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text:
Surrogate Selection: An Increasingly Viable, But Limited, Solution to Intractable Futility Disputes
Saint Louis University Journal of Health Law & Policy, Vol. 3, p. 183, 2010
Widener Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 10-09
71 Pages Posted: 13 Feb 2010 Last revised: 6 Nov 2013
See all articles by Thaddeus Mason Pope
Thaddeus Mason Pope
Mitchell Hamline School of Law; Queensland University of Technology - Australian Health Law Research Center; Saint Georges University; Alden March Bioethics Institute
Date Written: February 12, 2010
This article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of "surrogate selection" as a solution to intractable medical futility disputes. It concludes that while surrogate selection is an increasingly viable solution, it remains only a partial solution because it is often difficult or impossible to demonstrate that a surrogate demanding non-recommended end-of-life medical treatment is acting outside the scope of her authority.
Over the past twelve years, many states have been developing new legislative solutions to intractable medical futility disputes. The most widely-discussed solution empowers healthcare providers to unilaterally refuse patient- or surrogate-requested treatment that the provider deems inappropriate. In Texas, for example, when providers and patients' surrogates cannot agree on appropriate life-sustaining medical treatment, the state Advance Directives Act designates the hospital ethics committee as adjudicator of last resort. The Idaho Senate recently passed a bill to the same effect. And policymakers in other states are considering similar legislation.
But Harvard Medical School Professor Robert Truog argues that this too-provider friendly sort of internal dispute resolution legislation is h unnecessary and dangerous. He argues that current healthcare decisions laws in every state already give healthcare providers a mechanism to avoid providing inappropriate medicine demanded by surrogates. Specifically, when a surrogate demands treatment that providers deem medically inappropriate, these "surrogate selection" laws often permit providers to designate a new surrogate from whom consent to withhold/withdraw can be obtained.
The logic behind these laws is simple. A surrogate is the patient's agent and, as such, must act according to the patient's instructions, known preferences, and best interests. When a surrogate exceeds the scope of her authority, she can and should be replaced. For example, providers took a surrogate selection approach in the famous Helga Wanglie case. Rather than ask the court to make the treatment decision, providers asked the judge only to make a procedural decision appointing a new decision maker. The court-appointed guardian, in turn, would make the substantive decision.
While providers were ultimately unsuccessful in both Wanglie and similar cases during the early 1990s, surrogate selection has, more recently, proven to be a successful approach. Emblematic of this approach, in a string of published cases during 2008 and 2009, courts from New York to California replaced patients' surrogates because they were demanding inappropriately aggressive end-of-life treatment.
Yet, while surrogate selection has become increasingly well-grounded in both statutory standards and judicial precedent, it remains only a partial solution to intractable futility disputes. To replace a surrogate requires evidence of a contradiction between the surrogate's decision and the patient's instructions, known preferences, and best interests. But, for two main reasons, providers will frequently be unable to demonstrate any such contradiction. First, providers will often lack enough evidence of patient instructions or preferences to demonstrate surrogate deviation. Second, in many cases, surrogate decisions (for non-beneficial treatment) will actually be in harmony with patient wishes.
In sum, Professor Truog is right to endorse surrogate selection as a solution to intractable futility disputes. It is a mechanism that can often work, and one that, where possible, should be preferred over power-shifting laws. Yet, since surrogate selection cannot resolve significant categories of conflict, we must still develop dispute resolution mechanisms to handle those remaining disputes in which providers conflict with "irreplaceable" surrogates.
Keywords: Medical Futility, Mediation, End-of-Life, Bioethics, Surrogate, Advance Directives
JEL Classification: I18, I19, K13, K40
Pope, Thaddeus Mason, Surrogate Selection: An Increasingly Viable, But Limited, Solution to Intractable Futility Disputes (February 12, 2010). Saint Louis University Journal of Health Law & Policy, Vol. 3, p. 183, 2010; Widener Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 10-09. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1551979
Thaddeus Mason Pope (Contact Author)
Mitchell Hamline School of Law ( email )
875 Summit Avenue
HOME PAGE: http://www.thaddeuspope.com
Queensland University of Technology - Australian Health Law Research Center ( email )
2 George Street
Brisbane, Queensland 4000
Saint Georges University ( email )
Alden March Bioethics Institute ( email )
47 New Scotland Ave

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
El coronel William Light, (27 de abril de 1786 - 6 de octubre de 1839) fue un oficial militar británico y el primer Topógrafo Supervisor General de la Colonia de Australia meridional. Es famoso por elegir el lugar de Adelaida, la capital de la colonia, y el diseño del trazado de sus calles.

William Light nació en Kuala Kedah, Siam (actualmente Malasia) y creció en Penang hasta la edad de seis años, cuando fue enviado a Inglaterra para ser educado. Fue un hijo ilegítimo del capitán Francis Light, el administrador de Penang, y Rozells Martina, una mulata portuguesa o francesa, de ascendencia siamesa y malaya. William Light murió de tuberculosis en Adelaida.

Referencias

 "Light, William". 1983. Angus & Robertson concise Australian encyclopaedia ISBN 0-207-14820-1

 Elizabeth Kwan. 1987. Living in South Australia: A Social History Vol. 1: From Before 1836 to 1914

 Geoffrey Dutton. 1991. Founder of a City : the life of Colonel William Light, first Surveyor- General of the colony of South Australia  (1960) Cheshire. Subsecuentes republicaciones: Rigby, 1971; 1984; y como Colonel William Light : founder of a city. Melbourne University Press

Enlaces externos

Plan Of The City Of Adelaide In South Australia. With The Acre Allotments Numbered And A Reference To The Names Of The Original Purchasers. Surveyed And Drawn By Colonel Light 1837
The District Of Adelaide, South Australia, As Divided Into Country Sections. From The Trigonometrical Surveys Of Colonel Light, Late Survr. Genl. 18 de febrero de 1839
The District Of Adelaide, South Australia, As Divided Into Country Sections. From The Trigonometrical Surveys Of Colonel Light, Late Survr. Genl. Updated To 1840.
Otras biografías
Adelaide Park Lands Preservation Association
HistorySouthAustralia.net

Topógrafos de Australia
Emigrantes ingleses hacia Australia
Fallecidos por tuberculosis
Militares británicos del siglo XIX

