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text:
Dangan Dao (kinesiska: 担杆岛) är en ö i Kina. Den ligger i provinsen Guangdong, i den södra delen av landet, omkring 160 kilometer sydost om provinshuvudstaden Guangzhou. Arean är  kvadratkilometer. Den sträcker sig 5,4 kilometer i nord-sydlig riktning, och 10,5 kilometer i öst-västlig riktning.

I övrigt finns följande på Dangan Dao:

Kommentarer

Källor

Öar i Guangdong
Öar i Kina större än 10 kvadratkilometer
WP:Projekt Kina

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The status of women in India has been subject to many changes over the span of recorded Indian history. Their position in society deteriorated early in India's ancient period, especially in the Indo-Aryan speaking regions,  and their subordination continued to be reified well into India's early modern period.

During the British East India Company rule (1757–1857), and the British Raj (1858–1947), measures aiming at amelioration were enacted, including Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829, Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856, Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870, and Age of Consent Act, 1891. The Indian constitution prohibits discrimination based on sex and empowers the government to undertake special measures for them. Women's rights under the Constitution of India mainly include equality, dignity, and freedom from discrimination; additionally, India has various statutes governing the rights of women.

Several women have served in various senior official positions in the Indian government, including that of the President of India, the Prime Minister of India, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. However, many women in India continue to face significant difficulties. The rates of malnutrition are exceptionally high among adolescent girls and pregnant and lactating women in India, with repercussions for children's health. Violence against women, especially sexual violence, is a serious concern in India.

Women in India during British rule

During the British Raj, many reformers such as Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Jyotirao Phule fought for the betterment of women. Peary Charan Sarkar, a former student of Hindu College, Calcutta and a member of "Young Bengal", set up the first free school for girls in India in 1847 in Barasat, a suburb of Calcutta (later the school was named Kalikrishna Girls' High School). While this might suggest that there was no positive British contribution during the Raj era, that is not entirely the case. Missionaries' wives such as Martha Mault née Mead and her daughter Eliza Caldwell née Mault are rightly remembered for pioneering the education and training of girls in south India. This practice was initially met with local resistance, as it flew in the face of tradition. Raja Rammohan Roy's efforts led to the abolition of Sati under Governor-General William Cavendish-Bentinck in 1829. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's crusade for improvement in the situation of widows led to the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856. Many women reformers such as Pandita Ramabai also helped the cause of women.

Kittur Chennamma, queen of the princely state Kittur in Karnataka, led an armed rebellion against the British in response to the Doctrine of lapse. Rani Lakshmi Bai, the Queen of Jhansi, led the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British. She is now widely considered as a national hero. Begum Hazrat Mahal, the co-ruler of Awadh, was another ruler who led the revolt of 1857. She refused deals with the British and later retreated to Nepal. The Begums of Bhopal were also considered notable female rulers during this period. They were trained in martial arts. Chandramukhi Basu, Kadambini Ganguly and Anandi Gopal Joshi were some of the earliest Indian women to obtain a degree.

In 1917, the first women's delegation met the Secretary of State to demand women's political rights, supported by the Indian National Congress. The All India Women's Education Conference was held in Pune in 1927, it became a major organisation in the movement for social change. In 1929, the Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed, stipulating fourteen as the minimum age of marriage for a girl. Mahatma Gandhi, himself a victim of child marriage at the age of thirteen, he later urged people to boycott child marriages and called upon young men to marry child widows.

Independent India

Women in India now participate fully in areas such as education, sports, politics, media, art and culture, service sectors, science and technology, etc. Indira Gandhi, who served as Prime Minister of India for an aggregate period of fifteen years, is the world's longest serving female Prime Minister.

The Constitution of India guarantees to all Indian women equality (Article 14), no discrimination by the State (Article 15(1)), equality of opportunity (Article 16), equal pay for equal work (Article 39(d)) and Article 42. In addition, it allows special provisions to be made by the State in favour of women and children (Article 15(3)), renounces practices derogatory to the dignity of women (Article 51(A) (e)), and also allows for provisions to be made by the State for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. (Article 42).

Feminist activism in India gained momentum in the late 1970s. One of the first national-level issues that brought women's groups together was the Mathura rape case. The acquittal of policemen accused of raping a young girl Mathura in a police station led to country-wide protests in 1979–1980. The protest, widely covered by the national media, forced the Government to amend the Evidence Act, the Criminal Procedure Code, and the Indian Penal Code; and created a new offence, custodial rape.

Since alcoholism is often associated with violence against women in India, many women groups launched anti-liquor campaigns in Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and other states. Many Indian Muslim women have questioned the fundamental leaders' interpretation of women's rights under the Shariat law and have criticised the triple talaq system (see below about 2017).

Mary Roy won a lawsuit in 1986, against the inheritance legislation of her Keralite Syrian Christian community in the Supreme Court. The judgement ensured equal rights for Syrian Christian women with their male siblings in regard to their ancestral property. Until then, her Syrian Christian community followed the provisions of the Travancore Succession Act of 1916 and the Cochin Succession Act, 1921, while elsewhere in India the same community followed the Indian Succession Act of 1925.

In the 1990s, grants from foreign donor agencies enabled the formation of new women-oriented NGOs. Self-help groups and NGOs such as Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA) have played a major role in the advancement of women's rights in India. Many women have emerged as leaders of local movements; for example, Medha Patkar of the Narmada Bachao Andolan.

In 1991, the Kerala High Court restricted the entry of women above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 from Sabarimala Shrine, as they were of the menstruating age. However, on 28 September 2018, the Supreme Court of India lifted the ban on the entry of women. It said that discrimination against women on any grounds, even religious, is unconstitutional.

The Government of India declared 2001 as the Year of Women's Empowerment (Swashakti). The National Policy For The Empowerment Of Women came was passed in 2001.

In 2006, the case of Imrana, a Muslim rape victim, was highlighted by the media. Imrana was raped by her father-in-law. The pronouncement of some Muslim clerics that Imrana should marry her father-in-law led to widespread protests, and finally Imrana's father-in-law was sentenced to 10 years in prison. The verdict was welcomed by many women's groups and the All India Muslim Personal Law Board.

According to a 2011 poll conducted by the Thomson Reuters Foundation, India was the "fourth most dangerous country" in the world for women, India was also noted as the worst country for women among the G20 countries, however, this report has faced criticism for promoting inaccurate perceptions.
On 9 March 2010, one day after International Women's day, Rajya Sabha passed the Women's Reservation Bill requiring that 33% of seats in India's Parliament and state legislative bodies be reserved for women.  In October 2017 another poll published by Thomson Reuters Foundation found that Delhi was the fourth most dangerous megacity (total 40 in the world) for women and it was also the worst megacity in the world for women when it came to sexual violence, risk of rape and harassment.

The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 is a legislative act in India that seeks to protect women from sexual harassment at their place of work. The Act came into force from 9 December 2013. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 introduced changes to the Indian Penal Code, making sexual harassment an expressed offence under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. The Amendment also introduced new sections making acts like disrobing a woman without consent, stalking and sexual acts by person in authority an offense. It also made acid attacks a specific offence with a punishment of imprisonment not less than 10 years and which could extend to life imprisonment and with fine.

In 2014, an Indian family court in Mumbai ruled that a husband objecting to his wife wearing a kurta and jeans and forcing her to wear a sari amounts to cruelty inflicted by the husband and can be a ground to seek divorce. The wife was thus granted a divorce on the ground of cruelty as defined under section 27(1)(d) of Special Marriage Act, 1954.

On 22 August 2017, the Indian Supreme Court deemed instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddat) unconstitutional.

A 2018 poll by Thomson Reuters Foundation termed India as the world's most dangerous country for women. The National Commission for Women and the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies rejected the survey for its methodology and lack of transparency.

Also in 2018, the Supreme Court of India struck down a law making it a crime for a man to have sex with a married woman without the permission of her husband.

Prior to November 2018, women were forbidden to climb Agasthyarkoodam. A court ruling removed the prohibition.

