues by subtly warping a remote speaker's gaze and posture (e.g., correcting one's gaze and posture to promote likeness and cooperation).
\revision{Additionally, while other works have explored other ways of improving the use of pointing gestures in collaborative environments by complementing these with the use of pointers and sketches \cite{kim2019,DBLP:conf/iccsa/ConteroNJC03,pereira2004cascading}, we were interested in improving "raw pointing" to mimic real-world interactions better. Whether our approach could be further improved by complementing it with external tools remains future work.}
Finally, we designed our approach to manipulate remote user movements imperceptibly.
However, we would like to explore whether perceptible exaggerated distortions have the potential to improve collaboration.
Many inspiring examples come from the \textit{Commedia dell'Arte}
soap operas, cartoons, mime, and many other forms of communication through exaggeration, and more generally looking at user interfaces as theatre~\cite{laurel14}.

\section*{APPENDIX}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.95\textwidth]{figures/10-user-preferences-results.pdf}
\caption{Results from the user preferences questionnaire for both MAGIC(M) and Veridical(V) conditions. * indicates statistical significance.}
    \label{fig:table-user-preferences}
\end{table}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Hornsey Town Hall, so what's happening?
Hornsey Town Hall – a solution nears? Is Crouch End right to be wary?
Neighbourhood Planning in St Ives hits the national headlines!
Reservoir Cottage – to be demolished?


We have completed our first month of school already and can't believe how much easier life is for us this year. Someone told us any major transition in life takes at least a year and they were so right. Last year we kind of felt like we were on a spiraling water slide going a bit too fast and just hanging on for the ride, while this year we feel much more at home. One big reason for that is our current home — we're living on the school campus and just loving it. We're away from the hustle and bustle of the city and have so much more freedom now with coming and going to school. It has made our family and work life much more manageable.
Our second year teaching at NCA Matagalpa also feels much more manageable. Everything is just easier the second time around, especially teaching in new roles in a foreign country. Mike is teaching PE this year to Kindergarten through 9th grades, with a new block schedule for secondary grades. Mike now has a teacher's aide for his combined classes of 50+ students, who is training to possibly take over as the PE teacher next year.
I have a new class of Kindergartners transitioning very nicely to school. My teacher in training, Karla, is doing a wonderful job this year stepping into her role as student teacher. It is amazing to see the growth she has made in her learning and understandings since the beginning of last school year. Karla is gradually taking on more responsibility in the classroom with the goal to be full-time student teaching by mid-year. We are being very intentional with planning, organizing, and creating materials so that Karla will have an easy transition next year when she will be the full time Kindergarten teacher. This relationship is the main reason why we knew we needed to be here one more year, so it is very rewarding to see how excited and open she is to learning and growing as a teacher.
We're all enjoying having outside space, aka the school campus, at our new home! And so far we're getting by without a car. We take the bus into town for church and errands, and friends have been very generous with giving us rides and lending their car for grocery runs (thank you Carey & Maricel!).
We're looking forward to what this year will bring and confident we made the right decision in returning! Thanks to all of you who have helped to make this teaching mission possible, we have almost reached our fundraising goal! If you would like to make a tax-deductible donation please click on the donation banner at the top of the page.


Welcome to our website where we hope you can find all the information you need for your studies in Christian education.
If you would like to study with us, you will find our Bible College in Central Scotland.
We offer a variety of courses from to suit different needs, interests, time and finances.
Our degrees are intended for Ecclesiastical purposes rather than secular applications. We shall be happy to discuss with you any of the programmes you find of interest and answer any questions that you may have.
Please feel free to download our prospectus which will give you an overview of the College and the programmes it offers.


Welcome to the website of Tennispark Overdam!
Tennispark Overdam is located close to shopping centre Leidsenhage in Leidschendam. It totals 14 all-weather tennis courts. We would like to inform you about the possibilities of our tennis park. Please choose "Tennis" or "Lessons" above for more information.


The legendary Ivory Route where the great tuskers still tramp their ancient pathways through dense sand-forest and tall yellow grass. This is Tembe Elephant Park, a 300 square kilometer reserve between Zululand and Mozambique, home to Africa's largest elephants as well as the smallest antelope, the suni.
The Big Five also find their home here – lion, leopard, black and white rhino and buffalo, as well as more than 340 bird species and myriad other animals and plants. It is a world of hot silence and white sand, where the busy modern world ceases to exist and only the rising and setting of the sun marks the passage of time.
