text:
Against atheyism
July 25, 2009 @ 10:20 pm · Filed by Mark Liberman under Language and the media
This week's NYT On Language column features Patricia T. O'Conner and Stuart Kellerman defending singular they ("All Purpose Pronoun", 7/26/2009). They lead, topically, with the value of shedding five characters from "he or she" to help stay under the limit of 140 characters per tweet. And they blame the retreat from singular they to sex-neutral he on Anne Fisher:
If any single person is responsible for this male-centric usage, it's Anne Fisher, an 18th-century British schoolmistress and the first woman to write an English grammar book, according to the sociohistorical linguist Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. Fisher's popular guide, "A New Grammar" (1745), ran to more than 30 editions, making it one of the most successful grammars of its time. More important, it's believed to be the first to say that the pronoun he should apply to both sexes.
Minus the topical lede, much of this material is to be found in their excellent recent book, Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language, which is organized as a collection of bite-sized essays with clever heads. Specifically, this week's column draws on "To He or Not to He" (pp. 137-138), and "Gender Bending" (pp. 141-145).
O'Connor and Kellerman urge the anti-they forces ("atheyists"?) to give up their misguided and hopeless fight:
Meanwhile, many great writers — Byron, Austen, Thackeray, Eliot, Dickens, Trollope and more — continued to use they and company as singulars, never mind the grammarians. In fact, so many people now use they in the old singular way that dictionaries and usage guides are taking a critical look at the prohibition against it. R. W. Burchfield, editor of The New Fowler's Modern English Usage, has written that it's only a matter of time before this practice becomes standard English: "The process now seems irreversible." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) already finds the singular they acceptable "even in literary and formal contexts," but the Usage Panel of The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.) isn't there yet.
It's a shame that grammarians ever took umbrage at the singular they. After all, they gave you a slide. It began life as a plural object pronoun and evolved into the whole enchilada: subject and object, singular and plural. But umbrage the grammarians took, and like it or not, the universal they isn't universally accepted — yet. Its fate is now in the hands of the jury, the people who speak the language. Yes, even those who use only 140 characters a pop.
It's a bit disappointing that O'Conner and Kellerman fail to cite scripture.
Still, it would be nice if the Gray Lady's management decided to give this couple Safire's gig when he retires, assuming that Dave Barry continues to hold out. There's a decade's worth of columns in their book, and plenty of evidence that they could spin out more as targets of opportunity arise.
K.B. said,
I've always preferred the singular "they", and when ever someone complains, I offer to change it to she-he-it-they, which of course one would have to shorten to the first letter of each word…
Great blog, BTW, from someone who doesn't know the slightest thing about grammar – or much about language either :). I always learn something here, and am often amused as well!
Yuval said,
In many cases, more than just five characters are trimmed: the verb forms of "they" are usually lighter: "read" vs. "reads", etc.
Timothy Martin said,
Overall a good article – the disappointing part for me is that they make it sound like singular they isn't already standard, in the sense that everybody already uses it whose mind hasn't been tainted by prescriptivism. There's no "jury" on the matter needed – just a revision of textbooks that include ridiculous prescriptivist rules.
D.O. said,
And the book mentions Language Log too. And some bloggers by name. Whoa!
Kellen Parker said,
I'm a strong supporter of singular they. I tend to believe, twitter aside, that it's just a more appropriate form when gender is unknown. the various forms of "he/she" all strike me as more than a little absurd.
I'm not certain too many people think it is all that standard. More than once I've been in a situation where I've used it and been swiftly corrected by a friend. When teaching I've taught it as fully acceptable for use in spoken English, only have my students told to disregard this by other teachers in the department. That may just be the prescriptivist kool-aid speaking, but it's happened often enough to make me think it being standard is still a little ways away.
Vincent said,
From aesthetic judgement, rather than any prescription, I shall continue to use "he" to apply to both sexes, and shudder at ignorant uses of "they" – e.g. when speaking of someone unnamed but whose sex is already known to the listener – a misguided usage similar to using "partner" in reference to one's husband or wife when the listener is already aware that one is married.
My principle is not to obey any verbal prescription; but to follow the usages I learned from well-educated adults in distant childhood; on the grounds that there is no valid reason to change them, and that language is a true democracy.
Dierk said,
Vincent, you do not follow verbal prescriptions but what teachers told you – isn't the latter a contradiction of the former?
Reinhold said,
The Times should give Bryan Garner Safire's column . . .
Dierk, no contradiction. I refer not to prescription but example, which is the natural the way every child learns its native language.
Ellen said,
Vincent. Personally, I find the use of "he" to refer to a female (including unknown gender situations) to be aestheticly ugly. But, if you are willing to offend females who have different aesthetic views than you, well, that's your choice.
alexander said,
I'm surprised you didn't include a cartoon to illustrate this since it was the subject of the crossover when xkcd author Randal Munroe made a comic in the style of Dinosaur Comics. Link.
stripey_cat said,
I'm faintly surprised that no-one has brought up the issue of binary gender inherent in he/she – not every human being clearly identifies with one or the other. Also, I'm not too keen on the implicit assumption that gender is important in every grammatical context. (For the record, despite a very feminist upbringing, I'm not too bothered by "he" as gender-neutral, just as man for the anthropos sense leaves me unmoved; although I'd prefer a separate animate-but-not-gendered pronoun and a distinction between man-aner and man-anthropos, I accept that one word can have two meanings!)
Bridget said,
Marvelous post!
I'm a big fan of the singular "they" and have found at least one situation where it seems to be the only alternative that doesn't require excessive words or explanation.
As a pregnant woman at the point where I don't know if my baby is a boy or girl, I've found that "they" works really well. I can't bring myself to refer to the baby as "it" and "he or she" becomes excessively wordy.
J. W. Brewer said,
I am again struck by what seems the elephant-in-the-room or non-barking dog in this context, namely the overwhelming resistance in English to using "it" to refer to a post-infancy human being of unknown or unspecified sex. (Bridget's subjective discomfort with "it" at the in utero stage is I'm sure not unique, but non-standard. She should expect to put up with it from strangers until the kid is 2 or 3 years old, however.) The complete unacceptability of that simple alternative is what presumably drives all of these workarounds and attempted innovations, but somehow the unacceptability of the "it" alternative is treated as a priori obvious rather than explained, explored, or even challenged as reflecting unsavory or outmoded political attitudes toward non-humans.
Note that the human/non-human distinction seems stronger here than the animate/inanimate distinction. It is acceptable (albeit not necessarily required) to use "it" to refer to a specified individual non-human whose sex is both known and salient to the topic of the sentence. E.g. (from an Australian newspaper story): "A farmer has been banned from Brisbane's Royal Show for doping a cow to make its udder bigger."
I'm not necessarily campaigning for this resistance to be overcome and suppressed, but is it peculiar that it's generally not even discussed as potentially up for grabs, even among those who (in other contexts related to "generic he" or other allegedly "sexist" usages) seem to believe that it's a-ok for usage to be compelled to change for political or "logical" reasons?
Brian Barker said,
In Esperanto, which Arika deals with in her book, the English word "they" has the more exact definitions of either "oni" or "ili".
See http://www.apertium.org/ or http://www.lernu.net
Charles Gaulke said,
"It" is generally avoided because people often analyze it as specifically neuter rather than gender neutral. We're pretty comfortable using it with things we generally think about as unsexed, but we rarely think of people that way because we consider gender part of our identity.
I never realized singular they was controversial until I was in my teens, and I briefly made an attempt to stop using it before deciding it was silly, particularly since, learning by example, I saw it used by so many writers I admired. Like others here, I'm a little surprised to learn that dictionaries are considering it may be becoming standard usage rather than acknowledging it always has been.
To Vincent: If language is a true democracy, how can you label those usages misguided or ignorant? Ignorant of the particular, evidently very narrow, examples of your own childhood? Misguided in the writer's desire to accurately convey what they mean, rather than conform to your aesthetic preferences? Surely not, but if not, then what could you mean?
William W said,
There are at least two different ways that "they" is used in the singular. The first is to refer to some indefinite singular person. "Each student should put their book on their desk." The motivation here is to use the one common human-referent-pronoun that is gender-neutral: they. "One" in most varieties of American English seems far too stilted. It's an imperfect solution since "they" is, in fact, plural, but it can be singular by fiat. In this, the situation is no more complex than using "he", which is made gender neutral only by fiat.
Another use of singular "they" is to refer to a definite person. "I'm seeing a friend tonight. They'll be waiting for me at 7." The motivation behind this, I think, it to avoid stating the gender. I've known several heterosexual men who use this when they want to avoid clarifying whether the "they" in question (almost always a woman in my experience) is a friend, girl friend, date, FWB, or something else.
Do others have any thoughts on this second type of use of singular "they"?
Vincent, I think you've confounded several things here. The focus of this Language Log article is not using "they" to refer to "someone unnamed but whose sex is already known to the listener" as you put it but instead to use it to refer to an indefinite person whose gender isn't known. Grammar prescriptivists tend to argue for using "he" in such situations: "Each person should bring his own lunch."
I wonder if you really use "he" to refer to people whose gender is known but who remain unnamed. Would you say, "I was talking to his wife and he said…" in which "he" would refer to the known but unnamed wife? Or, if you were talking about a woman whose name you didn't know, would you say, "I saw this woman on the bus today and he was reading a book about…", where "he" refers to the unnamed woman?
Mark F said,
One problem with these discussions of whether some construction is or is not standard is that, in fact, it's often really a question of expected frequencies. It's good to know that Austen used the construction a lot, and that it shows up in the KJV, but but what I may want to know is whether it'll bother the reviewers of my grant proposal, and that depends on how often they're used to seeing it in grant proposals. I just saw it in a conference paper I was reading, and it jumped out at me — I really don't think it's established itself as commonplace in that kind of writing.
I'd be interested in knowing the ratio of generic he to singular they in the KJV. If it's pretty high, as I suspect it is, then I'd say that weakens the KJV example as a defense of the construction.
The more I think about this, the more I understand how there is a continuum between usage and grammar. The evidence shows that Singular They is clearly grammatical, but not that it's the preferred construction in formal writing. I would like to see it become the preferred form, but there is no guarantee that will happen. It could conceivably go the other direction, and vanish entirely even from informal speech.I don't see that happening, but either direction of change is just a matter of changing frequencies of usage patterns.
I just realized I made basically the same point earlier. I was told at the time that the KJV used singular they several times. Oh, well.
[(myl) I believe that the cited two posts give a fairly complete list of KJV instances of singular they. As for the KJV frequency of generic he, I'm not sure that there are any clear-cut examples at all. We'd be looking for cases like Deuteronomy 17:5
Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die.
where it's clear that an individual of unknown sex is the referent, and where a form of he is the anaphor.
There are plenty of cases like Esdras 4:11
And these keep watch round about him, neither may any one depart, and do his own business, neither disobey they him in any thing.
but it's not clear to me that these are really sex-neutral as opposed to indefinite masculine. ]
Larry Sheldon said,
On a related topic (not yet addressed, to my knowledge):
Will the students of tomorrow be able to write essays when there a general penalty at 140 characters? (They have already forgotten who to write in the face of the dreaded column-inch and makeup.)
Will graders be able to stay with a topic past the 140 character attention span?
[(myl) I'd be surprised if in ten years the 140-character limit survives in any form other than as a trivia question. ]
Opened the KJV to a random page toward the beginning, and found a clearcut "generic he" on the following page: "When either man or woman shall separate themselves to vow a vow of a Nazarite, to separate themselves unto the LORD: He shall separate himself from wine and strong drink" etc etc etc. Numbers 6:2b et seq. Here's another example found with another minute's quick random scanning (scanning in a hard copy by eye, not googling for some particular concatenation of words): "He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the LORD only, he shall be utterly destroyed." Ex. 22:20 (subject to any information based on extratextual sources that this passage was deemed inapplicable to females). Maybe I got lucky and opened at just the right pages (and I was intentionally looking in the Pentateuch because of the high incidence of legislative-type passages), or maybe there are a lot more where they came from.
[(myl) The Numbers example is by no means unequivocally in favor of generic he ("…either man or woman shall separate themselves…"). And in the Exodus passage, were women allowed to make sacrifices of the kind under discussion? But this should be referred to some real biblical scholars.]
Is the claim in O'Connor and Kellerman's book that Anne Fisher simply invented "generic he" out of whole cloth in the 1700's, or simply that she may have been the first one to specifically commend it in a usage-advise book? The KJV translators may have had to learn their English prose style without the benefit of reading books giving them advice on the subject, of course.
[(myl) Their claim, specifically, is that Fisher wrote "the first [English grammar] to say that the pronoun he should apply to both sexes". In this they follow "the sociohistorical linguist Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade" (say that five times fast, if you can).]
Just to clarify a potential ambiguity, by "deemed inapplicable" in reference Ex. 22:20 I mean so deemed by 17th century Anglophones who thought they had an informed view of Mosaic-era legislation (and/or were supposing they understood what the text meant when they heard it quoted in a sermon). The issue here is the use of generic he in KJV-style or -era English, not the meaning of the underlying Hebrew (either originally or as interpreted in subsequent rabbinical tradition), which I am not competent to address even superficially. (The LXX at least in its http://www.myriobiblios.gr version has a construction that *may* be roughly analogous to an English "generic he," but my Greek is so rusty no one should rely very much on that impression and I haven't bothered to look at the Vulg.)
I'm curious about singular they for a specified person whose gender is not known. Which strikes me as non-standard. Is this a new usage, or simply more common? I've no doubt that the interent had made the situation of referring to someone without knowing their gender more common. Anyone have any pre-Internet examples?
[(myl) How specified does the person have to be? A few examples where the antecedent is someone, from LION:
…the symbolism … is the sort they used to have in the Academy before someone put their foot down… (W.H. Auden, Letters from Iceland)
Sure way to sour someone: turn their light into a thing. (Andrei Codrescu, Comrade Past & Mister Present)
Someone else now sets their briefcase next to that door and unlocks it (Mark Cox, A Stone)
… she was aware now … how surprised people would be were they to turn the corner of a building and find someone with their forehead, nose and palms touching the ground. (Leila Abouleila, The Translator)
It's easy to find plenty more like that. And we've cited a number in earlier posts, for instance here. ]
The point of the Numbers example is that he and they seem to be coexisting in some degree of free variation. If you search the string "he shall surely be put to death" (not to be too negative-sounding about the Scriptures . . .) you get 6 hits in the KJV, of which 2 seem in context to require or strongly suggest a male antecedent and the other 4 of which seem potentially generic. Obviously if you're talking about an unspecified person engaged in a sort of activity which would be predominantly but not 100% performed by males (like being a lawyer or physician in the U.S. 50 years ago, or being a professional race car driver or serial killer today) the line between "generic he" and "indefinite masculine" may be debatable.
Well, someone/they sounds standard to me.
What strikes me as non-standard is something like, "If Spacer359 has a problem with that, let them argue with me about it." To me, that sounds wrong. I'd use "he or she".
It's that sort of usage I'm wondering about the history of.
I'd say one of the more famous uses of "generic he" in the KJV is "He that hath ears to hear, let him hear," which the NRSV renders as "Let anyone with ears listen." The editors of the NRSV made it a point to use inclusive language when the original text did not specify a gender. You can find other examples by searching on "he who".
In Joseph M. Williams' essay "The phenomenology of error", which I found out about here, he talks about a category of constructions that distracts him no matter whether the prescribed version or its alternate is used. In formal writing, "singular they" is like that for me. No matter what the author does, I'm liable to notice it and be bothered a little for one reason or another. (Or it may just blend into the flow. It all depends.)
Karen said,
Anecdotes are just that, but I don't use "they" to "conceal" gender. I say "I was talking to someone at work and they said …" because "someone" is indefinite and so is "they". I also say "Each person should bring their lunch" and I would argue the weird thing is to expect "they" in one clause and "he" in another – surely you wouldn't say "When he heard the fire alarm, everyone ran downstairs, leaving his coat(s?) and laptop(s) behind".