Timeline of women's achievements in India

The steady change in the position of women can be highlighted by looking at what has been achieved by women in the country:
 1848: Savitribai Phule, along with her husband Jyotirao Phule, opened a school for girls in Pune, India. Savitribai Phule became the first woman teacher in India.
 1879: John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune established the Bethune School in 1849, which developed into the Bethune College in 1879, thus becoming the first women's college in India.
 1883: Chandramukhi Basu and Kadambini Ganguly became the first female graduates of India and the British Empire.
 1886: Kadambini Ganguly and Anandi Gopal Joshi became the first women from India to be trained in Western medicine.
 1898: Sister Nivedita Girls' School was inaugurated
 1905: Suzanne RD Tata becomes the first Indian woman to drive a car.
 1916: The first women's university, SNDT Women's University, was founded on 2 June 1916 by the social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve with just five students.
 1917: Annie Besant became the first female president of the Indian National Congress.
 1919: For her distinguished social service, Pandita Ramabai became the first Indian woman to be awarded the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal by the British Raj.
 1925: Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian born female president of the Indian National Congress.
 1927: The All India Women's Conference was founded.
 1936: Sarla Thakral became the first Indian woman to fly an aircraft.
 1944: Asima Chatterjee became the first Indian woman to be conferred the Doctorate of Science by an Indian university.
 1947: On 15 August 1947, following independence, Sarojini Naidu became the governor of the United Provinces, and in the process became India's first woman governor. On the same day, Amrit Kaur assumed office as the first female Cabinet minister of India in the country's first cabinet.
 Post independence:Rukmini Devi Arundale was the first ever woman in Indian History to be nominated a Rajya Sabha member. She is considered the most important revivalist in the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam from its original 'sadhir' style, prevalent amongst the temple dancers, Devadasis. She also worked for the re-establishment of traditional Indian arts and crafts.
 1951: Prem Mathur of the Deccan Airways becomes the first Indian woman commercial pilot.
 1953: Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit became the first woman (and first Indian) president of the United Nations General Assembly
 1959: Anna Chandy becomes the first Indian woman judge of a High Court (Kerala High Court)
 1963: Sucheta Kriplani became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, the first woman to hold that position in any Indian state.
 1966: Captain Durga Banerjee becomes the first Indian woman pilot of the state airline, Indian Airlines.
 1966: Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay wins Ramon Magsaysay award for community leadership.
 1966: Indira Gandhi becomes the first woman Prime Minister of India
 1970: Kamaljit Sandhu becomes the first Indian woman to win a Gold in the Asian Games
 1972: Kiran Bedi becomes the first female recruit to join the Indian Police Service.
 1978: Sheila Sri Prakash becomes the first female entrepreneur to independently start an architecture firm
 1979: Mother Teresa wins the Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first Indian female citizen to do so.
 1984: On 23 May, Bachendri Pal became the first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest.
 1986: Surekha Yadav became the first Asian woman loco-pilot or railway driver.
 1989: Justice M. Fathima Beevi becomes the first woman judge of the Supreme Court of India.
 1991: Mumtaz M. Kazi became the first Asian woman to drive a diesel locomotive in September.
 1992: Asha Sinha becomes the First Woman Commandant in the Paramilitary forces of India when she was appointed Commandan t, Central Industrial Security Force in Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited.
 1992: Priya Jhingan becomes the first lady cadet to join the Indian Army (later commissioned on 6 March 1993)
 1999: On 31 October, Sonia Gandhi became the first female Leader of the Opposition (India).
The first Indian woman to win an Olympic Medal, Karnam Malleswari, a bronze medal at the Sydney Olympics in the 69 kg weight category in Weightlifting event.
 2007: On 25 July, Pratibha Patil became the first female President of India.
 2009: On 4 June, Meira Kumar became the first female Speaker of Lok Sabha.
 2011: On 20 October, Priyanka N. drove the inaugural train of the Namma Metro becoming the first female Indian metro pilot.
 2011:Mitali Madhumita made history by becoming the first woman officer to win a Sena Medal for gallantry.
 2014: A record 7 female ministers are appointed in the Modi ministry, of whom 6 hold Cabinet rank, the highest number of female Cabinet ministers in any Indian government in history. Ministries such as Defence and External Affairs are being held by Women Ministers.
2015: Sumita Bose the first author and first woman to write the autism book in India. http://indiabookofrecords.in/first-book-on-autism/
 2016: J. Jayalalithaa, became the first woman chief minister in India to rule the state consecutively 2 times by winning legislative assembly election.
 2016: J. Jayalalithaa, became the first woman chief minister in India to die in office on 5 December 2016.
 2017: On 25 March, Tanushree Pareek became the first female combat officer commissioned by the Border Security Force.
 2018: Archana Ramasundaram of 1980 Batch became the first Woman to become the Director General of Police of a Paramilitary Force as DG, Sashastra Seema Bal.
 2018: In February, 24 year old Flying Officer Avani Chaturvedi of the Indian Air Force became the first Indian female fighter pilot to fly solo. She flew a MiG-21 Bison, a jet aircraft with the highest recorded landing and take-off speed in the world.
2019: On 2 December 2019, sub-lieutenant Shivangi became the first woman pilot in the Indian Navy.
2020: Karuna Nundy a supreme court lawyer was appoineted to a UK panel of experts to build frameworks that protect media freedom across the world.
2021:A twenty-seven-year-old girl from Manipur scripted history by winning the silver medal in the Women's 49 kg Weightlifting event at the Tokyo Olympics in 2021. Mirabai Chanu lifted a total of 202 kilograms.
2023: Surekha Yadav became the first woman in India to drive the indegeniously made Vande Bharat train cruising a distance of 455 kilometers from Solapur to Mumbai on 13th March 2023.

Politics

India has one of the highest number of female politicians in the world. Women have held high offices in India including that of the President, Prime Minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha and Leader of the Opposition.
The Indian states Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan and Tripura have implemented 50% reservation for women in PRIs. Majority of candidates in these Panchayats are women. In 2015, 100% of elected members in Kodassery Panchayat in Kerala are women. There are currently 16 female chief ministers in India as of 2020.

As of 2018, 12 out of 29 states and the union territory of Delhi have had at least one female Chief Minister.

Currently there are 81 women members and 458 male members in the Indian Parliament which equals 15.3% and 84.97% respectively.

Culture
The status of women in India is strongly connected to family relations. In India, the family is seen as crucially important, and in most of the country, the family unit is patrilineal. Families are usually multi-generational, with the bride moving to live with the in-laws. Families are usually hierarchical, with the elders having authority over the younger generations and men over women. The vast majority of marriages are monogamous (one husband and one wife), but both polygyny and polyandry in India have a tradition among some populations in India. Weddings in India can be quite expensive. Most marriages in India are arranged.

With regard to dress, a sari (a long piece of fabric draped around the body) and salwar kameez are worn by women all over India. A bindi is part of a woman's make-up. Despite common belief, the bindi on the forehead does not signify marital status; however, the Sindoor does.

Rangoli (or Kolam) is a traditional art very popular among Indian women.

In 1991, the Kerala High Court restricted entry of women above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 from Sabarimala Shrine as they were of the menstruating age. On 28 September  2018, the Supreme Court of India lifted the ban on the entry of women. It said that discrimination against women on any grounds, even religious, is unconstitutional.

Military and law enforcement

The Indian Armed Forces began recruiting women to non-medical positions in 1992. The Indian Army began inducting women officers in 1992. The Border Security Force (BSF) began recruiting female officers in 2013. On 25 March 2017, Tanushree Pareek became the first female combat officer commissioned by the BSF.

On 24 October 2015, the Indian government announced that women could serve as fighter pilots in the Indian Air Force (IAF), having previously only been permitted to fly transport aircraft and helicopters. The decision means that women are now eligible for induction in any role in the IAF. In 2016, India announced a decision to allow women to take up combat roles in all sections of its army and navy.

As of 2014, women made up 3% of Indian Army personnel, 2.8% of Navy personnel, and 8.5% of Air Force personnel. As of 2016, women accounted for 5% of all active and reserve Indian Armed forces personnel.

In 1972 Kiran Bedi became the First Lady Indian Police Service Officer and was the only woman in a batch of 80 IPS Officers, she joined the AGMUT Cadre. In 1992 Asha Sinha a 1982 Batch IPS Officer became the First Woman Commandant in the Paramilitary forces of India when she was posted as Commandant, Central Industrial Security Force in Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited. Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya the second Lady IPS Officer of India belonging to the 1973 Batch became the first Lady Director General of Police of a State in India when she was appointed DGP of Uttarakhand Police. In 2018 an IPS Officer Archana Ramasundram of 1980 Batch became the first Woman to become the Director General of Police of a Paramilitary Force as DG, Sashastra Seema Bal. In March 2018, Delhi Police announced that it would begin to induct women into its SWAT team.

On February 17, 2020, the Supreme Court of India said that women officers in the Indian Army can get command positions at par with male officers. The court said that the government's arguments against it were discriminatory, disturbing and based on stereotype. The court also said that permanent commission to all women officers should be made available regardless of their years of service. The government had earlier said that women commanders would not be acceptable to some troops.

Education and economic development
According to 1992–93 figures, only 9.2% of the households in India were headed by women. However, approximately 35% of the households below the poverty line were found to be headed by women.

Education

Though it is sharply increasing, the female literacy rate in India is less than the male literacy rate. Far fewer girls than boys are enrolled in school, and many girls drop out. In urban India, girls are nearly on a par with boys in terms of education. However, in rural India, girls continue to be less educated than boys. According to the National Sample Survey Data of 1997, only the states of Kerala and Mizoram have approached universal female literacy. According to scholars, the major factor behind improvements in the social and economic status of women in Kerala is literacy.

Under the Non-Formal Education programme (NFE), about 40% of the NFE centres in states and 10% of the centres in UTs are exclusively reserved for women. As of 2000, about 300,000 NFE centres were catering to about 7.42 million children. About 120,000 NFE centres were exclusively for girls.

According to a 1998 report by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the chief barriers to female education in India are inadequate school facilities (such as sanitary facilities), shortage of female teachers and gender bias in the curriculum (female characters being depicted as weak and helpless).

The literacy rate is lower for women compared to men: the literacy rate is 60.6% for women, while for men it is 81.3%. The 2011 census, however, indicated a 2001–2011 decadal literacy growth of 9.2%, which is slower than the growth seen during the previous decade. There is a wide gender disparity in the literacy rate in India: effective literacy rates (age 7 and above) in 2011 were 82.14% for men and 65.46% for women. (population aged 15 or older, data from 2015).

Workforce participation

Contrary to common perception, a large percentage of women in India are actively engaged in traditional and non-traditional work. National data collection agencies accept that statistics seriously understate women's contribution as workers. However, there are far fewer women than men in the paid workforce. In urban India, women participate in the workforce in impressive numbers. For example, in the software industry 30% of the workforce is female.

In rural India in the agriculture and allied industrial sectors, women account for as much as 89.5% of the labour force. In overall farm production, women's average contribution is estimated at 55% to 66% of the total labour. According to a 1991 World Bank report, women accounted for 94% of total employment in dairy production in India.

Women constitute 51% of the total employed in forest-based small-scale enterprises.

India is ahead of the world average on women in senior management.

Gender pay gap

In 2017, a study by Monster Salary Index (MSI) showed the overall gender pay gap in India was 20 percent. It found that the gap was narrower in the early years of experience.

While men with 0–2 years of experience earned 7.8 percent higher median wages than women, in the experience group of 6–10 years of experience, the pay gap was 15.3 percent. The pay gap becomes wider at senior level positions as the men with 11 and more years of tenure earned 25 percent higher median wages than women.