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Last Updated on December 28, 2021 by NetWorth Staff
You will definitely have a hard time finding somebody who has never heard of Angelina Jolie. When it comes to actresses, she is one of the most famous ones. Her career in the entertainment industry has been a huge success ever since she started out. Angelina Jolie net worth estimates go around $120 million, which is definitely a lot for many stars of the entertainment industry.
Angelina Jolie Net Worth – $120 MILLION
Birth Name – Angelina Jolie Voight
Date of birth – June 4, 1975
Zodiac Sign – Gemini
Birth Place – Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Profession – Screenwriter, Film producer, Voice Actor, Author, Film director, Philanthropist, Model
However, this does not really come as a shock. She is a very talented actress who has had plenty of important roles in large-scale movie productions. Even both of her parents were actors, so her eventual success was to be expected.
Still, not many people know that, during her teenage years, Angelina was more interested in appearing in music videos and focused on a potential modeling career. While those activities certainly contributed to her overall net worth, her acting career is the main driving force behind it. Eventually, she decided to give the movie industry a shot, a decision she never regretted.
The year 1993 marked her debut as an actress in the film industry with the movie "Cyborg 2". While the movie was not that well-known, it still was considered to be a commercial success, so it was a good start for Angelina. In 1995, she appeared in the movie "Hackers", which was also considered an immense success. Both of these movies helped make her popular and establish her as a well-known actress.
However, the movie "George Wallace" is brought her popularity and recognition throughout the world. Her performance was so good that got her a Golden Globe nomination and, in the end, the award itself, a huge accomplishment for an aspiring actress.
Besides several Golden Globe Awards, Angelina Jolie enriched her portfolio with Academy and SAGA Awards, each one of them being just another brick at the foundation of her impressive reputation and triumph. After these, the transition to large-scale action movies like "Lara Croft" and "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" was a decisive career move that definitely boosted her total net worth over the years.
While some attributed her success on the big screen to her irresistible looks, Angelina set out to prove that the world will love her without any aesthetic influences, and succeeded through her with the movie "Kung Fu Panda", in which she voiced the character of Shark Taleand.
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text:
Q: Where to find 'application.log'? I've enabled production mode logging in Play! and I'm using this configuration from here http://www.playframework.org/documentation/1.2.3/production

log4j.rootLogger=ERROR, Rolling

log4j.logger.play=INFO

# Rolling files
log4j.appender.Rolling=org.apache.log4j.RollingFileAppender
log4j.appender.Rolling.File=application.log
log4j.appender.Rolling.MaxFileSize=1MB
log4j.appender.Rolling.MaxBackupIndex=100
log4j.appender.Rolling.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.Rolling.layout.ConversionPattern=%d{ABSOLUTE} %-5p ~ %m%n

When I run the app with play run where is application.log created?

A: With this config, it will be in the working directory of the application. It's maybe easier and more deterministic to put an absolute path in there.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `selectielijst` (
 `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
 `meta_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
 `category_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
 `language` varchar(5) NOT NULL,
 `titel` varchar(255),
 `omschrijving` text,
 `created_on` datetime NOT NULL,
 `edited_on` datetime NOT NULL,
 `sequence` int(11) NOT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci;

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `selectielijst_categories` (
 `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
 `meta_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
 `language` varchar(5) NOT NULL,
 `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
 `sequence` int(11) NOT NULL,
 `created_on` datetime NOT NULL,
 `edited_on` datetime NOT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This morning was a very stormy day. In fact, it was so stormy, that parts of I-35 were shut down because of flooding. My Japanese lesson was scheduled for the morning. It got cancelled. But we rescheduled for the afternoon, so it was not necessarily a bad thing.
Sensei told us yesterday that she only wanted us to speak to her in Japanese in the future. That did not work out. But I think it sets a good direction, so I started sending messages to the group in Japanese – even if I had to look up words in Jisho to find words I didn't know.
There was a little pushback from the group wrt the kanji I used that they did not know, but I showed one of the members how to look up unfamiliar kanji, and I pointed out that I prefer to use kanji rather than hiragana because the meaning is far more precise. He seemed to understand. I do not recognize words as easily when using hiragana as I do when using kanji, though maybe that is something I should also work on.
I am not the most competent in the group (I refuse to remark on where exactly in the group I think I am), but I am working on it, and my strength right now seems to be in memorizing kanji and the important readings. In fact, when necessary, I can remember a kanji even after seeing it only once or twice, though it does depend on the kanji. Some give me more trouble than others. But I was drawing kanji on the whiteboard that no one else in the room except for sensei knew. Perhaps I was showing off just a bit, but truth be told, I was just enjoying actually knowing something useful for once instead of feeling like I was just barely keeping up, as I usually do.
I still do not like where I am. But for the first time, today, I felt like I could at least hold my own and contribute something of value to the group. And that's something, anyway.
I think a part of my issue, honestly, is that I am very good with the English language. I'm not perfect, as it is a very difficult language, but I'm good at it even compared to other native speakers. I spell well, I have relatively good grammar, and I manage to avoid most of the pitfalls that many others fall into. But in Japanese, I have none of that. I read and write on the level of a first grader, and frankly my vocabulary is much smaller than that of a first grader. That is an uncomfortable place to be. And the sad truth is that no matter how good I get at the language, I will never be as fluent as even the youngest grade school student.
But all that aside, and for reasons I don't even understand, I'm not giving up. And as I've mentioned, it gets easier.


