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Home › Information › Cases › WW Realisation 8 Limited (In Administration) (2009)
WW Realisation 8 Limited (In Administration) (2009)
In the circumstances contractual provisions in the terms of issue of certain loan notes and in joint venture and licence agreements were not invalidated by the so-called anti-deprivation rule which operated to prevent a person's property being transferred and taken away from his creditors on bankruptcy. Moreover, if the deprivation occurred before winding up or its equivalent, it did not fall within the scope of the rule.
The appellants appealed against decisions concerning the extent of the so-called anti-deprivation rule which invalidated a contract that had the effect of transferring a person's property to another and taking it away from his creditors on bankruptcy. The first appeal arose from the insolvency of the Lehman Brothers group, including the appellant group company (L). Loan notes had been issued to investors, including the respondent (P), by a special purpose vehicle which had entered into a swap agreement with L. On L's insolvency P gave notice of an event of default and required the trustee of the notes to accelerate the notes and enforce its security. The relevant agreements contained provisions which, on an insolvency event, switched the priority over the assets in the special purpose vehicle between L as the credit default swap counterparty and the noteholders, in favour of the noteholders, and changed the allocation of the so-called "unwind costs" in favour of the noteholders. The judge held that the nature of the disadvantage suffered by L did not fall within the anti-deprivation rule and that the relevant provisions were operated by an event before L filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the US Bankruptcy Code. L appealed against that decision. The second appeal concerned a joint venture between a Woolworths subsidiary (M) and a BBC subsidiary (W). When Woolworths went into administration W gave notice in accordance with the terms of the joint venture agreement requiring M to sell its shares in the joint venture company to W and thereby terminating a licensing agreement in accordance with its terms. The judge decided that the relevant parts of the joint venture agreement and licensing agreement which expressly cross-referred to each other infringed the rule but those cross-references could effectively be deleted. M's administrators appealed and W cross-appealed.
(1) The anti-deprivation rule did not prevent P relying on noteholder priority under the relevant provisions of the trust deed and terms and conditions of the bond issue. The effect of the switch from swap counterparty priority, meaning that the claims of L were payable in priority to the claims of the noteholders, to noteholder priority, was not to divest L of property vested in it or even of the benefit of the security rights granted to it. It was merely to change the order of priorities in which the rights were to be exercised in relation to the proceeds of sale of the collateral in the event of a default. The position following an event of default was not that L had agreed, subsequent to the grant of the right, that it would lose the right it had been granted in relation to the proceeds of sale of the collateral as a result of the default. Notwithstanding the default, it retained its right, but, as had always been an agreed feature of that right, as a result of the default, L had to rank behind, rather than ahead of, the noteholders, no doubt because it was those noteholders whose money had been used to purchase the collateral. There was authority for the principle that the rule might not apply to the extent that the person in whose favour the deprivation of the asset took effect could show that the asset, or the insolvent person's interest in the asset, was acquired with his money, Whitmore v Mason 70 ER 1031 KB applied. Also the rule did not apply to invalidate a provision which enabled a person to determine a limited interest, such as a lease or a licence, which he had granted over or in respect of his own property, in the event of the lessee's or licensee's bankruptcy, Whitmore and Walker Ex p Black, Re (1884) LR 26 Ch D 510 CA applied. While not identical to a lease or licence, a charge, or provision for priorities for repayment, had features of similarity to a lease or licence, and differed from ownership. (2) Even if the switch to noteholder priority had constituted a deprivation within the rule, the rule would not have been engaged because the triggering event under the contractual arrangements was the Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing of L's ultimate parent which occurred some 18 days before L filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. If the deprivation occurred before winding up or its equivalent, it did not fall within the scope of the rule, British Eagle International Airlines Ltd v Compagnie Nationale Air France (1975) 1 WLR 758 HL and Carreras Rothmans Ltd v Freeman Mathews Treasure Ltd (In Liquidation) (1985) Ch 207 Ch D considered. Therefore L's appeal was dismissed. (3) There was nothing in the terms or the operation of the joint venture agreement and licensing agreement, whether taken separately or together, which engaged the anti-deprivation rule. The provision for determination of the licence agreement was not invalid, Whitmore and Walker Ex p. Black applied. The price payable for the shares under the joint venture agreement was market value which could not be objectionable, Borland's Trustee v Steel Bros & Co Ltd (1901) 1 Ch 279 Ch D applied. The rule would not have been engaged because the notice was triggered by, and given in relation to, the insolvency of M's ultimate parent which pre-dated M's own administration. Therefore the administrators' appeal was dismissed and W's cross-appeal allowed.
Appeals dismissed, cross-appeal allowed
Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury MR, Longmore LJ, Patten LJ
LTL 6/11/2009 : Times, November 16, 2009
Edmund Cullen QC


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Some say it's a property market with no foundations built on shifting sands, but beach huts are seeing a resurgence in popularity with around 6 new huts being constructed each and every week.
Beach huts are a quintessential part of the seaside, as much as piers, pavilions and promenades and have seen a major renaissance on our coastlines since 2010 according to real estate adviser Altus Group.
The humble Edwardian changing cubicle which have become chic seaside boltholes are proving more popular than ever as holidaymakers desperately snap up their own little piece of home beside the sea with Altus Group saying annual rents have increased overall by 64% during the last 7 years.
A national rise in Rateable Values, used to calculate business rates, hit around 89% of beach huts under last year's revaluation of business rates reflecting rising rents and demand for the cabins.
Despite rising rents, Altus Group say in 2010 there were 16,510 beach huts gracing the coastline of England and Wales but that number has now swelled by an extra 2,371 up 14.4% in number to 18,881.
Although Small Business Rate Relief provides a complete exemption from rates for properties with rateable less than £12,000, which covers the majority of huts, beach hut owners might still have to pay business rates if they own more than one hut or pay business rates on other commercial properties.
Beach huts in Swanage (Dorset), Sidmouth (Devon), Southsea(Hampshire), Fleetwood (Lancashire), Seaton (Devon), Wells-Next-The–Sea (Norfolk), Weston-Super-Mare (Somerset) and HaylingIsland (Hampshire) all saw increases in their Rateable Values of over 300% last.
The highest rises of 678% were applied to huts at Ulwell Beach in Swanage.
A property's 'Rateable Value' is its open market rental value on 1 April 2015.


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On the Loose é um filme de comédia produzido nos Estados Unidos, dirigido por Hal Roach e lançado em 1931 pela Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1931
Curtas-metragens de 1931

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Jaws is finally coming to Blu-ray on 3 September this year (14 August in the US) and Universal Pictures promises that this edition will be the best looking yet. The film was chosen to be one of the 13 back catalogue movies to be completely restored in order to celebrate the studio's 100th anniversary, and as such was treated to a lengthy process to create a new 4K digital master.
To find out more about the iconic 1975 film's new transfer, Pocket-lint spoke to Michael Daruty, senior vice president of Technical Operations at Universal, who told us that this version of Jaws offers more detail and definition than ever before.
"We were excited about restoring it," he said. "It gave us the opportunity to work in a much higher resolution than we had worked with in the past. Our past transfers were high definition. This forced us to work in a much higher 4K resolution.
"One of the things that you get with these higher resolution transfers, especially when we're dealing with 4K, is you get so much more detail. You can see so much more.
"One example is when Chrissie's in the water. In older transfers, it's a little darker, it's less detailed, with less contrast. With the elements we were working with, being the original negative and a higher 4K scan - a higher resolution - we're able to get more detail and see more detail. I think that will come through on the Blu-ray."
Universal decided to pick Jaws for restoration because it, like the other 12 movies chosen, was a "really impactful film on culture and, at the time, was highly advanced". And Steven Spielberg himself took a keen interest in the restoration process.
"The one thing about Steven is that he's very supportive and made himself available to be involved in our process," said Daruty. "We brought him in at certain points of the process to get his feedback, to make sure that we were going in the right direction. Then we got him in at the end for a final review and approval."
Before that point, however, plenty of work was to be done. To begin with, the source element hadn't stood up to the test of time as was hoped.
"We began the process by researching and evaluating our existing film elements, which include the original negatives, the positives and other pre-print materials that would've been suitable," Daruty explained to us. "We conducted 4K scans of those materials and then we ended up selecting the original camera negative as it would give us the highest quality.
"That original camera negative did have some camera wear on it, as most negatives do. It was in fair to poor condition. It had running scratches throughout, moderate to heavy dirt in places, film damage, and even an overall grainy appearance. So when we tested, we tested doing high-resolution scans on a wet gate scanner – also referred to as a liquid gate scanner – which helped remove those scratches during the scanning process. Which we were very successful in doing, so we were able to eliminate a lot of the scratches during the scanning process.
"Then, using our digital tools and the skilled technicians that we currently have at our disposal, we were able to work on balancing the colour, removing dirt and the remaining scratches, and repairing any film damage on a shot-by-shot, frame-by-frame basis. While always keeping the original intent on the way the film looked."
Remarkably, this didn't take as long as you'd expect.
"It took about four to five months on this title," said Daruty.
"We had an expedited window on this. We could've used more time and not had to rush through some things, but we had a lot of titles that we're doing at one time for our 100th [anniversary] and we didn't have the luxury of taking too long on them. We had to push them through pretty quickly."
The process is definitely worth it, as not only does the Blu-ray transfer benefit, Universal now has a 4K digital master to exploit if new higher resolution media formats take off, or the studio wants to re-release the film in cinemas.
"We'll record a new digital negative," Daruty explained. "We'll also output the 4K files. And then we'll back up those 4K files outside of California, so that we have geographical separation.
"We'll also create a 2K DCP (Digital Cinema Package). We'll use the DCP and make prints, but whether there will actually be a theatrical release is really up to our marketing group."
For now though, Daruty believes that the Blu-ray will be enough for movie fans young and old to appreciate a true classic.
"Unless there's a re-release, most people won't see this in the theatre, and the younger generation didn't have the opportunity to [first time around]. So, by providing high-quality Blu-rays for the home theatre environment, they'll still be able to enjoy it," he said.
Jaws is one of 13 films to be restored for Blu-ray release to mark Universal Pictures 100th anniversary. The others include All Quiet on the Western Front, The Birds, Dracula (1931), the Spanish-language version of Dracula filmed on the same set at night, Frankenstein, Schindler's List, Pillow Talk, Bride of Frankenstein, The Sting and To Kill a Mockingbird. Abbott and Costello's Buck Privates and Out of Africa have also been restored, but only for US release.
The Blu-ray + Ultraviolet + Digital Copy edition will cost £24.99. A Limited Steelbook Edition will be £29.99.


