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Summer school housing is available to students enrolled at Auburn University for the summer term on a first come, first served basis. Due to the limited availability of bed spaces for the summer term, it is important to apply early. The Summer Housing application will be available on April 1, 2019.
Full Semester 5/15/19 from 12:00-4:00 p.m. 8/3/19 at 5:00 p.m.
Mini-mester I 5/15/19 from 12:00-4:00 p.m. 6/23/19 from 12:00-4:00 p.m.
Mini-mester II 6/23/19 from 12:00-4:00 p.m. 8/3/19 at 5:00 p.m.


Bryan Ghee is a young new artist from Toronto Canada. Bryan has an ear catching sound and has been building a growing fan base since the release of his latest mixtape "G3" in 2017. The project featured a few stand out records that resonated well with fans including; All That, Apple Juice and Gasolina Ft Pressa. The singles "Apple Juice" and "Gasolina" were featured on Spotify Canada's popular playlist "Northern Bars" highlighting some of the top Canadian hip hop releases.
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Lovella Dolly (5 de juliol de 1996 – 14 de febrer del 2003) va ser el primer mamífer a ser clonat satisfactòriament a partir d'una cèl·lula adulta. Va ser clonada a l'Institut Roslin d'Escòcia on hi va viure fins que va morir als sis anys. El seu naixement va ser anunciat el 22 de febrer de 1997.

L'ovella va ser originalment anomenada amb el codi "6LL3". El nom "Dolly" prové d'un suggeriment per part dels professionals que van col·laborar en la concepció en honor de Dolly Parton i als seus pits, ja que va ser clonada a partir d'una glàndula mamària d'ovella adulta. La tècnica es va fer famosa, ja que el seu naixement es devia a una transferència nuclear de cèl·lula somàtica, en la qual és inserit un nucli en un oòcit denucleat que és fusionat i esdevé un embrió. Quan la Dolly va ser clonada a partir d'una ovella de sis anys de vida va ser el centre de molta controvèrsia que encara perdura fins avui.

El 9 d'abril del 2003 el seu cos dissecat va ser col·locat al Museu Reial d'Edimburg, un dels Museus Nacionals d'Escòcia.

Tècnica i procés
La Dolly va ser creada per un equip de recerca liderat per en Ian Wilmut de l'Institut Roslin d'Escòcia. La fita de la recerca havia de ser assegurar l'èxit de la reproducció d'animals modificats genèticament per a produir proteïnes terapèutiques en la seva llet. Aquest equip ja havia aconseguit cultivar dos clons d'ovelles en laboratori a partir de cèl·lules embrionàries, anomenats Megan i Morag; el treball va ser publicat al Nature el 1996. La Dolly fou una ovella Finn Dorset, creada a partir de cèl·lules mamàries adultes absolutament diferenciades fent servir la tècnica anomenada transferència nuclear de cèl·lula somàtica; la seva concepció va ser descrita en una publicació del Nature del 1997. Així doncs, la Dolly va ser el primer mamífer clonat a partir d'una cèl·lula adulta.

Controvèrsia
Els resultats de la recerca varen ser publicats el 1999 al Nature suggerint que la Dolly podria patir envelliment prematur, a causa de l'escurçament dels telòmers característic de les cèl·lules adultes. Es va especular que aquests telòmers van passar del seu progenitor que tenia sis anys i que per tant la Dolly havia nascut amb un material genètic sis anys més vell. Això és conseqüència que la llargada del telòmer és reduïda després de cada divisió cel·lular en les quals es requereix una duplicació del material genètic. La polimerasa, enzim que forma part de la maquinària de duplicació no pot arribar a la punta del cromosoma de manera que divisió a divisió es va quedant sense dividir-se i es va escurçant. Tanmateix, el Dr. John Thomas va indicar que molts animals clonats tenen telòmers de llargada normal i que en els clons en sèrie els telòmers solen ser de majors dimensions a cada generació. Això és conseqüència del fet que l'enzim telomerasa és actiu en aquests clons protegint-los d'escurçar-se. Tanmateix, la telomerasa pot ser la responsable de causar mutacions amb la seva activitat enzimàtica que duguin al càncer. De fet en molts càncers humans en els tumors es produeix telomerasa la qual no és present en les cèl·lules somàtiques.

El gener del 2002, quan l'ovella tenia 5 anys, es varen anunciar signes que apuntaven possiblement cap a aquesta direcció. Havia desenvolupat una forma potencialment debilitant d'artritis inusual a tan poca edat. Això va donar suport a la teoria de la prematura senescència, encara que per exemple, el Dr. Dai Grove-White de la facultat de Ciència Veterinària de la Universitat de Liverpool va enunciar, "És concebible que l'artritis sigui deguda a la clonació però podria no ser-ho. Pel que se sap, es podria haver malmès la cama saltant per sobre una porta desenvolupant-la en conseqüència."

L'artritis va alimentar la idea que aquest tipus de clonació pot no ser apropiada per a mamífers i hi ha un ampli consens tant dintre com fora de la comunitat científica de què en aquest punt, el risc d'efectes imprevists en els clons fa que els experiments relacionats amb la clonació reproductiva en els humans siguin prematurs i mancats d'ètica.

Defensors de l'aplicació d'aquest mètode creuen que la tècnica simplement ha de ser refinada. Tanmateix, d'altres creuen que amb els pocs coneixements limitats del camp naixent de la genètica aplicada, els científics ni poden ni haurien d'intentar de manipular tants gens d'una sola vegada.

Mort
El 14 de febrer de 2003 es va anunciar que la Dolly tenia una malaltia progressiva del pulmó. Una necròpsia va confirmar que patia d'un adenocarcicoma oví pulmonar (Jaagsiekte), una malaltia bastant habitual en les ovelles. Els científics del projecte indicaren que ells no creien que hi hagués cap connexió entre el fet d'haver estat un clon i haver patit la malaltia i que les altres ovelles de granja tenen malalties similars. Aquest tipus de malalties del pulmó són especialment un perill per les ovelles que estan tancades en els interiors com hi estava la Dolly per motius de seguretat.

Hi ha veus contràries, però, a aquestes conclusions.

Llegat
Després que la clonació es demostrés satisfactòriament pels creadors de la Dolly s'ha pogut clonar d'altres grans mamífers com els cavalls i vaques. La clonació és sovint considerada com una eina prometedora per preservar les espècies en perill, normalment per aquells que no treballen en la conservació d'espècies.

Hi ha hagut alguns intents i molts suggeriments per a clonar animals extints, però en tots els casos on hi ha hagut recerca (llop marsupial, huia, cabra pirinenca i mamut) no s'han obtingut resultats. En conjunt, l'únic benefici real de la clonació per a la conservació animal existeix en els casos de grans mamífers on les tècniques de transferència d'embrió ja han estat establertes i la tècnica podria servir per preservar un llinatge genètic estrany com el banteng de San Diego.

Referències

Vegeu també
 Zhong Zhong i Hua Hua
 Huomen

Enllaços externs

 La clonació i les cèl·lules mare
 L'ovella Dolly, 1996-2003 del Museu de la Ciència de Londres
 Roslin Institute: Dolly i la transferència de nucli
 Fotos de la Dolly i altres animals clonats al centre Roslin