I think "they" referring back to "everyone" isn't an example of singular they. "We" could also be used: "…everyone ran downstairs, leaving our coats and laptops behind".
Jair said,
I was always a fan of using "he" as a gender-neutral pronoun, considering alternatives like "he or she" or the singular they to be unnecessarily politically correct. That is, until I read this article by Douglas Hofstadter. Really puts a different perspective on the issue…
Note that the 140 characters is not a technical limitation of any kind. It's an arbitrary rule enforced only to emphasise brevity. Anyone worried that it will somehow cause a "decline" in the standard of writing ought to question why they haven't previously expressed proportional concern about the brief poetic forms such as (since we're talking about English) limericks. Somehow despite more than 100 years of exposure to this form ordinary people can put their thoughts on paper without using an AABBA structure or being obscene. And Mark's quite right – if Twitter lasts _10_ years in its current form it'll be doing better than anyone in the industry expects.
[(myl) While it's not a restriction generically inherent in the concept of cellphone text messaging, it *is* deeply embedded in the GSM SMS standards. As Wikipedia explains,
Transmission of short messages between the SMSC and the handset is done using the Mobile Application Part (MAP) of the SS7 protocol. Messages are sent with the MAP mo- and mt-ForwardSM operations, whose payload length is limited by the constraints of the signaling protocol to precisely 140 octets (140 octets = 140 * 8 bits = 1120 bits). Short messages can be encoded using a variety of alphabets: the default GSM 7-bit alphabet (see GSM 03.38 for details), the 8-bit data alphabet, and the 16-bit UTF-16 alphabet.[26] Depending on which alphabet the subscriber has configured in the handset, this leads to the maximum individual Short Message sizes of 160 7-bit characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 16-bit characters (including spaces).
While stupid standards can hang around longer than one might think, I don't think that this one has the type of advantages that have stuck us with qwerty and the English spelling system, or the Chinese and Japanese with Hanzi/Kanji.]
I just red an account of H. Clinton's interview on "Meet the press". She is routinely using singular they for unanimated objects (countries), which clearly can be called it. Quotations (from politico.com):
It's not only that North Korea has, against the international norms … proceeded with this effort, but they also are a proliferator
Every country faces challenges. We have our challenges. Russia has their challenges
Of course it is possible that she mentally substitutes "leadership of North Korea" for North Korea and "people/leadership of Russia" for Russia and then uses they as for the collective noun. But still
Lukas said,
Well, the KJV is a translation. Looking at the Massoretic Text, in Deuteronomy 17:5, we have ûsəqaltām bāʔăḇānîm wāmēṯû "and you shall stone them with stones so that they die", with Hebrew plural pronouns corresponding to "them/they".
So the generic they/generic he might be a reflection of what the KJV translators found in the texts they translated… in which case it could not tell us much about contemporary usage patterns. And is "a man or a woman" really all that singular?
[(myl) The above-cited posts compare most if not all of the quotations to the originals, for what it's worth. The correspondence is mixed, as I recall.
As for the number of "a man or a woman", the expression would take singular verb agreement in general, though in the quoted passage there's "which have [not has] committed that wicked thing".]
Joshua said,
William W: The example of "Each student should put their book on their desk" as referring to "some indefinite singular person" does not seem to fit, because the reference to "each student" seems to presume that there is more than one student involved. "Each …" is grammatically singular but it usually refers to a group rather than a single example.
Sili said,
Presumably it's an editing error, but I just noticed an extreme case of singular they on BBC News:
Later, in the tent-camp a short distance outside the minefield, the women eat lunch before relaxing for a break in the shade.
One mother plays with their daughter, who is looked after in the camp while the women are at work.
mollymooly said,
@D.O.
She is routinely using singular they for unanimated objects
As you later imply, using "they" rather than "it" for collective nouns is a different issue from using "they" rather than "he" for epicene nouns. The former (notional agreement) is a plural they.
@William W
"One" in most varieties of American English seems far too stilted.
"One" will only work in a subset of generic sentences where "he" is rarely usable in any case. "He that hath ears to hear, let him hear" cannot become "One that hath ears to hear, let one hear"; let alone "Each student should put one's book on one's desk." These are not merely stilted in American English: they are ungrammatical, at least in the intended sense, in any English.
Andrew said,
Joshua: I think that 'each' is normally counted as singular because, although it relates to a group, it requires us to think of each member of that group as an individual. Contrast 'Each student should put their book on their desk' with 'The students should put their book on their desk', which could relate to a book and a desk which students collectively own.
Regarding the translation of scripture; there are passages – especially in the Psalms – beginning, say, 'Blessed is he…' which can cause problems, because they may be read as generalisations – in which case 'Blessed are they' can be substituted without loss of sense – but may also be read as relating to a specific person, the Messiah.
Anna Phor said,
@Vincent: You are of course at liberty to use whichever form you choose, but you should know that to my ear at least, use of a generic "he" to refer to either men or women is extremely jarring and makes me suspect misogyny.
@Bridget: My fetus is an "it" at this stage, and has been since very early in the pregnancy. It's certainly [+animate], but when we first started talking about it, I suspect [-human]. It may gain the feature [+human] as the pregnancy progresses (and hence become a "they")–but of course now I am aware of the question and so monitoring it. So any data I generate is suspect.
Ken Brown said,
stripey_cat said: "I'm faintly surprised that no-one has brought up the issue of binary gender inherent in he/she – not every human being clearly identifies with one or the other."
I'm not sure its that relevant really. Most people who speak languages with a rich gramatical gender system (unlike English) seem quite capable of separating gramatical gender from the actual sex of the person or object they are talking about. Cue anecdotes about German girls or French tables.
Andrew said: "there are passages – especially in the Psalms – beginning, say, 'Blessed is he…' which can cause problems, because they may be read as generalisations – in which case 'Blessed are they' can be substituted without loss of sense – but may also be read as relating to a specific person, the Messiah."
I genuinely don't know whether "Blessed is he who comes in the name of the LORD", as used in Christian liturgy, originally referred to one person, or was generic.
Sili said: "Presumably it's an editing error, but I just noticed an extreme case of singular they on BBC News: […] One mother plays with their daughter…"
I'm not so sure that that is an error. It might be normal English for the BBC writer. I think I could say something like that (its impossible to know of course because just thinking about it might bias my recollection, just as I can never be sure what my own natural accent really is…) A few months ago I was talking to a neighbour in the local pub and noticed that he used singular "they" to talk about one of his brother's ex-girlfriends. Not only a woman, but one who had been named previously. Its not the most common use but its not unknown.
And plenty of natural human languages have no gramatical gender at all – or have noun classes that don't map onto sex. But that doesn't mean that people who speak them are any less sexist
Haamu said,
It's a shame that grammarians ever took umbrage at the singular they. After all, they gave you a slide. It began life as a plural object pronoun and evolved into the whole enchilada: subject and object, singular and plural.
As we lost the ability to distinguish second-person number, the language got marginally less expressive — hence the appearance of forms like y'all and you guys to deal with this difficulty, right?
I suppose the ultimate certification of singular they could be when we start seeing the appearance of the equivalent of th'all and they guys.
[(myl) "Start"? {+"they all"} ⇒ 102,000,000.]
@myl:
Well, they all isn't the same as the hypothetical th'all. Are you suggesting the "all" in a significant number of those 102,000,000 is there merely to mark the preceding they as a plural, rather than mean "all of them"?
I'm not saying the expression doesn't exist — merely that I'm not familiar with it.
Ellen K. said,
Third person pronouns, unlike 2nd person pronouns, almost always have an antecedent, so there's no need for distinguishing number or gender, other than in distinguishing between antecedent, and, even then, repeating the nouns is an option, as one would have to in a story about Bob and Bill. And other languages (so I've read) have other options for distinguishing between antecedents.
@mollymooly:
Well, Russia and North Korea are not plural nouns per se. We need to make a substitution to get there. Our willingness to do so may be the evidence of the strength of singular they.
Ken Brown said I said: "I'm faintly surprised that no-one has brought up the issue of binary gender inherent in he/she – not every human being clearly identifies with one or the other." And he replied: "I'm not sure its that relevant really. Most people who speak languages with a rich gramatical gender system (unlike English) seem quite capable of separating gramatical gender from the actual sex of the person or object they are talking about. Cue anecdotes about German girls or French tables."
That's why I don't have a problem with gender-neutral use of he. However, the deliberate use of "he/she" or "he or she" as a perceived improvement, to me, highlights a less-obvious prejudice than simple male/female sexism. Also, it occurred to me after posting the first comment, it emphasises the existence of (binary) gender in contexts where that is not necessary or appropriate. If it were a truly gender-neutral evolved usage, I wouldn't be bothered, but since it's a conscious attempt at the correction of a perceived fault, I'm going to take issue.
Thinking a bit more about the use of "it", I personally tend to apply it to things without full human qualities* (rather than inanimate objects only, as I'd first assumed). Thus I will use "it" of animals in preference to "they", and also of human infants (although both alternate in informal usages, eg personal notes, I'll try to tidy it up in anything anyone else will read). Exactly when I transition to "they" is a bit fuzzy (as you'd expect!), but seems to begin somewhere around a child developing speech. I thought this might be because I'm not over-fond of babies, whereas I love kids once they're mobile and verbal, so I thought I'd test my partner. Despite being less interested in children than I am**, and also not being very fond of babies, he'd push the it/they boundary back to some time in the first six months, or so. Since a sample of two is highly non-representative, how do other people stack up, parents and non-parents? (Bridget: how far along are you in your pregnancy? Also, since it seems relevant, when do you feel an unborn gains full human status? Anna Phoor's post says she doesn't feel her, presumable fairly early stage pregnancy is fully human yet; what's your opinion on yours?) Also, I wonder given my own emphasis on communication, whether I'd change my view of infants if I'd worked with ones who'd been taught to sign.
Also, does anyone make an exception to the "it" for higher-intelligence non-human animals? Apes, for instance?
*debate at will!
**harking back to a LL post a few days ago about use of me/I, I had initially written "less interested in children than me", but decided against the (to me, amusing) potential ambiguity.
Stephen Jones said,
When it's born don't be surprised if a lot of people condole you on the death of the other twin.
A very common gender split in Indo-European languages is animate/inanimate. English makes the split between higher animals and humans/lower animals and things.
The 'animate' gender in English is distinguished by sex but inanimate gender is not. The singular pronoun for the inanimate 'gender is 'it'.
There are nuances. Babies in English are often demoted to the inanimate gender whilst cars are promoted to the animate gender. Dogs tend to vary according to your liking of them.
Jangari said,
Stripey_cat:
The higher the animacy, the more likely the referent is to license a more personal pronoun. I routinely refer to domesticated animals as he/she/they, as well as other mammals for whom gender is likely to be a notable characteristic.
Assuming that made no sense, I'll give an example.
If I'm watching a documentary about Africa, for instance, and lions come into it, it's clear which are lionesses by their lack of manes, so I'll use 'she' to refer to one. The cubs are still as animate and, in my opinion, deserving of gendered pronouns, but it's less simple to deduce their sex, in which case 'they' will suffice.
Having said that, I don't consider 'they' to be useful only when the sex of the referent is unknown, but also when the sex is unimportant. Someone above had a good example:
I was talking to a friend at work and they said…
This is perfectly natural to me and I use analogous constructions all the time. I make the subconscious decision that the gender of a relatively unimportant character in a report is entirely irrelevant to the conversation at hand. I guess this is a bit Gricean; convey as much information as you need to, without overdoing it. However, this can also be flouted, as with all Gricean maxims.
A friend was telling me about one of her ex-partners, but this friend thinks singular 'they' is ungrammatical. The ex-partner was also a female, and my friend wanted to avoid giving away that she had been in a homosexual relationship. Not being able to avoid using a gender-specific pronoun, however, she found it very difficult. Instead, she used obvious workarounds such as 'this person'. Using 'they' here would have gone straight over my head as a flouting of a Gricean maxim, as it's more natural for me.
Other instances, such as 'Each student must put their book on their desk' are a bit furry when it comes to semantic analysis. On one hand it's semantically plural, if syntactically singular (though I remember being chided once by the same friend for using what I thought was a perfectly natural use of "each + verb-PL") in which case using 'they' is appropriate, but on the other hand, the use of 'they' here could be thought of as unspecified. I.e., I'm imagining a class of both male and female students. This is the canonical use of singular 'they'; avoiding gender-exuberant assumptions.
Thinking further about this last example, I can imagine a situation in which a class full of only males (perhaps a mechanical engineering class) in which the teacher used 'they' when, by all reason, 'he' would be perfectly suited. This still seems perfectly natural to me as it seems to abstract away from the notion that gender is at all important in this piece of dialogue; who cares whether a student is a male or a female – it doesn't hinder their ability to put their book on their desk. Perhaps this falls under the unimportant (but known/knowable) category.
So in my opinion, 'they' can be used for referents whose gender is either a) unknown, b) unimportant (whether knowable/known or not) or c) known, but avoided as an issue.
Oddly, using 'they' to refer to an unborn baby irks me. "When are they due?" doesn't sit too well to me as a question to an imminent mother. "When is it due?" is much better. I don't have much of an explanation for this.
There's much more to singular 'they' and I wish I had the time and patience to go into further detail. I mean, why can't I say:
"I saw a baby wallaby, and they were eating grass." Aagh!
I think I probably never use "it" for a human, even an unborn child. Either "she" or "he" if I know the sex, "they" if I don't.
But of course I don't really know because I haven't been recording my own unprompted speech and next time I have to make that choice I might remember this discussion and change my behaviour to fit my self-description.
Non-human animals get she/he/they as well usually. Probably. I suspect. Even insects and spiders if I can tell what sex they are. That might just be me showing off that I know how to tell what sex they are. (Actually I'm pretty sure that ants bees and wasps are generically "she" because they usually are, IYSWIM)
The singular "they." « Guns & Verbs said,
[…] the simplest way for him to get there is to fly out of Mexico." Not so. From the NYT, via Language Log: Traditionalists, of course, find nothing wrong with using he to refer to an anybody or an […]
I'm doubtful whether I would use 'they' for a non-human animal. I suspect the reason is that non-human animals can be called 'it' – 'he' or 'she' is only used when the gender is marked for some reason – so there's no obvious call for 'they'. More specifically, my feeling is that an animal has to be 'he' or 'she' when it is referred to by name – thus, I might say 'keep an eye on the cat in case it gets out', but would always say 'keep an eye on Tibbles in case he gets out'. But when the animal is just specified as 'a wallaby' or the like, 'it' is fine.
On 'it'; E, Nesbit (children's author, early 20th century) did use 'it' where either 'he' or 'they' might be expected; but I think this was always after terms such as 'somebody' or 'everybody', so one could claim that 'body' provided an antecedent for 'it'.
P. said,
The "singular they" camp can reach out to the "he/she" camp by conjugating "singular they" like "he/she/it."
"You said someone would be joining us at the restaurant. Does they want to join us for the movie after, too?"
"Someone left their bag here. They is going to be sorry when they get to their train without it."
This is also good for clarity's sake.
To Ken Brown:
I also use "she" when referring to highly social insects like ants and bees, but I'm not bug-savvy enough to spot the difference between the boys and girls of the loner insects, like silverfish.
Alexandra said,
Jair,
Thanks for the link to that Hofstadter article. Really interesting satire!
P, no, because the singular they camp aren't suggesting a new usage of they. You're suggestion is suggesting a new usage of they. Two very different things.
Bronwyn said,
August 2, 2009 @ 11:03 am
@Jangari
"So in my opinion, 'they' can be used for referents whose gender is either a) unknown, b) unimportant (whether knowable/known or not) or c) known, but avoided as an issue."
I think most people (most singular-they-accepting people, anyway) agree with this for singular they with a quantificational or generic antecedent. What seems to remain controversial, and perhaps without any long literary record to back it up, is using singular they to refer to individuals whose gender is known, as in:
My doctor said they'd give me a prescription if the problem came back.
This usage has been brought up a few times in the comments above. What interests me, since not all singular they users seem to accept sentences like this, is whether this use of singular they really is an innovation, not attested in the historical record.
Language Log » Against atheyism | Learn English Online With Me said,
[…] here to see the original: Language Log » Against atheyism Share and […]
brotzel said,
Further to something Jungari said, I've also noticed that people use "they" and "my partner" when they don't to want to disclose a same-sex relationship. But in the context the opposite effect is achieved, since the unexpected imprecision is so glaring.


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Happy Black Friday! Did you catch my previous post sharing new LOFT reviews and a comprehensive list of Black Friday sales (including a few sales picks)? I have a feeling many of you are waiting for free shipping which usually accompanies the Cyber Monday promos. Meanwhile get 50% off your purchase at Ann Taylor. Use code BLACKFRIDAY. Sale ends 11/24 at 11PM ET. Valid in stores and online. Refer to my Ann Taylor reviews here. A few of the more popular items are selling out in various sizes.
I love the above soft sweater in modern taupe and it's also available in grey too. The cross over detail at the chest adds interest while providing modest coverage. Size XXS regular fits true to size and since it's not available in petites I would say it fits like how size XSP would usually fit me. The sweater is a shorter length (size XXS regular is 22″ total length) making it petite friendly. It doesn't contain any wool so it's soft without being itchy.
I wanted to love this textured grey sweater since the knitted detail is pretty. It's another no-wool sweater but the sleeves of my usual size XSP was too short for my arms. It also was not as relaxed through the waist and hips as I would prefer. Size XSP is 23″ total length and 35″ along the bottom hem. This sweater is also available in red and winter white (I don't know how I missed that color). I'll have to try this sweater again in size XXS regular for the extra length. Update 11/24: I tried on size XS regular today (the winter white color goes by a different name but it's the same sweater/style) in store and it fit me well.
This new camp shirt is perfect for adding some holiday shine. I have been consistently going down a size in the camp shirts since they run one size bigger. This version/color does run a bit smaller than the polyester ones I own in whisper white (last seen here) and the leopard print (last seen here).
I love these jeggings in both black (shown above) and the pure indigo wash (shown below). They have a comfortable stretch to them and I can't wait to wear them out for a full day to see how they hold up. They run true to size and I took my usual size 25/0P. I love the narrow ankle opening and the petite inseam is on point. Update 11/27: I had the opportunity to wear both pairs jeggings for a full day each (one on Sunday and another today) and I'm happy to report that they hold up their shape well!
I ordered and tried many jackets in trying to put together an outfit for a sponsored post. It came down to this black faux fur parka which is similar in style to my beloved J.Crew Chateau Parka (review here). This parka is also available in grey. The jacket has a quilted lining so it is warm enough for chilly weather (it was below 20 degrees Fahrenheit when I wore it out for a photo shoot with my husband). The faux fur trim on the hood is more generous and not removable. If you unbutton the faur fur it unfolds to nicely shield your face from the elements since it makes the hood even bigger thereby providing more coverage. I would say this jacket runs true to size with room to layer underneath but it's not as generous in sizing as the J.Crew version. My friend Lilly also got this jacket in grey and she went up one size from her usual since she found that it runs narrow across the shoulders.
I really wanted to love this winter white coat after seeing it on all my favorite bloggers but I just didn't love this one on me. I have the same fit issue with the J.Crew lady day coat where I don't love the style on me despite it looking very chic on other bloggers. The spacing of the large buttons looks awkward since I have minimal curves so I didn't like how it draped against my figure. The overall length is too long (it hit me mid knee cap). The shoulders felt slightly narrow and uncomfortable with this sweater underneath. Size XSP has 14″ shoulders, 35.5″ chest, 23″ sleeves and it's 35.5″ total length.
This mixed print scarf also makes for a cozy shawl as seen in the picture on the right (view the video clip here). I love the thicker material since it's very effective in blocking out the wind. As a blogger I also found the various prints useful as a backdrop in some of my recent flatlays.
Size XXS regular fits me well in these pajamas and I was happy that the pant inseam (28″) wasn't too long since I'm 5′ 2.5″. The bottoms that came with the set I received had some loose threads that I had to cut off on the ribbon tie at the waist as seen here. If you plan on gifting these pajamas I recommend double checking the set for any defects. I really wanted the darker floral print but my size sold out quickly. I'll have to keep an eye out in case my size pops back if someone decides to return it. Update 11/29: I ordered the other color today when my size popped back and I hope it ships!
These bow pumps are gorgeous and they run true to size. Unlike the other online reviewer the middle bow strap lays against the top of my feet so that there is no noticeable gap. They'll be sure to get a lot of compliments. Update 11/29: I wore them today and my feet feel a little sore. They will require some breaking in but I got a few compliments from the ladies in my office.
I love these booties and I wanted the brown color but I didn't love the white stitching so I chose the all black color. They run true to size and have a 3″ heel which is a comfortable heel height for me. They're very chic and well made. Update 11/25: I wore them out today and they are slighty snug across the tops of my feet but not in an uncomfortable way. Note that I usually wear these perfect knee highs with my boots and booties. They're not too thin (they're opaque versus sheer), well made and they've lasted me a long time.
I love this cashmere colorblock ribbed turtleneck sweater which I reviewed here in size XS regular. I ordered size XSP to see if the long sleeves would be better but it didn't drape as nicely as the missy size. It runs true to size but I prefer the missy sizing for a comfy oversized look through the body. It's expensive even on sale so I'll keep an eye out to see if it goes on clearance and I hope my size will still be there.
I tried on this black snappy funnel neck coat and this red funnel neck coat (sorry for the lack of pictures). Update: My usual size XSP fits true to size in the black funnel neck coat with room to layer. I was wearing an thin top before which effected my opinion of how it fit. I was just about to return the black coat via ShopRunner but then I tried it on again over a sweater. It hits just above my knees so it's not as long and awkward looking compared to the jewel neck coat I reviewed at the top of this post. The measurements of the black coat in size XSP are: 14″ shoulders, 36″ chest, 37″ hips, 22.25″ sleeves and 34.5″ total length. Update 11/30: I love the red color so decided to exchange the red funnel neck coat from size XSP to size XXSP for a closer fit. Size XXSP fits like size XSP. It's one of my gifted items since I have another upcoming holiday themed post with Ann Taylor.
I tried this faux fur jacket which is well made but my usual size 0P ran small and narrow while the faux fur material was thicker so it was an awkward snug fit across the shoulders. The sleeves were also short hitting a little above my wrists. Perhaps I need to try size 2P or 00 regular but I don't see myself reaching for this style coat much except around the holidays for a more glam look.
This sequin balloon sleeve sweater is a thin material with a subtle shimmer (refer to the above video clip). I wish it came in petites because size XXS regular was too baggy on me so I had to return it.
This sequin dot tulle skirt (refer to the above video clip) runs very big and it has a elastic waistband so I would suggest sizing down if you're interested in trying it. If you usually take sizes 2P (and possibly size 4P) and under at Ann Taylor I believe you will be sized out of this skirt. You would have to alter the waist to make it fit as expected. I didn't love it in person so I returned it asap via ShopRunner. Click here to see a close up of the sequin detail.
The ombre coatigan runs larger so I would suggest sizing down if you want to try it. I didn't love the material or the color in person. The sash when belted looked awkward on my figure since I have minimal curves and no waist to actually define.
These modern lace hem all day skinny jeans run one size bigger since they have a lot of stretch. The lace hem is sewn on making the bottom hem thicker/stiffer which makes it difficult to take them off if you don't have smaller/trim ankles. The overall length was awkward on me and the lace hem wasn't quite what I expected so I returned them.
I ordered a few of the new jewelry pieces to try but I was disappointed that these pearlized pave drop earrings were very oversized making them overwhelming on my ear lobes. This gift boxed earring set (refer to the above picture) looked promising but the pearl drop earrings were too large and look like your wearing mini ornaments. The only pair I liked from the set were the middle pearl earrings with the surrounding pave stones which are classy and a perfect size for daily wear. LOFT has a similar pair of pearlized pave stud earrings.


Borno State Governor and Chairman of Northern States Governors' forum, Kashim Shettima was in Malumfashi town in Katsina state on Tuesday where he paid condolence visit to the family of late northern elder statesman and former President of the court of appeal, Justice Mamman Nasir who died on Saturday.
Shettima flew from Abuja to Kano on Tuesday morning and drove to Malumfashi.
At the family house of late Nasir who was the Galadima of Katsina, the Governor was on behalf of the bereaved family, received by Alhaji Ahmed Abdulkadir alongside dozens of elders and royal courtiers. The Governor also met with female members of the late Galadima's family at the traditional palace with members of his delegation offering Islamic prayers for the late statesman and his bereaved family.
Accompanied by Borno's commissioner for Poverty alleviation and Youths empowerment, Babagana Tijjani Banki and two Special Advisers Abba Dawud Lawan and Alhaji Abba Jatau, Governor Kashim Shettima described the late Mamman Nasir as one of the last titans of northern Nigeria from the era of late Premier of northern Nigeria, Sir Ahmadu Bello.
"The demise of our father, the late Justice Mamman Nasir, is a big loss to us in northern Nigeria. I came here both on behalf of Borno State Government and on behalf of Governors in northern Nigeria who may be unable to come here. I have had interactions with the late Mamman Nasir at different times. He was always passionate about the peace, stability and development of the north in particular and Nigeria in general. He was an elder statesman by all standard and this is why we deemed it necessary to come to Malumfashi where condolences are being received by the family, to pay our respect. May Allah accept all his many good deeds and for give his shortcomings. May he be granted Aljanna firdaus" Shettima said.
Representatives of the family, Allhaji Ahmed Abdulkadir described Governor Shettima as a rare leader with the mentality of elder statesmen.
"Your Excellency, coming all the way from Maiduguri to this house in Malumfashi means so much to the family of late Justice Mamman Nasir. We cherish and will forever remember this visit. We are grateful and we pray that Allah recompense this good deed. You have honoured our father and shown to us that indeed we are all one people. We thank you and wish you a safe journey back" Abdulkadir said.


text:
Bel Air baseball making historic playoff run
by: Andy Morgan
Posted: May 16, 2019 / 07:28 PM MDT / Updated: May 16, 2019 / 07:28 PM MDT
For the first time in over 20 years, the Bel Air baseball team will play in the UIL Regional Quarterfinals. The Highlanders have gone 4-0 in the first two rounds of the playoffs, scoring series wins over Canutillo and Wylie. Bel Air has outscored their opponents 33-13 in the playoffs.
The Bel Air baseball team will play Amarillo in the Regional Quarterfinals this weekend in Odessa, Texas. It's the Highlanders' first trip to the Regional Quarterfinals in over 20 years. You'll hear from the team on #KTSM9Sports at 6 p.m. pic.twitter.com/rTS3ucFW5o — Andy Morgan (@AndyMorganTV) May 16, 2019
The Highlanders will play Amarillo in a best of three series beginning on Friday in Odessa, Texas. Game 2 will be played on Saturday.
"It's an exciting time, but at the same time, it's unknown pastures for Bel Air High School," said head coach Armando Romero Jr. "We've been building this program for the last four years and every year we continue to improve and build on it."
Bel Air had a rough start to the season, but has since won 14 of their last 15 games en route to the Regional Quarterfinals.
"I think the biggest thing that turned around this program was that we weren't playing together, we were playing for stats. We weren't playing as a team," said senior pitcher Gabriel Torres. "Towards the end of the season, we started doing what we needed to do and trusted the program. We started building towards a bigger process."
First pitch from Odessa on Friday is at 4 p.m. MDT.
by DOUG FERGUSON, Associated Press / Jul 19, 2019
PORTRUSH, Northern Ireland (AP) — Tiger Woods arrived at Royal Portrush on Sunday morning. Now he tries to avoid leaving Friday afternoon from the British Open.
Woods, Rory McIlroy and others who got off to a rugged start faced a daunting task trying to make the cut on a links course with ever-changing conditions and a steady challenge.
by UTEP Athletics / Jul 18, 2019
EL PASO, Texas (KTSM) - UTEP Head Coach Rodney Terry added Darshawn McClellan to the men's basketball staff. McClellan will serve as Director of Player Personnel/Academic Coordinator in his first season with the program.
"First and foremost, I'm excited about the opportunity that coach Terry has warranted me," McClellan said. "I've heard tremendous things about him, about his recruiting aspect, how he's able to build programs and getting teams to the NCAA Tournament. I'm also excited to be reunited with my old high school coach, coach O (Arturo Ormond) and helping this program out as much as I can. I'm extremely excited about the opportunity."
UTEP / 1 hour ago
College Sports / 4 hours ago
Locomotive FC / 6 hours ago
Chihuahuas / 6 hours ago
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text:
Chinese Study Uses Modified Stem Cells to Treat ED in Rodents
Freud Still Influencing Concepts of Erectile Dysfunction
Bollywood Tackled the Topic of ED Back in 2017
Drug Prices Expected to Rise Faster Than Inflation in 2020
One-Stop Guide to Soy, Testosterone, ED, Heart, and Prostate Health
Face Milestone Birthdays in the 2020s with Healthy ED Prevention
Participating in Dry January? Your Sex Life May Benefit
CVS, Walgreens, and Walmart: 6-Month Average Prices for ED Meds
6-Month Average Prices for Propecia and Finasteride: CVS, Walgreens, and Walmart
New Study Finds Link Between Mitral Valve Prolapse and ED
Which Men Develop ED? Here Is Your Definitive Guide
It's Official: The Average Erect Penis Size is 5.17 Inches
52.48° F
Sex Lubes
What Causes Male Impotence?
Atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque on artery walls, restricts blood flow and can cause erection problems.
Somewhere between 15 million and 30 million American men suffer from some degree of impotence on a continuing basis, according to data from the National Institutes of Health. Still others may experience temporary glitches in erectile function, which can be frustrating and embarrassing even though they are not permanent. Impotence is defined as the inability to attain and/or sustain an erection hard enough for sexual activity.
If you are one of the millions of American men who suffer from erection problems, whether chronically or just occasionally, you'll probably draw little comfort from the knowledge that you're not alone. However, as with any health problem, the more you know about its causes, the better prepared you will be to treat the disorder.
Mechanics of Erectile Process
Before launching into a list of the various causes of impotence, it makes sense to take a step-by-step look at how the erectile process works. Contrary to urban legend, the penis doesn't have a mind of its own but depends entirely on the brain to get things started.
Feelings of sexual desire originate in the brain, sending a flood of the neurotransmitter nitric oxide along the nervous system pathways to your pelvic region. Once the nitric oxide reaches your pelvic region, it sets off secondary chemical reactions that produce a chemical substance known as cyclic guanosine monophosphate, or cGMP.
What cGMP Does
Scientifically known as a cyclic nucleotide, cGMP sends messages to the smooth muscles lining the blood vessels that supply the pelvic region. As these blood vessels dilate, blood flow strengthens, allowing erection to occur.
Anything that interferes with this chain of events can short-circuit the entire process and make it difficult or even impossible for an erection to be achieved.
Because getting an erection requires strong and uninterrupted blood flow to the penis, anything that diminishes blood flow or briefly interferes with it can lead to erection problems. Compromised blood flow to the penis is perhaps the most widespread cause of impotence, and although it can occur at any age, it tends to be much more common among older men who are more likely to have developed impediments to circulation over the years.
Atherosclerosis to Blame?
According to the Department of Urology at Wayne State University's School of Medicine, one of the most common causes of diminished blood flow is atherosclerosis, a buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances on the walls of arteries. Other such causes include high blood pressure and traumatic damage to the tissues, nerves, and blood vessels of the pelvic region.
Although the vast majority of erection problems are physiological in origin, it's estimated that 10 to 20 percent of all impotence can be traced to psychological causes, such as depression.
Another major cause of impotence is diabetes, which can interfere with erectile function in a number of ways and tends to get worse over time. Roughly half of all men with diabetes experience some degree of erection difficulty. Because diabetes interferes with the nerve function, it can sometimes block the signals your brain is sending to the pelvic region. And over time, diabetes can damage the circulatory system, which also interferes with erectile function.
High blood pressure is another major cause of erection problems, according to WebMD.com, which cites a study published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. That study found that nearly half of hypertensive men between the ages of 40 and 79 were impotent. High blood pressure keeps blood vessels from dilating to facilitate the strong blood needed to attain and sustain an erection.
Erectile function is also a common casualty of major surgery in the pelvic region involving the bladder, prostate gland, or rectum. No matter how careful your surgeon may be, such surgery can damage the delicate nerves in the pelvic region and cause erection problems.
Nervous systems disorders, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis also can interfere with the nerve pathways involved in the erectile process and thus cause impotence. In addition to its interference with nerve impulses, multiple sclerosis causes generalized weakness, which can make it difficult or impossible to get and keep an erection.
Effects of Low T
In and of itself, low testosterone doesn't interfere with the physical mechanics of erection. However, the primary male sex hormone does play a key role in regulating a man's sex drive. If testosterone levels have negatively affected your libido, the chain of reactions leading to erection probably won't be initiated.
Although medical professionals once thought that most impotence stemmed from psychological problems, today it is widely recognized that the vast majority of erection problems can be attributed to compromised blood flow to the penis. However, it is reliably estimated that 10 to 20 percent of all erection problems are psychological in origin. Depression, performance anxiety, and other anxiety disorders can cause impotence, and among younger men, it is the leading cause of erection problems.
Bad Lifestyle Choices
Unwise lifestyle choices, such as smoking, overindulgence in alcohol, or the use of recreational drugs, also can cause erection problems. If you're a smoker, quit now to prevent further deterioration of erectile function. As for alcohol, many medical professionals see benefits from very moderate alcohol consumption, as in one or two glasses of wine. However, if you drink too much, you very well may wash away your chances for a satisfactory romantic evening.
Certain medications can interfere with normal erectile function.
Certain medications are incompatible with erectile function. If you are taking such a drug, check with your personal physician to see if a more erection-friendly drug can be substituted. Because individual reactions to medications vary, some men may find a medication troublesome while others may still be able to get and keep an erection without a problem.
Drugs That Cause Impotence
WebMD.com has a comprehensive list of drugs that can make it difficult for men to get an erection. That detailed list is too long to replicate here, but you should be aware that certain classes of drugs are known to cause erection problems. These include high blood pressure medications, including diuretics; anti-anxiety drugs; antidepressants; anti-epileptic drugs; antihistamines; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Parkinson's disease medications; anti-arrhythmics; muscle relaxants; prostate cancer medications; and chemotherapy drugs.
Fortunately, help is readily available for men with impotence attributable to compromised blood flow. Beginning with Viagra, introduced in 1998, a family of medications known as PDE5 inhibitors has given such men a powerful new weapon in the fight against impotence. Shown in clinical tests to be generally safe and effective in otherwise healthy men, these drugs promote strong blood flow to the penis by temporarily sidelining an enzyme that can interfere with erectile function.
How PDE5 Inhibitors Work
Although these drugs — Viagra, Levitra, Cialis, Staxyn, and Stendra — all work pretty much the same way, each differs slightly in chemical makeup from the others. You may find that any one of them gets the job done, but one drug may work faster or have fewer side effects than the others, making it the ideal choice for you.
The PDE5 inhibitors temporarily disable an enzyme known as phosphodiesterase-5, which can interfere with the erectile process by breaking down cGMP before it has had a chance to do its job — optimizing blood flow to the penis. These drugs offer men with erection problems a window of time — four to 36 hours — during which they can get erections without interference from this pesky enzyme.
Men whose impotence is psychological in origin are probably best served by seeking the counsel of a psychiatrist or psychotherapist. If your erection problems appear to stem from traumatic injury to the pelvic region, you may have to resort to surgery to undo the damage that was done.
Don Amerman is a freelance author who writes extensively about a wide array of nutrition and health-related topics.
By Don Amerman
About the Author / Don Amerman
Don Amerman has spent more than three decades in the business of writing and editing. During the last 15 years, his focus has been on freelance writing. For almost all of his writing, He has done all of his own research, both online and off, including telephone and face-to-face interviews where possible. Don Amerman on Google+
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CIGAR BOX GUITAR VIDEO LESSON: R. L. Burnside's "Nine Days In Jail" | The How-To Repository for the Cigar Box Guitar Movement!
TUNING: C MINOR (IMPLIED) – A variation of the Open G tuning (GDG). To get this tuning, simply take an Open G cigar box guitar and raise the middle string to Eb.
The song, "Nine Days in Jail" is from R. L. Burnside's album, My Black Name A-Ringin'.
For reference, we present the original song.
R. L. played the original version in the key of C#minor…or somewhere near that. (He probably didn't use a tuner.) Shane Speal arranges the song for Cminor using a new tuning that is very similar to Open G: G Eb G.
Next Next post: New Country Gospel Tab – Wings of a Dove – as performed by Ferlin Husky, Dolly Parton, George Jones & More!


Amazon Price: CDN$ 19.98 CDN$ 15.00 You save: CDN$ 4.98 (25%). (as of February 10, 2019 12:18 am - Details). Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on the Amazon site at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.


Not meant to puncture your heart.
And yet you let pain live within you. . .
Let your wounds heal. Let the hurt escape.
It could leak any second.
And yet, we can find no thread to mend it.
And wonder if I've grown too tired to care.
Replace your broken boards. Let the hurt escape.
Every moment and memory is alive.
And brightening, surging and flickering.
But what will I do when the blackout comes?
Recharge yourself. Let the hurt escape.
Incredibly fine piece of work!
Wow – powerful stuff! The repetition of "let the hurt escape" works beautifully – just the way that, when reassuring someone, you end up keep saying the same soothing words until they are able to listen. Good work, Alexander!
The quality of this piece is excellent.


continuing further along the gorge trail in watkins glen state park, one will eventually make it to this scene: rainbow falls (upper left of the frame), rainbow bridge and triple cascade. it is probably one of the most photographed areas of the attraction and this is my take on it.
in days gone by, this image would have depicted part of the entrance amphitheatre of watkins glen state park. today, it is simply known as the 'main entrance' from the parking lot off of franklin street. interestingly, it is not until you get rather close to the entrance tunnel (not in frame – off to the right) that one notices the waterfall.
counter-intuitive as it may be, this waterfall is the last one on glen creek and the gorge rail. from this entrance you do indeed start at the end, as it were… so here we have entrance cascade under the sentry bridge, surrounded by massive sculpted rock walls.
the gorge trail is approximately 1.5 miles long from this point, making it a gorgeous 3-mile hike along glen creek, there and back through water-sculpted rock and 19 waterfalls.


I didn't know that the 2 North American CCIE lab testing centers were booked 6 months ahead of time. But they are. So if you're planning to attempt the lab soon, you better get on the calendar now. You don't have to pay until 28 days before the scheduled date, so there's nothing stopping you from getting your seat reserved right now. You can cancel up to 28 days ahead of time with no penalty.
I am on the calendar for April 29, 2008 in RTP, NC. I was hoping for more like February 1. So I'll keep checking the calendar and will grab a spot if one becomes open in the February time frame.
Watch the schedule site daily because a lot of dates become available. A lot of boot camp companies book seats for their students and end up canceling when they don't get the enrollment.


The Lifeboat in Greymouth is about so much more than coffee and stroopwafels. It's a point of contact for people, a place for people to share philosophies and stories.
The Lifeboat NZ was founded by Richard Mons, a Dutchman who came to New Zealand 25 years ago.
After raising two children on his own, becoming involved in an abusive relationship and then losing his job, Richard went through what he describes as his "freefall" in life.
Previously, he had restored a 1908 original lifeboat of Greymouth for a friend. After his freefall, the lifeboat was given back to him. With the boat the only possession he owned, he had the idea to turn the boat into his lifesaver.
It seemed fitting because a lifeboat is constructed for freefall launching and is designed to rescue people from a sinking ship – to save people's lives.
With the help of friends and a little bit of Kiwi ingenuity, The Lifeboat launched in September 2016.
While The Lifeboat is a small business selling Dutch stroopwafels and coffee, its purpose is to increase social contact and to help people who have been through their own free-fall.
Some visitors grab a waffle to take away and have a quick chat while they wait, others stay and sit down for a longer discussion. It's entirely up to the guests how much they share, but no matter what, founder Richard Mons is there to listen.
The Lifeboat is not the type of enterprise where you'll find stats and charts about impact – the impact is best represented qualitatively. The whole idea behind The Lifeboat is to create highly individualised experiences and interactions; there's no story the same.
Richard Mons recounts one of a man who came up to The Lifeboat and asked if they accepted EFTPOS. Richard said that unfortunately they didn't, but he offered the man a free coffee and listened to his story for around half an hour. This man had come over from Melbourne for some quiet time, to take a step back from everything and think about what is really important in life.
These are the kind of interactions Richard has at The Lifeboat every day.
With the help of online media whizz Monique (another Dutch national), The Lifeboat now has multiple platforms available for people who want to share their stories and gush about their stroopwafels. You can find these on The Lifeboat's TripAdvisor, Twitter, Facebook and Instagram.
The Lifeboat has been proven to be a viable concept, and the Greymouth Council have been incredibly supportive. Richard now has plans to establish more Lifeboats around New Zealand to help even more people who need support.
So far, everything has been growing organically. But Richard is looking for a business manager to set goals for the future of The Lifeboat. He hopes to franchise the business, with support and training offered to those who want to start up a Lifeboat of their own.
As a recipient of the Social Enterprise World Forum Bursary Fund, Richard is looking forward to connecting with other social enterprises on a similar journey next month.
The Lifeboat is open whenever weather permits.
Visit The Lifeboat on Tripadvisor.


2018 O&F, Closing worship with communion with Bishop Ruben Saenz Jr. from Great Plains UMC on Vimeo.
The bishop's message during our closing worship focused on Mark 1:14-20, which details the arrest of John the Baptist and Jesus serving as an agent of hope in the aftermath of what must have been an uncertain time for God's people. The scripture talks of Jesus acknowledging that people in a broken world – people living under and shaken by oppression, uncertainty and apathy – needed to change their lives and believe that God was their source of hope (Psalm 62:5). In Mark, we read of the calling of Peter and Andrew as well as James and John. These four men left all that they knew to pursue and proclaim the hope that Jesus offered.
Today's world is in similar turmoil and arrest. People are arrested with uncertainty about the future. They are arrested with paranoia, fear and remain paralyzed to act. They are arrested by lack of hope.
But believers from the Great Plains Conference and beyond are the messengers of hope. As Jesus said, "Time's up!" It is time for us to stop worrying about ourselves and instead reach out and free people in the communities we serve who are under arrest by unclean spirits of paranoia, fear and uncertainties. God's message of hope frees people to move beyond their insecurities to step forward into new possibilities for the future.
In his sermon, the bishop points out that this message of hope is not meant just for the people reading it in Mark's time. "It is a message for our time," Bishop Saenz said.
Please consider watching the sermon again to draw inspiration. As the bishop suggested, please "wrestle with the text." Please share the bishop's sermon with the laity in your church who must rise up and help share this incredible message of hope with people who desperately need to hear it in your mission field.
Worship slides from Wednesday morning worship.
Worship slides from Thursday morning worship.
Worship slides from Friday closing worship and communion.


In a recent post, The New Minimalist Operating Systems, I briefly described three new OSs designed with Docker in mind. I also mentioned Boot2Docker, which I considered to be the smallest (23MB) Docker-focused OS at the time. Less than two weeks later, a new tiny Docker OS has arrived: RancherOS. If you are interested in what makes these two very minimal OSs tick, read on.


text:
Did Gary Sanchez begin his Yankees career with more of a bang than Aaron Judge?
by Martin Alonso July 18, 2017
Over the last 60 games of the 2016 regular season, fans and writers were fawning over Gary Sanchez. The Yankee catcher represented a change in how the Yankees constructed their roster. Gone seem the days were the lineup was crowded with overpaid aging veterans looking to win another championship. The future will now be paved by, much like the rest of the league, a new guard consisting of younger players, whose prime years will form the basis for a new dynasty.
Sanchez quickly took over as the starting catcher and was a regular in the Yankees lineup when not squatting behind the plate. At the end of his second stint, he produced 2.6 WARP while batting 299/.376/.657, becoming a favorite – and deserving – candidate to win Rookie of the Year.
Still, Sanchez does not represent the ends of the new methodology. On the contrary, he is only the first of a string of prospects ready to break into the league. Thanks to savvy, well-timed trades, Brian Cashman has managed to take one of the worst ranked farm systems and turn it into one of the most enviable. The minors was – and still is – plagued with would be contributors to the future of the Yankees dynasty bid (i.e. Gleyber Torres and Clint Frazier).
At 6'7″ , the herculean Aaron Judge has captivated just as many fans as Sanchez did the previous year, providing even more hope that the Yankees rebuild is well-ahead of schedule. Over his first 53 games of the season, Judge ranked first in home runs, fourth in slugging percentage and eighth in true average, all while producing 2.7 WARP. Over the same number of games in 2016, Sanchez ranked seventh in home runs, first in slugging, and eighth in true average. The question is: Who of these two players had a better rookie start? The caveat being, of course, that we are still talking about small sample sizes.
Judging only by WARP, Judge has a barely visible lead. But what if we take their individual stats?
Player G PA AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI BA OBP SLG BB% K% PA/HR WARP
Gary Sanchez 53 229 201 34 60 12 0 20 42 0.299 0.376 0.657 10.5 24.9 11.45 2.6
Aaron Judge 53 224 189 38 62 9 2 18 35 0.328 0.433 0.683 14.7 29.5 12.44 2.7
Well, the stats are split. Sanchez had more PA and AB over the same span of games, hit more doubles and home runs, and had a lower strikeout percentage. Judge, on the other hand, has more triples, a better slash line, and walks more. Sure, Judge has the better rate stats (sans for K%) but looking at their WARP, we can't really say that one was better than the other. In a sense, they balance out.
The difference between them is that Judge seems to be a more hyped player; though this could be to Sanchez's injury and sophomore slump. Nevertheless, over his first 53 games, Judge has been just as good as Sanchez was, and could wind up being even better. If this is the case, then Cashman would have caught lightning in a bottle twice – something that he may be able to do even more times if the rest of the farm system develops like them.
Nobody expected the Yankees to compete in 2017 but with two young, powerful players anchoring the lineup, and the promise of more talent on the way, the Yankees could very well win it all this year. Furthermore, by quickly embracing a young-player philosophy – and succeeding at a more rapid pace than other teams in the league – the Yankees are set to recreate its dynasty years.
Martin Alonso
Follow @@martnar
read more from Martin Alonso
Reacting to Mid-Season Prospect Lists
Yankees go Costco shopping and acquire Robertson, Frazier, and Kahnle


Service Learning Saturdays @ the Outdoor Activity Center This program facilitated by the West Atlanta Watershed Alliance and made possible by a grant from USDA Forest Service for our Atlanta Children's Forest Network, provides the opportunity for youth 10 years and older to participate in meaningful activities encouraging conservation, stewardship and experiential learning on the second Saturday of every month (excluding January and July). Activities include trail building and maintenance, invasive plant eradication, habitat restoration and other activities needed to manage the facility and grounds of this unique urban resource! Sign in and orientation will begin promptly at 10:00 AM. Youth and youthful volunteers can earn up to 3 hours of community service each month. All activities will be supervised by an adult coordinator. Activities occur at the Outdoor Activity Center unless another location is specified in advance of the upcoming date. The OAC is accessible via MARTA. If students from Atlanta Public School System, who require 75 community service hours to progress to the next grade level, participate each month they can amass about half of the required hours of service. College Students and other groups are also welcome to participate!
Sorry, you missed WAWA's Service Saturday at Outdoor Activity Center.
Demand that Outdoor Activity Center gets added to the next tour!
You missed WAWA's Service Saturday at Outdoor Activity Center.
We're generating custom event recommendations for you based on WAWA's Service Saturday right now!


text:
Bazouges kan syfta på:

 Bazouges-la-Pérouse, fransk kommun i departementet Ille-et-Vilaine
 Bazouges-sur-le-Loir, fransk kommun i departementet Sarthe

Se även

 Bazoges
 Bazougers
 La Bazouge

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Watch the possible breakout of the 9/23 high.
Still could be very close to a short-term top.
Index ST Model I *Watch Breakout Stopped out long with gain on 10/01. No position held now.
Index ST Model II Stopped out short flat on 10/08. No position held now.
VIX ENV 10/08 Low Long on 10/06.
Reversal Bar 10/09 *Adjust stop loss 10/06 Low Long on 10/05.
The wave 1 down lasted for 74 weeks and the rebound has lasted 28 weeks which is right at the Fib 38.2 of the previous 74 weeks.
From the market action this week we can see if SPX could breakout above its 9/23 high at 1080 then definitely it's not the wave 3. Instead it still could be A = C which means the target could be around 1159. And the time could be on my next 22 week cycle which happens to be the Fib 50 of the previous 74 weeks.
Breakout above 9/32 high then Index ST Model I will give buy signal. As long as it's not a reversal day, i.e. Close > Open and not a Doji, then I'll follow this signal.
1.2.1 Dow Theory: Averages Must Confirm, since most breadth signals are still overbought plus TRAN has yet confirmed the INDU's new high, so I don't really believe that 1159 target, instead I still think a 10% correction is possible.
5.0.5 S&P Sector Bullish Percent Index I (Weekly), 5.0.6 S&P Sector Bullish Percent Index II (Weekly), take a look if you have time. Quite a few sectors are still overbought especially the Tech sector which is way too overbought.
Short-term, I'm still expecting a pullback to at least fill the 10/8 SPY's 12th unfilled gap. Just I'm not sure which one come first: a new high or a pullback.
1.0.3 S&P 500 SPDRs (SPY 30 min), Symmetrical Triangle breakout, the text book target is $108. This means a new high first.
1.0.2 S&P 500 SPDRs (SPY 60 min), the SPY and QQQQ negative divergence may mean a pullback first. By the way, pay attention to the blue annotation box which lists all the past 8 unfilled gaps. You can see there're usually one to two weeks between each unfilled gaps. While now we had 3 gaps on 10/5, 10/6 and 10/8, almost a gap each day. I think this is too much.
The bottom line: 1.1.3 QQQQ Short-term Trading Signals, one of the black bar's 2 prophecies was realized on Friday so it's reasonable to believe that the past pattern may still work which means we're very close to a short-term top. So still maintain the consolidation then pullback forecast.
The following chart is from www.bespokepremium.com. Up all 5 days of week is a rare thing.
The following chart shows the only 4 cases since 2002 that the SPY up at least 4 days in row and on the last up day the Russell 3000 had more than 1600 stocks up on decreased volume.


text:
When the Stakes are High
"A great protest was mounted by the people, including the wives, against their fellow Jews. Some said, 'We have big families, and we need food just to survive.'
Others said, 'We're having to mortgage our fields and vineyards and homes to get enough grain to keep from starving.'
And others said, 'We're having to borrow money to pay the royal tax on our fields and vineyards. Look: We're the same flesh and blood as our brothers here; our children are just as good as theirs. Yet here we are having to sell our children off as slaves—some of our daughters have already been sold—and we can't do anything about it because our fields and vineyards are owned by somebody else.'
I got really angry when I heard their protest and complaints. After thinking it over, I called the nobles and officials on the carpet. I said, 'Each one of you is gouging his brother.'
Then I called a big meeting to deal with them. I told them, 'We did everything we could to buy back our Jewish brothers who had to sell themselves as slaves to foreigners. And now you're selling these same brothers back into debt slavery! Does that mean that we have to buy them back again?' They said nothing. What could they say?" Nehemiah 5:1-8 (MSG)
Perspective:
Nehemiah was trying to help rebuild the wall in Jerusalem. In the process, the people were being sabotaged by their own people. The city was broken down, and the people weren't able to provide and protect their families like they needed to do. Therefore, the leaders had set up a system were the people could mortgage what they owned for food. However, it still wasn't enough. While this was happening, they were being ridiculed by their enemy neighbors. The people in Jerusalem couldn't take care of their own people. Nehemiah confronted this issue. The people were going through a really difficult time. They needed to rally together if they ever wanted to see the city and their lives rebuilt.
How do people within the church treat others when they are going through a difficult time? Some are quick to lend a hand when needed. However, others can adopt a "make them pay" attitude. Someone made a mistake, a wrong turn, or is in a difficult season. Instead of stepping up to help, it can be easy to cut down and make it even more difficult for them. Yet, those people who are struggling shouldn't have to go looking for help somewhere else. What testimony is it to people outside of the four walls of a church of the kindness of God that leads people to repentance if we can't mirror that same kindness to one another? Nehemiah understood that too much was at stake to allow divisiveness to become the norm. There is still too much at stake. We can be the first one to point a finger or extend our hand; it's up to us how we choose to respond to those around us when they are facing difficulties.
Scripture taken from THE MESSAGE. Copyright © 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002. Used by permission of NavPress Publishing Group.
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PlayStation Classic is around 45 percent smaller than the original PlayStation, but looks pretty much identical, down to its controllers and packaging. In the United Kingdom the console can be pre-ordered from Amazon, GAME, and ShopTo.
As far as games are concerned, Final Fantasy VII, Jumping Flash, Ridge Racer Type 4, Tekken 3, and Wild Arms are confirmed. Nintendo has previously made mini versions of its NES and SNES consoles, which also included a set of pre-loaded classic games. The console comes with an HDMI output cable and a USB power cable. Not all the games have been announced, but PlayStation will roll out the lineup in anticipation of the December 3, 2018 release date.
Gets his info on National Hockey League prospects from playing Franchise Mode on National Hockey League 18. The NES Classic and SNES Classic were both met with a lot of enthusiasm at launch, with the NES Classic being notoriously hard to find for much of its original retail run.
Older UAE gamers will be thrilled at this announcement, and it will probably take them back to the days of going to places like Hamed Centre and Jumbo Electronics to buy their Playstation discs and accessories. At this time, we are able to confirm definitively that PlayStation Classic pre-orders are available in-store at GameStop.
Included in the box are two PS1 controllers for multiplayer gaming. In 2016, the company tapped into the retro craze by releasing the NES Classic, a slimmed-down version of the original Nintendo Entertainment System, which was for sale in the 1980s.
The PlayStation Classic is powered by USB cable, meaning that any port capable of 5W out, or via a USB-to-AC plug, is capable of powering the console.


text:
Portrait of a Pastor
During a recent car ride, I had the opportunity to chat with one of the pastors of the Salvadoran Lutheran Church. He has told me some stories in the past, so I asked him if he would tell me a little bit about his life. I took a few notes during the bumpy ride, and that night I wrote everything I could remember in my journal. Here is his story...
I was born and raised in Tonaca. When the cooperatives were there, I worked with them and then was an FMLN soldier. After the war, I was there and remember when the people came to Los Héroes*. I was a witness to that. They didn't know me as a pastor, but as an FMLN leader. So, when I became a pastor I couldn't serve there among my own people. So I worked at Opico and Quezaltepeque, and later helped to start a mission at Nueva Esperanza in Chalate. I have always worked with cooperatives and like that style of project. I came to Cara Sucia after Hurricane Mitch when the Lutheran World Federation set up the radio station and emergency building.
During the war, I almost died three times. The FMLN advanced, taking the communities around Guazapa. The military responded. I was in Apopa and a bomb fell on the place like a house where I was. The bomb went into a hole and exploded upwards, so that everything which surrounded me was blown upwards into the sky. My group expected me to be blown up, but I had been near a window. Maybe that saved me or maybe it was because the explosion went upwards. I came out of the house. I remember checking to make sure all of my body parts were there.
Another time I was on Troncal del Norte (the main highway which goes north from San Salvador). This was the "happening place" for a lot of war action. There was a big electrical storm as we walked down the highway. Two transformers, which were located above me one on either side of the road, were hit by lightning. I quickly ducked into a little ball with my backside in the air and waited for the sparks and power lines, pieces of metal and rays of electricity to fall on me. I was expecting to die. The fire and debris fell all around me, and my group expected me to be charred to a crisp. Everything around me was burnt, but the little spot where I crouched was not burned. I went back to this spot much later and could still see the burn marks. Maybe you can still see them. I wondered why God caused me to live. This was the second time I was saved.
There was a third time. These times made me think about God and this is why I became a pastor. I didn't really think about God before this. On November 11 in the late afternoon I put on my dark clothes and we moved forward.** There were a lot of us. Well, we need to honor the veterans. There were so many who were with me. There is no recognition for those who were injured during the war or who need help.
Well, I grew up in Tonaca. I can tell you about the legends there. Of course I already told you about Cipitillo and the Siguanaba. These are true stories. When I was a little boy, one time my father was walking home at midnight. There was a place where three huge trees stood together and there was a large canopy. You can go see these trees - do you know where they are? My father came to this spot and suddenly there appeared a big huge animal and he realized it was a burro. It was scary with red eyes. My father was paralyzed with fear. The giant burro flapped its big ears at him and sort of slapped his face with them. My father ran home. I woke up when he came in the house and he was really trembling with fear.
Did I tell you about the the headless priest? He comes out at night and stands in the middle of the road. You walk past him and then he follows you. You can feel the cold behind you because he is following. People run in the dark because of this. Many people have felt the cold of the headless priest.
Well, there are many stories...this is a little bit about my life.
*Los Héroes was settled in 1996 by 150 families who were displaced during the war. The Salvadoran Lutheran Church helped the families to settle and established a congregation - the only church in the community at the time. In the past 17 years the community has more than tripled in size.
**This was the final offensive which the FMLN mounted in 1989. I had read about the final offensive but it did not click when the pastor was talking with me about November 11th that he was speaking about this event.
Biography God at Work History Legends
Christmas Wishes from El Salvador
Jesus to the Rescue


The Barn Church (also known as St. Mary Magdalene's), is part of the Parish of Gossops Green and Bewbush, St. Alban's, in the Diocese of Chichester.
The Parish Church is St. Alban's, in Gossops Green. You can visit the St. Alban's website by clicking on this link.
As well as being a beautiful Church, the Barn also makes a great venue for conferences, parties, clubs, meetings and Church quiet days. Please see the Hire Information Page for more details.


Gingher's classic embroidery scissor - versatile enough for all sewing and needle arts. Knife edge blades can cut through multiple layers of fabric or other craft material.
Great for clipping curves and notching or cutting buttonholes.
'Durable double-plated chrome over nickel finish.
Includes a fitted sheath and tin for storage.


text:
Q: Return results from Redshift database based on IF condition in Python I need to extract results from a redshift database  based on an IF condition written in Python.
Suppose I have a table with CustomerID, SHipment Number, Invoice Station, ect as columns in Redshift  table, I want to get all the records from Redshift table if customer ID exists which should be checked with user input.

*

*TABLE NAME = ShipmentInfo

*COLUMNS = CustomerID, BillNumber, Invoicing Station, Charges, etc.

Python
import psycopg2

con=psycopg2.connect(dbname= 'datamodel', host='123',
                     port= '5439', user= 'bce', password= 'Ciz')

cur = con.cursor()
HWB = input("Enter the House Bill Number : ")

#if CustomerID = HWB:
cur.execute("SELECT source_system, file_nbr, file_date, CustomerID
             FROM public.shipment_info where CustomerID = $HWB")

results = cur.fetchall()

cur.close()
con.close()

print(results)

A: Consider parameterization of user input value (else risk the infamous, Bobby Tables).
# PREPARED STATEMENT WITH PLACEHOLDER
sql = """SELECT source_system, file_nbr, file_date, CustomerID
         FROM public.shipment_info
         WHERE CustomerID = %s
      """

# BIND PARAM VALUES WITH TUPLE OF ONE-ITEM
cur.execute(sql, (HWB,))

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