text:
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The boom/bust cycle is as old as Western banking itself. Our hosts break through the mainstream headlines to find the stories that matter, and help you navigate the booms and the busts.
Topics: china, federal reserve, boeing, rick sanchez, christie, new york, sarah, donald trump, india,...
Lectures in History : CSPAN3 : November 1, 2015 11:35am-1:02pm EST
Historian and author Joseph Ellis leads a seminar for high-school teachers on the early years of the Revolutionary War through the letters of John and Abigail Adams. This is the second of a two-part lecture.
Topics: john adams, adams, jefferson, prof. ellis, virginia, massachusetts, abigail, john, philadelphia,...
At Midnight : COM : August 7, 2014 2:04am-2:32am PDT
Kurt Braunohler; Jessimae Peluso; Jason Biggs.
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2011 Los Angeles Times Festival of Books Education. (2011) David Eisenbach; Larry Flynt ('One Nation Under Sex How the Private Lives of Presidents...') New.
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Democracy Now! : LINKTV : April 10, 2013 8:00am-9:00am PDT
News/Business. Independent global news hour featuring news headlines, in depth interviews and investigative reports. (CC) (Stereo)
Topics: benjamin franklin, newton, trisha
KVPR 89.3 FM/KPRX 89.1 FM [Valley Public Radio]
KVPR 89.3 FM/KPRX 89.1 FM [Valley Public Radio] : December 09, 2019 07:00PM-08:00PM PST
Topics: Radio Program, American Freemasons, Washington administration cabinet members, Writers from...
U.S. Senate U.S. Senate : CSPAN2 : January 20, 2018 5:59pm-7:37pm EST
[LIVE] The Senate returned for possible votes on a temporary funding bill that would end the government shutdown. Sponsor: U.S. Senate
Topics: daca, schumer, florida, mr. schumer, mr. rubio, obama, washington, donald trump, china, texas,...
American Artifacts : CSPAN3 : June 21, 2015 6:00pm-6:55pm EDT
National Park Service Park Ranger Matthew Ifill shares the story of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitutional Convention from the room inside Independence Hall where the events took place.
Topics: washington, pennsylvania, virginia, philadelphia, france, benjamin franklin, maryland, new york,...
KRON 4 Morning News : KRON : November 15, 2016 7:00am-10:01am PST
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Late Night With Seth Meyers : KUSA : February 10, 2016 11:37pm-12:37am MST
Ryan Reynolds; Katie Lowes. Also: Wynonna and the Big Noise perform; Jaleel Bunton sits in with the 8G Band.
Topics: ryan reynolds, bernie sanders, susan, new york, seth meyers, katie lowes, republican, bush, chris...
Eyewitness News : KYW : April 25, 2017 2:07am-2:41am EDT
Topics: philadelphia, washington, don bell, lopez, a&e, kate, delaware, hassan reddick, sears, israel,...
Former Defense Secretary Jim Mattis & Others Discuss Coronavirus Global Response : CSPAN : May 4, 2020 2:00am-3:06am EDT
Former Defense Secretary Jim Mattis joined the former director of the U.K. Special Forces, Sir Graeme Lamb, in a discussion on the global response to the coronavirus pandemic sponsored by the Yale University's Jackson Institute for Global Affairs. They discussed the global significance of the pandemic, the importance of competent and decisive leadership in times of crisis, the response from the U.S. and U.K., how militaries can play an effective role, and the importance of global coordination...
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Stephen Coss recalls a smallpox outbreak in Boston in April 1721 that resulted in 844 deaths, a tenth of Boston's population at the time
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Education. (2012) Maurice Jackson ('Let This Voice Be Heard Anthony Benezet, Father of Atlantic Abolitionism.')
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Funny or Die Video c723656c82: Showbeast - Monsters of Rock
by Funny or Die
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Action News Weekend 6AM : WPVI : September 26, 2015 6:00am-7:01am EDT
Topics: philadelphia, francis, ben franklin, karen rogers, logan, schuylkill expressway, katherine scott,...
Action News Weekend 6AM : WPVI : November 18, 2017 6:00am-7:01am EST
Topics: philadelphia, trenton, allentown, anoro, pennsylvania, roy moore, pittsburgh, nydia, jardiance,...
Book TV : CSPAN2 : June 10, 2012 5:15pm-6:00pm EDT
Bob Deans Education. (2012) 'Reckless The Political Assault on the American Environment.' New.
Topics: heather, nrdc, bob deans, t.s. eliot, washington, montesquieu, george h. w. bush, us as a nation,...
Harlow Giles Unger, Dr. Benjamin Rush : CSPAN2 : December 8, 2018 5:30pm-6:28pm EST
Historian Harlow Giles Unger recalled the life of Dr. Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, who espoused equal rights for women, the abolition of slavery, and free health care and public education. Sponsor: National Archives and Records Administration
Topics: washington, dr. benjamin, philadelphia, jefferson, pennsylvania, adams, benjamin, john adams, mr....
Boom Bust : RT : September 24, 2020 3:30am-4:00am EDT
Topics: china, federal reserve, boeing, trump, rick sanchez, russia, benjamin franklin, sarah, washington,...
WBCF 1240 AM [NewsTalk 1240]
WBCF 1240 AM [NewsTalk 1240] : December 11, 2017 01:00AM-02:00AM CST
Topics: Radio Program, National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees, Congressional Gold Medal recipients,...
Key Capitol Hill Hearings : CSPAN : November 13, 2015 10:00am-10:31am EST
Key Capitol Hill Hearings.
Topics: washington, lawrence lessig, donald trump, bernie sanders, texas, austin, poll, florida, benjamin...
Government Access Programming : SFGTV : January 5, 2019 9:00am-10:01am PST
Topics: san francisco, mandelman, california, rafael mandelman, benjamin franklin, borden, scott weiner,...
Postmaster General DeJoy Discussion with The Economic Club : CSPAN2 : September 25, 2020 12:02am-12:53am EDT
Postmaster General Louis DeJoy participated in a virtual conversation with The Economic Club of Washington, DC to talk about a host of topics including postal service employment diversity, operations, and handling of mail-in ballots for the 2020 election. General DeJoy also spoke about the coronavirus and how it's impacted the postal service workforce. He said about 10,000 have contracted the virus and 91 have passed away. Sponsor: Economic Club of Washington
Topics: new york, washington, benjamin franklin, white house, florida, trump
Japanese American National Museum : CSPAN3 : February 21, 2017 9:30pm-9:58pm EST
Bill Shishima gave a tour of the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo. Mr. Shishima was born in Little Tokyo in 1930 and spent three years at Heart Mountain Relocation Center in Wyoming during World War II. Located near downtown Los Angeles, Little Tokyo is one of three remaining "Japantowns" in California, where as many as forty thrived prior to World War II. People: Bill Shishima Sponsor: C-SPAN | American History TV,Japanese American National Museum
Topics: wyoming, california, hawaii, tokyo, los angeles, crystal city, roosevelt, texas, japan, benjamin...
Public Affairs Events : CSPAN : November 18, 2016 6:00pm-8:01pm EST
Public affairs events, congressional hearings, speeches, and interviews.
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FOX 13 6:00 News : WTVT : November 15, 2016 6:00pm-7:00pm EST
Topics: publix, florida, mike evans, john morgan, brooksville, patricia, grandma, new york, donald trump,...
Key Capitol Hill Hearings : CSPAN : July 6, 2016 12:00am-2:01am EDT
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Key Capitol Hill Hearings : CSPAN : August 3, 2015 2:00pm-4:01pm EDT
Topics: francis, philadelphia, cuba, etc., washington, florida, l.a., dr. papademetriou, los angeles, new...
KANZ 91.1 FM/KCSE 90.7 FM/KGUY 91.3 FM/KJJP 105.7 FM/KTDH 89.3 FM/KTOT 89.5 FM/KTXP 91.5 FM/KZAN 91.7 FM/KZCK 88.1 FM/KZNA 90.5 FM/KZNK 90.1 FM/KZNZ 91.5 FM [High Plains Public Radio]
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TAP announces summer/fall schedule
Christopher Clough
With its spring season just getting underway, Third Avenue Playhouse announced the three stage shows that make up its 2016 summer/fall season.
• First up, running from June 30 to July 23, is "Isaac's Eye," a work by up-and-coming young playwright Lucas Hnath that premiered in late 2014. It will star Jared Davis, most recently in "Of Mice and Men" at Milwaukee Repertory Theater, making his TAP debut as the brilliant 17th-century scientist Isaac Newton as Newton engages in an battle of intellects, egos and romantic interest with his rival British scientist, the mostly forgotten but perhaps equally brilliant Robert Hooke. Hnath set the play in a contemporary setting with creative, modern theatrical staging, with humor balancing the tension.
Also appearing in "Issac's Eye" will be Drew Brhel, who's been in the cast of "Talley's Folly" and Educating Rita" at TAP, Kay Allmand ("The Glass Menagerie," "Steel Magnolias") and Dan Klarer ("Santaland Diaries," "Greater Tuna"). TAP co-artistic director Robert Boles will direct.
• On stage from July 28 to Sept. 3 is TAP co-artistic director James Valcq's adaptation of the classic Otto Harbach/Karl Hoschna musical comedy "Madame Sherry," which premiered in 1910. In its time it was one of the bigger hits of the musical stage, but it hasn't been produced by a professional company in nearly 30 years.
This vintage show has a man-about-town's secret life about to be discovered by his stuffy benefactor, which leads to romantic escapades that take him from his Manhattan dance studio to a yacht. Some of its songs — which have been recorded by artists such as Judy Garland, Brenda Lee, Doris Day, The Platters, and Barbara Streisand — include "Every Little Movement Has a Meaning All Its Own," "Put Your Arms Around Me, Honey," "Ballin' the Jack" "I Don't Care" and "Oh! You Beautiful Doll."
Valcq directs a cast that features himself and past TAP players Brhel, Katherine Duffy ("Sylvia," "I Love a Piano"), Debra Babich ("House of Blue Leaves"), Kaleigh Rae Gamaché ("Maid to Marry") and Ryan Patrick Shaw ("I Love a Piano," "The Fantasticks"). Joining TAP for the first time will be Steve Koehler, known for his Northern Sky Theater appearances and playing Lloyd in "Guys on Ice," and Anna Mae Beyer. Milwaukee pianist/performer Jack Forbes Wilson is musical director.
• The season concludes with Boles directing a production of the Pulitzer Prize-winning drama "The Gin Game" from Sept. 8 to Oct. 16.
Written by D.L Coburn, the play has assisted-living facility residents Fonsia Dorsey and Weller Martin bonding over dislike of their seedy nursing home and their enjoyment playing gin rummy with one another. But as Fonsia wins the games again and again, Weller is forced to choose between friendship and competition in this sometimes funny, sometimes tense, sometimes poignant show.
Brhel stars in the TAP production alongside Claire Morkin ("Souvenir," "The Glass Menagerie").
The spring schedule at TAP has Duffy in the one-woman, seven-character "The Amish Project" now through March 20; "A Walk in the Woods" from March 31 to April 17; and "Patio/Porch" from May 19 to June 5. It also has the Lisa Rock tribute concert "Close to You: The Music of The Carpenters" on April 30 and local high school students starring in "The Laramie Project" from May 6 to 8.
Third Avenue Playhouse is at 239 N. Third Avenue, Sturgeon Bay; its box office is across the street at 234 N. Third Ave. Each run of the summer/fall is preceded by a "pay what you can" preview performance the night before it opens. For a complete schedule, tickets or more information, call 920-743-1760 or go to www.thirdavenueplayhouse.com.
Christopher Clough is the editor of Your Key to the Door Weekly. Contact him at 920-743-3321, Ext. 143; cclough@doorcountyadvocate.com or through his Facebook page.


