text:
January Brickleton News
The January Brickleton News will soon be dropping through your door. For those that prefer the digital version a copy can be downloaded here:
bricnews_jan_20_web.pdf
Downland Ward Councillor Report for December 2019
Parish Council Report for December 2019
From Councillor Clive Hooker (West Berkshire Council, Downlands Ward) West Berkshire Council
This month I have attended several civic events on behalf the Chairman of West Berkshire Council. Most memorable were the Shaw House Christmas Fair, where I was pleased to welcome those who came along to see and buy craft works, clothes, cards and gifts for Christmas. Outside were kitchens providing hot drinks and food, the occasion was a great success and a big thank you to those who organised the day and decked the halls and rooms of Shaw House to make it look and feel festive for the occasion. Also, to all of those who in some cases travelled long distances with their stalls to support the event.
I attended the Save the Children Carol Service in St Nicolas Church in Newbury where children from John Rankin Juniors, Enborne, Theale, Shaw-Cum-Donnington, Thatcham Park, Welford and Wickham, Stockcross, St Finian's, St Joseph's, The Castle and Spurcroft schools all contributed to individual and mass choir singing of carols and Christmas songs. It was a most enjoyable and moving evening.
I also attended the St Finian's School carol service at the Ridgeway in Thatcham, where the Head Teacher, Mrs Jarratt, conducted the school choir in singing and re-enacting the Christmas story, again a very enjoyable evening demonstrating the talent and commitment of the pupils in performing such a wonderful evening of song and stories.
I attended a Christmas carol service at St Lawrence's Church at the invitation of Councillor Helen Simpson, Mayor of Hungerford. We were accompanied by the Hungerford Town Band under the leadership of Tim Crouch. It was a full church of enthusiastic singers who enjoyed mulled wine and mince pies following the service.
I also attended the turning on of the Christmas lights in Hungerford by the well-known singer Will Young and ably assisted by the Mayor, Councillor Helen Simpson. A large number of the residents of Hungerford turned out to greet Will and see the lights dutifully turn on when he threw the switch!
I had the pleasure of chairing the West Berkshire Lottery Board meeting, when the Board considered applications from deserving and qualifying local organisations. Grants were given to eleven organisations to help continue and improve the wonderful diverse services they provide to the children and residents of our district.
My apologies to all of my Parish Councils that met during December as I did not manage to make any of them due to other commitments, but I hope attend those that I can in January.
Following the 2018 Local Government Boundary Commission for England review of West Berkshire wards, the district elections last May saw a reduction in council seats from 52 to 43, and changes to the number of councillors representing wards in some parts of the district.
A consequence of the reduction in elected members has been to reduce the membership on some committees, and change some advisory groups and panels. These changes, alongside the necessary representation on outside bodies, mean that all members have the opportunity to be close to the delivery of WBC services.
I continue to act as Chairman the Western Area Planning Committee, Vice Chairman of the District Planning Committee and sit on the Planning Advisory Group. I also sit on the Joint Consultative Panel and Development Industry Forum.
Despite the run up to the Christmas and New Year break, December has been a busy period within the Council timetable, complicated by the calling of the General Election which utilised a considerable amount of Council strategic resource. 2020 looks equally demanding with a very full forward plan.
As we move towards to the second year of this session of Council, many of the 2019 Conservative Manifesto pledges are being translated into strategy consultations and delivery plans.
The budget for the coming year, whilst still under pressure, has been considerably less painful to build in comparison to previous years – for the first time in a long while WBC will not have to consult externally on service reductions or changes. Rather, with announcements about additional funding for Adult and Children's Social Care, and Education, proposed changes to the budget have avoided major public facing savings.
As referenced in previous reports, with a wider political representation in the Council Chamber we have seen some vibrant exchanges and debate (you are of course very welcome to attend meetings as observers)!
The environment was probably the most talked about issue in 2019 and this will also be a very significant topic going in to 2020 and beyond. The Climate Conference in October was the first stage in a series of conversations relating to the Council's response to the declaration of a climate emergency. We can expect this conversation to continue as we will all need to play our part in delivering the route to carbon zero over the coming decades.
This district, like many others also has issues of the delivering the right housing solutions for people of all ages, as well as caring for our growing elderly populations and vulnerable residents. Having said this, West Berkshire is a vibrant and economically active area within a beautiful location, with excellent transport links and very strong employment.
All these things make West Berkshire a place to be proud of and we can all look forward to 2020 positively.
Council MeetingAs reported last month, the next Council meetings will take place on 9 January (a special meeting to appoint honorary alderman, followed by an ordinary meeting to consider various items including the draft Minerals and Waste Local Plan (more below) and a Revised Statement of Community Involvement). Papers relating to the agenda items for the main meeting discussed further below can be found at http://decisionmaking.westberks.gov.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=116&MId=5159&Ver=4.
Honorary Alderman
At the special meeting referred to above, we will be conferring the title of Honorary Alderman on some of the district's long serving former Councillors including Paul Bryant, Keith Chopping, Adrian Edwards, Graham Jones, Anthony Stansfeld, Quentin Webb, Emma Webster and Mollie Lock. The title will also be bestowed on Pamela Bale but she is unfortunately unable to attend the meeting.
Minerals and Waste Local PlanThe proposed Minerals and Waste Local Plan will be discussed at the ordinary meeting. The draft plan sets out the policies to guide minerals and waste development across the district, and includes site allocations for mineral extraction. These documents and supporting papers can be found in the Council Agenda.
Plastics Recycling petitionWe will also debate a petition seeking that WBC recycles more types of plastic than currently.
The background paper in the agenda pack makes interesting reading – to quote from it:
It will cost the Council up to £1m in capital investment to make necessary modifications at the Council's materials recovery facility at Padworth, so that additional plastic stream can be sorted, plus ongoing annual revenue cost of c £100k to collect this material;
Collecting the materials is relatively easy compared to securing a viable recycling destination for the materials in the UK. If exported overseas as done by many of the UK authorities who collect these additional plastics, then the Council will have limited control over what happens to the waste (whether it is effectively recycled or ends up in landfills/rivers).
Executive meetingDue to purdah a full agenda for the Executive meeting on 19 December couldn't be published in time for the ordinary scheduled meeting, so we had an extraordinary meeting at shorter notice (including a Part II agenda). Then an item got missed off that agenda, so we needed a second extraordinary meeting. So, we ended up having the ordinary meeting, followed by the first extraordinary meeting, then the exclusion of press and public for the Part II meeting, then everyone back for the second extraordinary meeting. All good fun!
Homelessness and Rough Sleeping Strategy
At the main extraordinary Executive meeting the Preventing Homelessness and Rough Sleeping Strategy 2020-25 was adopted. It articulates the core priorities for the next five years with a focus on enhanced prevention and early intervention to address homelessness and rough sleeping and an increased range of housing options and even stronger partnership working (https://citizen.westberks.gov.uk/media/48320/Preventing-Homelessness-and-Rough-Sleeping-Strategy-2020-2025/pdf/Homelessness_Strategy___Delivery_Plan_v2.pdf?m=637124412041870000).
Climate Change Investment Bonds
We also agreed this scheme, subject to due diligence.
A Community Municipal Bond (CMB) is a bond or loan mechanism issued by a Council directly to the public via a Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) regulated crowdfunding platform (WBC is considering Abundance Investment as a provider). CMBs can be used to supplement, diversify or replace sources of borrowing to fund specific infrastructure projects, or to refinance existing debt. They can also be
earmarked for specific suitable projects.
Although the bonds could be used to deliver a wide variety of infrastructure projects, WBC intends to prioritise projects which support its recent declaration of a climate emergency, and the Environment Strategy referred to above.
Individuals (whether West Berkshire residents or not) will be able to invest from £5.00 upwards to support specific projects such as solar panels or tree planting. In return, they will receive Climate Change Bonds and a yield on their investment. This scheme has great potential and could enable the Council to take on important green projects – if our communities invest, it would provide the Council with a cheaper alternative to conventional sources of funds and reduce the overall cost of borrowing to all taxpayers across the district. Keeping the administration as simple as possible is why the Council is seeking to pilot this scheme with an outside organisation.
Subject to completing due diligence on the scheme, which will be funded through the pilot by external funding, the Council hope to launch the scheme to investors in the middle of 2020.
Environment Strategy consultation (from 9 January to 21 February)As reported last month, following the declaration of a climate emergency in July and the Climate Conference in the autumn, which was the next step in the public engagement process, WBC has been working on a draft Environment Strategy with input from the Environment Board and Environment Advisory Group.
The draft strategy covering the period 2020-30 goes out to public consultation on 9 January and provides six weeks for responses. The consultation will be published on the Council's website as well as being highlighted via email and through media and social media channels to those groups and individuals who are particularly engaged in the district's consultation process. Comments on the strategy are welcomed from a wide range of respondents so please do highlight this consultation amongst residents.
This is a significant consultation and the Council also intends to hold a short series of community conversations and focus groups in February before the consultation period closes. It is anticipated that, early in the new year, towns and parishes will be invited to send a delegate to discuss how Parish Councils and Town Councils can get involved in the delivery of the strategy and help motivate communities to play their part in the district working towards carbon-zero by 2030 (these groups will be held at Shaw House).
Representatives from the district's other interested parties such as our young people, environmental lobbyists, climate conference participants, residents and West Berkshire Council staff will also be invited to discuss the draft strategy in a variety of conversations held across the district. We also intend holding meetings with representatives from neighbouring Councils to engage in the wider conversation about how we can work together for the best results for our region.