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At issue is the use tax, which is the tax Mississippians should be paying on stuff they buy from Amazon and other online retailers that don't have a "physical presence" in the state. It's the same rate, 7 percent, as the sales tax Mississippians pay at the cash register when they shop in Mississippi.
I said Mississippians should be paying the use tax because by and large they aren't. Tax pros put the compliance rate at somewhere around 20 percent. The state collected about $244,000 in use taxes via the income tax form when it added a line requiring taxpayers to report out-of-state purchases, a far cry from what it expects to get if it makes out-of-state retailers collect the tax.
Latino thinks collecting more taxes than the year before has the distinctive quack of a tax increase, an unconstitutional one at that.
He cites Quill v North Dakota, the Supreme Court ruling that holds a business must have a physical presence in a state for the state to require it to collect its sales taxes.
Amazon, for example, lacks a physical presence so the state can't compel it to collect sales tax. HB 480 would change that. Or it would change it until an enterprising Mississippi retailer challenged it in court via the Quill ruling. Or, like Amazon, the retailer agreed to collect it voluntarily.
The bill passed 77-40, with representatives in both parties — 26 Republicans and 14 Democrats — voting against it.
Some folks must have had a sleepless night, though, because the next day a vote to table a motion to reconsider the bill failed. Had that motion been tabled, the bill would have gone on to the Senate. Now the House can have another vote by Feb. 10 or the bill will die. At least it would be as dead as a bill gets in the Legislature — as dead as cat in a Poe story.
But, as they say, you can't kill an idea, and a tax is almost as durable.
Enter the Department of Revenue, which is giving "guidance" on the use tax per a Jan. 12 filing. By the way, if you'd like to give the DOR guidance on its guidance, the time to do so would be at 3:30 p.m. Feb. 15 at the DOR office, 500 Clinton Center Drive, Clinton.
Apparently, in the DOR's eyes, a "substantial economic presence" is just as good as a "physical presence." In other words, if your out-of-state business sold more than $250,000 worth of stuff one year, it could compel you to collect use tax the next year.
Is this not twisted enough? Consider this. According to the filing, the rule has a proposed effective date of 30 days after filing. Thirty days after Jan. 12 would be Feb. 11, a few days before the "oral proceeding" at the DOR office but too late to get lawmakers off the hook on that second vote.
Makes me long for the days of revenue enhancements.
Paul Hampton: 228-896-2330, @JPaulHampton
Be a squeaky wheel
If you want to reach out to all your representatives and senators, it's easier if you have email.
Senate: Senators@senate.ms.gov will send an email to each senator.
House: Representatives@house.ms.gov will send an email to each representative.
Paul Hampton
What would your big, bold idea be to transform the Coast?
By Paul Hampton
Mississippi has about $700 million to spend, most of it hopefully on the Coast. How should we spend it?
MORE PAUL HAMPTON
They're all politicians. That's why we're so deep in debt.
That day we cleared up the climate change conspiracy
Got your air tanks? Your fins? Your wetsuit? Good, let's go tour your new home.
Celebrate our right to burn a burger beyond recognition
What really happened when I put that @$#&* phone down
Palazzo prefers a more serene venue than a town hall

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The scene opens with a sultry cat burglar (played by Lucy Purr) breaking in to a house. She slinks around thinking no one is home, then suddenly a man (played by SK) grabs her from behind into a sleeper hold knockout. She slowly passes out in the hold, and gets tossed into a cradle carry. SK then decides to make this pretty kitty's night a little more interesting. After all, what would be the fun in tossing aside a perfectly good sleepy toy to play with? What ensues is a barrage of knockouts that are applied to the robber, all while SK has his sleepy fun posing and manipulating her unconscious form. With each knockout and carry, she falls more helpless and it becomes proven that this cat burglar chose the wrong house to break in to!


What are the timings of the open day?
When are the next open days being held?
I can't make the open day, what should I do?
Who do I get in touch with if I have any questions about the open day?
How do I find the University?
Can I see the student accommodation on campus?
Will I be able to find out about fees and funding?
Can I speak to someone about my disability and what support I would get while studying?
Can I visit your other campuses?
I am interested in Postgraduate Study, can I still attend your open day?
The open days run from 10am -2pm. Registration closes at 1pm to allow time to tour the campus.
Campus tours run throughout the day and there will be a variety of talks taking place.
It's always advantageous to book in advance so we know to expect you, but you don't have to, it's fine to turn up on the day and register. Register here for our next open day.
If you can't make our next open day, or indeed any of our future events, then why not book a personalised campus tour at a time to suit you.
You can bring as many friends and family as you wish. Children are also welcome and you will have free access to Techniquest for your party on the day.
Look out for your complimentary ticket when you register at the sports hall on arrival.
Disability access is available across the campus, please let us know if you need any help before or on arrival. Blue badge spaces are also available across the campus.
Wrexham Glyndŵr University is ideally situated whether you're travelling by car, bus or train! Visit our How to find us page for more details.
We have a large parking area and it's FREE on the day, please follow the signs on arrival.
Head to the Sports Centre where you will find the main check-in desk and pick up your welcome pack.
Yes you can attend as many as you like. It's good to arm yourself with as much information as possible!
View our timetable ahead of your visit so you can tailor the day to suit you.
Yes, our Residential and Campus Life team will be on hand during the day and will be offering a talk about your accommodation options as well as taking guests on a tour of the accommodation that we have available on campus.
Tours start from the John Troth lecture theatre at 11am, 12.15pm and 1.15pm.
Yes we have a dedicated student support team available to answer all your questions on fees and funding - you will find them in the Sports Hall during the open day offering 1-2-1 advice and guidance.
Our newly refurbished catering outlets will be open where you can grab a coffee or a bite to eat.
If you prefer you can take a walk into the town centre you will find a variety of places to eat and drink.
For students who are interested in our land-based courses, you may wish to visit our Northop campus. The Northop campus will be open from 11am - 3pm and staff will be available to show you around the facilities.
If you need overnight accommodation in the area then Wrexham has a number of places to stay - some within a few minutes walk of Wrexham Glyndŵr University. Click here to see special open day rates for our visitors.
Our open days are primarily aimed at Undergraduates however you are more than welcome to attend to to view the campus and get a taster of university life here at Wrexham Glyndwr. We do have specific open evenings for those who are interested in Postgraduate or Professional level study - find out more information and book here.


modification of the AZ91 magnesium alloy surface layer in the process of remelting carried out with a CO2 laser beam.
to cavitation destruction of the material increases with the increase of its mechanical strength, fatigue resistance as well as hardness.
the cavitation destruction of ZnAl4 as cast alloy was investigated on three laboratory stands: vibration, jet-impact and flow stands.
the wall of the mold and flows upward in the center.
Control Volume Method is used. The examples of computations are also presented.
crystals significantly influences the tribological properties whereas the speed change of the friction knot does not have such big influence.
A new Computer-Aided Design approach is introduced for design of steel castings taking into account the feeding ability in sand moulds.
change of the casting cross section, so that a directional feeding of the solidifying casting from the installed risers is assured.
properties support the thesis adopted, while the design works further confirm these assumptions.
for producing defect free castings. Influence of casting shape on the shrinkage characteristic has been studied in this paper.
this additive during stirring, before adding the binder, improves flowing the binder to the places where durable linking bridges are created.
with the sand base, which results in damages of high-silica grain surfaces, when the bridges are destroyed.
necessary to develop new methods of solving these problems. One of the latest methods of decision support is business rules management.
solution for production management in foundries.
base of thermal curve have both a very similar shape to adequate them TDA curves obtained from measurements using a thermocouple.
estimate if the melting / reduction process in the furnace is sufficiently effective to avoid a remaining of carbon in the copper droplets.
analogous treatment in the electric arc-furnace. Some suggestions are formulated how to improve the industrial direct-to-blister process.
of simulation of the crystallization process.
(FID) (TRACE GC Ultra THERMO SCIENTIFIC).
samples were conducted using the modified pin-on-disk method.
solidification front of ledeburite eutectic was revealed. The leading phase was identified and defined.
factors of the microstructure including, grain size and particles amount of the hard intermetallic compositions (Cu6Sn5) should be noted.