Your accommodation is in canvas tents so as not to block out the sounds of the bush; an outdoor shower under the stars or in the early morning sunlight is a wonderful way to feel as if you are standing under a (warm) waterfall in the middle of the wilderness.


text:
Ford stock
F Stock Price Ford Motor Co
F | Complete Ford Motor Co. stock news by MarketWatch. View real-time stock prices and stock quotes for a full financial overview
F: Get the latest Ford Motor stock price and detailed information including F news, historical charts and realtime prices
View the latest Ford Motor Co. (F) stock price, news, historical charts, analyst ratings and financial information from WSJ
Ford Motor Co. analyst estimates, including F earnings per share estimates and analyst recommendations
Ford (F) New York Stock Exchange. F. $11.94 $0.21 1.8% Price as of April 22, 2021, 4:00 p.m. ET View Interactive F Charts. From its assembly lines in the early 1900s to the Mustang and the F.
F Stock FORD MOTOR Stock Price Today Markets Inside
Historical daily share price chart and data for Ford Motor since 1972 adjusted for splits. The latest closing stock price for Ford Motor as of April 23, 2021 is 12.22.. The all-time high Ford Motor stock closing price was 42.45 on May 03, 1999.; The Ford Motor 52-week high stock price is 13.62, which is 11.5% above the current share price.; The Ford Motor 52-week low stock price is 4.52, which. På Ford arbetar vi för att göra ditt liv enklare. Oavsett om det gäller en ny bil eller service på en äldre bil. Välkommen att ta del av våra senaste erbjudanden. Privat. Företag. Service. Nyheter Ford Nyheter Mach-E V Everything. Kör Mustang Mach-E snabbare än en raket? Kan dess. Ford stock has an EPS Rating of 75 out of 99, which compares quarterly and annual earnings-per-share growth with all other stocks. While that score could be better, it has improved since the last. Get the latest Ford Motor Company (F) stock news and headlines to help you in your trading and investing decisions
F Ford Motor Co. Stock Price & News - WS
Valuing Ford Motor Company stock is incredibly difficult, and any metric has to be viewed as part of a bigger picture of Ford Motor Company's overall performance. However, analysts commonly use some key metrics to help gauge the value of a stock. Ford Motor Company's P/E ratio Ford Stock Is Trending In The Stock Market, Is Time To Buy [Or Sell] The Automaker?If you are looking for electric vehicle stocks to buy, you would most probably be looking at Tesla (NASDAQ: TSLA. How I'm Playing Ford Stock. As noted at the outset, I'm long just 100 shares of Ford and 10 Jan 2023 $15 LEAPS call options. I will continue to add to my stock position. I'm using the options as a. Ford® is Built for America. Discover the latest lineup in new Ford vehicles! Explore hybrid & electric vehicle options, see photos, build & price, search inventory, view pricing & incentives & see the latest technology & news happening at Ford
F Ford Motor Co. Analyst Estimates MarketWatc
Stock quote and company snapshot for FORWARD INDUSTRIES INC (FORD), including profile, stock chart, recent news and events, analyst opinions, and research reports
View the latest F stock quote and chart on MSN Money. Dive deeper with interactive charts and top stories of FORD MOTOR COMPANY
F stock doesn't reflect the positive catalysts that will boost results after the economy is reopened. Here's why you shouldn't sleep on Ford
R. Ford stock could surge 127% if the company is able to carve out a new revenue stream from data subscriptions, Morgan Stanley says. The prediction comes after Ford announced it is entering. Ford Motor Co F Quote Stock Analysis News Price vs Fair Value Trailing Returns Financials Valuation Operating Performance Dividends Ownership Executive Sponsor Center. Ford stock still looks like a good buy. Ford and General Motors stock have looked strong in 2021 even though EV stocks like Tesla and NIO have sagged. We might finally be seeing a shift from EV.
Will Ford's stock pop after earnings? Here's my take: I think Ford will report OK-but-not-great operating results for the quarter because of the pickup shortage, and a net loss because of those. Writing about Ford (NYSE: F) hasn't been easy in recent years.The coronavirus is the latest issue to plague F stock. Down almost 23% (including dividends) in the past month through March 4, one. Introducing the all-electric 2021 Mustang Mach-E SUV. Built from the Mustang heritage, the Mach-E has all the power & passion but zero emissions. See the future of exhilaration Ford stock dividend history. Ford's long-term dividend history is mixed considering a previous suspension between 2006 and 2011, along with an inconsistent pattern of hikes and rate cuts going.