Adult Social Care Budget 2019/20Further to comments about the budget in the introduction, the ASC budget is currently predicting an underspend for 2019/20, which is hugely encouraging considering the relentless financial pressures on this demand led service. Although it is the single biggest Council service budget, the enhanced financial modelling is proving reliable and provides us with useful data to help predict the spending requirement for service users in both the immediate and mid to longer terms.
Having said this, to highlight how a very small change in numbers can have a massive effect on the end result, after much argument five ASC clients are now having their needs paid for by the NHS through the Continuing Health Care system with a total saving to the ASC budget of £0.6m. To put this into perspective, £0.6m is approximate to a 0.5% increase on council tax.
Housing in West BerkshireWBC's commitment is to make sure that there are homes available in West Berkshire for all stages of our resident's lives. The focus will continue to be on the delivery of affordable housing in the district and is carried through to the new Council Strategy 2019-23 'Building on Our Strengths.'
One of the six priorities for improvement in the strategy relates to housing to 'Develop local infrastructure, including housing, to support and grow the local economy.' Additionally, the West Berkshire Vision 2036, specifically commits to delivering a West Berkshire Housing mix with something for everyone.
Items of note include:
Key regeneration schemes such as Market Street, Newbury which is currently under development for completion by 2021;
Our Local Plan to 2026 which sets out our planning policies based on 551 dwellings per annum. We are delivering 109% of our target according to the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government;
We currently have a seven year housing land supply which has been accepted by planning inspectors at appeal (this will be tested again in the Land at junction of Clayhill Road and Sulhamstead Road appeal);
Our development programme currently has over 800 affordable homes approved with additional units on the horizon;
Our Equity Loan Scheme, First Steps Next Steps, has enabled 35 homes to be purchased by local residents;
We have launched the Housing Service Improvement Plan that will secure more private rented accommodation through a rent incentive scheme, develop a Landlord Forum and an Registered Provider Forum to increase opportunities for growth in housing;
WBC is nearing completion on a joint venture with Sovereign Housing that will increase the number of homes in the district;
We are we are investigating setting up a Local Housing company;
Our housing team has also done some outstanding work with both families and rough sleepers:
We have purchased 18 units of temporary accommodation with a further two under offer. As a result there are no longer any families in B&B accommodation;
33 rough sleepers have been supported to move on from sleeping rough, with current numbers down to 10
Future consultations
There are a number of consultations and delivery plans coming forward in the next quarter which you may wish to respond to:
Council Strategy Delivery Plan;
Playing Pitch Strategy;
West Berkshire Cultural Heritage Strategy;
Housing Strategy;
Local Transport Plan review.
London Road Industrial Estate (LRIE)
Regeneration of the London Road Industrial Estate in Newbury is a long held ambition and important project for the Council which will introduce a new northern gateway into the town by delivering new amenities and improving the vicinity.
Consultants, Avison Young were appointed just before the Christmas break to produce a new development brief and masterplan for the area. Subject to contracts being signed, the consultants will begin work on the masterplan in the coming weeks. In coming up with a new masterplan Avison Young will meet with key stakeholders locally to help inform their report. Proposals will seek to both make best use of the area for the town and ensure on behalf of residents to maximise the Council's financial position as a landowner.
The work will set out key details about future development including the principles for redevelopment, planning policy and how the land might be used. The masterplan will guide all development within the regeneration area and not just on land owned by West Berkshire Council.
The brief and associated work will take around five months to complete in draft form. Once received, the Council will review the options and then over the next six months or so agree the type and number of partnerships the Council might wish to enter into to progress with regeneration of the area.
Thirty year transport strategy consultation
People and businesses in West Berkshire are being urged to have their say on a proposed thirty-year transport strategy for the South East which aims to improve journeys, boost the economy and protect the environment.
The strategy outlines how, with the right investment in our region's transport network, the South East's economy will more than double by 2050 to between £450bn and £500bn per year – creating an additional 500,000 jobs, boosting quality of life and access to opportunities for all and helping cut the South East's carbon emissions to net-zero.
It has been produced by Transport for the South East, a unique partnership bringing together local authorities, business leaders and transport organisations to speak with one voice on our region's transport priorities.
A major focus of the strategy is reducing the region's reliance on private cars to reduce congestion, cut carbon emissions and improve air quality. Today, cars account for 70% of all journeys in the South East compared to just 4% by rail and 5% by bus. It also highlights how better transport links can support economic growth around our key international gateways, such as Port of Southampton, which are vital to the local, regional and national economy.
To read the draft transport strategy and take part in the consultation, go to tfse.org.uk/transport-strategy.
The deadline for responses is Friday, 10 January 2020.
The final transport strategy is due for publication in April 2020, with a strategic investment plan planned for publication in 2021.
Peer Challenge Review
The Challenge is overseen by the Local Government Association who bring a senior team of officers and Members together from around the country for a week. We had quite a large team come to Newbury, led by the Chief Executive of Southend on Sea Council. She was supported by the Leader of Shropshire Council and the Deputy Leader of Cornwall Council. The team was further supported by a number of other senior officers from around the country each with particular specialisms.
The initial feedback has been very encouraging and we will get the full report in the New Year along with a number of recommendations. In the meantime here is a flavour of what they reported back to us before they left:
we are a strong performing authority that manages its finances well
we are modest and tend to 'hide our light under a bushel'
The underlying message was 'we are good and should be more proud of it.'
PodA great new learning space known as the 'Pod' will create six additional places for children with Special Educational Needs (SEN) and Disabilities at the Intervention iCollege in Newbury.
Children who have and an Education, Health and Care plan (EHCP) for Social, Emotional and Mental Health difficulties will benefit from these extra places. They will be able to access support more promptly and within their local area. It will also benefit children who will remain with the iCollege as it will assist with the transition between primary and secondary school.
The West Berkshire Council project to create the Pod cost almost £208,000 and was funded by a Government grant.
Highwood Copse School
Following the collapse of builder Dawnus in to administration earlier in the year, the contract was reissued to local firm Feltham Construction. As a result of the delay caused by this, rectification work needed to restart the build due to weather damage and some defective work issues, the cost of building the new school has increased by £1.7m. The additional money is coming from the Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL), a contribution paid by local developers to deliver improvements in our communities.
The build is progressing well and is planned for completion in summer 2020 and will welcome up to 30 Reception pupils, with a new intake each year and all year groups in place by 2026. Parents and children interested in attending the school will have the opportunity to visit the site and watch the building evolve; entering the completed school as founder members in September 2020.
M4 junctions 3 to 12 smart motorway
There are two full weekend closures of the M4 coming up early in the new year, between junctions 6 and 8/9 over the weekend of 17-20 January 2020 and between junctions 4b and 5 over the weekend of 14-17 February 2020. You can find out more in the attached bulletin, or at websites: http://www.highwaysengland.co.uk/m4j3to12 and https://m4j3to12smartmotorway.commonplace.is
Royal Berkshire NHS Trust – Governor Elections
The Royal Berkshire NHS Trust has announced elections for Public Governors, including two for West Berkshire & Borders, one to July 2021 and the other to July 2022. Nominations close at 17:00 on 16 January 2020 and information for prospective applicants and the nomination forms are/will be available on the Trust website - https://www.royalberkshire.nhs.uk/open-elections.htm.
I wish you all a very happy New Year and look forward to meeting with you at your various Parish Council meetings throughout the year ahead.
Clive Hooker
Councillor
Downlands Ward
West Berkshire Council
Have your say on our draft WBC Environment Strategy
Press Release West Berkshire Council - 9th January 2020
West Berkshire Council has developed a draft Environment Strategy in response to its declaration of a Climate Emergency in July 2019. The draft Strategy details the different ways the Council, with the help of the local community and businesses, can contribute towards tackling the climate crisis and achieving carbon neutrality by 2030.
The Council will lead by ensuring it is doing all it can within its own operation, and continue the initiatives we have already committed to making a start on since last year. These initiatives will make a positive contribution to protecting and preserving our natural environment as well as assisting us to become carbon neutral by 2030. These include:
installing more solar panels across our estate, aiming for a significant contribution from solar energy towards the Council's energy consumption and beyond;
continuing to increase the number of charging points for electric vehicles in West Berkshire; and
conducting a Council carbon audit so we understand our challenges and are better placed to become carbon neutral by 2030.
We have reviewed and analysed relevant data and engaged with a range of stakeholders over the last six months to gain insights into the priorities, challenges and opportunities related to our carbon neutral target and wider environmental concerns.
Steve Ardagh-Walter, Executive Member for the Environment for West Berkshire Council, said: "The Environment Strategy is a significant focus for us and while we want to lead on this important issue, we know the Council cannot deliver this strategy alone: everyone across West Berkshire has a role to play.
"The changes we can make will vary in size but all are important as we work towards our shared aspiration. The publication of this strategy, we hope, will act as a catalyst to residents, businesses and interested groups that we all need to adjust our own priorities and behaviours if we are to rise to the challenge that climate change presents to us all. Please therefore read the strategy, respond to the consultation and, crucially think about what action you can take to make its aims a reality."
The climate presents us all with a challenge that we must meet to secure a safer, greener environment for the generations that follow us. We recognise the Council needs to engage more with the local community, schools, town and parish councils, local environment groups and the business community. We will be holding various focus groups and drop-in sessions across the district in local libraries during February - more information will be announced on the website soon.
The consultation on the strategy will begin on Thursday 9 January 2020 and will be open for 6 weeks from this date, closing on 21 February 2020.
To read the strategy and take part in the consultation, please visit our website: www.westberks.gov.uk/draftenvironmentstrategy.


