text:
Proposition 15, a measure on the November ballot, provides for increased funding for public schools in California. (Courtesy photo)
Votes for Prop. J and Prop. 15 will improve public education
People can support schools on Election Day
Vincent Matthews
I often get asked questions about how our schools are funded. In California and in San Francisco, this is a complicated topic involving decisions by policymakers at the state, federal and local levels, as well as voters.
One way voters weigh in is by considering ballot measures that impact resources for our schools. This Election Day, San Franciscans will vote on several education-related measures: Proposition J, which addresses a legal loophole to continue providing funds to SFUSD and Proposition 15, which would increase revenue for public education and other services.
About Proposition J
Mayor London Breed placed Proposition J on the ballot to replace Proposition G, which was passed by San Francisco voters in 2018.
Prop. G was a $298 per parcel tax that adjusts with inflation each year and is now at $320 per parcel. The large majority of these funds are being used to further raise teacher salaries; specifically, an across the board 7% raise for every teacher in the SFUSD. San Francisco Charter Schools also receive funds directly from Prop. G.
In addition to teacher salary increases, proceeds from Prop. G are used to:
— Improve and maintain academic programs in reading, writing, math, science and technology
— Raise the salaries of other critical educators, especially para-educators
— Support recruitment and induction of teachers
— Support professional development for all staff
— Provide innovative programs at schools with the greatest challenges
Prop. J replaces Prop. G with a $288 per parcel tax with the same adjustments for inflation and an exemption for people age 65 and older.
How teacher pay impacts our schools
An annual survey conducted by Stanford University and SFUSD revealed that 64% of teachers spend more than 30% of their income towards rent. Of those teachers, 14.7% spend more than 50% of their income towards rent. Skyrocketing rents and the cost of housing have made it difficult for San Francisco educators to make ends meet.
When teachers leave San Francisco, it leads to high turnover in our classrooms. Over the last few years, turnover has been approximately 12%. This means that the SFUSD has had to hire an average of 400 new teachers every year. Teacher turnover can have a detrimental impact on SFUSD schools, particularly those serving students who have the greatest need for stability and consistency. Compounding the problem is a nationwide and statewide teacher shortage. In addition, teachers with science, math and special education credentials are particularly difficult to recruit and retain.
Independent oversight
SFUSD created an independent oversight committee to ensure all funds are spent appropriately. The committee submits annual reports to the mayor and board of supervisors. You can learn more about the committee and see the reports here.
Californians will vote on state Proposition 15, also known as the Schools and Communities First Initiative. Prop. 15 is a citizen-initiated ballot measure that would create a "split roll" property tax system and spend the resulting revenue increase on public education and other public services. It would amend the constitution of California to adjust the original 1978 California Proposition 13, and enable commercial properties to be taxed at their fair market value, as opposed to the value at the time when they were purchased.
Prop. 15 would not affect property taxes for homeowners. It would apply only to commercial properties whose owners have more than $3 million in holdings, so it would exempt small businesses and individuals who own their own property from this tax increase. Upon full implementation, this initiative would raise between $8.5 billion and $12 billion in property tax revenue per year for education and other public services.
Thank you for learning more and voting if you can. And remember, if you're voting by mail, please vote early.
Vincent Matthews is the superintendent of schools for the San Francisco Unified School District. He is a guest columnist.
educationElection 2020san francisco news
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I love animals and have been drawing them since I was a child. I graduated from college with a Bachelor of Science degree in Zoology, in preparation for a career working with animals. Since then I have worked as an animal keeper in zoos, wildlife sanctuaries and animal shelters for over 40 years, doing art in my free time.
Originally I worked in acrylics, pencil, and pen & ink but in the early 80's I saw the wonderful art of Mel Dobson and was inspired to try scratchboard. I found my niche and eventually began to exhibit my work in professional art shows.
Although I've been fortunate enough to travel and observe many species in the wild, most of the animals I draw are individuals I have worked with in captive situations.
With my art I portray each animal's personality in addition to the strength, grace, and innocence they share with their wild cousins. I hope my art shows my love and respect for animals and the natural world and encourages others to feel the same way toward the non-humans of this planet.
The Society of Animal Artists 52nd Annual Exhibition, Hiram Blauvelt Art Museum, Oradell, NJ.
The International Society of Scratchboard Artists 1st Annual Juried Exhibition, Glen Ellen, CA.
Society of Animal Artists' 50th Annual Art and the Animal Exhibition, San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, CA.
The Art of Conservation - 2009 Exhibition of Nature in Art, Hiram Blauvelt Art Museum, Oradell, N.J.
Paws and Reflect: Art of Canines, a traveling museum exhibition 2007-2010.
"The Art of Conservation - An International Exhibition of Nature in Art," Hiram Blauvelt Art Museum, Oradell, N.J.
Society of Animal Artists' 48th Annual "Art and the Animal" Exhibition, Neville Public Museum, Green Bay, Wisconsin.
The Society of Animal Artists' 47th Annual Art and the Animal Exhibition and National Tour, The Wildlife Experience, Parker, Colorado.
of Diane Versteeg and is protected by international copyright laws.
Use of nature art, wildlife art or any other images or text from this site, requires permission in writing from Diane Versteeg (Red Lynx Art).
This site is part of the Artists for Conservation (AFC) Web site. (Wildlife Art - Nature Art - Conservation) Artists for Conservation is an international, non-profit organization dedicated to nature art, wildlife art and conservation. On this site you will find world-class nature art and wildlife art by today's leading nature artists & wildlife artists. The AFC site is the Web's premier location for nature art, wildlife artists All content appearing in pages featuring Diane Versteeg is the sole responsibility of Diane Versteeg. The opinions expressed on these artists' pages are those of Diane Versteeg and do not necessarily reflect those of the Artists for Conservation Foundationi (AFC).


Is there some easy way we can find all products that have been set to deactivated? Without going through all of them one by one in admin?
We can use the powerful mysql command to achieve this. Go to phpMyAdmin, if you only use the following sql command, you will only get all deactivated products id number, it is still useless.


LED wall displays are a very popular tool for companies of all sizes to quickly and efficiently disseminate information. Information is the hot commodity in today's economy, and employees can benefit from all types of information. Internal production figures, financial trading information, and news feeds can all better inform employees.
In theory, this is critical information and can all improve the all-important bottom line. A variety of options exist for businesses looking to purchase and install LED wall displays. Everything is variable, from the number of lines, the number of characters allowed per line, even the color scheme.
LED wall displays can be custom built. Additionally, many makers will also custom build a frame or floor stand as well, to ensure your display either fits in or stands out from its surroundings. With such flexible options, buyers can rest easy knowing they are bound only by the limits of their own imagination.
Electronic displays take advantage of LED technology, which stands for light-emitting diodes. This technology is very bright and very energy-efficient, and does not burn off heat as a wasted byproduct. For this reason, whether you are looking for indoor or outdoor electronic signs, LED is probably your best bet.


The wind tunnel measurements carried out cover all kinds of model structures and setups. This call for different ways of measuring response and flow parameters, and flexible measuring units are needed. All measuring units are connected to a desktop computer with a data acquisition board and several COM-ports.
The velocity pressure is always measured in the tests by a permanent installed pitot tube connected to a pressure manometer. In order to be able to determine the air density the wind tunnel also has permanent installed sensors for temperature, barometric pressure and humidity.
Since the wind tunnel is also used for calibration of anemometers, where a high precision is needed, all measuring units detecting wind parameters are high precision instruments and are calibrated once a year on external accredited institutions.
In the wind tunnel turbulence intensity and velocity profiles corresponding to full scale environments can be generated. In order to verify the turbulence characteristic, the flow velocity is measured with gold plated hotwires. By this delicate measuring device the flow velocities and turbulence characteristic is detected in all three main directions.
When flow velocity is requested at specific points on the wind tunnel model, small 13 mm coil hotwires are located on the model. This kind of measurements is used in wind environment investigations.
The wind loads on models are measured in several ways. The global wind load on a model located on the tunnel floor is usually measured by a balance. The balance is located under the tunnel floor with a pin extension through a hole in the floor for installation of the model. In this way the wind load on the model is transferred to the balance. The balance registers horizontal shear forces and bending moment in the flow direction and perpendicular to the flow direction and torsion around a vertical axis. The model is as stiff as possible. When dynamic test results are requested, the flexibility are added by springs in the balance.
When local wind loads are requested pressure measurements are carried out. Here a stiff model is constructed with small pressure taps in the model surface, where the wind loads are requested. From the inside of the model the pressure on the surface is transferred by plastic tubes to transducers converting the pressures to an electrical signal. In this way the local wind load at a specific point on the model is found. Global wind loads are determined by combining contemporary measured pressures.
Wind tunnel tests on section models are also carried out. This is a very powerful tool to investigate dynamic sensitive structures like bridges. A relative stiff section model of the structure is suspended in the wind tunnel. The model is connected to the force transducers by stiff rods in static tests or by springs in dynamic tests.