The Ford Motor Company, commonly known as Ford, is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit.It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand, and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand Learn how to buy Ford stock. Weigh the pros, cons, financial outlook and more and determine if Ford (NYSE: F) is a right fit for your protfolio Ford Stock Gets Two Thumbs Up. Entrepreneur. 15 hours ago. Why You Should Buy Ford (NYSE: F) Stock. Yahoo Finance. 1 day ago. Why Ford (F) is Set to Maintain Earnings Beat Streak in Q1 From 1919 to 1956, all stock in the company was owned by members of the Ford Family, the Edison Institute and the Ford Foundation. First offered to the public on January 18, 1956, when the Ford Foundation began to sell its stock in the company. The price was $64.50 per share. The stock first traded on the New York Stock Exchange on March 7, 1956 Get Ford Motor Co (F:NYSE) real-time stock quotes, news, price and financial information from CNBC
Find real-time F - Ford Motor Co stock quotes, company profile, news and forecasts from CNN Business Ford Motor Company (F) Stock Sinks As Market Gains: What You Should Know. Ford Motor Company (F) closed the most recent trading day at $12.73, moving -1.47% from the previous trading session. 1 week ago - Zacks Investment Research 16 equities research analysts have issued 12-month target prices for Ford Motor's shares. Their forecasts range from $5.00 to $16.00. On average, they expect Ford Motor's stock price to reach $11.31 in the next year. This suggests that the stock has a possible downside of 7.6%. View analysts' price targets for Ford Motor or view top-rated.
Ford Motor. Despite a $4.4 billion decline in revenues, Ford Motor Co. retains its position as America's largest carmaker by revenue for a second consecutive year—the first time it has done so. Ford Motor stock price prediction is an act of determining the future value of Ford shares using few different conventional methods such as EPS estimation, analyst consensus, or fundamental intrinsic valuation.The successful prediction of Ford stock future price could yield a significant profit Ford stock is much cheaper than many of the newly listed EV (electric vehicle) stocks, and its market cap is lower than NIO's. At their peak in 2020, Nikola, XPeng Auto, and Li Auto had higher.
Ford (F) Stock Price, News & Info The Motley Foo
Ford stock closed Tuesday at $7.23 per share - the lowest since 2009. Ford, which has been criticized for its lack of transparency, will offer a concrete plan to investors, Farley said Ford United States. Hours: Monday-Friday: 8:00am-8:00pm EST Phone: +1-800-392-3673 For the hearing-or speech-impaired: Please contact the Telecommunications Relay Service by dialing 711. Address: Ford Motor Company, Customer Relationship Center, P.O. Box 6248, Dearborn, MI 48126 Ford Canad
Ford Motor Company Shareholder Relations P.O. Box 6248 Dearborn, MI 48126. Telephone: (800) 555-5259 (U.S. and Canada) (313) 845-8540 (International FORD. , 2M Long. Shammus01 Feb 14. The top of the funnel is $67 if drawn straight up from today's candle. When I entered the trade at $1.03 on Jan 4th 2020, my target was $50, but a year and change has passed, and we're in a different area now, aren't we? So, I raise my target from $50 to whatever the price is when it finally reaches the. Ford (F) is a legacy car maker, with none of the glitz attached to the new electric vehicle players. However, so far, this year it is giving the upstarts a run for their money where market.