Based on the educational background, men with a bachelor's degree earned on average 16 percent higher median wages than women in years 2015, 2016 and 2017, while master's degree holders experience even higher pay gap. Men with a four- or five-year degree or the equivalent of a master's degree have on average earned 33.7 percent higher median wages than women.

While India passed the Equal Remuneration Act way back in 1976, which prohibits discrimination in remuneration on grounds of sex. But in practice, the pay disparity still exist.

Women-owned businesses

One of the most famous female business success stories, from the rural sector, is the Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad. Started in 1959 by seven women in Mumbai with a seed capital of only Rs.80, it had an annual turnover of more than Rs. 800 crore (over $109 million) in 2018. It provides employment to  43,000 (in 2018) women across the country.

One of the largest dairy co-operatives in the world, Amul, began by mobilizing rural women in Anand in the western state of Gujarat.

Notable women in business

In 2006, Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, who founded Biocon, one of India's first biotech companies, was rated India's richest woman. Lalita D. Gupte and Kalpana Morparia were the only businesswomen in India who made the list of the Forbes World's Most Powerful Women in 2006. Gupte ran ICICI Bank, India's second-largest bank, until October 2006 and Morparia is CEO of JP Morgan India.

Shaw remained the richest self-made woman in 2018, coming in at 72nd place in terms of net worth in Forbes's annual rich list. She was the 4th and last female in the list, thereby showing that 96 of 100 the richest entities in the country continued to be male controlled directly or indirectly.

According to the 'Kotak Wealth Hurun – Leading Wealthy Women 2018' list, which compiled the 100 wealthiest Indian women based on their net worth as on 30 June 2018 Shaw was only one of two women, the other being Jayshree Ullal, who did not inherit their current wealth from family relatives in the top ten.

However, India has a strong history of many women with inherited wealth establishing large enterprises or launching successful careers in their own rights.

Land and property rights

In most Indian families, women do not own any property in their own names, and do not get a share of parental property. Due to weak enforcement of laws protecting them, women continue to have little access to land and property. In India, women's property rights vary depending on religion, and tribe, and are subject to a complex mix of law and custom, but in principle the move has been towards granting women equal legal rights, especially since the passing of The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005.

The Hindu personal laws of 1956 (applying to Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Jains) gave women rights to inheritances. However, sons had an independent share in the ancestral property, while the daughters' shares were based on the share received by their father. Hence, a father could effectively disinherit a daughter by renouncing his share of the ancestral property, but a son would continue to have a share in his own right. Additionally, married daughters, even those facing domestic abuse and harassment, had no residential rights in the ancestral home. Thanks to an amendment of the Hindu laws in 2005, women now have the same status as men.

In 1986, the Supreme Court of India ruled that Shah Bano, an elderly divorced Muslim woman, was eligible for alimony. However, the decision was opposed by fundamentalist Muslim leaders, who alleged that the court was interfering in their personal law. The Union Government subsequently passed the Muslim Women's (Protection of Rights Upon Divorce) Act.

Similarly, Christian women have struggled over the years for equal rights in divorce and succession. In 1994, all churches, jointly with women's organizations, drew up a draft law called the Christian Marriage and Matrimonial Causes Bill. However, the government has still not amended the relevant laws. In 2014, the Law Commission of India has asked the government to modify the law to give Christian women equal property rights.

Crimes against women

Crime against women such as rape, acid attacks, dowry killings, honour killings, and the forced prostitution of young girls has been reported in India. TrustLaw, a London based news service owned by the Thomson Reuters Foundation, ranked India as the fourth most dangerous place in the world for women to live based on a poll of 213 gender experts. Police records in India show a high incidence of crimes against women. The National Crime Records Bureau reported in 1998 that by 2010 growth in the rate of crimes against women would exceed the population growth rate. Earlier, many crimes against women were not reported to police due to the social stigma attached to rape and molestation. Official statistics show a dramatic increase in the number of reported crimes against women.

Acid attacks

An analyses of Indian news reports determined that 72% of cases reported from January 2002 to October 2010 included at least one female victim. Sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid, the most common types of acid used in attacks, are generally cheap and widely available as a common cleaning supply. Acid attacks against women often are done as a form of revenge and are often done by relatives or friends. The number of acid attacks has been rising in recent years.

Child marriage

Child marriage has been traditionally prevalent in India but is not so continued in Modern India to this day.  Historically, child brides would live with their parents until they reached puberty. In the past, child widows were condemned to a life of great agony, shaved heads, living in isolation, and being shunned by society. Although child marriage was outlawed in 1860, it is still a common practice. The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 is the relevant legislation in the country.

According to UNICEF's "State of the World's Children-2009" report, 47% of India's women aged 20–24 were married before the legal age of 18, rising to 56% in rural areas. The report also showed that 40% of the world's child marriages occur in India.

Domestic violence

Domestic violence in India is endemic. Around 70% of women in India are victims of domestic violence, according to Renuka Chowdhury, former Union minister for Women and Child Development. Domestic violence was legally addressed in the 1980s when the 1983 Criminal Law Act introduced section 498A  "Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty".

The National Crime Records Bureau reveal that a crime against a woman is committed every three minutes, a woman is raped every 29 minutes, a dowry death occurs every 77 minutes, and one case of cruelty committed by either the husband or relative of the husband occurs every nine minutes. This occurs despite the fact that women in India are legally protected from domestic abuse under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act.

In India, domestic violence toward women is considered as any type of abuse that can be considered a threat; it can also be physical, psychological, or sexual abuse to any current or former partner. Domestic violence is not handled as a crime or complaint, it is seen more as a private or family matter. In determining the category of a complaint, it is based on caste, class, religious bias and race which also determines whether action is to be taken or not. Many studies have reported about the prevalence of the violence and have taken a criminal-justice approach, but most woman refuse to report it. These women are guaranteed constitutional justice, dignity and equality but continue to refuse based on their sociocultural contexts. As the women refuse to speak of the violence and find help, they are also not receiving the proper treatment.

Dowry

In 1961, the Government of India passed the Dowry Prohibition Act, making dowry demands in wedding arrangements illegal. However, many cases of dowry-related domestic violence, suicides and murders have been reported. In the 1980s, numerous such cases were reported.

In 1985, the Dowry Prohibition (maintenance of lists of presents to the bride and bridegroom) Rules were framed. According to these rules, a signed list should be maintained of presents given at the time of the marriage to the bride and the bridegroom. The list should contain a brief description of each present, its approximate value, the name of who has given the present, and relationship to the recipient. However, such rules are rarely enforced.

A 1997 report claimed that each year at least 5,000 women in India die dowry-related deaths, and at least a dozen die each day in 'kitchen fires' thought to be intentional. The term for this is "bride burning" and is criticised within India itself.

In 2011, the National Crime Records Bureau reported 8,618 dowry deaths. Unofficial estimates claim the figures are at least three times as high.

Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion

In India, the male-female sex ratio is skewed dramatically in favour of men, the chief reason being the high number of women who die before reaching adulthood. Tribal societies in India have a less skewed sex ratio than other caste groups. This is in spite of the fact that tribal communities have far lower income levels, lower literacy rates, and less adequate health facilities. Many experts suggest the higher number of men in India can be attributed to female infanticides and sex-selective abortions. The sex ratio is particularly bad in the north-western area of the country,  particularly in Haryana and Jammu and Kashmir.

Ultrasound scanning constitutes a major leap forward in providing for the care of mother and baby, and with scanners becoming portable, these advantages have spread to rural populations. However, ultrasound scans often reveal the sex of the baby, allowing pregnant women to decide to abort female foetuses and try again later for a male child. This practice is usually considered the main reason for the change in the ratio of male to female children being born.

In 1994 the Indian government passed a law forbidding women or their families from asking about the sex of the baby after an ultrasound scan (or any other test which would yield that information) and also expressly forbade doctors or any other persons from providing that information. In practice this law (like the law forbidding dowries) is widely ignored, and levels of abortion on female foetuses remain high and the sex ratio at birth keeps getting more skewed.

Female infanticide (killing of infant girls) is still prevalent in some rural areas. Sometimes this is infanticide by neglect, for example families may not spend money on critical medicines or withhold care from a sick girl.

Continuing abuse of the dowry tradition has been one of the main reasons for sex-selective abortions and female infanticides in India.

Honour killings

Honour killings have been reported widely in India, most frequently in the northern regions of India. This is usually motivated by a girl (or, less commonly, a boy) marrying without the family's acceptance, especially for marrying outside their caste or religion or, more particular to northwestern India, between members of the same gotra. In 2010, the Supreme Court of India issued notice in regard to honor killings to the states of Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Accusations of witchcraft
Violence against women related to accusations of witchcraft occurs in India, particularly in parts of Northern India. Belief in the supernatural among the Indian population is strong, and lynchings for witchcraft are reported by the media. In Assam and West Bengal between 2003 and 2008 there were around 750 deaths related to accusations of witchcraft. Officials in the state of Chhattisgarh reported in 2008 that at least 100 women are maltreated annually as suspected witches.

Rape

Rape in India has been described by Radha Kumar as one of India's most common crimes against women and by the UN's human-rights chief as a "national problem". Since the 1980s, women's rights groups lobbied for marital rape to be declared unlawful, but the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 still maintains the marital exemption by stating in its exception clause under Section 375, that: "Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape". While per-capita reported incidents are quite low compared to other countries, even developed countries, a new case is reported every 20 minutes. In fact, as per the NCRB data released by the government of India in 2018, a rape is reported in India in every 15 minutes.

New Delhi has one of the highest rate of rape-reports among Indian cities. Sources show that rape cases in India have doubled between 1990 and 2008.

Sexual harassment

Eve teasing is a euphemism used for sexual harassment or molestation of women by men. Many activists blame the rising incidence of sexual harassment against women on the influence of "Western culture". In 1987, The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act was passed to prohibit indecent representation of women through advertisements or in publications, writings, paintings or in any other manner.