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Home » Travel & Tourism » Cycling
The Black Isle is brilliant for cycling, with some superb on and off-road routes to be explored on two wheels.
Using a bike is cheap, gets you fit, and is a great way to beat the queues - particularly relevant when the Kessock Bridge is busy.
If the option of using an E-Bike interests you, loans are currently available via the Energy Saving Trust / Home energy Scotland to help with buying one. See this link for more information
https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/scotland/grants-loans/ebike-loan
or call Home Energy Scotland free on 0808 808 2282.
Culbokie Community Cycle Club Courses
From the Culbokie Community Trust January newsletter
CCCC has added another C (for "Courses") to its acronym, with two free, half day, bike maintenance courses coming up, courtesy of funding from Cycling UK. The first of these, on 12th March, will deal with essential skills to deal with common problems like punctures, and the second, on 26th March, is a bit more advanced. Both will be afternoon courses, and will take place in Findon Hall.
The club is also planning to organise another "Couch to 20 km" course, taking cyclists from little or no experience and fitness to riding 20 km over 6 weeks, provisionally starting on 30th March. All these probably feel a long way off just now – we're still getting used to it being 2022! – but if anyone is interested, email cycling@culbokiect.org for more details.
There are more details of the club, and a downloadable membership application form, on our website at
https://www.culbokiect.org/index.asp?pageid=721570.
Moving away from rural car dependency
Bo Hickey, infrastructure officer at Sustrans Scotland, explores the issues of car dependency and transport poverty in rural areas.
The definition of "rural" is subjective, but often raises a mental image of remoteness, challenging weather, and timber lorries hurtling along single-track roads. For many, the notion of driving is seen as an absolute necessity for rural residents and visitors alike.
However, these perceptions overlook that many, perhaps most, settlements considered "rural", are actually located on arterial public transport routes and path networks, with many outlying houses and hamlets within a 20-minute walk, wheel, or cycle from local services.
Given how many rural settlements were established (and sometimes even more populated) well before the rise of the Motor Vehicle, could it be that barriers to active travel are not actually related to distance and location?
Perhaps the lack of safe active travel provision, combined with modern expectations to live life at a rapid pace, present a much bigger obstacle.
New cycling promotion project by Cycling UK
George Ewing of Cycling UK in Scotland has emailed
. . . I have been recently appointed as a Development Officer for the Highland area by Cycling UK in Scotland to implement a project call "Shift" and I would like to provide you with a brief overview of this project.
Shift aims to increase the number of people cycling for short everyday journeys, increase confidence to cycle and promote positive attitudes towards cycling. Shift aims to do this by -
Enabling grassroots groups/community organisations/business to run cycling support activities.
Supporting partners to explore and incorporate services using bikes.
Enabling individuals and organisations across Scotland to access webinars and content supporting cycling.
Enabling organisations across local communities to network, collaborate and share experience and learning.
An interested party will be able to apply for Shift funding of between £400 - £800 via a webform. The funding can be used in various ways to provide opportunity, capability and the motivation for all to cycle more. This could be achieved by using the funding anyway within the guidelines but could include the following -
Basic bike maintenance sessions
Dr Bike / "M" check sessions
Purchase group/organisation accessories e.g. helmets, locks, panniers, lights
Security bike marking session
Capability:
Essential cycling skills sessions
Training staff/volunteers to be cycle ride leaders
Training (other) for staff/volunteers
Knowledge sessions e.g. maps & route planning, riding in adverse conditions
Motivation:
Cycle demo/try out sessions
Hire/Loan of cycles
1:1/small group confidence or route orientation sessions
I'm really excited about the opportunities that this project offer our communities and I for one am looking forward to getting started. I would like to highlight that this project has not officially been launched yet, but I am sending this information out to you as a taster of what is to come. If Shift interests you in any way please get in touch with me to discuss further and I will be more than happy to help.
George Ewing
Development Officer (Caithness)
Direct Line: 07341 792374
Main Line: 01483 238300
Email: george.ewing@cyclinguk.org
"Lockdown has brought with it many challenges to the sector. Local and national government have focussed their attention and efforts on dealing with Covid, rather than building their response to Climate Change and prioritising sustainable travel. This priority has been replicated in the third sector with agencies focussing their activities on supporting the most vulnerable and ensuring key workers can travel to work safely. So collectively the momentum that had been generated in previous years has been paused and we need to reignite the passion and commitment that may have been lost.
The seismic reduction in use of public transport has accelerated a worrying decline in patronage that will take a concerted effort to reverse. It was a big task to get people out of their cars and onto public transport before lockdown, it is an even bigger ask now.
Embedding the changed behaviours that have seen more people walking and cycling than ever before has to be a priority. Building on the momentum of people experiencing their local community as a pedestrian or a cyclist so it becomes everyday behaviour, not just something that is done during a pandemic. Lockdown has created a new audience of people who have experienced the benefits of quieter streets, improved physical health and living without the need for a car.
In the run up to the online National Active Travel Conference 2021 on 2 June, Cycling Scotland reports a massive increase in cycle journeys and cycle and equipment sales in 2020.
Statistics we released on 6 April 2021 show a 47% increase in cycling journeys recorded between 23 March 2020 and 22 March 2021 - one year since Covid-19 restrictions were introduced in Scotland.
In 2020, increases of 68% in April, 77% in May, 63% in June, 44% in July and 33% in August were recorded, compared to the same months in 2019.
September 2020 saw a rise of 32%, followed by October (22%), November (7%) and December (4%). During bad weather in January this year, cycling rates decreased 14% before rising 20% in February 2021.
Latest figures from the Bicycle Association show sales of bikes, bike parts, accessories and services increased by 45% across the UK in 2020, with the trend set to continue.
Conference information and tickets (£30.00)
Avoch to Munlochy Cycle path
TBI has been trying since 2014 to facilitate the creation of a cycle and pedestrian path to avoid the busy main road between Avoch and Munlochy. After a feasibility study identified possible routes, progress slowed in the face of anticipated problems in acquiring the necessary land. Activity resumed in 2019 with a further consultants' review of the route and the recent announcement of a public consultation process, but problems over land acquisition remain unresolved.
TBI Convenor Julian Paren outlines the thinking behind the proposal for a path and reviews the progress to date.
The road from Avoch to Munlochy is one of the most well-used in the area. As well as local trips, both drivers and cyclists use it to commute to Inverness, with others coming into the area to visit tourist sites, shops and guest houses. Transition Black Isle (TBI) has been working to improve safety on the road - and to make it accessible for people traveling on foot, by bike or traveling in a wheelchair, mobility scooter or with a pram.
In 2014, TBI sought an alternative solution - a dedicated cycle path that could be used by commuting and leisure cyclists, walkers as well as parents with prams and young children, or the infirm riding mobility scooters.
Other documents about the cycle path are available at
Resources / Document library / Transport / Cycling / Avoch-Munlochy cycle path .
Part of the likely route of the cycle path - image Richard Dorrell, Geograph, Creative Commons Licence.
March 2021 From the CCT March newsletter
Culbokie Community Cycle Club
With longer days, spring weather and a slight relaxation of covid rules, the Culbokie Community Cycle Club is getting back in the saddle. The club organises regular group rides to suit all abilities. Membership is free; there are more details and a link to the membership form on our website – and also some suggestions for cycling and walking in the area.
Cycling clubs on the Black Isle
One of the unexpected benefits of Covid-19 has been the increased interest in cycling, and in Culbokie they have formed a new cycle club to help new and returning cyclists, and to give an opportunity for more experienced riders to find new pedal pals.
The Culbokie Club organises two club rides most weeks, sometimes more, and has also organised ride leader training and a roadside maintenance course for its members. And one of the benefits, in these days when socialising is difficult, is that the club rides are classed as "organised sport" so the rides are a rare chance for a blether with like-minded folk.
Over the coming weeks and months TBI is planning to work with the Culbokie Club to see if their model can be replicated in other Black Isle villages. For more details, contact Martin Sherring (martin@pennyandmartin.co.uk/ 07730 927518).
Velocity Cafe - GoByCycle and GetCycling
GoByCycle is a schools and community outreach programme
Our Go ByCycle project encourages and supports Active Travel in schools and communities either by walking, cycling, wheeling or parking & striding! We are currently working within the Millburn, IRA, Dingwall and Fortrose clusters.
We organise and deliver free activities such as Bikeability (cycling proficiency), Essential Cycling Skills, cycle training, presentations, workshops, Dr Bike sessions and fun events such as Bike to School Week.
As lockdown is easing we are offering outreach bike maintenance, led rides and 'how to cycle safely' sessions for individuals and households in Inverness and Mid Ross. If you're interested, please complete this short form: ParticipUKt Info Form. Please also see our COVID-19 Information and Advice.
Please contact 07921 843374 or gobycycle@velocitylove.co.uk for more information.
GoByCycle on Facebook, Twitter, and website.
GetCycling
The Active Travel and general cycling links have recently been moved from GoByCycle to a new GetCycling page.
This includes links to our new Active Travel map and the TBI website.