text:
package io.amaze.bench.cluster.actor;

import javax.validation.constraints.NotNull;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Objects;

import static java.util.Objects.requireNonNull;

/**
 * Deployment configuration for actors.
 */
public final class DeployConfig implements Serializable {

    private final boolean forked;
    private final List<String> preferredHosts;
    private final List<String> jvmArguments;

    public DeployConfig(final boolean forked, @NotNull final List<String> preferredHosts) {
        this(forked, preferredHosts, Collections.emptyList());
    }

    public DeployConfig(final boolean forked,
                        @NotNull final List<String> preferredHosts,
                        @NotNull final List<String> jvmArguments) {
        this.forked = forked;
        this.preferredHosts = requireNonNull(preferredHosts);
        this.jvmArguments = requireNonNull(jvmArguments);
    }

    /**
     * If preferred hosts are specified, the resource manager will try to spawn the actor instances on them.
     *
     * @return The list of preferred hosts for this actor instance.
     */
    @NotNull
    public List<String> getPreferredHosts() {
        return Collections.unmodifiableList(preferredHosts);
    }

    /**
     * Indicates whether the actor instance must be created in its own JVM, or should be embedded in the agent's JVM.
     *
     * @return true if the actor instance must be in its own JVM.
     */
    public boolean isForked() {
        return forked;
    }

    /**
     * Allows to specify JVM arguments to be passed to the JVM of a forked actor.
     * If {@link #isForked()} is false, these parameters are ignored.
     *
     * @return A non-null list of arguments to be passed to the JVM of the forked actor.
     */
    @NotNull
    public List<String> getJvmArguments() {
        return jvmArguments;
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hash(forked, preferredHosts, jvmArguments);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(final Object o) {
        if (this == o) {
            return true;
        }
        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
            return false;
        }
        DeployConfig that = (DeployConfig) o;
        return forked == that.forked && //
                Objects.equals(preferredHosts, that.preferredHosts) && //
                Objects.equals(jvmArguments, that.jvmArguments);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "{\"DeployConfig\":{" + //
                "\"forked\":\"" + forked + "\"" + ", " + //
                "\"preferredHosts\":" + preferredHosts + ", " + //
                "\"jvmArguments\":" + jvmArguments + "}}";
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Abt 1546 - 1620 (~ 74 years) Has more than 100 ancestors and 83 descendants in this family tree.
Fordingham, Dorset & Hellingly, Sussex.
1562 Matriculated Fellow-Commoner from Queen's Coll, Cambridge Univ.
Sheriff of Sussex, but described as "neglecting his duties" in 1582.
Purchased Michaelham Manor (site of a priory) in 1587.
Later years characterized by debt & sale of ppty, incl. Michaelham.


text:
Alton, MO – Two Injured in ATV Crash on County Rd 113
Published November 13, 2021 By Peterson & Associates, P.C.
Alton, MO (November 13, 2021) – Two juveniles were left injured following a motor vehicle accident just outside of Alton on Thursday afternoon, November 11. At around 2 p.m., authorities were notified that a crash on County Road 113 required assistance.
Alton Personal Injury Lawyers
Reports from local news sources show that a Kawasaki ATV, driven by a 17-year-old female, was traveling north on County Road 113 when it became involved in an accident. The driver and one passenger, a 12-year-old female, were both ejected from their vehicle.
The driver was airlifted to St. Louis Children's Hospital for emergency medical care. The passenger was transported to Ozarks Healthcare in West Plains for care.
Our thoughts are with the victims injured in this accident. We hope for their full recovery. HospitHospita
Each year, motor vehicle accidents impact the lives of thousands of people across our state. Not only do people involved in collisions have their lives disrupted, but they are often left with significant financial, mental, and physical consequences as well. In many cases, victims sustain injuries that require extensive medical treatment.
In many cases, victims are harmed in crashes due to the negligence of others. Some of the most common factors contributing to auto accidents in our state include:
Failing to yield the right of way to others
Driving while impaired
Driving while distracted
People who are injured in accidents often deal with an array of challenges moving forward. Not only are most victims left to deal with pain and suffering, but the financial consequences of accidents can be crippling for both victims and their families.
Rather than moving forward after an accident alone, victims should consult with a team of responsive Alton personal injury attorneys that can help educate them with regards to legal options available and help them to exercise their rights and collect the compensation they need and deserve.
The Alton car accident attorneys at Peterson & Associates, P.C. strive to help victims protect their legal rights after being harmed in collisions caused by reckless, negligent, and careless drivers. Some of the ways we help our clients include:
Investigating their accident
Gathering evidence for them
Obtaining medical reports, vehicle repair statements, and police reports
Negotiating compensation with the insurance companies of at-fault parties
Providing responsive representation in court
Our team works to educate victims on their legal rights and help guide them toward getting the maximum amount of compensation available for medical costs, lost wages, vehicle repairs, and more.
Our law firm is committed to helping our clients recover in the best way imaginable from their accidents. Contact our personal injury attorneys in Missouri at 816-888-8888 to meet with our team of knowledgeable attorneys at your earliest convenience to see how we can help you recover from your accident and move forward.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I cannot straighten a single word into the monitor. I cannot directly say what I have to say. I have said sorry to God for that enormous thing that made me one heck of a sinner once again.
I don't need to mention what I have done here in this blog but I assure you, what I did was super wrong and shouldn't have done by someone who professes intimate relationship with Christ.
I did not think of any guilt when I made it. What I immediately thought of was the fact that I will get things right, honesty exempted, before I pass it to my teacher. Yes, all of us were having problems and thus came the inkling that I will do something fishy. Anyway, my classmates will also do the same.
Later, however, I realized they did not change anything from their work, making me wake up from my dishonest thoughts. My brain uttered, "They're far better than you. They're far more honest than you. I thought you have changed. Maybe yet you have really changed, changed for the worse."
It really is a pain to hear your conscience strike you with a hot, iron rod. And that's what I am feeling right now. Queues of what ifs parade my head. I don't want to be scolded. I have already asked sorry from HIM. And I have said that I will never ever do it again. I pray, Lord, please let me just pass the eye of the needle even just for this once. But if worse comes to worse, I am ready to face the music.
KAbalo mo!!.. kabahin nas... FORGING of SIGNATURES!!


text:
Q: Has pasting images directly into the upload box been dropped? Or is it just me? Very recently (May 2014) it was possible to paste images directly from the clipboard into the SE "add an image" dialog. I'm not sure when this feature was added but it was probably after this question in Feb 2014 asking for it and before this answer I posted in April 2014 which mentions it, so probably around March.
It seems to have gone - it no longer works for me on Chrome or Firefox, on here and at least two other sites (stackoverflow and graphicdesign.SE). Has it been dropped?
Here's how the image dialog looked in April:

...and now (note no more "or paste"):

It's a shame if it has as it made adding screenshots much easier. There are questions I answered that I probably wouldn't have answered if doing so would have required saving images then uploading them then deleting them rather than pasting straight in (sounds silly but for quick "how to do X" answers is near doubles the answering time, and I don't like peppering my work desktop with non-work files when taking a 5 minute SE break between tasks).
Based on comments so far my suspicion is that this is a bug and that something about latest browser versions makes SE think they don't support direct paste of images, when actually they do.
On Mac, Lion 10.7.5, UK IP address, browser versions tested are:

*

*Chrome: 35.0.1916.114 - no "or paste" text, pasting on SE doesn't work, but pasting into imgur works

*Firefox: 29.0.1 - no "or paste" text, pasting on SE doesn't work, but pasting into imgur works

*Safari: 6.1.2 (7537.74.9) - bizarrely, has "or paste" text, but pasting doesn't work here or on imgur. I've never tried SE in Safari before so I don't know if this is new or normal.