Of the total number of crimes against women reported in 1990, half related to molestation and harassment in the workplace. In 1997, in a landmark judgement, the Supreme Court of India took a strong stand against sexual harassment of women in the workplace. The Court also laid down detailed guidelines for prevention and redressal of grievances. The National Commission for Women subsequently elaborated these guidelines into a Code of Conduct for employers. In 2013 India's top court investigated on a law graduate's allegation that she was sexually harassed by a recently retired Supreme Court judge. The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act came into force in December 2013, to prevent Harassment of women at workplace.

According to a report from Human Rights Watch, despite women increasingly denunciate sexual harassment at work, they still face stigma and fear retribution as the governments promote, establish and monitor complaint committees. As South Asia director at Human Rights Watch explained, "India has progressive laws to protect women from sexual abuse by bosses, colleagues, and clients, but has failed to take basic steps to enforce these laws".

A study by ActionAid UK found that 80% of women in India had experienced sexual harassment ranging from unwanted comments, being groped or assaulted. Many incidents go unreported as the victims fear being shunned by their families.

Trafficking
The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act was passed in 1956. However many cases of trafficking of young girls and women have been reported.

Women's safety laws

 Guardians & Wards Act, 1890
Indian Penal Code, 1860
Christian Marriage Act, 1872
Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Married Women's Property Act, 1874
Workmen's compensation Act, 1923
Indian Successions Act, 1925
Immoral Traffic (prevention) Act, 1956
Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
Commission of Sati(Prevention) Act, 1987
Cinematograph Act, 1952
Births, Deaths & Marriages Registration Act, 1886
Minimum Wages Act, 1948
Prevention of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012
Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929
Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application, 1937
Indecent Representation of Women(Prevention) Act, 1986
Special Marriage Act, 1954
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
Hindu Successions Act, 1956
Foreign Marriage Act, 1969
Family Courts Act, 1984
Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
Hindu Adoption & Maintenance Act, 1956
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971
National Commission for Women Act, 1990
The Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place (Prevention, Prohibition & Redressal) Act, 2013
Indian Divorce Act, 1969
Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
Hindu Widows Remarriage Act, 1856
Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986

Deaf/hard of hearing women

Education
As stated in earlier sections, Indian women are disadvantaged in comparison to men in many areas such as literacy skills contributing to drop out rates, gender bias, and inadequate facilities. Prior access to someone with a disability is the number one factor that affects how Indian teachers' attitudes toward students with disabilities, so it can be challenging to find unbiased education. Deaf women face unique challenges in education, as they experience the intersection of oppression as both a woman and a Deaf person.

Education during COVID-19
In addition to the normal obstacles in accessible education, the COVID-19 pandemic added another layer of difficulty for Deaf women. Not only are they facing gender bias and having their needs put aside as women, the pandemic created new problems such as lack of face-to-face communication and masks that inhibit lipreading. A study by Rising Flame Organization found that over 90% of their sample of Deaf/DeafBlind/Hard of Hearing women in India struggled when it came to accessibility of education during the pandemic as well as other resources.

Violence against Deaf women
Women and girls who have a disability, including deafness, face much more of a risk of sexual violence. Deafness in particular can impair one's situational awareness and ability to quickly and effectively communicate a need for help to others (such as shouting "HELP!" to a passerby) which makes Deaf women easier targets for violence.

Reporting of this violence is also extremely low due to lack of access to adequate communication - accommodations like an interpreter are rarely available in these scenarios. Even though the Indian government intended to upkeep and enforce laws regarding sexual violence - specifically mentioning women with disabilities - following civic unrest about a young woman's rape in 2013, these laws were not able to be executed effectively.

Disabled women in India also struggle with problems regarding obtaining medical treatment, legal justice, compensation, and more. The 2014 Guidelines and Protocols for Medico-Legal Care for Victims/Survivors of Sexual Violence by India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare states their view about the reason disabled women often have trouble with reporting violence:…[be]cause of the obvious barriers to communication, as well as their dependency on caretakers who may also be abusers. When they do report, their complaints are not taken seriously and the challenges they face in expressing themselves in a system that does not create an enabling environment to allow for such expression, complicates matters further.There are obvious obstacles when it comes to Deaf women reporting in the first place, such as lack of interpreters, fear of stigma, and more. However, on top of that, the justice system does not respond well when a report actually does come in. Human Rights Watch even found that sometimes women and girls are denied access to accommodations if they cannot prove that they are disabled. Many cases are just swept under the rug, despite legislation in place.

Organizations
There is not yet a one standardized sign language in India, so there has been much emphasis on kinship among Deaf women. They often face an intersection of oppression, being Deaf and a woman. A few organizations have crept up that are led by Deaf women to share a sense of community, learn from one another, and understand their identity as Deaf women.

Delhi Foundation of Deaf Women
The Delhi Foundation of Deaf Women (DFDW) was started in order to create space for career opportunities and to experience community and social skills among alike women that share the same identity. It hosts a number of events and social activities to promote Deaf awareness and pride in Deaf women's identities. Not only that, but it serves as a rehabilitation center for Deaf women. Although it focuses primarily on Deaf women, as their needs are specific, the DFDW also helps Deaf men with some skill-building and a few Deaf men are leaders of some specific programming for the DFDW.

All India Foundation of Deaf Women
The All India Foundation of Deaf Women began by filling the need of community as a club for Deaf women, but recognized that Deaf women need more structured support. Since then in 1973, they have expanded into a rehabilitation center for Deaf women and other Deaf individuals. They are currently offering support, seminars, and other events.

The Hyderabad Foundation Of Deaf Women has been affiliated with the All India Foundation of Deaf Women since 2014. This foundation focuses on the empowerment of Deaf women in INdia and throws events like the National Cultural Festival of Deaf Women, a festival that celebrates Deaf women participating in arts, technology, and other skills.

Career Opportunities
There are certain careers that, culturally, are not thought of as appropriate for Deaf people. With that in mind, the intersection of Deafness and being a woman creates a substantial societal issue when it comes to Deaf women in India finding fulfilling careers.

That being said, Deafness is somewhat accepted in India and not necessarily viewed as a disability that makes a person less intelligent, which affects how employers may view Deaf candidates.

Other concerns

Participation of women in social life
The degree to which women participate in public life, that is being outside the home, varies by region and background. For example, the Rajputs, a patrilineal clan inhabiting parts of India, especially the north-western area, have traditionally practiced ghunghat, and many still do to this day. In recent years however, more women have started to challenge such social norms: for instance women in rural Haryana are increasingly rejecting the ghunghat. In India, most population (about two thirds) is rural, and, as such, lives in tight-knit communities where it is very easy for a woman to ruin her family's 'honor' through her behavior. The concept of family honor is especially prevalent in northern India. Izzat is a concept of honor prevalent in the culture of North India and Pakistan. Izzat applies to both sexes, but in different ways. Women must uphold the 'family honor' by being chaste, passive and submissive, while men must be strong, brave, and be willing and able to control the women of their families. The rural areas surrounding Delhi are among the most conservative in India: it has been estimated that 30% of all honor killings of India take place in Western Uttar Pradesh, while Haryana has been described as "one of India's most conservative when it comes to caste, marriage and the role of women. Deeply patriarchal, caste purity is paramount and marriages are arranged to sustain the status quo."

In 2018 the Supreme Court of India lifted a decades-old ban prohibiting women between the ages of 10 and 50 from entering Sabarimala temple in Kerala. In 2019 two women entered the temple under police protection. Hindu nationalists protested the women's entry and Sreedharan Pillai, State President of the Kerala branch of the nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (of which Indian prime minister Narendra Modi is a member) described the women's entry into the temple as "a conspiracy by the atheist rulers to destroy the Hindu temples." Prime Minister Modi said, "We knew that the communists do not respect Indian history, culture and spirituality but nobody imagined they will have such hatred," The shrine is dedicated to the worship of Lord Ayyappa, a celibate deity, and adherents believe the presence of women would "pollute" the site and go against the wishes of the patron deity. The two women had to go into hiding after entering the temple and were granted 24 hour police protection. One of the women was locked out of her home by her husband and had to move in to a shelter. Dozens of women seeking entry to temple have since been turned back by demonstrators.

Prior to November 2018, women were forbidden to climb Agasthyarkoodam. A court ruling removed the prohibition.

Health

The average female life expectancy today in India is low compared to many countries, but it has shown gradual improvement over the years. In many families, especially rural ones, girls and women face nutritional discrimination within the family, and are anaemic and malnourished. Almost half of adolescent girls are chronically malnourished. In addition, poor nutrition during pregnancy often leads to birth complications.

The maternal mortality in India is the 56th highest in the world. 42% of births in the country are supervised in Medical Institution. In rural areas, most of women deliver with the help of women in the family, contradictory to the fact that the unprofessional or unskilled deliverer lacks the knowledge about pregnancy.

Family planning

The average woman living in a rural area in India has little or no control over becoming pregnant. Women, particularly in rural areas, do not have access to safe and self-controlled methods of contraception. The public health system emphasises permanent methods like sterilisation, or long-term methods like IUDs that do not need follow-up. Sterilisation accounts for more than 75% of total contraception, with female sterilisation accounting for almost 95% of all sterilisations. The contraceptive prevalence rate for 2007/2008 was estimated at 54.8%.

A three-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India in Civil Appeal No. 5802 of 2022 made a ruling on 29 September 2022. The ruling defined "woman" as all persons who require access to safe abortion, along with cisgender women, thus including transpersons and other gender-diverse persons as well as cisgender women. The Court remarked that medical practitioners should refrain from imposing extra-legal conditions on those seeking abortion, such as obtaining the consent of the  abortion seeker's family, producing documentary proofs, or judicial authorization, and that only the abortion seeker's consent was material, unless she was a minor or mentally ill. It also stated that "every pregnant woman has the intrinsic right to choose to undergo or not to undergo abortion without any consent or authorization from a third party" and that a woman is the only and "ultimate decision-maker on the question of whether she wants to undergo an abortion." On the topic of the difference between the gestation period considered legal for married and unmarried women—24 weeks for the former and 20 weeks for the latter—the Court ruled that the distinction was discriminatory, artificial, unsustainable and in violation of Article 14 of the Constitution of India, and that "all women are entitled to the benefit of safe and legal abortion." On the subject of pregnancies resulting from marital rape, the Court ruled that women can seek an abortion in the term of 20 to 24 weeks under the ambit of "survivors of sexual assault or rape".