Amateur Boxing or just boxing in general has become a popular past time for many hundreds of years. Which is, through the times of the Egyptians, in the Second millennium B.C. until now.
Where you'll find much more guidelines to rule the field, and many more spectators to observe the not-so-brutal fights as they once was.
This really is evidenced partly by the introduction of boxing in the modern day Olympic games, since it commenced in 1908 along with the popularity of professional boxing.
Within their existing styles, amateur/non-professional boxing and pro boxing, are wide and varied in several aspects.
In this article you will read the marked distinctions, in which any person that is contemplating a livelihood in amateur/pro boxing should know.
Amateur events are actually considerably less well-known compared to professional boxing.
And is more often than not viewed only in the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games as well as some other games subsidized by independent sports entertainment bodies.
In a number of the places in the former Soviet Union and Cuba nevertheless, amateur boxing gathers a lot more admirers and enthusiasts compared to its counterpart.
The actual scoring system used for amateur boxing matches was created such that only the clean blows will be acknowledged and scored rather than the damage that every blow renders.
Scoring a clean blow is one which lands cleanly to the designated areas to score points.
To score, the boxer must make clean contact using the knuckles of his / her glove, either to the head, or on the part of the body over the belt.
Judges award any scores, by hitting the button of the computer scoring system for each blow. Three out of the five ring-side judges must press the button in no less than one second apart.
During in-fighting, that is when the fighters are fighting up close, scores are granted towards the person who throws the better punches in the exchanges.
Blows that are not awarded, are those that infringe the guidelines of amateur boxing, punches that in-fact did not land on the white strip of the gloves' knuckles, and those that lack effectiveness.
Rounds are dependant upon which sports body is sponsoring the boxing event, the amount of minutes per round can differ between 2 to 3 minutes.
Nevertheless, the number of rounds stay the same, with regard to both the Commonwealth Games and the Olympic Games. There are 4 rounds that last three minutes each.
For other bouts however, particularly, those sponsored by the Amateur Boxing Organization, there are just 2 minutes for every bout.
Fighters are required to utilize protective headgear, a cup for the groin area, gloves that possess a white stripe across the knuckles, and mouth guards. The official gloves weigh only Ten ounces, and require the standard white strip.
The principle person within the ring will be the referee, who in essence monitors the actual conduct of the participants. He furthermore is responsible for maintaining fair play, as well as regulate movements in the ring. He additionally addresses each and every violation in the ring.
Boxers can only enter the ring if they are wearing the proper protective gear. The fighter with the higher points, regardless of the power of the blows, wins.
The boxer must be fast and decisive, since amateur boxing only lasts for 3 to 4 rounds, depending on the bout's sponsor.
The winning boxer is determined by the number of points except on bouts where the referee stopped the match due to an illegal activities.
Should there be a tie, the judges will deduct the worst, as well as best scores from the overall scores of the fighters. The winner is the one having the majority of points remaining.


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Jimmy Melskens, MSc
University Researcher, Department of Applied Physics, Plasma & Materials Processing
Emailj.melskens@tue.nl
'"What we don't understand is far greater than what we know" fuels my ambition to contribute to fundamental solar cell research and open up new opportunities to industrial developments.'
Jimmy Melskens is a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Applied Physics in the group Plasma & Material Processing (PMP) at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e). He is currently primarily working on the development of transparent passivating contact materials fabricated by atomic layer deposition with a particular focus on metal oxides. While this work is conducted in the context of crystalline silicon solar cells, Jimmy is also experienced in the field of thin-film silicon solar cells due to his PhD project during which he studied the nanostructure of hydrogenated amorphous silicon and the defects in this material.
Jimmy obtained his BSc (2004), MSc (2007), and PhD (2015) degrees in Electrical Engineering from Delft University of Technology. Parts of his doctoral thesis were carried out in collaboration with Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (HZB) in Germany and the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan. During his PhD he received the Best Student Paper Award at the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference in 2014. After moving to TU/e as a postdoc he has been involved in four national TKI Urban Energy crystalline silicon photovoltaics research projects as the main TU/e representative and has acted as a project leader in two of those projects. In 2017 he received an NWO Veni grant for carrying out extended fundamental work on crystalline silicon surface passivation by novel thin film materials.
Delft Spectral Technologies B.V.
On the effect of atomic layer deposited Al2O3 on the environmental degradation of hybrid perovskite probed by positron annihilation spectroscopy
Koushik, D., Naziris, F., Melskens, J., Nusteling, A., Zardetto, V., Schut, H., Kessels, W. M. M., Eijt, S. W. H. & Creatore, M., 2019, In : Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 7, 18, p. 5275-5284
Positron annihilation spectroscopy
Perovskite
Performance and thermal stability of an a-Si:H/TiOx/Yb stack as an electron-selective contact in silicon heterojunction solar cells
Cho, J., Melskens, J., Payo, M. R., Debucquoy, M., Radhakrishnan, H. S., Gordon, I., Szlufcik, J., Kessels, W. M. M. & Poortmans, J., 25 Feb 2019, In : ACS Applied Energy Materials. 2, 2, p. 1393-1404 12 p.
Silicon-based thin films for solar cells: from plasma-surface interactions to passivating contacts
Palmans, J., 16 Apr 2019, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 190 p.
Silicon surface passivation by transparent conductive zinc oxide
van de Loo, B. W. H., Macco, B., Melskens, J., Beyer, W. & Kessels, E., 14 Mar 2019, In : Journal of Applied Physics. 125, 10, 9 p., 105305
zinc oxides
passivity
Atomic-layer deposited Nb2O5 as transparent passivating electron contact for c-Si solar cells
Macco, B., Black, L. E., Melskens, J., van de Loo, B. W. H., Berghuis, W. J. H., Verheijen, M. A. & Kessels, W. M. M., 1 Sep 2018, In : Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 184, p. 98-104 7 p.
Silicon solar cells
Crystalline materials
NWO Veni Award : Novel highly transparent metal oxides to enable 25% conversion efficiency for industrially viable silicon solar cells
Jimmy Melskens (Recipient), 2017
Recognition: NWO › Veni › Scientific


Kindly Study attached document on the text file format for a better understanding to my Charity proposal.
I am writing this mail to you with heavy tears in my eyes and great sorrow in my heart, it's true we do not know one another but My spirit led me to write this email.
I am Mrs. Sarah Reynolds a widow to late Martin Reynolds, I am 63 years old, suffering from long time Cancer of the breast. From all indications my condition is really deteriorating and it's quite obvious that I won't live more than 2 months according to my doctors. I have some funds I inherited from my late husband, the sum of (US$10.5 Million Dollars) which he deposited in a Vault with a security/Finance Firm.
I need an honest and sincere Individual or a cooperate organization that will use the fund for work of humanity, My late Husband made me to understand that Is good to remember the orphanage home the widows and the poor in need. Expecting your urgent response.
I am writing this mail to you with heavy tears in my eyes and great sorrow in my heart, it' s true we do not know one another but My spirit led me to write this email.
I am Mrs. Sarah Reynolds a widow to late Martin Reynolds, I am 63 years old, suffering from long time Cancer of the breast. From all indications my condition is really deteriorating and it' s quite obvious that I won' t live more than 2 months according to my doctors. I have some funds I inherited from my late husband, the sum of (US$10.5 Million Dollars) which he deposited in a Vault with a security/Finance Firm.


A strong team with a strong Internationl Expouser around the globe.
Will organize demonstrations to show how your products work and other promotions to get the visitors' attention.
We Make sure the visitors to get map your stand location so they can easily find your way around the different aisles.
We make sure organizer guidelines For the smooth running of the event before the trade fair begins.
Aligning to Customer Needs.. We make every attempt to completely understand the exact needs of our clients..
"Our vote is for "Mohan". Continue the good work! Year on year we would like to see improvements. We will share some more ideas for 2015. I have recommended your name to Sadu Srinivas (COO of Gland). I wish you get their account for next year."
"It was nice working with you and look forward to your support for future events and competitive pricing too."
"It was pleasure to deal with you also. Customers liked the stand and they appreciated.."
"First I would like to thank, for your support and we would like to appreciate your commitment.We are very much impressed with your service. Our management was happy with your design and efforts. We had a good experience with builder exhibitions in this event. I hope the same support your will extend for our future events. All the best to you and your team. ."


Deep V-neck. On the front a nice design between knitted stitches and ribs appeal to this sweater. T...Want to know more?
100% baby Alpaca 2 ply.
Deep V-neck. On the front a nice design between knitted stitches and ribs appeal to this sweater. The butterflies whirl on the sides.
Long 1x12 rib 18cm deep. On the sides and the back: 1x3 rib 9cm deep. 1x3 rib 9cm deep cuff.


At first glance Roeth's painted panels of wood or slate appear very simple: flat planes of colour that look a certain way, but which shift in the changing light or as you move around them. They are exquisitely painted in layers of tempera and velvety pigment and reveal their secrets slowly: quiet combinations that play gentle tricks on the eye - simultaneously drawing the viewer into dense voids and bouncing the gaze back with a vibrant intensity. Roeth's compositions are distilled to this apparent simplicity through the most minimal ingredients. Sometimes a picture is divided into grids, a geometric harmony of lines and colours, so that the matt expanse of paint is broken up by shimmeringly luminous lines in a perfect balance of light, depth and colour. Others combine planes of a single colour with a contradictory border: an edge on which the picture turns. In a world so accustomed to instant gratification Winston Roeth's paintings require and reward an unusual level of contemplation.
Roeth, who is based in Beacon, New York State, has been described as "…probably the best color painter in New York" by American critic Michael Brennan. He has exhibited extensively and his work is in many important collections, including the Kunstmuseum Basel; the Fogg Art Museum (Harvard); the San Jose Museum of Contemporary Art and the celebrated Panza Collection where his paintings form a site-specific installation in one of the gilded and panelled rooms of the C17th Palazzo Ducale di Sassuolo in Varese, Italy. Winston Roeth had a solo show at Ingleby Gallery in Spring 2011.
Recent solo exhibitions include Winston Roeth: Recent Work, XF Xavier Fiol, Palma De Mallorca, Spain and Jensen Gallery, Syndey, Australia.