A: Paste is working again in webkit browsers.
The popup doesn't say so, but it does.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Abstract NEW SYNTHETIC STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVED GAS SEPARATION BY NANOPOROUS ORGANIC POLYMERS Suha S. Altarawneh, Ph.D. The emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion is a major cause of climate change. Therefore, the efficient separation of CO2 from mixtures of gases such as flue gas and impure sources of CH4 (e.g. natural gas and landfill gas) is an essential step in meeting the ever increasing demands on natural gas and creating a cleaner environment. Carbon capture and storage technology (CCS) is one of the methods employed for gas separation using chemisorption and/or physisorption processes. Several materials such as porous polymers and amine solutions have been used as gas adsorbents. However, the amount of energy required for the adsorbent regeneration is one of the main concerns that needs to be addressed. In this regard, porous organic polymers (POPs) with defined porosity and preferential binding affinity for CO2 over N2 and CH4 are some of the most attractive materials that could fulfill the above requirement and are also applicable for use in gas storage and separation. Suitable POPs that can be used for gas storage applications need to have high porosity and mechanical stability under high pressure conditions (~100 bar). Alternatively, the most effective POPs in gas separation are those that have preferential binding affinity for CO2 over other gases present at low pressure settings. In all cases, the chemical nature of POPs and their textural properties are key parameters, however, the modest surface area of most POPs limits their efficiency. With the above considerations in mind, the aim of our research is to develop benzimidazole–linked polymers (BILPs) that have variable porosity levels and chemical functionality to enhance gas separation (CO2/CH4, CO2/N2). We have established new synthetic routes that utilize polycondensation reactions between aryl-aldehydes and aryl-o-diamine building units to construct new BILPs with improved gas separation properties. Our strategy targeted structural and textural modifications of BILPs. We used longer linkers (building units) to improve porosity; however, the flexible linkers offered only low porosity due to network interpenetration. To overcome this challenge, a more controlled network growth rate was assessed by adjusting imine-bond formation rates through different acid loading. The acid, HCl, was used to catalyze imine-bond formation. The new resulting acid-catalyzed BILPs have shown an improved porosity up to 92% compared to the non-catalyzed BILPs. We also used the "rational ligand design" approach to introduce new functionalities into BILPs (-OR) to alter the hydrophobic nature of their pores. In this regard, we have illustrated the applicability of this strategy to BILPs containing flexible aryl-o-diamine linkers. The bulky alkoxy groups were incorporated into the aryl-aldehyde building unit prior to polymerization. The resulting polymers have proven that the presence of the bulky pendant alkoxy-chains plays a significant role during the polymerization process which allows for increased control over network formation, and in turn, porosity. Sorption measurements, selectivity, and heats of adsorption data have confirmed the positive impact of the alkoxy-groups and shown that varying the pendant groups is a promising method for designing highly porous BILPs. In addition to pore functionalization with alkoxy-chains, we used pi-conjugated and N-rich building units to prepare new BILPs that have semiconducting properties in addition to their porous nature. This class of BILPs has shown that the extended-conjugated system improved BILPs electronic properties. The other studies performed in this research, involved the use of DFT theory to investigate CO2/BILPs interaction sites and binding affinities. The computational outcomes of DFT have shown that (C-H) bond of the aryl system is a possible site for CO2 interaction beside the free-N side and hydrogen bonding. All new polymers were characterized by spectral and analytical characterization methods and their sorption data were collected to evaluate their capability as candidates for gas separation applications.


"I feel so homesick, where is my home? Where I belong or where I was born?"
Some of my best friends and I have something in common: We don't live where we were born. Not that this is unusual, but it is curious to me how travelers' spirits are so often drawn to one another. I was born just outside a small town in southwestern Ohio. There were corn fields and country roads and cattle. I lived there until I was sixteen. My family lives there. So many of my favorite people live there. My fondest childhood memories took place there, mostly in and around a certain clay-filled creek bed where I would play until the sun went down. But then I left, just like I knew I would. I moved to northeast Florida for college and it became my second hometown. My turf. My life was mine there and I was coming of age with the people and places that I had chosen for myself. I lived there for years after college, and eventually moved back for another go years after that. I can't imagine what would have happened to me if I had not gone there. It's in my soul. When I go back, I feel so homesick it's palpable, and it almost always comes to an all-too-soon end with my cheeks stained by tears.
So, what is it then, that makes a place your home? All I can figure is that "home" is a collection of experiences that we carry with us in our head...kind of like how the photos on your smartphone are stored as a group somewhere in outer space for when you need them. It's a feeling, a taste, a joyfulness, a front porch, a regret, a rainy day, a sense of security.
This week we are celebrating our friend Paolo's birthday. Paolo lives in New York City. He and my husband became friends many years ago while working for the same company, but I can safely say that enough time has passed, enough adventures shared, that I can happily claim him as a friend in my own right.
We were fortunate enough to visit his hometown a few years ago, and even more fortunate to have his mamma prepare a multi-course feast for us on our first night. It's something I will never forget. She rolled fresh mozzarella balls by hand, created a baked eggplant masterpiece, and served delicate ricotta-filled ravioli, one plate at a time, as it was cooked. At the end, she brought out a type of cake called a cassata, or "cassata siciliana" , as it is of Sicilian origin. It's quite an attention-getter. Sponge cake, ricotta filling, pistachio marzipan, candied fruit, royal icing, maraschino liqueur, and whatever else could possibly make you happy.
Since my skills and knowledge of 14th century whole fruit candying are a little rusty, I decided to tone my cake down just a smidgen. I made two pistachio sponge cakes, heavy on the pistachio, and added cherry preserves and a cannoli-type ricotta and chocolate chip filling in between. I finished it with honey buttercream, large cherries and and chopped pistachios for garnish. It was loud and much different from the simpler, minimally-decorated, delicate cakes I normally find myself making. I drove it to the venue, we added plenty of savory bites and a gaggle of festive friends and the rest is history.
"Buon Compleanno" to one of our own. My home is your home.
This recipe was adapted from Baked Brooklyn's pistachio cake recipe.


Principal Inspector Michael Walters stated after the hearing that 'Employees need to be provided with properly maintained equipment and the correct equipment to undertake tasks whilst on site. Additionally, employees also need to be trained and competent in the tasks they are required to undertake'.
This case highlights the importance of companies ensuring that their employees are property trained and provided with the correct equipment to carry out their work safely.
How can the effectiveness of external and internal training be monitored?
Kendon Safety can help develop training policies, strategies, training matrices and competency assessments to assist your company to comply with legal requirements. Contact us today for more information.


203 - Normalisering Varfr verdrivet feta. Komitmen Organisasi dengan Organizational Citizenship Behavior di. For improved performance easier starting and less moving parts to leave. Fiesta de la Espuma donde los pequeos y no tan pequeos podremos apaciguar las altas temperaturas zambullndonos bajo el blanco manto. Athletic overuse or chronic mechanical and degenerative processes. Ora dobbiamo scegliere se fare il decreto ingiuntivo o latto di precettoma scusi prima domanda la competenza del giudice di pace o del tribunale la seconda posso agire con un solo giudizio o con tre la terza se non sono protestate le cambiali ci sono problemi per agire . Was at my sister-in-laws funeral. Normal ni del que se ocasione por caso fortuito fuerza mayor o defectuosa . Jasar Ahmedovski Andjelina 1 351. 201 These men hearing from travellers who visit the city. Which was followed by a panel of young farmers. Veltheim Heinrich v Major aus Wiesbaden. Hoffentlich hlst Du genau so viel aus wie Frau Heinzen Du geiler Hengst. In this seeming weakness God showed His strengthHis true power to save. I am trying to transfer my PF from an exempted org to my new employer non-exempted. Along with Argentina Chile and the US Brazil is one of the guarantors of the Peru-Ecuador peace process. Die dafr aufgenommenen Kredite mssten derzeit stndig refinanziert werden. Sempre in crescita il numero dimmigrati. Legged tethered robot - the same idea but with legs so it can navigate rough terrain more easily. Credit account will automatically be selected. Id like to get up and tell. La excepcin prueba la regla es un dicho que est siempre en boca de los ignorantes quienes la transmiten como los loros de uno a otro sin reflexionar en su absurdo. American Gothic jossa on vanha pariskunta. Stefcia mt qua quyn nht k li nng bit c trc y ng ni. Starting Wednesday December 13th through Sunday December 17th. Also inside the bedroom were two four year old wmj children who were screaming for their parents to please wake up. Dear Erika again I am so happy for you Stephen. Lordships instructions to His Excellency General Bourke up to.


FDA is not authorized under the law to approve, certify, license, or otherwise sanction individual food importers, products, labels, or shipments. Importers can import foods into the United States without prior sanction by FDA, as long as the facilities that produce, store, or otherwise handle the products are registered with FDA, and prior notice of incoming shipments is provided to FDA.
For an overview of the U.S. Import Program, please visit the links provided below.
In addition to meeting the requirements of U.S. food regulations including food facility registration, importers must follow U.S. import procedures as well as the requirements of Prior Notice.


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Commercial Litigation Services
Aspire: Services for Owner Managed Businesses
Luton Office
Harpenden Office
St Albans Office
Taylor Walton's Law Careers.Net Training and Recruitment Awards and Recognitions
Professional Legal
Trainee Experiences
Our People Experiences
Summer Vacation Scheme
© Copyright Taylor Walton 2020
Complaints Handling Procedure / SRA
SRA ID: 465571
Published by: Richard Crocker
Probate Fees Hike
What Are Probate Fees?
The Government has decided to reintroduce its proposal to increase probate fees, very substantially. Probate fees are the charges imposed by the Probate Registry for the issue of a Grant of Representation, usually a Grant of Probate, which is required to deal with the estate of a deceased person. This is ostensibly designed to fund the current comprehensive reform of the Courts and Tribunals system. The Government first tried to impose a probate fees hike last year but the proposal was dropped when the Prime Minister called the snap general election. At that time the Government had been warned that the punitive hike in probate fees was probably unlawful and was in effect an additional form of taxation on death.
Current Probate Fees
The present basic fee for obtaining a Grant of Probate is £215 or £155 if the application is lodged by a solicitor. This flat fee applies for all estates with a net value in excess of £5,000. The proposed fees will be based on the following scale which depends on the value of the estate in question.
Value of Estate New Fee
Up to £50,000 £0
£50,001 to £300,000 £250
£300,001 to £500,000 £750
£500,001 to £1,000,000 £2,500
£1,000,001 to £1,600,000 £4,000
Over £2,000,000 £6,000
When Do Probate Fees Change?
It is understood that the new probate fees will be introduced in April 2019. It remains to be seen whether the fees hike will go ahead but this proposal is likely to be very contentious.
How Will Probate Fees Change?
Whilst more estates of a lower value will escape tax, and the first tier charge is not hugely greater than the current fee, the new rates increase very sharply. For anyone dying in this part of the world, where property prices are high, the increase in the fee to be charged is very substantial and could be seen as a new wealth tax. Interestingly, the new fees are quite a bit less than those proposed last year, which may indicate some Government sensitivity.
As it can often take several months to prepare the application for a Grant of Probate, it will prove very difficult to capture the current probate fee except for cases where a death has already occurred, or for people who die in the next couple of months or so. In the vast majority of cases, going forward, probate fees will be very substantial, particularly for higher value estates,.
Taylor Walton will, of course, do its best to ensure that probate applications are made in a timely manner and will do everything reasonably possible to try and ensure that the current low fees are captured, for estates where the application for the Grant of Probate is in the pipeline.
Privacy Notice Site by Verto