Enginyeria genètica
Mamífers individuals
Taxidèrmia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The viral pool was thawed on ice as well as the volume brought as much as 900 ul with more sucrose lysis buffer. Proteinase K and SDS were additional followed by incubation at 55 C for two hrs with agitation. The sample was extracted with an equal volume of phenol chloroform isoamyl alcohol. The aqueous phase was then transferred to a Centricon 100, washed three times with one ml TE buffer as described above, then diminished to a minimum volume, and stored at 80 C. The purified DNA was analyzed by pulsed area gel electrophoresis using a CHEF DR II instrument. For comparison, a subsample of your pooled CsCl gradient fractions was also ready for PFGE utilizing a previously described protocol and run over the same gel. In this latter case, viruses while in the subsample have been concentrated on the micro con filter plus the retentate was rinsed twice with TE then recovered in the volume of ca.
30 ul. Loading buffer was additional along with the sample was heated to 60 C for 10 min, then cooled on ice. Size read full post requirements consisted of the five kb and lambda DNA ladders. Samples and specifications had been analyzed on a 1% agarose gel run for 13 hours at 16 C underneath an utilized voltage gradient of six V cm 1 with switch interval ramping linearly from one five sec onds. The gel was submit stained with 0. five ug ml one of ethi dium bromide and visualized on the FlourImager. To verify for bacterial contamination in the viral frac tion, the extracted viral DNA was screened for that pre sence of 16S rRNA genes by PCR using bacterial particular primers 27F and 1492R as previously described. The resulting product or service was ligated into the TA cloning vector two.
1 and transformed into E. coli by heat shock Mupirocin molecular of chemically competent cells following the companies instructions. Restriction fragment length polymorphism evaluation was carried out on 9 clones. One with the insert containing clone was sequenced by dideoxynu cleotide termination using BigDye Chemistry v. three. 0 using the M13F and M13R primer websites on the cloning vector. Reactions were analyzed on an ABI 3100 genetic analyzer. Library Building and Sequencing A viral shotgun library was then constructed applying TOPO Shotgun Subcloning Kit version A according towards the makers directions. Briefly, ca. 6 ug of DNA was added to shearing buffer and passed as a result of a nebulizer on ice for 90 seconds at ten psi of compressed, filtered air.
The DNA was then precipitated with an equal volume of isopropa nol right after addition of sodium acetate, and glycogen like a co precipitant. Precipitated DNA was washed as soon as with 70% ethanol as well as dried pellet resuspended in 24 ul of water. The DNA was repaired to provide blunt ends with T4 and Klenow DNA polymerases, dephosphorylated with calf intestinal phosphatase, then precipitated in ethanol. Half of your DNA was then cloned to the pCR4Blunt TOPO vector. The ligation response was desalted by drop dialysis on the 0. 025 um pore dimension mixed cellulose ester membrane floating on 0. five TE buffer for 1 hour. TOP10 electrocompetent cells have been transformed with all the recombinant DNA by elec troporation. Colonies were arrayed into 96 very well plates and stored at 80 C in LB amended with 50 ug ml kana mycin and glycerol. Original sequencing of clones from your initial library unveiled that several from the inserts have been smaller, so a second library was constructed through the remaining sheared, blunt finish repaired, depho sphorylated DNA as described above, but following dimension assortment. For dimension variety, the DNA was separated by electrophoresis in a 1% reduced melting stage agarose gel. DNA between one.
We utilized the K562 cell line because it expresses only the Fc gamma RII receptor and hence offers a simple and nicely characterized technique for the study of ADE. DENV one was used considering that all 3 of your human monoclonal antibodies bound effectively to E protein of this serotype, as well as 4. 8A antibody was really neutralizing against DENV 1. The results, shown in Figure 6, indicate that the all three HMAbs have been capable to boost viral infection, nevertheless they did so with unique patterns. HMAbs three. 6D and 4. 8A enhanced infection at fairly lower concentrations plus the volume of enhancement rose with escalating HMAb concentrations. Enhancement induced by the non neutralizing three. 6D HMAb reached a plateau over 0. four g ml, even though enhancement induced by the 4.
8A HMAb peaked and subsequently fell at increased concen trations, constant with its observed neutralization action. The two. 3D HMAb only showed evidence of enhancement at concentrations over 4 g ml, consistent using the decrease affinity this HMAb has for your DENV 1 E protein. Interestingly, we also observed that the three HMAbs differed markedly within their under capacity to boost dengue infection in vitro\with the neutraliz ing HMAb 4. 8A showing the best impact. Quantitation of HMAb E protein binding affinity To confirm the HMAb specificity for DENV E proteins and also to quantitate the affinity of every antibody for your unique DENV strains, we made use of biolayer interferometry to examine binding amongst the antibodies and purified, recombinant E protein from each and every DENV serotype.
In these experiments, the E proteins were chemically coupled to biotin and conjugated to the surface of strep tavidin coated fiber optic probes. info The conjugated probes had been placed in solutions with diverse concentrations of each antibody. Binding in the antibodies towards the E pro teins to the surface on the probes was measured from the modify in interference from light reflected through the sur encounter of the probe. Soon after binding, the probes were placed in a answer without having any antibody to similarly measure the antibody E protein dissociation. Kinetics of on and off charges and equilibrium disso ciation constants were calculated assuming a 1 1 binding ratio making use of the producers program. As expected from your patient serum neutrali zation success as well as the HMAb ELISA outcomes, all three on the antibodies bound to DENV one likewise as DENV two E protein. HMAb two.
3D showed the weakest binding, with dissociation constants of two 10 eight M for DENV 2 and 6 10 seven M for DENV one. The affinity of HMAb three. 6D was relatively higher, with dissociation constants of 2 10 9 M for DENV 1 E and five ten 9 M for DENV 2 E protein. The enhanced affinities witnessed with the 3. 6D antibody had been as a consequence of each elevated binding kinetics, likewise as decreased dissociation kinetics. The reduced binding actions of two. 3D and 3. 6D towards DENV three or four E proteins precluded measurement of affinities of these antibodies. HMAb four. 8A showed substantial affinity bind ing to all 4 DENV E proteins with dissociation con stants in the 2 5 ten 9 M variety. Binding was slightly better using the DENV one and two E proteins than using the DENV 3 and 4 E proteins. The broad binding reactivity of MAb four. 8A towards the 4 serotypes of DENV contrasts sharply using the DENV one and 3 specificity observed inside the neutralization assays with this particular antibody. The ConA ELISA and biolayer inter ferometry binding assays usually do not reproduce the subtleties of binding to your surface of an assembled virion.
Distributions of most of the divergent lineages within this examine conform to one of four previously documented phy logeographic trends a distinctive lineage inside the Caucasus area. a exceptional lineage within the Sakhalin region. divergent lineages divided into eastern and western populations. divergent lineages on both side in the Bering Strait. Species with mul tiple lineages can display a lot more than among these patterns. A few lineages appear to be parapatric, which could indi cate areas of overlap or hybrid zones. Past climate adjust and its result on historical habitat distribution is possible accountable for shaping patterns of genetic diver gence in modern-day populations, but no matter if or not these populations were divided by the exact same historical events is tough to identify devoid of dating divergence occasions.
While the COI sequences mostly selleck appear to be evolving in a clocklike style, dating is risky given the absence of ample calibration points plus the reliance on several assumptions. Most species exhibited surprisingly restricted variation involving Old Globe and New World populations. On the approximately 140 species with Holarctic distributions, 43% are represented within this study. Only 11 of these 61 species possessed intraspecific divergences excellent enough to signal very likely species level variations by both the NJ or MOTU strategy. The Bering Sea has served a var iable but clear position as a barrier to gene flow for birds, par ticularly non marine species. Numerous trans Beringian species have presently been split lately, due partly to molecular evidence.
Still, caution have to be exercised when iden tifying species boundaries amongst allopatric popula tions. For instance, one of many Palearctic Lanius excubitor specimens from this review seems to belong on the North American clade, suggesting that some contemporary exchange may happen in between the continents. Although it is more typical for Palearctic species to invade the Nearctic, selleck inhibitor the reverse pattern has also been observed. Proper inter pretation of this result requires more study with addi tional specimens. This survey has identified a number of species that demand even more taxonomic scrutiny. It is probable that many of the divergent lineages identified here signify distinct species. Needless to say, genetic distances don't often correspond to species limits.
Alterna tive explanations to the divergent lineages observed consist of historical phylogeographic isolation, female restricted dispersal, or male biased gene flow. The common phylogeographic patterns observed in lots of with the divergent lineages help the concept of historical isola tion. Parts of secondary make contact with needs to be additional studied to assess the gene flow in between lineages. In a handful of outstanding scenarios genetic lineages seem largely sympat ric, which include inside of Alauda arvensis, Delichon dasypus, and Phoenicurus phoenicurus. Nuclear copies of mitochondrial sequences are an unlikely explanation provided the absence of stop codons and heterozygous peaks. Phoenicu rus phoenicurus was also noted by Johnsen et al. who attributed the aberrant phylogeographic pattern to admix ture of historically separated lineages. This circumstance is paradoxical in contrast to suspected introgressed genomes made use of to explain restricted divergence in sister species. Selec tive sweeps are frequently invoked to describe the constrained variation observed in mitochondrial markers, which raises the query of how two mtDNA lineages control to persist in one species but not an additional.
The ideal fixed charge model of amino acid evolution was established by model jumping between nine doable models. The model with the overall highest posterior probability was WAG model for your MMPs soon after 106 generations and for calreticulins just after 2 106 gen erations. We used convergence diagnostic to determine no matter if the run length is enough. The average regular deviation of split frequencies was 0. 0051 for MMPs and 0. 0023 for that calreticulins. This indicated that the two chains that were run converged on equivalent outcomes in all scenarios. The 50% majority rule tree presented here was constructed from all sampled trees with the first 25% of all trees ignored as burn up in. Posterior probabilities plotted on the nodes is often interpreted because the probability the tree or clade is proper.
Quantitative serious time PCR Quantitative real time RT PCR was performed together with the actual time PCR process Mx3000P employing the FullVelocity SYBR Green QRT PCR Master Mix, based on the protocols of your manufacturer. 50 pg of RNA per response have been utilized to amplify 18S rRNA and 50 ng of RNA per reaction to amplify view more picked Schmidtea genes using proper prim ers. Primers had been selected utilizing the primer3 soft ware and had been purchased from Thermo electron. Background DNA barcoding employs sequences from a brief stand ardized gene region to determine species. The mitochon drial gene cytochrome c oxidase I has become firmly established because the core barcode area for animals and its performance has become evaluated in birds from a number of areas, which includes North America, Brazil, Argen tina, and Korea.
While most bird species are readily identifiable via morphological traits, their effectively created taxonomy helps make them a important group to test the efficacy of barcoding. Furthermore, avian selleck inhibitor taxonomy just isn't proof against change, and in latest decades DNA evi dence has clarified several species boundaries. Broad sur veys, this kind of as DNA barcoding, can expedite this process by rapidly spotlighting species that merit even more taxonomic investigation. This capability is illustrated by many lately described species that were earlier revealed as divergent lineages during barcode surveys. Even though the avian diversity of your Palearctic is relatively depauperate and its taxonomy was stable for decades, modern-day molecular procedures have spurred the recogni tion of overlooked species.
These new species were often hidden inside of morphologically cryptic assem blages, which impeded their discovery. In other circumstances, biological species hypotheses could not be examined due to the fact divergent populations had allopatric distri butions. Molecular analyses continue to illumi nate the phylogeographic framework of birds within this region. A recent barcoding survey of Scandinavian birds by Johnsen et al. exposed higher species resolu tion plus a few divergent lineages, including some concerning European and North American populations of trans Atlantic species. The Atlantic Ocean serves being a rela tively impermeable barrier to dispersal for non pelagic birds, but the predicament is incredibly distinct from the east ern Palearctic, exactly where intercontinental exchange throughout the Bering Strait is much more frequent. Johnsen et al. also highlighted sequence divergences within a few species that failed to correspond to known subspecies or logical geographical patterns a pattern not observed inside a complete survey of Nearctic birds.
The uninterrupted zebra finch Gag polyprotein is properly conserved, with 90% sequence identity to chicken Gag, and incorporates exactly the same practical domains. Professional Pol polyprotein The 2nd long ORF immediately follows the Gag amber codon while in the exact same translational frame and is presumably translated by suppression of this codon as observed for SnRV, gamma and epsilonretroviruses. Translation final results within a 1786 amino acid Gag Pro Pol polyprotein unto the next cease codon. Evaluation with the conceptual translation of this ORF allows the identification of retroviral aspartyl protease and Pol polyprotein domains reverse tran scriptase, Rnase H, and integrase. In zebra finch, the Pol area is only partially sequenced and the majority of the Rnase H domain is unknown.
Chicken and zebra finch Pol sequences show 81% identity in their frequent areas as well as very same characteristics. The aspartyl protease domain, roughly in between residues 583 and 686, consists of the active web page MLIDT GASYSIL and presents 29 to 26% identity together with the pro teases of Sphenodon endogenous virus SpeV, immunodeficiency viruses and porcine endogenous retro virus. LEE011 structure As for SpeV, we note the absence on the con served GRD N motif present in all retroviral proteases, except for spumaviruses. The RT domain, from residue 767 to 965, displays a simi larity with RTs of foamy viruses, fish viruses Walleye epi dermal hyperplasia viruses WEHV one and 2, Walleye dermal sarcoma virus, SnRV, and with the partially sequenced reptilian SpeV.
Nevertheless in chicken as in zebra finch Ovex1, several basic RT residues are not conserved, specifically two in the three aspartates that make up the catalytic active internet site, a distinction resulting presumably in the loss nothing on the enzyme activity. The chicken Rnase H core domain, in between amino acid residues 1211 and 1357, is similar to people of SnRV and Moloney murine leukemia virus, MMLV with, in particular, the conserved WFVDGSN and FSDS motifs. The distance involving this sequence as well as RT domain is consistent together with the presence from the tether area that separates RT and Rnase H domains in verte brate retroviral Pol genes. The integrase has a similarity with individuals of MMLV, WEHV2, foamy viruses and SnRV. It consists of a putative zinc finger H 3H 29C 2C, as most retroviral inte grases. The core domain, rve, in between residues 1500 and 1647, is only partially conserved.
Where other integrases have the catalytic triad D 55 60D 35E, the motif is E 59D 35E in chicken and E 59E 35E in zebra finch Ovex1. The main difference is essential due to the fact substitu tion of your initially aspartate by a glutamate drastically impairs the integrase activity of Rous sarcoma and HIV viruses. The C terminus doesn't incorporate the consen sus GPY F motif but a WMGPVRV sequence that may be the degenerated remnant of this motif. ORF3 an envelope protein The Ovex1 third ORF is found downstream from Gag Pol. It's entirely contained while in the 2nd exon from the singly spliced transcript. A related organization occurs for that envelope protein of gammaretroviruses. The ORF commences 11 bp soon after the splice internet site and encodes a puta tive protein of 873 amino acids. This ORF is possibly interrupted from the presence from the internal polyadenyla tion signals that do not seem very efficient in vivo, as demonstrated above. In zebra finch, the third ORF encodes an 874 amino acid putative protein with 81% identity with all the chicken protein and equivalent characteris tics. This region is pretty complex. Segments of sequence on gray background in Fig.
