When Mark McLellan — a "Double Tommie" – first learned about Mobile Loaves & Fishes, the 3M executive was moved by the simplicity and notion of driving a truck to serve people in need.
"The whole model is built to be flexible and reactionary when needed," he said.
When a storm hit North Minneapolis in 2011, the now named Mobile Loaves Twin Cities was the first operation escorted in by police to deliver value and support to the community.
Mobile Loaves first set its humble roots in Texas as an outreach program to provide "food, clothing and dignity to brothers and sisters" in need. Thanks to Mark, the organization is now garnering serious attention in the Twin Cities. More than 260 local volunteers serve up an average of 200 meals a night four times a week, year-round.
Mark's interest in social justice began at an early age. He earned his undergraduate degree at St. Thomas, minoring in peace and justice. The school's emphasis on Christian social teachings instilled a sense of responsibility. "Mobile Loaves was my calling to get off the sidelines and make something happen," he said.
Mark later earned an Executive MBA graduate degree at Opus College of Business ("A no brainer") to augment his successful 20-year career at 3M, a global innovation company based in St. Paul.
"In my classes we talked a lot about how easy it is to let the P&L become the only relevant thing — versus the value you bring back to the community," he said.
While he was at St. Thomas getting his MBA, Mark was also active with the Mobile Loaves organization. Community value and ethical leadership no doubt were two important outputs of his graduate program.
As for Mark's most rewarding part of Mobile Loaves, he doesn't hesitate in his answer.
Learn more about Mobile Loaves Twin Cities and how you can get involved. If you'd like information on our Executive MBA program, please call us at (651) 962-8817 or email execmba@stthomas.edu.


text:
> Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone#
Democracy is slowly being reestablished after the civil war from 1991 to 2002 that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (about a third of the population). The military, which took over full responsibility for security following the departure of UN peacekeepers at the end of 2005, is increasingly developing as a guarantor of the country's stability. The armed forces remained on the sideline during the 2007 and 2012 national elections, and over the past year have deployed over 850 peacekeepers in the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). As of January 2014, Sierra Leone also fielded 122 staff for five UN peacekeeping missions. In March 2014, the closure of the UN Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone (UNIPSIL) marked the end of more than 15 years of peacekeeping and political operations in Sierra Leone. The government's priorities include furthering development, creating jobs, and stamping out endemic corruption.
Special Information
Page Geography/Africa/Sierra_Leone
Created Thursday, 16. October 2014, 18:19, Geography
Changed Thursday, 4. February 2016, 18:17, Geography
Url https://global-geography.org/af/Geography/Africa/Sierra_Leone
Objects 28 objects in this category

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Laravel 8: Using Fortify in APIs Can Laravel Fortify be used in the context of API? From what I understand, Fortify (although being headless, i.e. doesn't include a UI layer) allows us to customize Login and Register pages, but it automatically redirects to HOME page upon successful authentication. And although the HOME page is customizable, that is not how API logins normally work. It should simply return a success token in JSON format without redirects of any kind.
There is an authenticateUsing function in Fortify, but even that simply allows us to customize authentication logic and not the returned data. Redirection is still performed by Fortify.
How can I use Fortify in the context of REST API?
Note: I'm going to use it from my Vue front-end application. I'm also going to get Sanctum into the game, but before that I just wanted to see if I can do regular token-based authentication using Fortify without having to write my own login, register and logout routes and controller functions.

A: The redirects reason in my case was the default laravel RedirectIfAuthenticated provider.
By default  in laravel 8  that provider looks like
<?php

namespace App\Http\Middleware;

use App\Providers\RouteServiceProvider;
use Closure;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;

class RedirectIfAuthenticated
{
    /**
     * Handle an incoming request.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
     * @param  \Closure  $next
     * @param  string[]|null  ...$guards
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function handle($request, Closure $next, ...$guards)
    {
        $guards = empty($guards) ? [null] : $guards;

        foreach ($guards as $guard) {
            if (Auth::guard($guard)->check()) {
                return redirect(RouteServiceProvider::HOME);
            }
        }

        return $next($request);
    }
}

just replace default foreach by the following code with that:
foreach ($guards as $guard) {
    if (Auth::guard($guard)->check()) {
        if ($request->expectsJson()) {
            return response()->json([
               'error' => 'Already authenticated.'
            ], 406);
        }
        return redirect(RouteServiceProvider::HOME);
    }
}

Don't forget that for $request->expectsJson() to work fine you should include Accept: application/json in the request headers.

A: Authentication can either be Session-based or Token-based.
Laravel Fortify only provides the backend logic nessecery for session-based authentication and therefore is not intended for token-based API authentication.
If you need token-based API authentication, you can use either Sanctum or Passport depending on your needs. But You'll have to write a bit of code, in either case.
If you decide to go with Laravel Passport, I have a boilerplate project that might be of use: https://github.com/pktharindu/laravel-api-boilerplate-passport