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Westcon Group acquires Verecloud
Deal brings channel-optimiaed Cloud and services distribution capabilities to market
Mike Gee (ARN) 05 September, 2014 08:49
Value-added distributor, Westcon Group, has acquired the assets of Verecloud, the developer of an advanced channel distribution platform for Cloud and services solutions.
Verecloud will be incorporated in Westcon Group's Cloud Solutions Practice, which will be led by former Verecloud CEO, John McCawley.
Founded in 2006, privately-held Verecloud has developed a Telecom carrier-grade, Cloud services aggregation and brokerage platform with the ability to process millions of concurrent transactions in real time, including subscription and usage-based services delivered by multiple third-party services providers.
The platform will form the foundation of Westcon Group's Cloud digital distribution solution, designed to help value-added resellers (VARs) generate significant revenue from cloud-enabled services.
Westcon Group CEO, Dolph Westerbos, said, "Weston Group and Verecloud have been working together during the past 18 months and co-developed a truly differentiated Cloud go-to-market capability for the channel. Our services distribution solution sets us apart from the industry, hence we decided to 'in-source' that intellectual property through this acquisition.
"Coupling our channel Cloud enablement services with Verecloud's acquisition will position Westcon Group Cloud Solutions to drive the business models of tomorrow."
In statement, the company said, technology OEMs and Cloud service providers (CSPs) look for a partner that can "light up" the channel. Westcon Group delivered this through its Cloud distribution solution – freeing resellers to focus on development of their IP, including value-added professional services and technical expertise to build a Cloud practice unburdened by practical challenges, such as micro-transaction billing, service level monitoring, up- and cross-selling.
Westcon Group linked third-party Cloud offers to resellers and their end customers, and now offered an additional go-to-market channel for the resellers' own services offerings. Bringing these aggregated solutions to market on a scalable, multi-tiered, and full-lifecycle management platform would generate new revenues for technology OEMs, cloud service providers, and value-added resellers, it claimed.
Westerbos said, "Channel innovation is core to our business, and ownership of our digital distribution platform allows us to bring differentiated, exclusive solutions to the channel without relying on third-party software development. Furthermore, having Cloud services distribution fully integrated with our hardware and software distribution systems and operational processes allows us to transact Cloud and hybrid solutions as business-as-usual."
Read more JUNIPER PARTNER SUMMIT 2014: Distributors important to the Cloud, but need to change - Channel Dynamics
"Cloud solutions have become particularly intricate," Verecloud CEO, John McCawley, said. "That's why our mission is to provide a single source for technology resellers and their customers to discover, buy, monitor, and manage their Cloud services eco-system."
Synnex Australia adds HP Enterprise to portfolio
Lan 1 becomes Sophos' second distributor in Australia
Myriad IT puts charitable fund in the Cloud
Check Point's new channel plan emphasises knowledge, skilling-up
Westcon Group Aus adds 'Kiwi flavour' to sales ranks
Grow your business with Edge Computing: How APC by Schneider Electric ensures success
Tags cloud computingWestcon Groupintegration and servicesMSPsVerecloud


This guide will show you how to connect to your homearea through NMBUs servers when your on your own computer. A so called remote desktop connection and in this case through Linux (Ubuntu).In Ubuntu there is a default program for this called "Remmina", but if you cant find it you can always install it through the Software Center in Linux.
Notice that this remote connection will only work if your an employee and when you are on campus through either a wifi or wired internet connection.
1. Search for Remmina and open the program.
2. Click on the button to create a remote desktop file.
This entry was posted in IT-documentation and tagged Remote Office, Ubuntu on March 17, 2015 by Adrian Stjern.


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This extension will create amp pages for opencart products with add to cart functionality. When user..
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There are no research fees for persons conducting their own research at the Nanaimo Community Archives. Other fees (e.g. photocopying) still apply. To learn about research procedures at the Archives, check out our page When Visiting The Archives.
We do not conduct extensive broad-based research for off-site patrons. If you are unable to visit the Archives in person, please send detailed information via email or letter about your topic. From there, we can determine if we hold appropriate sources in our collection and whether or not it is worthwhile to pursue research through us. If it is, and you choose to pursue further research, our fee is $25.00/ hour (with a minimum one hour charge). We are happy to provide information about other possible sources and repositories at no charge.
When making your request, please remember that our holdings consist primarily of records created in the Nanaimo region. Requests for vital events records (marriage, birth, death) should be directed to the BC Provincial Archives. Requests for records generated by federal departments (Indian Affairs, censuses, etc.). should be directed to the National Archives of Canada.
Genealogists may also be able to hire an independent researcher through the Nanaimo Family History Society.
Letter / Legal / 11x17"/14x17"


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Democaracy and Nationalism From Prespective of Dr....
What Is Caste (with translation in Hindi)
Dr Ambedkar and the Dhamma Revolution
Following in the Footsteps of Dr. Ambedkar 2004 - Talk 3
The Importance of Dr Ambedkar In the Western World
Buddhism In India - a Force For Good In the World
My Master the Buddha 3.... (with translation in Marathi)
Inspiration Dr Ambedkar
The Significance of Dr Ambedkar In the West
The Relevance of Dr Ambedkar Revolution For Buddhists.
Roar the Lions Roar- Confident... (with translation in Hindi)
Educate! Agitate! Organise!... (with translation in Hindi)
The First Great Bodhisattva Vow (with translation in Marathi)
Educate ! (with translation in Hindi)
The Bodhisattva Ideal In India
What Babasaheb Achieved and Why... (with translation in Hindi)
Why Dr Ambedkar Chose Buddhism (with translation in Hindi)
This the ninth talk in a ten-part series by Subhuti celebrating the life and work of the great Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, who dedicated his life to the welfare of his people. Dr. Ambedkar embraced the Buddha's Dhamma as an integral part of his efforts to emancipate the Dalit (ex-Untouchable) community from the shackles of caste oppression. A truly inspiring man for all ages!
Talk given at Dhamma Jagruti Abhiyan, Nagpur, December 2004


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Q: Listview Builder Navigate to page when onTab Using listview builder, I wanted to pass a string variable (userlist[index].page) to each list so that when onTap is pressed it it navigate to that page.
can someone help to fix the code?
this is the code
child: ListTile(
            title: Text(
              userlist[index].title,
            ),
            trailing: IconButton(
              icon: Icon(
                alreadySaved ? Icons.star : Icons.star_border,
                color: alreadySaved ? Colors.blue : Colors.blue,
              ),
              onPressed: () {
                setState(() {
                  if (alreadySaved) {
                    usersavedlist.remove(userlist[index]);
                  } else {
                    usersavedlist.add(userlist[index]);
                  }
                });
              },
            ), //subtitle: Text(subtitle),
            onTap: () {
              Navigator.push(
                  context,
                  MaterialPageRoute(
                      builder: (context) => (userlist[index].page())));
            }),

A: You need to create a page to navigate and pass the item list as a parameter. By example:
class UserDetail extends StatelessWidget {
  final User user;

  //constructor
  UserDetail(this.user);

   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
   // Return the widget with the user info or whatever you want
   return ...

  }
}

And in your navitgator you pass like this:
onTap: () {
     Navigator.push(context,
              MaterialPageRoute(
               builder: (context) => UserDetail(userlist[index])));
            }),


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HOME - FEATURED May 10, 2019
Mike Ciandella
Illinois considering charging $1K fee for electric vehicles
The current fee is less than $20
Janine Schmitz/Photothek via Getty Images
Illinois is considering increasing the fee that citizens have to pay in order to own an electric car to $1,000 per year. The registration fee is currently only $17.50 a year.
Wait ... what happened?
This tax, as well as an increase in the state's gas tax to 44 cents a gallon (from the current 19 cent tax), would be used to fund road improvements in the state. This would give Illinois the highest gas tax in the country (Pennsylvania is the current holder of this dubious honor).
Since electric vehicle owners don't buy gasoline, state officials decided that they needed another method to raise money from them. Hybrids would be exempt from this fee, since they use gasoline.
In 2018, 6,400 electric vehicles were sold in Illinois, the seventh largest amount for a single state that year.
This fee stands in contrast to a $7,500 federal tax incentive for electric car buyers. However, once a car manufacturer delivers 200,000 vehicles this incentive drops by 50 percent. Tesla has already hit this limit. But while the federal government has been trying to encourage electric and hybrid car purchases, Illinois seems intent on doing the opposite.
A spokesman for electric truck startup Rivian told the Chicago Tribune that his company strongly opposed the move.
"Imposing fees on EVs that are over 400 percent more than their gasoline-powered counterparts is not only unfair, it discourages promising new technology that will reduce our dependence on petroleum, reduce emissions, and promote the Illinois economy," he said.
Tesla has also come out in opposition to this new proposal.
In addition to gas taxes and electric vehicle ownership fees, this law would also raise the state's annual license plate registration fee from $98 to $148.
This bill has already passed the Illinois House Revenue & Finance Committee by a 9-6 vote.