In non buffered medium, bacterial action decreased biofilm pH five and depth averaged NO concentrations increased from 0. 08 to 0. 15 uM. Titration of 50 uM NO2 to a buffer at pH 4. 7 showed that acidic decomposition of NO2 induced chemical formation of somewhere around 0. 05 uM NO, and that is from the similar variety than the observed enhance within the biofilm at pH 5. It really is previously regarded that plaque can kind NO2 by NO3 reduction. NO2 also can naturally accumulate in saliva to concentrations of 50 uM and higher. Taken with each other, this suggests that acidic decomposition of NO2 contributes to NO formation at reduced plaque pH levels, when biological NO formation may well still arise in parallel. The absolute raise of NO due to acidic disorders was modest through the viewpoint in the metabolic dwelling ostasis of denitrification.
This was evident because depth averaged increases of N2O, the item of NO reduction, info have been roughly two orders of magnitude increased than these of NO concentrations beneath acidic conditions. This suggests that biofilm bacteria effectively convert most NO to N2O and therefore retain the steady state concentration of cytotoxic NO lower, as has been also observed in environmental biofilms. NO formation decreases O2 uptake of dental plaque Oxygen uptake during the presence of NO3 was higher at neutral pH than under acidic conditions. The O2 profiles showed that the flux of O2 decreased by 50%, namely from 105 nmol cm2 h beneath buffered con ditions to 43 nmol cm2 h underneath non buffered condi tions. Acidic pH alone did not lead to decreased O2 uptake when NO3 was absent, since the O2 flux was 143 nmol cm2 h.
Decreased bacterial O2 consumption could result from direct toxic effects of your highest NO concentration, such as binding of NO to terminal, respiratory O2 reductases. further information Nonetheless, the absolute enhance from 0. 08 to 0. 2 uM might not have an impact on respiration as concentrations over 0. eight uM have been previously proven to get important to inhibit O2 reduc tion in Escherichia coli. Additionally, in place of facil itating O2 reduction, a smaller fraction of electrons might be made use of preferentially for detoxification of NO by reduc tion to N2O, contributing to greater N2O concentra tions and inhibited O2 uptake. N2O manufacturing within the human mouth is dependent on salivary NO3 and to the presence of dental plaque We incubated air inside the human mouth and measured the price of N2O accumulation to quantify the in vivo significance of denitrification during the oral habitat.
We relevant N2O accumulation in mouth air to the pre sence of dental biofilms and salivary NO3 NO2 concen trations. N2O accumulation during the presence of dental plaque varied strongly involving the subjects and ranged from 11 to 443 nmol h. N2O accumulation concerning topics enhanced with raising salivary NO3 NO2 concentrations. Drinking 200 ml beetroot juice that contained 12 mmol l NO3 enhanced the salivary NO3 NO2 concentrations, which led to an increase of amongst 3. eight and 9. one fold within the fee of oral N2O accumulation. Dental biofilms have been the principle sites of N2O produc tion in the human mouth. This was evident due to the fact the combined application of ordinary tooth brushing with an antiseptic mouthwash decreased oral N2O accumula tion price by 82%, even though tooth brushing alone decreased the price of oral N2O accumulation by 62%. Discussion Our information show unambiguously that denitrification is a related method within a human associated microbial com munity.
Even though the biggest fraction of genes from the SLC family are protein kinases, other households such as cytochrome P450s, PPR repeat proteins and calmodulins are incorporated with each group, becoming linked by sequence similarity to only a sub set of the other groups of proteins inside the household. These households are well resolved by the DBC approach. Con versely, the SLC system also can create fragmented families and singletons. This takes place where the functional domain covers only a modest percentage in the total professional tein dimension, as such as with lots of DNA binding and professional tein interaction domains. When the DBC process groups together proteins with these somewhat smaller domains, the criteria of sequence identity and match length required by SLC is only fulfilled for compact subsets of proteins inside of the domain based mostly families.
One example is, 1 DBC family members of 151 members, which represents proteins with a single zinc finger relatives domain, is split by SLC among 32 families ranging in dimension from 14 to 2 members and 25 singletons. Clearly there may be terrific diversity on this group of proteins that kind a DBC family members within the basis of the fairly brief domain. Nevertheless, this may be a practical grouping when no other info inhibitor expert is obtainable. The DBC process also in excess of fragments families under dif ferent situations. A set of paralogous proteins can include some members that hit PFAM domains above the trusted cutoff, and a few that do not mainly because of divergence and or lack of plant representatives in the PFAM seed.
This results in the creation of selleckchem Arabidopsis certain domains which can be, in result, redundant with PFAM domains but are considered distinct, triggering inappropriate fragmentation of families. By way of example, you will find 17 proteins inside a single SLC cluster that incorporate the 7 in absentia domain, but two of those score just below the trusted cut off. This results in the creation of 3 DBC fami lies of 10, 5, and two proteins respectively. The Pfam domain profile can be retuned to incorporate the missing Arabidopsis representatives and remedy any in excess of fragmentation resulting from the insensitivity from the original domain profile. Overall, near to 60% of clustered proteins fall into fami lies whose sizes differ by fewer than ten members among the two methods of loved ones construction. The domain based method creates fewer, slightly bigger families, and a few anomalously big households are eradicated.
Duplicated genes The big scale duplications of your Arabidopsis genome happen to be extensively analyzed and documented. On top of that to analyzing genes in the context of gene households, a additional analysis of gene names was performed inside the context of duplicated genes that may share very similar or identical functions. Utilizing approaches and criteria just like people employed by oth ers, we designed tools to facilitate the identification of segmental and tandem duplicated genes in our latest annotation. We identified six,582 protein coding genes inside of the segmentally dupli cated areas from the genome and 3,737 genes inside tan dem duplications several of which are observed to be inside of the segmentally duplicated areas. In all, you'll find 9,533 presumed paralogous protein coding genes, representing 36% on the Arabidopsis proteome. We then examined the practical annotation of those paralogous groups, veri fied the uniformity of their annotations and manually resolved any inconsistencies. Gene ontology In an effort to maximize the usability from the annotation data set, Arabidopsis protein coding genes were even further classi fied using the controlled vocabularies in the Gene Ontol ogy.
The plaques around the p gal plates were isolated and analyzed for your designed sequence transform by restriction of the PCR merchandise. Selection of lacZ detrimental bacteriophage with p gal The lacZ negative bacteriophage particles were detected utilizing positive variety. BIK12001 cells were grown with shaking at 37 C to OD600 one. 0 in LB have ing ampicillin, kanamycin and 0. 2% maltose. The culture was centrifuged at 3,500 rpm for 15 minutes at 4 C. The pellets had been dissolved into 1 half the volume of LB containing 10 mM MgSO4. The bacteriophage was adsorbed onto these cells at space tem perature for twenty minutes. To estimate the total quantity of bacteriophages, 2. five ml molten 1 four LB top agar, 6. four g NaCl and 7. five g Bactoagar per liter was added to 0.
25 ml on the mixture of cells and bacteriophages, as well as the whole con tent was poured onto a 1 four LB plate. To estimate the amount of lacZ detrimental bacteriophages, 2 ml with the combine ture E7050 of cells and bacteriophages, and 22 ml of molten one 4 LB top agar containing 0. 3% p gal, had been mixed and poured onto 4 one 4 LB plates. The plates were incubated at 37 C for 12 hrs. Development of recombinant adenoviruses pNY56 was constructed by replacing the shorter XbaI BamHI fragment of pHM5 through the XbaI BglII fragment of pNY19. pAdHM4 includes the entire genome with the recombinant adenovirus vector. The plasmid pAdNY56 was constructed by replacing the shorter I CeuI PI SceI fragment of pAdHM4 by an I CeuI PI SceI frag ment of pNY56. The PacI fragment of pAdNY56 was trans fected into cells of cell line 293, which makes it possible for replication on the replication defective adenoviruses.
The recom binant adenovirus AdNY56 E-64C structure was ready and purified as described previously. Similarly, AdNY57 was con structed from pNY20 through pNY57, and AdNY58 was constructed from pNY21 by way of pNY58. Adenovirus infection Female MutaMice were obtained from Cov ance Analysis Solutions Inc. The MutaMice were maintained under certain pathogen cost-free problems inside the animal faculty of your Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, Japan. Following the ani mals had been anesthetized with Nembutal, 3 109 plaque forming units of your recombinant adenovirus in 200l of PBS was injected in to the tail vein of every mouse working with a thirty gauge needle. AdNY56 was injected into 1 mouse, AdNY57 was injected into two mice and AdNY58 was injected into two mice.
Isolation of genomic DNA, recovery of lambda bacteriophage and measurement of mutant frequency Twenty 4 hours after injection, the mice had been sacri ficed. A lobe of the liver of each animal was excised, frozen by submersion in liquid nitrogen and stored within a 1. five ml plastic tube at 80 C. Genomic DNA was isolated in the liver tissue with phenol chloroform and precipitated by ethanol sodium as described inside the guide for Muta Mouse. Lambda bacteriophage particles had been recovered from your isolated DNA by incubation with packaging extracts. The lacZ nega tive mutants had been detected by p gal assortment as described over. Every plaque about the selective agar was recovered in 100l of SM buffer, 10 mM MgSO4, a hundred mM NaCl and 0. 01% gelatin. So that you can verify the lacZ damaging phenotype, every single isolate was assayed on agar with X gal using a spot assay as follows. BIK2206 was grown in LB containing ampicillin and tetracycline. Twice concentrated cul ture was mixed with six ml molten LB MM agar and spread on agar. A 10l aliquot of each bacteriophage sample was spotted onto these cells. The plates had been incubated overnight at 37 C.
Immunoreactive bands have been visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence, which was then exposed to Biomax L movie. For quantifi cation, ECL signals were digitized making use of Labwork application. For oxyblot protein analysis, a normal manage was loaded on every single gel. Authentic time quantitative PCR examination The mRNA expressions of TNF, interleukin 1B, MMP 9, plasminogen activator inhibitor, IL ten, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in each in the four groups of animals have been analyzed with RT qPCR and in contrast. Statistical evaluation Quantitative data are expressed as signifies SD. Statistical analyses had been carried out applying SAS statistical application for Windows model 8. 2 to perform ANOVA followed by Bonferroni various comparison post hoc check. A probability value 0. 05 was viewed as statistically substantial.
Benefits Exendin 9 39 inhibited the effect of sitagliptin on attenuating the acute kidney IR damage To assess the result of sitagliptin treatment on ameliorating acute kidney IR was inhibited by extendin 9 39, an antag onist of exendin four, 24 hr acute kidney IR damage was done this site in more 6 animals, i. e, IR only, IR sitagliptin, and IR sitagliptin exendin 9 39. The H. E. stain showed that as compared with IR only, sitagliptin therapy markedly decreased the kidney damage score. Having said that, this treatment effect was notably reduced by extendin 9 39. Also, the expression of GLP 1R in kidney parenchyma was notably larger in sitagliptin treated animals than in those of IR only animals. On the other hand, the treatment method effect was remarkably diminished by exten din 9 39 therapy.
Furthermore, the protein expressions of oxidative worry, ROS, and inflammatory biomarkers have been markedly decrease in sitagliptin taken care of animals than in IR only animals. Having said that, regardless of with the sitagliptin treatment method, these protein expressions were up regulated once again by extendin 9 39 treatment during the acute kidney AZD6244 IC50 IR animals. Additionally, immediately after acute child ney IR injury, the circulating amount of GLP 1 was signifi cantly higher animals than in other groups of your animals. Accordingly, our findings supported the effect of sitagliptin treatment on attenuating acute kidney IR damage was largely through regulating the circulating amount of GLP one, a signaling pathway much like exedinin four.
Changes in renal functions and circulating levels of GLP one at 24 h and 72 h after acute renal IR injury Prior to the IR induction, the serum ranges of BUN and creatinine have been similar between the sham controls, animals with IR damage only, IR damage sita gliptin, and IR injury exendin four. Nonetheless, at 24 hr after reperfusion, the serum levels of BUN and creatinine had been considerably larger in group two than people in other groups and considerably greater in groups three and four than individuals in group 1, however it showed no difference in between groups three and four. Moreover, at 72 hr following IR procedure, these two parameters showed an identical pattern compared to that of 24 hr among the four groups. The day by day urine sum as well as ratio of urine pro tein to urine creatinine just before the IR method didn't differ among the 4 groups. Nonetheless, the daily urine sum was considerably less in group two than that in other groups and considerably less in group 1 than groups 3 and 4, and significantly less in group three as in contrast to that of the group four at 72 hr immediately after reperfusion.
The novel getting within the existing review is the fact that, underneath regular situation, GLP 1 binding web sites have been rare from the kidney parenchyma as proven in immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. Nonetheless, through acute kidney IR injury, the expression of GLP 1 binding web-sites was markedly enhanced inside the kidney parenchyma. Another novel and interesting finding would be the predominant distribution of GLP one binding websites while in the the two glomeruli and renal tubules. A further distinctive acquiring is that the protein expression of GLP 1 binding web sites in kidney parenchyma was uncommon in standard condition that was only markedly augmented after acute IR injury. Of notably distinctive finding was that the expression of this biomarker in renal parenchyma was substantially greater in IR animals with sitagliptin deal with ment than in IR animals without having treatment method and further appreciably larger in IR animals right after getting exendin four therapy.
These findings recommend an automated up regu lating expression of GLP one binding websites in IR animals soon after both drug treatment. Of value AT7519 IC50 is these findings not simply had been steady with our hypothesis, but additionally presented a great beneficial correlation in between the up regulated expression of GLP one binding web sites and suppressing the generations of irritation, oxidative anxiety, and ROS during the current review. Review limitations This review has several limitations. Very first, we stay uncer tain with regards to the explanation with the getting that exendin 4 had comparatively increased potency than that of sitagliptin in suppressing kidney damage score and inflammatory cells and in up regulating the expressions of GLP 1R and anti oxidants.
That is possibly due to the fact that exendin 4, a GLP one analogue, possess stron ger anti oxidative and anti inflammatory properties in contrast to individuals of sitagliptin. 2nd, regardless of in depth investigation inside the existing review, the precise sig naling pathway by means of which sitagliptin and exendin four exert their selleck therapeutic results haven't been elucidated. We've got, having said that, proposed the mechanisms primarily based on the findings of the recent research as summarized in Figure 14. Third, whilst the rationale of employing sitagliptin and exendin 4 was elucidated from the existing examine, we didn't test the possible toxicity of those two drugs within the setting of acute renal damage.
Actually, the dosage of sitagliptin has become suggested for being diminished by half in case the individuals estimated glomerular filtration price is thirty mL min one. 73 m2. Consequently, the routine dosage of this study isn't recommended to extrapolate to humankind in vital settings this kind of as contrast media induced nephrop athy, shock followed by resuscitation from the emergency and intensive care, kidney transplantation, sepsis or cardiovascular surgery. In conclusion, acute kidney IR injury considerably augmented GLP 1R expression in kidney parenchyma that have been additional augmented just after sitagliptin or exendin 4 treatment. Either sitagliptin or exendin 4 remedy efficiently protected the kidney from IR damage as a result of the suppres sion of inflammatory response, apoptosis, oxidative strain in the rodent model of renal IR damage. Background Acute kidney damage can be a generally encountered complication in hospitalized sufferers and substantially contributes to morbidity and mortality. Latest scientific studies have even further demonstrated that AKI was evident in all over 20% of patients who died in hospitals and as much as 50% of individuals in the intensive care unit.