Women from lower castes

Lower caste women in India have seen significant improvement in their status. Educated and financially well-off Dalit women used politics to achieve status, however, that many Dalit women who were involved in politics later declined due to increasing income and educational levels. The status of Dalit women within households is also noted to have been improved.

Sex ratios

India has a highly skewed sex ratio, which is attributed to sex-selective abortion and female infanticide affecting approximately one million female babies per year. In, 2011, government stated India was missing three million girls and there are now 48 less girls per 1,000 boys. Despite this, the government has taken further steps to improve the ratio, and the ratio is reported to have been improved in recent years.

The number of missing women totaled 100 million across the world. The male-to-female ratio is high in favor toward men in developing countries in Asia, including India, than that of areas such as North America. Along with abortion, the high ratio of men in India is a result of sex selection, where physicians are given the opportunity to incorrectly determine the sex of a child during the ultrasound. India currently has a problem known as the "missing women", but it has been present for quite some time. The female mortality in 2001 was 107.43. The deaths of these "missing women" were attributed to the death history rate of women in India starting in 1901.

The gap between the two gender titles is a direct response to the gender bias within India. Men and women in India have unequal health and education rights. Male education and health are more of a priority, so women's death rates are increasing. The argument continues that a lack of independence that women are not allowed to have is a large contributor to these fatalities. Women in India have a high fertility rate and get married at a young age. Those who are given more opportunity and rights are more likely to live longer and contribute to the economy rather than that of a woman expected to serve as a wife starting at a young age and continuing the same responsibilities for the rest of her life. As women continue to "disappear," the sex ratio turns its favor toward men. In turn, this offsets reproduction and does not allow for a controlled reproductive trend. While the excess mortality of women is relatively high, it cannot be blamed completely for the unequal sex ratio in India. However, it is a large contributor considering the precedence that Indian men have over women.

Sanitation

In rural areas, schools have been reported to have gained the improved sanitation facility. Given the existing socio-cultural norms and situation of sanitation in schools, girl students are forced not to relieve themselves in the open unlike boys. Lack of facilities in home forces women to wait for the night to relieve themselves and avoid being seen by others. Access to sanitation in Bihar has been discussed. According to an estimate from 2013, about 85% of the rural households in Bihar have no access to a toilet; and this creates a dangerous situation for women and girls who are followed, attacked and raped in the fields.

In 2011 a "Right to Pee" (as called by the media) campaign began in Mumbai, India's largest city. Women, but not men, have to pay to urinate in Mumbai, despite regulations against this practice. Women have also been sexually assaulted while urinating in fields. Thus, activists have collected more than 50,000 signatures supporting their demands that the local government stop charging women to urinate, build more toilets, keep them clean, provide sanitary napkins and a trash can, and hire female attendants. In response, city officials have agreed to build hundreds of public toilets for women in Mumbai, and some local legislators are now promising to build toilets for women in every one of their districts.

See also

Welfare schemes for women in India
Women in Indian Armed Forces
Gender inequality in India
Women's suffrage in India
Menstrual taboo
Rape in India
Social issues in India
Women in agriculture in India
Gender pay gap in India
Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir
Women in Hinduism
Women in Sikhism
Women's Reservation Bill
National Commission for Women
Ministry of Women and Child Development
Centre for Equality and Inclusion
Women's Rights Are Human Rights

Lists of Indian women by profession:
:Category:Lists of Indian women
List of female chief ministers in India
Dancers
Film actresses
Writers
Sportswomen

Notes

References

Further reading

Traces the beginnings of feminism in modern India to social and religious reform movements in Maharashtra, Western India.

, A major scholarly survey.
Gautier, Francois (2010). Femmes indiennes. (Nouvelle revue de l'Inde.) Paris: L'Harmattan.

Madhu Kishwar, In Search of Answers: Indian Women's Voices (with Ruth Vanita, Zed Books, 1984). .
Madhu Kishwar, Women Bhakta Poets : Manushi (Manushi Publications, 1989). ASIN B001RPVZVU.
Majumdar, R. C. (2014). Great women of India. Kolkata :  2014.  Editors : Swami Madhavananda, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar

Historiography

External links

Women of the Mughal Dynasty

Indian women
Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2015
India


This website is designed in conformity with the obstacle-free principles. Speed keys are used in the website to facilitate the browsing of the website. The exhibit space is divided into five zones: the main menu zone at the top, the content zone at the center, the menu zone on the left side and right side, the related information zone at the bottom.
Alt + U:The upper main menu linking zone in which linking items are provided for contents in main items to be achieved.
Alt + L:Left-sided linking zone in which contents of all web pages are exhibited.
Alt + C:The middle content zone in which contents of all web pages are exhibited.
5.4 Sun Moon Lake "Come! Bikeday"


In the land navigation field, a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV), which is able to measure the speed of a carrier, can be combined with a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) to form an integrated navigation system. To realize the integrated navigation positioning of a free motion carrier on the ground accurately, this paper introduces a split-reuse three-dimensional (3D) LDV. For the error parameters during application, a Kalman filtering calibration method with the assistance of a differential global positioning system (DGPS) is put forward in this paper. Two groups of integrated navigation experiments are designed to validate the effectiveness of this method and the universality of the obtained parameters. The experimental results show that the calibration method proposed in this paper is effective and the 3D LDV after compensation can greatly improve the positioning accuracy of the integrated navigation. The maximum horizontal position errors of the two experiments calculated by the dead reckoning of the 3D LDV and the gyroscopes are 4.2 m and 2.9 m, and the maximum altitude errors are 0.8 m and 0.9 m, respectively.


An unparalleled wealth of experiences – that's what students from the Law School can expect. Students are drawn to the stimulating and supportive atmosphere they find at UW Law, the diverse student body, and its world-class faculty and programs.
By making a gift to the Law School Annual Fund, you are making a profound difference. Your support ensures that the school remains one of the nation's top law schools by expanding opportunities for today's students, facilitating groundbreaking research, strengthening faculty, and improving the educational experience beyond the classroom. Contributions — no matter the size — go toward improving the quality of the overall educational experience. At UW Law, that means building a community of creative thinkers prepared to address twenty-first century legal challenges.
When you give, you support the Law School's mission to provide a transformative educational experience to the next generation of leaders, who learn about law as it relates to social change and to society as a whole. Please keep UW Law School strong. Give today.
Continuing an emphasis on the dynamics of law.


text:
JUVE Patent UK rankings
Carpmaels & Ransford is recommended in five categories
Carpmaels & Ransford has been recommended for expertise in Pharma and biotechnology, Medical technology, Chemistry, Digital communication and computer technology and Electronics in the inaugural Juve Patent UK rankings. We have also been awarded three stars in the Litigation Patent Solicitors category.
Partners Hugh Goodfellow, Cameron Marshall, Edward Oates, Harvey Adams, Gary Small, David Wilson and Ian Kirby have all been recognised as leading individuals in their fields.
This is the first time that JUVE Patent has published rankings for UK patent firms. The rankings are based on extensive research and interviews with in-house counsel, law firms, patent attorney firms and barrister sets.
JUVE comments:
"Carpmaels has for years been one of the best-known patent attorney firms with one of the highest filing track records in the UK. Even across Europe, Carpmaels is on a par with the German market leaders such as Hoffmann Eitle and Vossius & Partner, especially when it comes to patents in pharma and life sciences. Some of the firm's patent attorneys such as Cameron Marshall and Hugh Goodfellow have an outstanding reputation in these fields. This also goes for their work in disputes regarding life sciences patents, including before the EPO Boards of Appeal. "One of the absolute top firms in Europe for pharma patents," says one competitor. Another praised how "the firm's advice is very creative, sometimes pushing back the borders of what is possible". Carpmaels' strength in the prosecution of pharma patents means the patent litigation practice is also increasingly respected for pharma litigation. This is partly thanks to work for originator drug manufacturers such as Fibrogen, Celgene and Novartis. The team of lawyers around Ian Kirby benefits from the good ties to US companies and coordinates major Europewide disputes over traditional drugs and innovative biologics. The firm has advised originator drug manufacturers even more intensively on defending their key patents from attacks from competitors in UK revocation cases."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"Any camera that's on your internet at home can be accessed," said Norton by Symantec's Melissa Dempsey.
That includes devices such as baby monitors, home surveillance systems, personal laptops, and even your phone. Dempsey said incidents are on the rise.
"They just work off a standard wifi network, completely without security and it's really quite simple for anyone who is in range of that network, so perhaps parked out in a street, to eavesdrop into that communication," said Nigel Phair, the director of UNSW's Cyber Institute.
And he'd know. For 21 years he worked for the AFP, heading up investigations at the Australian High Tech Crime Centre for four years.
Here's the problem: most of us don't regularly, or haven't at all, changed our wifi and router passwords. We leave cameras on devices uncovered and don't pay attention to which apps have permission to access our phone camera.
This to the hackers is a much easier target for blackmail, or in the case of robbers, an opportunistic way to scope your house to see if you are home.
"We love using innovation, we love using new technology but none of it is built with any security in mind and is inherently risky to use," Phair said.
And if that wasn't enough, it seems Big Brother is now all grown up.
Sydney City Council's emergency management centre is one such case. It now costs $1.85 million dollars a year to operate, with $5 million dollars of infrastructure out in the field.
It's recently undergone an upgrade of its 100+ cameras. Each is now worth $10,000 each and are so high-tech they can pick up specific people or details from blocks away.
It's operators search for incidents, relay any problems to police, and can even track offenders who try to run using this equipment.
"We prevent crimes against the person -- assaults, robberies brawls, (we) find people that we are concerned about: that's what our purpose is," David Cornett, Sydney City head of emergency management says.
The 'chief' as he endearingly is known as down there, is proud of their work.
"Not many people get to say they've saved somebody's life and every person in this room can say that they've stopped someone from getting hurt and potentially saved their lives," he said.
So it seems while Big Brother is watching, but perhaps it's not the one you need to worry about.