Ford Motor - 49 Year Stock Price History F MacroTrend
Shares of Ford (NYSE: F) recently had their one-year anniversary of the current rally's starting point. This is the first consistent march north in years and marks a new departure for the automobile stalwart, S&P 500 4,134.98. Why You Should Buy Ford (NYSE: F) Stock Share Is Ford Stock Worth Investing In? The Ford Motor Company has been reducing the number of vehicles in its product catalog. Both brands and models have gone under the axe under the company's One Ford program. As recently as 2007, Ford boasted 27 vehicles in its model line-up. In 2015, the company released just 12 models In this video I'm going to be going over Ford $F stock and its announcement to switch to full electric vehicles. Analyst are bullish on Ford and its recent Q.. Preferred stock is a special equity security that has properties of both equity and debt. Ford Motor Co's preferred stock for the quarter that ended in Dec. 2020 was $0 Mil.. The market value of preferred stock needs to be added to the market value of common stocks in the calculation of Enterprise Value.Ford Motor Co's Enterprise Value for the quarter that ended in Dec. 2020 was $148,839 Mil
Ford Swede
Ford Motor reports earnings after the close on Wednesday, and the stock is too cheap to ignore given its P/E ratio of 5.83 and dividend yield of 5.43%
Ford stock is trading at 12.06 as of the 23rd of April 2021, a 1.00% increase since the beginning of the trading day. The stock's lowest day price was 11.87. Get the latest Ford detailed stock quotes, stock trade data, stock price info, and performance analysis, including Ford investment advice, charts, stats and more
Ford stock is up 4.5% in recent trading, at $10.47. The S&P 500 is up 1.1%. Write to Al Root at allen.root@dowjones.com. Close. Ford Has a Hidden Asset Just Like GM. Its Stock Could Rise Soon Too
Al ser vehículos en stock deberá reservar la unidad en su concesionario, hasta cuyo momento podrá ser vendida. Para evitar cualquier duda, la información ofrecida en este sitio web, incluidos los precios orientativos, no constituye oferta alguna por parte de Ford para vender ningún vehículo al precio aproximado
Ford Motor stock forecast & analyst price target predictions based on 15 analysts offering 12-months price targets for F in the last 3 months
https://buycripto.tradermate.tech/post/time-to-buy-ford-stock-f-stock-analysis1618875917Interested in ford stock?LEARN MORE ABOUT ford stockSee full report a..
Ford stock lost 3.9% to 9.09. Meanwhile, Tesla rose 3.35% despite Model X and Model Y recalls covering 9,500 vehicles. Nio ( NIO ) initially fell as China launched a nationwide review of electric.
Ford Stock A Buy? Pivotal Week For Auto Giant At Key
Find The Right Part for Your Ford Vehicle. Search by VIN, Vehicle, or Part #. Official Ford Parts Site · 2 Year Warranty · Free Shipping Order $75+* · Full Online Catalo Ford's stock trades around $9 at time of publishing, off the 52-week low of $3.96. See Also: How To Invest in Ford Stock. Sentiment was extremely tight for this week's study 02:55PM. Is Ford (F) Stock A Buy or Sell? Insider Monkey. Ford Motor Company designs, manufactures, markets, and services a range of Ford trucks, cars, sport utility vehicles, electrified vehicles, and Lincoln luxury vehicles worldwide. It operates through three segments: Automotive, Mobility, and Ford Credit
Ford Motor Co. () Stock Market info Recommendations: Buy or sell Ford Motor stock? Wall Street Stock Market & Finance report, prediction for the future: You'll find the Ford Motor share forecasts, stock quote and buy / sell signals below.According to present data Ford Motor's F shares and potentially its market environment have been in a bullish cycle in the last 12 months (if exists) This report has 4 sections that will help you gain valuable insights regarding Ford Motor Company (F) stock's past 10-year history. Note: We will update this report at most every month or at least every quarter (there can be exceptions). The data range used to generate this report is between 2011-04-09 and 2021-04-06 Jim Cramer: 'You Have to Buy' Ford Stock. Jim Cramer sat down with Ford ( F) - Get Report CEO Jim Farley on Thursday night. Farley said the goal at Ford is to modernize their operations and stay.
Ford Motor Company (F) Latest Stock News & Headlines
Cramer said Ford is a value stock for investors to buy because it's new leadership is changing the culture. A guy like Jim Farley [Ford CEO] who is changing the culture and there is no clearer.
Ford is for South Africa. From the legendary Ford Cortina to today's iconic Ranger, we've been part of the fabric of South Africa for almost 100 years - investing in our people, in our communities and in the environment - as we look to an even brighter, more innovative future for our country. Because Ford is for South Africa
Ford Stock Dips After Idling F-150 Production. The security boasts a 40.7% rise in 2021. Jake Scott Assistant Editor Mar 26, 2021 at 10:39 AM.
al. Car industry his whole life. He is making meaningful change to Ford and can show he can keep his promises
Forward Industries, Inc.'s stock rating is based on fundamental analysis. Don't miss FORD stock next rating changes..
Buy Ford Motor Company (F) stock [Updated daily] finder
Ford stock has seen historically-low values during the COVID-19 pandemic, with some being the lowest recorded in over a decade.This week's $12.23 per share price places the value at $2.81 above the $9.42 per share mark at which Ford stock opened the 2020 calendar year, which may be a sign that a more sustained turnaround is on the horizon, although the global economic and political climate. The latest range of Ford cars. From the Fiesta and Focus to the Mustang and Ranger, check out the Ford models specifications, technologies & images here Discover Ford Australia's latest line-up of passenger cars, SUVs and commercial vehicles. Explore the range and find a vehicle to suit your lifestyl Ford's retail sales exceeded 2020 and 2019 sales levels. Our customers are really embracing our new electrified vehicle lineup. The all-new fully electric Mustang Mach-E and the F-150 PowerBoost Hybrid lifted Ford's overall electrified vehicle sales to a record start in the first quarter with sales up 74 percent over a year ago, said Ford's Vice President of Sales U.S. and Canada.