A: Just set 'Accept' header with 'application/json' or 'application/javascript' then fortify will response json formatted body not redirection.
by the way, use Sanctum instead of Passport for SPA is easier to keep token securely. google about where to store API token for SPA then you will find out why.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
G. dos Santos
Mexico's 'prodigals' could boost morale ahead of Hex
Written By Jon Arnold
Ronaldo Schemidt https://images.daznservices.com/di/library/Goal_America/d/d4/alan-pulido-jonathan-dos-santos-marco-fabian-mexico-news-conference-10042016_tsc55z70141c1t4b97vd61dqk.jpg?t=-1842758121&w=500&quality=80
M. Fabián
A. Pulido
J. dos Santos
Three players sat behind the table Tuesday, facing a Mexican press that has been relentless in its criticism of current national team coach Juan Carlos Osorio. Those players, forward Alan Pulido, midfielder Jonathan dos Santos and midfielder Marco Fabian, haven't been active participants in the Osorio era, which started nearly a year ago, but they could be critical to seeing the era continue.
Osorio's seat is hot. From the outside looking in, that's crazy. He's lost just one game in charge of Mexico. But the standards are high in Mexico, and the embarrassing 7-0 defeat against Chile still lingers over Osorio. The trio of players at Tuesday's news conference weren't a part of that team. In fact, it has been months since any of them was involved. But now, all three are finding good form with their clubs and could add depth where Mexico needs it.
Those players, without the stigma that may come with being a part of that Copa America Centenario elimination against La Roja, or even the draw against Honduras that closed out World Cup qualification a month ago, can help on the field — but they also can help off it.
Fabian, who played an hour in total during two qualifiers this spring against Canada, offered a defense of Osorio when he was asked about joining the team for these October friendlies against New Zealand and Panama.
"I've seen the national team doing very well, they work well," Fabian said at the news conference. "I was there against Canada, and it's always worked well. We've got to see the good things, try to win a place in the squad. We're all in the same boat and we've all got the same goal. The manager asked us to work, to have intensity. He knows us. The chance is there for all of us, and now it depends on us to win a place."
Ronaldo Schemidt https://images.daznservices.com/di/library/Goal_America/86/68/alan-pulido-giovani-dos-santos-jonathan-dos-santos-mexico-training-10042016_gks1you7gevk1ilj1qrk0ax2m.jpg?t=-1824413993&w=500&quality=80
The players should be able to win places on Osorio's 23-man squad for the November Hex matches in Columbus, Ohio, and Panama City, if not get starting roles. While Pulido specifically looks like depth, he provides more on both a talent and experience level than the other options Osorio currently has at forward. Javier "Chicharito" Hernandez is in Spain with his girlfriend after she had a health issue, and while he should start in the Hex, Raul Jimenez isn't available and the other players Osorio called against El Salvador and Honduras when Chicharito was injured don't inspire confidence.
Fabian is in good form in Europe and gives Mexico a player who can deliver a set piece that can find center backs who are good in the air or other players who can score in dead ball situations. Dos Santos, meanwhile, may have the best case to slot into a starting role. He's been tenacious with Villarreal so far this season, giving Osorio a two-way option in the middle of his system that can help get the ball to the quick wingers he likes to deploy and also provide a defensive presence.
"I'm happy to return to the national team. I've always tried to do the same thing, to work as hard as I can," he said Tuesday. "I'm in good form, and whoever is doing well is the one that will have the chance. Today I feel happy and proud to come into the national team."
These players, plus Dos Santos' brother Giovani, all finding their form now give Osorio options that he didn't have or chose not to use in September's World Cup qualifiers. His team will be better with them, and he can count on the players we heard from today to help turn the tide of public opinion back in his favor.
That's something that will only happen in earnest with results, but the returnees will help him do that as well. Why the players weren't there is a question, but they could answer some of the questions remaining about Osorio's team.
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You are here: Home » Canada » Canada: government & governance 43rd Parliament
Canada: government & governance 43rd Parliament
Written by Diana Thebaud Nicholson // January 9, 2020 // Canada, Government & Governance // No comments
Canada: government & governance 2019
Is Justin Trudeau eyeing the exits?
By Konrad Yakabuski
Even with a majority, Mr. Trudeau was the most risk-averse prime minister in memory. Apart from the Canada Child Benefit and a tentative move toward carbon pricing, nothing Mr. Trudeau did during his first term was very ambitious. There were lots of earnest declarations but precious little in the way of transformative policy.
Granted, Mr. Trudeau was never a policy wonk. Now, however, he appears to have grown tired of politics, too. The country is dangerously divided; perhaps he has concluded that he cannot do much about that. He has shown none of the passion of a Prime Minister determined to reconquer the hearts of Canadians, one selfie at a time, during a second term.
Meanwhile, there are a slew of tough files on his desk that he must be dreading. For starters, he must decide whether to approve Teck Resource's Frontier oil-sands project and whether to ban Chinese telecommunications giant Huawei from Canadian 5G networks. There will be no easy way to spin either of those decisions. But that's what governing is all about.
Prescient Liberals are already talking about Mr. Trudeau's replacement, with one name above all others on their lips – and no, it's not Ms. Freeland's. Departing Bank of England Governor Mark Carney is returning to Ottawa within weeks. For many Liberals, it won't be a moment too soon.
Trudeau keeps the jets, Freeland does the work (video)
Freeland will be doing all the hard stuff for this government, while Trudeau poses for pictures.
Campbell Clark: Trudeau takes steps to insulate himself from political risk
Justin Trudeau has set up his second-term government like a leader who realizes he just had a narrow escape. He has created rows and rows of defensive barriers between the Prime Minister and political risk.
During his first term, Mr. Trudeau made himself the face of virtually everything his government did. Everything, seemingly, came from the PMO: Mr. Trudeau in front, and behind the scenes, his two senior advisers, Gerald Butts and Katie Telford, orchestrated it all. But that meant every problem, and every mistake, was at the top.
Now, a new operating procedure is taking shape. Ministers will be seen handling files and speaking to issues more, and Mr. Trudeau less. There will be layers of insulation between the Prime Minister and any misstep.
Speedier airport screening, universal pharmacare: Trudeau hands cabinet ministers their to-do lists
Mandate letters guide policy objectives, governing style for minority government
Trudeau issued mandate letters to each of his ministers Friday, outlining the key policy objectives each minister is tasked with as well as the overarching goals of the government. The ministers' to-do lists mirror the promises in the Liberal election campaign platform, with its goals of making life more affordable, strengthening the health care system, fighting climate change and promoting reconciliation with Indigenous peoples.
"It is more important than ever for Canadians to unite and build a stronger, more inclusive and more resilient country," reads the opening of the letters.
"The government of Canada is the central institution to promote that unity of purpose and, as a Minister in that Government, you have a personal duty and responsibility to fulfill that objective."
Deputy Prime Minister and Intergovernmental Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland has been handed the most critical and wide-ranging job; she's tasked with working across cabinet to advance the government's agenda and working with provinces and territories on health care, climate change action and gun control measures.
In each letter, Trudeau directed ministers to turn to him as well as Freeland "early and often" for support in their roles.
Chrystia Freeland is now the minister for almost everything
When Freeland was announced as the new deputy prime minister and intergovernmental affairs minister, it wasn't obvious what she would be doing, beyond perhaps shuttling between provincial capitals to broker peace with recalcitrant premiers.
With the release of her mandate letter on Friday, it's now clear what files Freeland will be involved with: nearly all of them.
12 – 13 December
This could be ugly
New Speaker says he'll evict Wilson-Raybould if she doesn't leave willingly
While Wilson-Raybould said she would like to stay where she is, Rota said it's not up to her.
"There's a minister who wants to go in there and that minister has the right to go in because it's been chosen as his office," he said. "As an Independent, unfortunately, [Wilson-Raybould] is at the bottom of the list or near the bottom of the list."
Jody Wilson-Raybould is refusing to move out of her entire ministerial office suite
Wilson-Raybould said she invited Algonquin Elder Claudette Commanda to bless the offices after her swearing-in following the October election. … Commanda said the ceremony to cleanse and bless the office also included a prayer for Wilson-Raybould to keep her office space. … Commanda said Wilson-Raybould wanted to respect the fact Ottawa sits on unceded Algonquin land and she wanted an Algonquin elder to conduct the ceremony to help her prepare for the opening of Parliament.
Wilson-Raybould's supporters made the office dispute an issue at last week's meeting of the Assembly of First Nations.
The list of possibles is a long one.
Who's next? Conservative speculation about Scheer's replacement breaks into the open
Leadership talk has been simmering since the election. On Thursday, it boiled over.
Since the Conservative Party's near-miss in the October election, most prospective candidates have held back on revealing their ambitions. Now that Scheer's made the decision to quit, the rumour mill is grinding away louder than before.
An internal party review of the Conservatives' election performance is underway. Many within the party have already pointed to Scheer's leadership as the prime factor in the party's defeat.
Conservative commentator Geoff Norquay said the next leader must have a national vision that resonates with voters in urban areas, women and Canadians concerned about climate change.
The next step in the leadership contest is for the Conservative Party's National Council to form a leadership election organizing committee, which will decide on the rules, procedures, process and timelines for the contest, said party spokesman Cory Hann.
The Conservatives already have a policy convention scheduled for April in Toronto, but it's not clear if that could also serve as the forum to pick a new leader. Conservative caucus backs Scheer as interim leader amid private school backlash
Prime Minister welcomes new parliamentary secretaries
The Prime Minister will soon release an updated version of Open and Accountable Government, which sets out his expectations for Cabinet ministers and parliamentary secretaries, as well as their roles and responsibilities. The updated guide will also clarify the role of the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, incorporating recommendations made by the Honourable Anne McLellan in her recent report on the issue.
In March 2019, the Prime Minister sought advice from former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada Anne McLellan on the relationship between the federal government and the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada. Her review of the roles of the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada was published in August 2019.
Trudeau's minority Liberal government survives first confidence vote
Confidence vote passes 205-116, but opposition win vote to compel Liberals to study China at committee
Justin Trudeau's Liberals survived Tuesday their first test of confidence in the House of Commons but got a pointed reminder of how opposition parties can still make life complicated for a minority government.
The motion authorizes the committee to order the prime minister, Foreign Affairs Minister Francois-Philippe Champagne, Public Safety Minister Bill Blair and Canada's ambassador to China, Dominic Barton, to appear as witnesses "from time to time as the committee sees fit."
But while that could tie up Trudeau and his ministers and dwell on sensitive diplomatic and trade conflicts with China that the Liberals would prefer to deal with outside the public spotlight, they will at least get to continue governing.
The Liberals, with the support of all opposition MPs but the Conservatives and one Green MP, passed a series of votes on supplementary spending estimates. The estimates passed on a vote of 205-116, ensuring that previously planned government programs get the funding they need to operate.
After years of mixed messages, Trudeau signals he's treating the Crown more seriously
(National Post) After nearly three years of leaving the post vacant, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has appointed a new Canadian secretary to the Queen, amid rumours of the Crown beginning preparations for its inevitable transition and the possibility of a Canadian royal tour next year.
Shortly after his government was first elected in 2015, Trudeau had removed the previous secretary, Kevin MacLeod who had been appointed by Trudeau's predecessor Stephen Harper. Last month, Trudeau quietly appointed Donald Booth a long-time federal civil servant.
The secretary serves as the primary link between the federal cabinet and the Crown, providing information and advice, and is central to the organization of royal tours.
Andrew Coyne: The Liberals care about national unity, but they care more about winning a majority
(Globe & Mail) …the oddest part of the speech, in the wake of an election that revealed profound fears across much of the oil-producing West that the rest of Canada wants to put it out of business, notably by blocking the construction of pipelines to markets east and west, is that the government could not bring itself, in the whole of the vice-regal address, to mention the West, or pipelines, or oil. Not even once.
… it talked about all of these things, only without naming them. Instead of Alberta or Saskatchewan or the West, it referred to certain "regions"; the grievances feeding the worst outburst of western rage in decades it called "local needs." For oil, there was "Canada's natural resources," and for pipelines, "getting Canadian resources to new markets."
Throne speech promises tax cut, climate action and ban on military-style firearms
In 28-minute address, Liberal government calls on MPs to work across party lines in minority Parliament
(CBC) In a throne speech promising new efforts to tackle climate change, make life more affordable and impose a ban on "military-style" firearms, the Liberal government today called on members of Parliament to work across party lines to solve some of the country's most pressing issues.
The first throne speech since the election — which saw voters return Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and the Liberals to power in a minority government — struck a conciliatory tone.
The government signalled it will take up issues championed by the opposition parties — like tax-free parental benefits and a crackdown on money laundering — alongside its own ambitious agenda for progressive reform.
"While your approaches may differ, you share the common belief that government should try, whenever possible, to make life better for Canadians," said Gov. Gen. Julie Payette, reading the prepared text of the throne speech.
"Some believe that minority governments are incapable of getting things done. But Canada's history tells us otherwise."
On the national unity front, the speech acknowledged the growing restlessness in Alberta and Saskatchewan at a time of depressed oil and gas prices and constrained pipeline capacity.
Thursday's 28-minute address, titled "Moving Forward Together," included a promise to "find solutions" to help those two western provinces, and oil-rich Newfoundland and Labrador, weather the oil price slump.
While the Governor General delivers the remarks, the text itself is written by the Prime Minister's Office. However, Payette added some personal remarks to the speech. The PMO confirmed the first 11 paragraphs of the speech were the Governor General's "preamble." Payette, a former astronaut, said Canadians must work together in collaboration because "we are inextricably bound to the same space-time continuum and on board the same planetary spaceship."
Tories, NDP won't support throne speech but Bloc will back Liberals' agenda if it comes to vote
The Throne Speech: More will be done
Paul Wells: If the Liberals' goal was to be deliberately vague, well, the Trudeau team's speechwriters absolutely nailed it
(Global) Climate change, healing regional divides key planks for Trudeau Liberals in Throne Speech
Liberal MP Anthony Rota elected Speaker of the House of Commons
(CBC) Liberal MP Anthony Rota will preside over the new minority Parliament as the new Speaker of the House of Commons.
Rota beat four other candidates in a vote this morning, including caucus colleague Geoff Regan, who was Speaker during the last session of Parliament and had wished to stay on.
Rota, who represents Nipissing-Timiskaming, choked up while talking about the honour of being the first Canadian of Italian descent to sit in the Speaker's chair and gave a shout-out to his daughter, who was finishing her university exams today.
Aaron Wherry: For better or worse, Trudeau's next 4 years are going to be about climate change
It was the sleeper issue of the election campaign – and it's driving a wedge between East and West
He is unlikely to emerge from the result of the October 21 election as a wholly different person. He's surely still the same complicated figure he was before this fall's campaign. He is also still the prime minister.
But things have changed. His government's situation, his public standing and the demands upon him are different now. And the aftermath of an election offers a natural pivot point, a chance to take stock of what's been and adjust for what's to come.
When last we heard from the prime minister at any length (nearly a month ago), he was talking about taking some time to "reflect."
He has not yet reported back with the fruits of that reflection. In fact, his public appearances have been relatively limited since election night.
There was no rah-rah speech to supporters the day after the election, as there was in 2015. There was no Halloween photo-op appearance in costume with his kids. In 2015, he gave himself just 16 days to set up a new government. This time, he has taken nearly a month.
Canada economy 2017 (Part 2) – 2019
Canada Election October 2019 and aftermath
SNC-Lavalin 2019
Canada and Indigenous peoples 2017 – 2019


text:
The Ecclesiastical Text
"For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled."
"And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than one tittle of the law to fail."
Lk. 16:17
"The words of the Lord are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times. Thou shalt keep them, O Lord, Thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever."
Ps. 12:6-7
Long Ending of Mark
. Post-Reformation Diversity
Majority Text in English
Differences Between Majority Text & KJV
Greek Majority Text Editions
Differences between Greek Majority Texts
Lost, Greek Text of the KJV & Back-Translating
Church Declaration
Regarding the preservation of the Greek New Testament, there are two main schools of thought: (1) the Critical Texts, and (2) the Ecclesiastical (or, Traditional, Byzantine, Majority, etc.) Texts.
(1) Three or so Critical Texts were discovered in the 1800′s in Egypt. Most Bible versions are based off of them today. They disagree with 8% of the text of scripture that had been preserved in the Ecclesiastical Texts that the Church had been using for 1800 years. This significantly affects the Doctrine of Inspiration, as many verses you learned in Sunday School, according to the Critical Texts, are not the Word of God.
(2) The Ecclesiastical (Majority, Byzantine, etc) Texts comprise about 5,000 manuscripts from across the world, and have been the traditional text that the Church has always used. The King James Version (Textus Receptus) comes from this tradition. The reformers and puritans were universally agreed in their affirmation of the Ecclesiastical Text, not for circumstantial reasons, but because of scriptural reasons. Below are resources that defend the majority, Church history view.
Does this Issue Really Matter?
While no primary doctrine of Christianity is lost in the Critical Texts, many secondary and tertiary doctrines are significantly altered. See here for a list of 40 Doctrinally Significant Variants.¹
¹ Mt 5:22,44; 6:1,13; 9:13; 17:21; 18:11; 19:17; 20:16; 20:22; 23:14; Mk 1:2; 6:11; 7:8; 9:29,44,46,49; 10:21,24; 16:9-20; Lk 2:40; 18:28; 22:43-44, 64; 23:34, 42, 45; Jn 1:18; 3:13; 5:4; Acts 2:30; 8:37; 10:30; 24:6-8; 28:29; Rom 8:1; 11:6; 1 Tim. 3:16; James 2:20; 1 Jn 4:3.
Thus the doctrine of inspiration, of what is the inspired Word of God, is very much affected. God places a curse upon those who either cut out or add to the Word of God (Rev. 22:18-19).
It should also be noted that the Ecclesiastical Text position is taught in Westminster Confession (1646) 1.8:
"The Old Testament in Hebrew… and the New Testament in Greek… being immediately inspired by God, and, by His singular care and providence, kept pure in all ages, are therefore authentical (Mt 5:18)…"
For one who is familiar with the field of textual criticism and wants to interact with the best positive and balanced case and defense for the Ecclesiastical Text position, see Dr. Maurice Robinson's scholarly (but readable) essay: The Case for Byzantine Priority Buy.
"The words of men are perishable, being the words of perishable men; but… His words resemble Himself – they are imperishable, immortal."
John 'Rabbi' Duncan
Where to Start? (in order of easy to more advanced)
Bernardinus De Moor (1709-1780)
Didactico-Elenctic Theology, vol. 2
"We concede some corruption of the founts [of the Scriptures as we have them], but of what sort? α. accidental, β. of some exemplars, γ. of one point or letter or another, δ. [they which are] always correctable from parallels.
But we deny corruption, α. done deliberately by the Jews, β. universal, of all codices, γ. of the whole context, δ. frequent, and, ε. irreparable, through which, if by then it be nearly universal, the sense would thus be injured, inasmuch as the sense would no longer be able to be discovered in the context or by parallels. We demonstrate this negative assertion:
α. From the providence of God, which by a singular kindness has so watched over our codex that it might not at any time take in anything defective, according to Isa. 40:8, compared with 1 Pet. 1:25. But, if the divine providence willed as much to preserve for the Church the canon perpetual, as to preserve for the canon its integrity, it follows that today's canon of Scripture is uncorrupted: otherwise God would not have achieved His goal.
But divine providence willed as much to preserve for the Church the canon perpetual; for to this end God granted to the Church θεόπνευστον (inspired Scripture), so that thence it might be certain of the will of the Divine Being and the way of pursuing salvation, and have an immovable foundation and norm for faith and worship: as to preserve for the canon its integrity; for God keeps the same will still today, even toward the Church, to be saved through the Word, and concerning the Scripture, as the means of salvation, which will He was fostering when He first delivered to the Church the same Scripture in writing. Therefore, even today the canon of Scripture is uncorrupted."
Adeyemi, Seni – 'The Preservation of Scripture' (2016) 20 paragrpahs
Adeyemi gives an excellent introduction to the Scriptural issues at stake. He includes numerous choice quotes from the reformers and puritans, and clearly distinguishes the change of viewpoint that came into reformed theology through B.B. Warfield's deficient view of preservation (which has since become the norm).
Kayser, Phillip – "Has God Indeed Said?": The Preservation of the Text of the New Testament (2004) 35 pp. with Wilbur Pickering. Kayser wrote the first two sections, Pickering the third section.
Kayser is especially helpful in listing out the Biblical verses and presuppositions that factor into, and should guide, the issues. He and Pickering also overwhelmingly show the corruption of the critical texts and the superiority of the Majority Texts.
Wilson, Andrew
'Prefer the Shorter Reading?' n.d. 8 paragraphs with two charts
One of the most foundational pillars of critical textual criticism since its rise in the late 1800's has been to (almost always) prefer the shorter reading, which pillar is still widely popular today. This unproven assumption is based upon the premise that scribes would most of the time have willingly expanded the text, which means that the shorter reading was original (contrary to them having any fear of God and contrary to the testimony of the early Church Fathers).
This pillar of modern textual criticism, unbeknownst to many, has been thoroughly disproved by half a dozen recent textual studies. Consistent with common sense, scribes, insofar as they unintentionally made mistakes, most often simply left a letter or word out (bad eyesight). Wilson provides a table. Modern textual criticism, which underlies the basis of most modern Bible versions, has no clothes on; but rather has been cutting out the Word of God (Rev. 22:18-19).
'Scribal Habits in Greek New Testament Manuscripts', Filología Neotestamentaria, vol. 24 (2011), pp. 95-126
Pickering, Wilbur – 'An Examination of the Alexandrian Texts' (2004) 7 pp. beginning on p. 28. This is section three of the larger work co-authored with Phillip Kayser, "Hath God Indeed Said?": The Preservation of the Text of the New Testament
Pickering demonstrates that the critical Greek texts of the New Testament that many of current Bible translations are based on, are inferior to the traditional texts.
C.S.P.M.T. – 'Byzantine Greek New Testament: Introduction' (2014) 8 pp.
This gives a historical account of the preservation of the Majority Text.
Robinson, Maurice – The Case for Byzantine Priority Buy (2001) 113 paragraphs
The Majority text is also known as the Ecclesiastical, or Byzantine text, as the Christian scribes in Byzantium during the Early Church and Middle Ages transcribed the majority of New Testament texts in Greek that have been traditionally used by the historic Christian Church.
This scholarly, yet readable, essay is the best, most balanced and careful description and argument for the 'Majority Text'. Here are Dr. Robinson's extensive credentials. Here is the outline to his essay:
A Problem with Modern Eclecticism
The Byzantine Priority Method
Principles towards Restoration of the Text
Principles of Internal Evidence
Principles of External Evidence
Objections Answered
Inaccuracies and Misleading Claims
Pickering, Wilbur – The Identity of the New Testament Text Buy (1977; 2014) 191 pp. Be sure to read the latest edition, currently number IV (as of 2015).
A classic defense of the Majority Text of Greek New Testament manuscripts.
Cartwright, Thomas & William Fulke – 'Confutation of the Rhemists' Preface' in Confutation of the Rhemist Testament (1618; NY: Leavitt, Lord & Co., 1834), pp. 13-38
The Rhemist version of the New Testament in English was a Roman Catholic translation from the Latin of the Vulgate. Naturally this begs the question of the Greek original and its preservation. Hence Cartwright (1534-1603)) and Fulke (1538-1589) have many things to say in this confutation of that preface regarding God's preservation of the original Greek up through the manuscripts which they had in that day.
Clark, Gordon – Logical Criticisms of Textual Criticism Buy (1990) 50 pp.
This short and easy to read booklet is both informative and humorous. Clark shines the spotlight on the subjective and unfounded method that liberal textual critics commonly use (specifically, Bruce Metzgers Textual Commentary) and sprinkles the whole with arguments for the Majority Text.
Crampton, W. Gary
'Blackballing Jesus' (1995) 4 pp.
In 1985 a group of 35 liberal scholars held the Jesus seminar in search for the 'historical Jesus'. Their method was that of textual criticism, to vote how likely each verse of the gospels was, by casting colored beads reflective of their vote. Black meant that the saying at hand was definitely not Jesus'. Crampton exposes this nonsense masquerading under the name of scholarship.
'Original Manuscripts, the Majority Text & Translations' (2004) 8 pp.
Pickering, Wilbur
Articles on the Objective Authority of the Biblical Text
Answers to Published Critics
Dr. Pickering answers Aland, Fee & Wallace.
Articles on New Testament Textual Criticism & Family 35
Robinson, Maurice
105 Verses in the Critical Greek Text of the New
Testament Without Any Manuscript Support (2015) 37 pp.
What happens when textual critics cut and manipulate the Greek New Testament according to their every whim? 105 of the verses in the Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament (which most Bible versions are based off of) are shown not to exist in any actual manuscript of the Greek N.T. that we have.
Crossing Boundaries in New Testament Textual Criticism:
Historical Revisionism & the Case of Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener (2002) 54 paragraphs
F.H.A. Scrivener was a leading textual critic and defender of the traditionally received text during the late-1800's. Daniel Wallace called the claiming of Scrivener for the Majority text position by M.T. advocates to be historical revisionism. While Scrivener had his own unique textual theories, Robinson documents that Scrivener agreed by and large with Majority Text presuppositions and that Wallace's portrait of him is historical revisionism.
Fulke, William – A Defence of the Sincere & True Translations of the Holy Scriptures into the English Tongue, against the Cavils of Gregory Martin (1583; Cambridge: Parker Society, 1843) 625 pp. no ToC
Fulke (1538–1589) was an English Puritan divine. Fulke makes some of the first references to the 'common received text' in English (pp. 86, 533-4).
Cartwright, Thomas – Syn Theōi en Christōi: The Answer to the Preface of the Rhemish Testament (Edinburgh: 1602) 213 pp.
Letis, Theodore
The Ecclesiastical Text: Text Criticism, Biblical Authority & the Popular Mind Buy (1997) 232 pp.
From a customer review: 'This book puts [James] White and [Daniel] Wallace [contemporary evangelical critical text scholars that have critiqued the Majority Text position] in the corner in a fetal position.'
The Majority Text: Essays and Reviews in the Continuing Debate (1987) edited by Letis, 210 pp.
Edward Freer Hill's Contribution to the Revival of the Ecclesiastical Text (1987) 177 pp.
Sturz, Harry – The Byzantine Text-Type & New Testament Textual Criticism Buy (1984) 305 pp. ToC
While Sturz is not a Byzantine text advocate, he argues that the Byzantine texts are far more reliable than what the critical text advocates have often given them credit for. He takes a middle position.
Various – Digging for the Truth – Collected Essays regarding the Byzantine Text of the Greek New Testament; A Festschrift in Honor of Maurice A. Robinson Buy (2014) 207 pp.
Guarino, Giuseppe – The Majority Text of the Greek New Testament: An Apology of the text of the New Testament Found in the Vast Majority of Surviving Greek Manuscripts Buy (2015) 132 pp.
Milne, Garnet – Has the Bible been kept pure? The Westminster Confession of Faith & the Providential Preservation of Scripture Buy (2017) 322 pp.
"This work of historical theology looks at the religious epistemology of the Westminster divines and especially what they meant in their Section 1:8 of the Westminster Confession of Faith when they stated that the Scriptures had been kept pure in all ages by God's providence. I discuss whether they meant to teach that only the doctrine or the doctrine in its autographic text of Scripture had been preserved entire. The Westminster divines held that both the sense or doctrine and the pure text of the original revelation in the original languages had been kept pure through all ages." – Milne
That the Long Ending of Mark is Original
Snapp, Jr., James – 'A Case for the Longer Ending of Mark
An argument for Mark 16:9–20 as the original, canonical ending, written by Mark but added by his colleagues' (2022) 26 paragraphs
The History of Textual Criticism
Vogan, Matthew – 'Thomas Cartwright & the Bible' (2019) 13 paragraphs
Vogan quotes Cartwright as to his theory of translation and of textual preservation. See Cartwright, Syn Theōi en Christōi the Answere to the preface of the Rhemish Testament ToC (1602), which was later republished as A Confutation of the Rhemists translation, glosses and annotations on the New Testament Ref (1618). See also the edition by William Fulke (1538-1589), Confutation of the Rhemish Testament.
Krans, Jan – Beyond What Is Written: Erasmus & Beza as Conjectural Critics of the New Testament Buy (Brill, 2006) 384 pp. ToC
McClure, Alexander – The Translators Revived: Biographies of the Authors of the King James Version of the Holy Bible (LutheranLibrary.org, 2020)
Diversity in the Post-Reformation
On Thomas Goodwin
Steele, Stephen – 'A Westminster Divine & an Alexandrian Codex' (2022) 27 paragraphs
In 1627-1628 Cyril, a Calvinist patriarch of Constantinople sent Codex Alexandrinus as a gift to King James of England. In the Gospels it represents the Byzantine text, but in the rest of the NT it represents the Alexandrian text type. Goodwin favored some of its readings, as well as Daniel Featley (both Westminster divines) in the English Annotations.
A Free Disputation Against Pretended Liberty of Conscience (London, 1649), ch. 27, p. 366
"and though there be errors of number, genealogies, etc. of writing in the Scripture, as written or printed, yet we hold providence watches so over it that in the body of articles of faith and necessary truths we are certain with the certainty of faith, it is that same very word of God, having the same special operations of enlightening the eyes, converting the soul, making wise the simple, as being lively, sharper then a two-edged sword, full of divinity, life, majesty, power, simplicity, wisdom, certainty, etc. which the prophets of old and the writings of the evangelists and apostles had."
William Bridge
Scripture Light the Most Sure Light (1656), sermon 3 on 2 Pet. 1:19, p. 47
"How shall we hold and keep fast the letter of Scripture, when there are so many Greek copies of the New Testament? and these diverse from one another?
Yes, well: for though there are many received copies of the New Testament; yet there is not material difference between them… In the times of the Jews before Christ, they had but one original of the Old Testament; yet that has several readings: there is a marginal reading and a line reading, and they differ no less than eight hundred times the one from the other; yet the Jews did adhere to both and denied neither; Why? Because there was no material difference. And so now, though there be many copies of the New Testament; yet seeing that there is no material difference between them, we may adhere to all:"
The Majority Text in English
The textual base for the King James Version (the Textus Receptus, or 'Received Text') was largely put together from a dozen or so Greek manuscripts by Erasmus. While the KJV is a very good translation (one of the best), we have a lot more Greek manuscripts available today (5,000+).
Unfortunately there has not yet been a major, large scale translation of the Majority Text into English (publishing houses are not renowned for their scrupulous faithfulness to every jot and tittle of God's Word). The only translations that have been done have been by single individuals. Dr. Maurice Robinson (according to his bibliography) is also working on an English translation.
Pickering, Wilbur – The New Testament with Commentary: The Sovereign Creator has Spoken: Objective Authority for Living Buy (2013)
The textual base for this translation is what Dr. Pickering considered to be the most faithful group of texts from within the Majority Texts (see below under Greek Editions of the Majority Text). The English translation philosophy, unfortunately, is not ideal though. Bible translations by single individuals (as opposed to groups of scholars with regulated processes of review) are notorious for uneven quality, idiosyncratic readings, etc.
The commentary to the text by way of footnotes is mostly practical and instructive for the beginner or intermediate student of God's Word (and is not related to textual criticism).
Esposito, Paul – The English Majority Text Version (EMTV) Buy (2013)
What specific version of the Majority Text this translation is based off of is not clear, nor is his translation philosophy anywhere described.
Differences Between the Majority Text and the King James Version
Marlowe, Michael – 'The Majority Text Compared to the Received Text'
This page is a collection of all the translatable differences (in English) between the King James Version and the Hodges-Farstad Majority Text. Marlowe is a reformed Christian and the webmaster of Bible-Researcher.com.
Pierpont, William – Some Improvements to the King James Version from the Majority Greek Manuscripts (1991)
'This is a pamphlet… giving in English about 800 readings of the Pierpont & Robinson text where it differs from the Greek text presumed to underlie the King James version.' – Bible-Researcher.com
Könni, Jussi – Collation of Robinson & Pierpont vs. Scrivener
This document compares in Greek the differences between the Robinson-Pierpont Majority Text and the Textus Receptus edition (1881) of F.H.A. Scrivener, which underlies the King James Version.
Editions of the Greek Majority Texts
Robinson, Maurice – The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform 2005 Buy (2005) 587 pp.
This is the best Greek Majority Text available today. There is an excellent scholarly appendix in the book on "The Case for Byzantine Priority." This high quality and very well done book is selling at cost for $12, which is dramatically less than the Critical Text editions which often go for more than $100.
Pickering, W. – The Byzantine Greek New Testament HTML Buy The online version is the same as the print version though they have different titles. The online version has no textual apparatus; the printed book does.
The Family 35 line of transmission that this text is based off of is considered by Dr. Pickering to be the most accurate and pure within the Majority Text. He defends that thesis in a series of articles here. However, there are pros and cons to this Greek edition:
Pro: The editions of Robinson-Pierpont and Hodges-Farstad are largely based on Hermann von Soden's collation of the Byzantine Text (1911). Pickering cites two significant pieces of evidence in his Introduction (to the print edition) that von Soden's work 'not infrequently' is 'seriously off the mark'. Pickering's edition stems from his work 'reconsider[ing] the evidence for the whole New Testament…'
Con: Pickering's using of primarily one family of texts within the Majority Text seems a bit simplistic and unnecessarily discounts the usefulness of the other texts within the Majority Text tradition. See Dr. Robinson's essay for a more balanced approach.
Greek Orthodox Church – Greek New Testament Buy 1904
The Greek Orthodox Church was in large measure the Church that preserved the Majority Texts through history. This 1904 edition is their standard edition. Here is an introduction to the textual base of this edition. Here is the preface (in English) to the print version. Here is an English summary to the original preface of the 1904 version.
Hodges, Zane & Arthur Farstad – The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text, with Apparatus Buy (1982, 1985)
This edition, while helpful and valuable, has a simplistic method for determining the preferred reading: a statistical method of literally counting which reading by the external evidence is the majority (counting noses). Unfortunately this has become a caricature of the Majority Text position. For a solidly grounded textual philosophy, see Dr. Robinson's essay. Hodges and Farstad were professors at Dallas Theological Seminary.
von Soden, Hermann – Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte [The Writings of the New Testament restored to their earliest attainable Text-form on the Basis of their Textual History] vols. I (Prolegomena), 2 (Text with Appartus) 1913
Von Soden's German work was the first major modern study to collate the Majority Text manuscripts. While the work is not faultless, Dr. M. Robinson evaluates it as 'generally reliable'. Most modern Majority Texts (above) are based to a significant extent on von Soden's work.
'Von Soden's text is based upon a theory of the manuscript tradition which divides witnesses into three basic groups: the Koine text (from Asia Minor), the Hesychian text (from Egypt), and the Jerusalem text. These three are reconstructed by von Soden and put on the same level as witnesses to the original text. Wherever two agree upon a reading he adopts that reading in his text. Consequently, von Soden's text approaches much more closely to the Received Text than any other modern critical edition.' – Bible-Researcher.com
More Manuscripts from the Majority Text Tradition & from families within the Majority Text
The first link gives 4 more Greek Orthodox texts and 11 texts from the Received Text tradition (which is a subset of the Majority Text tradition), from the Center for the Study and Preservation of the Majority Text.
The second link gives various other manuscripts from within smaller families within the Majority Text.
Differences Between Majority Text Editions
Borland, Jonathan – Collation of the Text of Hodges & Farstad against the Text of Robinson & Pierpont
This is a collation of all the differences (in Greek) between the Hodges-Farstad Majority Text edition and the Robinson-Pierpont Majority Text edition. There are 330 'major variants' between them, which is almost nothing in the world of textual criticism: many books of the N.T. have either no, or less than three, variants. Over half of the variants (185) are in the Book of Revelation, which is one of the textually thornier books.
To get an idea of the overwhelming number of times the critical texts disagree with themselves, see Pickering's article 'An Examination of the Alexandrian Texts' (above).
On the Lost, Greek Text of the KJV & Back-Translating
It is often thought by many that the Greek New Testament produced by the Trinitarian Bible Society (TBS) is the Greek text that was translated into English as the King James Version (KJV). This Greek text is often considered by some to be the par excellence, if not the exclusive, Textus Receptus (TR).
This Greek text produced by TBS, however, was not only not the one used by the KJV translators, but it was essentially back-translated from the English of the KJV (which process is notoriously risky and liable to err).
In the product description on TBS's website, it is states that "[t]his Bible… provides… the New Testament in the Greek Textus Receptus of F. H. A. Scrivener." Scrivener (1813-1891) was an 1800's, conservative, textual critic who studied and appreciated the KJV, and was a prominent defender of it from the modern critical texts in his day. As is clear from his writings, he did not believe the KJV was faultless.
Scrivener, in his volume, The New Testament in the Original Greek…, in the Preface, describes how he did not have access to the exact, original Greek that the KJV translators used, and how he essentially back-translated the Greek from the English of the KJV. Here are some of his own words:
"…the readings 'presumed to underlie the Authorized Version,' in order that they may be published…" (pp. v-vi)
"…to keep the continuous text consistent throughout by making it so far as was possible uniformly representative of the Authorized version. The publication of an edition formed on this plan appeared to be all the more desirable, inasmuch as the Authorized Version was not a translation of any one Greek text then in existence, and no Greek text intended to reproduce in any way the original of the Authorized Version has ever been printed.
In considering what text had the best right to be regarded as 'the text presumed to underlie the Authorized Version,' it was necessary to take into account the composite nature of the Authorized Version…" (p. vii)
"It was manifestly necessary to accept only Greek authority, though in some places the Authorized Version corresponds but loosely with an form of the Greek original, while it exactly follows the Latin Vulgate." (p. ix)
"…the presumed Greek original of the Authorized Version…" (p. ix)
"The paragraphs into which the body of the Greek text is here divided are those of the Revised Version… The marks which indicate the beginning of paragraphs in the Authorized Version [of 1611] do not seem to have been inserted with much care, and cease altogether after Acts xx. 36…" (p. xi)
To see Scrivener's process for how he came up with his Greek text, and which manuscripts he chose readings from in order to make it (which the KJV translators were thought to have used), see pp. vii-ix.
Note the careful wording of the full title of Scrivener's volume, which does not say that the Greek he produced was that which was translated into English in the KJV:
The New Testament in the original Greek, according to the text followed in the Authorized Version…
Some conclusions from the above are:
The final, Greek text that the KJV translators translated from, even in their own day, did not represent any one, existent, Greek manuscript, but was a humanly compiled-text.
Sometimes, due to the paucity of their Greek manuscripts, the KJV translators did not follow a Greek manuscript at all, but were forced to translate from the Latin Vulgate.
Scrivener's Greek text also does not represent the Greek of any actual, surviving Greek manuscript, nor even the final, compiled, Greek text that the KJV translators translated from.
Rather, he essentially back-translated the Greek from the KJV English, presuming he knew, or taking his best guess, as to what that Greek should be (which process is notoriously liable to, and set up to err).
Hence Scrivener's text, and that of TBS (which many believe is the most pure, or even only, TR), is essentially a translation of a translation of a compiled Greek text that is not known to exist today, it being lost to history and not preserved by God.
Despite this, however, do note that most of the implicit Greek readings behind the English KJV do exist, and have been preserved by God in printed† editions of Greek manuscripts, or compiled Greek manuscripts from the Post-Reformation era.
† Wikipedia: "The translators appear to have otherwise made no first-hand study of ancient manuscript sources, even those that—like the Codex Bezae—would have been readily available to them. In addition to all previous English versions [translations]… they made wide and eclectic use of all printed editions in the original languages then available…" 'Sources' in 'King James Version' (12-22-21)
Website for Further Resources
Center for Study & Preservation of the Majority Text
A Church Declaration
'Statement on Scripture' by the Illinois Lutheran Conference 5-4-1983
"We teach that the original manuscripts (autographa) alone are verbally inspired (2 Pet. 1:21, 2 Tim. 3:16) being preserved through copies to this day in their full integrity by the Holy Spirit who gave them (John 17:20, Matt 28:20, 24:35). We teach that through the family of manuscripts called the Majority ('M') texts which form the basis of the K.J.V. of 1611 (Textus Receptus) as well as Luther's German Translation, the Scriptures have been brought to us today in their full pristine (original) integrity in spite of the variant readings in the Majority manuscripts."
A Free Disputation Against Pretended Liberty of Conscience (1649), pp. 333-38
"Goodwin's argument makes as much against Christ and the apostles as against us, for they could never in all their sermons and writings so frequently bottom and found the faith on <Greek> 'as it is written in the Prophets,' 'as David saith,' 'as Isaiah saith,' and Hosea, 'as Daniel saith,' as Moses and Samuel, and all the Prophets bear witness, if they had had no other certainty, that the writings of the Prophets, that came to their hands, was the very word of God, but the credit, learning and authority of men, as Mr. [John] Goodwin says, for sure Christ and the apostles and evangelists had not the authentic and first copies of Moses and the prophets, but only copies written by men, who might mistake, printers and translators not being then, more than now, immediately inspired Prophets, but fallibly men, and obnoxious to failings, mistakes and ignorance of ancient Hebraisms and force of words; and if ye remove an unerring providence, who doubts but men might add a <Hebrew> or subtract, and so vitiate the fountain sense? and omit points, change consonants, which in the Hebrew and Greek, both might quite alter the sense:
Nor can any say, 'Christ and the Apostles being infallible, could well cite the prophets without a mistake, though the copies might have been vitiate and corrupt, 2. Because the very citing of these testimonies by Christ and his apostles, made them Scripture, and so of infallible authority; but our citing of them, (since both printers and translators are not immediately inspired, and we also might err) cannot adopt them into canonical and authentic Scripture, such as was first written by the immediately inspired prophets.'
I shall answer that first, this objection presumes that Christ and the apostles might, and did, find errors and mis-printings even in written Scripture, which might reduce the Church in after ages to an invincible ignorance in matters of faith, and yet they gave no notice to the Church thereof; or if there was no error de facto, then for so many hundred years, yet there are now substantial errors, and so foul that it may be we have no Word of God at all, amongst us, and God has no Church, no believer on earth, but we must all take the word of printers and translators, which is merely the word of man:
And what is become of all the martyrs that suffered by the bloody woman Babel? They died for mere conjectures and opinions, for they had not the first original copies of Moses and the Prophets, yea Stephen the first martyr, who according to all our copies, Acts 7, adds five to Moses, his 70 souls, that went down to Egypt, in that glorious sermon that he has before his death, when he sealed the truth with his blood and died gloriously, and said, 'Lord Jesus receive my spirit,' died but upon the faith of men's fallible skill in grammar, printing and writing; for he cites the writings of Moses to his enemies that stoned him, according to the copies that they then had, who would quickly have controlled him if he had cited false copies, and Stephen's own testimony was controverter, and therefore except we say that Stephen and Christ and the apostles cited the testimonies of the prophets as they were then obvious to the eyes and reading of both the people of God and the enemies, and that not simply as their own words which they spake as immediately inspired, but as the testimony of the prophets, according to the then written copies, we must say they spake not ingeniously the truth of God, for it was against truth, candor, ingenuity, to Christ and the apostles to say, 'as it is written in your Law,' John 8:17, and so often 'it is written,' if they would not have the hearers to receive with certainty of faith and full assurance, free from all doubting and fear of humane fallibility, that what they cited as written, was undoubtedly the same very truth of God, and no other, which Moses and the prophets spoke and wrote; and if they would not have them to read, search and believe these same Scriptures, and to conceive that they drew arguments in the New Testament to prove and confirm their doctrine from that which was written by Moses and the prophets in the Old Testament, and would not have them to believe them, only because New Testament writers immediately inspired had so said.
6. If God will have us to try and examine all spirits, all doctrines, by the Scriptures written, then are we certainly assured that the books we now have of the Old and New Testament, are the very Word of God, though we cannot by any possibility have the first and original authentic copies of Moses and the prophets and apostles. Because 1. God would not bid us try, and then leave us no rule to try withal but our own natural light, which must lead us into darkness. 2. The visible Church should not be guilty of unbelief if the written Word were not among us, or then Christ and his apostles speaking to us, as is clear, John 15:22; Rom. 10:14-15; Mt. 11:21-22. The assumption is clear by the commended practice of the Bereans, who tried Paul's doctrine by the Scriptures, Acts 17. See Rivetus, Whitaker, Calvin. 3. By the command of God, 1 Thess. 5:2; 1 John 4:1; 'Try all things,' 'try the sprits.'
7. John would not call those blessed who read and hear, Rev. 1:5, nor would Paul recommend reading to Timothy, and continuance in the doctrine of the Scriptures, and so extol the necessity and utility of the Scripture and the indwelling of the word of God in us as he does, 1 Tim. 4:16; 2 Tim. 3:14-16; Col. 3:16, nor could the things written by John ch. 21, by Moses and the prophets, Luke 16:29-31, be holden forth as sufficient to bring souls to heaven, and to cause them eschew Hell, if it were true that we 'have no certainty that the Scripture of the old and New Testament are the very word of God, but such as is made of men's credit and learning.'
8. Yea and so what God spake immediately to Abraham, Moses and the prophets, could not be infallibly and by certainty of faith to them the Word of God; for if God spake to them in a language intelligible, they had no certainty of faith that the words that came from God did signify thus and thus; for sure, God, by immediate inspiration, taught them not grammar and significations of words, and those that read the Law written by God's finger on two tables of stone, those who heard Moses and the prophets preach in their mother-tongue, even the Jews who read the original first Hebrew copy of Moses and the prophets, must have had no warrant that that was the Word of God, but the authority of father, mother and nurses, who first taught them their mother-tongue, for sure the prophets were not school-masters to teach them Hebrew; so by this learning there was never since the world was any certainty of faith, but such conjectural human and fallible opinions in all the matters of God as is resolved ultimately (says Mr. Goodwin) into men's fallible and topic authority and skill of grammar, and all divine faith is perished out of the earth, except God by a supernatural power taught men first grammar, and then to believe, for which we have no warrant, so all our faith must be dreams.
And since Mr. Goodwin acknowledges a supernatural power of the Spirit of grace to believe; what else does this Spirit cause us believe, but lies? or at best fancies resolved into human credit? which may be false for any certainty of knowledge that Libertines allow us?
May not reading, interpunction, a parenthesis, a letter, an accent, alter the sense of all fundamentals in the Decalogue? of the principles of the Gospel? and turn the Scripture in all points (which Mr. Doctour restricts to some few darker places, whose senses are off the way to heaven, and less necessary) in a field of problems, and turn all believing into digladiations of wits? all our comforts of the Scriptures into the reelings of a Windmill, and fancies of seven moons at once in the firmament? this is to put our faith and the first-fruits of the Spirit, and Heaven and Hell to the press. But though printers and pens of men may err, it follows not 'that heresies should be tolerated,' except we say, 1. that our faith is ultimately resolved upon characters, and the faith of printers. 2. We must say we have not the clear and infallible word of God, because the Scripture comes to our hand by fallible means, which is a great inconsequence, for though scribes, translators, grammarians, printers, may all err, it follows not that an erring providence of Him that has seven eyes, has not delivered to the Church, the Scriptures containing the infallible truth of God. Say that Baruch might err in writing the prophesy of Jeremiah, it follows not that the prophesy of Jeremiah, which we have, is not the infallible Word of God; if all translators and printers did their alone watch over the Church, it were something, and if there were not one with seven eyes to care for the Scripture. But for tradition, councils, popes, fathers, they are all fallible means, and so far forth to be believed as they bring Scripture with them."
'On the Imperishability of canonical books' in Didactico-Elenctic Theology, vol. 2, pp. 339-40
" . . . although many things, written by θεοπνεύστοις (inspired men), but not θεοπνεύστως, by inspiration, may have perished; or even θεοπνεύστα, inspired writing, but not writings destined by God that they might be referred into the public canon and repository of the Church: no Canonical writings, pertaining according to the intention of God to the Canon and corpus of the Scripture of the Old or New Testament, and at length also brought and received into that same Canon, have perished. This we prove:
α. By the Immutability of the Counsel of God, with the End of the Scriptures brought to bear. For what books God caused to be written, that they might be the perpetual canon of faith and manners for the universal Church, these He ought to preserve in good repair from dissolution. The rationale of the major [premise] is that the counsel of God would have otherwise been disappointed, and failed of its end: but this is absurd. But concerning books of this sort, destined for the perpetual canon, we treat here in accordance with the stated hypothesis/supposition: concerning which things, Paul treats in Romans 15:4, [in Greek] "for whatsoever things were written aforetime were written for our learning, that we through patience and comfort of the scriptures might have hope". Of the writings of this sort, therefore, nothing should perish, unless that goal in the writing of the same at the same time perish: hence nothing is to be added to, and nothing is to be removed from, the Canon (Rev. 22:18,19).
β. By the providence of God continually keeping watch for the salvation of the Church, which cannot be thought to be able to permit that the Church might suffer the loss or mutilation of so great a treasure as the canon of Scripture; and which is actually shown in all the times of the Old and New Testaments in the careful preservation of sacred Scripture, even in the greatest defections and vexations of the Church.
γ. By repeated promises and declaration (Mt. 5:18; Isa. 40:8; 1 Peter 1:23, 25). But, if God so carefully averts the mutilation and destruction of individual texts and their words, that not one little letter or the smallest point is able to perish; how much more would He prevent the destruction of entire books? especially since He wills to preserve His Word in the Church in written books.
δ. The vigilance and care of the Church is added, both of the Christian Church, which vigilance shows itself in such a number of writings of the holy fathers, in which they commend the sacred Scriptures, and discuss and enumerate the books comprehended in the canon, and carefully inquire concerning any ἀντιλεγομένῳ (disputed books); and also especially of the Jewish Church, to which the custody of the canon of the Old Testament was committed, and in this matter is nowhere accused of negligence or treachery by the Lord or his apostles: on the contrary, its care in preserving the integrity of the canon in the latter times was almost excessive and superstitious, inasmuch as the Masoretes [medieval Jewish group] set about numbering, not only the sacred books, but the sections, verses, words, and even the very letters, so that in this manner they might post [in Hebrew] "a guard for the Law, lest in any manner it might be able to be altered,"…
Also read the concise arguments for the uninjured integrity of the canon by Petrus Dinant… in which it is argued out of Mt. 5:18… that the codex of the Old Testament was preserved safe and sound unto the time of Christ… and that the unbelief of the Jews did no harm to it thereafter, he shows from their superstitious care for the uninjured integrity of the sacred codex, while he discourses concerning the means, by which, under the benign guidance of divine providence, the Christian Church in turn watched over the preservation of the canon of the New Testament."
"Oh, it is a pitiable thing for a poor silly puppy of a sciolist to stand up in the pulpit vexing the people by shaking their confidence in our good English translation [the K.J.V.]"
"…the Church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth."
1 Tim. 3:15
"…the words of the prophecy of this book, If any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book: And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life…"
Rev. 22:18-19
Inspiration of the Bible
Inerrancy of the Bible
The Original Languages of the Bible