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دوام الإرجاء | Perpetual Postponement
Because the world will end again – preliminaries for a futural spatial practice
ترقبوا قريباً ترجمة النص باللغة العربية
Monica Basbous
Monica Basbous is an architect, researcher and educator based in Beirut since 2013.
More posts by Monica Basbous.
A graffiti in Beirut reads: "Our end does not need to be this way."
There wasn't a single minute of silence following the disaster; no respite from the sound of screams and sirens, from the glass breaking and scraping, from the never-ending reverberations of the blasts. The clean-up felt like an auditory protraction of the violence that had been thrust upon us. The detonations brought an eerie sense of relief, like hitting a hard surface after an interminable fall. At first, you sigh, convinced that this is it; you tell yourself it's all over, and that there is no falling further than this. The pain then makes you regret surviving the fall and, as it subsides, you realize that nothing is over, and that the world will only end again.
No one had ever seen such large-scale, instantaneous destruction. The spectacular magnitude of the explosions could not but distort one's relation to time. It led many to believe that the events that transpired in the port of Beirut on August 4 at 6:08 pm had lasted somewhere between a few minutes and seven years. At first, everything seemed to suggest that this was an occurrence contained in space and time that was behind us. Within days, experts spoke of post-traumatic symptoms, post-disaster responses, and post-conflict recovery; we had rewound, replayed, and reenacted every shot and every angle of the events. Maps neatly outlined the perimeter of the devastation and assigned zones to local and foreign relief agencies. In the weeks that followed, however, fire returned to the port and black smoke repeatedly rose above the city and in various parts of the country, indicating that the conditions that had led to August 4 were in fact all but addressed. The perpetrators were still among us, orchestrating yet another season in the cycle of dispossession, destruction, and (re)construction that, by now, we knew all too well. Despite decades of political organizing, and months of public dissent, we were still bound by structures that sought to determine the future with such vicissitude that it had become unthinkable. August 4 resoundingly affirmed what we'd suspected but hoped wasn't true: that there was nothing left to look forward to.
In the wake of the disaster, academics and practitioners of architecture and urban planning rushed to recommend guiding principles for approaching the recovery process that would reconfigure a large part of the city for the coming decade at the least. Cautioning public opinion against repeating earlier post-disaster responses such as the contentious Wa'd (2006) and Solidere (1994) projects, engaged practitioners called for a people-centered approach that would address deep-rooted urban inequalities in the ravaged neighborhoods and redress their fractures with the rest of the city[1]. These calls rightly sought to influence the reconstruction process on two essential fronts that had been handled disastrously in previous reconstruction experiences: they aimed to incorporate the voices of dwellers in resistance to spatial cleansing and erasure, and they refused to adopt the geography and temporality defined by the catastrophe and its immediate repercussions. That said, these calls also pointed to challenges that spatial practitioners have yet to overcome, if we are to employ our practices at as means to look forward together and collectively reclaim futurity. On one hand, experts' demands for civic engagement require that we radically reconfigure and broaden our methodologies, tools, and language in ways that allow us to truly engage with the spatial experience and knowledge of others[2]. On the other hand, to break out of the space and time of the destruction requires that we come to terms with the slow unspectacular cycles of violence upon which the city has depended to build and sustain itself in the past century, and that we recognize how, through our work, we have directly and indirectly contributed to the erasure of worlds and to the elimination of possible futures.
When the world seems determined to end again and again, and when the future has, in and of itself, become inconceivable, how can spatial practitioners employ our tools to cultivate collective capacities for imagining futures beyond the world's end?
On the left, a 1961 advertisement by the SLAF for its real-estate development project "Adonis" in Zouk Mosbeh, (Revue magazine, July 1961). The headline reads: "Adonis Urban Center will be the city of the future". On the right two images illustrate the dense urbanization of Adonis and Zouk Mosbeh between 1960 (top) and 2013 (bottom), facing the much-contested Zouk power plant.
Looking beyond the world's end
To expand the profession in ways that allow us to collectively think shared futures, it is useful to contextualize and historicize the establishment of architectural and planning practices, and to understand the ways in which they have deliberately distanced themselves from vernacular spatial practices, and even violently replaced them, at the service of dominant ideologies and their ideals of futurity.
The introduction of the Building Law under the French Mandate was a turning point in the dynamics of spatial production in Lebanon. An extension of the modernist-colonialist project, this moment entrenched the hierarchical, elitist position of experts vis-a-vis urban space[3]. Effectively, it discredited vernacular socio-spatial practices that existed at the time, and it professionalized and bureaucratized the practice and discourse of spatial production, resulting in the alienation of those who until then had an unmediated relationship with their built and lived environments. Thus, the Building Law was a bid to seize the means of spatial production, an early attempt to establish a predictive relationship with the land and consequently, to determine the future of the territory and of its inhabitants. In this new dynamic, spatial practitioners emerged as the right hand of power in its project of modernity and nation-building through the production and regulation of space.
As the political economy evolved over time, so was the regulatory framework for building and planning amended to sustain it. Starting in the 1950s, the growing demand for capital accumulation caused the gradual release of limits on building heights. As of the 1990s, tax alleviations and special building regulations further encouraged investments in the tourism and services sectors at the expense of industry and agriculture which had previously been a source of livelihood for around half of the population[4]. Under increasing pressure from the private construction sector, the Building Law was amended again in 1992 and 2004, tailoring to the practices and business plans of real-estate developers and the intensive exploitation of land following the end of the civil war[5]. In the 2000s, additional measures were introduced to intensify capital circulation and to facilitate the displacement of those who stood in its way[6]. During the two decades that followed, the Building Law contributed to a violent urbanization characterized by exceptionality and exemption, which took shape in the figure of the luxury residential tower and was accelerated by discretionary decision-making and informal legal frameworks, responding to the ever-changing needs of neoliberal financialization[7].
In the absence of official planning decrees, the Building Law dictates the shape of the built environment in 85% of Lebanese territories and subjects them indiscriminately to the same rule of abstract calculations regardless of their context or specificities using quantitative notions such as building height limits, building coverage, and floor area ratios. Invariably, this has generated landscapes of sprawling generic architecture, and an increasingly quantified, commodified relationship with land.
The evolution of the Building Law, the regulatory framework for building, and their applications demonstrate the intimate relationship between urbanization and the political economy, illustrating how spatial practitioners' expertise may be utilized by power to determine the shape of the world —and of its future. However, they equally reflect the diminishing role of spatial practitioners in decision-making processes that shape the environment, and the gradual delegation of the future of the city to corporate actors who privilege a financial approach to urban space at the expense of both social and spatial considerations. Yet, this reduction is not indicative of the practice's increased autonomy from ideology or power, for its space and agency remain deliberately constricted: at best, we act strategically within structures that predetermine a range of possible actions, of possible outcomes; at worst, we are sentient instruments for maintaining a status quo within which we have vested interests. By this logic, we are called to question processes that include spatial practitioners just as much as those that exclude us. If we do not challenge the legitimacy of the structures that contain and constrain us, even the most progressive politics, rights-based policies and participatory processes will fall short of widening ever-shrinking realms of possibility.
In this endeavor, one of the main difficulties lies in effecting a critical shift from the duality of institutionalized state-led spatial production on one hand, and atomized individual response on the other. It implies that we reject the paralyzing fear instilled by hegemonic discourse, which persuades us that what exists outside of the nation-state is bound to fall into the entrapments of neoliberalism, and that we imagine a third space where the limits of scale in grassroots organizing may be rethought through the establishment of trans-scalar networks, and where spatial rights may be leveraged as grounds for building political ecologies that are capable of rearticulating notions of collectivity and livability.
Stills from SAKR Real-Estate TV advertisements released in September 2020. After the economic collapse and the introduction of informal capital controls on bank deposits in 2019-2020, the company devised various deals suggesting to swap depositors' devalued savings with real-estate assets in Lebanon and Greece. The bottom frame reads: "Instead of implicating them, bequeath to your children a house or property in Lebanon or Greece".
In the past, our future was fading
Over the past two decades, a large number of cities have witnessed the displacement of their dwellers through state-sponsored and market-led mechanisms. In Lebanon, this was accomplished by the state's progressive handing over of urban space to the private real-estate sector, and by its continual deregulation of the urban sphere through neoliberal policies and legislation. Constraining legal frameworks for property and inheritance accelerated profit-driven spatial transformation in some urban neighborhoods, while institutional neglect, the absence of housing policies, and socio-economic marginalization plunged others into enduring precariousness and hostile living conditions. As a result, property ownership in the capital largely shifted from families and individuals to real-estate developers and investors, as many middle-income groups sought homeownership in suburbs-in-the-making, and low-income dwellers accessed substandard, informal or precarious housing in the historical urban fabric. The future of the city had become determined by visions of unfettered capital accumulation and circulation. But if the financialization of land and housing tends to evoke a dissociation of space from its physical and its social dimensions, it is nonetheless fueled by policies of resource extraction that have immediate and protracted repercussions on the landscape, the environment and dwellers.
Effectively, the entanglement of Beirut's urbanization with national and transnational circuits of extraction and capital propelled ensuing spatial injustices well beyond the blurry confines of the greater urban agglomeration. In 1962, as the capital and its suburbs were being built, the Cimenterie Nationale single-handedly acquired 900'000 square meters of land in the small town of Badbhoun in the north of Lebanon, a few hundred meters uphill from its processing plant and future private port on the coast of Chekka. To meet its increasing appetite for concrete, the state granted cement companies exceptional permits to facilitate their expansion. These included permits to occupy Maritime Public Property and to exploit rivers and springs for the production and distribution of cement[8], announcing the forthcoming dominance of the sector over landscapes and resources, as well as dwellers, their livelihoods, and their futures. Until the early sixties, Badbhoun had been a town largely neglected by government services, land-use planning, policy and development, which facilitated the quarry's infiltration in the area at the expense of agriculture, fishing, and public health[9]. Purchasing land was crucial in securing the company's control over the town and its resources well into the future, and ushered in the entanglement of the capital's urbanization with the extraction of cement in less visible "elsewheres" that lack the administrative and institutional capacities to appeal to predatory practices. The Cimenterie Nationale and Holcim, established in the north, and Sibline, stationed 40 km South of Beirut formed an oligopoly as of 1993 when cement imports were banned. The collusion of the cement oligopoly with the Lebanese ruling class enabled its illegal and unruly expansion across innumerable towns in Lebanon, enabled national price-gouging, and firmly established the sector's control over urban planning institutions.
When urbanized areas doubled in size between 1994 and 2005[10], over 1'200 quarries spread in less urbanized areas[11] to sustain the momentum of construction and reconstruction in the capital and in the region. Production reached its peak at 6 million tons in 2011 – 1/6th of which was exported – and is today estimated at 6.5 million tons. Besides being physically transported across borders to (re)build other cities, the cement industry was also enmeshed with the inflows of foreign capital that sustained the real-estate sector locally. In parallel, as city-dwellers were displaced at an alarming rate starting in the early 1990s and again in the mid 2010s[12], many sought affordable housing in suburbanizing satellite towns, often rife with latent environmental risk and slow violence[13]. Despite being located in the vicinity of polluting industrial zones, lethal power plants and toxic quarries, these "satellite suburbs" today host a growing population comprised partly of those whose eviction compensation packages did not allow them to remain in the city and who were subsequently channeled out through market forces, including those who left these very towns almost a century ago to seek work in the capital. Through this lens, the city reveals itself in its territorial and extra-territorial dimensions, exposing the far-reaching and violent collaterals required to sustain it and its vision for the future.