Is Ford (F) Stock A Better EV Stock To Buy Than Nio
Ford Can Be Fixed. Why Its Stock Could Double. Ford Motor is the fifth-largest auto maker in the world based on the number of vehicles it sold last year, but it barely cracks the top 15 in stock. Shares of Ford (NYSE: F) recently had their one-year anniversary of the current rally's starting point. This is the first consistent march north in years and marks a new departure for the.
I Bought Ford Stock, Even Though It Doesn't Pay A Dividend
Ford stock is trading near $8.50 per share, down from $13 at the start of 2018 and 52% from its 2014 high of $17.72. Analysts don't seem particularly enthusiastic about the stock; two have revised. Ford Stock Crashed Hard In 48 Days. After coronavirus sent equities into a worldwide free fall, Ford stock's losses really got started. From Feb. 4 to Mar. 23, the stock experienced a dreadful 56% crash from $9.18 to $4.01. Sure, the entire stock market crashed during that time, but not as hard as Ford stock did Ford Motor Co. is as close as any major U.S. manufacturer is to ruin.The trouble is reflected in Ford shares. Ford's stock is off 45% in the last three months, which compares unfavorably with. Farley also seems to be accelerating Ford's shift to EVs upping planned EV investments to $29bn by 2025 and targeting only BEV passenger vehicles in Europe by 2030. Our $15 price target is based on 3.5x 22E EV to EBITDA.. Disclaimer: This content is intended for informational purposes. Before making any investment, you should do your own. Ford Motor Company is the only major American automotive company that didn't file for bankruptcy in 2009. Because of this, you may want to purchase stock in the car company. Typically you need to purchase stock through some sort of stock brokerage company and pay a processing fee, but it is possible to purchase the stock directly from the Ford Motor Company
Ford® - New Hybrid & Electric Vehicles, SUVs, Crossovers
Ford | Köp dina begagnade bildelar här. Sortering: Popularitet | Modell. Fiesta. FORD FIESTA I (1976 - 1983) Escort. FORD ESCORT (1968 - 1975 Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan. 15,855,492 likes · 13,236 talking about this · 280,444 were here. We build the most beloved truck on the road. The iconic American sports car. And the SUV most.. Market Data is delayed by 15 minutes and is for informational and/or educational purposes only. In certain circumstances, securities with respect to which the relevant exchange has commenced delisting proceedings may continue to be traded pending appeal of that determination Ford Motor Company (F) Stock Sinks As Market Gains: What You Should Know Zacks - Wed Apr 7, 4:45PM CDT Zacks Equity Research - ZACKS - Wed Apr 7, 4:45PM CDT Ford Motor Company (F) closed the most recent trading day at $12.73, moving -1.47% from the previous trading session In depth view into Ford Motor Stock Buybacks (Quarterly) including historical data from 1972, charts, stats and industry comps
FORD Stock Snapshot - Fidelit
Find ford stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day Ford System Status. FordEtis performance metrics for system availability measured as system uptime can be accessed from the link below. The metric which will be published weekly shows the previous weeks performance in detail and a 12 week view. Additional metrics will be available soon ford performance debuts new carbon fiber parts for mustang shelby gt500; 12,000-pound ford performance parts winch by warn now available for super duty pickups; here's the proper way to put down stock coyote mustang after third-gear wheelie; how the new ford bronco was designed for easy customization and endless personalizatio
With thousands of used Ford cars in stock, we've got the car that'll meet your needs. Ford Motability. With a range of Ford models available from Nil Advance Payment, we are sure to find you your perfect new car. Nearly-New Ford Cars. Browse our range of. The Ford Motor Company is an American automaker and the world's fifth largest automaker based on worldwide vehicle sales.Based in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, the automaker was founded by Henry Ford, on June 16, 1903.Ford Motor Company would go on to become one of the largest and most profitable companies in the world, as well as being one of the few to survive the Great Depression Ford stock has historically been a terrible investment. Shares have dramatically underperformed the market over the last decade. While Ford's business is struggling, things could be set to change. Jim Hackett, Ford's money-losing CEO, finally announced his retirement Stock analysis for Forward Industries Inc (FORD:NASDAQ CM) including stock price, stock chart, company news, key statistics, fundamentals and company profile The Ford range combines style, comfort and reliability to provide an enjoyable drive with every journey. If you're looking for a car that provides both a powerful and practical drive, Ford is the ideal carmaker for you. Why Buy a New Ford from Bristol Street Motors? We stock an extensive range of new Ford car
Oktoberfest Sammlerkrug 2018.