David Grace Jr. discovered inspiration by chance, and with his upcoming album, The David Grace Project, he found that it served him quite well. A sturdy set of songs sung with an assured eloquence and an emphatic delivery; it offers a distinctive blend of classic soul and rugged country credence. Scheduled for release April 26 on Artist Tone Records, the album marks the culmination of a career that began in earnest a decade ago and has accelerated ever since.


The National Science Board (NSB) has just released the biennial Science and Engineering Indicators (SEI) report to the President and to the Congress. The report is prepared by the NSF National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics under the guidance of the NSB. It contains a wealth of information about important trends, bearing in mind that the data are generally two to three years old and therefore do not necessarily reflect the current status. For example, SEI 2016 points out that, based on 2013 data, the U.S. remains the largest R&D performer and accounted for 27% of total worldwide R&D. China was second in 2013, but by now might be first.
NSB has selected 40 S&E indicators for inclusion. These have been grouped into seven themes and thus offer a snapshot of U.S. science and engineering in the context of global trends affecting them. These themes are: global R&D; U.S. R&D; U.S. and global STEM education; U.S. S&E workforce trends and composition; knowledge, intellectual property, and economic output; data on research universities in the U.S.; and public attitudes and understanding of science and technology.
There is much useful information to be gleaned from this accessible, searchable online resource. The complete report is available on the web at www.nsf.gov/statistics/indicators. An interactive version of the digest is available online at www.nsf.gov/statistics/digest.
The Board's companion pieces are policy statements to SEI 2016. NSB focuses on trends that it believes raise important policy concerns that should be brought to the attention of the President, Congress, and the public. The State Indicators online data tool allows interactive exploration of U.S. state-specific indicators in science and technology education, workforce, finance, and R&D. Users have the ability to choose and explore a single indicator in depth, compare multiple indicators for preselected groups, customize their own graphics, or download data tables.
The complete content of SEI 2016 is downloadable as a PDF, with data tables and source data for figures available in both PDF and spreadsheet (MS Excel) formats. In addition, figures are also available in a presentation-style format.
Based on my past experience, there is much to be learned from this report, even if the data are a few years old. And many useful charts that can be downloaded for presentations.


Really, 1 Corinthians 11:1 belongs at the end of chapter 10. Paul has just explained how he behaves (10:33), and so he urges Christians to do the same. As he said in 1 Corinthians 4:6, he was using his own life as an example, to teach the Christians in Corinth.
So Paul urges those Christians to copy his behaviour and his attitudes. Such advice was necessary because nobody in Corinth had been a Christian for a long time yet. Usually, new Christians can learn from older Christians in their church (Hebrews 13:7).
Paul was not asking the Christians in Corinth to praise him as a great leader. He cared very little whether they approved of him or not (4:3). However, he cared very much whether they were loyal to Christ (2 Corinthians 11:28-29). Because he started their church, he felt a sense of responsibility towards them. They seemed as if they were his children in their relationship with Christ (4:14-16).
So Paul repeats his instruction in 1 Corinthians 4:16 that they should imitate him. We are glad to see Paul's reason for this instruction. He urges them to imitate him, because he too is imitating Christ. In other words, as they learn from him, they will really be learning from Christ. That is the aim. They are learning to think and to act as Christ did.
That is the only reason why Paul wanted them to copy him. He wanted to make their relationship with Christ stronger.


Some people want to plan their vacation a few months ahead while others are waiting for the last minute offers. Which is the most convenient way to enjoy a beautiful vacation?
There are people who planned a vacation a few months earlier. They usually go to travel agencies and talk about opportunities even when there is cold and snowy weather. However, you may have the right key to a successful vacation. Some agencies offer great deals if you book and prepay in advance. In addition, it is an advantage to the adoption of this measure so that it can advance its flight prematurely, so it takes less time than flying a flight a few days before.
If you decide to spend your holiday in May or September, you can be sure you will pay less for your stay and delivery because the season begins or ends. So hotels and travel agencies are willing to offer discounts. Also, the resort's prices will be more reasonable than in July or August.
On the other hand, there are some who like to wait at the last minute. These offers are really a great way to spend your vacation because they are actually cheaper than a regular seated holiday. All you have to do is check on how regular travel agencies offer you. Furthermore, it would be no trouble to establish certain relationships to ensure that all information is received in time.
The most important benefit of this type of vacation is the fact that almost everything was secured at half price. At the last minute, transportation and accommodation are offered at a favorable price because either the agency has failed to allocate all the seats for the holiday or the season is over and must respect the contracts with hotels and travel agencies.
However, you decide to spend your vacation, just make sure your time is up!


Jasmin and Bill's gorgeous May wedding could not have been more picturesque. May was my craziest month ever, filled with all things "weddings" - and that included downpours, high humidity - just overall temperamental weather. Jasmin and Bill lucked out with THEEEE most beautiful, clear and calm day. Hues of blush and rose gold, warm springtime breezes, (even glimpses of a few A. Taylor Studio Calligraphy pieces!) were all scenes from the day. I was lucky enough to work with Jasmin to create some memories, and add "wedding photographer" to my creative resume.
I am not sure which moment leading up to the big moment was the sweetest - sensing the anticipation as Jasmin got ready with her beautiful bridesmaids...or the moment the ribbons of Jasmin's soft blush colored gown were tied. Undoubtedly, Bill's face as he saw his bride gracefully walk town the aisle said it all: she looked absolutely stunning. It is evident not only from the pictures below, but from being with them, that these two are just so at ease and simply happy with each other. It makes my heart swell to think that these two lovebirds have found each other and are just beginning this new, exciting part of their lives together. Congratulations to you both!
Aaaaaand...that's a wrap! Congrats, you two lovebirds! It was an honor to be a part of your special day!


text:
Patek Philippe Aquanaut Travel Time Ref. 5650G
By Thomas Soh
When Patek Philippe launched the Advanced Research project in the early 2000s, it sought to bring the manufacture's history of relentless innovation into the 21st century. A cutting-edge program that sought to enrich the traditional art of watch-making with new materials, new manufacturing technologies and new conceptual fundamentals, the Advanced Research program has most notably broken ground with the development of silicon components for use in watch-making. Today, we take a look at the Advanced Research program and Patek's history of innovation, with an eye towards the brand new Patek Philippe Aquanaut Travel Time Ref. 5650G Advanced Research, unveiled at the recently concluded Baselworld 2017.
Research and innovation is nothing new to Patek Philippe. As one of the world's oldest continually-running manufactures, Patek has combined its attention to traditional detail with some of the most decisive innovations for horology, such as the free mainspring with a slip bridle in 1863 as well as the Gyromax balance in 1949, the adjustable-mass balance wheel used in most contemporary Pateks today that allows for the elimination of a conventional regulator. The Advanced Research program can therefore be seen in the same vein, as a proactive step to maintain the technological relevance and competitive edge of Patek Philippe in the face of advancements in the 21st century.
The work that the program put in finally came to fruition in 2005, when Patek Philippe released an escape wheel made of silicon, its first ever silicon component. Made of Silinvar, Patek's proprietary silicon dioxide formulation, the escape wheel was cut from silicon wafers through a Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) process. While seemingly 'unsexy' to the casual collector, this development was a substantial one. Silicon holds enormous potential for watchmaking. Extremely hard, with a surface hardness twice that of steel, yet surprisingly light, silicon does not respond to environmental changes such as temperature or magnetism unlike other metals. At the same time extremely smooth, silicon potentially allows for the manufacturing of watch components which do not require oils, drastically increasing the lifespan of the watch. All these innovations came in the first Advanced Research project watch, the ref. 5250 Annual Calendar, a limited edition of 100 pieces.
Patek Philippe Annual Calendar in white gold ref. 5250G
Since then, the Advanced Research group has continued its research into developing silicon parts, culminating in the 2011 ref. 5550 Perpetual Calendar in Platinum, a watch that featured the Oscillomax ensemble of a GyromaxSi balance wheel, a Spiromax balance spring and a Pulsomax escapement – all made of silicon.
Patek Philippe Perpetual Calendar in platinum ref. 5550P
Six years later, the longest gap in time between any two Advanced Research timepieces, we see in Baselworld 2017 Patek taking the next bold step, going beyond developing silicon parts- and in a more bold aesthetic as well. Many things about the Aquanaut Travel Time Ref. 5650G Advanced Research sets it apart from the pack. Most obviously from the surface, it is the first Advanced Research watch not to come in a round case, and neither is it an annual or a perpetual calendar.
Beneath the surface is where it gets more exciting, and Patek have unveiled two key innovations in the 5650 Advanced Research, the first being a new Spiromax balance spring. Improving on its predecessor with a patented terminal curve and an inner boss, the new balance spring seeks to master the issue of isochronism by ensuring that the balance's center of gravity is constantly aligned with that of the spring, improving the stability of the watch. The second innovation is concerned with the compliant mechanism in steel. The compliant mechanism, responsible for adjusting the GMT indication, presents several advantages over the usual GMT switching mechanism. It uses fewer parts, and removes the need for gears or pivots, eliminating the need for lubrication and improving the durability of the watch.
The 5650 Advanced Research is visually stunning, yet definitely divisive for individuals who do not understand the technology behind the mechanism and Patek's decision to show it off, the 5650 Advanced Research is without a doubt a departure from the norm, both in terms of Patek's traditional lineup as well as its previous work with the Advanced Research project. Yet, if we may include our humble opinion, it makes for one of the most interesting and unique watches from Patek in a while.
The 5650G Advanced Research is a limited edition of 500 pieces, priced at USD58,970 a piece.
Like this article? Read more from guest writer Thomas Soh here.
Tags: Advanced Research, Featured, Patek Philippe
Singapore Watch Club 2020 © All right reserved