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Home / Intel / Press Releases / The Armory Life™ Announces Release of Fall 2022 Print Issue Featuring Colion Noir Cover Story
The Armory Life™ Announces Release of Fall 2022 Print Issue Featuring Colion Noir Cover Story
GENESEO, ILL. (9/6/22) – The Armory Life™ is pleased to announce the release of the Fall 2022 issue of The Armory Life print magazine, complementing the daily digital content available on TheArmoryLife.com.
Since its launch more than three years ago, The Armory Life website has proven to be an outstanding source for firearms-oriented content. It delivers exciting and in-depth daily posts created by some of today's most respected experts in the firearms community. And with the launch of the full-color, 96-page quarterly print magazine in April of last year, fans of The Armory Life have an entirely new way to enjoy this content.
The recently released Fall 2022 issue features a fascinating cover story interview with Colion Noir, respected Second Amendment advocate and firearms enthusiast. In addition, the issue is packed with detailed pieces on Springfield Armory® offerings such as the brand-new Prodigy™ double-stack 1911 9mm, XD-M® Elite 4.5" OSP™ 10mm and more.
Rounding out the issue are articles on topics ranging from a detailed history of renowned ammunition maker Federal, a custom SA-35 crafted by none other than the artisans at Cylinder & Slide, Hornady Security's AR Gunlocker home defense system and much more.
The print magazine is designed to integrate closely with its digital sibling website, featuring easy-to-use QR codes throughout. Simply open up your camera app on your smartphone and scan the code, and you'll be taken online to expanded content and video segments.
Currently, recipients of The Armory Life print magazine are selected from Springfield Armory warranty registrants. Each receive a full year's worth (four issues) of the magazine. Individual copies are available for purchase here as well.
"Continuing our efforts to provide our readers with the best content possible, this seventh issue of The Armory Life print magazine delivers in-depth content and detailed reviews," explains Mike Humphries, editor-in-chief of the magazine. "Its combination of excellent photography, detailed analysis and website-integrated content makes it yet another must-read issue."
Be sure to visit TheArmoryLife.com, the ultimate destination website for firearms enthusiasts, providing all the great daily entertainment and informative content they demand.
About Springfield Armory®
In 1794, the original Springfield Armory began manufacturing muskets for the defense of our young, free Republic. The Armory functioned as a firearms supplier for every major American conflict until 1968 when the government sadly closed its doors. In 1974, nearly two centuries after its inception, Springfield Armory Inc. in Geneseo, Ill. revived the iconic heritage of the Armory to carry on its legacy.
We strive to honor this responsibility as guardians of the original Springfield Armory legacy by manufacturing the highest quality firearms to enable responsible citizens to preserve their right to keep and bear arms in the defense of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
With an unmatched emphasis on craftsmanship, performance and exceptional customer service, our mission is to forge superior firearms and provide the tools necessary to defend individual freedoms and equality for those who embrace the rights and principles secured by our Founding Fathers. For more information, please visit us at: springfield-armory.com.
For Media Inquiries:
Mike Humphries
Media Relations Manager
mike.humphries@springfield-armory.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Top police officer says crews won't patrol border between England and Wales as fire-break ends
West Mercia Police chief constable Anthony Bangham says despite the rules prohibiting almost all travel between Wales and England he won't station officers at the border
Nick HornerSenior reporter
West Mercia Police chief constable Anthony Bangham has said there will not be roadblock patrols like those seen in Wales (right) during the fire-break (Image: Chris Ison/PA Wire (left)/Ben Birchall/PA Wire (right))
Get the latest Welsh Covid-19 news sent straight to your inbox with the Coronavirus Briefing newsletter
A top-ranking police officer in England has said crews will not patrol the border to stop people travelling from Wales when the fire-break lockdown ends.
Under the new set of national rules announced by First Minister Mark Drakeford, which come into effect on Monday as the 17-day fire-break period concludes, it will be illegal to leave Wales without a 'reasonable excuse'. Such exemptions include things like attending work, where it cannot be done from home, or education.
While people who live here can travel anywhere they like within Wales it will be forbidden, therefore, to travel into England, which is now in its own four-week lockdown until December 2.
On Thursday, as the new measures in England kicked in, West Mercia Police chief constable Anthony Bangham said there would not be patrols in place along the border to enforce the new restrictions, BirminghamLive reported.
West Mercia's force area includes Herefordshire and Shropshire, which both have a long border with Wales.
Mr Bangham said: "In many areas of our force we share a border with Wales and we understand there will be concerns, from both sides of the border, about how the differing rules will be managed – particularly for those who live on the border.
"I want to be clear we will not be patrolling the border. However we will continue to work closely with our colleagues in the Welsh forces to police the differing regulations and support the most affected communities."
Are you clear on the new rules?
Mr Bangham added: "We will continue to be out and about, providing a visible presence and engaging with the public as we all adjust to the new rules.
"We will continue to take a sensible and proportionate approach to the Covid-19 laws with our aim always to ensure public safety.
"If there are clear breaches, where people choose to put lives at risk by knowingly breaking the law, then we will take positive enforcement action – as the public would expect."
Fire-break Lockdown