***This list below are sourcing from different association members directory, Nepal tourism board Directory . If you think some companies missing from list , please comment bellow with company Name , we will list them in next update .
3 A.K. Holidays Pvt. Ltd.
17 Ace Travels Pvt. Ltd.
24 Adventure Outdoor Excursion Pvt. Ltd.
29 Aerolina Travels & Tours (P) Ltd.
45 Ample Travels Pvt. Ltd.
49 Amrita Tours & Express Pvt. Ltd.


nope. thats a dependency of perl-data-messagepack and i already flagged it out of date.
This seems broken in it's latest iteration.
Missing dependency on perl-module-install and has an error "Can't call method "param" on an undefined value at /usr/bin/clerk line 40."


text:
Veronika Válková (* 28. srpna 1970, Praha) je česká spisovatelka fantasy, které svá díla vydává pod pseudonymem Adam Andres. Pod vlastním jménem publikuje beletrii pro děti a učebnice dějepisu. Vystudovala latinu a historii na Filozofické fakultě Univerzity Karlovy a pracuje jako učitelka dějepisu a latiny na víceletém Gymnáziu Na Pražačce.

Dílo

Fantasy
 Wetemaa – kniha osudu jedenácti družiníků krále Gudleifra (Golem Ríša 1992, Wolf Publishing 2005)
 O cestě do Jižního Edagwonu (Golem Ríša 1995, Wolf Publishig 2005)
 Hrútvang (Golem Ríša 1996, Epocha 2008)
 Sága o Halldorovi z Mortaluny
 Rytíři kněžny Rhonwen (Mladá Fronta 2004)
 Sága o Wannovi, synu Orlygově (Mladá Fronta 2006)
 Wetemaa – Koruna Élladu (Straky na vrbě 2013)

Povídky
 Malucha, in: 2003 Česká Fantasy, Mladá Fronta 2003; Nowa Fantastyka 2/2006
Povídka byla nominována na cenu ASFFH
 Nezapomeň, in: 2005 Česká Fantasy, Mladá Fronta 2005; Nowa Fantastyka 10/2006
 Wetemaa – komiks, 1. díl, in: Časovír, Mladá Fronta 2008

Komiks
 Wetemaa – komiks, 1. díl (Zoner Press 2012), kreslí Petr Kopl

Edice Dobrodružné výpravy do minulosti
 Dobrodružné výpravy do minulosti – Pozdvižení v Pompejích, Nakladatelství Fragment 2011
 Dobrodružné výpravy do minulosti – Karel IV., Nakladatelství Fragment 2011
 Dobrodružné výpravy do minulosti – Husité, Nakladatelství Fragment 2012
 Dobrodružné výpravy do minulosti – Rudolf II., Nakladatelství Fragment 2012

Edice Kouzelný atlas putování časem (navazuje na Dobrodružné výpravy do minulosti)
Všechny tyto knížky ilustroval Petr Kopl
 Vikingové: Záhada rohatých přileb, Nakladatelství Grada 2013
 Terezínské ghetto: Tajemný vlak do neznáma, Nakladatelství Grada 2013
 Egypt: V nitru pyramidy, Nakladatelství Grada 2013
 Za Marie Terezie – Zamilovaný dragoun, Nakladatelství Grada 2014
 Marie Terezie – Tajnosti císařských komnat, Nakladatelství Grada 2014
 Trojská válka – Poseidónův hněv, Nakladatelství Grada 2014
 Mezi piráty – Dobrodružství za třicetileté války, Nakladatelství Grada 2015
 Leonardo Da Vinci – Úsměv Mony Lisy, Nakladatelství Grada 2015
 Svatý Václav – Vraždou to nekončí, Nakladatelství Grada 2015
 Karel IV. - Únos v Paříži, Nakladatelství Grada 2016
 Rudolf II. - Spiknutí, Nakladatelství Grada 2016
 Král Karel IV. – Osudový turnaj, Nakladatelství Grada 2016
 Boj o Ameriku: Nečekané setkání, Nakladatelství Grada 2016
 Mezi Indiány: Dcera náčelníkova, Nakladatelství Grada 2017
 Královna Marie Terezie, Nakladatelství Grada 2017
 Japonsko: Gejša a samuraj, Nakladatelství Grada 2017
 Vznik ČSR 1918, Nakladatelství Grada 2018
 Doba kamenná: Pomsta Šedého lva, Nakladatelství Grada 2018
 Mezopotámie - Ve službách velekněžky, Nakladatelství Grada 2019
 Břetislav a Jitka - Klášterní intriky, Nakladatelství Grada 2019
 Pražské povstání - Růže a barikády, Nakladatelství Grada 2020
 Arábie - Mezi beduíny, Nakladatelství Grada 2020
 Korea - Tajemství dávné věštby, Nakladatelství Grada 2021
 Sámo - Zločin v temných hvozdech, Nakladatelství Grada 2021

Učebnice
 Dějepis pro 6. ročník ZŠ – pravěk a starověk, SPN 1997, 2004
 Dějepis pro 1. ročník gymnázií – pravěk a starověk, SPN 2001, 2008
 Dějepis pro 6. ročník ZŠ – pravěk a starověk, SPN 2006
 Dějepis pro 7. ročník ZŠ – středověk, SPN 2007
 Dějepis pro 8. ročník ZŠ – novověk, SPN 2008
 Dějepis pro 9. ročník ZŠ – moderní dějiny, SPN 2009
 Metodická příručka k učebnici DJ pro 6. ročník, SPN 2007
 Metodická příručka k učebnici DJ pro 7. ročník, SPN 2008
 Metodická příručka k učebnici DJ pro 8. ročník, SPN 2009
 Metodická příručka k učebnici DJ pro 9. ročník, SPN 2010

Populárně naučné a odborné články
Veronika Válková publikovala řadu článků v časopise Pevnost, v současné době spolupracuje s časopisem Rodina a škola.

Odkazy

Externí odkazy

 Veronika Válková na Legie.info
 Wetemaa – o fantasy
 Kouzelný atlas putování časem – o dětské beletrii

Čeští spisovatelé fantasy
Narození v roce 1970
Žijící lidé
Ženy
Spisovatelky píšící pod mužským pseudonymem
Narození 28. srpna
Narození v Praze
Absolventi Filozofické fakulty Univerzity Karlovy


text:
IDs of California Bodies Could Take Weeks
RON HARRIS
An autopsy on the body of a woman that washed ashore found no obvious cause of death, the sheriff's department said Tuesday, and further testing is required to determine if it is that of Laci Peterson.
Contra Costa County sheriff's spokesman Jimmy Lee said it could take days or even weeks before experts establish whether the bodies of the woman and of an infant found Sunday are those of the Modesto woman, who was eight months pregnant when she vanished in December, and her son.
"We're still trying to find out the identity of the body, and any relationship between the adult female and the baby male," Lee said, adding that "there is no obvious cause of death."
Peterson, who was 27 when she vanished, had been due to give birth to a boy in February.
On Monday, the forensic pathologist took X-rays of the remains, did an external exam and removed and preserved any clothing on the body. Then the autopsy began, lasting for about four hours. Lee refused to comment on the condition of the woman's body and on how the body was dressed.
Police in Modesto, who have been searching for Peterson for months, had been called in after the bodies were found.
"All it is at this point is they had a body wash up," said Modesto Sgt. Ron Cloward, who has headed the search. "We have no indication at this point that it has anything to do with Laci."
Peterson's husband, Scott Peterson, told police he last saw his wife the morning of Dec. 24 as she left their home in Modesto to walk the dog. He said he then went fishing at the Berkeley Marina, about three miles south of where the woman's body was found.
Richmond is about 90 miles northwest of Modesto.
An independent forensic pathologist began examining the woman's body Monday night, about six hours after it was found by a woman walking her dog in a park near Point Isabel. The baby's body had surfaced about a mile away Sunday with his umbilical cord still attached.
The medical examiner's office did not return messages early Tuesday.
Peterson's husband has been questioned about her disappearance but never named as a suspect. He admitted in January that he had an affair with another woman last year but denied any role in his wife's disappearance.
His attorney, Kirk McAllister, said he had told his client about the day's developments. "He's very concerned and broken up at the prospect that it might be his wife," said McAllister.
Ron Grantski, Laci Peterson's stepfather, told the San Francisco Chronicle that family members were going through a full range of emotions as they learned of the discovery of bodies.
"It's hard to explain," Grantski said. "You want it to be, you don't want it to be. We've got to have closure, but this isn't the closure we want."
Laci Peterson's relatives had criticized Scott Peterson after his affair was revealed.
Contra Costa County Sheriff's Department spokesman Jimmy Lee cautioned that it might take a day or longer to identify the woman and how she died. He said results from the infant's autopsy would be used to determine if they were mother and child.
"It's a very time-consuming procedure. They need to collect the evidence of whatever they can find on the body and clothing," Lee said. "It's going to take some time."
East Bay Regional Park Police Chief Norman Lapera refused to provide details on the body's condition or say whether the woman appeared to have been pregnant.
"We obviously know all that information. We're just not releasing it at this time," Lapera said.
Although detectives from Modesto were on the scene Monday night, the case remained in the hands of the park police who patrol the rocky shoreline where the body washed up at what appeared to be the high-water mark.
"What we've done, as a precaution, is we've notified the Modesto Police Department," Lapera said. "We have their investigators responding to the scene here … and that's just a normal precaution."
Investigators searched the area around the Berkeley Marina in the weeks following Laci's disappearance and last month searched the area near where the woman's body was found.
http://www.lacipeterson.com
http://www.modestopolice.com


In 1975, David Bowie supposedly "got soul" and "reinvented himself" for the third time in as many years. I was never really convinced by the soul thing. Yes, the glam rock guitars had gone and the outlandish costumes too. In came double breasted suits, like something The Four Tops would wear on stage. Musically it was backing singers, funky guitars, muffled drums, congas and a throbbing bass. Whatever it was, though, it was certainly not pure soul, in my opinion. It was a kind of slowed down soully rock, sung with a higher pitched white man's voice too. Quite what the "Soul Train" TV show aficionados made of this coked-up white dude is anybody's guess. It was not The O'Jays, Billy Paul or The Meters.
What it gave us, though, was one of Bowie's finest ever tracks in the lyrically, musically and atmospherically remarkable title track. Five minutes of pure magic. Still my favourite ever Bowie track. I never tire of hearing it, even after all these years. The next three tracks, the one-word titled "Win", "Right" and "Fascination" are all excellent - rhythmic and hypnotic. They sort of wash over you and they sure washed the red dye out of all those Ziggy fans' hair. Ziggy seemed thirty years ago as opposed to just three. That's how quickly things were changing. The difference between this and even ""Diamond Dogs" is seismic. This is an adult album.
The old "side two" sees the quality fall just a little with the rambling "Somebody Up There Likes Me" and the ill-conceived Beatles cover "Across The Universe" (surely the album would have been better served by one or two of the tracks that were not used, such as "After Today", "Who Can I Be Now" or "It's Gonna Be Me").
The last two tracks are corkers, the truly soully "Can You Hear Me" and the riff-driven "Fame" (which was later to be sampled on James Brown's "Hot") which is the album's true slice of funk."Young Americans" is often not mentioned in people's Bowie favourites lists, but I find myself returning to it again and again. Whether or not it IS soul is debatable but it certainly HAS soul.
** Regarding the various remasters around - the EMI/RYKO has the bonus tracks "It's Gonna Be Me", "Who Can I Be Now", and the discoed up "John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)" but it has a bit if a lo-fi, muffled sound, in my opinion.
The 30th anniversary remasters are excellent but hard to get hold of these days.


Some behind the scenes shots with my phone are added…and yes…a few more photographs to come (plus the rest of the trip; Goblin Valley, San Rafael Swell & Bryce Canyon).
Turning back toward the slot while exiting.
The exit after spending 3 hours inside of the slot.
Inside looking back, waiting for the light.
Posted in Image Discussion, Tales From The Road and tagged escalante national park, remote, slot canyon, utah on March 22, 2014 by Aaron Feinberg.


Located in the San Juan Archipelago, Paradise of the Puget Sound, the Windfall Estate is located on the shores of Waldron Island. This remote island offers simplicity and a low key lifestyle. The historic A-Frame enjoys a private dock and makes weekend getaways a breeze, and also a place to stay while your dream home is built. Over 30 acres of pristine land and Mail Bay waterfront allow you to explore something new everyday. Visit nearby Orcas, Lopez, or San Juan for fine-dining, spas, golf, and shopping. Relax. Home on 8.5 Acres with 1.4 acres of waterfront offered at $850K. Remaining 3 parcels available to purchase separately, or as an estate. Please contact listing agent for details!
There is no electrical power on Waldron, but that has not stopped many residents from building beautiful, sustainable, and comfortable homes, outfitted with solar, propane, and many other alternative power sources available today.Waldron is only accessible by private boat and small aircraft.
SAN JUANS STUNNING VIEW HOME!


Chinese handset maker, Oppo has now released a smartphone in the Indian market. This new device is called the Oppo R1 which is a 5-inch phablet/smartphone with an official price tag of Rs 26,990.
The Oppo R1 smartphone sports a 5-inch 720p HD resolution IPS display and it is powered by a MediaTek MT6582 quad-core processor which is clocked at 1.3GHz and coupled with 1GB of RAM. It may not seem like the most powerful smartphone in the market, but it has a good design and well-rounded hardware which would help with its sales.
The smartphone has an 8 megapixel rear camera and a secondary front facing camera, but have a wide aperture of f/2.0 for improved low-light performance. It comes with 16GB of built-in storage capacity and there is no room for expandable storage.
This device is powered by a 2,410 mAh battery and it also incorporates the PI technology which claims to produces more natural white balance and much precise auto focus when capturing images with the handset.
This is a mid-range smartphone from the manufacturer but a price tag of Rs 26,990 doe seem to be a little more than one would pay even for high-tier Chinese manufacturer smartphone.


text:
Lien Foreclosure news:
California: $32M Luxury Home At the Center of Bankruptcy, Payment Disputes
A breathtaking $32M Santa Barbara home is now at the center of a developing financial struggle between a California developer and a long list of unpaid contractors. Facing mounting debts...
Seeking over $2.1 million, a contractor in the Northern Mariana Islands (NMI) has sued an international gaming business over two years of nonpayment for a casino construction project. In 2019,...
Illinois Claimants Must Be Prepared When Faced With a Demand to Enforce
Published on Sep 09, 2021
Filing a mechanics lien is typically enough to recover payment on a construction project. However, in some cases, an enforcement action may be necessary to get what you've earned. What...
Texas Overhauls Lien Laws by Enacting HB2237, Effective January 2022
Texas lien laws are notoriously complicated in comparison to other states. However, some simplification is on the horizon. The Governor of Texas just recently signed House Bill-2237 into law, which...
Iowa Governor Signs Mechanics Lien Bill: What Does It Mean for Contractors?
On April 30, 2021, the Governor of Iowa officially signed House File 561 into law — amending certain sections of the Iowa mechanics lien laws. These changes specifically deal with...
SoFi Stadium Contractor Files Suit to Foreclose on $900K Mechanics Lien
An April 13, 2021 lawsuit by the California-based Penhall Company seeks to foreclose on its mechanics lien on Los Angeles' SoFi Stadium after what it claims is repeated non-payment from...
Lawsuit Sheds Light on QuikTrip's Construction Woes Amid Major National Expansion
Popular convenience store and travel center chain QuikTrip has been pursuing an ambitious long-term expansion plan in the US since 2017 — announcing the significant spread of over 170 locations...
Determining the Prevailing Party for Attorney Fees in Florida
Enforcing a mechanics lien can be an expensive, yet sometimes necessary, step to securing your right to payment. A fair amount of the expenses goes to the attorneys who litigate...
Texas: House Bill 2237 Presents Significant Possible Changes to Lien Laws
On February 24, 2021, House Bill 2237 was introduced in the Texas House of Representatives. This bill would make some considerable changes to Texas lien laws if passed — which...
Lien Foreclosure Not Precluded by Contract Claim Arbitration
When a contractor goes unpaid on a construction project, they have a few remedies available to them. These include claims under the state mechanics lien laws, breach of contract claims,...


government to support Texas nursing homes.
NHQA would bring federal funding Texans have paid in taxes that other states are using to improve long term care.
For every $1 Texans send to Washington, the federal government keeps 35 cents... Texas currently receives 65 cents back.
Compare that to South Carolina, which receives more than $3.05 for every dollar it sends, Alabama at $2.60, and Indiana at $2.25.


Dieses Papier schlägt mit Devisen FX Optionen mit unterschiedlichen Ausübungspreisen und Funktion risikoneutrale Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte pdf der künftigen Kassakursen. Find out how the OTC tiered companies into three markets. Auch die Gewinnchancen sind enorm.
For instance, an Apple Inc. Bond Options are options in which the underlying asset is a bond. Different options are offered for bills expiring at different time spans, e. Currency Options are options in which the holder can buy or sell currency in the future.
Weather Options and futures are used as hedges by companies to guard against unfavorable weather changes. They are not the same as catastrophe bonds that mitigate the risks associate with hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, etc.
Weather derivatives instead focus on daily or seasonal temperature fluctuations around a pre-determined temperature bench mark. As previously mentioned, there are futures contracts for a variety of assets, and exchanges like the CME that offer options contracts on said futures.
The futures options holder is entitled to buy or sell the underlying futures contract at the pre-specified date at a fraction of the margin requirement of the original futures contract. Seit sind binäre Optionen jedoch auch im Online-Trading zugelassen. Seit lassen sich nun auch in Europa binäre Optionen im Online-Trading handeln. Bei relativ geringen Kosten und den hohen möglichen, kurzfristig erzielbaren, Gewinnen bleibt das Risiko im Online-Trading von Binäroptionen überschaubar.
Von überall und bequem am Computer und Smartphone lassen sich im Online-Trading binäre Optionen handeln. Dennoch sollten Sie sich von Beginn an ein Limit setzen. Bei ,- Euro Gesamtkapital sind dies lediglich 25,- Euro. Vier Basiswerte und zwei Trades auf binäre Optionen bleiben überschaubar. Jede Stunde gibt es neue binäre Optionen und die passende Gelegenheit zum Einstieg kommt.
Kaufen Sie binäre Optionen zum Beispiel erst kurz vor deren Ablauf. Gerade bei neuen Wirtschaftsnachrichten schlagen die Kurse erst in eine Richtung aus, bevor sie sich in die Gegenrichtung entwickeln.
Die binaere Optionen sind absolut im Trend, viele junge Leute versuchen sich mit dieser modernen neuen Form des Online-Trading. Auch die Gewinnchancen sind enorm.
Wenn Du also mehr über Binaere Optionen wissen willst, dann bist Du hier genau richtig. Wir werden Dir zeigen wie Du erfolgreich traden kannst, wie Du gezielt in den Binäre Optionen Strategien einsetzen und dabei gewinnen kannst. Falls Du fragen hast, kannst Du uns gerne per Email anschreiben. Wir versuchen Deine Emails umgehend und schnell zu beantworten. This flexibility allows participants to achieve their desired position more precisely and cost-effectively.
Aside from the trading venue, OTC options differ from listed options because they are the direct result of a negotiation between the buyer and the seller. On an exchange, options must clear through the clearing house. This clearing house step essentially places the exchange as the middleman. The market also sets specific terms for strike prices , such as every five points, and expiration dates , such as on a particular day of each month. While not typical, terms may include almost any condition, including some from outside the realm of regular trading and markets.
There are also no disclosure requirements , which represents a risk that counterparties will not fulfill their obligations under the options contract. Also, these trades do not enjoy the same protection given by an exchange or clearing house. Finally, since there is no secondary market , the only way to close an OTC options position is to create an offsetting transaction. OTC defaults can quickly propagate around the marketplace.


My good friends, Matt and Oren, and I once planned a remote fly-in excursion to a productive watershed here in Clayoquot Sound. The plan, as simple as it sounds, was to head up to a remote lake and fish/canoe our way down the outflow river to the estuary, where the same float plane that dropped us off in the morning would return to pick us up at the end of the day. The boys and I have done this dozens of times before, no biggie.
In hindsight, the mitigating factor that made this one particular trip different from the rest of our prior excursions was the appearance and inclusion of Oren's older brother, Matt. And also his dog, Harvey.
The dog didn't worry me, I've known Harvey for years, he's a good dog. What did worry me was the fact that Matt showed up wearing his Canadian Coast Guard Search & Rescue (North Pacific When The Chit Hits The Fan Edition) survival drysuit. That is never a good sign, particularly when you are supposedly just going fishing.
Matt tries to shrug off our inquiries with the kind of calculated, experienced ease that often veils the underlying truth of what he is really thinking - namely that he is expecting something gnarly, and as such he has sufficiently prepared. Oren and I are left wondering, eyeing each other up in our waders, if this trip is even a good idea at all.
Matt, Oren, pilot Josh, Harvey, and I all cram into the float plane. Oren is riding shotgun, Matt and I are in the back seats, and Harvey is drooling on the both of us from the cargo locker. I cannot imagine what we must have looked like pulling away from the dock.
We require a bit of extra time during takeoff, the plane is noticeably listing to port, thanks no doubt to the terrible burden of people, canine, and gear. I'm seated on the left side of the aircraft, so i have a nice view of the rocks and trees as we finally clear the water and zoom, albeit slowly, off.
Harvey seems to enjoy flying, thankfully, because Matt lets us know at that moment over the intercom and headphones that he usually throws up in the truck, a lot. I start to pay more attention to Harvey, and notice that he is drooling considerably. I'm not sure if that's a good sign or not.
The flight into the lake is spectacular, there is very little that can compare in the way of beauty to the aerial view of Clayoquot Sound on a sunny, bluebird day. Millions of acres of pristine fjord wilderness, countless rives, streams, and lakes. Whales, cetaceans and mammals of all kinds, working the shorelines, feasting on abundant shoals of baitfish and krill. We admire our backyard and tell stories and laugh over the headphones. We are happy to be alive, we feel free.
Pilot Josh eventually banks around the mountains and lands on a perfectly still and silent surface, taxying across the lake to a large gravel bar where the upper river flows in. Fish are jumping everywhere. Three species of salmon roll in the lake and river, and trout are gorging themselves on a diverse hatch of bugs. It's all we can do to get the canoe unlashed, and the rest of the gear put together. Harvey bolts upstream in the direction of the canyon as we push the plane off and give Josh directions on where to meet us later that evening. Don't be late, he tells us, we can't fly in the dark. Roger that one, Matt says, we'll be there.
We don't waste any time putting a line in the water. I dive for my 5-weight, Matt goes for the spinning rod, and Oren produces a small fly reel from his jacket pocket.
"You didn't bring a rod?" I ask him.
"No need for a rod dude." he says, stripping line from the reel and twirling it around above his head. He builds up momentum and then eventually lets the twirling mass of fly-line and lure go in the direction of the river. His line and lure shoot off. Oren is the only person i've ever seen hand-line for trout and salmon, ever. I ask him why he chooses to use a fly reel and fly-line for this particular endeavour. It's easier to see in the water, he says, as though this were an obvious fact. He catches a three and a half pound wild cutthroat trout on his first cast, I do not.
After a half-hour of catching fish, Matt is showing obvious signs of restlessness - he likes to fish, sure, but he is not what I would consider a die-hard fisherman. He suggests we head upriver for a while and see if we can make it to the canyon. "The upper river canyon?", I ask, remembering stories Oren and Matt have told me from past adventures up there. "Yes!" he says, "come on, it will be fun!
The little man on my shoulder makes an appearance. He takes one look at the position of the sun, deduces that despite the hour of the day we still have plenty of time, and forces the words from my mouth "Let's do it!" And we are off.
We spend the next two and a half hours alternately dragging and paddling the canoe up the upper river. Negotiating some severe class-3 rapids, log jams, and long stretches of turbulent whitewater along the way. We see three bears chasing salmon through the rapids, and at one point I ask Matt if he thinks we should stop and do some more fishing. The canyon is just around the corner, he says, we really have to reach it, it's breathtaking. He says this twice more during the next hour. Almost there, he says.
Finally, after what seems like an eternity, we reach the upper river canyon. Steep, slippery walls guard the upper canyon, and there is a very large spillway at the entrance to the gorge, a vertical drop of whitewater that looks all of six feet. We need to get up and over that spillway, Matt suggests, and lays out his playbook.
It wasn't pretty, but we actually managed to pull it. Except that we lost half of our stuff on the first try dragging the canoe over the rapids. Finally, on the second try we did it, we were somewhat safely afloat and paddling through the canyon. Matt was right, it was breathtaking.
After a while Oren said something about the hour of the day. Something like - it's getting dark, isn't it?
We turned the canoe around in a hurry and paddled like mad. Don't worry, Matt said, it's a lot quicker going down then coming up. The little man on my shoulder agreed with him, and urged me to paddle faster. Faster is good.
We made our way down river in a hurry but Harvey was falling behind, no doubt exhausted. Matt suggested that we load him into the canoe in order to speed up the procession. It seemed like a good idea at the time.
I noticed the sound of the spillway before i actually saw it. I turned around to look at Matt in the stern of the canoe, he was smiling. He was zipping up his drysuit. Oren and I began to cinch up our waders, I remember thinking i should have at least brought a lifejacket, but the little man on my shoulder reminded me that I was a good swimmer. I closed my eyes and braced myself for what lay ahead. Harvey shrank in the bottom of the canoe, he looked nervous. I couldn't blame him.
We hit the chute with all we could muster, but it wasn't enough. Our fourteen foot canoe was unceremoniously ejected as the bow fell over the rapids and Harvey leapt, dismounting. The force of the dog jumping over the side was no match for our inertia, and we capsized in mid-air, dumping the canoe, and all of it's occupants, into the river. It would have definitely happened anyway, but Harvey flying out of the canoe certainly didn't help as the centrifugal spin he caused as he leapt free made sure everything made it into the water.
Class-3 rapids are not a friendly environment. The freezing water hit my body and I screamed, blowing bubbles under the water. I thought of a bear fishing my body out of the river downstream as I kicked with biblical fury towards the shore. I bobbed to the surface with various pieces of our gear that had managed to float. I scrambled up on the rocks, fighting for air. I saw Matt float by, buoyed by the air trapped in his drysuit, he was still smiling. Oren crawled out on the opposite side of the river, dragging himself up on the rocks, the canoe was half-sunk and disappearing downstream. Harvey came kicking by next, holding a paddle in his teeth. Good dog.
It took all of us to put the pieces back together. Finally, after a long, wet, shivering eternity back down the river we go. Harvey is back in the canoe. I don't care at this point, it's already gone terribly wrong.
There was a particularly nasty corner and log jam that we had to negotiate on the way upriver. It looked far worse and ultimately more dangerous coming down. Half-way through the corner one of the logs that stuck out into the river peeled us in rapid succession from the canoe, dumping us into the river once more.
Every man went for himself as the current swept us through logs and stump wads, I pulled a mid-river Tarzan as I reached out and successfully latched onto one of the limbs and swung myself up and onto a log, safely. Matt floated downstream, holding onto the overturned canoe, while Oren managed to reach the opposite shore once again. My waders were now completely brimming with water, adding a new meaning to the term bone drenched and freezing. I had to pull them down and contort myself upside down on the logjam in order to drain most of the water out. Harvey floated past me as I was doing this, whining like he'd been hit by a car.
By the time we finally manage to get going again, we hear the sound of Josh and the float plane in the distance. "I hope he thinks of checking the upper river when he see's we're not downstream in the estuary" Oren says. Matt suggests we paddle harder.
The sound of the plane disappears in the distance, my attitude, already dampening, becomes forlorn. I do not like the sound of a night soaking wet in the wilderness.
All of a sudden the sound of the plane is back, and Josh, god bless him, literally scrapes the pine cones from the tree-tops as he buzzes the river valley. He see's us, but just barely. The sun, already set, is leaving the sky growing dark.
Before we reach the lake we dump the canoe once more. Do not ever let anyone tell you that whitewater canoeing is easy.
It is a race to paddle out to the float plane, unload what remains of our gear, strap the canoe down, and literally force Harvey back into the plane. Matt and Oren have to stuff the snapping, convulsing animal into the cargo bay, it doesn't look easy. Good boy, Matt keeps saying as he dodges Harvey's teeth, good dog.
Oren and I are literally shaking once we go airborne, frozen from the inside out. A short time later, as we chase the last of the daylight home Harvey pops his head out of the cargo netting, coughs twice, and vomits all over my neck and right shoulder.