Veolia Water Technologies is providing HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization equipment vital to the operations of General Lithium Ltd's new lithium hydroxide monohydrate and lithium carbonate plant in Jiangxi Province, China.
Veolia Water Technologies Business Development Manager, Kalpesh Shah, explains how evaporation can help smaller cosmetics facilities to save money on wastewater disposal.
CB&I has chosen Veolia Water Technologies to engineer and procure a wastewater treatment package for a 1,000-kta Lotte Axiall Chemical Company (LACC) ethane cracker and associated monoethylene glycol (MEG) plant being constructed in Lake Charles, Louisiana.
Veolia aquaculture expert, Marius Hægh, will present the innovation and industrialization of land-based aquaculture operations at the 2016 Aquaculture Innovation Workshop.
Water experts from around the world presented on a wide variety of technologies designed to help reduce costs, improve operational efficiency, and enhance environmental sustainability.


An attractive-looking book embellished not only with Roth's collages of what looks like ancient parchment and maps but also with excellent reproductions of old prints and other artifacts that contribute to both the informational content and the handsome format. In an admirable introduction, Roth explains that her text is based on The Travels of Marco Polo--some of which is now believed to be exaggeration, hyperbole, or outright fabrication--but concludes that "Most of this story is also true, so let's pretend the rest together." Unfortunately, the voice she assumes for the simulated diary is both grating and inappropriate: as coy and exclamation-studded as a parody of a 19th-century schoolgirl's style, including a cloying use of "Dear Diary." This may be well researched, and certainly it provides a level of information that would make a good introduction to the famous traveler's 24-year journey, but its tone makes it a real disappointment.