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The region have been inhabited  since the Stone Age. Copper tools from the Chalcolithic period have been discovered. This area entered the Iron Age during the mid-2nd millennium BCE.

The region was conquered by the Maurya Empire and later (17th century) came under the control of the Mughal emperors Akbar. Following the Mughal decline, the region came under the control of local rulers from the Chero caste and others, before its subjugation by the British East India Company in the late 18th century, succeeded by the British Raj from the mid-19th century, both encountering much local resistance. At this time the territory was covered by nine princely states. Under the Raj, till 1905, the region fell within the Bengal Presidency, most of it then being transferred to the Central Provinces and Orissa Tributary States; then in 1936 the whole region was assigned to the Eastern States Agency.

Following Indian independence in 1947, the region was divided between the new states of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Bihar. In 2000 a campaign led by the BJP for a separate state culminated with the passage of the Bihar Reorganisation Act, creating Jharkhand as a new Indian state.

Prehistoric era
Stone tools and microliths from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods have been discovered in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region. There are also ancient cave paintings in Isko, Hazaribagh district which are from the Meso-Chalcolithic period (9,000–5,000 BC). A group of megaliths proven to date back to beyond 3000 BCE was also found at Barkagaon, about 25 km from Hazaribagh at Punkri Barwadih.

During 2nd millennium BCE the use of Copper tools spread in Chota Nagpur Plateau and these find complex are known as the Copper Hoard Culture. In the Kabra-Kala mound, at the confluence of the Son and North Koel rivers in Palamu district, various objects have been found which date from the Neolithic to the medieval period. The pot-sherds of redware, black and red ware, black ware, black slipware and NBP ware are from the Chalcolithic to the late medieval period.

Ancient period

Barudih, located in the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, yielded evidence of microliths, Neolithic celts, iron slags, wheel made pottery, and iron objects (including a sickle). The earliest radio carbon dating give a range of 1401–837 BCE for this site.

Around –1000 BCE, Vedic Aryans spread eastward to the fertile western Ganges plain and adopted iron tools, which allowed for the clearing of forest and the adoption of a more settled, agricultural way of life. During this time, the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic Indo-Aryan culture. The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of cities and large states (called mahajanapadas), as well as śramaṇa movements (including Jainism and Buddhism) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy of Brahminical Hinduism. According to Bronkhorst, the Sramana culture arose in "greater Magadha," which was Indo-European, but not Vedic. In this culture, Kshatriyas were placed higher than Brahmins, and it rejected Vedic authority and rituals.

In Mahabharata, the region was referred as Kark Khand due to its location near Tropic of Cancer.
In those days, the Jharkhand state was a part of Magadha and Anga.  Nanda Empire ruled the region during 4th century BCE. In Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These conquered states fell under the hegemony of the Maurya empire during Ashoka's expansionist reign (c. 232 BCE). The Brahmi Inscription found in Karbakala in Palamu district and Saridkel in Khunti district which is from 3rd century BCE.
In ancient site of Saridkel, burnt bricks houses, red ware pottery, copper tools, coins and iron tools were found which belong to early centuries CE.

Samudragupta, while marching through the present-day Chota Nagpur region (North and South), directed the first attack against the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala in the Mahanadi valley.

Medieval period
In the 7th century, Chinese traveler Xuanzang passed through the region. He described the kingdom as Karnasuvarna and Shashanka as its ruler. To the north of the kingdom was Magadha, Champa was in East, Mahendra in the west, and Orissa in the south. The region was also part of Pala Empire. A Buddhist monastery has been discovered in Hazaribagh which was built during Pala rule in 10th century. Bhim Karn was Nagvanshi king during medieval period. He defeated Raksel dynasty of Surguja when they Invaded the reign with cavalry.

Modern period
By the end of medieval and the beginning of the modern period, this region was under the rule of many dynasties including Nagvanshi, Khayaravala, Ramgarh Raj, Raksel, Chero, Raj Dhanwar and the Kharagdiha Zamindari estates of Koderma, Gadi Palganj, and Ledo Gadi.

In Akbarnama, the region of Chota Nagpur is described as Jharkhand. During the Mughal period, the region, then known as Khukhra, was famous for its diamonds. Akbar was informed of a rebel Afghan sardar, Junaid Kararani, whose hideout was Chota Nagpur. The Emperor also received information on diamonds being found in this area. Consequently, Akbar ordered Shahbaz Khan Kamboh to attack Khukhra. At that time, Raja Madhu Singh, the 42nd Nagvanshi king was ruling at Khukhra. Akbar's army defeated the king and a sum of rupees six thousand was fixed as its annual revenue payable to the Mughals. Till the reign of Akbar, Chota Nagpur had not come under the suzerainty of the Mughals and the Nagvanshi rulers had been ruling over this region as independent rulers.