Flower Image Gallery You can learn how to draw this daisy in a few steps. See more pictures of flowers.
Whether you prefer to call it a wildflower or a weed, this bright and joyful flower is actually very unique. A daisy closes its head at night and opens in the morning. How's that for special?
In this section, we'll show you how to draw the above daisy. You can draw this flower freehand while looking at your computer monitor or print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Lightly sketch circles to show the position of two of the daisy flowers. For the third one, which will be facing slightly to the right, lightly sketch an oval shape. Sketch a small oval for the center of each flower.
Lightly sketch the stems using lines that curve downward from each flower. Use shorter curving lines to show where the leaves will go.
Use long, U-shaped curves for the petals. The lines for some petals will start and end at the center circle. Other petals will be behind them.
The lines for these petals will meet the lines of the first petals. Sketch long U-shaped lines for the leaves.
Add some dots to each of the centers to give them more texture. Shade the petals with fine lines at the centers and the tips.
Shade the leaves with fine lines at their tips. Darken one side of each stem with many short lines.
Good Job! Now that you know how to draw a daisy, get ready to draw a "flower for all seasons." Continue to the next page to learn how to draw a pansy.


182. Ida came to America four years ago. Her main reason for coming was to give her 13‐year‐old son the best education possible. But also, she did not want Perry to meet the wrong kind of people and end up using drugs or joining a gang, or both.
Divorced shortly after Perry's birth, Ida had been a successful entrepreneur in her home country. She had saved a lot of money for their new life in America. Or so she had thought. But two failed business ventures in America had been costly. Had either succeeded, she would have been well off. The second failure was especially painful, because she had known it would leave her with little money.
Her poor English was her downfall. American business people were not patient; they did not want to waste their time trying to figure out what she was trying to say. Equally bad, she couldn't understand their rapid English. She had sadly underestimated how long it would take her to become proficient in English.
Now she was almost broke. Her boyfriend didn't make enough money to support Ida and Perry. She had to go to work. A business executive in her homeland, Ida would try to find work as a waitress in America.
"You'll be lucky to make $8 an hour," her boyfriend Tony groused. "What kind of an income is that?"
"Yes, but you're forgetting about the tips. That's where the big money is," she said, laughing. "I'm not upset about working as a waitress. Any work is honorable. I took my chances, and they didn't pan out. Now I have to go to work to pay the bills."
"Well, I don't like it," Tony said.