This glossary of key terms will help you understand the meaning behind some of the words you'll read when learning about Simple Life.
This is the notification you'll receive each year before your policy anniversary. It confirms your latest policy details, including your cover and premium.
This is the date your application for cover is accepted and you'll see it confirmed on your policy schedule. A new cover start date will apply if you add or increase cover, but only in respect to the newly added or increased cover.
In general terms, this document outlines the types of services and products offered to you and how the remuneration for this works. It also includes information about the complaints handling procedures and how to access them. You'll notice there are two FSGs associated with Simple Life – one for the Commonwealth Bank and one for AEGON. This is because Simple Life is distributed by the Commonwealth Bank and can also be distributed by AEGON, a company that helps with Simple Life's marketing and administration.
This means a benefit won't be paid if you die, become terminally ill, are disabled or permanently disabled or suffer a critical illness as a result of working in hazardous conditions. You can learn more about hazardous conditions and see examples of hazardous occupations in the Simple Life Product Disclosure Statement (PDS).
This refers to any event that can cause a claim to be paid.
Critical illness cover conditions (Cancer, Coronary artery disease requiring bypass surgery, Heart attack and Stroke) have specific meanings and a benefit is only payable if you meet the precise meaning of the definition set out in the Simple Life Product Disclosure Statement and the Simple Life Medical Definitions Reference Guide.
This refers to medical consultation, treatment, care or services which includes tests, other diagnostic measures or referral to a specialist.
Critical Illness Cover has a 90 day no claim period from the cover start date. This means a benefit won't be paid if a critical illness or related event (such as becoming aware of symptoms of an illness) occurs in this time.
This means you've been living in Australia for at least 12 months and are an Australian resident for tax purposes. You stop being a Permanent Australian resident under Simple Life if you live outside of Australia for more than 12 months in a row.
This means you've been working for at least 20 hours per week in continuous, permanent and regular employment for at least 180 days. You can find out more about the types of employment recognised by Simple Life by reading the Simple Life Product Disclosure Statement (PDS).
This is the person insured by a Simple Life policy. With a Simple Life policy, you're both the policy owner and the insured person.
This document lists specific details of your Simple Life cover. It sets out your type and level of cover, as well as your cover start date and premiums. You'll receive a policy schedule after you buy Simple Life and again, if you change your policy. It's an important document that, together with the Policy Document or PDS, forms your insurance contract.
c) for which a reasonable person in your circumstances should have been aware or would have sought medical help at any time during the five years before your cover start date.
This document sets out all the important information you should consider before buying Simple Life, including what you are and aren't covered for. It also covers how your premium is calculated, privacy, how to contact us and how to make a claim.
You're a smoker if you have smoked any substance in the last 12 months, including cigarettes or tobacco, and if you've used chewing tobacco.


Simon Strantzas recently tapped me to continue the "Writing Process Blog Tour" chain that's currently trending online. He's a sufficiently awesome and accomplished author to render me flattered that I was even on his radar. And since I update this site with a woeful infrequency, I accepted his homework assignment.
For the first time ever, I've begun seriously thinking of writing a specific novel. It's still in the "mapping it out in my head" stage, but it is farther along than I planned for it to be at this stage. Otherwise, I'm focused on just writing short stories. I have a rough goal of how many short stories I want to write before I start on that first novel, and I'm not there yet. It's been a busy year for work and the dreadful "real life," so I've produced very little work. That's the first order of business: Sit down and write, you fool!
How is your work different from others' work in the same genre?
I guess I'm a little more fascinated by the literary fiction vs. genre fiction debate than most, and I feel like I blur the line in a different way. I love a good pulp story just like the next reader, and I love holding a sentence in my mouth to savor it. There are, of course, a few masters that have done it brilliantly in the past. I just want to walk the tightrope in my own style, while maintaining the freedom to topple over onto either side when the story needs it.
Because cliché or no, I am obsessed with rearranging the 26 letters of our alphabet in ways no one else has ever done, in ways that try to capture this whole being-alive thing. Empathy and aging and hope and despair and atmosphere and crawling dread: It's that fascination with beauty in darkness and darkness in beauty I refer to above. Mix in the strange and, sometimes, the outright weird. Imagine Terrence Malick filming a horror movie.
And because it's a dream I had for a long time and did absolutely nothing about.
I write with almost total blindness. Like someone walking through a deep catacomb with a dying flashlight, sweeping it across the floor and filming what the light catches glimpses of. (What's that standing over there in the corner?!) And that same someone, when he emerges into the light, blinks at the bright world.
In order to write toward a hidden end, all I have to do is turn the computer on, block out an hour or two on the schedule, and trust. Too often that is difficult. But the desire to see never goes away.


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Rory McDonnell, Nicole Anderson, Clare Sullivan, and Amy Dreves
Slugs are some of the most common and persistent pests of home gardens and commercial crops in western Oregon and Washington, and if left unmanaged can cause significant damage. Slugs are closely related to snails but have no external shell. They are active above ground by day or night, whenever the relative humidity in their immediate environment approaches 100 percent, the temperature rises above 38°F, and the wind speed is negligible. By day, slugs are usually found in the soil, in crevices and cracks, or under soil surface debris where it is moist. Thus, slugs tend to be active primarily at night, but they also feed and reproduce by day during rainy spells, foggy periods, or after irrigation. Even in the summer, when air temperatures peak in the Pacific Northwest and soils seem dry on the surface, slugs can be active at night in closed canopy crops such as legume seed, forage crops, or sugar beets. This is because as night temperatures drop, the humidity of the air between the canopy and the soil often increases, if only for a few hours, even in non-irrigated settings. This "extra time" for feeding and reproduction can eventually lead to large slug populations. Slugs are relatively inactive when temperatures drop below 38°F or rise above 88°F. They take cover during windy periods and driving rain. Be aware that supplemental irrigation, post-harvest residue buildup on soil surfaces and crop plant structures (e.g., closed canopy) can affect the microclimate of a crop and promote otherwise unexpected slug activity.
Slug damage can be distinguished from that of cutworms and other pests by the presence of slime trails and their small sausage-shaped feces.on the damaged plants as well as on the soil surface around damaged plants. Underground feeding on roots and tubers is characterized by shallow (0.12 inch) to deep (0.5 inch), smooth-sided pits that are usually less than 0.5 inch in diameter. Leaf damage is typified by removal of plant tissue between veins. Seedling grasses and legumes may disappear when slugs feed in the furrow and destroy the growing points of seedlings. In cereal crops, slugs favor newly planted seeds. Wheat is most susceptible to slug damage from seeding to plant emergence.
Slug damage to vegetable and cereal crops, grasses and legumes can be extensive around field margins. Weedy, grassy or wooded borders serve as excellent habitat for slugs. Grass seed crops, cereals, or vegetable plantings that immediately follow a perennial legume or pasture are likely to sustain slug damage. Large populations of the gray field slug, and smaller numbers of several less common species (e.g. white-soled slug) build up on most perennial legumes in western Oregon and Washington.
In addition to plant damage, verifying that slugs are present and in damaging numbers in a home garden or a crop is usually done by putting out slug bait in late afternoon and returning early the next morning to check for dead slugs or slime. Put out half a dozen bait stations in the yard or field. Scrape a small area (12 x 6 inches) of the soil surface free of vegetation and debris (making it easier to see small slugs), and scatter four to six pellets of bait inside. You can cover the areas with a scrap of wood or an old carpet tile. This prevents other creatures from disturbing the bait, and the cover helps to keep slugs sickened by the bait from moving away. Place bait stations after the first inch of rain fall in September or early October when slugs become active on the soil surface after having passed the summer underground. Late September to mid-October are usually good months to control slugs, however depending on the weather, other windows of control may occur to apply "follow-up" bait. After October, or when weather becomes too cold (< 34°F) and rainy, baits are less effective, and slugs are not moving or feeding above ground. In these cases bait use is not advised. As days shorten, eggs are produced and these can hatch in fall or when the temperatures warm in the spring. In late fall and early spring, the new juvenile slugs are difficult to spot in the field but can cause significant damage to your crop.
Our most economically important species is the gray field slug, also known as the gray garden slug (Deroceras reticulatum). In recent years, the European black or red slug (Arion rufus), along with the white-soled slug (Arion circumscriptus), the hedgehog slug (Arion intermedius), the dusky slug (Arion subfuscus), the black greenhouse slug (Milax gagates), the leopard slug (Limax maximus), the marsh slug (Deroceras laeve), the three banded slug (Ambigolimax valentianus) and the reticulated slug (Prophysaon andersoni), have become significant pests.
Slugs are hermaphrodites: every slug is born with both male and female reproductive parts and theoretically capable of laying fertile eggs. Mating occurs primarily in the fall and spring. Small, round, pearl-like, white or translucent eggs are laid in clusters of a dozen or more (over 500 eggs in a lifetime) in sheltered cavities near the soil surface or under debris on the soil surface if the soil is moist. They typically hatch within 2 weeks to a month. Occasionally, these eggs overwinter if they are laid in late October or November. The greatest egg-laying activity in non-irrigated environments usually occurs after fall rains and again in the spring. The life expectancy for the gray field slug is from 6 to 18 months, but other slug species may live longer.
Slug baits are poisons and therefore can be dangerous to children, pets, wildlife and edible crops. It is important to use baits properly, follow all label instructions and heed all label warnings. Metaldehyde (e.g., Durham, Deadline M-Ps, Metarex, Slug Fest), methiocarb (e.g., Mesurol), iron phosphate (e.g., Sluggo, Sluggo Plus, Natria, Slug Magic, Escar-Go and Worry Free), and sodium ferric EDTA (e.g., IronFist, Ferroxx) are four common active ingredients used to control slugs in the Pacific Northwest. Pellet baits have traditionally been the most commonly used product for homeowners. Unfortunately, even when "good" control is achieved, only about 60 to 70 percent of the slug population may be removed. This usually suffices for economic crop protection if slug pressure is light, but does allow the population to recover over time.
Under favorable conditions, slugs can significantly damage a seedling crop in just 1 or 2 days. As the crop emerges (or in the case of cereals, as the seed swells with moisture soon after planting), slugs begin significant feeding. Therefore, application timing, the amount of bait used, bait density (number of pellets per square foot), and bait quality are crucial for successful treatment.
In cereal crops, the greatest risk comes during the first week after planting. Gray field slugs are attracted to the seed furrow and begin to hollow out the endosperm within hours after the seed swells with moisture. One slug can destroy 10 to 15 wheat seeds before seedlings emerge. Depending on slug density, baits may be applied prior to planting, at planting (broadcast or in the furrow), and/or shortly afterward. In broadleaf crops and grasses, slugs do not feed on seeds but instead target seedlings by feeding upon and destroying the tender growing points. The most effective timing for application in these crops is at planting (if slugs are active) or just before seedlings emerge, as this is the most vulnerable plant stage. Preventive treatments are advisable on fields with a long history of slug damage,in no-till situations or in situations where surface residue is retained.
The more effective commercially available baits contain cereal bran or flour as an attractant and are formulated into pellets much smaller than the pencil-eraser-size pellets of the past. These so-called mini pellets, or shorts, are smaller and allow for more pellets per unit area than the larger baits. For instance, some slug bait pellets (e.g., Metarex) are a uniform 2.5 mm long. Look for slug bait in which the pellets are uniform in size, have a high bulk density, are food-based (i.e., smell strongly like cereal to attract slugs from a distance), contain Bitrex to prevent unintentional ingestion by mammals, birds and house pets, and are relatively dust free. The result upon broadcasting these pellets is a very dense and uniform pellet distribution per unit area treated. This is significant because slugs tend to encounter these pellets at a greater frequency than the larger, older style type. Generally, it is recommended to reapply bait in 10 to 14 days if slug pressure persists, plant damage continues, all bait has been consumed, or the bait has broken down (due to weather). Be sure that the label on the bait product applied will allow for reapplication if needed within this time frame.
The kill rate of a pellet depends on the attractiveness and quality of the carrier, weather conditions at the time of application, and the toxicant level of the bait. If the carrier material is not attractive and palatable to the slugs, they may refuse the bait or consume a sublethal dose of toxicant, from which they can recover.
Methaldehyde, iron phosphate, sodium ferric EDTA, and methiocarb
Several chemicals are formulated into slug and snail baits for use on food and seed crops. Metaldehyde has been used since the early 1940s, iron phosphate since 1998, and sodium ferric EDTA since the early 2000s. Major efforts have been applied to finding new chemical baits for managing slugs in agriculture. The newest generation of products has been developed from metal chelates e.g. sodium ferric EDTA incorporated into an ingestible bait. These baits (IronFist and Ferroxx) have been trialed in Oregon and showed positive results in terms of reducing feeding and slug control in grass seed, clover seed, and cereal production.
Baits that contain methiocarb can be effective but they have had limited labels and are used primarily in nonfood or ornamental crops. For example, Mesurol 75W is used as a spray in nonfood crops and also has activity on certain insect pests as listed on the Gowan label.
Currently a couple of commercial iron phosphate formulations, Sluggo and Sluggo Plus, are approved for organic production. They are formulated as a uniform and dust-free cereal-based mini pellet. Time to mortality is somewhat slower (5 to 7 days) compared to metaldehyde. The slugs, however, cease feeding after having eaten the iron phosphate bait. Agricultural use of this product has shown it to be as effective in controlling gray field slugs as metaldehyde baits, although slightly greater rates of the iron phosphate formulations per unit area are usually needed. Slugs that ingest iron phosphate or iron chelate baits usually die underground or under a source of cover, and not above ground as happens when metaldehyde is consumed.
Metaldehyde is available in various formulations for slug and snail control. These include liquids, sand granules as well as traditional cereal-based baits. Meal formulations (for home use, usually a 2 percent metaldehyde pellet with an insecticide to control other pests) are also available. Liquid metaldehyde and meal formulations may give fast plant protection due to the good coverage, but they do not last more than 2 or 3 days, at best, because wind, UV light and moisture cause metaldehyde to degrade into non-mollusk-killing compounds. Slug Fest is one such liquid sprayable product and is labeled for use on many food as well as nonfood and ornamental crops. It is often used to control immature slugs prior to canopy closure in establishing a stand.
Large pellets containing metaldehyde need higher application rates for good coverage. They usually provide good control in the first few days, but often degrade quickly and do not persist as long as minipellets. Cereal-based minipellets and very small pellets, (e.g., Metarex) have the best performance record in our rainy climate and can last 2 to 3 weeks on wet soil.
Research has recently shown that metaldehyde has a different mode of action than previously suggested: it does not dehydrate but rather destroys the mucus-producing system unique to slugs (and snails), which severely reduces their mobility and consequently promotes their dehydration through exposure to the sun. Wet conditions, therefore, do not reverse the toxic effect of metaldehyde, as was once thought. However, if slugs do not consume a lethal dose of metaldehyde, they may recover, particularly during wet weather which reduces the likelihood of dehydrating sickened slugs. Furthermore, under wet conditions, poor control may follow from low-quality baits and low concentrations of active ingredient in the bait. This is usually because of rapid (2 to 3 days) physical degradation or fungal growth on pellets that reduces slug feeding.
Due to metaldehyde's specific mode of action, beneficial organisms (earthworms or predatory insects) are not directly affected by baiting with metaldehyde even when these organisms feed on the bait. However, when applying an insecticide such as carbaryl to control certain insect pests like cutworms, armyworms, or wireworms, many beetle predators that feed on slugs, along with earthworms and harvestmen (daddy long-legs), may be killed as well. Be aware, too, that metaldehyde baits are a leading cause of accidental poisoning and deaths of dogs in the PNW.
In western Washington and Oregon, slug control is a year-round necessity in many crops and sites with no-till or conservation tillage practices. Presume damage from slugs in certain crops and sites with a history of problems. Bait early if slug activity is apparent. In some cases, it may be best to bait for slugs before you work the soil (particularly if tillage is shallow and light). Irrigate before baiting in home gardens in order to bring more slugs to the surface during the night. In vegetables, such as brassicas, baiting must be done before the buttons form or canopy closes, because once the slugs have a chance to enter the head, they are less likely to be attracted to the bait.
Fall baiting usually is recommended for non-irrigated crops. Apply bait after the first rain showers of the season, when slugs become surface active after a summer of hiding deep in the soil to avoid high temperatures and dry conditions. Bait applied immediately after the first fall rains can kill large populations of field slugs before they lay eggs. However, spring applications are also necessary in most fields with minimum or no-tillage practices. Of the eggs that are laid in the fall, some will hatch in 2 to 4 weeks; the rest will hatch during winter or early spring. These newly hatched slugs often do not accept bait as readily as larger slugs. Slugs also lay eggs during the spring in the PNW.
Control is seldom, if ever, complete. Around the home garden, removing debris, leaf litter, and other excess vegetation helps to remove slug habitat and reduce slug numbers.
Various materials, such as salt-impregnated plastic strips and copper strips, provide a small-scale barrier that can work for a few days to a few weeks in keeping slugs away from plants. These barriers have been used with varying degrees of success. For example, underground slug movement or environmental degradation of the repellent (e.g., copper oxidizes, salt washes away) negatively impacts efficacy.
Slug populations can be reduced by tillage. Typically, slug numbers increase when the amount of minimal/zero tillage is increased. Plows, discs, and rototillers crush and bury slugs, disrupt their pathways, expose their eggs to desiccating conditions, dry soil, and remove volunteer-plant food for slugs. Control is proportional to tillage frequency, depth, and efficiency. Plowing followed by disking can be sufficiently effective, so that no further control is needed. A fine seedbed will protect seeds and help prevent slugs accessing seedlings before emergence. Take steps to ensure that a crop has the best chance to emerge from the ground quickly.
Many birds, such as starlings, blackbirds, and killdeer, feed on slugs throughout the fall and winter months. Some predatory ground beetles and rove beetles feed on slugs. Naturally occurring fungal and bacterial pathogens, parasitic nematodes, and marsh fly larvae are potential biological control agents of slugs but are not commercially available for use in the United States at this time.
Some nematodes are lethal to slugs and snails, and one species, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, has been used successfully in Europe as a commercially available biological control agent (Nemaslug). This nematode is associated symbiotically with a bacterium that uses an endotoxin that kills a wide range of pest slugs and snails. After the slug dies, the nematodes multiply over the decaying slug body and then migrate back into the soil to infect more slugs if conditions are favorable. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita was recently found in Oregon and California, but Nemaslug is not available in this country due to biosecurity reasons. Research focusing on discovering and testing pathogenic nematodes in the PNW will likely prove to be valuable for developing biological control agents for slugs and snails.
Integrated Pest Management (1.05 MB)


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text:
Health Politics
Senate Foreign Relations Committee Passes Disabilities Treaty
By a vote of 12 to 6, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee agreed to recommend ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to the full US Senate.
"One hundred forty six nations and the European Union have ratified the Disabilities Treaty, but it will require American leadership to ensure the treaty's protections become a reality," said Senator Bob Menendez (D-NJ), Chair of the Foreign Relations Committee. "The treaty embodies the highest of American standards. From the U.S. Constitution, it borrows principles of equality and the protection of minorities. From the Declaration of Independence, it reflects the unalienable right to pursue happiness. From the Americans with Disabilities Act and other landmark accessibility laws, the treaty enshrines the concept of reasonable accommodation."
The treaty, among other things, reaffirms the need for fundamental human rights for all people with disabilities, and highlights the need to recognize and respond to discrimination against those with disabilities.
Every Democrat on the Foreign Relations Committee voted in favor of the treaty, as well as two Republicans: Senators John McCain (R-AZ) and John Barrasso (R-WY). Voting against the Disabilities Treaty were Senators Bob Corker (R-TN), James Risch (R-ID), Marco Rubio (R-FL), Ron Johnson (R-WI), Jeff Flake (R-AZ), and Rand Paul (R-KY).
Two-thirds of the Senate, 67 Senators, must now vote in favor of the treaty before it can be ratified by the United States. The Senate previously, in 2012, failed to vote to ratify the Disabilities Treaty, by a vote of 61-38 against. All 38 opposing votes were cast by Republicans; seven voted in favor. More than 120 countries have already ratified the UN treaty.
Supporters of the Disabilities Treaty will gather on Tuesday, July 29, at 12:15pm on 3rd Street, NW between Pennsylvania Ave, NW and Maryland Ave, SW in Washington, DC for a march and rally for ratification.
Media Resources: US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations 7/22/14; Feminist Newswire 12/4/12; United Nations
congress convention on the rights of persons with disabilities Disabilities Treaty news united nations