By the advent of the reign of Emperor Jahangir, king Durjan Shah had come to power in Chota Nagpur. He refused to pay the annual revenue fixed by Akbar. Jahangir ordered Ibrahim Khan (governor of Bihar) to attack Khukhra. Jahangir's intentions were two-pronged: defeat Durjan Shah and acquire the diamonds found in the Sankh River. In 1615 AD, Ibrahim Khan marched against Khukhra and defeated Durjan Shah, took him as a captive to Patna, and was finally imprisoned in the Gwalior fort. The imprisonment lasted for twelve years. Ultimately, Jahangir granted his release after realising Sal's skill of distinguishing real diamonds. The title of Shah was conferred on him by Emperor Jahangir and his kingdom restored. Durjan Shah shifted the capital from Khukhragarh to Doisa, also known as Navratangarh. The reign of Durjan Sal lasted for about thirteen years. He died in 1639 or 1640 AD. He was succeeded by King Ram Shah ruled from 1640 to 1663. He built Kapilnath Temple in 1643. He succeeded by his son Raghunath Shah. Thakur Ani Nath Shahdeo bulit Jagannath temple of Ranchi in 1991.

In Palamu district, the old fort in the plains, was built by the King of Raksel Rajput Dynasty. However, it was during the reign of King Medini Ray (1658–1674), who ruled from 1658 to 1674 in Palamau, the old fort was rebuilt into a defensive structure. His rule extended to areas in South Gaya and Hazaribagh. He attacked Navratangarh ( and defeated it. With the war bounty, he constructed the lower fort close to Satbarwa. Following the death of Medini Ray, there was rivalry within the royal family of the Chero dynasty which ultimately led to its downfall; this was engineered by the ministers and advisers in the court.

Daud Khan, who launched his invasion on 3 April 1660 from Patna, attacked south of Gaya district and finally arrived at the Palamu forts on 9 December 1660. The terms of surrender and payment of tribute were not acceptable to the Cheros; Daud Khan apparently wanted complete conversion of the Hindus to Islam. Following this, Khan mounted a series of attacks on the forts. Cheros defended the forts but ultimately lost and fled to the jungles. The temples were destroyed and Mughal rule was re-imposed.

In 1765, the region came under the control of the British East India Company when Chitrajeet Rai's nephew, Gopal Rai, betrayed him and facilitated the Patna council of the East India Company to attack the fort. When the new fort was attacked by Captain Camac on 28 January 1771, the Chero soldiers fought valiantly but had to retreat to the old fort on account of water shortage. This helped the British army to occupy the new fort located on a hill without any struggle. The location was strategic and enabled the British to mount cannon-supported attacks on the old fort. The Cheros fought valiantly with their own cannons but the old fort was besieged by the British on 19 March 1771. The fort was finally occupied by the British in 1772. The regions of Nagvansh and Ramgarh also became parts of British Raj.

The Kharagdiha kingdom, which was founded in 15th century when the Maharaja of Bhumihar clan was able to influence and impress the ghatwals of Kharagdiha Gadis, also came under the British Raj. After the Treaty of Allahabad, this region, along with the rest of Suba Bengal, came under the rule of East India Company. The kingdom was considerably reduced. In 1809, the Maharajas of Kharagdiha became the Rajas of Dhanwar. The Kharagdiha gadis were semi-independent chiefdoms. Captain Camac found the rulers of these gadis very prominent in their chiefdoms, and as a result, these gadis were permanently settled as zamindari estates. Koderma, Gadi Palganj and Ledo Gadi were notable zamindari estates in the district.

Other princely states in the Chota Nagpur Plateau came within the sphere of influence of the Maratha Empire, but they became tributary states of East India Company as a result of the Anglo-Maratha Wars known as Chota Nagpur Tributary States.

Colonial era
1766–1809: Chuar revolt by the Bhumij zamindars of Jungle Mahals, led by Jagannath Singh.
1767–1777: Dhal revolt by Raja Jagannath Dhal of Dhalbhum.
1769–1778: Revolt led by Raghunath Mahato  in 1769.
1772–1780: Paharia revolt
1780–1785: Tilka Manjhi led the tribal revolt and managed to injure the collector of Bhagalpur, Augustus Cleveland, who died in Cape Town later. In 1785, Tilka Manjhi was hanged to death in Bhagalpur.
1795–1800: Tamar revolt
1795–1800: Munda revolt under the leadership of Vishnu Manaki
1800–1802: Munda revolt under the stewardship of Dukhan Manaki of Tamar
1812: Bakhtar Say and Mundal Singh rebelled against British East India company in Gumla.
1819–1820: Chero revolt in Palamu under the leadership of Bhukan Singh
1831–1832: Kol revolt under the leadership of Buddhu Bhagat, Madara Bhagat, and Joe Bhagat
1832–1833: Bhumij revolt under the leadership of Ganga Narayan Singh of Birbhum
1855: Santhals revolt against the revenue of Lord Cornwallis

1855–1860: During the late 1850s, Sidhu had accumulated about ten thousand Santhal to run a parallel government against British rule. The basic purpose was to collect taxes by making his own laws. British Government had announced an award of Rs. 10,000 to arrest Sidhu and his brother Kanhu betrayed.
1856–1857: Martyr Sahid Lal, Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo, Pandey Ganpat Rai, Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikhari, Nadir Ali, Jai Mangal Singh  led a movement against the British Government during India's First War of Independence, 1857, also called Sepoy Mutiny.
Nilambar and Pitambar led a revolt against East India company in 1857.
1868: Kharwar revolt under the leadership of Bhagirath, Dubai Gosai, and Patel Singh

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria, who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India. In 1874, the Kherwar Movement under the leadership of Bhagirathi Manjhi gained prominence. The Cheros and Kharwars again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed. Between 1895 and 1900, a movement against the British Raj was led by Birsa Munda (born 15 November 1875).  Birsa Munda was captured by British forces and declared dead on 9 June 1900 in the Ranchi Jail, due to Cholera, according to records of the British colonial government. All of these uprisings were quelled by the British through massive deployment of troops across the region.

In 1914, the Tana Bhagat resistance movement started, which gained the participation of more than 26,000 Adivasis, and eventually merged with Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience movement.

In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly Hindi-speaking states of Chang Bhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja, and Udaipur was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the Central Provinces, while the two Oriya-speaking states of Gangpur and Bonai were attached to the Orissa Tributary States, leaving only Kharsawan and Saraikela answerable to the Bengal governor.

In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the Eastern States Agency, the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any Provinces.

In March 1940, INC 53rd Session was accomplished under the presidency of Maulana Abul Qalam Azad at Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh (now, Ramgarh Cant.). Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Acharya J.B. Kripalani, Industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj and other leaders of Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh session. Mahatma Gandhi also opened khadi and village industries exhibition at Ramgarh.

Post-independence
After the Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja, and Udaipur States became part of Madhya Pradesh state; Gangpur and Bonai became part of Orissa state; and Kharsawan and Saraikela became part of Bihar state.

In 1928, Unnati Samaj, the political wing of Christian tribals submitted a memorandum to the Simon Commission to constitute a tribal state in Eastern India. A prominent leader like Jaipal Singh Munda and Ram Narayan Singh demanded a separate state. In 1955, Jharkhand Party, led by Jaipal Singh Munda, submitted a memorandum to States Reorganization Commission for Jharkhand state for tribals, but it was rejected because the region had different languages, the tribals were in minority, Hindustani was majority language and adverse effect on economy of Bihar.

Later Sadan people, the native various caste groups also joined the movement for separate state which strengthen the movement. In 1972, Binod Bihari Mahato, Shibu Soren and A. K. Roy founded Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM). Nirmal Mahto founded All Jharkhand Students Union (AJSU). They spearheaded the movement for a separate state of Jharkhand. The Jharkhand coordination committee (JCC) led by Ram Dayal Munda, Dr. B.P. Keshri, Binod Bihari Mahato, Santosh Rana, and Suraj Singh Besra started a fresh initiative in the matter. It try to coordinate between different parties. Dr. B.P. Keshri sent a memorandum to form Jharkhand state in 1988.

In July 1988, Bharatiya Janata party in the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Lal Krishna Advani and Murli Manohar Joshi decided to demand separate state Vanachal composed of forest region of South Bihar in Jamshedpur. Inder Singh Namdhari,
Samresh Singh and Rudra Pratap Sarangi were prominent leader of Vanachal movement. They organised several rallies to form a separate state Vanachal.
The Centre government formed a committee on the Jharkhand matter in 1989. It stressed the need for greater allocation of the development funds for the area. JMM wanted greater representation and AJSU was against it.  Due to differences, these parties parted away from each other. There was a provision for limited internal autonomy in the hill area of Assam. Other tribal areas were covered by the fifth schedule of the constitution. The Chota Nagpur and Santal Pargana development board was constituted under the chairmanship of then Chief Minister of Bihar under the provision of the fifth schedule in 1972. AJSU introduced elements of violence in the movement and called for a boycott of the election while JMM opposed it. Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council Bill passed in Bihar legislative assembly in December 1994. Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council was given the charge of 40 subjects including agriculture, rural health, public work, public health, and minerals. The council had the power to recommend legislation to the Assembly through the state government and to frame bylaws and regulations.

In 1998, when the separate state movement was falling apart, Justice Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo had led the movement. In 1998, the Union government decided to send the Bill concerning formation of Jharkhand State to Bihar Legislative Assembly to which Lalu Prasad Yadav had said that the State would be divided over his dead body. BJP, JMM, AJSU, Congress, a total of 16 political parties came in one platform and formed 'All Party Separate State Formation Committee' to start the movement. Justice Shahdeo was elected as the convener of the committee. The voting on Jharkhand Act was to be done on 21 September 1998 in Bihar legislation. On that day the committee, under the leadership of Justice Shahdeo called for Jharkhand Bandh and organised a protest march. Thousands of supporters of separate state took to streets in leadership of Justice Shahdeo. He was arrested and detained in police station for hours along with many supporters.

In 1999, Bharatiya Janata party, promised to form separate state Vanachal, if BJP win the state election and BJP get majority of votes.
After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation bill . Finally, with the support from both RJD and Congress, the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the BJP which had made statehood a policy plank in the region in several previous elections, cleared the Bihar Reorganisation Act in the monsoon session of the Parliament in 2000, thus paving the way for the creation of a separate Vanachal state comprising Chota Nagpur Division and Santhal Pargana Division of South Bihar. NDA formed the government with Babulal Marandi as chief minister. Later it was renamed as Jharkhand.

See also
 List of Monuments of National Importance in Jharkhand

References

Works cited


Every month Euclid Analytics releases their numbers on physical in-store activity in their Retail Benchmark report. They use smartphones to track consumers as they window shop, browse inside the store and leave – think of them as the same as web analytics for physical retail. They do this by analyzing hundreds of millions of potential shopping sessions per year across thousands of locations – all of it opt in and all of it anonymous. Chuck summarizes the latest report which saw a mixed bag of results.


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Larry Webster, Mule Band Show Cause to Celebrate
By Joanna Clark and Whitney Hale Oct. 13, 2010
LEXINGTON, Ky. (Oct. 13, 2010) − The University of Kentucky John Jacob Niles Center for American Music invites the public to an afternoon of mountain style "party songs," performed by musical guests Larry Webster and the Mule Band. The free "Appalachia in the Bluegrass" concert is scheduled for noon Friday, Oct. 15, in the Niles Gallery, located in the Lucille C. Little Fine Arts Library and Learning Center.
Larry Webster, lawyer, raconteur, newspaper columnist, former politician, and musician, has long been a prominent voice for Eastern Kentucky's mountain music heritage. For 30 years, Webster and the Mule Band have spiced up Appalachian frolics, cabin raisings, quiltings and corn huskings with their mountain style "party songs."
The Mule Band has been recognized as perhaps the longest running old time string band in the Commonwealth, and also one of the oldest bands in the entire Appalachian region. Musicians include: Earl Holbrook, Bill Brooks, Deborah Brooks, Barry Bowersock, Eddie Robinette, Cheryl Webster and Larry Webster.
To watch a video of Larry Webster and the Mule Band performing, visit YouTube online at www.youtube.com/watch?v=czHPWEiyzeY.
The "Appalachia in the Bluegrass" concert series celebrates the old time roots of American Folk music by featuring a diverse range of traditional musical expression. The concert series illustrates the many faces of the Bluegrass' indigenous American Folk music, from the authentic old time sound of mountain banjo player Lee Boy Sexton to the blues-infused style of Sparky and Rhonda Rucker. The series is made possible with support from the Office of the Provost, the Niles Center and the Appalachian Studies Program.
The Niles Center is a collaborative effort of the UK School of Music, UK College of Fine Arts and UK Libraries.
For more information on the Larry Webster and the Mule Band concert or the "Appalachia in the Bluegrass" concert series, contact Ron Pen, director of the Niles Center by e-mail to Ron.Pen@uky.edu or visit online at www.uky.edu/FineArts/Music/Niles


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Q: How to launch multiple instances of an exe appln using threads in a single process in c#? In c# , I wanted to launch multiple instances of the same exe application in a single process.Each instance must run as a different thread in a single process.How to do this?

A: Most probably, what you need are App Domains.

A: Explaining what you're trying to achieve will help understand the problem a little better, but one approach could be:
Code your application to check if it's already running; if it is, pass a message to that application telling it to create a new thread (with any parameters passed to this new instance) and then exit leaving the other process running the threads doing the work.
Of course, if you have applications that spawn your app waiting for it to exit will require a change to the above as the application in my suggestion will exit quickly if another instance is running. You will also have to code to handle cases where the application crashes/locks up - this could block following instances of the application from telling it to run new threads.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


[adj] precisely accurate or exact; "perfect timing"
[adj] being complete of its kind and without defect or blemish; "a perfect circle"; "a perfect reproduction"; "perfect happiness"; "perfect manners"; "a perfect specimen"; "a perfect day"
[v] make perfect or complete; "perfect your French in Paris!"
PERFECT is a 7 letter word that starts with P.
My strength is made perfect in weakness. --2 Cor.
I fear I am not in my perfect mind.   --Shak.
O most entire perfect sacrifice!      --Keble.
I am perfect that the Pannonains are now in arms.
in harmony, as upon the tonic preceded by the dominant.
Inquire into the nature and properties of the things, .
Syn: To finish; accomplish; complete; consummate.


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Home » Prophets » Video » Do you Know The Prophet?
Do you Know The Prophet?
Muhammad, Rasoolullah
Prophets in Islam (Arabic: الأنبياء في الإسلام) include "messengers" (rasul, pl. rusul), bringers of a divine revelation via an angel;12 and "prophets" (nabī, pl. anbiyā'), lawbringers that Muslims believe were sent by God to every people, bringing God's message in a language they can understand.13 Belief in prophets is one of the six articles of the Islamic faith, and specifically mentioned in the Quran.4
In Islamic belief the first prophet was the first human being, Adam (Adem). Many Jewish and Christian prophets and revelations they delivered are mentioned in the Quran as prophets and revelations but usually with different names, (the Jewish Elisha is called Alyasa, Job is Ayyub, Jesus is Isa, etc.; The Torah given to Moses (Musa) is called Tawrat, the Psalms given to David (Dawud) is the Zabur, the Gospel given to Jesus is Injil).
Unique to Islam is Muhammad (Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh), who Muslims believe is the "Seal of the Prophets" (Khatam an-Nabiyyin, i.e. the last prophet); and the text revealed to him (the Quran), which Muslims believe is unique among divine revelations as the only one protected by God from distortion or corruption,5 destined to remain in its true form until the Last Day.
In Muslim belief, every prophet preached the same main Islamic beliefs, the Oneness of God, worshipping of that one God, avoidance of idolatry and sin, and the belief in the Day of Resurrection or the Day of Judgement and life after death. Each came to preach Islam at different times in history and some told of the coming of the final prophet and messenger of God, who would be named "Ahmed" commonly known as Muhammad. Each prophet directed a message to a different group of people, and thus would preach Islam in accordance with the times.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam
Prophets, Video


When infection and biomechanical issues have been ruled out, metal or bone cement allergy may be the cause.
The MetAlls Clinic offers individualized diagnostics for metal and bone cement allergy. The patch test panels include a selection of most metals used in orthopedic hardware, as well as the different components of bone cement. The nickel lymphocyte proliferation test has been validated against patch testing. In October, a summary of the study and results of the NiLPT validation were submitted by Dr. Pacheco for peer review and publication.
To refer a patient directly to the MetAlls Clinic at National Jewish Health, call Physician Line at 800.652.9555, choose option 2 and request extension 1723.


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Q: Добавление библиотек C++ в VSC При подключении библиотеки iostream в Visual Studio Code выдает такие ошибки.

Расширение на язык скачано. Как добавить стандартные библиотеки С++ в этот редактор? Или только скачивать VS 2019? В чем вообще разница этих двух редакторов?


Contact | MaxWorth Consulting Group, LLC.
If you experience any difficulty with either service, or if you have any questions regarding returning your completed forms, please contact our office at 877-643-7520.
What types of compensation may I defer?
What do I need to do to re-enroll for next year?
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What are my distribution options for the Plan?
Please contact our office at the number and/or email below. One of our team members will be happy to assist you.
When is my account scheduled to be distributed?
How can I change my investment options?
Please contact your third-party administrator, The Pangburn Group. One of their team members will be happy to assist you. In order to better serve you, please make sure to mention the hospital you are affiliated with.


I have a 430-watt HPS covering an area of about two by three feet. 15 beautiful little ladies sit under the light. I have thrown three of them into flowering by keeping the light on 24 hours and removing the three plants 12 hours a day, allowing the others to continue growing vegetatively.
The problem is that this darkening method can't be hooked up to a timer, and I am pretty bad about removing them from and replacing them under the light at exactly the right time every day. Will an extra 10-20 minutes of light or darkness on a regular basis cause my girls to turn to hermaphrodites? They look just perfect but I've heard horror stories like that.
Bud growth will be adversely affected by an irregular light cycle. Regularity is the key to perfect buds. When the lights are turned on and off irregularly, even by a half-hour variation daily, the buds will not be as tight. They may also stretch a bit and there is a slight chance of hermaphroditism being expressed.
Removing the plants to and from darkness daily can work, but you have to be very exact about timing to maintain the best conditions for bud growth. A variation of five minutes each day will probably not harm buds. More than that will be detrimental.


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Blue-crowned manakin
Compared to some other manakins, the male Blue-crowned manakin performs a quieter display, bowing its brilliantly colored head forward while giving a musical trill. Despite having an extensive range, from Costa Rica and Panama, all the way south to Bolivia, it has always been rare in captivity
Lance-tailed manakin
Males of this species perform their display in teams of two, jumping up and down, side by side, on a branch, while snarling and whistling. Found in Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela, it has never been common in captivity.
Golden-collared Manakin
Found in Panama and Colombia, this little bird has proved adaptable to disturbed habitats, flourishing in second-growth woods. The elongated feathers, arranged like a beard beneath the male's throat, can be bunched together like a pointing finger, parallel with its beak. With those feathers thus positioned, the male performs its courtship display by darting suddenly from branch to branch while making startling snapping sounds with its wings. The only captive hatchings have taken place at the DWA, with twelve hatchings since the first in 2009.
Golden-headed manakin
This species is obviously closely related to the Red-capped manakin and shares part of its range in Panama, but is mostly found in Northern South America. The females of these two species are very similar, greenish with pale underparts. At present it is the most widely kept manakin in zoos and has bred in captivity, including the DWA.
Red-capped Manakin
The Red-capped manakin is well known to recipients of web-videos as the "Moon Walk" bird. That remarkable display of zipping back and forth by incredibly fast foot motion is its courtship behavior, which is taken to extremes by the various manakins. While most of the 146 species are South American, this manakin is found from Southeastern Mexico through Central America, to Ecuador.


Our client required 20mg of protein for NMR structural studies. The protein was known to be post-translationally modified with palmitic acid on a cysteine residue.
Our challenge was to obtain this amount of protein after expression in E. coli and demonstrate palmitoylation using mass spectrometry analysis. The protein was well expressed but very insoluble in initial experiments.
Our solutions to this challenge were to reduce the temperature during expression far below what is normally used, include media components to tightly regulate expression levels, and prolong expression experiments over several days rather than a few hours or overnight. Although >95% of the expressed protein was still insoluble this gave ~2-3-fold increase in soluble expression. Our next steps were to identify conditions for Ni chelate and size exclusion chromatography, which were different to standard methods, to improve purity at these stages. When all of these steps were combined together, along with a large 20 litre E.coli culture, we were able to generate 20mg of >90% pure protein. The protein was confirmed to be covalently lipid modified by mass spectrometry analysis.
Our client had sufficient protein of the desired purity to conduct the NMR studies, when initial experiments suggested this would be impossible.


This blog provides resources for you to use for homework, school projects, and other assignments. To get personalized resources for your school work, fill out the Homework Help form and you can expect results within 3 business days.
On this day, in 1620, the Mayflower set sail from England to the New World with 102 passengers on board. Bad weather and navigational errors meant that this journey took 66 days (History)! Read more about the pilgrims and their journey in these titles at the library.
The Documents of American Democracy series homes in on several of the important foundation papers that are central to U.S. history. Though the Mayflower Compact is often neglected, the series wisely includes the first document of the U.S. government. Written aboard the Mayflower, it not only laid out rules for the Plymouth Colony but it was used as a blueprint for future American governments.
An illustrated account of the life of John Howland, the young servant who was indentured to Pilgrim John Carver, describes how he embarked on the Mayflower and survived a fall off the ship before helping his ill shipmates by scouting out a safe harbor.
Read more about Mayflower Sets Sail!
Want to learn more about dinosaurs? Working on a school project that involves dinosaurs? Take a look at some of the titles the library has on these prehistoric creatures.
Presents facts about the prehistoric world in which dinosaurs lived, the types of dinosaurs that lived in different time periods, and how dinosaur bones were discovered and studied.
Discusses the physical characteristics, behavior, territory, life cycle, and different types of dinosaurs; how they became extinct; and how scientists have learned about them through fossils.
June 14, 2017 | Brad B.
This beautiful new edition features an eye-opening Afterword written by Tappan Wilder that includes Thornton Wilder's unpublished notes and other illuminating photographs and documentary material. Our Town was first produced and published in 1938 to wide acclaim. This Pulitzer Prize-winning drama of life in the small village of Grover's Corners, an allegorical representation of all life, has become a classic. It is Thornton Wilder's most renowned and most frequently performed play.
Fifteen-year-old Cameron living with her single mother in Brooklyn finds her search for identity further challenged when she discovers that she is the product of a biracial relationship.
Global Road Warrior is a comprehensive cultural database that features in-depth information on 175 countries, helpful for school reports or international travel and business. Information is broken down into categories such as Culture & Society, Food & Recipes, Language, National Symbols, Business Culture, Music, Education, and more!
Global Road Warrior is an excellent resource for student projects and a great companion for international travelers.
Do you need help wth finding books, PDFs, articles, and primary sources of information for your project? Feel free to browse the list below for easy to access information to help with your project.
Suggested biographies that fall between 100 and 150 pages. Click on the book or series title for more information on location and availability.
A biography of Nellie Bly, the pioneering journalist whose showy but substantive stunts skyrocketed her to fame.
A forward thinking computing pioneer.
Are you interested in discovering the fiction of other countries and cultures? There is truly a world of reading out there to explore. To help you get started, we have compiled a list of international authors--from Afghanistan to Zambia.


Drag Racing: Bike Edition (MOD, Unlimited Money) content rating is 3+ years. This app is rated 5.0 by 3 users who are using this app. This app is listed in the play store and in the Race category of Games. To know more about the company / developer, visit Creative Mobile's website who developed it. Drag Racing: Bike Edition (MOD, Unlimited Money) can be downloaded and installed on Android 3.0 and higher Android devices. Download the app using your favorite browser and click Install to install the application. Please note that we provide both basic and pure APK files and faster download speeds than Drag Racing: Bike Edition (MOD, Unlimited Money) apk Mirror. This app APK has beed downloaded 10 000 000–50 000 000 times on store. You can also download Drag Racing: Bike Edition (MOD, Unlimited Money) APK and run it with the popular Android Emulators.


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Platinum sponsors 2013:
Today's Issue
subscription music
Pandora CFO on ratings, ad sales, and subscriptions
Submitted by Brad Hill on December 5, 2013 - 6:28am
12/5/2013: Pandora CFO speaks out
Mike Herring
Nielsen Audio
programmatic ad buying
Pandora CFO Mike Herring addressed the Credit Suisse 2013 Technology Conference this week. The format was a moderated Q&A session. We pulled out three subjects within which Herring's responses were of particular interest: ratings measurement, how Pandora sells ads, and its hybrid subscription/advertising revenue model.
On the subject of ratings, Herring pushed Pandora's agenda of inclusion in traditional radio measurements developed by Arbitron (now Nielsen Audio). His talking points echoed what CEO Brian McAndrews said in Pandora's recent quarterly earning teleconference, and we expect the company to continue hammering away on this issue. Currently Pandora releases a proprietary "share of total U.S. listening" metric every month, a number that disputed by some broadcast executives.
HERRING: "You mentioned Arbitron, they currently don't measure streaming services like Pandora. Now that they've been acquired by Nielsen, conversations are ongoing. We're optimistic that they'll embrace the future [by] allowing us to be measured alongside broadcast radio. That's what we've always wanted. Our release of monthly metrics are really about trying to put a stake in the ground about how we're measured, how we stand up next to the competitors we have in the market for advertising dollars. We'd love to have that measure, [to be put] side by side within the Arbitron system."
Herring addressed a question about the rise of programmatic ad-buying, and how Pandora's large-scale build-out of a sales network fits into the automation trend. Herring's answer acknowledged the importance of both sides, and defends the future of personal selling.
HERRING: "So, you really have to think about it in two buckets. So, the audio side of the business or the broadcast side -- $15 billion in radio is really a consultative sale. You are [personally] pitching buyers on the value of your audience I don't see that becoming an automated platform soon." "We hear a lot about programmatic buying [...] on the digital side of things. And Pandora is going to be right alongside the leaders in that space in developing capabilities there. But on the audio side there will always be a feet on the street. You are out pitching agencies [which is] why we put people in 29 local markets last year to really pitch local radio advertisers."
Herring addressed paid music and free music. When there is a steady focus on the subscriber number -- how many Pandora listeners pay a monthly fee to remove advertising -- analysts often must be reminded how Pandora prioritizes and balances the two sides of its business. In his reply, Herring valued subscriptions, but emphasized the advertising side of the revenue equation.
"[We] got to 3.18 million subscribers at the end of the last quarter. It's a great business [which is] 20% of revenue. But at Pandora we fundamentally believe the big opportunity is not the 20% of people in the United States that are willing to pay for music. And there are a lot of streaming services that are fighting to get a piece of that market. We have a piece of it as an adjunct to our free business. We also have 67-69 million people who have grown up believing that music listening should be a free experience. They're willing to listen to advertising associated with that. We think that's a much bigger addressable market and that's why we focus so much time on that. The subscription business will always be an important part of our business but not the main growth driver long term."
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Proliferation Treatise (aka Counting the Devices)
One reason that listening hours per week per capita to Internet radio are increasing (according to both the annual Arbitron-Edison "Infinite Dial" study and easy math you can do with monthly Triton Digital press releases) and listening hours per week per capita to AM/FM radio seem to be declining (if you're an Arbitron subscriber, check Persons Using Radio (PUR)...
read more › ›
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Biochar is a name for Charcoal created by pyrolysis of Biomass.
This is a documentary about how to produce bio-char in Bangladesh with English subtitles; start at 1:28.
It it created using a pyrolysis process, heating biomass in a low oxygen environment. Once the pyrolysis reaction has begun, it is self-sustaining, requiring no outside energy input. Byproducts of the process include syngas (H2 + CO), minor quantities of methane (CH4), tars, organic acids and excess heat.
Initially only used in agriculture, the range of uses for biochar now covers a wide range of different fields, giving this plant-based raw material the chance to make the most of its positive properties. Wherever biochar is specifically used even for industrial purposes, the carbon taken from the atmosphere in the form of CO2 can be stored for long periods or at least used to replace fossil carbon sources.
Biochar offers a strong link between the three Rio conventions as it simultaneously addresses climate change, soil degradation and biodiversity.
For a comprehensive collection of articles on TLUD gasifiers, see Dr. Paul Anderson's website, www.drtlud.com.
For a forum for discussing TLUD gasifiers and other biomass stoves, see "Stoves" at bioenergylists.org.
This page was last modified on 1 February 2019, at 13:13.


As a Police Officer with 18 years experience I recognized the need for drastic change in the way Police/Fire/EMS need to interact with newer technologies from the headquarters end to the Police/Fire/EMS on the street end. This belief led me to create a highly knowledgeable team around a great product that will change how your profession is done and save your town money.
The Emergency Services professions all across America are facing some tough challenges. Towns and cities from every part of our country are facing tough economic times and are therefore forced to reduce their budgets in the public services areas. The result has been a reduction in manpower and resources in all areas of Police/Fire/EMS. Despite these cutbacks, the public still wants the safety and security of their families provided for.