text:
DISMISS THE CHARGE AGAINST HONORABLE JUDGE TRACIE HUNTER
0 have signed. Let's get to 5,000!
At 5,000 signatures, this petition is more likely to get picked up by local news!
Cincinnati NAACP started this petition to Judge Patrick Dinkelacker
The Cincinnati NAACP supports Judge Tracie Hunter. It is disappointing that the Federal Court has decided to uphold the decision of the lower court. However, we will not stand by and be a witness to the political lynching of Judge Tracie Hunter, an African American woman of faith.
From the beginning - in November 2010, her political opponents conspired to prevent Judge Hunter from being elected by using voter suppression to prevent the counting of all ballots. Judge Hunter should have been sworn into office in January 2011. Her opponents successfully prevented her from taking office until May 2012.
The conspiracy and corruption are undeniable, from the destruction of public computers that would have further vindicated Hunter's innocence to the baseless and trumped-up felony charges used to remove and steal the seat away. This is not justice, but sad examples of the extent some are willing to take to maintain power.
The calculated efforts to strip Hunter of her position is a disgrace. The use of certain media outlets to further destroy her image and name is an indication that local media preferred to be provocative and biased instead of neutral and fair. We are prepared to collectively stand with Tracie Hunter and seek Justice.
ORC 2921.42 -Having an unlawful interest in a public contract, essentially is to keep elected officials and their family members from profiting over a public contract that they have authority or influence over. A law that is selectively applied in Hamilton County and has no relevance in this case. Also, Judge Norbert Nadel refused to do an open poll of the jury when Hunter's lawyer requested it. Multiple jurors stated that guilty was not their verdict, but Judge Nadel ignored it and refused to grant a new trial.
It is absurd, and a mockery of the court to claim it was necessary to sentence Judge Hunter to 6 months. This is a terrible miscarriage of justice. To allow the freedom of an innocent woman to be taken away as if her life is disposable is the most arrogant and merciless act one can do to another human being.
If you believe in justice and want the last remaining charge dismissed with the others so that honorable Judge Tracie Hunter can be fully exonerated and her good name be restored, please sign this petition. Thank you!


Welcome to Kensaq.com. Find Easy Steps To Tying A Tie Today!
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The Windsor Knot is a tie that projects confidence, and is best used for presentations, job interviews and the like. It is best suited for spread collar shirts. The Windsor knot looks better on men with long necks, as its wide form shortens the perceived height of the neck a bit.
Learning how to tie a tie and how to choose the right suit are some of the things every man should know. It can get overwhelming with dozens of suit options and seemingly millions of ways to tie a tie, but just remember this guide and strip down to the basics.
This preformed tie is quite convenient, however it lacks the personal style and touch that can be added when tying your own bow tie. A bow tie is part of the required dress code for formal white-tie and black-tie events and it is also the accessory of choice for men in business casual who are looking to spice up their outfit.
How to Tie a Tie A Simple Knot To Learn For Beginners. Luxury or not, tying a tie is a key life skill. Most men do it for their office jobs. And those who don't go to office jobs wear ties for important events…You know, like a luxury party, a high-profile seminar, or a business meeting.


35% of Cambodians live in poverty. We have the power to change these statistics.
On Sunday 11 November, our Australian fundraising board, Human and Hope Association Incorporated, will be hosting an organised group walk from Spit Bridge to Manly to raise much-needed funds to go towards the Human and Hope Association education program for local Cambodian children. The walk will be approximately 4 hours. Following the conclusion of the walk, participants will be welcomed to grab a drink or something to eat at a local establishment in Manly (all food and beverages will be at the cost of participants).
Every $30 entry fee will provide 60 hours of education, clean drinking water and library access for a Cambodian child living in poverty.
Siem Reap is the major tourist hub in Cambodia, so knowing the English language is essential for gaining a well-paying job in the tourism sector. The English program at Human and Hope Association is run by three Cambodian staff who are university graduates. Through weekly meetings, feedback sessions and training, they are constantly developing the program to ensure it has a maximum impact. The English classes include general English, creative writing, conversational English and a young adult program. Classes are capped at 18 students to ensure a quality education.
Every Friday, the students participate in life skills workshops that supplement the students' academic learnings. This might seem unusual to a western audience, but the considerations we take for granted such as personal hygiene and setting appropriate boundaries are not as well understood in the Cambodian community. The absence of teaching these life skills puts the achievement of academic outcomes at risk. In many ways, these life skills workshops are critical enabling factors. A child's health and security are a necessary first step before we can hope to improve their chances for a happier and more productive life through a better education. Our living values workshops have seen school suspensions drop from five per year to nil per year.
When you Walk for Education on the 11th of November, you are ensuring we can continue to run this important program.


text:
Guillaumie, Laurence
Guillaumie
Université Laval. Faculté des sciences infirmières
Guillaumie, Laurence 21 Lauzier, Sophie 8 Moisan, Jocelyne 8 Grégoire, Jean-Pierre 7 Boiral, Olivier 5
Medication adherence 4 Théorie du comportement planifié 4 Habitudes alimentaires 3 Health promotion 3 Services pharmaceutiques communautaires 3
article de recherche 18 article de synthèse 5 thèse de doctorat 1
Type d'Item: Publication ×
Voici les éléments 1 - 10 sur 21
Adoption and outcomes of ISO 14001 : a systematic review
(Blackwell Publishers, 2017-02-14) Guillaumie, Laurence; Boiral, Olivier; Heras-Saizarbitoria, Iñaki; Tayo Tene, Christian Valery
The objective of this paper is to analyze the adoption and outcomes of the ISO 14001 standard through a systematic review of the main studies on this issue published in peer-reviewed journals between 1996 and 2015. The 94 papers analyzed make it possible to paint a comprehensive picture of the effectiveness of ISO 14001 in environmental management practices, performance in this area and social aspects such as employee awareness. The systematic review also sheds more light on the main pitfalls and success factors of the standard. Nevertheless, the similarities and even redundancies of the literature in terms of objectives, approaches and methods used tend to produce quite predictable and optimistic results, which do not reflect the complexity of the impact of ISO 14001. The paper highlights the importance of more diverse and critical approaches that might challenge the successful rhetoric of the dominant literature, which tends to focus on positive aspects and be limited to a few countries that are not representative of the wide international distribution of certification. The findings of this systematic review can also help managers in making decisions on the adoption and renewal of certification.
Correlates of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption among adolescents
(CABI Publishing, 2020-05-08) Vézina-Im, Lydi-Anne; Guillaumie, Laurence; Turcotte, Stéphane; Boucher, Danielle; Douville, Frédéric; Beaulieu, Dominique
Objective: To identify correlates and underlying beliefs regarding the adolescents' intention to abstain from consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and the consumption of ≤1 daily portion of SSB. Design: Correlational study. Setting: Region of Chaudière-Appalaches in the province of Quebec, Canada. Participants: 311 adolescents aged 13–18 years completed a self-administrated online questionnaire based on the Reasoned Action Approach. Frequency and quantity of different types of SSB within the past month were measured. Results: Total mean SSB intake was 882·6 ml/d (654·0 kJ/d ). Only 11·3 % abstained from SSB within the last month. Intention to abstain from SSB was explained by identification as SSB abstainers ( β = 0·47), perceived norm ( β = 0·32), attitude ( β = 0·30), age 13–14 years ( β = –0·27) and perception of the school environment ( β = 0·14), which explained 66 % of the variance. Consumption of ≤1 daily portion of SSB was explained by the intention to abstain (OR = 1·55; 95 % CI 1·14, 2·11), perceived behavioural control to abstain (OR = 1·80; 95 % CI 1·29, 2·52), sex (girls v. boys: OR = 2·34; 95 % CI 1·37, 3·98) and socio-economic status (advantaged v. disadvantaged school: OR = 2·08; 95 % CI 1·21, 3·56). Underlying beliefs (i.e. more energy, decreased risk of addiction and friends' approval) associated with intention as well as perceived barriers (e.g. access to SSB, after an activity that makes you thirsty), and facilitating factors (e.g. access to water) linked to SSB consumption were identified. Conclusions: The results can inform public health interventions to decrease SSB consumption and their associated health problems among adolescents.
Psychosocial factors associated with pharmacists' antidepressant drug treatment monitoring.
(American Pharmacists Association, 2020-03-12) Grégoire, Jean-Pierre; Guillaumie, Laurence; Humphries, Brittany; Lauzier, Sophie; Moisan, Jocelyne; Villeneuve, Denis
Objective: Patients undergoing antidepressant drug treatment (ADT) may face challenges regarding its adverse effects, adherence, and efficacy. Community pharmacists are well positioned to manage ADT-related problems. Little is known about the factors influencing pharmacists' ADT monitoring. This study aimed to identify the psychosocial factors associated with pharmacists' intention to perform systematic ADT monitoring and report on this monitoring. Design: Cross-sectional study based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Setting and participants: Community pharmacists in the province of Quebec, Canada. Outcome measures: Pharmacists completed a questionnaire on their performance of ADT monitoring, TPB constructs (intention; attitude; subjective norm; perceived behavioral control; and attitudinal, normative, and control beliefs), and professional identity. Systematic ADT monitoring was defined as pharmacists' reporting 4 or more consultations with each patient during the first year of ADT to address adverse effects, adherence, and efficacy. Hierarchical linear regression models were used to identify the factors associated with the intention and reporting of systematic ADT monitoring and Poisson working models to identify the beliefs associated with intention. Results: A total of 1609 pharmacists completed the questionnaire (participation ¼ 29.6%). Systematic ADT monitoring was not widely reported (mean score ¼ 2.0 out of 5.0), and intention was moderate (mean ¼ 3.2). Pharmacists' intention was the sole psychosocial factor associated with reporting systematic ADT monitoring (P < 0.0001; R2 ¼ 0.370). All TPB constructs and professional identity were associated with intention (P < 0.0001; R2 ¼ 0.611). Perceived behavioral control had the strongest association. Conclusion: Interventions to promote systematic ADT monitoring should focus on developing a strong intention among pharmacists, which could, in turn, influence their practice. To influence intention, priority should be given to ensuring that pharmacists feel capable of performing this monitoring. The main barriers to overcome were the presence of only 1 pharmacist at work and limited time. Other factors identified offer complementary intervention targets.
Effectiveness and content analysis of interventions to enhance oral antidiabetic drug adherence in adults with type2 diabetes : systematic review and meta-analysis
(Elsevier, 2015-05-23) Grégoire, Jean-Pierre; Bruin, Marijn de; Vézina-Im, Lydi-Anne; Guillaumie, Laurence; Pérez Herrera, Norma Maria; Zomahoun, Hervé Tchala Vignon; Moisan, Jocelyne; Guénette, Line
Objectives: To estimate the pooled effect size of oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) adherence-enhancing interventions and to explore which of the behavior change techniques (BCTs) applied in the intervention groups modified this pooled intervention effect size. Methods: We searched relevant studies published until September 3, 2013, on MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Current Contents Connect, and Web of Science. Selected studies were qualitatively synthesized, and those of at least medium quality were included in the meta-analysis. A random-effects model was used to pool effectiveness (Hedges's g) and to examine heterogeneity (Higgins I2). We also explored the influence on the pooled effectiveness of unique intervention BCTs (those delivered to the intervention groups but not control groups in a trial) by estimating their modifying effects. Results: Fourteen studies were selected for the qualitative synthesis and 10 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled effectiveness of the interventions was 0.21 (95% confidence interval −0.05 to 0.47; I2 = 82%). Eight unique BCTs were analyzed. "Cope with side effects" (P = 0.003) and "general intention formation" (P = 0.006) had a modifying effect on the pooled effectiveness. The pooled effectiveness of the interventions in which "cope with side effects" was applied was moderate (0.64; 95% confidence interval 0.31–0.96; I2 = 56%). Conclusions: The overall effectiveness of OAD adherence-enhancing interventions that have been tested is small. Helping patients cope with side effects or formulate desired treatment outcomes could have an impact on the effectiveness of OAD adherence-enhancing interventions. Only those interventions that include helping patients to cope with side effects appear to be particularly effective in improving OAD adherence.
Exploring the needs of parents who experience miscarriage in the emergency department : a qualitative study with parents and nurses
(Oxford Wiley-Blackwell, 2019-01-17) Guillaumie, Laurence; Montigny, Francine de; Emond, Tina
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To understand how parents experienced miscarriage in an emergency department setting. Objectives were to identify parents' needs, isolate factors that influenced their experience, and provide recommendations to improve care from the perspective of women, their partners, nurses and nurse managers. BACKGROUND: Miscarriage is the most prevalent complication encountered during pregnancy. It subjects parents to a multitude of emotions and may have significant consequences on mental health. Emergency department visits are frequently the only opportunity for parents to receive formal support during a miscarriage; it is thus crucial to understand the experiences of parents in this setting. DESIGN: The study employed a descriptive, exploratory, qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews. METHODS: The study was founded on the W.K. Kellogg Foundation's Logic Model Development Guide (2004) and Meleis' Transitions Theory (2015). A total of 26 participants were interviewed (17 parents, 7 emergency department nurses and 2 emergency department nurse managers). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research was used to report results. RESULTS: Three categories of needs were identified: physical health, cognitive and emotional. For instance, parents expressed a need to receive more information during their visit to the emergency department (i.e., a cognitive need), whether about the diagnostic test results or how to ensure a better recovery. Parents also reported a desire for professionals to address their emotional concerns. Nurses were aware of the emotional impact of miscarriage but felt that they were not adequately trained in providing optimal care to parents in this situation. CONCLUSIONS: Parents who visited the emergency department for miscarriage reported several unfulfilled needs that generated dissatisfaction with care. Emergency department organisational constraints hindered optimal nursing care practices. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nurses have an important role to play in improving parents' experience. They can do so by understanding the needs of parents and by being involved in developing new guidelines.
A mixed-methods systematic review of the effects of mindfulness on nurses
(Wiley Online Library, 2016-10-05) Guillaumie, Laurence; Boiral, Olivier; Champagne, Julie
Aim: To review the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on Registered Nurses and nursing students. Background: Work-related stress among nurses is estimated to be the biggest occupational health problem after musculoskeletal disorders. Design: A mixed-method systematic review incorporating quantitative and qualitative data was conducted. Data sources: Studies on the effects of mindfulness-based interventions for nurses and nursing students published between 1980 and 2014 were identified through a systematic search in electronic databases: Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library and Cinahl. Review methods: Data analysis was conducted based on the framework of Thomas and Harden (2004). Results: A total of 32 studies, including 17 controlled designs, 11 pre-post designs and four qualitative designs were reviewed. Meta-analysis suggests that mindfulness-based interventions may be effective in significantly reducing state anxiety and depression at posttreatment and state anxiety and trait anxiety at follow-up. Qualitative studies and uncontrolled studies shed light on benefits overlooked in RCTs, including improvements in the well-being of individuals (e.g. inner state of calmness, awareness and enthusiasm) and improved performance at work (better communication with colleagues and patients, higher sensitivity to patients' experiences, clearer analysis of complex situations and emotional regulation in stressful contexts). Conclusions: Mindfulness appeared to improve nurses' mental health significantly. It could be used in worksite health promotion programmes. Only a few studies have explored the impact of mindfulness on nurses' professional behaviours and their relationships with patients and colleagues. Future research should further explore the long-term impacts of mindfulness on performance and well-being at work using sound methodological designs.
Empowering nurses to provide humanized care in Canadian hospital care units : a qualitative study
(hnpjournal, 2020-10-01) Guillaumie, Laurence; Desgroseilliers, Valérie; Boiral, Olivier; Roy, Bernard; Vonarx, Nicolas
Previous studies have reported a conflict between nurses' motivation to provide humanized care and practical requirements impeding them from doing so. This exploratory descriptive qualitative study aimed to explore nurses' perspectives on humanized care, the challenges they face, and, most importantly, their recommendations to overcome these barriers. Semistructured individual interviews were conducted with 17 auxiliary and registered nurses working in various health care units in a Canadian hospital. Participants demonstrated a good understanding of what humanized care covers and entails. They also described it as the very core of their profession and main source of job satisfaction. However, nurses reported that they are confronted with organizational barriers, mainly a lack of staff, the burden of administrative tasks, unsuitable physical environments or equipment, and little managerial support. Nurses stressed the need for a cultural change in managerial practices in order to be able to improve their provision of humanized care. Based on the findings, 4 structuring recommendations were identified: adopting an institutional policy promoting the implementation of humanized care, incorporating humanized care in nurses' tasks and procedures, improving participatory management, and ensuring adequate staffing.
Patients' beliefs about adherence to oral antidiabetic treatment : a qualitative study
(Dovepress, 2015-03-10) Grégoire, Jean-Pierre; Guillaumie, Laurence; Giguère, Gabriel; Lauzier, Sophie; Moisan, Jocelyne; Guénette, Line
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to elicit patients' beliefs about taking their oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) as prescribed to inform the development of sound adherence-enhancing interventions. Methods: A qualitative study was performed. Adults with type 2 diabetes who had been taking an OAD for >3 months were solicited to participate in one of six focus groups. Discussions were facilitated using a structured guide designed to gather beliefs related to important constructs of the theory of planned behavior. Four coders using this theory as the theoretical framework analyzed the videotaped discussions. Results: Forty-five adults participated. The most frequently mentioned advantages for OAD-taking as prescribed were to avoid long-term complications and to control glycemia. Family members were perceived as positively influential. Carrying the OAD at all times, having the OAD in sight, and having a routine were important facilitating factors. Being away from home, not accepting the disease, and not having confidence in the physician's prescription were major barriers to OAD-taking. Conclusion: This study elicited several beliefs regarding OAD-taking behavior. Awareness of these beliefs may help clinicians adjust their interventions in view of their patients' beliefs. Moreover, this knowledge is crucial to the planning, development, and evaluation of interventions that aim to improve medication adherence.
Développement, implantation et évaluation d'une intervention de promotion de la consommation de fruits et de légumes dans la population adulte française
(2010) Guillaumie, Laurence; Godin, Gaston; Manderscheid, Jean-Claude
Ce projet a consisté en le développement, l'implantation et l'évaluation d'interventions visant la consommation d'au moins cinq portions de fruits et de légumes par jour chez des personnes ayant l'intention d'adopter ce comportement mais ne le faisant pas. Tout d'abord, une revue systématique de la littérature a été réalisée afin d'identifier les déterminants de la consommation de fruits et de légumes (CFL). Un total de 23 études a été identifié. Les déterminants les plus fréquents étaient l'habitude, l'intention, le sentiment d'efficacité personnelle et la connaissance. La régulation du comportement est aussi apparue comme un déterminant mais n'a été testée que dans une étude. Prenant en considération ces résultats et le degré élevé de motivation de la population visée, le sentiment d'efficacité personnelle ainsi que la planification de l'action et de la gestion de l'action ont été les cibles principales des interventions. Ensuite, 319 participants âgés de 20 à 65 ans ont été aléatoirement distribués dans quatre groupes : 1) une intervention basée sur la planification de l'action et de la gestion de l'action (PA); 2) une intervention basée sur le développement du sentiment d'efficacité personnelle (DEP); 3) une intervention combinant ces deux approches (IC); et 4) un groupe témoin. Un total de 163 participants a retourné les questionnaires avant et après l'intervention et à trois mois de suivi. À trois mois de suivi, comparée au groupe témoin, la CFL a augmenté de façon significative dans les groupes PA et IC (respectivement, 1,5 et 1,9 portion par jour). La plupart des variables psychosociales ont significativement augmenté, à l'exception du sentiment d'efficacité personnelle associé à la consommation de légumes. De plus, le changement de CFL est apparu médié par le changement d'intention de consommer des fruits et le changement dans la planification de l'action de consommer des légumes. En conclusion, les interventions basées sur la planification de l'action et de la gestion de l'action sont apparues efficaces pour augmenter la CFL, qu'elles soient associées ou non au DEP. Les interventions futures devraient privilégier cette approche pour favoriser le passage de l'intention à l'action de consommer des fruits et des légumes.
Revisiting the internal consistency and factorial validity of the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale
(SAGE Publications, 2016-10-19) Grégoire, Jean-Pierre; Zongo, Arsène; Guillaumie, Laurence; Lauzier, Sophie; Moisan, Jocelyne; Guénette, Line
Objective: To assess the internal consistency and factorial validity of the adapted French 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale in assessing adherence to noninsulin antidiabetic drug treatment. Study Design and Setting: In a cross-sectional web survey of individuals with type 2 diabetes of the Canadian province of Quebec, self-reported adherence to the antidiabetes drug treatment was measured using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8. We assessed the internal consistency of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 with Cronbach's alpha, and factorial validity was assessed by identifying the underlying factors using exploratory factor analyses. Results: A total of 901 individuals completed the survey. Cronbach's alpha was 0.60. Two factors were identified. One factor comprised five items: stopping medication when diabetes is under control, stopping when feeling worse, feeling hassled about sticking to the prescription, reasons other than forgetting and a cross-loading item (i.e. taking drugs the day before). The second factor comprised three other items that were all related to forgetfulness in addition to the cross-loading item. Conclusion: Cronbach's alpha of the adapted French Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 was below the acceptable value of 0.70. This observed low internal consistency of the scale is probably related to the causal nature of the items of the scale but not necessarily a lack of reliability. The results suggest that the adapted French Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 is a two-factor scale assessing intentional (first factor) and unintentional (second factor) non-adherence to the noninsulin antidiabetes drug treatment. The scale could be used to separately identify these outcomes using scores obtained on each of the sub-scales.