text:
Avoiding U.S.-Russia Military Escalation During the Hybrid War
Dmitriy Trenin
Dmitriy Trenin, director of the Carnegie Moscow Center, has been with the center since its inception. He also chairs the research council and the Foreign and Security Policy Program.
U.S.-Russia Insight
Since February 2014, the Russian leadership has been in a de facto war mode with regard to the United States. The Kremlin saw the developments in Ukraine that led to the ouster of former president Viktor Yanukovych as a threefold threat: a U.S.-supported political invasion of Russia's vital strategic buffer, an attempt to prevent Moscow-led integration in post-Soviet Eurasia, and a move to build a barrier between Russia and the rest of Europe. Russian President Vladimir Putin, taken by surprise, responded with the use of force in Ukraine—first to secure Crimea for Russia and then to protect a rebel stronghold in Donbass. The events that followed have developed into a virtual Russo-American war—but a different kind of war compared to those the countries have fought in the past.
The crisis over Ukraine put an end to a quarter century of cooperative relations between Russia and the West and resulted in Russia's confrontation with the United States and its estrangement from Europe. This confrontation has often been labeled a second Cold War.1 The analogy, however, is flawed: the world has changed too much since the 1980s to suggest that today's antagonism is merely a revival of an old conflict. The new confrontation is better described as a Hybrid War—a term which, like its predecessor, is capitalized here to highlight its distinct place in the history of international relations. This time, the U.S.-Russia conflict is not central to the world system, but, nevertheless, its outcome will help shape the future of that system.
The current Hybrid War is a conflict essentially between Russia and the United States over the issue of the world order. It is not the result of misunderstanding or miscalculation but rather the opposite; Russia, in particular, has a deliberate outcome in mind. Moscow is pursuing a set of objectives—the most important of which is to reassert its role as a great power with a global reach. In Europe, specifically, it seeks to prevent NATO from moving forward into former Soviet territory, particularly Ukraine. As for Ukraine itself, the Kremlin wants it to serve as a buffer between Russia and NATO. Russia has important objectives outside of Europe as well, including in the Middle East. Since September 2015, Moscow has been waging a military campaign in Syria. The main purpose of the intervention—apart from the immediate need to prevent a major victory for Islamist extremists—was to return Russia to the regional and global stage as an active geopolitical player with considerable military capabilities. Russian actions in these and other areas therefore undermine the United States' global dominance of the post–Cold War period, even though the Russian Federation (unlike the Soviet Union) does not seek to impose its own model on the world.
Even as Russia opposes U.S. global hegemony and favors a more distributed balance of power among several major nations (including itself), the United States feels the challenge to the international liberal order that it began building after the end of World War II and has dominated since the end of the Cold War. As long as all major powers, including China and Russia, subscribed to the rules and norms of that order—and, in China's case, also benefited from it2—it was a genuine Pax Americana: a state of peace among the major powers, who all deferred to the United States. With Russia's breakout from the post–Cold War system, that unique period of peaceful relations among the principal players is now history.
Even though the scale of the current conflict is much smaller, the stakes are high once more. For the Kremlin, this is a battle for survival—of Russia's status as an independent player capable of defining and defending its interests and of the Russian leadership, which has been personally targeted by Western financial sanctions and various public accusations ranging from corruption to war crimes. Originally, Moscow believed that this conflict would be a short-term problem, but it now appears to be more prolonged than previously anticipated and may take a generation to resolve.
FEATURES OF THE HYBRID WAR
This Hybrid War's most distinguishing feature is that it is being fought in a truly global, virtually borderless environment. International interaction is no longer restricted by walls or other state-imposed barriers. Traditional distinctions between strategy and tactics have been all but erased. The hybrid warriors include many more players than was the case during the Cold War—from national governments and transnational corporations to nongovernmental actors and even private individuals.
The war is being fought simultaneously in a number of spheres, on different levels, and in the never-ending, twenty-four-hour news cycle. This aspect of warfare is particularly true of the field of information, which is of prime importance in the Information Age that emerged with the end of the Cold War. From cyber conflicts and the use of artificial intelligence to the predominance of propaganda and fake news, the main battles of the Hybrid War are taking place outside of the purely physical realm and in the domain of new information technologies. Just as important to the Hybrid War is economics, which has been the key driver of globalization that paralleled the rise of these innovative information technologies. The prominence of the U.S. media and the United States' immense financial power give it a huge advantage in both fields. As a result, the weapons of choice in the Hybrid War are those that use information and economic power to discredit and sanction one's adversaries.3
Politically, the Hybrid War includes the outside stimulation of political changes in other countries through street activism and the promotion of specific values, parties, or popular movements. It has been characterized by interference in elections, political transitions, and other political processes, including various efforts to hack sensitive information, spread compromising or damaging materials and fake news, encourage character assassinations, and impose personal and other noneconomic sanctions (for example, restrictions on travel, seizure of assets, imprisonment, or deportation) on opponents. The existence of a common information space makes waging political warfare on foreign territory much easier and more attractive than ever before. Cross-border promotion of democracy and support for the color revolutions that dominated the 2000s (for example, the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine) have now found counterparts in emerging solidarity among those who espouse more conservative and traditionalist values, such as political systems based on authoritarian models and strict national sovereignty.4
Military power is not out of the picture—though its use is different than in the Cold War. The static standoff of million-strong armies in Europe and the long shadow of the nuclear arms race have drawn down or faded. Nuclear deterrence between Russia and the West remains in place but at lower and more stable levels than during the Cold War. Today's risks of miscalculation derive from potential incidents involving conventional forces. A token military standoff has reemerged along Russia's border with NATO countries, but, to date, this standoff bears no resemblance in either scale or scope to the forces that faced each other during the Cold War. The main focus is on developing new military technologies and novel means and ways of prosecuting warfare—from outer space to cyberspace—that blur or eliminate the distinction between wartime and peacetime. Like its predecessor, the Hybrid War is a war in the time of peace. Even more than in the past, however, the onus is on national leaderships to minimize the number of casualties, ideally to zero.
Russian military strategists had developed the concept of hybrid warfare even before the actual conflict broke out in earnest between the United States and Russia in early 2014. Analyzing the experience of the post-Soviet color revolutions and the 2011 Arab Spring, Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov wrote in February 2013 that the "consequences of new conflicts are comparable to those of a real war"; in many cases, nonmilitary methods "are substantially more effective than the power of arms," and greater emphasis is placed on "political, economic, information, humanitarian, and other nonmilitary means" and "covert military measures," including "information warfare and actions by special forces." In this environment, "overt use of military force, often in the form of peacekeeping or crisis management, takes place only at a certain stage, mainly to achieve final success in a conflict." With regard to the U.S.-Russia confrontation, another key feature has surfaced: asymmetry between the sides' capabilities.
POWER ASYMMETRIES AND ASYMMETRIC ACTIONS
Although Gerasimov was referring to a hybrid war when discussing new means and methods of warfare, this analysis uses the newly fashionable term to describe the current U.S.-Russia confrontation. Unlike its Cold War predecessor, this conflict is asymmetrical. At least since the 1970s, the Soviet Union was the United States' equal in terms of both nuclear and conventional military power. Even beyond its own vast land mass and immediate sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, it wielded considerable ideological power in many Western countries and in the Third World and presided over a system of alliances in Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. The Russian Federation, by contrast, has few formal allies, no satellite states, and a handful of protectorates, if one includes the self-proclaimed states of Abkhazia, Donbass, South Ossetia, and Transnistria. It has no ideology to compare with the comprehensive dogma of Marxism-Leninism, and although it is still a nuclear superpower, it lags far behind the United States in non-nuclear military capabilities. Economically, Russia—with its estimated 1.5 percent of the global gross domestic product—is a dwarf.
Neither the balance nor the correlation of forces, however, will determine the outcome of this confrontation. Despite the glaring asymmetries in the national power of the two sides of the conflict, the course of events is not predetermined. As a nonlinear, highly asymmetrical conflict, the outcome likely will result from domestic developments in Russia or the United States or both. Both countries are facing serious problems that could prove decisive in the final calculations of the Hybrid War.
The United States is going through a triple crisis of its political system, exemplified but not caused by the arrival of President Donald Trump and the virulent domestic opposition to him and his policies. A crisis of social values lies beneath this political crisis and points to a widening gap between the more liberal and the largely conservative parts of the country. At the same time, the United States faces a crisis within its own foreign policy as it struggles to reconcile the conflict between the more inward-looking U.S. national interest and the international liberal order of the U.S.-led global system.
Russia, though outwardly stable, is approaching its own major crisis as the political regime created by Putin faces an uncertain future after the eventual departure of its figurehead. Putin's Kremlin is already working on a political transition that would rejuvenate the elite and improve its competence and performance, but, at the same time, Russian society is also changing and Putin's heirs cannot take its support for granted. Gross inequality, sluggish economic growth, low vertical mobility, and high-level corruption will present a range of serious challenges to the future Russian leadership.
The eventual outcome of the Hybrid War could be reminiscent of the downfall of the Soviet Union, which was far less the result of the U.S.-Soviet Cold War than of a misguided effort to reform the Soviet Union itself. Russia might break down and break up again, or it might decide on a foreign policy more geared toward its economic needs than to a certain concept of world order. As for the United States, it might decide to limit its global commitments and redesign its international role as the world's preeminent but no longer dominant state. Yet, in doing so, it will need to accept that its change in status will come with a certain price and that it will not be able to take advantage of the benefits of the position it once enjoyed.
Asymmetries in power lead to asymmetric actions, which as Gerasimov suggested are intended to "neutralize the enemy's superiority in warfare" or "identify and exploit the enemy's vulnerabilities."5 By an order of magnitude—or more—Russia is outgunned, outmanned, and outspent by the combined forces of the United States and its allies. To stay in the fight, it must rely on its few comparative advantages and seek to use them to maximum effect. These advantages include the geographical proximity of some of the main theaters of operation, such as Crimea and eastern Ukraine, where Russia has escalation dominance; the Russian political system, which allows for secretive, swift, and decisive action; and Moscow's willingness to take much higher risks in view of the disproportionally higher stakes involved for the Russian leadership and a national culture that historically has tolerated higher losses in defense or protection of the Motherland. Through swift decisions and actions, made without prior warning, Russia is capable of surprising its adversaries and keeping them off-balance. This situation promises an uncertain, hard-to-predict, and risky environment, where miscalculation can lead to incidents or collisions that, in turn, lead to escalation. Granted, these incidents would be of a different kind than the tank standoff at Berlin's Checkpoint Charlie in late October 1961 or the Cuban Missile Crisis barely a year later. Escalation resulting from miscalculation would not be automatic, but the wider damage it could cause needs to be taken seriously.
AVOIDING MISTAKES LEADING TO ESCALATION
The Hybrid War is highly dynamic and, so far, has no agreed-upon rules. In this sense, it resembles the Cold War of the early 1950s rather than that of the 1970s. However, it is possible, up to a point, to avoid military escalation during the Hybrid War. U.S.-Russian antagonism does not mean that the two countries' interests are in total opposition. Unlike in the second half of the twentieth century, neither party envisions a real shooting war against its adversary and neither wants to allow the situation to become uncontrollable. The most obvious ways to manage the confrontation are incident prevention, confidence building, and arms control.
Incident prevention, on the face of it, should be easy. Since the early 1970s, Moscow and Washington have had agreements in place to avoid incidents, which in the Cold War days carried the risk of escalation to nuclear levels. Effective prevention requires a degree of professionalism, adequate safety measures, and reliable channels of communications. However, during a Hybrid War, these preconditions cannot be taken for granted. Acting from a position of relative weakness, Russia is likely to compensate for its inferior overall strength by raising the stakes of confrontation.
Russian pilots, operating close to the Russian territory, are evidently allowed to take higher risks to ward off U.S. and NATO warplanes: the closer those planes fly to Russian borders, the closer Russian planes come to Western aircraft. In response, in 2017, Western military aircraft approached a plane transporting Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu to the Russian province of Kaliningrad—an escort maneuver evidently intended to poke the Russians in the eye. No midair collisions have occurred so far, but encounters between Russian and Western aircraft have been uncomfortably close. The problem is simple but hard to solve: Russia wants to keep Western planes at a safe distance from its borders, whereas the United States and other NATO countries are adamant that they do not recognize any limitations on their activities in international airspace. Managing the problem requires both sides to introduce a set of technical preventative measures, such as activating transponders on military aircraft. But to safely eliminate the possibility of incidents altogether, both parties would have to exercise general restraint—which can only result from political decisions.
The issue is not that Russian daredevils are performing acts of hooliganism in the air or that NATO pilots in international airspace are unaware that they are coming too close to Russian borders or assets. Each side seeks to make a point to the other, and neither is willing to step back, thus continuing the dangerous game. The only way out of this situation lies in a mutual understanding to stop testing each other's nerves and aerobatic skills and instead to observe a protocol under which neither party provokes the other. This could be a first, relatively easy step toward military de-escalation.
A different kind of incident is likely to occur when the United States and Russia fight parallel campaigns in a third country: Syria. Deconfliction—that is, the limited sharing of information to prevent Russian and U.S. planes from flying in each other's way as they fulfill their missions in Syria—has been practiced successfully ever since Russia first began its operations in Syria. However, it is possible that Russian or U.S. bombs and missiles may inadvertently hit each other's troops on the ground or unintentionally strike each other's allies. There are also concerns that the United States or Russia may pass information on each other's force locations to their respective allies, with no control over the consequences. In October 2017, the Russian Ministry of Defense accused the United States of complicity in creating the situations in which twenty-nine Russian military police members were ambushed and a general and another senior officer were killed. One can only imagine the reaction in the United States if a U.S. general had been killed and several officers wounded by Russia's allies on the ground in Syria.
Preventing incidents is one thing; making sure that any actual incidents do not escalate is another. To avoid escalation, Russia and NATO military authorities need to have reliable channels of communications. The NATO-Russia Council, originally designed as a vehicle of cooperation, should be adapted for this new role. Russian and NATO theater commanders in the field, at sea, and in the air need to have emergency means of communication as well. At the highest military level, the Russian Chief of the General Staff should have a direct line to the U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Periodic face-to-face meetings of these top-ranking officers—which have been held three times already in 2017—are important to build a professional relationship.
Confidence building includes a host of measures agreed upon by NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries at the end of the Cold War and codified in the regularly revised Vienna Document.6 These measures include notifications before countries conduct major military exercises, the invitation of observers to these activities, and consultation regarding aerial overflights of territories of participating parties. These measures are still in place, but they are being used reluctantly and with some exemptions. Russia, seeking to recover its capabilities, has been holding snap military drills or exercises whose parameters are just under the size and scope threshold that would require mandatory advance notification or the invitation of observers. In the new asymmetrical situation, Russia has reasons to believe that it can benefit from allowing some of its actions to be ambiguous or unpredictable.
Both Russia and NATO have effective ways and means of monitoring military developments on the "other side." Moscow, in particular, has learned to rely on its own intelligence-gathering assets to keep an eye on the United States and its allies. Of course, lack of full transparency can lead to misperception and miscalculation. In principle, consultations between Russia and NATO countries have a strong part to play in bolstering confidence in each other's peaceful intentions. Yet the most important element of mutual confidence is that neither Russia nor NATO is able to launch a large-scale surprise attack anywhere in Europe—a major risk factor during the Cold War. The arms control treaties and massive troop reductions of the 1990s all but eliminated this historic threat, and, to date, this concern shows no real sign of resurfacing.
Still, no amount of military transparency can compensate for the absence of strategic predictability. On the Western side, the Baltic States and Poland struggle with their historically grounded fears—however irrational at present—that Moscow might wish to reconquer them and that NATO would not defend them against a nuclear superpower. On the Russian side, there are suspicions that NATO membership (which is still formally on offer to Ukraine and Georgia) would bring the Western military machine even more uncomfortably close to Moscow. Until those strategic concerns are put to rest—an unlikely prospect in the current tense environment—tactical confidence building will play only a limited role.
Arms control, which was one of the principal instruments of confrontation management during the Cold War, is less prominent today. This has much to do with the nature of the Hybrid War, with raw military power playing a far less important role than in the past; with a new geopolitical environment that eschews the static standoffs and numerical arms races that characterized the European landscape from the late 1940s through the late 1980s; and with the capabilities of new mobile long-range weapons systems whose vastly increased precision guidance makes quantitative and regional limitations meaningless. The capabilities of particular weapons systems have become far more important than their numbers, thus upending the traditional paradigm of arms control. Viewed from a different angle, intelligence assets and capabilities—known in arms control jargon as the national technical means—give military commanders and political leaders a rich picture of the arsenals of foreign powers.
Nevertheless, residual arms control still plays an important political and psychological role in the Hybrid War. Inspections, consultations, and information exchanges all help to enhance reassurance on both sides. These efforts pertain, above all, to nuclear weapons, which are by no means out of the equation. Even though fears of a nuclear war between the superpowers—so widespread during the Cold War—have all but evaporated, Russia is adamant that it still be treated as a nuclear superpower.
Should the 1987 U.S.-Soviet Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, which banned medium-range missiles, be abrogated over the U.S. allegations that Russia has developed a ground-launched cruise missile with a range that is covered by the treaty,7 the security situation in Europe would become much more strained.8 If the 2011 New START Treaty on strategic arms reductions is not extended and is allowed to expire in 2021, it would represent a final strategic decoupling between Moscow and Washington and would open up a new era of unregulated strategic nuclear relations between the two nuclear superpowers. To avoid a further serious deterioration of the relationship, the INF Treaty must be preserved (by removing each party's concerns about the other's activities) and the New START Treaty should be extended at the very least. In the current geopolitical climate, however, these agreements may prove to be too difficult to maintain. As for negotiating, concluding, and finally ratifying a new U.S.-Russia nuclear arms treaty, it will probably be politically impossible in the United States in the foreseeable future.
Even if existing treaties continue to operate, however, other issues of discord such as missile defense, strategic non-nuclear weapons, space-based weapons, and cyber operations would continue to erode the U.S.-Russia strategic relationship. The present political environment would make it challenging to place those new systems under any form of control—all the more so as much of the institutional memory of the arms control process has been lost. The continuing decline of this once key element of the U.S.-Russia relationship will add to the uncertainties of the twenty-first-century global environment.
Conventional arms control in Europe will hardly fare better. The asymmetries between NATO and Russia and unresolved territorial issues from Abkhazia to Crimea make it virtually impossible for both parties to negotiate a new treaty to replace the now-defunct 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Subregional arrangements, for instance in the Baltic Sea area, would likely put Russia at a disadvantage while giving it no real security guarantees. NATO has only token forces in the region; Russia, by contrast, has begun to bolster the previously reduced force levels in its Western Military District. This area lies in the historical route of Western invasions of Russia and includes both the capital city of Moscow and the former imperial capital, St. Petersburg. The Western Military District also includes Kaliningrad, which is completely surrounded on land by NATO territory (namely, Poland and Lithuania). Moreover, Moscow made it clear a decade ago that it would not accept limitations on its forces deployed on the national territory. Under the current circumstances, the most realistic option would be for Russia and NATO to exercise reciprocal restraint, avoiding overmilitarization of their border zones. For NATO, this would mean striking a balance between the minimum force levels necessary to reassure the Baltics and Poles and the levels that would provoke a strong and unwelcome Russian reaction. As of now, the Kremlin still regards NATO deployments close to the Russian border as nonthreatening.
A major problem in conventional arms control in Europe is that without a general resolution of the conflict in Donbass and the recognition of the status of Crimea, any agreements are unlikely to include Ukraine—the area where a large-scale military conflict involving Russia is most plausible. The likelihood of freezing the conflict in Donbass by means of deploying a UN interposition force, as suggested by Putin in September 2017, is slim because Ukraine will not accept a cessation of violence without a simultaneous restoration of Ukrainian sovereignty in Donbass, including the areas along the Russian-Ukrainian border. Donbass, along with Crimea, will remain a dual casus belli in Europe's east. Rebuilding Russian-Ukrainian relations on an entirely new and healthier basis will take a long time. If and when such a reconciliation happens, it will be the result of efforts by new generations of leaders on both sides. For now, it will be up to the United States to make sure that the Ukrainian leadership does not overplay its hand and then desperately turn to Washington for protection, as former Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili did after his ill-fated assault on South Ossetia in August 2008. The Russians, for their part, will have to continue to exercise restraining influence on the forces of the pro-Russian Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics in Donbass.
The Hybrid War is still at an early stage. Now that the immediate crisis of 2014–2015 has ended, the current state of affairs demands that a new provisional security modus vivendi be established in Europe, however unsatisfactory it may appear to both sides. Such a modus vivendi cannot result from technical decisions and will require some kind of a political understanding. Even though a new security architecture for the continent is still a long way off, there are realistic ways and means to reduce the risks and to avoid escalation, and these arrangements need to be agreed upon at the political level. Geopolitical realities must be accepted in order to be managed, let alone improved. Russia, the United States, NATO countries, and others in Europe need to keep their channels of communication open, avoid serious military buildups, and act promptly to deal with incidents and avoid escalation. With no new arms control treaties in the offing, existing ones need to be preserved. Reciprocal allegations of treaty violations should be discussed, and steps should be taken to resolve them diplomatically.
Although trust between Russia and the United States and Russia and Europe cannot be restored for many years, the degree of mistrust could be marginally reduced by a frank dialogue in which both parties outline their goals and concerns. The first objective should not be to find mutual agreement but rather to agree to disagree. Such frankness—which would not attempt to fall back on norms and principles that are not universal and cannot be imposed unilaterally and would avoid mutual recriminations and polemics—would be refreshing and could help establish a basis for communication. A follow-on objective could be to establish interactions between Russia and Western countries where such connections make sense for both sides—in areas such as U.S.-Russia deconfliction and possible postconflict collaboration in Syria. The nuclear issues posed by Iran and North Korea, the conflict in Afghanistan, and terrorism are other obvious areas for collaboration.
It must be remembered, however, that no amount of interaction and collaboration will change the current adversarial nature of U.S.-Russia relations or restore the previous partnership between Russia and the European Union. Even though the Hybrid War heavily affects economic relations between the belligerents and poisons the general political atmosphere in which they interact, it does not suppress contact and communication altogether. Cultural and other societal contacts may be curtailed but not severed. Information space is both a battlefield and a global commons; even economic relations, particularly between Russia and Europe, can continue despite the restrictions of sanctions. The world system remains one even if its structure is undergoing major changes.
The Cold War lasted for four decades; the Hybrid War is just completing its fourth year, but it, too, will not last forever. The Cold War's chief accomplishment is that it was kept cold. Avoiding hot war by accident or through miscalculation is the most important demand on the present hybrid warriors.
1 See, for example, Robert Legvold, Return to Cold War (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2016). I admit being among the first, in late February 2014, to label the new situation in Russian-Western relations a "new cold war." Soon, however, I rejected the analogy as misleading, in view of numerous dissimilarities between the two versions of confrontation.
2 While China was growing fast—exporting to the United States and the rest of the world and attracting massive investments from developed countries—Russia lost its Soviet-era industrial power and became a raw materials supplier for the economies of Europe and Asia. It also lost much of its political influence outside of the former Soviet Union, and its influence over the post-Soviet sphere substantially shrank. For these and other reasons, it is not surprising that Chinese and Russian views on the U.S.-led globalization process differed as much as their individual experiences with it.
3 The sanctions legislation enacted in the United States in August 2017 is capable of effectively paralyzing the entire Russian financial system.
4 To respond to long-standing Western support for liberal opposition in Russia, the Kremlin dropped its post-Soviet practice of dealing exclusively with the sitting governments and "systemic" opposition in Western countries and began to publicly contact leaders and parties outside the Western political mainstream, such as France's National Front and Austria's Freedom Party. The Russian state-run media gave ostensibly neutral or sympathetic coverage, among others, to Germany's Alternative fuer Deutschland and Catalan separatists.
6 The 2011 Vienna Document published by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe builds upon the Stockholm Document of 1986 and the Vienna Documents agreed upon in 1990, 1992, 1994, and 1999.
7 Russia has made counteraccusations that the United States has deployed missile launchers on the ground in Europe that could be used for sea-based cruise missiles, which also are allowed under the treaty.
8 Putin was specific on that score in his remarks at the Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club on October 19, 2017, available at http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/55882.
carnegie.ru