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Interactions between Terrestrial Cosmic-Ray Neutrons and III–V Compound Semiconductors
By Daniela Munteanu and Jean-Luc Autran
Submitted: December 7th 2019Reviewed: May 8th 2020Published: July 21st 2020
Home > Books > Modeling and Simulation in Engineering - Selected Problems
This work explores by numerical simulation the impact of high-energy atmospheric neutrons and their interactions with III–V binary compound semiconductors. The efforts have focused on eight III–V semiconductors: GaAs, AlAs, InP, InAs, GaSb, InSb, GaN, and GaP. For each material, extensive Geant4 numerical simulations have been performed considering a bulk target exposed to a neutron source emulating the atmospheric neutron spectrum at terrestrial level. Results emphasize in detail the reaction rates per type of reaction (elastic, inelastic, nonelastic) and offer a classification of all the neutron-induced secondary products as a function of their atomic number, kinetic energy, initial stopping power, and range. Implications for single-event effects (SEEs) are analyzed and discussed, notably in terms of energy and charge deposited in the bulk material and in the first nanometers of particle range with respect to the critical charge for modern complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies.
III–V compound semiconductors
cosmic-rays
atmospheric neutrons
numerical simulation
neutron cross section
elastic scattering
nonelastic interactions
nuclear data library
Geant4
Daniela Munteanu*
Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, University of Toulon, Marseille Cedex 20, France
Jean-Luc Autran
*Address all correspondence to: daniela.munteanu@univ-amu.fr
Modeling and Simulation in EngineeringSelected ProblemsEdited by Jan Valdman
Modeling and Simulation in Engineering - Selected Problems
Edited by Jan Valdman and Leszek Marcinkowski
The introduction of III–V high-mobility semiconductor materials into advanced CMOS manufacturing is currently envisaged as a possible "technological booster" for carrier mobility enhancement. Indeed, for nanometer-scale transistor, it will not be possible to maintain the power-performance tradeoff offered by conventional silicon-based technologies because of the transport properties of Si that are becoming a fundamental limitation for ultimate complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) [1, 2]. Several materials exhibiting higher carrier mobilities than Si are currently explored for both n-channel and p-channel transistors. Between all these materials, GaAs, InAs, InGaAs, and InP are suitable candidates for n-channel devices and GaSb and InGaSb for p-channel transistors [3, 4, 5].
In complement to their physical and electrical characterization, the exploration of the radiation response of these III–V materials is also an important concern for predicting their reliability. Several studies investigating total ionizing dose (TID) and heavy ion and laser responses of III–V MOS transistors in modern architectures, as well as the creation mechanisms of single-event effects, have been reported in literature, but relatively little work concerns their response to terrestrial neutrons [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. In two recent papers [14, 15], we begun such a systematic investigation of the susceptibility to natural radiation of group IV and III–V materials exposed.
The aim of this chapter is to provide new data and metrics for this exploration via Geant4 [16, 17] numerical simulations of the radiation response of III–V binary compound semiconductors subjected to high-energy atmospheric neutrons. The study specifically focuses on eight III–V materials: GaAs, AlAs, InP, InAs, GaSb, InSb, GaN and GaP. For each material, the reaction rates for elastic, inelastic, and nonelastic events have been determined as well as the classification of all produced secondaries as a function of their atomic number, kinetic energy, initial stopping power, and range in the target bulk. Average energy and charge deposited in the bulk material and in the first nanometers of particle ranges have been also evaluated. These later quantities are important statistical metrics in the occurrence of single-event effects (SEEs [18]); they have been compared with the critical charge for various CMOS technologies (180 nm to 14 nm nodes).
The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the different compound materials studied and summarizes their main physical and electronic properties. Section 3 details the Geant4 numerical simulations conducted in the framework of this study. Section 4 presents the complete analysis of interaction databases in which all neutron-induced secondaries have been recorded for each material subjected to atmospheric neutrons. Finally, in Section 5, implications for single-event effects in CMOS based on these semiconductor materials are analyzed.
2. Semiconductor properties
III–V binary compound materials explored in this work are semiconductor alloys containing one element from group III (boron column: Al, Ga, In) and one from group V (nitrogen column: N, As, Sb) of the periodic table. Table 1 shows the natural isotopic abundance for these six chemical elements. For example, natural gallium (31Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: 31-Ga-31 at 60.10% and 31-Ga-71 at 39.90%. Numerical simulations presented in the following take into account such isotopic compositions for each element present in the eight studied materials.
Nuclide
Al 13 13-Al-27 100.00%
Ga 31 31-Ga-69 60.10%
31-Ga-71 39.90%
In 49 49-In-115 95.70%
49-In-113 4.30%
N 7 7-N-14 99.60%
7-N-15 0.40%
P 15 15-P-31 100.00%
As 33 33-As-75 100.00%
Sb 51 51-Sb-121 57.40%
51-Sb-123 42.60%
Natural abundance of nuclides related to the III–V alloys studied in this work.
Table 2 summarizes the main experimental values for GaAs, AlAs, InP, InAs, GaSb, InSb, GaN, and GaP bulk materials in terms of energy bandgap Eg, number of atoms per volume unit, density [19], and electron-hole pair creation energy Eeh. All these crystalline solids are denser than Si (2.32 g/cm3). The following materials, GaAs, AlAs, InP, GaN, and GaP, are characterized by a bandgap larger than that of Si and, consequently, by a larger electron-hole pair creation energy (3.6 eV for Si). The other materials, i.e., InAs, GaSb, and InSb, have a bandgap clearly below 1 eV; Eeh values for these materials are also lower than that of Si. Finally, for GaSb and InSb, we did not find in literature an experimental value for Eeh; we used by default the values deduced from Klein's model [20] establishing a linear relationship between Eg and Eeh in semiconductor materials.
III–V compound
Eg at 300K Eg (eV)
Number of atoms per cm3 ( ×1022)
Density (g/cm3)
E-h pair creation energy Eeh (eV)
GaAs 1.42 4.42 5.32 4.8
AlAs 2.16 4.42 3.76 6.8
InP 1.34 3.96 4.81 4.5
InAs 0.36 3.59 5.67 1.8
GaSb 0.73 3.53 5.61 2.7
InSb 0.17 2.94 5.78 1.1
GaN 3.39 8.90 6.15 8.9
GaP 2.26 4.94 4.138 6.8
The main properties of the III–V binary semiconductors considered in this study.
Partially from [19].
3. Geant4 numerical simulations
Geant4 simulations were carried out following a methodology used in previous works [14, 21, 22]. We considered a target of bulk material (composed of a pure material chosen between the eight binary compounds studied) with a parallelepiped geometry (surface 1 cm2, thickness 20 μm). Each target was virtually irradiated with neutrons arriving perpendicularly to the surface and for which the energy distribution follows the terrestrial natural neutron background at sea level. This latter was chosen equal to the high-energy (above 1 MeV) neutron spectrum measured by Goldhagen et al. at sea level (New York City) [23, 24]. A total of 108 of incident neutrons were considered, representing the equivalent duration of 5 × 106 h of natural neutron irradiation at sea level.
Geant4 version 4.9.4 patch 01 was used for these simulations. The list of physical processes employed in these simulations is based on the standard package of physics lists QGSP_BIC_HP [25]. Other simulation details can be found in Ref. [21]. Outputs of each simulation consist in a series of files containing all the information related to the neutron interaction events in the target material. For each event, this information includes the nature and the coordinates of the vertex of the interaction, the energy of the incident neutron, the exhaustive list of secondary particles produced during the interaction, and the energy and the emission direction vector for each of these emitted particles. All these records have been post-treated and formatted into the final interaction databases (text files) following two compilation rules: (i) we eliminated in the output file (raw data) all secondaries below 1 keV of energy; (ii) we also eliminated all γ photons, π0, e+, e−, and η particles, these particles being not able to deposit 1 keV of energy in the targets, which is a mandatory condition to observe single-event effects in electronics. The computational time was approximately of 3 weeks for eight parallel runs on multicore 3 GHz CPUs, the code being executed on separate cores for each material.
4. Simulation results
Table 3 gives the distributions of elastic, inelastic, and nonelastic events recorded in the different III–V compound material databases. Values for the database related to silicon are also reported for comparison. For memory, the interactions of neutrons with atomic nuclei can occur through two major mechanisms: scattering (which can be subdivided in elastic and inelastic processes) and capture (also called nonelastic) [26]. When a neutron is involved in an elastic scattering, the nature of the interacting particles is not modified; in particular the recoil nucleus is then the same as the target nucleus A or B in the case of a binary compound material AB. Similarly, during an inelastic scattering, the impacted target nucleus A or B undergoes an internal rearrangement into an excited state which eventually releases radiation. Instead of being scattered, an incident neutron may be absorbed or captured by a target material nucleus A or B. Many reactions are possible, and a large variety of particles can be emitted. This type of interaction is also called nonelastic interaction.
Number of events (1 cm2 × 20 μm, 5 × 1O6 h at sea level)
Nonelastic
Si (reference) 11,369 2048 3373 16,790
InSb 7868 6624 2574 17,066
AlAs 9246 4490 3508 17,244
GaSb 8210 6146 3298 17,654
InP 9636 5392 3218 18,246
InAs 8432 6642 3290 18,364
GaAs 8426 6374 4356 19,156
GaP 10,556 4524 4150 19,230
GaN 15,587 6349 6537 28,473
Number of elastic, inelastic, and nonelastic interactions induced by atmospheric neutrons in the different III–V binary compound materials obtained from Geant4 simulations.
As evidenced by results of Table 3, the eight III–V materials show an interaction rate superior to the value observed for the reference case with Si even if GaSb, AlAs, and InSb show a number of interaction events, the closest from the one of Si. A single material stands out clearly from the others in terms of very high number of interactions: GaN. This result is the direct consequence of GaN crystallographic structure that leads to a number of atoms per volume unit almost double with respect to all other materials (see Table 1).
Concerning elastic events, their proportion is clearly predominant for Si (68%), GaP, GaN (55%), AlAs (54%), and InP (53%). The sum of inelastic and nonelastic events is above 50% for GaAs (56%), InAs and InSb (54%), and GaSb (53%). For Si, this sum is only around 32%, which is lower than 40% found in previous studies [21]. The reason is that, in the present case, the minimum kinetic energy (energy cutoff) to take into account recoils and secondaries in the databases has been fixed to 1 keV, whereas this value was fixed to a higher value, i.e., 40 keV, in previous studies. According to [15], the number and, consequently, the proportion of elastic events with respect to inelastic and nonelastic events clearly depend on such energy cutoff; it is the reason why these percentages may vary.
Figure 1 shows the number n of secondary product(s) per interaction for the different materials. It is important to note that n has been evaluated after excluding γ photons, π, e+, e−, and η particles from the raw simulation data, as mentioned in Section 3. As a consequence, the first class of the distribution, i.e., n = 1, corresponds to single product reactions that only result in a single recoil after interaction. These reactions correspond to all elastic and inelastic events, totalized in Table 1. For n>2, all secondaries are produced during nonelastic interactions, with an average number of secondary products per reaction between 2.5 and 2.7 for the different III–V materials (2.6 for silicon). Note that GaN and, in a lesser extent, GaAs and GaP show the most important number of reactions for n ranging from 2 to 5. To understand these results, a more detailed analysis in terms of secondary products must be conducted.
Number of secondary products per interaction (after excluding γ photons, π, e+, e−, and η particles as explained in the text).
Precisely, Figure 2 shows the distribution of secondaries produced in the different targets of III–V binary compound materials subjected to atmospheric neutrons. Four groups of particles have been defined as a function of the atomic number Z: (i) protons, deuterons, and tritons (Z = 1), (ii) alpha particles and He-3 (Z = 2), (iii) nuclei corresponding to target atoms (named recoils #1 and #2 for binary compounds), and (iv) other nuclei (with Z different from the other three categories).
Number of secondaries in the events recorded in the eight III–V material databases for the four product classes defined in the text. The nature of recoils is indicated for each material. Results for silicon are also shown for reference.
Figure 2 shows that similar distributions of these particle groups are found for all materials, GaN excepted, with approximately 20–25% of protons+alphas, 60% of recoil products constituted of target nuclei, and the remaining 15% of other nuclei. In the case of GaN, the proportion of protons and alpha particles is more important and corresponds to approximately two times the proportion observed in silicon; this result can be explained by the additional production channels of protons and alpha particles offered by the 14N(n,p)14C and 14N(n,α)11B reactions [27]. Always for GaN, the combination of a high number of atoms per volume unit and the presence of nitrogen are at the origin of such a large difference with respect to other III–V materials in terms of a higher number of interactions, of secondaries produced, and of alphas and protons. In addition to Figure 2, Figure 3 shows the exhaustive distribution of all secondaries produced in all materials as a function of Z. The stacked declination of the histograms is only to produce a clearer comparison figure; there is of course no physical sense to add secondaries of the same Z induced by neutrons in different targets other than specifying their distribution in Z.
Distribution in number (left) and in percent (right) of all secondaries produced in all materials as a function of their atomic number.
Figure 4 shows the energy mappings for all secondaries produced by atmospheric neutrons in the eight different targets. In these figures, each colored point corresponds to a single secondary product; the x-coordinate of the point corresponds to the energy of the incident neutron which gave birth to it; the y-coordinate corresponds to the kinetic energy of the secondary after its release at the level of the reaction vertex. The same four groups of particles as previously defined (Figure 2) have been considered. Such product energy mappings allow us to visually compare the contain of the different databases and to highlight similarities and differences between the atmospheric neutron susceptibilities of the eight studied materials, notably in terms of protons, alphas (GaN and GaAs as compared to InSb and InP), and recoil distributions (differences between light and heavy recoils: N, Al, and P as compared to Ga, As, In, and Sb). In Figure 4, we can see that all points are logically below the straight-line y = x because the maximum energy of secondary products is, at most, equal to that of the incident primary neutron.
Energy distributions as a function of the incident neutron energy for all secondaries produced in the events recorded in the eight III–V material databases.
From the data in Figure 4, we deduced the energy histograms in Figure 5 for all the secondary products in the eight materials. To limit the number of curves, these histograms have been calculated for the four classes of secondaries previously defined, i.e., for protons, alpha particles, target nucleus recoils, and other ions. These energy histograms show the same information as in Figure 4 but in a more compact and quantitative form. These curves indicate the energy domain covered for each type of particle and also the energy position of the maximum of the distributions. For recoil products, the heavier the recoil nucleus, the lower the energy of the maximum of the distribution. For protons, alphas, and other nuclei, similar distributions and energy domains are obtained (from 10−1 to 103 MeV for protons, from 1 to 102 MeV for alphas, from 10−2 to a few tens of MeV for other nuclei) for the different targets, excepted for GaN, InAs, and InSb. For GaN, an excess of low-energy protons and alphas is clearly evidenced in the range of 0.1–1 MeV; for InAs and InSb, proton distributions are narrower and only cover an energy range between 1 and 103 MeV.
Energy histograms (100 bins) of protons, alphas, target nucleus recoils, and other ions produced by atmospheric neutron interactions in the eight III–V bulk material targets.
From the above data, we deduced the linear energy transfer (LET) and range distributions of all secondary products for the different target materials. For memory, the linear energy transfer or LET of a charged particle refers to the stopping power, i.e., the energy lost by unit of length, due only to electronic collisions and expressed in MeV/(mg/cm2) or in keV/μm. The range corresponds to the distance that a charged particle travels from its emission point through matter until it comes to rest. Both LET and range primarily depend on the type and initial energy of the particle and of the medium (i.e., the target material) in which the particle travels.
We used the popular and reference code Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter SRIM [28, 29] to perform (in batch mode controlled from a short C-code) the automatic calculation of the LET and range tables (in the range 1 keV to 10 GeV) for all possible nuclides from Z = 1 to Z = 92, which represents 2670 SRIM tables per material. A total of 2670 × 8 = 21,360 files were computed and indexed in different folders in order to be directly read from a Python code to automatically compute LET and range histograms. Figure 6 shows the plots of SRIM tables for LET and range related to protons, alphas, and recoil products in the eight III–V materials.
Linear energy transfer (LET) and range related to protons, alphas, and recoil products in the eight III–V materials calculated with SRIM.
The cross-combination of these SRIM data with particle types and energies listed in the different interaction databases was performed using a dedicated python script to compute (by linear interpolation of the SRIM tables) the initial LET (at product release) and the range histograms of all products, shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively.
Initial LET histograms (100 bins) of protons, alphas, target nucleus recoils, and other ions produced by atmospheric neutron interactions in the eight III–V bulk material targets.
Range histograms (100 bins) of protons, alphas, target nucleus recoils, and other ions produced by atmospheric neutron interactions in the eight III–V bulk material targets.
Figures 7 and 8 logically show that the smaller the particle, the lower the initial LET, and the higher the range of the particle. Thereby protons exhibit the lowest LET values, in the interval from 10−3 to a few 10−1 MeV/(mg/cm2) for all materials, and the highest ranges, typically from 10−6–10−5 m to a few tens of cm. Alpha particles are characterized by intermediate values, with typical initial LET values between 0.1 and 1 MeV/(mg/cm2) and ranges in the domain from micron to millimeter. Finally, recoil products and other nuclei exhibit the highest initial LET values, up to 10 MeV/(mg/cm2), and the lowest ranges, from nanometer to a maximum of few tens of microns. These results strongly suggest that product recoils will play an increasing role in submicron and nanowire devices, as explored in the following.
In complement to [15], we examine, in this last section, some consequences of the above results in terms of creation of single-event effects in electronics based on the studied III–V materials. Following neutron interactions with target nuclei and release of secondaries, the energy deposition of these secondary products in the bulk material and its conversion to free charge via the creation of electron-hole pairs are another fundamental step in the creation of SEEs.
First, we evaluated two global metrics to quantify such an energy deposition consecutive to neutron interactions in the bulk of the III–V materials: (i) the mean value of deposited energy per interaction (averaged over all events) and (ii) the corresponding amount of created electron-hole pairs. These two metrics have been evaluated, in Figure 9, for the different materials. The first metric, i.e., the mean energy deposited per interaction, is found to vary from around 9 MeV for Si to 14 MeV for GaAs. Atmospheric neutron interactions deposit, in average, more energy in III–V materials than in Si. This result is the consequence of a difference in the number of nonelastic interactions, which is higher in III–V materials than in Si, as shown in the following (Figure 10 and text).
Deposited energy per interaction (mean value estimated from all events) and corresponding amounts of e-h pairs created in the different III–V material targets. Values have been evaluated considering for each material the e-h pair creation energy given in Table 1. Typical values for silicon are also indicated for reference.
Averaged values of the deposited energy per elastic or inelastic interaction and per nonelastic interaction for the different III–V material targets. For the case of elastic or inelastic interactions, values have been multiplied by a factor ×100 to be plotted on the same scale.
Figure 9 compares the number of e-h pairs created per interaction in the different III–V materials with respect to the value obtained for silicon (relative factor). Three groups of materials can be considered: (1) GaAs, AlAs, InP, GaN, and GaP that are found very similar to Si (relative factor close to 1 with respect to Si); (2) InAs and GaSb which exhibit a relative factor between 1.5 and 2.5; and, finally, (3) InSb characterized by the highest factor, close to 4. For the first group of materials, the higher atmospheric neutron sensitivity of these materials (which is indicated by the number of interactions) is largely compensated by a higher energy of e-h pair creation at semiconductor level, due to their large bandgap. On the contrary, for the three last materials which are lower bandgap semiconductors (see Table 1), their vulnerability to atmospheric neutrons is finally reinforced by their electrical response level due to the relatively low values of the energy of e-h pair creation.
Global results in Figure 9, however, do not show important quantitative differences that exist between the respective contributions of, on the one hand, elastic or inelastic interactions and, on the other hand, nonelastic reactions, to these global values. In order to examine this particular point, we recalculated the average energy deposited per interaction. Results are shown in Figure 10. Elastic or inelastic interactions deposit, in average, between 0.1 MeV (GaSb) and 0.25 MeV (GaN) with a value of 0.23 MeV for Si. On the contrary, nonelastic interactions deposit, in average, more than 50 MeV for GaN and up to 75 MeV for InSb, with a comparative value of 45 MeV for Si. In other words, nonelastic interactions deposit approximately between ×200 (GaN) and ×600 times (GaSb) more energy in average than elastic or inelastic events. Because these nonelastic events are less numerous than elastic+inelastic events (see Table 3), this explains why the global average energies per interaction (Figure 9) are relatively modest, distributed between 10 and 15 MeV. But these values hide very different situations, depending on the type of interactions. Converted into electron-hole pairs, nonelastic reactions are able to deposit, in average value integrated over all the secondary tracks, charges up to a few pC, whereas elastic or inelastic reactions hardly reach values around a few fC.
In addition to the previous results, we evaluated the fraction of the total energy deposited per type of secondaries for all interaction events in the semiconductor bulks. Results are shown in Figure 11. Surprisingly enough, over 85% of the total energy deposited in the different III–V materials is deposited by protons, followed by alpha particles (around 10%). Other nuclei and recoil products represent less than 5%, whereas for silicon, they represent around 8% and alphas only 5%. Considering the range of protons and alphas, this result shows that the largest part of the energy is deposited far from the location of the reaction vertex.
Fraction of the total energy deposited per type of secondaries for all interaction events in the bulk of the studied III–V semiconductors.
Conversely, if we consider the fraction of the total initial LET deposited per type of secondaries for all interaction events in the different materials, we obtain results shown in Figure 12. For III–V material, 70% to 80% (minimum for GaP, maximum for InSb) of the total of the initial LET values corresponds to recoil products. The remaining 10% is related to other nuclei, the contributions of protons and alpha particles being negligible in this total initial LET. This signifies that recoil products are essentially at the origin of the charge deposited in the first (tens of) nanometers around the incoming neutron interaction point (also called reaction vertex).
Fraction of the total initial LET deposited per type of secondaries for all interaction events in the bulk of the studied III–V semiconductors.
To evaluate the deposited charge in the first nanometers around reaction vertex points, we derived this quantity from the initial LET of particles just after their release. Introducing Eeh, the energy needed for creating an electron-hole pair given in Table 2, and tSi the thickness of the material thin layer in which the charge Qdep is deposited, we obtain [13]:
QdepfC=A×LETMeV/mg/cm2×tSiμmE1
where A is a numerical factor that only depends on the semiconductor material density ρ and on the value of Eeh, given in Table 4 for all studied III–V materials and for silicon:
Qdep[fC] = A × LET[MeV/(mg/cm2)] × tSi[μm]
Si (for memory) 10.3
InSb 84.1
AlAs 8.8
GaSb 33.2
InP 17.1
InAs 50.4
GaAs 17.7
GaP 9.5
GaN 11.1
Analytical expression of the charge deposited by a particle of a given initial LET (supposed constant) in a given thickness of a given material.
The numerical value of the coefficient A for this expression is indicated for the eight III–V materials (and for memory for silicon).
A=16,02×ρg/cm3EeheVE2
From Equation (1), we derived an estimation of the charge deposited in the first nanometers from the reaction vertex, averaged over all secondaries for all interaction events per material. These results are shown in Figure 13 for a distance of 10 nm. The comparison of values in Figure 13 with the current values of the minimum critical charge for standard SRAM memory cells as a function of the technological node, reported in Table 5, shows that three materials, InSb, InAs, and GaSb, exhibit a charge largely superior to 0.7 fC, the minimum critical charge for the 14 nm node. On the contrary, three other material show a charge inferior to the reference value for silicon (0.36 fC), i.e., GaN, GaP, and AlAs. Finally, GaAs and InP exhibit intermediate values around 0.5 fC, also compatible with integration down to 14 nm. Finally, the comparison of these results with those of Figure 9 suggests that integrated electronics based on InSb, InAs, or GaSb semiconductor material should be potentially more affected by neutron-induced single-event effects than those based on the other studied materials and on silicon. Of course, such a prediction will have to be verified experimentally, when devices and circuits based on these new materials for CMOS electronics will be available to be tested for radiation.
Charge deposited in the first 10 nm from the reaction vertex, averaged over all secondaries for all interaction events per material.
CMOS node (nm)
Critical charge Qcrit (fC) 3.5 2.9 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.7
Minimum critical charge versus CMOS technological nodes for standard SRAM memory cells.
After Seifert et al. [30].
In conclusion, Geant4 numerical simulation was intensively used in this work as an exploration tool to anticipate the radiation response of III–V binary compound semiconductors and future electronics based on these materials (not yet available) subjected to high-energy atmospheric neutrons. Eight III–V semiconductors have been considered: GaAs, AlAs, InP, InAs, GaSb, InSb, GaN, and GaP. Simulations of bulk targets (with natural isotope compositions) exposed to sea-level neutron spectrum showed that all III–V materials exhibit more interactions than in silicon, in particular for GaAs, GaP, and GaN, the latter being a somewhat special case due to the presence of nitrogen, whose reactions with neutrons lead to an increased production of protons and alpha particles. A detailed analysis based on histograms on secondary product energy, LET, and range has been conducted, providing synthetic data about the atmospheric neutron radiation response of all these materials. We also have shown the importance of product recoils in the radiation response of ultimate CMOS electronics, due to their relative elevated masses that result in very short particle ranges and significant charge deposition within nanometer distances from the interaction points. We draw attention to the integrated electronics based on InSb, InAs, or GaSb semiconductor that should be potentially more affected by neutron-induced single-event effects than those based on the other studied materials. The current lack of experimental data in the literature forces us to consider these projections with all the precautions that we must constantly have in mind when it comes to simulation results that have not been validated experimentally.
2.Semiconductor properties
3.Geant4 numerical simulations
4.Simulation results
5.Discussion
6.Conclusion
Daniela Munteanu and Jean-Luc Autran (July 21st 2020). Interactions between Terrestrial Cosmic-Ray Neutrons and III–V Compound Semiconductors, Modeling and Simulation in Engineering - Selected Problems, Jan Valdman and Leszek Marcinkowski, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92774. Available from:
Modeling and Simulation in Engineering
Edited by Jan Valdman
Modeling and Simulation in Microwave-Photonics Applications
By Mikhail E. Belkin, Tatiana Bakhvalova, Vladislav Golovin, Yuriy Tyschuk and Alexander S. Sigov
Applications from Engineering with MATLAB ConceptsEdited by Jan Valdman
Applications from Engineering with MATLAB Concepts
Digital Image Processing with MATLAB
By Mahmut Sinecen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Morning all, hope you are enjoying your weekend! I think this has been a chocolate filled week for a lot of us, I'm certainly glad I had two weeks of green smoothies prior to it! Although to be fair I haven't been too crazy on the chocolate. My parents got me a Green and Blacks egg and I didn't finish that off until Thursday which is pretty decent for me! I have been enjoying healthier chocolate in the form of home made raw mint chocolate as pictured above. I like to keep it in the freezer so it stays nice and hard. With a few strawberries it makes a lovely dessert.
I'm having a thing for bread, especially sourdough. I was never bothered about bread for such a long time but I'm loving it at the moment!
Thursday – yoga, just did 20 minutes of my own thing, it was blissful!
Not a bad week, although I am looking forward to a few weeks time when I'm hoping I can establish more of a regular routine.
Last night I went out with one of my best friends for a meal so I enjoyed the opportunity to get dressed up! I bought the kimono top as I thought it would be quite nice to wear like this while I'm preggers.
hearing the baby's heart beat at my midwife appointment! // the awesome wonderful people I have the honour of working with as customers and clients // a fantastic Easter lunch with my family // reading Jules Oliver's minus nine to one book // coconut water in a wine glass // my neon scented candle // crystallised ginger // getting excited for next weeks holiday to Brighton // exciting stuff on the business front // getting a huge influx of new followers on my Tumblr!
Mindfulness v Management – some of my thoughts on intuitive eating and how to use management practices for health and well being. Great comments on this one!
Recap of the Green Smoothie Challenge!
17 Weeks Pregnant – recap of my natal hypnotherapy workshop and bump shots!
The Oliver Bonas website – OMG total swoondom, I need everything on this site! I've just placed a cheeky order of some of their sale stuff.
Next week is going to be all about getting my arse into gear and making sure that I'm prepared for having the time off for our hols. The week when we get back is going to be mental, I've got an event at Sunderland Uni, three new projects starting and our 20 week scan. All good stuff, but this is why I work hard at being organised!
How has your week been? Have you eaten all your Easter chocolate yet? What did you do on your last night out?


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text:
" PM"
Japan PM dissolves lower house for October 31 national election
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In Photos: Egypt's president invites Hungarian PM to attend NAC's inauguration
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Jordan's king vows to support Lebanon in meeting with PM
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text:
A wild Excadrill has appeared!
Excadrill Lv34
Small Sassy
Sand Rush
Slash, Rock Slide, Horn Drill, Dig
Fighting Incense 3/5
A wild Timburr has appeared!
Timburr Lv7
Average Careful
Sheer Force
Pound, Leer, Low Kick, Focus Energy
Sid grinned sideways at Koa. "You really don't…" they agreed. "Pokemon always seem to be coming and going especially with the seasons—"
They paused on finding that Koa had turned back to something. Glancing back in turn and seeing a Hawlucha darting at them, Sid blinked a couple of times in rapid succession. "Yeah just like that…" Although Koa just assured that there was (or had been?) more than one. Before they had a chance to ask, Sid found themselves watching a battle unfold between a Natu and the oncoming Hawlucha.
Uncomfortable with the sheer number of Birds around, Great Serpent actually scuttled sideways taking Sid with him. Nope nope nope, he would not be anywhere near those sharp beaks. Nada. Luckily it seemed the Hawlucha backed off right after that, and Sid pat GS a couple of times assuredly.
Sid's attention shifted back to Koa as he started to explain. A…. group of Hawlucha? And this one had presumably followed from so far away? Sid looked back again and squinted in the direction it had gone. "Truly a ferocious opponent!" they spoke up again briefly recapturing that energy and zeal again. GS was antsy to get moving, however, and rather quickly started to walk again thereafter. Sid slid a little on his back but settled right after. "Sorry, friend, I know Flying types aren't your strong suit…" they murmured patting GS again.
As they moved onwards, though, something would begin to shake the ground. GS felt it, and Sid felt it to a lesser extent. Whatever it was, it had them both stopping short. "Do you see anything—" Sid started and cut off when their question was answered by the appearance of an Excadrill appearing from underground.
Oooh! They had just missed the Drilbur swarm a bit ago! What luck! They didn't want to wear Great Serpent down too much, however, and though it looked strong, they had an idea. Fishing out two Pokeballs, they released Nurse the Audino and Phantom the Haunter. "Nurse, please stay as back up, Phantom, I want to catch that Excadrill."
Phantom huffed and z-snapped in response. He was not some go getter boy, Sid. GS rolled his eyes. Nurse clapped his hands together and gave a Helping Hand rather than… get irritated like he wanted to. Realizing she was being thrust into a battle, however, the Excadrill was quick to retreat underground for the turn, digging quickly. GS backed up and looked around just in case it showed up under him instead.
Luckily, Excadrill's aim was at the Ghost— and just as luckily it would not faze him in the least. "Shadow Punch, Phantom…" Sid ordered. Powered up by the Helping Hand, the Haunter slammed a fist hard into the Excadrill and sent her tumbling back out of her hole briefly.
Slamming the ground with her claw, however, she charged the ground with energy that raised up rocks and sent them falling downwards again. "ACK!" Sid didn't get a chance to say anything as GS instead bolted backwards to avoid being hit. Nurse yelped at the damage and quickly pulled himself away from the rock.
Phantom… became very flat for a moment before fazing up through the rock and dusting off his hands again. He was fine! He totally wasn't injured! Ignore that clear damage! He'd Z-snap and then raise up both hands before sticking out his tongue in a Confusing manner. The Excadrill suddenly found herself dizzy and swayed. Sid took the opportunity to enlarge a Pokeball and toss it at her.
Using a Pokeball!
Today was going brilliantly so far. Sid's energy was infectious and the atmosphere in general was exciting. Koa was even feeling more confident in his skills and call outs. Maybe having supportive people around him as well as the support of his Pokemon gave him the boost he needed. He smiled warmly as he looked at his team. He looked at GS, noting that they felt very uneasy around Flying types. That made sense considering they were a Bug Type...
Before they could continue their conversation, however, a rumble shook the ground and an Excadrill burst forth from the ground. This seemed to be something that Sid was excited about, so he and his team held back and watched them go about their battle. He noted the Haunter's sassy behavior towards his trainer, but it seemed more playful than anything. Or was it? Koa couldn't really tell. Still, with the Audino's assistance, and the fact that what Excadrill attempted didn't phase Haunter, the battle would soon conclude with the attempted capture.
Whether or not the capture succeeded, another Pokemon leaped out in front of them. A Timburr swung around lumber it was carrying and looked to be challenging someone in Koa's group. "Azura, think you can handle this one?" He asked as he pat her head. She barked and hopped down. "Let's start with Disarming Voice."
Azura smiled and leaped to the side before she let out a discordant, but somehow melodic note that sent out waves of wavy energy towards Timburr. Thinking they could dodge, they ducked and weaved to the side, but the waves kept pursuing! It winced as it was sent tumbling to the side from the force of the attack. Still, it stood up, ready to fight more.
It swept a foot with Low Kick and flipped Azura off balance. She fell onto her back while the Timburr swung its lumber down towards her with Pound. She yelped and rolled out of the way before retaliating with Pound as well, smacking them on top of the head and springing away from them. The two of them were one to one at this point, but the Timburr swung the lumber again, aiming square for Azura's side. She actually withstood the attack by grabbing onto the lumber. It was still a hard hit, but she countered with Disarming Voice yet again and blasted the Timburr away. She hopped back, out of breath, but she still posed triumphantly before returning to Koa's side once the Timburr was confirmed to be down and out.
Koa pet her gently "You okay?" He asked. She cuddled up against him, which brought a smile to his face and alleviated his concerns "Good." He said. "Wow, looks like we just keep running into lots of interesting Pokemon today. Truth be told there's one more I really want to find one day. A Mienfoo. Makoto here is going to grow into a Dark type as well, so another Fighting type would be more than welcome on my team."
Post by Jenesis on Apr 20, 2020 19:37:27 GMT
+2 levels to Phantom or +1 level to Nurse. -1 Energy to Phantom and Nurse. And...
SbKU5sqap_
The Wild Pokemon broke free!
p_
...And the Pokeball broke!
One Pokeball has been removed from your inventory.
Excadrill hesitated, but didn't flee!
But your battle attracted some extra attention...
Delinquent Mina would like to battle!
Watchog Lv33
Large Lonely
Super Fang, After You, Confuse Ray, Psych Up
Weavile Lv29
Large Hardy
Nasty Plot, Metal Claw, Icy Wind, Hone Claws
A wild Mienfoo has appeared!
Mienfoo Lv8
Average Adamant
Pound, Meditate
Unfortunately, the Excadrill escaped from the Pokeball, but it looked like it was sticking around for the time being. Koa silently rooted for Sid's success, but he heard something nearby. A trainer that looked eager to cause some trouble was approaching Sid, but Koa worried that if she challenged them now, the Excadrill would escape for sure. "Azura, Makoto, take care of Sakuya for a while." He said as he carefully set the slumbering Fomantis down on Kupuna's back. Azura and Makoto stayed nearby, making sure not to block the sun.
Koa stepped in front of the trainer with a serious expression "I'm going to have to stop you here for a moment." He said, raising a hand out. "That trainer is in the process of capturing a wild Pokemon. It would be rude and unsporting to interrupt them. If you must challenge them, please wait until they're finished with what they're currently doing." He said. The other trainer looked slightly annoyed at Koa's attitude and tried to walk around him. Koa stepped to intercept them "I'm sorry, but I can't let you interrupt them. This is important to them right now, and I won't let you ruin their chance. You can wait another few minutes, or leave. Those are your two options." He said, stern and serious. "Please think of it this way. You have a Pokemon you've always wanted to catch, and someone shows up to interrupt your battle and takes that chance away from you. That wouldn't be very fair to you now would it? Please, before you cause trouble for others, think about how you would react to it and the consequences of them." He said, starting to be rational and kind with this advice. He gave them a patient smile "I'm sorry for being so overbearing about this. As a Ranger, I feel I should step in and do what I can for the sake of everyone's happiness, cliched as that sounds. In any case, would you please heed what I have to say and wait? I'm sure they will appreciate your patience and would be more than happy to discuss a battle afterwards." He concluded.
Nearby, a Mienfoo was meditating on a rock. They slowly opened their eyes and looked in the direction of the commotion. It saw Koa standing up to another trainer, seemingly to defend the other in some way. Curious, it walked over. When he saw it, Koa was stunned. He was just talking about it. His serious demeanor faded somewhat as he started to shake. The Mienfoo bowed to him politely and it sensed his aura and gave a little bit of a smile. Koa was suddenly passed a Magost Berry. Was it a thank you from Sid? Either way, he knelt down and handed it to the Meinfoo "Here you go. Must be hungry after doing some training, right?" He said, knowing that Mienfoo have a tendency to train very hard. It happily took the berry and ate it. It definitely hit the spot after training and meditation. It didn't make any attempt to leave afterwards. It was still gauging Koa, but it was definitely intrigued by him and his team "Well hey, if you want to come along..." He took out an Ultra Ball. "Feel free to do so! I'd love to have a Pokemon like you on my team." He said with a warm smile before throwing the ball. The rest was up to chance.
Koa attempts to raise Charisma with a 250+ Word check via his speech to the other trainer. He gives the Mienfoo a Magost Berry and attempts to capture it with an Ultra Ball via befriending!
SNAP— That was the sound of the Pokeball breaking up and dumping its contents. Sid grimaced a little. Shoot. That catch had looked secure. The Excadrill shook out her body and seemed to hesitate before taking a defensive stance again. She had an open escape she could make a break for if she absolutely needed, but for now she'd continue to battle this human! Sid, meanwhile, looked over at Phantom and Nurse. "Are you two ok?" they asked. There was an assured sound from both.
"Ok… Phantom—" Hm, well they could try. "Use Hypnosis!" The Haunter glanced back at them, frowned, but then looked forward again. Fine with him! Z snapping again, he raised his hands and began to make slow even circles. The Excadrill squinted and then shook her head determined not to fall under the spell. As the circles continued, however, and she started to lull a bit before finally falling asleep entirely.
Quickly, before it could wake, Sid grabbed another— Oh, looks like all they had left was an Ultra Ball. Well that was fine then. Tossing that at the Excadrill, they waited.
Ultra Ball + Sleep (10%) = 85%
Honedge [Excalibur, 35, M], Audino [Nurse, 33->34, M (4/5 Energy)], Haunter [Phantom, 27-> 28, M (4/5 Energy)], Scolipede [Great Serpent, 35, M (4/5 Energy)], Espeon [Angel, 37, F], Frosmoth [Mothra, 27, M]
whimsae
Played by:
The Branching Path Apr 23, 2020 0:33:13 GMT Jae likes this
Post by whimsae on Apr 23, 2020 0:33:13 GMT
Koa Leilani Your speech strikes a cord within the tsundere delinquent, and she quickly dips out! I-it's not like she wanted to battle or anything, baka! +1 Charisma!
1fpLBvd|p_
One Ultra ball and one Magost berry has been removed from your inventory.
One Ultra ball has been removed from your inventory.
The other trainer conceded and left Sid alone. With a heavy sigh, Koa went to focus on the Pokeball he threw at the Mienfoo. He gulped nervously and ran a hand through his hair...then, it stopped shaking. He did a little victory gesture and smiled from ear to ear. "Yes...!" He could barely keep himself composed as he picked up the Pokeball. He got a prompt from his phone. He decided to send over Ali'i, figuring the Spoink needed a break. Ali'i's Pokeball vanished and was sent to the PC while the one with Mienfoo, whom Koa will name Toki, would remain with him.
He let the Mienfoo out of his Pokeball and guided him over to the others "How does the name Toki sound?" He asked, to which the Mienfoo thought about for a few seconds before nodding, satisfied with the name. "Toki it is!" Once Toki was around the other Pokemon currently out and about, they all started to get to know each other and welcome their new friend. Sakuya was still snoozing away as Fomantis tend to do during the day. Azura happily bounced around Toki, happy to meet him. Toki looked bashful around Azura, but otherwise retained his composure.
Koa met up with Sid "Hey, thanks...for the berry, I mean. What are the odds, huh? I talk about one and...there he is." He said with a smile. "And congratulations on your own capture! That was looking a little tense there for a moment." He said, though he did look a tad embarrassed "Did I go a little overboard with that other trainer? I worry that I did...huh...w-well anyway." He looked at his ever growing group "It's surreal. I started my adventure with Azura and Kupuna, and here I am with all of these wonderful new Pokemon. I never had the motivation to go out and train Pokemon when I was younger...now that I do, and that I have a little dream team in the works here, it's such a confidence booster. That I can do this, and seeing how happy they are makes me realize that I made the right decision."
He stopped himself before he rambled "Oh, sorry for rambling. Do you want to keep going or maybe take a break to get our new friends a chance to relax?" He asked. They were on the road for a while now with a lot of encounters behind them already. Maybe a break was in order, though he would leave that up to Sid.
Koa swaps out Ali'i for his new Pokemon, Toki the Mienfoo!
Toki (Mienfoo), Level 8, 5/5
The Branching Path Apr 25, 2020 0:34:58 GMT Jenesis likes this
As the Pokeball dinged in capture, Sid let out a breath they hadn't even realized they'd been holding. And then they clapped both hands together and let out a noise of jubilation! "Great work, guys!" they looked from Phantom to Nurse and back again.
"How are you feeling, Phan?" The Haunter twirled about and rubbed the back of his head. He was fine! Those last few attacks hadn't been too bad! He promised! A soft breath escaped from Sid. "Good, thank you too, Nurse, for keeping an eye on things." The Audino gave a small nod and folded his arms. He hadn't done much as far as he was concerned, but he really didn't want to anyways.
It was only after the fact that Sid realized another presence was there. The trainer that had been stopped by Koa was standing there for a moment longer before shaking her head and walking away. Sid watched her for a moment before looking towards Koa who was now talking to a—
Ah…. What a blessed event. A softer smile pulled onto their features as they bent down and started going through their bag. Phantom would be handed an Oran berry for his efforts to which he quickly devoured. Sid, however, was focused on another berry. Ah, there it was. They did have it on hand. Quickly tossing the Magost berry over, they offered Koa a smile before tending to their own Poemon again. GS seemed alright. Nurse seemed alright. Good, good.
As the Mienfoo was successfully captured, Sid smiled. Seemed they were both having a good day for capture. "What a wonderful day," they spoke just as Koa came over to them. They couldn't help but grin at his words thereafter. "Thank you! Excadrill is one of my favorite Pokemon," they admitted with a small laugh. "Such a knightly Pokemon."
Some color touched Sid's pale features as Koa asked about the trainer. "Ah, sorry, I was so caught up in trying to capture Excadrill that I didn't even really notice the other trainer until it was over…" Their head turned and they looked back the way she had come. "Trainers are such spirited types of people…" They half laughed. "I've never been able to follow down that route." It sounded like an awful amount of work.
As Koa spoke more, however, Sid looked back at him. Oh… what an adorable person. Koa may have shared more of that spirit than Sid had original registered. A goofier smile pulled across Sid's features right then. "I think a break would be nice, actually," they answered. "Phan would probably appreciate some time to hole up and eat…." Where had that Haunter gone now, actually? Sid squinted around and saw a shadow off of a tree that extended just a little too far there. There you are….
Using one Oran berry.
Honedge [Excalibur, 35, M], Audino [Nurse, 34, M (4/5 Energy)], Haunter [Phantom, 28, M (4/5 Energy -> +1 5/5 Energy)], Scolipede [Great Serpent, 35, M (4/5 Energy)], Espeon [Angel, 37, F], Frosmoth [Mothra, 27, M]
It was a great day for the two of them. They both managed to catch Pokemon that they really liked and now they had the time to relax now that things calmed down. Kupuna lowered herself to the ground and rested while Koa went over to check on Sakuya. He took out a water bottle and poured a bit into a cupped hand before he gently poured some on Sakuya. She seemed to relax even more, appreciating it. "I'll need to invest in a spray bottle so I can tend to her a little better than that, but it's a start." He said as he left her alone.
To hear that Excadrill is one of Sid's favorite Pokemon made Koa feel even better about what he did to help out. "Oh, that's excellent! I'm so glad you were able to catch it, then!" He said, beaming happily. "To be honest, I now have three of the Pokemon I've always wanted on a team. Popplio, Fomantis, and Mienfoo...this was a huge goal for me, and the fact it's met already just...it's a bit overwhelming. Looks like I'll have to come up with more goals! Meet even more Pokemon. I'm still surprised the Rangers gave me Kupuna as a graduation gift. A Dragon type of all things. I was honored." He said as he brushed her fur slightly. She grunted, pleased with how happy Koa was right now.
He seemed a bit surprised that Sid didn't notice the other trainer, but he laughed "Yeah, I can understand that sort of tunnel vision. Happens to me sometimes too." He listened to Sid as they explained how they've never been able to follow the route of the trainer "I can understand that. It's a lot of work...and a lot of their goals involve traveling all over the world and taking on every challenge with a determined smile. I admire them a lot." He rubbed at his right hand a bit as he still felt ashamed for being involved with Team Skull. He sighed, but he kept to his kind, warm demeanor. He dug around in his bag and pulled out a bowl and a bag of Pokemon food. He gathered around the tree the Haunter was supposedly hiding in the shadow of and poured some food in. His Pokemon happily gathered around him and started to eat, save for Kupuna. He took out a slightly larger bowl and filled that up to before he set it in front of her. She craned her neck down and started to happily munch away. "I always come prepared." He said as he watched his Pokemon interact and eat together.
He wasn't too sure what to talk about, so he decided to ask Sid about their Pokemon "So what can you tell me about your team? How'd you meet them all? Nurse is such a cute name for an Audino, by the way. Phantom's perfect for Haunter. Also...thanks for that berry. I seriously mean that."
Sid grinned. "That's an amazing accomplishment then," they answered. Their eyes raised to the Drampa again, and they smiled a bit more. "I think they made the right choice in doing so…" They murmured more to themselves than to Koa then. He radiated such an interesting spirit. It was nice to be around.
A small forced laugh came and went from Sid as Koa reacted to their admissions. Sometimes they wished they had the spirit of a trainer. They could have left school, gotten a Pokemon, and went traveling. It sounded so nice without the nuance. But I could never… follow in that man's footsteps…. Not ever. Sid gave a small shake of head and looked sideways to Nurse and then back towards GS. The Audino remained close while the Scolipede had settled against a tree near Phan. Whether he actually knew the Haunter was there or not was left to be questioned.
As Koa started towards the tree, Sid half smiled and followed suit, Nurse at their heels. Leaning against the tree, Sid realized very briefly right then how tired they actually were. Shaking their head a little to clear it, they glanced back towards Koa again before looking down at Nurse.
A small smile came to their features at the question (or series of questions, perhaps). "I met Nurse in nursing school, actually," Sid started. The Audino gave a sagely nod turning to Koa and affirming with a soft call. "He actually belonged to the instructor, but…." They paused thinking over Yatsumura-san. "Could be… ah… well, they didn't really get along…" Nurse made a face before pulling down an eyelid and sticking his tongue out. Sid reached up a hand to cover their mouth before their snicker became too loud. "He was a good teacher, as far as I'm concerned, but he could be a bit head strung and reckless. When I graduated, he asked if I'd take Nurse with me since we got along better." The Audino folded his arms and gave a sagely nod again. "We've been friends ever since."
Great Serpent had never heard that story before and was slowly leaning around the tree to get better sound quality. Even Phantom peaked up from his shadow to listen very briefly before catching Sid's eyes and disappearing into the shadow again. Sid chuckled. "…Phantom was a gift from my father." And that would be it on that regard.
"I caught Great Serpent in the Weeping Forest when I first got here… I actually work in Birch and live in Fuji," they explained. It was one heck of a travel to come and go from, but still.
"I also met my Honedge, Excalibur, in the same way." Shifting briefly, they grabbed and enlarged a Pokeball. "EXXXXXXXXXCALLLIBURRRR!" they called tossing it up. The Honedge that took form swayed and swatted the air as if to clear it from Sid's unnecessary call. Sid laughed back. "Excalibur is the first Pokemon I caught for myself…" they smiled reaching out to the Honedge.
The blade Pokemon rolled its singular eye but twisted up and around to settle the grip in Sid's hand. "I've done several different cosplays with him so far including at the Halloween Gala if you happened to be around for that." What fun memories. Letting to of the grip, Sid sat back again.
Excalibur shifted and swayed moving about to observe this new cohort with Sid very carefully. "They're friends, Excalibur, be nice," Sid called. The Honedge turned back to them and stared for a moment before giving a small shrug with his tassels. He wasn't going to do anything but observe. Probably.
Fishing out their last to Pokeballs, Sid paused before releasing them.
The Espeon that appeared rather quickly climbed into their lap earning a sideways glance from Nurse. "This is Angel, she was kind of sort of abandoned…" Sid spoke carefully reaching and scratching the Espeon's ears even as they said that.
The Frosmoth that had appeared right after was…. massive. Huge. Absurdly large for its species. He fluttered about and then went right up in Koa's face. "Atch! Mothra! Don't—" The moth Pokemon was already using his feelers to touch and squish Koa's face, however. Sid slapped a hand over their face and fought back a laugh. "Mothra is harmless, I promise…. Just…. a bit too curious…."
Honedge [Excalibur, 35, M], Audino [Nurse, 34, M (4/5 Energy)], Haunter [Phantom, 28, M (5/5 Energy], Scolipede [Great Serpent, 35, M (4/5 Energy)], Espeon [Angel, 37, F], Frosmoth [Mothra, 27, M]
An amazing achievement? Koa scratched the back of his head a bit. It was mostly luck, at least to him, but to have it acknowledged in such a way felt nice. Reaching goals should feel accomplishing, right? So he gave Sid a smile "Thanks. It means a lot to hear that."
Koa listened to the story of how they met Nurse and frowned a bit. It always upset him when he heard about Pokemon who just didn't get along with their trainers. "Well I'll say I'm glad the two of you found friends in each other. It's impossible to get along with everyone, and that applies with Pokemon, too." He said with a nod. "In the end...I think that was really thoughtful of your teacher. Maybe it wasn't intentional on his part, but he surely brightened your lives."
It seemed there was a story there with Sid's father, but he didn't want to pry into their personal lives if it's something they didn't want to talk about. He was surprised to hear about where Sid worked and lived "Birch? Wow that's quite the long way from Fuji. I'm not sure if I'd be able to handle a commute like that." He looked over at Great Serpent, wondering if that's how Sid makes the trip every time. If so, that was one remarkably patient Scolipede.
He blinked slightly at Sid suddenly shouting into the sky as they called upon their Honedge, Excalibur. "Impressive name for such an impressive Pokemon." He said with a nod as he admired the appearance of the floating sword. "Makoto, my Pancham, was the first I caught for myself. She's a lot calmer than most Pancham I've seen or heard about, but that's part of her charm I think." He said as Makoto waved at her name being said.
He tilted his head slightly "I've never really kept track of the cosplay scene but it's always seemed really fun. Not something I'd be able to pull off myself, really, but it's always cool to see people dress up. I'll have to keep the Halloween Gala in mind for this year, then."
Koa happily waved at Excalibur "Nice to meet you, Excalibur!" He said. He found the sword's aloof behavior endearing. He held a hand over his heart when he saw Angel "Aw...poor thing." He gave a tiny wave to them, not reaching out. He didn't want to spook them at all.
He jumped a bit in shock as the Frosmoth that appeared zoomed right up to his face and started to poke at him with its feelers "Aw, hello there!" He said with a laugh. He pat Mothra's head gently in return "It's okay, I think they're adorable." He said. He looked over at his Pokemon. They had finished their meals and were resting together. Toki looked like he was meditating, but was clearly flustered as Azura was curled up nearby. "Pokemon are incredible, huh? They all have their own personalities. It's a treat to meet every one."
A soft smile pulled onto Sid's features as Koa regarded their relationship with Nurse. Looking back to Nurse, they caught him smiling a bit at that. "Sometimes, I think, we're all just waiting for someone to come into our lives, and the minute they do, it just sorta clicks…" Nurse blushed and shook his head only to receive a head pat back. "Fate's been very gracious to me, I'd say, meeting Nurse when I did." Among other things.
The distance between Birch and Fuji was not one to be taken lightly, and Sid nodded at that. "I spend most of the work week in Birch and go home to Fuji when I can," they explained before looking up and back towards Great Serpent that had leaned a little around the tree. "GS and my own Drampa, Lord, get me there and back in good time." It was still a trek, all the same.
As Sid and Koa talked about him, Excalibur the Honedge floated about observing Koa's Pokemon for himself. Hmmmm hmmmmm. They all seemed unfit candidates to do battle with at that point. Maybe someday they would, but he could be patient. For now. That Pancham could grow. Perhaps it would be interesting someday. Looking back at Koa, he tilted his hilt and blade in a vaguer acknowledgment of him.
Angel the Espeon looked at the person she was being introduced to and gave a small nod to him before resting a little more on Sid. She received a few more ear scratches for the efforts.
And then there was Mothra who was busy squishing Koa's face with his soft buggy feelers. At… at least Koa took it alright. Being pat on the head had Mothra uttering a soft cooing noise and tilting his head to one side to receive more pats. This was a very soft human. Very squishy. Very good, or so he decided.
As Mothra relaxed again, Sid breathed out softly. "They are…." they agreed to Koa's words. They never did tire of them.
Floating back around after assessing everything that he wanted to, Excalibur squinted at the extended shadow…. And then immediately jumped into it blade first. Phantom shrieked bounding out of his own shadow right after. Sid jolted. Angel tensed. Nurse and GS deadpanned in unison. "Gak— Excalibur!" Sid squeaked a little. Their voice would be drowned out by a now inconsolable Phantom who was yelling and throwing his arms up and down at the shadow in the tree where Excalibur had disappeared into.
Sid tried… they tried very hard… to keep a straight face… but suddenly they were laughing all over again. Oh no. Oh poor baby. Oh gosh…
Waiting for someone to come into your life...Koa looked over at Azura and the other Pokemon. "Yeah...that's a great way to put it." He said with a smile. "Azura's own strength in the face of the hardships she had to deal with has been very inspiring to me. She was downtrodden after what happened to her mother, but once she bounced back, it was night and day." He explained. "It was such a wake up call. Just because things are difficult doesn't mean they're always going to be. Sometimes you have to find the will to keep going. I used to be with...a bad crowd growing up. Thought I wouldn't make anything of my life. She taught me that it's okay to go through hardships and that I could change for the better."
"I figured it was like that." He said with a nod when Sid explained how their work week was. "When I'm not traveling I usually just stay in Ranger barracks. I don't really have a place of my own yet. I should do something about that once I explore a bit more. It's fun traveling around, though. I get to meet all sorts of people and Pokemon in the meantime."
Excalibur seemed to acknowledge Koa and his Pokemon, though he was interrupted when Mothra wanted more pats, so Koa obliged. "There you are. Affectionate, aren't you?" He said "I've never seen a Frosmoth up close before, but even I know he's a big one. I don't think there are any Frosmoth or Snom in Alola, so it's amazing to meet one in person."
Suddenly the atmosphere changed as Phantom started to fuss after Excalibur did...something? He didn't notice, though he did look concerned. Though apparently it wasn't all that bad as Sid started to laugh "Um...? I'm not entirely sure what just happened, but are they all okay?" He asked. The noise woke up Sakuya, who looked groggy and annoyed. She made an annoyed little squeak as she turned away and tried to get back to sleep. "Oh dear...someone's cranky."