In this environment of growing urban pressures, urban neighborhoods that miraculously managed to retain parts of their historical fabric[14] offered affordable yet precarious living conditions on the margins to those who could not find their place elsewhere. This symbolic survival in the capital city came to epitomize the larger problematic of how to exist in a dying world. And so, these neighborhoods and what they represented were romanticized–and eventually monetized–as worlds-within-the-world where multiple realities are held in violent tension. Within one urban cluster, European expatriates pay exorbitant rents to be seduced by the charm of the historical urban fabric, while low-income elderly dwellers live in homes that are deliberately left to decay as they struggle against threats of dispossession and eviction[15]. Despite pushing the most vulnerable into abject living conditions, these neighborhoods allowed for some communities like migrant workers, Syrian refugees, and queers, to construct common worlds by setting up spaces, claiming narratives and visibility, and practicing forms of solidarity. However, they equally witnessed the dismantling of social networks, support systems and spatial practices for many older generations of dwellers.
In hindsight, this dwindling ecology was fraught with recurrent unsettling, and by a choreographed disintegration of common worlds. Even long before pandemic-induced lockdowns saw the light of day, years before the ammonium nitrate was unloaded on the port of Beirut, the futures of those worlds were fading.
This complexity warrants a proportionate response which cannot be reduced to a localized intervention of architectural preservation, urban rehabilitation, or reconstruction. Rather, it calls for acting in ways that address more than the immediate effects of the August 4 disaster, for positioning ourselves critically in relation to what was, and for conceding that in the past, the future was already dying. Accordingly, it demands that spatial practitioners embrace disillusionment with the past even as we mourn it, and that we counter the de-futuring processes that have governed spatial production thus far by advancing political, social, and spatial imaginaries that can expand the realm of possibility and bring about "new infrastructures of life"[16]. By fostering a "grounded, situated and pervasive design capacity" as communities who are bound by a common will to survive adversity, we may begin to unravel and common the means of spatial production, and to question the validity of the city as the primary mode of collective inhabitation and enduring socio-material form[17]. Widening the realm of possible futures thus suggests that we betray our professions on one hand and our understanding of the city on the other, in other words, that we rise above our existential fear of obsolescence, dismantle our professional and disciplinary worlds and reconfigure them. To look beyond the world's end is to peer beyond the end of our practices as we know them. After all, if architects do not build, and if planners do not plan, then what is it that we do?
A billboard advertisement campaign released in 2013 by the Ministry of Energy announced explorations of potential oil and gas reserves using scenarios of future armament, economic growth, and transport development.
Futures where we may choose to die
The Linord real-estate corporation was launched in the early 1990s alongside Solidere and Elyssar. A mixed-use development spanning 2.4 million square meters of reclaimed land, Linord was meant to be a developmental vision for Beirut's Northern coast, and claimed to address environmental concerns of the waste dump on Burj Hammoud's coast. Like Elyssar, the project was never realized due to financial and political reasons. However, since its inception, Linord has accelerated the establishment of additional landfills on the footprint of the project's future floating city, plaguing the very neighborhood it had claimed to fix. This project is one among many examples of how exclusionary visions of the future bring about present atrocities, and reminds us that imagining the future enables us to act upon the conditions of the present.
By August 8, the disaster's roots in global networks of maritime capital were as common knowledge as the incompetence and dysfunction of the Lebanese government and its institutions[18]. The explosions brutally magnified the complex web of multi-scalar powers that had been at play leading up to the tragically inevitable disaster. Yet, this web's components were difficult to identify clearly, qualify succinctly, or name as a recognizable entity—and, consequently, ended up being near impossible to dismantle. Its effects are nonetheless recognizable: it strains futurity, reducing our capacity to conceive time as anything but the extension and intensification of the present, and creates narrow futures in advance so that none other would come to replace them. Drawing from the work of writer, theorist and filmmaker Kodwo Eshun, futurism would be the attempt to intervene into this reduction[19] and to affirm that other possible futures–and other ends of the world–are indeed possible. Faced with the prospects of neo-fascist and regressive futurisms, developing insurgent futural practices would be a path towards reclaiming time and futurity not as more of the same but as sites for what if's and if only's that are capable of reengineering the now. This pursuit of futurity is not to fetishize life or romanticize resilience, nor to fulfill an ideal of free-will and individualism, but a means to carve out sites where deliberation is possible, i.e. where I may choose to perform acts not simply because they keep me alive[20].
Sociologist Elena Esposito argues that the logic of financial projection relies on models that can predict all possible future courses except the future of finance, and of a world, led by such models[21]. If real-estate in Lebanon has historically been a prime destination for private capital, the financialization of property and the housing market in Lebanon was first introduced by Solidere's reconstruction of downtown Beirut in the early 1990s[22]. Since, the conversion of urban space into financial assets has taken on different forms and has become the primary mode of city-making: vacant luxury towers abound, housing policies are restricted to homeownership loans, while banks and other financial players utilize the built environment as a means to grow and diversify investment. Increasingly entangled, the property and financial sectors projected, speculated, monetized, and traded futures while failing to see how a world driven by such a logic would ultimately cave in on itself. Full circle, the global-local conditions and networks that made the August 4 disaster possible are similar, if not identical, to those that kept the country afloat while it ran on speculation and traded in futures—until the future finally caught up.
While such circular logics are doomed to failure precisely because they fail to account for their own effects on their outcomes, they are a cautionary tale for any insurgent futurism, urging us to face the unknowability of the future, not because it is independent from us, but because it would not come about without our intervention. Yet an insurgent futurism cannot simply be reduced to imagining the end of the world, nor about visioning the infinite extension of an idealized world–it is neither dystopianism nor utopianism. Rather, it must be propelled by the end of the world, and plan for its eternal recurrence, i.e. always already in the future.
To contribute to this endeavor as spatial practitioners requires that we push our tools and methodologies outside the studio, outside of drafting software, outside of scientific papers, outside of focus groups, where they can assist in precipitating collective narratives, images, gestures, apparatuses, and discussions about how things could be, what they could look like and how we could live and die through them. If the unfolding of 2020 made virally visible our globally entwined but differentially experienced condition of precariousness, it equally exposed the collapse of systems, ideas and dynamics that had purported to be eternal. Amid globally shifting geopolitical configurations and with the looming normalization of settler-colonial regimes[23], what does it mean to be living on a subtly expanding fault line where the capital city may be severed from the mainland within decades due to rising sea levels? As we near the limits of inhabitability, we are also pushed to envision the future of our professions as situated and operating in contexts of increasing conflict and militarization, intensive resource extraction and environmental risks, mass migration, and rising fascism. We are compelled to converse across disciplinary worlds to instigate processes of imagining life in post-urban, post-natural, post-national, post-capitalist environments as means to identify and foster ecological-territorial potentials and assemblages. However, at the same time, we must be doubly vigilant: on one hand, conjointly defining the terms of livability and collectivity to balance out the inherent libertarianism in pursuing this project on the sidelines of the state; and on the other, developing devices that, through their effect on the world, do away with their own need to exist.
Our failure to foresee the compounding crises and collapses around us has revealed the limits of our predictive faculties thus far, particularly as spatial practitioners. It suggests that, to look beyond the end of the world, we may need venture out where we are not expected and invite in unlikely accomplices, that we transgress back and forth with strangeness, and sometimes, that we simply and humbly sit still.
[1] Examples include Beirut Urban Lab's text "Initiatives in Response to the Beirut Blast", published on the Lab's website in the days following the explosions; and Public Works Studio's "Protecting the Tenants: A Core Issue in Recovering a Viable City", published in September 2020 in the UNDP's Peace Building supplement.
[2] In this regard, the reconstruction of Nahr el Bared in 2007 is useful to look back on. Despite employing a participatory approach, architects failed to respond to dwellers' needs and expectations, and instead were faced with the limitations of their methods of communication and perception. See Marwan Ghandour, "The Architect-Citizen: The Nature of Civic Engagement in Postwar Reconstruction Projects in Lebanon", ACSA International Conference, 2012
[3] Marwan Ghandour, "Building Law: A Critical Reading of the Lebanese Case", Paradoxes of Progress: Architecture and Education in a Post Utopian Era, 2001, pp.54-60
[4] Marwan Harb, Le Chehabisme ou les limites d'une experience de modernisation politique au Liban, Université Saint-Joseph, 2007, p.64
[5] Marieke Krijnen and Mona Fawaz, "Exception as the Rule: High-End Developments in Neoliberal Beirut", Built Environment Vol. 36 Number 2, 2010
[6] To mention a few: in 1992 and 2014, revisions of the rent law facilitated then expedited the eviction and displacement of tenants living under old rent contracts (pre-1992). In 1994, IDAL - the Investment and Development Authority in Lebanon – was established by the Hariri government with the aim of promoting foreign investments in the country.
[8] Public Works Studio, "Koura's Land: From Fertile Resource to Raw Material for Cement Factories", Jadaliyya, 2019
[9] Public Works Studio, "Beyond Cement" Competition Brief, 2019
[10] Ghaleb Faour, "Evaluating Urban Expansion Using Remotely-Sensed Data In Lebanon", Lebanese Science Journal, Vol. 16, No.1, 2015, pp.23 - 32
[11] Talal Darwish et. al., "Assessment Of Abandoned Quarries For Revegetation And Water Harvesting In Lebanon, East Mediterranean", 2008
[12] Both directly related to amendments to the rent law which abolished rent control in 1992, then facilitated tenant evictions in 2014
[13] Examples include areas such as Naameh and Bourj Hammoud –located near landfills, Jiyeh and Zouk –located near a power plant, Barja and Zalka –located near limestone quarries, where dwellers, sometimes unwittingly, live through invisible, delayed forms of violence which generally manifest as cancers and chronic illnesses.
[14] Neighborhoods most affected by the August 4 explosions,i.e. Karantina, Badawi, Mar Mikhael, Gemmayze, Roum, Rmeil, Geitawi are some of them.
[15] Samar Kanafani, Inheritance And Heritage: Considerations For Unified Action Against Gentrification In Beirut (working paper), Issam Fares Institute – American University of Beirut, 2019
[16] Arturo Escobar, "Out Of The Studio And Into The Flow Of Socionatural Life", Designs for the Pluriverse: Radical Interdependence, Autonomy, and the Making of Worlds, 2017 (p. 26)
[18] Laleh Khalili, "Behind The Beirut Explosion Lies The Lawless World Of International Shipping", The Guardian, August 8 2020
[19] Kodwo Eshun, Narratives of a Near Future, talk at the HEAD, Geneva, 2018
[20] Autonomy as explained by sociologist and design theorist Benjamin Bratton and referred to by feminist scholar Helen Hester in her keynote lecture at Strelka Institute's The Terraforming (TTF) 2020
[21] Elena Esposito, "The Construction of Unpredictability", The Time Complex. Post-Contemporary, Armen Avanessian and Suhail Malik, eds, 2016
[22] Bruno Marot, "The Financialization Of Property And The Housing Market In Lebanon", Legal Agenda, 16 August 2019
[23]See "Sudan-Israel relations agreed, Donald Trump announces" published online by BBC on 24 October 2020; "Lebanon, Israel hold second round of maritime demarcation talks" published online by AlJazeera on 28 October 2020
Monica Basbous is an architect, researcher and educator based in Beirut since 2013. Her practice focuses on questions of urban mobility, informal spatial practices, politics and representations of space, and speculative geographies. Monica teaches architectural design at the Lebanese American University since 2017, and was lead researcher and partner in Public Works Studio between 2016 and 2020. She holds a MSc. in Architecture from the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (2012) and was a fellow of Ashkal Alwan's Home Workspace Program (2015-2016).
بيروت تجدد (بعض) جلدها ممشى مديني جديد بين الزيتونة والمرفأ
English translation soon
وضاح شرارة
وضاح شرارة 29 Nov 2020
الثغرة الراقصة
كارين ضومط
كارين ضومط 30 Jul 2020
دوام الإرجاء | Perpetual Postponement © 2022


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I believe it is essential that youngsters not only learn how to use computers, but comprehend the ethical implications of technology as nicely. This technology is relatively low-expense as effectively and has been utilized in recent 3D movies like Avatar and Alice in Wonderland. Personal computer technology has helped several ten year old youngsters with Earth and space science projects. High school students operate on inventive projects that help storytelling, whilst understanding about technology and engineering concepts. We now, for the very first time ever, have the technology and resources required to make the planet a wonderful place for everyone. NFC technology allows industrial transactions to be accomplished wirelessly by way of mobile devices, without having the want for information cards.
Although it is government-sponsored history, the operate that information Tu Shih's function says that since of his invention men and women enjoyed excellent benefit for small labor." Despite their differences in the sort of technology they developed, the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire were related by means of state involvement in the production of their technologies.


Last month I wrote about creating community. I talked about how, in order to build a better network around yourself, you have to remain willing and open to the individuals who may be able to contribute to the community you want to build. All of this is true, of course, but there's another side to that coin, as well. We've got to be able to set boundaries within our own communities if we are to protect ourselves and remain strong for the future. Boundaries are not always a hard, negative stance against something, however.
Sometimes, we set boundaries – not to keep others out – but to keep our collaborators in. Boundaries can be used to enforce a needed distancing, or they can be built to simply establish a social space where our peers, friends, and colleagues can reside safely.
Such an essential thing to be able to do, and yet many people find saying this single-syllable word to be one of the greatest challenges they regularly face.
We must be able to say "no" in our own lives. Yes, it is true that life will throw obstacles and debris your way, and that when this happens it can be a very valuable skill to be able to "roll with the punches." Being flexible and accepting that which we cannot change is crucial to our long-term health, satisfaction, and happiness.
But, saying "no" is about not accepting the things which you do not have to accept. And, when it comes to the behaviors of others, you are free to set your own limits and guidelines.
When people take from or burden you, you want to believe that they do so without ill intent. You want to believe that it's just a mistake, an accident in which you are the unfortunate bearer of bad weight. But, whether people harm or negatively impact us do to maliciousness or negligence is often, well, negligible.
If a doctor told you that you were allergic to strawberries and that eating them could kill you, you'd avoid strawberries no matter how much you love them in your milkshake. The same should be said of toxic, or even careless, people in your life. When people take advantage and never offer anything in return, that's not friendship, or love, or even collaboration. That's just social poison that you willingly drink down, until you decide not to anymore.
Now, even with all of that being said, we have to realize that sometimes our immediate and long-term needs are not as clear, or self-focused, as they seem to be. A simple act of kindness can do so much to heal the spirit and revitalize the mind, it would be a shame to pass up such an opportunity simply due to a short-sighted misinterpretation of your own immediate needs.
Yes, sometimes the best way to put our own well-being first is to recognize the difference between that which we need, and that which we desire, and re-prioritizing our interests to take a backseat to how we can help someone else. True generosity can be infectious and deliriously exciting, so don't pass up on an opportunity to help someone else just because you don't think you're up to the task.
This is a pretty self-explanatory idea… or, at least it seems to be. We all know what it means, in theory, to keep an open mind. But, what does the practice actually look like?
If you've ever seen someone devote serious, intentional thought to a subject or choice that seemed simple, you've seen open-mindedness in action. We have to be able to analyze the circumstances we're in, weigh them against our needs and desires, then make an informed decision about what to do.
Being open-minded isn't about simply turning yourself into one of the yes men or women, it's about embracing the boundaries that work for you, and exploring the outer reaches of those boundaries with enthusiasm.
So, that's it. That's what setting boundaries is all about in a condensed nutshell of a package. I'd like to say that it really is as simple as I've outlined here, but as the saying goes, some things are easier said than done. Setting boundaries in your life is a nuanced and complex task, requiring an evolving strategy and a willingness to learn and be creative for your own solutions to your own problems.
How do we do this, day in and day out? How do we not succumb to the pressures of stress, life, and everything else? Well, sometimes, we have to do it together.
If you'd like help learning how to set personal boundaries in your life, or managing the stress that berates you, please don't hesitate to reach out to me. I'm so fortunate to guide people and watch as they tap into their own creative energies and build the reality they want. And, as a master NLP practitioner and hypnotherapist, I have seen incredible strength and power come pouring out of those who didn't even know they contained it.
Are you doing your best to work within the boundaries of your own life? Let's find out, together.