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text:
Marketplace focuses on the latest business news both nationally and internationally, the global economy, and wider events linked to the financial markets. It is noted for its accessible coverage of business, economics and personal finance.
NJ to consider tougher screening for mob-tainted recycling industry
Crane at a recycling plant. (Big Stock File)
In the wake of troubling disclosures detailing organized crime's infiltration of the recycling industry, a prominent New Jersey state senator is planning to push new legislation to bar the mob from the sector.
Sen. Raymond Lesniak (D-Union), who wrote a tough licensing law to weed out criminals from the garbage and waste industry decades ago, said yesterday he would extend the measure to apply to businesses and brokers in the recycling business.
Just last week, the State Commission of Investigation held a hearing revealing how criminals are exploiting loopholes in the recycling business to dump contaminated fill and debris around the state, often in environmentally sensitive areas.
Investigators and agents for the SCI told how lax oversight and the absence of licensing requirements has allowed unsavory "dirt brokers'' to improperly dispose of tainted fill in residential areas, sometimes containing cancer-causing agents.
The findings did not surprise some, including the SCI, which addressed many of the problems cited in the hearing and ongoing investigation by the commission in a report it issued back in 2011, as Lesniak's bill (S-2406] notes. It is identical to a bill (A-1581) introduced in the last session, but never acted upon.
Asked why there was no movement on the legislation at that time, Lesniak said the front office made it clear to him the governor would not support an expansion of regulatory authority. Instead, he focused his efforts on a bill to more stringently regulate the grease-recycling industry, which was vetoed.
With the latest revelations from the SCI, Lesniak is hopeful the measure will find more support this term. "I'm hoping the second report will be enough to get it over the top,'' he said.
"The good recyclers want to be regulated,'' argued Lesniak, a likely candidate for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination. "No one wants the mob pushing their way into their lives and taking money away from their livelihoods.''
The bill would implement many of the recommendations issued by the SCI to expand the effective oversight of both the solid-waste and recycling industries. It would subject the sector to the same licensing requirements and expand background checks of those involved in the field to include salespersons, consultants, and brokers.
The legislation also would prohibit licenses from being issued to people barred from operating in the industry in other states and convicted felons.
"This is a law enforcement issue that has a real impact on the environment and public health,'' Lesniak said. "The mob doesn't care if their actions cause contamination and health problems.''
NJ Spotlight, an independent online news service on issues critical to New Jersey, makes its in-depth reporting available to NewsWorks.
Fighting to be 'an independent voice' in Camden politics: Behind the #IMWITHER coalition
The inside story of three women who've formed a coalition on Camden City Council to challenge the South Jersey Democratic machine — and what's at stake for the city.
N.J. requires COVID-19 vaccine for health care workers, ending test option
The order means health care workers who are unvaccinated will have until Jan. 27 to get their first shot and until Feb. 28 for the second.
N.J. leaders agree affordability is a top priority, but limited consensus on how to get there
While there's some consensus among Democrats and Republicans on what can be done to lower taxes in N.J., leaders have yet to offer a clear plan to do so.
About Tom Johnson
@njspotlight tjohnson@njspotlight.com