A gentle smile held on Sid's features as Koa spoke of Azura. It was always so nice to hear 'success stories' like that. Heartwarming. The omission that followed, however, had Sid blinking surprised. Koa didn't look anything like what they'd imagine the wrong crowd to look like. But a change of heart can change a whole person…. Heh. That's wonderful too.
Listening to how Koa spent his days, Sid gave a small nod. "There's so much to see still, I can understand…." If Gaki hadn't wanted to be a farmer, would Sid have settled down? They didn't know.
A soft laugh escaped from Sid as Koa regarded Mothra. "I met Mothra as a Snom in a recent swarm," they explained. "Turns out their evolution method is affection and well…." Well, it was clear how much Sid cared for their Pokemon. Mothra's big doey eyes were a glaring reflection of that. What a silly creature.
After Phantom's outburst, however, Sid couldn't help but laugh. "Ah… ah yeah, sorry, yeah," they assured with a small nod. "Ghost Pokemon can move through shadows, and Excalibur likes to kick Phantom out of his own sometimes…" The Haunter looked sideways at Side and flailed both arms a bit irritably. That was at least until a squeak caught Phan's attention. Looking at the baby, he frowned and floated around behind Sid. Sid reached back and gently pat his hand in assurance.
"I guess it might be like getting kicked out of your house by an annoying younger cousin…" Sid snorted softly at that. Their eyes flicked over to the shadow that was now Excalibur's. Only one cool and vaguely judgmental eye could be seen from it.
Last Edit: May 2, 2020 20:55:53 GMT by Jae


It's not that you don't have time. It's just not a priority.
Every time you say "I can't I'm too busy" to someone or something, add on "it's just not a priority." This tactic was inspired by a podcast I listened to with Debbie Millman, designer, and podcaster among many other things.


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'When You're Serious, Call Us'
By Newsweek Staff	 On 6/24/90 at 8:00 PM EDT
It was meant to shock, and it did. Needled by a congressman who blamed President Bush for the collapse of the Middle East "peace process," Secretary of State James Baker last week delivered a U.S. administration's sharpest public rebuke to an Israeli government since the 1966 Suez crisis. First he detailed how Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir scuttled his own peace plan and brought down the misnamed "national unity" government in March by balking at a compromise formula for talks with Palestinians. Baker complained that Israel's new right-wing government was posing more obstacles to talks. Then he offered the White House phone number: 1-202-456-1414. "When you're serious about peace, call us," he said.
Baker's challenge implicitly acknowledged the sudden deterioration of Mideast relations. "The region seems headed for a bloodbath," said a despairing State Department official. The new Shamir government is expected to take a tougher approach toward the 30-month-old Palestinian uprising, stepping up deportations and "collective punishment." An underground communique urged Palestinians to firebomb military outposts and spread roads with oil and nails. Some might replace their rocks with assault rifles. Beyond the occupied territories, Arab leaders are boiling over the ongoing influx of Soviet Jews to Israel. They compare it to the postwar exodus that in 1948 helped spark the first of four Middle East wars.
Israel's top priority now is absorbing the Soviet Jews, a project to be directed by former general Ariel Sharon. And the government is committed to "strengthen, expand and develop" Jewish settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip--an anathema to the Arabs. "It is a war cabinet, the worst in Israel's history," said Salah Khalaf, Yasir Arafat's top deputy in the Palestine Liberation Organization.
Shamir's cabinet resembles the second administration of Menachem Begin, the Likud party leader who made peace with Egypt, then invaded Lebanon to drive Arafat out. But the Likud coalition, cobbled together with seven other religious or right-wing parties, holds only a 2-vote majority in the Knesset. Three small parties, holding a total of seven seats, advocate keeping the West Bank and Gaza Strip forever. Another that will vote with the Likud government urges expelling all Arabs. Shamir is a "captive of the right," said Rabbi David Clayman of the American Jewish Congress.
The extremists, however, were not the main target of Baker's broadside. He complained about reports that a Shamir aide had dismissed the last U.S. proposal for talks as irrelevant. Shamir himself was reported to have hardened the conditions under which Palestinians could sit down with the government. Afterward, Israeli officials insisted that Shamir's remark had been "distorted." Baker should have waited "until we can crystallize our policy, which is to continue the peace process,"; said Shamir adviser Avi Pazner. But Baker's challenge came because the new Israeli intransigence had not yet hardened into policy, U.S. officials said. The carefully planned outburst fit with an equally stern public warning to the PLO at another congressional hearing a day earlier. Baker warned the PLO that the United States would break off its "dialogue" with the organization unless Arafat disavowed a foiled speedboat attack on Israeli beaches May 30 and punished its author, dissident PLO leader Abul Abbas. Baker "felt it was time to put on the record, in public, what he has told both the PLO and the Israelis in private," said a senior Baker aide.
Best offer To the PLO, Baker has said that the United States won't wait through the summer while Arafat dithers over the wording of an acceptable statement on Abul Abbas. Diplomats from Egypt, Sweden and the Soviet Union all have tried to bridge the gap, but the best the PLO has offered so far is an internal investigation of the Abbas raid. Privately, PLO officials said Arafat could not appear to knuckle under to the public demands; anti-Americanism is raging in his ranks, partly because America won't waive its immigration quotas for Soviet Jews. To the Israelis, Baker wanted to "lay down a marker" making it clear that Washington would not be drawn into a process of redefining terms under which Israel would engage in dialogue with Palestinians, a White House official said. Nobody was predicting immediate results. Though more than 6,000 people called the White House at Baker's invitation, none represented the Israeli government. But it was clear that the United States would not walk away from the peace process, America's main diplomatic lever in the Middle East. With danger signals pointing toward the most volatile period in the region since the 1982 Lebanon invasion, such a retreat I would only serve the extremists. Said a senior U.S. official: "The situation is much too dangerous to disengage altogether."
'When You're Serious, Call Us' | News


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Rockton, PA
Best Events Near You in Rockton, Pennsylvania
Thursday, Apr 29, 2021 at 7:30pm
Clearfield Arts Studio Theatre
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Grice Clearfield Community Museum
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text:
Hyde Park Refugee Project Hires UChicago Students to Help Ease the Arrival of Refugee Families
"It's really important for UChicago to get involved with the surrounding community because the community could benefit so much from an institution with so many resources," co-director Lisa Jenschke said.
By Neive Rodriguez
Looking north from 55th Street at Hyde Park and the South Side, with the Loop in the distance.
Oren Oppenheim / The Chicago Maroon
The Hyde Park Refugee Project, the first program of its kind in Hyde Park, has been working to help refugee and immigrant families settle in the South Side since 2015 The project also assists refugee families with finding affordable housing, connecting with employers, and developing English language skills.
In an interview with *The Maroon*, the project's co-director Lisa Jenschke described the difficult process of assimilation and how the organization works to smooth that transition.
"Although the government provides a stipend for the families when they first arrive, for individuals it does cost more than that to provide services for them. The first job is to raise money to cover costs, and we try to raise about $15 to $20,000 for that family, so that we can cover the costs [of living] for the first year," she said.
One of the most essential aspects of resettlement is language learning.
"When a family first arrives, they need to learn English, because it's going to be really hard for them to get a job and support themselves if they don't have any English. They also need to get their kids enrolled in school and get them signed up for public benefits and health insurance," Jenschke said.
She also explained, "A lot of families that come in, like refugees and asylum seekers, haven't had medical care in a few years, because they may have been living in a refugee camp, or in a country where they didn't have the resources for medical care. So a lot of times you're playing catch up, with dental care or health conditions that haven't been treated for a number of years."
The pandemic magnified the difficulty of already present political challenges faced by refugees, according to Jenschke.
"There's been so much misinformation about the pandemic and the vaccine that we've had to work really hard to counteract that. But it's really understandable for families that are refugees," she said. "They're often coming from countries where the government is not trustworthy. They have been fleeing for their lives. For them to kind of get over that distrust of authority and believe that it's OK [to get vaccinated] is a big emotional step for them to take. And so that's something that we've worked a lot on, communicating health and safety and just making them feel a lot more comfortable."
The project has been working to cultivate a positive relationship with UChicago by providing opportunities for students who may be interested in refugee resettlement or working for a nonprofit organization.
"We have a lot of students who have worked in our summer camps or have been interns with us. We had spring interns through the [Institute of Politics] as well. There are a lot of different programs where [students] have been able to get involved and really do some hands-on work. Some people may be interested in the nonprofit side of that, or some may be more interested in the social work side of that," Jenschke said.
Gen Bryant '20, who graduated from the College this spring, assisted with the Project's summer camp for immigrant and refugee children and shared her thoughts on how UChicago students can become more involved with it.
"There are so many different ways to get involved with [the Project], and they are growing constantly. It's really important for UChicago to get involved with the surrounding community because the community could benefit so much from an institution with so many resources," Bryant said.


Last call for participants of the 2016 Garage Sale. We currently have 7 locations (Park , Glen and Huntington) and we'd like to get that to 10. We'll be advertising in various media outlets, Omaha World Herald, The Daily Nonpariel, Online, NextDoor, Facebook and our FPNA website.
If you are interested please contact me. Thanks.