2018 C63 AMG sedan.
Eltako dosdimmer trådlös.
Biblio Strängnäs.
Bästa deckare 2020.
Knowit aktiebolag publ.
Huvudrätt nyår fisk.
Nyamko Sabuni utbildning.
Konstnärsbaren ägare.
WoW guild recruitment.
Daily Mirror Wiki.
Leishmania människa.
Gratis studioprogram.
Bring returnera paket.
Resebyrå Thailand Stockholm.
Varför använda kontaktor.
Immobilien Gildehaus.
Outlook quick part.
Gucci snake Boots dupe.
Bosch SKS62E22EU installation manual.
Djungelboken 2018.
Hakuna matata meaning Telugu.
Putin Navalny.
Tricykliska antidepressiva exempel.
Civ 6 steel.
Medicin på flyget.
Kontrollhandbok butik.
Fettfrysning före och efter bilder.
Ubåt Utö 1980.
Cykelkärra Biltema.
Teenage engineering od 11 review.
Carmel, Indiana.
D dimer normalvärde.
Zahnarzt Kalkar.
Tillmatningsset erfarenhet.
Kärnkraftverk Finland.
Sherlock Holmes born.
Sondmatning maskin.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Genocide, Global Control, Technology, Terrorism February 10, 2020 February 11, 2020
Lord Pirbright's, Henry de Worms's son of Baron Solomon de Worms, the "Court Jew" of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) land is the home of one of the oldest corporate biological weaponization facilities in England-the Pirbright Institute.
This land is contiguous with a military installation and a nefarious corporate satellite company that has K, Ku, and N Band access and advertises that it can essentially do anything you want done in broadcasting and satellites-"doublespeak" for space experiments.
The Pirbright Institute is the home of numerous animal-human coronavirus patents. Military, biological, and satellite broadcasting "experiments" continue the tradition of Henry de Worms and their banking family's corporate interests in controlling all aspects of British Imperial empire building. Solomon de Worms had huge plantations in Ceylon where their corporate evil experiments where similar to the Rothschild's fleecing of Africa with Cecil Rhodes. Resource fleecing and pharmaceutical experimentation on "natives" was simply "good business" to the fathers of what latter became Imperialistic globalism through the Empire Press Union's plan of corporate hegemony.
To read more on the Pirbright Institute, read:
The British False Flag Called Coronavirus
The pictures below show us that Cobbett's Earth Hill Station has multiple underground satellite dishes which must be fed by tunnels that hide the real work that is going on with these large dish antennae. There is also clear evidence of microwave dishes that handle N Band transmissions that are usually used by the military, as well as large feed antenna in both the antenna fields (underground) and the "experimental" station. The station is quite large for so few above ground antenna.
If Cobbett does what it advertises, it must have underground facilities with NSA type gear that can broadcast and receive – pretty much anything (think "Five Eyes"). The giant tower in the station is anybody's guess but looks like an early accelerator particle beam antenna. The large dish antennae could also focus energy to orbiting satellites or intercept any type of broadcast transmission. Thus, Cobbett Hill Earth Station looks like a corporate "military backed" organization. This is bolstered by the military base connected to it and the biological warfare labs of Pirbright Institute.
Here is a Google Earth map aerial link so that you can look around the area:
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Cobbett+Hill+Earth+Station/@51.272976,-0.6484404,702m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x4875d6af078c4bc9:0xa8e5b4abec454886!8m2!3d51.2709221!4d-0.6493094
A related post that we made on this subject is inside the link below:
Blue Star Strategy Group and Dutko Worldwide
Info that we posted on today's Cat Report on Henry deWorms that is referenced above:
Baron Henry de Worms (Lord Pirbright), under Sec. of State for the Colonies, approved the British South Africa Company handed to Cecil Rhodes. He also approved (didn't interfere) the DeBeers deal with his Rothschild relatives. He ran cover for Rhodes in the Parliament. He also managed the affairs at the Patent Office concurrent with Nicholai Tesla filing his patents for wireless, free energy, etc. He managed and funded the Crown Agents worldwide.
De Worms approved the DeBeers deal between Rhodes and his Rothschild relatives.
Evidently, Baron Henry de Worms gave Rhodes free reign to develop his global political philosophies and give them legs. (The Round Table… later became The Pilgrims Society
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1891/mar/13/crown-agents-for-the-colonies#S3V0351P0_18910313_HOC_29
Baron Henry de Worms was the middle man between the British government and Rhodes
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1891/apr/20/threatened-troubles-in-south-africa#S3V0352P0_18910420_HOC_37
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1891/may/05/the-south-africa-company#S3V0353P0_18910505_HOC_21
De Worms gave Rhodes a sweetheart inside deal.
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1891/apr/20/south-africa-company#S3V0352P0_18910420_HOC_57
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1890/jun/06/south-african-chartered-company#S3V0345P0_18900606_HOC_38
Proof De Worms was managing Cecil Rhodes from the outset
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1890/jun/23/the-south-african-company#S3V0345P0_18900623_HOC_19
De Worms played hands off on the DeBeers –Rhodes-Rothschild mine deal
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1889/feb/25/south-africa-the-de-beers-mine#S3V0333P0_18890225_HOC_7
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1889/apr/05/the-south-african-gold-fields-the-rudd#S3V0334P0_18890405_HOC_91
De Worms had charge of the UK Patent and Trademark Office – Right when Tesla was filing his many patents! Just like Geoffrey Pattie in 1995
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nikola_Tesla_patents#Patents_#1%E2%80%93#50
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1887/apr/05/patent-office-committee-report-and#S3V0313P0_18870405_HOC_18
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/baron-henry-de-worms/1887
Wellcome Trust = privatized (fascist) British Government
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1998/jul/13/manufacturing-and-industrial-relations
Manufacturing and Industrial Relations
HC Deb 13 July 1998 vol 316 cc19-78
7 thoughts on "What is going on at Cobbett Hill Earth Station, U.K.?"
John Barnwell says:
Selbstständige Publikationen von Henry de Worms
● (Henry Worms) The earth and its mechanism. being an account of the various proofs of the rotation of the earth. With a description of the instruments used in the experimental demonstrations, to which is added the theory of [Léon] Foucault's pendulum and gyroscope. With numerous woodcuts and diagrams. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green 1862, xiv. 296 S.
● (Henry Worms) National education. A speech delivered at the Literary and Mechanics Institute, Egham. London: [ohne Verlagsangabe] 1868, 9 S.
● (Henry Worms) Two speeches addressed to the freemen and electors of the united borough of Sandwich, Deal, & Walmer, on July 16th and 17th, 1868. [London: ohne Verlagsangabe 1868], 22 S.
● (Anonym) The Austro-Hungarian Empire and the policy of Count [Friedrich Ferdinand] Beust. A political sketch of men and events from 1866 to 1870, by an Englishman. London: Chapman and Hall 1870, xvii, 331 S.
● The Eastern question. Speech delivered at Manchester, by Baron Henry De Worms, on the occasion of the inauguration of the Junior Conservative Club, Monday, January 29th, 1877. Manchester: Manchester Conservative Association 1877, 18 S.
● England's policy in the East. London: Chapman and Hall 1877, vii, 181 S.
● Home and foreign policy of the Conservative government. Three speeches by Baron Henry de Worms to the electors of Greenwich. London: United Borough of Greenwich Conservative Association 1880, 70 S.
● The government policy at home and abroad. A speech delivered by Baron Henry De Worms, M. P., at the Free Trade Hall, Manchester, on February 14th, 1883. London: National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations 1883, 15 S.
● (Mit Thomas William Boord & Arthur Hill Hasted Mercer) An appeal to the Enfranchised and Electors of Great Britain. Showing the ideas of their duty to their constituency, as represented by their treatment of my case. [London: Selbstverlag 1885], 16 S.
● (Herausgeber) Friedrich Ferdinand Count von Beust: Memoirs of Friedrich Ferdinand Count von Beust. Written by himself. With an introduction containing personal reminiscences of Count Beust's career as Prime Minister of Austria and Austrian Ambassador in London, by Baron Henry de Worms. London: Remington 1887, 2 Bände (Original: Aus drei Viertel-Jahrhunderten. Erinnerungen und Aufzeichnungen. Stuttgart 1887):
1. Band: 1887, xcv, 398 S.
2. Band: 1887, xv, 391 S.
Will send this over to the AFI miners, John. Thanks.
Busy chaps,eh?
linda4light says:
https://www.infowars.com/chinese-propaganda-video-shows-coronavirus-victims-in-detainment-facility-dancing/
Look like you've opened a big can of Worms – excuse the pun
That's funny. And true.


text:
THE ART OF THE DETAIL
By ELIZABETH L.B. TAYLOR ;Courant Staff Writer
This is the last in a series of looks at gardens in Bolton and Manchester.
It is a meandering path along antique blue stone and granite that leads visitors through time and foreign lands as Joyce Trainer gives a tour of her gardens on Walek Farms Road.
Trainer, 57, is a consummate garden connoisseur. She belongs to garden clubs and horticultural societies. She goes on garden tours and surfs the Internet to find design classes. Then there are the magazines -- five in all -- which she reads each month.
She travels to England every year to view gardens, modeling her own plantings around the English style of organization, placement and structure.
She's an artist in her own right, creating impressionist-style paintings out of oils. And yes, she paints gardens.
All this knowledge is put to good use, as her gardens all have themes, adhering to historical traditions and spatial theories.
The right side of her house in Manchester, which plays host to the springtime garden, is fashioned after a Scottish garden. Trainer sought the look of a 17th century stable yard as she planned out this section of the gardens.
As the path ends at the rear of the house, opposite a slate-roofed gazebo built by her husband, David, an English cottage garden unfolds all along the rear of the house.
Bursting with color, the cottage garden, or herbaceous border, as Trainer calls it, holds eight varieties of phlox, rudebekia, coneflower, globe thistle, sedum, coriopsis, roses, clematis, and much more.
Right behind the cottage garden, hidden during the dog days of summer, behind the tall flowers, is the evergreen garden. Come the winter, the evergreen garden will show its colors, filling in the space when everything else dies off.
As the cottage garden recedes to the right, the grass path takes a turn to the left, back toward the front of the house, and the native American garden comes into view.
Native shrubs, grasses and flowering plants line the fence along Keeney Street, creating the American farm effect Trainer sought for this area.
She has given a lot of thought to each garden, ensuring bloom and color throughout the year.
All the garden supports for her tall plants are handmade. In the farm garden, copper tubing holds up peonies, and custom wrought iron curves support roses and clematis. In the cottage garden, thick rope is looped through weathered wooden fence posts, to support the phlox and other tall flowers.
Trainer said she likes to garden because she loves to be creative. She finds gardening a relaxing change after a day of managing people at her job as director of human resources at the Savings Bank of Manchester.
"You create something, and then you get to watch the colors and how light flows through the garden and how the fragrances blend together," she said.
The gardens are not low maintenance, and Trainer said she owes much of the gardens' beauty to her husband, who builds all the arbors and related wooden structures.
Trainer said it was largely her husband's influence that motivated the couple to move from their condominium on East Center Street and build their Walek Farms home in 1995. Her husband wanted to retire, and he wanted more space.
The condo never curtailed Joyce Trainer's gardening interests. She gardened in pots during her 10 years of condo living.
But the new house gave her the space to take her gardening talents further. Her gardens have become an integral part of her life.
In each garden she has erected some sort of unique bench, with variations on many themes of wood and marble. Each morning before work, and each evening after work, Trainer strolls her pathways, sitting on each bench, in each garden. She studies the light patterns, and the changing colors and textures of her plants.
Her mind wanders and she continuously schemes about new creations and layouts for the gardens.
A glass conservatory will one day replace the back patio, and high wooden fencing will soon adorn the gazebo's exterior. She has plans for a small wooden house, to be built in the native American garden.
The front gardens need an overhaul too, she said. The theme has not yet emerged, but she has ideas.
It is all a continuous process, and Joyce enjoys all the aspects.
The ground's overall layout is carefully designed, leading the eye onwards to the next garden. There is no dead space.
As the journey around the house concludes back at the driveway, the serenity of the flower and shrub-lined pathways lingers on.


Special room to gain research insights.
UP Engglib's collection of theses, feasibility studies, and plant designs is housed in the Thesis Rooms where students and researchers can freely browse through to find information and gain insights relevant to their fields of study. Please bear in mind, though, that these researches are the results of the intellectual minds and hard effort of UP COE students and, therefore, should never be reproduced in any way without appropriate consent from the authors. Proper citation is also necessary when using other person's ideas in your own researches.