This Broccoli stir fry is a really easy recipe to try. Eating healthy is essential these days and green veggies are must have food items in any daily meal. With high amount of folate, broccoli is in top of the healthy vegetable list and not only healthy, broccoli makes many delicious dishes too.
Recently I cooked broccoli as a stir fry and I am happy I could keep its beautiful green in the dish giving it a more appealing look. Of course, if you don't destroy natural color, it will both healthy and appealing.
Broccoli Stir fry in soy sauce.
Before cooking, I just blanched broccoli for few minutes and then added to cold water to stop further cooking. So, the vibrant green is there in my final broccoli dish. If you like to try a quick and healthy broccoli dish, then here is the recipe for broccoli stir fry in soy sauce. See whether you like to try it or not.
Wash and cut broccoli into small florets.
Mince the garlic and keep aside.
Mix all ingredients under sauce and keep aside.
Heat oil in a pan and then stir fry garlic until fragrant.
Then add broccoli and sauce. Stir fry till broccoli florets are coated in the sauce for about 30 seconds.
Remove to a serving plate.
How do you cook Broccoli? Do you like it as a Stir fry or steamed?
Simplicity but so loved. I too blanched and soak in cold water to stop the cooking process.
What an easy, yet healthy recipe. ! Thanks Amila.


Discussion in 'Small Block' started by Balazs Farkas, Mar 16, 2019.
Balazs Farkas Just got it firing!
I own a ZGULK guzzi, a Nevada Club from 2002. I picked it apart before this season because there was sometimes a backfire in the right cylinder when I started the bike up and me, loving my ride, want no such thing.
To my shock - after some obligatory cleaning - I noticed a small crack between the intake and the exhaust valves. Checking the valves, it is obvious that this crack is the reason of my occasional backfiring since both valves were blown clean of gunk where the crack is. The damage itself does not run deep, I initially though it was just some burnt carbon.
So, what are my exact options? I am no expert in machining, so I wonder if the head be salvaged or I need to get a replacement head?
If you have a good machinist shop where they recondition cylinder heads, sometimes the cast aluminum can be welded. Most shops will tell you to just replace it. Often you can find cylinder heads on eBay fairly cheap. You can also easily use V7 heads from 2009-2012 also.
Okay, thank you! I will take it to the Ducatti shop next week. Will see what they will have to say.


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text:
August 9, 2001 8:07AM PT
UIP rocks with doc on pop star Williams
Pic focuses on 'travelling circus' of Euro tour, concert footage
By Adam Dawtrey
Adam Dawtrey
Adam's Most Recent Stories
'Pride' Producer David Livingstone Moved From Marketing Movies to Making Them
BAFTA Awards: Weekend Party Wrap
'Boyhood' Wins Best Picture at the BAFTA Awards
LONDON — United Intl. Pictures has picked up U.K. theatrical rights to "Nobody Someday," a rockumentary about Brit pop star Robbie Williams.
Doc follows Williams, one of the U.K.'s most popular and extrovert performers, through the highs and lows of his recent European tour.
Pic is directed by Brian Hill, best known for ground-breaking TV docs such as "Sylvania Waters."
Around a third of the 90-minute film is concert footage, and the rest, in the words of the producers, deals with the "travelling circus" of touring.
It was produced by IE Music, which manages Williams and struck the deal with UIP's head of intl. acquisitions Marion Pilowsky.
There was also strong interest in an all-rights deal from Momentum Pictures and Pathe Pictures. But IE Music decided to split the rights between UIP, EMI for video and Channel 4 for TV.


text:
120-year-old liquor company to debut shares
Wednesday, Jun 06, 2018 11:41
In 2017, Halico's net sales halved to VND125.4 billion but the loss increased by four times to VND84.5 billion, compared to the previous year. — Photo baodauthau.vn
Ha Noi Liquor Joint Stock Company (Halico) will start its first trading day on the Unlisted Public Company Market on June 8, Ha Noi Stock Exchange announced.
Halico will trade 20 million shares, equivalent to a charter capital of VND200 billion (US$8.8 million), under the code HNR.
The reference price is set at VND31,900 ($1.40) per share, which is only one-seventh of the price that the world's largest spirit company, Diageo, paid to acquire 45 per cent stake at Halico in 2011.
Ha Noi Liquor JSC, formerly Ha Noi Liquor Factory, was established by French Fontaine Liquor Co in 1898. It was the largest liquor factory in Southeast Asia at that time.
Despite possessing several well-known brands, such as Vodka Ha Noi, Lua Moi and Bluebird, Halico has continuously reported losses since 2015.
In 2016, it reported net sales of nearly VND270.6 billion but registered a loss of VND20.2 billion.
In 2017, its net sales halved to VND125.4 billion but the loss increased by four times to VND84.5 billion.
By the end of last year, the company's total assets shrank to VND658 billion, with total liabilities of VND98 billion and cumulative losses of nearly VND255 billion.
Halico has again projected losses in the next two years---VND58 billion in 2018 and VND53 billion in 2019.
Due to its prolonged losses, Halico has not paid dividends for many years.
As of March 19, 2018, the company has two major shareholders, of which Ha Noi Beer and Alcohol Beverage Corp (Habeco) owns 44.29 per cent and Diageo's Streetcar Investments Holdings Pte holds 45.57 per cent.
The listing is part of Habeco's plan to divest Halico due to its bleak business results.
However, despite its continuous losses, Halico remains attractive to investors as the company possesses a large land fund of up to 233,709sq.m, with many prime locations in Ha Noi. — VNS
Tags Ha Noi Liquor Joint Stock Company Halico Unlisted Public Company Market HNX Ha Noi Stock Exchange shares
Shares mixed following strong gains
Investors are selling, does that indicate capital reversal?
Masan Consumer to pay high dividends despite struggles
Shares mixed after three-session rally
Vinalines to launch IPO
Techcombank's shares officially listed on HOSE
Shares up on banking, securities stocks
Singaporean investment fund divests from Vinasun
PV Power to list on HoSE in June-end
Large-cap stocks lift market
VN market boost ahead of earnings reports
ABBANK starts 2nd phase of capital hike, plans 35% bonus share issue
HCM City sees bustling exports in first days of 2022


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text:
Currently, the [Key verification
framework](https://matrix.org/docs/spec/client_server/r0.6.1#key-verification-framework)
allows a device to begin a verification via to-device messages by sending an
`m.key.verification.start` event without first sending or receiving an
`m.key.verification.request` message.  (The last sentence of the 5th paragraph
of the Key verification framework in the unstable spec, as of the time of
writing.)  However, doing so does not provide a good user experience, and
allowing this adds unnecessary complexity to implementations.

We propose to deprecate allowing this behaviour.

Note that verifications in DMs do not allow this behaviour.  Currently, Element
Web is the only client known to do this.

## Proposal

The ability to begin a key verification by sending an
`m.key.verification.start` event as a to-device event without a prior
`m.key.verification.request` is deprecated.  New clients should not begin
verifications in this way, but will still need to accept verifications begun in
this way, until it is removed from the spec.

## Potential issues

None.

## Alternatives

We could do nothing and leave it in the spec.  But we should clean up cruft when
possible.

## Security considerations

None.

## Unstable prefix

No unstable prefix is required since we are simply deprecating behaviour.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub