text:
class ChromeHttpUserAgentSettings;
class ChromeNetworkDelegate;
class ChromeURLRequestContextGetter;
class HostContentSettingsMap;
class MediaDeviceIDSalt;
class ProtocolHandlerRegistry;
class SupervisedUserURLFilter;

namespace chromeos {
class CertificateProvider;
}

namespace chrome_browser_net {
class ResourcePrefetchPredictorObserver;
}

namespace content_settings {
class CookieSettings;
}

namespace data_reduction_proxy {
class DataReductionProxyIOData;
}

namespace extensions {
class ExtensionThrottleManager;
class InfoMap;
}

namespace net {
class CertificateReportSender;
class CertVerifier;
class ChannelIDService;
class CookieStore;
class FtpTransactionFactory;
class HttpServerProperties;
class HttpTransactionFactory;
class ProxyConfigService;
class ProxyService;
class SSLConfigService;
class TransportSecurityPersister;
class TransportSecurityState;
class URLRequestJobFactoryImpl;
}  // namespace net

namespace policy {
class PolicyCertVerifier;
class PolicyHeaderIOHelper;
class URLBlacklistManager;
}  // namespace policy

// Conceptually speaking, the ProfileIOData represents data that lives on the IO
// thread that is owned by a Profile, such as, but not limited to, network
// objects like CookieMonster, HttpTransactionFactory, etc.  Profile owns
// ProfileIOData, but will make sure to delete it on the IO thread (except
// possibly in unit tests where there is no IO thread).
class ProfileIOData {
 public:
  typedef std::vector<scoped_refptr<ChromeURLRequestContextGetter>>
      ChromeURLRequestContextGetterVector;

  virtual ~ProfileIOData();

  static ProfileIOData* FromResourceContext(content::ResourceContext* rc);

  // Returns true if |scheme| is handled in Chrome, or by default handlers in
  // net::URLRequest.
  static bool IsHandledProtocol(const std::string& scheme);

  // Returns true if |url| is handled in Chrome, or by default handlers in
  // net::URLRequest.
  static bool IsHandledURL(const GURL& url);

  // Utility to install additional WebUI handlers into the |job_factory|.
  // Ownership of the handlers is transfered from |protocol_handlers|
  // to the |job_factory|.
  static void InstallProtocolHandlers(
      net::URLRequestJobFactoryImpl* job_factory,
      content::ProtocolHandlerMap* protocol_handlers);

  // Sets a global CertVerifier to use when initializing all profiles.
  static void SetCertVerifierForTesting(net::CertVerifier* cert_verifier);

  // Called by Profile.
  content::ResourceContext* GetResourceContext() const;

  // Initializes the ProfileIOData object and primes the RequestContext
  // generation. Must be called prior to any of the Get*() methods other than
  // GetResouceContext or GetMetricsEnabledStateOnIOThread.
  void Init(
      content::ProtocolHandlerMap* protocol_handlers,
      content::URLRequestInterceptorScopedVector request_interceptors) const;

  net::URLRequestContext* GetMainRequestContext() const;
  net::URLRequestContext* GetMediaRequestContext() const;
  net::URLRequestContext* GetExtensionsRequestContext() const;
  net::URLRequestContext* GetIsolatedAppRequestContext(
      net::URLRequestContext* main_context,
      const StoragePartitionDescriptor& partition_descriptor,
      scoped_ptr<ProtocolHandlerRegistry::JobInterceptorFactory>
          protocol_handler_interceptor,
      content::ProtocolHandlerMap* protocol_handlers,
      content::URLRequestInterceptorScopedVector request_interceptors) const;
  net::URLRequestContext* GetIsolatedMediaRequestContext(
      net::URLRequestContext* app_context,
      const StoragePartitionDescriptor& partition_descriptor) const;

  // These are useful when the Chrome layer is called from the content layer
  // with a content::ResourceContext, and they want access to Chrome data for
  // that profile.
  extensions::InfoMap* GetExtensionInfoMap() const;
  extensions::ExtensionThrottleManager* GetExtensionThrottleManager() const;
  content_settings::CookieSettings* GetCookieSettings() const;
  HostContentSettingsMap* GetHostContentSettingsMap() const;

  IntegerPrefMember* session_startup_pref() const {
    return &session_startup_pref_;
  }

  StringPrefMember* google_services_account_id() const {
    return &google_services_user_account_id_;
  }

  net::URLRequestContext* extensions_request_context() const {
    return extensions_request_context_.get();
  }

  BooleanPrefMember* safe_browsing_enabled() const {
    return &safe_browsing_enabled_;
  }

  BooleanPrefMember* sync_disabled() const {
    return &sync_disabled_;
  }

  BooleanPrefMember* signin_allowed() const {
    return &signin_allowed_;
  }

  IntegerPrefMember* network_prediction_options() const {
    return &network_prediction_options_;
  }

  content::ResourceContext::SaltCallback GetMediaDeviceIDSalt() const;

  DevToolsNetworkControllerHandle* network_controller_handle() const {
    return &network_controller_handle_;
  }

  net::TransportSecurityState* transport_security_state() const {
    return transport_security_state_.get();
  }

#if defined(OS_CHROMEOS)
  std::string username_hash() const {
    return username_hash_;
  }

  bool use_system_key_slot() const { return use_system_key_slot_; }
#endif

  Profile::ProfileType profile_type() const {
    return profile_type_;
  }

  bool IsOffTheRecord() const;

  IntegerPrefMember* incognito_availibility() const {
    return &incognito_availibility_pref_;
  }

  chrome_browser_net::ResourcePrefetchPredictorObserver*
      resource_prefetch_predictor_observer() const {
    return resource_prefetch_predictor_observer_.get();
  }

#if defined(ENABLE_CONFIGURATION_POLICY)
  policy::PolicyHeaderIOHelper* policy_header_helper() const {
    return policy_header_helper_.get();
  }
#endif

#if defined(ENABLE_SUPERVISED_USERS)
  const SupervisedUserURLFilter* supervised_user_url_filter() const {
    return supervised_user_url_filter_.get();
  }
#endif

  // Initialize the member needed to track the metrics enabled state. This is
  // only to be called on the UI thread.
  void InitializeMetricsEnabledStateOnUIThread();

  // Returns whether or not metrics reporting is enabled in the browser instance
  // on which this profile resides. This is safe for use from the IO thread, and
  // should only be called from there.
  bool GetMetricsEnabledStateOnIOThread() const;

  void set_client_cert_store_factory_for_testing(
    const base::Callback<scoped_ptr<net::ClientCertStore>()>& factory) {
      client_cert_store_factory_ = factory;
  }

  bool IsDataReductionProxyEnabled() const;

  data_reduction_proxy::DataReductionProxyIOData*
  data_reduction_proxy_io_data() const {
    return data_reduction_proxy_io_data_.get();
  }

 protected:
  // A URLRequestContext for media that owns its HTTP factory, to ensure
  // it is deleted.
  class MediaRequestContext : public net::URLRequestContext {
   public:
    MediaRequestContext();

    void SetHttpTransactionFactory(
        scoped_ptr<net::HttpTransactionFactory> http_factory);

   private:
    ~MediaRequestContext() override;

    scoped_ptr<net::HttpTransactionFactory> http_factory_;
  };

  // A URLRequestContext for apps that owns its cookie store and HTTP factory,
  // to ensure they are deleted.
  class AppRequestContext : public net::URLRequestContext {
   public:
    AppRequestContext();

    void SetCookieStore(net::CookieStore* cookie_store);
    void SetHttpTransactionFactory(
        scoped_ptr<net::HttpTransactionFactory> http_factory);
    void SetJobFactory(scoped_ptr<net::URLRequestJobFactory> job_factory);

   private:
    ~AppRequestContext() override;

    scoped_refptr<net::CookieStore> cookie_store_;
    scoped_ptr<net::HttpTransactionFactory> http_factory_;
    scoped_ptr<net::URLRequestJobFactory> job_factory_;
  };

  // Created on the UI thread, read on the IO thread during ProfileIOData lazy
  // initialization.
  struct ProfileParams {
    ProfileParams();
    ~ProfileParams();

    base::FilePath path;
    IOThread* io_thread;
    scoped_refptr<content_settings::CookieSettings> cookie_settings;
    scoped_refptr<HostContentSettingsMap> host_content_settings_map;
    scoped_refptr<net::SSLConfigService> ssl_config_service;
    scoped_refptr<net::CookieMonsterDelegate> cookie_monster_delegate;
#if defined(ENABLE_EXTENSIONS)
    scoped_refptr<extensions::InfoMap> extension_info_map;
#endif
    scoped_ptr<chrome_browser_net::ResourcePrefetchPredictorObserver>
        resource_prefetch_predictor_observer_;

    // This pointer exists only as a means of conveying a url job factory
    // pointer from the protocol handler registry on the UI thread to the
    // the URLRequestContext on the IO thread. The consumer MUST take
    // ownership of the object by calling release() on this pointer.
    scoped_ptr<ProtocolHandlerRegistry::JobInterceptorFactory>
        protocol_handler_interceptor;

    // Holds the URLRequestInterceptor pointer that is created on the UI thread
    // and then passed to the list of request_interceptors on the IO thread.
    scoped_ptr<net::URLRequestInterceptor> new_tab_page_interceptor;

    // We need to initialize the ProxyConfigService from the UI thread
    // because on linux it relies on initializing things through gconf,
    // and needs to be on the main thread.
    scoped_ptr<net::ProxyConfigService> proxy_config_service;

#if defined(ENABLE_SUPERVISED_USERS)
    scoped_refptr<const SupervisedUserURLFilter> supervised_user_url_filter;
#endif

#if defined(OS_CHROMEOS)
    std::string username_hash;
    bool use_system_key_slot;
    scoped_ptr<chromeos::CertificateProvider> certificate_provider;
#endif

    // The profile this struct was populated from. It's passed as a void* to
    // ensure it's not accidently used on the IO thread. Before using it on the
    // UI thread, call ProfileManager::IsValidProfile to ensure it's alive.
    void* profile;
  };

  explicit ProfileIOData(Profile::ProfileType profile_type);

  static std::string GetSSLSessionCacheShard();

  void InitializeOnUIThread(Profile* profile);
  void ApplyProfileParamsToContext(net::URLRequestContext* context) const;

  scoped_ptr<net::URLRequestJobFactory> SetUpJobFactoryDefaults(
      scoped_ptr<net::URLRequestJobFactoryImpl> job_factory,
      content::URLRequestInterceptorScopedVector request_interceptors,
      scoped_ptr<ProtocolHandlerRegistry::JobInterceptorFactory>
          protocol_handler_interceptor,
      net::NetworkDelegate* network_delegate,
      net::FtpTransactionFactory* ftp_transaction_factory) const;

  // Called when the Profile is destroyed. |context_getters| must include all
  // URLRequestContextGetters that refer to the ProfileIOData's
  // URLRequestContexts. Triggers destruction of the ProfileIOData and shuts
  // down |context_getters| safely on the IO thread.
  // TODO(mmenke):  Passing all those URLRequestContextGetters around like this
  //     is really silly.  Can we do something cleaner?
  void ShutdownOnUIThread(
      scoped_ptr<ChromeURLRequestContextGetterVector> context_getters);

  // A ChannelIDService object is created by a derived class of
  // ProfileIOData, and the derived class calls this method to set the
  // channel_id_service_ member and transfers ownership to the base
  // class.
  void set_channel_id_service(
      net::ChannelIDService* channel_id_service) const;

  void set_data_reduction_proxy_io_data(
      scoped_ptr<data_reduction_proxy::DataReductionProxyIOData>
          data_reduction_proxy_io_data) const;

  net::ProxyService* proxy_service() const {
    return proxy_service_.get();
  }

  base::WeakPtr<net::HttpServerProperties> http_server_properties() const;

  void set_http_server_properties(
      scoped_ptr<net::HttpServerProperties> http_server_properties) const;

  net::URLRequestContext* main_request_context() const {
    return main_request_context_.get();
  }

  bool initialized() const {
    return initialized_;
  }

  // Destroys the ResourceContext first, to cancel any URLRequests that are
  // using it still, before we destroy the member variables that those
  // URLRequests may be accessing.
  void DestroyResourceContext();

  scoped_ptr<net::HttpNetworkSession> CreateHttpNetworkSession(
      const ProfileParams& profile_params) const;

  // Creates main network transaction factory.
  scoped_ptr<net::HttpCache> CreateMainHttpFactory(
      net::HttpNetworkSession* session,
      scoped_ptr<net::HttpCache::BackendFactory> main_backend) const;

  // Creates network transaction factory.
  scoped_ptr<net::HttpCache> CreateHttpFactory(
      net::HttpNetworkSession* shared_session,
      scoped_ptr<net::HttpCache::BackendFactory> backend) const;

  void SetCookieSettingsForTesting(
      content_settings::CookieSettings* cookie_settings);

 private:
  class ResourceContext : public content::ResourceContext {
   public:
    explicit ResourceContext(ProfileIOData* io_data);
    ~ResourceContext() override;

    // ResourceContext implementation:
    net::HostResolver* GetHostResolver() override;
    net::URLRequestContext* GetRequestContext() override;
    scoped_ptr<net::ClientCertStore> CreateClientCertStore() override;
    void CreateKeygenHandler(
        uint32 key_size_in_bits,
        const std::string& challenge_string,
        const GURL& url,
        const base::Callback<void(scoped_ptr<net::KeygenHandler>)>& callback)
        override;
    SaltCallback GetMediaDeviceIDSalt() override;

   private:
    friend class ProfileIOData;

    ProfileIOData* const io_data_;

    net::HostResolver* host_resolver_;
    net::URLRequestContext* request_context_;
  };

  typedef std::map<StoragePartitionDescriptor,
                   net::URLRequestContext*,
                   StoragePartitionDescriptorLess>
      URLRequestContextMap;

  // --------------------------------------------
  // Virtual interface for subtypes to implement:
  // --------------------------------------------

  // Does the actual initialization of the ProfileIOData subtype. Subtypes
  // should use the static helper functions above to implement this.
  virtual void InitializeInternal(
      scoped_ptr<ChromeNetworkDelegate> chrome_network_delegate,
      ProfileParams* profile_params,
      content::ProtocolHandlerMap* protocol_handlers,
      content::URLRequestInterceptorScopedVector
          request_interceptors) const = 0;

  // Initializes the RequestContext for extensions.
  virtual void InitializeExtensionsRequestContext(
      ProfileParams* profile_params) const = 0;
  // Does an on-demand initialization of a RequestContext for the given
  // isolated app.
  virtual net::URLRequestContext* InitializeAppRequestContext(
      net::URLRequestContext* main_context,
      const StoragePartitionDescriptor& details,
      scoped_ptr<ProtocolHandlerRegistry::JobInterceptorFactory>
          protocol_handler_interceptor,
      content::ProtocolHandlerMap* protocol_handlers,
      content::URLRequestInterceptorScopedVector
          request_interceptors) const = 0;

  // Does an on-demand initialization of a media RequestContext for the given
  // isolated app.
  virtual net::URLRequestContext* InitializeMediaRequestContext(
      net::URLRequestContext* original_context,
      const StoragePartitionDescriptor& details) const = 0;

  // These functions are used to transfer ownership of the lazily initialized
  // context from ProfileIOData to the URLRequestContextGetter.
  virtual net::URLRequestContext*
      AcquireMediaRequestContext() const = 0;
  virtual net::URLRequestContext* AcquireIsolatedAppRequestContext(
      net::URLRequestContext* main_context,
      const StoragePartitionDescriptor& partition_descriptor,
      scoped_ptr<ProtocolHandlerRegistry::JobInterceptorFactory>
          protocol_handler_interceptor,
      content::ProtocolHandlerMap* protocol_handlers,
      content::URLRequestInterceptorScopedVector
          request_interceptors) const = 0;
  virtual net::URLRequestContext*
      AcquireIsolatedMediaRequestContext(
          net::URLRequestContext* app_context,
          const StoragePartitionDescriptor& partition_descriptor) const = 0;

  // The order *DOES* matter for the majority of these member variables, so
  // don't move them around unless you know what you're doing!
  // General rules:
  //   * ResourceContext references the URLRequestContexts, so
  //   URLRequestContexts must outlive ResourceContext, hence ResourceContext
  //   should be destroyed first.
  //   * URLRequestContexts reference a whole bunch of members, so
  //   URLRequestContext needs to be destroyed before them.
  //   * Therefore, ResourceContext should be listed last, and then the
  //   URLRequestContexts, and then the URLRequestContext members.
  //   * Note that URLRequestContext members have a directed dependency graph
  //   too, so they must themselves be ordered correctly.

  // Tracks whether or not we've been lazily initialized.
  mutable bool initialized_;

  // Data from the UI thread from the Profile, used to initialize ProfileIOData.
  // Deleted after lazy initialization.
  mutable scoped_ptr<ProfileParams> profile_params_;

  // Used for testing.
  mutable base::Callback<scoped_ptr<net::ClientCertStore>()>
      client_cert_store_factory_;

  mutable StringPrefMember google_services_user_account_id_;

  mutable scoped_refptr<MediaDeviceIDSalt> media_device_id_salt_;

  // Member variables which are pointed to by the various context objects.
  mutable BooleanPrefMember enable_referrers_;
  mutable BooleanPrefMember enable_do_not_track_;
  mutable BooleanPrefMember force_google_safesearch_;
  mutable BooleanPrefMember force_youtube_safety_mode_;
  mutable BooleanPrefMember safe_browsing_enabled_;
  mutable BooleanPrefMember sync_disabled_;
  mutable BooleanPrefMember signin_allowed_;
  mutable IntegerPrefMember network_prediction_options_;
  // TODO(marja): Remove session_startup_pref_ if no longer needed.
  mutable IntegerPrefMember session_startup_pref_;
  mutable BooleanPrefMember quick_check_enabled_;
  mutable IntegerPrefMember incognito_availibility_pref_;

  BooleanPrefMember enable_metrics_;

#if defined(ENABLE_CONFIGURATION_POLICY)
  // Pointed to by NetworkDelegate.
  mutable scoped_ptr<policy::URLBlacklistManager> url_blacklist_manager_;
  mutable scoped_ptr<policy::PolicyHeaderIOHelper> policy_header_helper_;
#endif

  // Pointed to by URLRequestContext.
#if defined(ENABLE_EXTENSIONS)
  mutable scoped_refptr<extensions::InfoMap> extension_info_map_;
#endif
  mutable scoped_ptr<net::ChannelIDService> channel_id_service_;

  mutable scoped_ptr<data_reduction_proxy::DataReductionProxyIOData>
      data_reduction_proxy_io_data_;

  mutable scoped_ptr<net::ProxyService> proxy_service_;
  mutable scoped_ptr<net::TransportSecurityState> transport_security_state_;
  mutable scoped_ptr<net::CTVerifier> cert_transparency_verifier_;
  mutable scoped_ptr<net::HttpServerProperties>
      http_server_properties_;
#if defined(OS_CHROMEOS)
  // Set to |cert_verifier_| if it references a PolicyCertVerifier. In that
  // case, the verifier is owned by  |cert_verifier_|. Otherwise, set to NULL.
  mutable scoped_ptr<net::CertVerifier> cert_verifier_;
  mutable policy::PolicyCertVerifier* policy_cert_verifier_;
  mutable std::string username_hash_;
  mutable bool use_system_key_slot_;
  mutable scoped_ptr<chromeos::CertificateProvider> certificate_provider_;
#endif

  mutable scoped_ptr<net::TransportSecurityPersister>
      transport_security_persister_;
  mutable scoped_ptr<net::CertificateReportSender> certificate_report_sender_;

  // These are only valid in between LazyInitialize() and their accessor being
  // called.
  mutable scoped_ptr<net::URLRequestContext> main_request_context_;
  mutable scoped_ptr<net::URLRequestContext> extensions_request_context_;
  // One URLRequestContext per isolated app for main and media requests.
  mutable URLRequestContextMap app_request_context_map_;
  mutable URLRequestContextMap isolated_media_request_context_map_;

  mutable scoped_ptr<ResourceContext> resource_context_;

  mutable scoped_refptr<content_settings::CookieSettings> cookie_settings_;

  mutable scoped_refptr<HostContentSettingsMap> host_content_settings_map_;

  mutable scoped_ptr<chrome_browser_net::ResourcePrefetchPredictorObserver>
      resource_prefetch_predictor_observer_;

  mutable scoped_ptr<ChromeHttpUserAgentSettings>
      chrome_http_user_agent_settings_;

#if defined(ENABLE_SUPERVISED_USERS)
  mutable scoped_refptr<const SupervisedUserURLFilter>
      supervised_user_url_filter_;
#endif

#if defined(ENABLE_EXTENSIONS)
  // Is NULL if switches::kDisableExtensionsHttpThrottling is on.
  mutable scoped_ptr<extensions::ExtensionThrottleManager>
      extension_throttle_manager_;
#endif

  mutable DevToolsNetworkControllerHandle network_controller_handle_;

  // TODO(jhawkins): Remove once crbug.com/102004 is fixed.
  bool initialized_on_UI_thread_;

  const Profile::ProfileType profile_type_;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ProfileIOData);
};

#endif  // CHROME_BROWSER_PROFILES_PROFILE_IO_DATA_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
"A Mermaid fell in love with a woman…."
Mermaids. Check.
Pirates. Check.
Witches. Check.
Gender fluid, Queer POC MC & SAPPHIC ROMANCE?!
CHECK CHECK & CHECK.
I was all over this book when I saw mermaid in the title. Add Queerness to the mix and there was no way I was going to miss it! The moment is released on Audible, I downloaded and dived in!
I regret N.O.T.H.I.N.G.
Format/Source:
From GoodReads: A desperate orphan turned pirate and a rebellious imperial daughter find a connection on the high seas in a world divided by colonialism and threaded with magic.
Aboard the pirate ship Dove, Flora the girl takes on the identity of Florian the man to earn the respect and protection of the crew. For Flora, former starving urchin, the brutal life of a pirate is about survival: don't trust, don't stick out, and don't feel. But on this voyage, as the pirates prepare to sell their unsuspecting passengers into slavery, Flora is drawn to the Lady Evelyn Hasegawa, who is en route to a dreaded arranged marriage with her own casket in tow. Flora doesn't expect to be taken under Evelyn's wing, and Evelyn doesn't expect to find such a deep bond with the pirate Florian.
Soon the unlikely pair set in motion a wild escape that will free a captured mermaid (coveted for her blood, which causes men to have visions and lose memories) and involve the mysterious Pirate Supreme, an opportunistic witch, and the all-encompassing Sea itself.
"I have loved you." She smiled, a quirk of her tremulous lips. "That is enough."
Plot: ★★★★
World: ★★★★
Writing: ★★★★★
Character Development: ★★★★★
From the sapphic/enby romance to the adventure and action! I enjoyed every moment reading this book. Flora is a very well flushed out character who made me like her from the get go. Evelyn, while just as flushed and layered, was a bit harder to grow to like. Her attitude towards some things really bothered me. I absolutely adored that she was as precocious as she was though!
The Mermaid, The Witch and The Sea follow two girls as they attempt to navigate the pirate world: one by choice and one by force. Add in a sentient sea, a mermaid with a lust for drinking blood, and a witch who only looks out for herself – this was a wild ride! The character arcs for each was well worth the build up, and the ending blew me away.
The way gender was discussed in the novel was eloquent and sophisticated, yet simple enough for anyone to understand. The Pirate Supreme uses they/them, leading to ambiguity but self confindence, while Flora/Florian uses she/he and identifies as both a boy and girl. This is first introduced as a tactic to protect themselves, but develops into one person understanding and accepting who they are, regardless of the stigmas.
The novel had good commentary on colonialism, imperialism, and misogyny, as well as excellent representation and diverse characters
One of the things I really loved about the book was the mermaid origins. I also loved how the mermaid changed and became something grotesque out of the sea but when in the sea water was as stunning as we picture a mermaid to be.
There was so much about this novel that I could talk about for ages, so instead I'll just say – read it, listen to it, devour it 5 stars read for this enthralling, magical stand alone!
….final thoughts…
She did not need to say: You're home because you're here with me.
She did not need to say: I will be your home.
Maggie Tokuda-Hall is the author of Also an Octopus, illustrated by Benji Davies. The Mermaid, The Witch, and The Sea is her first novel.
You can read her writing for adults in her column for Catapult Magazine (Fear and Loathing in Utero), and her fiction on The Rumpus, Joyland Magazine, and Columbia Journal for Literature and the Arts.
She lives in Oakland, California with her husband, son, and objectively perfect dog.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Public Release: 1-Sep-2013
Health of older women in developed countries continues to improve
Gap with developing countries grows
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
Measures taken in developed countries to reduce noncommunicable diseases - the leading causes of death globally - have improved the life expectancy of women aged 50 years and older over the last 20 to 30 years. But, according to a study that will be published in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization on 2 September, the gap in life expectancy between such women in rich and poor countries is growing.
The WHO study, one of a collection of articles in a special issue of the journal devoted to women's health beyond reproduction, found that the leading causes of death of women aged 50 years and older worldwide are cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke) and cancers, but that in developing countries these deaths occur at earlier ages than in the rich world.
The study is one of the first to analyse the causes of death of women aged 50 years and older from a wide range of countries. Its findings suggest that prevention, detection and treatment of noncommunicable diseases are currently inadequate in many countries.
"Given the substantial reduction in maternal mortality and the increase in the number of older women over the last 10 years, health systems in low- and middle-income countries must adjust accordingly, otherwise this trend will continue to increase," said Dr John Beard, director of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Department of Ageing and Life Course and one of the authors of the study.
"Changing women's exposures at earlier stages of their lives, particularly in relation to sexual health, tobacco and harmful use of alcohol, is essential to reversing the epidemic of chronic diseases," Beard said.
There are known and cost-effective ways to address these common noncommunicable diseases, including prevention, early diagnosis and management of high blood pressure, obesity and high cholesterol and screening and treatment for cancers.
"The best way to address these conditions in low- and middle-income countries is to build on the existing health-care services, so that they can be detected early and managed with effective treatment," Beard said. "So, for example, maternal health care services can provide proper detection and management of gestational diabetes to help prevent mothers from becoming overweight or diabetic later in life."
Developed countries have taken measures to address these conditions over the last 20 to 30 years and the results show. According to the WHO study, fewer women aged 50 years and older in these countries are dying from heart disease, stroke and diabetes than 30 years ago and these health improvements contributed most to increasing women's life expectancy at the age of 50.
At 50 years, women in Germany and Japan gained 3.5 years in life expectancy - thanks to improvements in these health areas - and can today expect to live to 84 and 88 years respectively.
In France, the United Kingdom and Chile, the life expectancy of 50-year-old women increased by about 2.5 years to 36.7, 34.4 and 34.3 years, so that they can expect to live to 83 or 84 years thanks to improvements in these health areas, the study showed.
Meanwhile, in Mexico and the Russian Federation, the life expectancy of 50-year-old women increased more slowly, by 2.4 and 1.2 years, so they can expect to live to the age of 80 and 78 years, it showed.
While breast cancer incidence increased overall during the same 30-year period, there were fewer breast and cervical cancer deaths among women aged 50 years and older due to the provision of early diagnosis and timely treatment.
Between 1970 and 2010, female deaths in this age group from cardiovascular disease and diabetes fell on average by 66% in 11 affluent countries: Chile, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, New Zealand, Mexico, Poland, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, the study showed.
WHO's 194 Member States agreed on a global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) at the World Health Assembly in May. The plan proposes measures that countries can take to address these diseases over the next seven years.
"We know that the measures proposed in the WHO Global NCD Action Plan 2013-2020 are effective in reducing the toll of deaths and disease from noncommunicable diseases. This study underlines how important it is for all countries to embrace the WHO global action plan and put it into practice," said Dr Oleg Chestnov, Assistant Director-General for Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health.
"The Action Plan targets, including a 25% relative reduction in the overall mortality of men and women aged between 30 and 70 years from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases, should be a priority for all public health and development partners," Chestnov said.
Countries gathered at the United Nations General Assembly in September 2011 agreed to take action to address noncommunicable diseases in a Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the UN General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases.
Today, there are about 280 million women aged 50 years and older living in developed regions and about 550 million of them in developing countries. But, by 2050, nearly one fifth (19%) of the world's population will be women aged 50 years and older, with 379 million of these women living in developed regions and 1.5 billion of them in less developed regions, the study shows.
"The fact that noncommunicable diseases strike these women at an earlier age in less developed countries has major implications, as these deaths are devastating for individuals, families and societies," said Beard.
Other articles in this special issue of the Bulletin of the World Health Organization can be provided on request, these include:
Health systems need to adapt to addressing women's health across the life-course
The environmental causes of breast cancer
Interview with Ana Langer: the new women's health agenda
The sexual health of older women
Opportunities for action on breast and cervical cancer in the Americas
Noncommunicable diseases among women in China
Breast and cervical cancer in poor countries
Older women's health in the post-MDG agenda
Universal coverage of health services for older women
Addressing women's cancers in Africa
Cervical cancer prevention, care and control in Rwanda
The Bulletin of the World Health Organization is one of the world's leading public health journals. It is the flagship periodical of WHO, with a special focus on developing countries. Articles are peer-reviewed and are independent of WHO guidelines. Abstracts are available in the six official languages of the United Nations: Arabic, Chinese
Fiona Fleck
fleckf@who.int
http://www.who.int/bulletin/en/
DIET/BODY WEIGHT
HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS/SERVICES
MORTALITY/LONGEVITY


Sussex County NJ Dance School – Come By Our Team Now To Choose Further Tips..
It is a very short list of easy and FREE (yay) ways to promote your dance class. It's essential to get enough people in the class to run it. After classes are established you will find definitely different ways to develop and retain customers but these are basics which are quite simple to initiate.
• Post often. A lot of people make a first contact after seeing an advert 5-7 times! You need to be patient and persistent.
• Tag yourself in posts with pictures because it will reach much more of your network. If on Instagram tag your studio as well as the city your home is in.
• Post at times when lots of people are online (ex: weekend mornings before 11am, and Sunday evening, weekdays around 11 or 12pm, 3pm then again post-dinnertime around 7-10pm).
• Ask friends with assorted networks (non dancers in Toronto) to discuss your site content.
• Leave cards and flyers where it makes sense. Likely, in the stores and coffee houses you visit regularly downtown or close(ish) for the studio. Dance supply stores and costume stores are definitely an alternative!
• Speak about your class after performing. Always have cards!
• You likely run into a large number of people in a day. Share information about your class. What you are actually offering is fun, cool and beneficial to people and your excitement will be contagious.
Finally, go ahead and talk with your studio for those who have been hired to teach from Sussex County NJ Dance School. Express your needs. In the event you require assistance with having the word out let the studio really know what they are able to post on their site or social media pages as your representative. Ensuring your success is going to be theirs too!
For your passionate individual who wants to learn to dance, and who finds it difficult to devote his time to attend regular classes, the online dance classes happen to fill the void by giving an excellent chance for such enthusiasts to find out this art form. With the rise in the popularity in the online dance classes, along with the first class features offered by the internet classes, an enthusiast who is raring to visit learn this art form will discover this medium an able ally to learn the strategies pcberf skills of a particular form.
The enthusiast also must ensure to find the best online classes to find out to dance convincingly and easily, which necessitates extensive research on the area of the enthusiast to get the best online classes. Also, the drive to understand to dance also pushes the patient to get the best of online classes through various sources which help find the best ones. If you are haunted from the query as to how to select the ideal online classes, you will find measures that consider the enthusiast nearer to the ideal online classes.
Select the discipline – Before plunging into an extensive research to get the best online dance classes to understand this art form, it is actually deemed ideal to choose upon the dance style that this learner wants to study. Are you more inclined to freestyle form, or other sorts of style? Such queries have to be answered to choose the style that stays close your heart before you take measures to obtain the ideal online classes.
Take efforts to get the right class – If you have set your feelings on the dance style that lifts your spirits up, taking efforts to obtain the ideal online classes to find out to dance should be completed with vigor and vitality. Extensive research on the area of the enthusiast is the proper way to understand about the various classes and schools. The enthusiast must not lose out an opportunity to gather a list of the different sources that pave way for online classes. Whether it is the suggestion coming from a good friend or even the information gleaned through internet, the enthusiast should take advantage of each of the available sources to learn about the many classes that helps enthusiasts to understand to dance effectively and simply.
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Dr. Ratnakar likes to bake cupcakes and cookies. She leads a human values class for kids (6-12 yrs. old) every Friday at her house. They are very eager for the surprise treat after class.
She loves children, flowers, classical music (both Indian and Western) and pencil drawing. Dr. Ratnakar says she is very obsessed with cleanliness.


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Werner Lička (Hlučín, 1954. szeptember 15. –) olimpiai bajnok csehszlovák válogatott cseh labdarúgó, edző.

Pályafutása

Klubcsapatban
Pályafutását az Ostroj Opavában kezdte 1973-ban. A Baník Ostravában 1976 és 1986 között játszott. Ezalatt a csehszlovák bajnokságot három, a csehszlovák kupát egy alkalommal sikerült megnyernie. Kétszeres csehszlovák gólkirály. Később játszott még külföldön a Grenoble és a Germinal Ekeren együtteseiben is. Későbbi pályafutását kisebb francia csapatoknál töltötte.

A válogatottban
1980 és 1981 között 9 alkalommal szerepelt a csehszlovák válogatottban és 1 gólt szerzett. Részt vett az 1980-as Európa-bajnokságon és tagja volt az 1980-ban olimpiát nyerő válogatott keretének is.

Edzőként
Az edzősködést korábbi klubjánál a Baník Otravánál kezdte, ahol két turnust is eltöltött 1993 és 1995, illetve 1997 és 2000 között. Később dolgozott Katarban a Qatar SC (2000–2001) együttesénél és Lengyelországban is, ahol a Polonia Warszawa (2001–2002), a Górnik Zabrze (2004), a Wisła Kraków (2005) és a Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski (2005–2006) csapatait edzette. 2016 és 2017 között a Radomiak Radom együttesét irányította.

Sikerei, díjai

Játékosként
Baník Ostrava
Csehszlovák bajnok (3): 1975–76, 1979–80, 1980–81
Csehszlovák kupa (1): 1977–78
Csehszlovákia
Európa-bajnoki bronzérmes (1): 1980
Olimpiai bajnok (1): 1980
Egyéni
A Csehszlovák bajnokság gólkirálya (2): 1979–80 (18 gól), 1983–84 (20 gól)

Források

1954-ben született személyek
Élő személyek
Cseh labdarúgók
Csehszlovák labdarúgók
Cseh labdarúgóedzők
Labdarúgócsatárok
Csehszlovák olimpiai bajnokok
Olimpiai bajnokok (1980)
A Baník Ostrava labdarúgói
A Grenoble labdarúgói
A Beerschot labdarúgói
Az 1980-as Európa-bajnokság labdarúgói
Az 1980. évi nyári olimpiai játékok labdarúgói
Olimpiai bajnokok (labdarúgás)

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Home/Featured Stories/McStay Boys Positively Identified
Featured StoriesNews
McStay Boys Positively Identified
VVNG Staff November 22, 2013
On Friday, November 22, 2013 at 3:30 p.m., California Department of Justice DNA Lab notified the Sheriff's Department Coroner Division that the remains of two children have been positively identified as Joseph M. and Gianni McStay, the sons of Joseph and Summer McStay. There is no further information available at this time.
Friends, family and Victorville residents gathered in the desert Wednesday to post crosses as a memorial for the members of the McStay family whose remains were found there earlier this month.
Many people who had never met the family traveled into the desert Wednesday to pay respects to the family, some who had also lost loved ones. Four white crosses marked the area where the bodies were found, names of each member written on the crosses and flowers covering the ground below.
The brother of Joseph McStay, Mike McStay made the journey to the desert to see for himself where his brother's body was found.
"What was hidden is out in the open, and we can catch the individuals who did this," he said. (source: NBC Los Angeles)
Update – Friday, November 15, 2013
The skeletal remains have been confirmed to be 2 adults and 2 children.
Using dental records the coroner has identified the adults to be Summer and Joseph McStay. The children are believed to be the couple's children, Gianni and Joseph McStay.
The family was reported missing in February of 2010, to the San Diego County Sheriff's Department. Their home was in Fallbrook, the unincorporated area of San Diego County. The missing person investigation was handled by San Diego County Sheriff's Department and the FBI.
The San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department Homicide Detail is now conducting a homicide investigation. Investigators are working with the San Diego County Sheriff's Department and the FBI. "Every available resource will be utilized in this investigation to identify the suspects involved in this heinous crime and bring them to justice," stated Sheriff John McMahon.
The autopsies began on Thursday, November 14th, and are expected to be completed today. The manner of death has been determined to be homicide; the cause of death will not be released to protect the investigation.
The investigation is ongoing; anyone with information is urged to contact the Homicide Detail, Detective Armando Avila at (909)387-3589. Callers wishing to remain anonymous are urged to call the We-tip Hotline at 1-800-78-CRIME (27463) or you may leave information on the We-Tip Hotline at www.wetip.com.
Update – Wednesday, November 13, 2013 4:35 p.m.
Investigators have completed the scene examination; there were two graves where remains were located as well as additional skeletel remains that were located near the graves. A grave site recovery is a very meticulous process in efforts to preserve all possible evidence. A third site was excavated however, no evidence was found and the location was determined to be unrelated to the grave site.
Investigators have recovered the remains of four persons. Autopsies will be conducted with the assistance of a forensic anthropologist to determine causes of death, ages and gender.
On Monday, November 11, 2013 at approximately 10:00 a.m., deputies from the Victorville Sheriff's Station were dispatched to the desert area between Quarry Road and I15, north of Stoddard Wells Road in the county area of Victorville, following the report of possible skeletal remains being located by a motorcyclist.
Deputies responded to the location. Coroner investigators were requested and confirmed the remains were human.
On Tuesday, November 12th, San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department Homicide Detail and Coroner personnel responded to the location to continue the investigation.
Investigators believe they have located the remains of more than one person. It appears the remains have been there for an extended period of time. Age and gender are unknown pending examination by a forensic anthropologist.
A grave site was located and is currently being excavated.
Pedestrian Killed In Apple Valley
Businesses offer $500 cash prizes


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Q: Convert image to grayscale with custom luminosity formula I have images containing gray gradations and one another color. I'm trying to convert image to grayscale with opencv, also i want the colored pixels in the source image to become rather light in the output grayscale image, independently to the color itself.
The common luminosity formula is smth like 0.299R+0.587G+0.114B, according to opencv docs, so it gives very different luminosity to different colors.
I consider the solution is to set some custom weights in the luminosity formula.
Is it possible in opencv? Or maybe there is a better way to perform such selective desaturation?
I use python, but it doesnt matter

A: This is the perfect case for the transform() function. You can treat grayscale conversion as applying a 1x3 matrix transformation to each pixel of the input image. The elements in this matrix are the coefficients for the blue, green, and red components, respectively since OpenCV images are BGR by default.
im = cv2.imread(image_path)
coefficients = [1,0,0] # Gives blue channel all the weight
# for standard gray conversion, coefficients = [0.114, 0.587, 0.299]
m = np.array(coefficients).reshape((1,3))
blue = cv2.transform(im, m)

A: So you have custom formula,
Load source,
Mat src=imread(fileName,1);

Create gray image,
Mat gray(src.size(),CV_8UC1,Scalar(0));

Now in a loop, access BGR pixel of source like,
Vec3b bgrPixel=src.at<cv::Vec3b>(y,x); //gives you the BGR vector of type cv::Vec3band will be in row, column order

bgrPixel[0]= Blue//
bgrPixel[1]= Green//
bgrPixel[2]= Red//

Calculate new gray pixel value using your custom equation.
Finally set the pixel value on gray image,
 gray.at<uchar>(y,x) = custom intensity value // will be in row, column order

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


James and Richard were baptised together in Feb 1821, when Richard correctly gave his age as 21. James claimed to be 23, which seems very likely to be true also. In any case James must have been born before his parents married.
The 1851 census return shows that Mary and John were living next door to her parents and probably the two households functioned as one. Note that in the 1841 census ages of adults were meant to be rounded down to the nearest multiple of 5.
Charles Stonham later married Sarah, the widow of Simon's son William.
Edwin Packham had evidently prospered. The house at Owley was substantial, as seen from this photograph, sent to Andrew Bridge around 1905. A hundred years on, it still looks much the same. The wedding photograph was also sent to Andrew and clearly was taken in front of the same house. Several years after I put it on this website, it was recognised by the grand-daughter of Elsie Jane Packham, who has another copy and has given me the names of the people shown. They are (left to right) brother of bridegroom, Mabel Packham (Alice), Fred Wickens (bridegroom), Winifred (Flora) Packham, Elsie Jane Packham and John Radway Shuffrey, husband of Winifred's eldest sister Clara. Ellen Packham is standing in the dooway of the house, wearing a hat befitting her status as bride's mother!
George kept a diary during the voyage and made a couple more entries later in the summer while working in New York state. The original manuscript was edited by his grandson Harry, who added some biographical notes, and a copy was deposited in the Gail Borden public library in Elgin, Illinois. I am most grateful for a copy of the diary sent to me by George's great-grandson, Donald H. Bridge, together with an updated family tree and a number of pictures.
26 May 1849 Port of New York Passenger List George Bridge age 21 from Liverpool, on the "New World"
Mary Ann probably came from Tenterden in Kent; a search on the name Checksfield (or variants: Chexfield, Chacksfield) in the 1851 census shows that it was almost completely confined to that one town. George's diary refers to his taking leave of friends in "Tinterden" on the way from Wittersham to catch his train in Headcorn. The 1851 census shows a Mary Checksfield aged 17, servant, housekeeper to a widower and his family; the 1841 census does not have a corresponding Mary aged 7. However, George's letter to Andrew says that she was an orphan with one sister, so possibly the details were not entered correctly.
29 Jan 1901 805 Augusta Ave, Elgin, Ill Letter to Andrew George Bridge gave details of 9 children and 21 grandchildren and referred to his brother William (see below) and niece Rhoda (William's daughter), as well as cousin Ellen Packham at Stone, Kent.
Again, this seems to fit the other facts and there is an Elizabeth Pierce of the right age in the 1851 English census, listed simply as a visitor.
7 Dec 1828 Wittersham Baptism Robert Bridge son of Simon & Anne "in his 20th year"
Eliza could be William's wife and the girls their children; such details were not recorded!


'jam dbyangs mkhyen brtse'i dbang po. 'phags ma nor rgyun yab yum gyi rgyun khyer snying por dril ba. In Rin chen gter mdzod chen mo pod lnga bcu pa (The Great Treasury of Rediscovered Teachings Volume 50) by 'jam mgon kong sprul, 597-600. New Delhi: Shechen Publications, 2007-2016.
This page was last edited on 29 December 2017, at 04:58.


2016/day 135 - Everyday's discussion - "Human: Are you having fun Nirvana?😄 Dog: Bring me back to land!😡"
Bonitoooosss!!! saludos desde Buenos Aires!!
Speaking about storage and online data. There is a thing called data room due diligence, it keeps your documents securely stored online.


the price for Gintama Tsumamare Strap: Winter Costume Gin-san drops.
Gintama Tsumamare Strap: Winter Costume Gin-san is available.
there are new images or links available for Gintama Tsumamare Strap: Winter Costume Gin-san.


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How AIOps Makes your IT Business Operations Intelligent
by Kanti S	January 23, 2019 0 comments
AIOps or Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations is the latest buzzword in IT operations today, promising to save organisations precious time and efforts taken to identify and resolve issues across their increasingly complex estates. AIOps is a term coined by Gartner to describe how AI capabilities can be deployed to address IT operations by identifying and reacting to issues automatically.
AIOps is the next generation of IT operations analytics, assisting organizations to address IT challenges on a number of topics including-
• Siloed IT operations
• Digital business transformation
• Exponential growth of uncorrelated data
Are AIOps and ITOA similar technologies?
AIOps is a big shift from the traditional ITOA platforms which was a precursor to the AIOps evolution. ITOA was focused more on the unification for historical data analysis across multiple domains to resolve problems with observational data. A step ahead to ITOA, AIOps leverages big data and machine learning techniques to deliver proactive and predictive insights into problems to automate remedial actions helping businesses with proactive planning and identification of business-impacting issues before they occur.
AIOps Adoption and Scalability
Research major Gartner recommends implementing AIOps in phases. Early AIOps adopters typically start by applying machine learning to monitoring, operations and infrastructure data, before working ahead to deploy deep neural networks for their service offerings and desk automation. The success of AIOps lies in identifying the tactical and strategic use cases to evaluate the vendors and tools that fit these needs. Industry heads eco the opinion that phased approaches of AIOps work out to be most successful.
The first phase in AIOps is machine learning of structured data trends which form the entry point into embracing this technology. The secondary phase of implementing AIOps will comprise of neural networks, language-orientated data, and behavioural analysis around the automation of service desks.
AIOps and the Digital Business Transformation
Enterprises across the globe are leveraging the benefits of digital technology to transform their business offerings. These efforts provide better experiences to their prospects, customers, suppliers, and internal stakeholders. To embrace digital business transformation and succeed as digital companies, businesses need to rethink their entire IT and operational strategies. There is an urgent need to substantiate these efforts with business-first considerations which should include how organisations think about application and network uptime. There is an expense involved in per outage which organisations have to incur; market estimates point this figure to be on an average of $300,000 per outage if no revenue is at stake. If the outage impacts revenues then organizations lose an average of $72,000 per minute or lose a whopping of $5.6 million per outage.
AIOps and the IT Operations Management
The general processes by which AIOps platforms and solutions operate integrate to three steps:
The first process needs to observe the nature of data and its underlying behaviour, which involves information collection through data discovery. AIOps data discovery needs to support big data scale, which can address the volume of data from different sources and IT domains. Those sources may include a new container, virtualized environment elements, hybrid cloud or legacy infrastructure.
Whatever is the data or source, speed is the key to the successful implementation of the process. The data must be collected in near real-time for pattern detection. Information related to performance and related information is collected from hundreds of sources through an agent or an agentless model. Successful AIOps platforms bring together a combination of mechanisms to collect data from a multi-vendor and multi-domain environment, which may include an array of hypervisors, network and storage solutions, containers, public cloud, and other technologies and architectures. A successful AIOps platform additionally brings together the power of machine learning and big data with domain knowledge to identify a multitude of data relationships.
An AIOps platform assimilates orchestration across key IT operations domains, the IT Service Management (ITSM) being the key service area. ITSM activities such as incident management and change management have traditionally been manual and heavily dependent upon the Configuration Management Database (CMDBs) which are highly unreliable for environments involving frequent changes.
The AIOps platform uses analytics to make ITSM tasks reliable and more automated. For example, AIOps can update CMDBs with a basic knowledge of the environment, state, and changes through observing hybrid environments on an end-to-end basis; which ensures CMDB data is relevant and reliable. This process allows for faster automation and more accurate incident management which minimizes risks that might otherwise happen due to a human error.
Automation or closed loop function forms the core of an AIOps platform. Automating critical IT operations with the help of machine learning is a new territory for most organizations, making IT leadership going comfortable with it before they fully embrace automation. The new state-of-the-art automation using advanced human inputs and machine learning is showing a maturity, where organizations have begun to deploy automation in both simple and more complex jobs. Latest examples include employing automation to clean log files to free up space to use it to restart an application.
Delivering Value through AIOps
Enterprises that have deployed AIOps solutions have experienced transformational benefits including revenue growth, improved customer experience, better customer retention, and enhanced performance at lower costs.
Leveraging AIOps, operational teams have been able to achieve unprecedented heights, detailed as under:
End to End Application Assurance & Adaptability, which includes:
• Managing an integrated set of operational and business metrics
• Predicting and preventing outages to reduce the Mean Time to Detect and Meantime taken to Repair
• Lower the number of IT FTEs dedicated to troubleshooting and thereby decrease the operational noise and alerts
Reducing IT costs by Optimisation
• Replacing older, silo-focused IT monitoring tools to auto-discover complex, heterogeneous topologies
• Gaining visibility into the hybrid IT environment and accelerating migration to the hybrid cloud
• Expediting the adoption of micro-services architecture and hyper-convergence.
• Risk reduction by migrating and consolidating data centers
Resource redeployment for Innovation
• Reducing the cost of audits and compliance with Automation
• Simplifying IT processes by breaking down silos across IT teams
• Enabling resources to become more productive across departments.
AIOps represents the best of both worlds of an organisational structure it combines the ability of Machine Learning to handle enormous datasets on a live basis and develop a deeper understanding of the ultimate business goals of their organization and behaviour of their systems. The right AIOps solution provider is aware of the complexities associated with customer adoption and how to respond to them, keeping the balance between automation and manual oversight.
More info about author
Kanti S
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text:
Вулиця Юрія Федьковича — вулиця в центральній частині міста Тернополя. Названа на честь українського письменника-романтика Юрія Федьковича.

Відомості
Розпочинається в дворі технічного університету, пролягає на південь до вулиці Миколи Пирогова, де і закінчується.

Освіта
 Господарська частина ТНТУ (Юрія Федьковича, 2)
 Корпус №3 ТНТУ (Юрія Федьковича, 9)

Медицина
 Педіатричне відділення №1 ТМДКЛ (Юрія Федьковича, 16)
 Центр соціальної реабілітації дітей-інвалідів (Юрія Федьковича, 16)
 Аптека №122 (Юрія Федьковича, 16)

Установи
 Пластова домівка (Юрія Федьковича, 11)
 Санітарно-епідеміологічна станція (Юрія Федьковича, 13)
 Гуртожик ТОВ «Ілла» (Юрія Федьковича, 14)

Транспорт
Рух вулицею — двосторонній, дорожнє покриття — асфальт. Громадський транспорт по вулиці не курсує, найближча зупинка знаходиться на вулиці Миколи Пирогова.

Див. також
 Вулиці Тернополя

Посилання
 Вулиця на карті

Вулиці Тернополя, названі на честь людей


Members of the Personal Injury and Travel teams have expertise in coronial law and represent both families of the deceased and other interested parties throughout the inquest process including pre-inquest reviews and applications and representation at the inquest. We are routinely instructed to advise interested parties following the outcome of inquests on the bringing and defending of civil claims.
Members of the Travel team have particular expertise in connection with inquests arising from deaths abroad. Three members of Chambers were recently instructed in the inquests relating to the terrorist attack in Sousse, Tunisia.


text:
Do You Remember Your First Ad? Advertising and Memory – Part 2 of 4
I like to tell the story of how when I first moved to the U.S. from my birthplace in South Korea, the first English-language ad I ever saw was Tony the Tiger, selling Frosted Flakes. Now was this actually the first ad I ever saw? Probably not. But it's the most memorable, because I had a heightened feeling of positive emotion about Tony. I was a young kid, new to a country where I didn't speak the language. I didn't yet have many friends. And Tony, not only brought me the most delicious cereal I had ever tasted (sweetened children's breakfast cereals were not a thing in Asia at that time), he was an enthusiastic and friendly ambassador to this new world I had just joined. "They're GREAT!!" he would say. And I totally agreed.
But that memory of sitting in the big armchair after school, in our little row house in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, eating Frosted Flakes out of the box while watching Tony on our big Sony Trinitron – is that accurate? Did I make that up? Did I alter certain details, to make it more interesting or pleasant? I have no way of knowing, as my mother was a working mom at the time, and my grandmother, who lived with us, has since passed away. Even if she were alive today, she too would be relying on her memory, which could be just as revisionist as mine.
Incredible fact: In approximately ¾ of the cases where a person, who was falsely accused of a crime and later exonerated due to DNA evidence, the false conviction was to due to faulty eyewitness testimony. In other words, faulty memory was at fault.
In Jewish biblical law, it takes three eyewitnesses, all seeing the same thing, to enable a capital punishment outcome. The judges were never able to enact this law, because everyone sees things from their own perspective and with their own perceptual biases. For a brilliant demonstration of this phenomenon, watch the landmark film by Akira Kurosawa called Rashomon. Four participants in a crime retell the story, each from their own perspective. The result is four completely different films about the same 'event'.
What psychologists and neurologists have found, following the landmark discovery by Dr. Kandel that intense sensory/emotional experiences stimulate new neural connections in the brain, is that each time we recall a memory, we are slightly altering the wiring, and thus changing the memory.
What does this mean for us who work in branding and advertising? How can we utilize this knowledge to become better at what we do?
– W.
Blog advertisingmarketingmemorytony the tigerWahn YoonWunderkind
× = fourteen


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Volume 2, Issue 5 (3-2014) ijae 2014, 2(5): 39-50 | Back to browse issues page
Different Effects of Shrubs and Trees on Seed Bank Richness and Diversity in the Understory Soil (Case Study: Kerman Province, Sharbabak)
This study aimed to investigate the effect of canopy trees and shrubs: Pistacia atlantica, Amygdalus scoparia, Amygdalus eburnean on the species diversity and richness of soil seed bank. Ten individuals of each species were selected and one quadrate was established in and outside of crown canopy of each species. In each plot, soil samples were collected from 0-5 and 5-10 cm depths. GLM was applied to assess the effect of woody species, canopy cover, and depth of sampling on the characteristics of soil seed bank. The paired t-test was used to compare the diversity and richness of soil seed banks beneath and outside the canopy. The results showed that the highest species richness of soil seed bank was related to Pistacia atlantica, 0.24, which was significantly higher than the average species richness of soil seed banks in other species Amygdalus scoparia, Amygdalus eburnea with 0.10 and 0.14, respectively. Pistacia atlantica had the highest species diversity with 0.65 compared to the two other species Amygdalus scoparia and Amygdalus eburnean with 0.48, 0.53, respectively. Paired t-test results showed that canopy of woody species significantly increased soil seed bank diversity and richness beneath their canopy. Our results indicated that canopy of tree and shrub species in arid region affected positively on soil seed bank preservation.
Keywords: Crown canopy, Richness, Diversity, Soil seed bank, Pistacia atlantica, Amygdalus scoparia, Amygdalus eburnea
Type of Study: Applicable | Subject: General


In this episode, M.C. Laubscher self-hosts the show to discuss his latest project, The Holistic Wealth Creation Course. M.C. shares what money is and what it is not, why people struggle financially, even high-income earners, the financial traps that keep people in the rat race and much much more.


yes and not one lefty defended her.
Of course the young woman was doing her job and a workplace is in law required to be a safe one for its workers.
The reporter, who was refusing to cooperate with an instruction issued by the US President to put down the microphone, should be counting himself very fortunate that a couple of heavy security men didn't wrestle him to the ground. That was the next step.
I reckon he was just wanting his 10 minutes of fame. The president clearly asked him to desist with his heckling but he did not.
Trump has a record of making himself more available to the press than past Presidents. He behaved appropriately towards that microphone-hugging reporter and restoring order to the occasion.
That this issue is still being defended here by the loonies, says it all really. Attempting to defend the indefensible.....that's sick.


Me: Ok, girls! It's that time of year again: first day of school photos!! Woohoo!!!
Zoey: *sniff, sniff* Mmmm! Pazely, your hair smells like coconut. What shampoo do you use?
Pazely: The same as yours. We share a bathroom, remember? Stop smelling me, Zoey!
Pazely: Zoey! You are smooshing my pony tail. Wake up!
Zoey: I can't help it. I'm so tired.
Me: Pazely, please remove that finger from your nose.
Pazely: Mom! I think it's stuck!!!
Me: *sigh* Let's try taking photos of each of you, separately.
Zoey & Pazely: (at the same time): ME FIRST!!
Zoey: Pazely went first last year. Hmph!
Zoey: This isn't fair. But I guess mom is saving the best for last.
Pazely: Well, then I'll just go again after you're done.
Me: Looks good Paze, but how about you show me your pearly whites.
Pazely: I'm not wearing pearls.
Me: Your teeth, show me your teeth.
Pazely: I say "corgi" instead of "cheese". I like dogs.
Me: Perfect. Done. Jesus really does still do miracles.
Me: Ok, you're up next Zoey!
Zoey: Can you get the flowers in the picture?
Me: Sure. But why are you raising your hand? Are you practicing for when you're in your new classroom at school?
Zoey: Silly mommy! I'm blocking the sun out of my face. It's really bright out here.
Me: Well, I need to see those pretty eyes of yours.
Zoey: Can't you just draw some eyeballs on my eyelids? You're crafty like that.
Me: All my markers are still packed. Can you just try to open them real quick?
Me: Nope. Can't use that one.
Zoey: How about this, mom?
Me: If you were a 5th grade zombie, this would be the perfect first-day-of-school picture.
Zoey: Ahhhh! The sunshine is too bright!
Zoey: My eyeballs are burning! The light is too strong! Please! Just. Make. It. Stop.
Zoey: You can Photoshop my hands out of this one, right?
Me: How about if you stand up instead?
Zoey: Technically, I'm closer to the sun when I stand. But, whatever.
Me: Hey, that looks nice Zoey!
Me: Now let's try both of you sitting by the flowers. And this time, close your eyes. I'll count to "3", & then you can open them up at the same time while I snap a photo real quick.
Pazely: This isn't working. I'm outta here.
Zoey: Wait, wait! I can do this!
Zoey: Quick, mom! Snap the picture! Is this a good one?
Pazely: Hey! That's not fair! Zoey gets a dog?!?!
Me: No one is getting a dog.
Zoey: ...or a stick, a long stick like some blind people carry. Tap, tap, tap, on the ground. I could find my way around then.
Me: Well, thanks for trying, girls. You did awesome.
Me: When I blink, I see spots, mom.
I can't believe I am already reading a post about your girls starting school already. That year went quick. Such a wonderful post. I smiled all the way through. I hope your daughters had a good day. I seem to remember a stripey jumper last year but possibly wrong.


text:
Q: Pandas Series skipna not working as expected So it seems to me that the standard aggregation functions in pandas don't behave very consistently across the three main pandas datatypes (groupBy, DataFrame, Series) when trying to include NaNs.
There is already an issue open for the case of groupBy objects here, but it seems like something similar is happening when using pandas Series. Minimum example
import pandas as pd
foo = pd.DataFrame({"user": ["a", "a", "b"], "value": [3, None, 5], "other_value": [None, 4, 6]})
foo
>>>
  user  value  other_value
0    a    3.0          NaN
1    a    NaN          3.0
2    b    5.0          6.0

Now when I try to get the maximum per row including NaNs using max(skipna=False) I get the expected:
foo[['value', 'other_value']].max(skipna=False, axis=1)
>>>>
0    NaN
1    NaN
2    6.0

However, when using the Series max operation, it seems to behave in a non-consistent way, depending on whether NaN was the first value in the Series:
foo.apply(lambda x: x[['value', 'other_value']].max(skipna=False), 1)
>>>
0    NaN
1    3.0
2    6.0

Is this a bug or am I doing something wrong?


text:
Laurens County Sheriff's Office Mission Statement
The mission of the Laurens County Sheriff's Office is to provide fair and impartial enforcement of the criminal laws of the State of South Carolina, and the ordinances of Laurens County. In conformity therewith, I and my deputies preserve the peace, protect life and property, deter and apprehend violators of the law, act as the arms of our courts, and humanely care for those in our custody.
My deputies and I will respect and protect the rights of individuals. We will perform our duties with honesty, zeal, and courage, and will strive to exercise sound, equitable judgment in our interactions with others.
We recognize that no law enforcement agency can operate at its maximum potential without the support of the citizens we serve. Accordingly, we will work to deliver consistent, high-quality law enforcement services, act as community-based problem solvers, and adhere to the highest ethical standards of conduct and professionalism.
Sheriff Don Reynolds
Click here to report a tip
68-CRIME (864-682-7463)
IMPORTANT: Johnson Detention Center will no longer accept money orders or checks via mail starting May 1, 2021. Deposits can be made at the Lobby Kiosk when visitation resumes or can be made online at
www.mcdanielsupplyco.net
NON-EMERGENCY
© 2017 Laurens County Sheriff's Office


text:
Iran competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 7 September to 18 September 2016.

Competitors

Medalists

| width="77%" align="right" valign="top" |

| width="23%" align="left" valign="top" |

The death of Para-cyclist
Iranian Para-cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad has died following an accident during men's C4/C5 road race at the Rio 2016 Paralympics. He was involved in a serious crash on Saturday (17 September) and sustained severe injuries to his neck. The 48-year-old rider received emergency treatment at the scene before being transported to hospital where he succumbed to his injuries. Following Golbarnezhad's passing, the Iranian flag has been lowered to half-mast in the Paralympic Village. The Paralympic flag will also be flown at half-mast in the Paralympic Village and at the Riocentro venue, where Iran played Bosnia and Herzegovina in the sitting volleyball gold medal match on Sunday (18 September).

Disability classifications

Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories; amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; Les autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Some sports, such as athletics, divide athletes by both the category and severity of their disabilities, other sports, for example swimming, group competitors from different categories together, the only separation being based on the severity of the disability.

Archery

Iran earned a spot in archery at both the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games at the 2015 Asian Archery Championships as a result of performance of Zahra Nemati at the event. She also carried the Iranian flag into the Olympic opening ceremony. Should she compete in both, she will be the first archer to do so since Italy's Paola Fantato did this at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She took up the sport in 2006, two years after a spinal-cord injury that occurred during an accident. Prior to that, she competed in taekwondo where she had a black belt. Six months after taking up the sport, she won the Iranian national championships. She competed at the 2011 Archery World Championships, and set four world records at the Italy hosted event. She will go to Rio as a defending Paralympic gold medalist in the women's individual recurve W1/W2, and bronze medalist in the women's team recurve open. She also won gold at the 2013 World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand. She also won a bronze medal at the same event.

Men

|-
|align=left|Golamreza Rahimi
|align=left rowspan=2|Individual recurve open
|624
|5
|align="center"|W 6–2
|align="center"|W 6–0
|align="center"|W 6–2
|align="center"|W 6–4
|align="center"|W 7–3
|align="center" |
|-
|align=left|Ebrahim Ranjbar
|637
|1
|align="center"|W 6–2
|align="center"|W 6–4
|align="center"|W 7–3
|align="center"|L 6–4
|align="center"|W 7–1
| align="center" |
|-
|align=left|Majid Kakoosh
|align=left|Individual compound W1
|628
|7
|
|align="center"| W 131–129
|align="center"| L 144–124
|align=center colspan="4" |Did not advance
|-
|align=left|Hadi Nori
|align=left|Individual compound open
|685
|3
|align="center"|W 136–126
|align="center"|L 138–134
|align=center colspan="4" |Did not advance
|-
|}

Women

|-
|align=left|Mohadeseh Kohansal
|align=left rowspan=2|Individual recurve open
|541
|24
|align="center"|W 6–2
|align="center"|L 0–6
|align=center colspan="4" |Did not advance
|-
|align=left|Zahra Nemati
|627
|2
|align="center"|W 6–0
|align="center"|W 6–0
|align="center"|W 6–4
|align="center"|W 6–0
|align="center"|W 6–4
|align="center" |
|-
|align=left|Somayeh Abbaspour
|align=left|Individual compound open
|657
|2
|align=center|Bye
|align="center"|W 140–129
|align="center"|W 137–136
|align="center"|L 137–129
|align="center"|L 140–138
|4
|-
|}

Mixed

Athletics

The following 24 men and 3 woman will represent Iran at 2016 Summer Paralympics. A total of 27 athletes will compete for Iran at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

Men

Track

Field

Women

Cycling

With one pathway for qualification being one highest ranked NPCs on the UCI Para-Cycling male and female Nations Ranking Lists on 31 December 2014, Iran qualified for the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, assuming they continued to meet all other eligibility requirements.

5-a-side football

Iran qualified for the Paralympics after finishing first at the 2015 IBSA Blind Football Asian Championships. Iran opened round robin play 5–0 win against Malaysia. Next, they drew 0–0 with Japan. Their third game saw them crush India 10–0. They then drew 0–0 with China. Their last game of group play was a 4–0 win against South Korea. Their win put them second in round robin play. They met China in a single placement final, which they won in a 1–0 penalty shootout. Iran's Ahmadreza Shahhosseini was given the tournament's Golden Boot as the tournament's top scorer. The team was coached by Javad Felfeli with Mohammadreza Shaddelbasir the team's guide.

Semi-final

Gold medal match

7-a-side football
Iran qualified for the 2016 Rio Games following the suspension of Russia. The IPC ruled that there could not be a redraw for the groups. This resulted in Iran being put into Group A with the Netherlands, Argentina and the United States.

Iran goes to Rio as reigning 2008 and 2012 Paralympic bronze medalists. They had missed out on qualification for Rio initially because they had visa issues that did not allow them to participate in the IFCPF World Championships, and there were not enough teams to allow for a viable Asian qualifying competition. The IFCPF said in their rationale for picking Iran that it would increase continental inclusion from 2 to 3, and they would be replacing one potential medalist with another potential medalist. Iran goes into the tournament ranked 12th in the world.

Judo

Paracanoeing

Iran earned a qualifying spot at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in this sport following their performance at the 2015 ICF Canoe Sprint & Paracanoe World Championships in Milan, Italy where the top six finishers in each Paralympic event earned a qualifying spot for their nation. Shahla Behrouzirad earned the spot for Iran after finishing sixth in the women's KL3 event.

Women

Powerlifting

Siamand Rahman worked on qualifying for the 2016 Games at the 2015 IPC Powerlifting Asian Open Championships. Competing in the men's over 107 kg event, he set a new world record of 295 kg on his way to winning gold.

Shooting

The first opportunity to qualify for shooting at the Rio Games took place at the 2014 IPC Shooting World Championships in Suhl. Shooters earned spots for their NPC. Iran earned a qualifying spot at this event in the P2 – 10m Air Pistol Women SH1 event as a result of Sareh Javanmardi winning a gold medal.

The country sent shooters to 2015 IPC IPC Shooting World Cup in Osijek, Croatia, where Rio direct qualification was also available. They earned a qualifying spot at this event based on the performance of Samira Eram in the P2 – 10m Air Pistol Women SH1 event. Because no woman qualified based on the criteria in P3 – 25m Pistol Mixed SH1 event at this competition, an extra spot on the women's side was given in the P4 – 50m Pistol Mixed SH1. Iran's Alieh Mahmoudi acquired this spot for her country.

The third opportunity for direct qualification for shooters to the Rio Paralympics took place at the 2015 IPC IPC Shooting World Cup in Sydney, Australia. At this competition, Mahdi Zamani earned a qualifying spot for their country in the P1- Men's 10m Air Pistol SH1 event. Masoumeh Khodabakhshi earned another qualifying spot for Iran in the R4- Mixed 10m Air Rifle Standing SH2 event.

Swimming

Sitting volleyball

Men
Iran men's national sitting volleyball team qualified for the 2016 Games at the World Championships. Iran men's national sitting volleyball team were also in the qualification run for the 2016 Summer Paralympics at the 2014 Asian Para-Games, losing the gold medal match in sets of 25–12, 25–20, 29–27 against China men's national sitting volleyball team.

Women
Iran women's national sitting volleyball team qualified for the 2016 Summer Paralympics after reaching the finals of the 2014 Asian Para Games, the first time the women's team had qualified for the Paralympics. They won the event, after beating China who had previously qualified for the 2016 Games at the world championships earlier in the year in sets of 25–15, 25–12, and 25–15. Maleki Zeinab Dizicheh was one of the team's key players in the tournament. In the year before the Games, the team trained in Isfahan, where there were 20 members at camp along with players from the junior national team. Warm up events for the team include the March 2015 Intercontinental Cup.

Wheelchair basketball

The Iran men's national wheelchair basketball team has qualified for the 2016 Rio Paralympics. During the draw, Brazil had the choice of which group they wanted to be in. They were partnered with Spain, who would be in the group Brazil did not select. Brazil chose Group B, which included Iran, the United States, Great Britain, Germany and Algeria. That left Spain in Group A with Australia, Canada, Turkey, the Netherlands and Japan.

See also
Iran at the 2016 Summer Olympics

References

Nations at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
2016
2016 in Iranian sport


When the wedding, most of you just take the time and cost of the problem mainly for wedding photography, wedding dress selection, Makeup etc … As for wedding invitation diagnostic equipment like? Write wedding invitation look like? … Usually you think of the last and spend little time for it the most. So with the right wedding invitation is not important and does not cause prejudice to the wedding of the two of you do not?
Wedding invitation is an invitation to show the sincerity of the bride and groom and their families to the guests attending your wedding. Normally, a wedding invitation is a letter which included the details of time, location, beautiful wedding photo of the two of you and the problems related to marriage and are often sent to guests from 4 to 6 week before the wedding.
Depending on the style of wedding reception you can choose wedding invitations that fit best. For example, for beach weddings, people can choose a bright color and pictures on the beach, in the case of a traditional church wedding, the choice of wedding invitation templates reflect the official nature of the ceremony laugh. Modern wedding invitation is a reflection of all the personalities of the couple rather than the traditional.
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Capitaland closed $3.86 yesterday, this is one of the Best performing blue chip stock in 2012. We can see from the chart, since turning bullish in June 2012, the stock has been trending up. Many people has bought this share before and have sold, not many really manage to ride the whole trend due to many bad news (and cooling measure) out there. For the past 2 month many people also asked me whether need to take profit, we say the trend still strong, let profit run. but now the chart has shown a red candle. This must be something we need to think of.. Is the trend going to change?
On 28 Feb 2013, Thu (English Seminar) or 1 Mar 2013, Fri (华文).


text:
8NOVELS
Read The Price of Glory Online
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Coq Hardi
evenings were as gay as ever before the war. The officers dining there may have looked back with some nostalgia on the peacetime fishing in clear streams and the wonderful
chasses au sanglier
among the oak woods that covered the hills beyond the Meuse, now the forward area, but otherwise life was not disagreeable. For, in fact, from October 1914 until February 1916 the Verdun sector had been one of the quietest of the whole front; true, the occasional shelling had forced Area HQ to shift from the barracks surmounting Vauban's Citadel into its impenetrable subterranean casemates, and finally out of Verdun altogether, but then staff officers were notoriously windy. An officer arriving from the Champagne in April 1915 expressed astonishment at not hearing a single cannon; it was, he remarked, just like peacetime. Life behind the French lines at Verdun was agreeably, deceptively and dangerously calm — it may have been not unlike Singapore in the last days of 1941. And no one was more deceived than the
Grand Quartier Général.
Verdun was reputedly unassailable, the strongest fortress on earth, the Gibraltar-cum-Singapore of the First War. Its reputation had been thoroughly put to the test during the Battle of the Marne. The Crown Prince's Army had all but encircled the fortress, and Joffre — ever mindful of the fate of Bazaine, locked up in Metz with his huge useless army in 1870 — actually ordered its abandon. Fortunately the commander of the French Third Army, Sarrail, an elderly general with an American Civil War beard, disregarded the order. Verdun stood like a rock against the Crown Prince's repeated assaults, forming a vital anchor and pivot for the whole left wing of the French Army falling back on Paris. Had it in fact been abandoned, Joffre's front would have been cut in two, the Miracle of the Marne could never have taken place, Paris — and probably the war — would have been lost. In 1914 the importance of Verdun was as simple as that.
After the Marne, the Germans had been forced to withdraw slightly on either side of the fortress, but surged back again to establish a bridgehead across the Meuse at St. Mihiel, embarrassingly close
to Verdun and severing one of its major railway links. Through 1915 new attempts had been made to cut off Verdun by thrusting into the salient on both flanks, at Vauquois in the Argonne and Les Eparges, culminating in some particularly savage mine warfare. By 1916, the front around Verdun still formed a bulge like a large and vulnerable hernia.
On the ground, Verdun's defences looked dreadfully impressive. Surrounding it on all sides were the steep Meuse hills whose unusual concentric pattern itself formed an immense natural fort, with a radius of five to ten miles, the Keep at the centre of the fort being Verdun itself. In the vital northeast sector of the Right Bank there were four natural lines of defence along the ridges. Many of these were formed like the glacis of a fort, sloping gently away towards the enemy, but with steep reverse slopes, so that defenders could lie in wait in these relatively protected ravines, then move up to sweep an enemy advancing up the long glacis with withering fire. Forces trying to progress along the meandering Meuse valley would find themselves caught in enfilading fire first from the one side, then from the other, from the ridges that protruded, interlocking and overlapping, into the river bends. Little resemblance here to the featureless, open country of Flanders and the Champagne.
Moreover, the crest of each important hill or ridge in this great natural stronghold was itself studded with powerful forts, the outstanding feature of Verdun's defences and the derivative of General de Rivière's post-1870 line of fortifications. On the German 1914 maps alone, no less than twenty major and forty intermediary forts (or
'ouvrages'
as the French called them) were shown. The Right Bank forts lay roughly in an outer and two inner rings; the first containing Moulainville, Vaux and Douaumont; the next, Tavannes and Souville; and the innermost ring, on the heights overlooking Verdun, Belrupt, St. Michel and Belleville. On the left bank there were two similar lines, but the most important was the outer one comprising five forts along the Bois Bourrus ridge, which lay interlocking with the Douaumont and Souville lines across the river. To the south of Verdun, but unconcerned in the great approaching battle, were still further clusters of forts. Of all, the most powerful, and indeed, the cornerstone, was Douaumont; which, from its 1,200-foot elevation, dominated the terrain at every point of the compass like a scaled-down Monte Cassino.
From the time of Vauban, French engineers have led the world
in the ingenuity of their fortifications, and Verdun was no exception. Each fort was so sited that its guns could dislodge any enemy appearing on the glacis of its neighbour. The guns themselves, sometimes either a heavy 155 mm. or twin short-barrelled 75s, were housed under heavy steel carapaces in retractable turrets, and were invulnerable to all but a direct hit from the heaviest artillery. They were supplemented by equally well-protected machine-gun turrets and ingeniously placed block-houses containing flanking guns that could repel an attack on the fort from any direction. The bigger forts contained a company of infantry or more underground, and the more modern were armoured with reinforced concrete up to eight feet deep under a thick layer of earth. They were in fact like ranks of immobile, but apparently indestructible tanks, or a flotilla of unsinkable monitors. Furthermore, as the battle had receded in 1914, the outer line of the forts had been left with a protective cordon of trenches in the foothills between them and the Germans, two or three miles deep; which the French had had a relatively undisturbed fifteen months to make as impregnable as might be.
In theory, Verdun in 1916 should have been the strongest point of the whole Allied line. Yet, in practice, it was one of the weakest. Why?
In 1914 the ease with which the secret German 420s had shattered the legendary Belgian forts, and — worse still — had forced the surrender of France's own Manonviller, her biggest and most modern, had come as a terrible shock to the French High Command. At G.Q.G., the Grandmaisonites — ignoring Sarrail's success at Verdun — rapidly exploited these disasters to their own advantage (no doubt partly to re-establish their reputation tarnished by the Battle of the Frontiers). Forts are nothing but shell traps, they averred, and so we have always maintained; quite out of keeping with French offensive spirit. The French soldier's place was
en rase campagne
, if absolutely necessary in a trench, but certainly not hiding under a pile of concrete. And what had happened to Bazaine and MacMahon in the vaunted fortresses of Metz and Sedan during the last war? When the Allied 1915 spring offensives failed, owing to lack of artillery, G.Q.G. had rummaged through all its arsenals for every available gun. But why not tap the vast resources of cannon installed in all those useless fortresses at Verdun, suggested some bright disciple of de Grandmaison?
In July, General Dubail, commanding the Group of Armies East,
in whose sector Verdun lay, told a visiting Army Commission delegation that, of course, G.Q.G. was quite right. The actual Governor of Verdun, General Coutanceau, disagreed and was promptly sacked for his temerity. The following month his successor, an elderly gunner called Herr, was instructed by Dubail (acting on direct orders from Joffre) that 'Strongholds, destined to be invested, have no longer a rôle to play'. Verdun itself 'must
under no circumstances
be defended for itself, and the General commanding there must at
allow himself to be invested there'. Meanwhile, to meet the needs of the forthcoming Champagne offensive, the Verdun forts were stripped of their guns; notably those in the flanking blockhouses, and in fact virtually all but the cannon immovably fixed in the revolving turrets. By October the equivalent of forty-three heavy (plus 128,000 rounds) and eleven field-gun batteries had been removed. At a stroke the whole defence system of France's mightiest strongpoint was transformed; it was, in the words of one French military historian, 'an imprudence difficult to qualify.'
Meanwhile, General Herr, under orders from a High Command contemptuous of the fortresses on the Right Bank, began to prepare a line of defence on the Left Bank, i.e.
Verdun. No sooner, however, had he asked the Corps Commander
for a defence plan than the corps was moved to the Champagne, and right up to February 1916 the unfortunate Herr was plagued by a shortage of hands, through forces being constantly withdrawn to feed other fronts. By February 10th, two days before the German attack was due to begin, the French were still pre-occupied with works on the Left Bank; yet, towards the end of January as the German threat began to filter through to G.Q.G.'s consciousness, Herr's limited forces were called upon, in addition, to work on communications to Verdun and positions on the Right Bank. 'Everything had been started, and nothing finished.'
Not only were the numbers for the job grossly lacking, but the spirit was too. In contrast to both the British and the Germans, the French soldier has never been renowned for 'digging-in'. Then, the troops available to Herr were also either weary from the Champagne offensives, looking forward to a 'cushy' life on a quiet front, or else 'old sweats' who had been too long in the calm of Verdun to see any point in getting their hands blistered for the whims of some new general. A visiting officer, querying a soldier about the lack of communication trenches up to the front-line — those vital, life-saving
arteries — was told: 'It doesn't matter. One can pass very easily, the Germans don't shoot.' The rot of the 'phony war' at Verdun had apparently spread to high levels; 'In the Verdun zone of battle there was not a communication trench, not one underground telephone line, no barbed wire. But huge entanglements had been placed around the ramparts of the city itself… for the benefit of visitors.' It was indeed '
un terrain à catastrophe
'; such was the immediate reaction on taking up his command of General Chrétien, the man whose corps was to bear the brunt of the German onslaught a few weeks later.
General Herr, perhaps a little too mild-mannered and ineffectual, cannot be absolved for the lethargy of those under his command, but he at least was alert to Verdun's terrible weakness. Repeatedly he pleaded in vain for reinforcements to carry out the essential works. The poor man's despair is reflected in his remark to an aide of Pétain in the autumn of 1915: 'Every day I tremble; if I were attacked I could not hold; I've told the G.Q.G., and they refuse to listen to me.' And later, to Galliéni, the Minister of Defence: 'What was most terrible for me, was the Young Turks of G.Q.G. At every demand I addressed them for reinforcement in artillery, they replied with the
of two batteries or two and a half batteries; "you will not be attacked. Verdun is not the point of the attack. The Germans don't know that Verdun has been disarmed." '
So G.Q.G. remained blind to the danger threatening Verdun and deaf to Herr's appeals, until, quite unexpectedly Joffre's Olympian calm was shaken by a mere Lieutenant-Colonel.
Emile Driant, however, was no ordinary colonel. Early in his army career (at the time of Verdun he was over sixty), he had been ADC to General Boulanger, subsequently marrying his daughter. A brilliant soldier, he had published several books on war, including one called
La Guerre de Forteresse
, but, probably on account of his political connections more than any other reason, he found himself passed over for promotion in five consecutive years. He finally decided to resign from the army, and became Deputy for a constituency close to Verdun. During the pre-war years he had repeatedly attacked the weaknesses in the French Army, and the German manoeuvres he attended in 1906 so alarmed him that he wrote an article for
'L'Éclair',
predicting 'we would be beaten as in 1870, but even more completely than in 1870…' In 1914 he at once rejoined his old unit, the
Chasseurs-à-pied,
as a reserve officer. He was
attached to the staff of the Verdun garrison, but, despite his age, requested an active command and was given two battalions of Chasseurs.
After the Marne, his Chasseurs, the 56th and 59th, had been given the task of clearing the Bois des Caures to the northeast of Verdun, and there they had remained ever since.
The Bois des Caures was a wood about two miles long and half a mile wide, running northeast to southwest atop a small but dominant rise. In 1916 it comprised the centre of the Verdun first line on the Right Bank, and lay right across the axis of any direct German assault on the fortress. Thus Driant found himself entrusted with the defence of a key position of the first importance.
Like most of his rapid-marching, hard-fighting
, Driant was a smallish man, but his fiercely aquiline, mustachioed face (a sub-specie of the race that by 1918 seemed to have become virtually extinct) radiated will-power. In a letter of January 1915, Driant declared the Germans 'will not make one further step forward; they will never penetrate to Verdun, even if they bring up all their 420s.' By July, obviously uneasy, he was complaining to his Brigade Commander that he would be unable to carry out the works ordered, while at the same time adequately manning the front line. On August 22nd he was writing to his friend Paul Deschanel, President of the Chamber of Deputies, predicting:
The sledge-hammer blow will be delivered on the line Verdun-Nancy. What moral effect would be created by the capture of one of these cities!… we are doing everything, day and night, to make our front inviolable… but there is one thing about which one can do nothing;
the shortage of hands
. And it is to this that I beg you to call the attention of the Minister (of Defence). If our first line is carried by a massive attack, our second line is inadequate and we are not succeeding in establishing it;
lack of workers
and I add:
lack of barbed wire.
The Ex Who Glowed in the Dark (Charley's Ghost) by Berneathy, Sally
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By Design by J. A. Armstrong
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The Savage Gorge by Forbes, Colin
Worse than Death (Anna Southwood Mysteries) by Jean Bedford
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text:
The Gunslinger: The Journey Begins
Stephen King's Dark Tower saga has riveted readers for decades. Now, Roland Deschain's early tales are told for the first time as one of literature's greatest characters is given new life on the comics page! The Barony of Gilead has fallen to the forces of the evil John Farson, as the Gunslingers are massacred at the Battle of Jericho Hill. But one Gunslinger rises from the ashes: Roland Deschain. Now the last of the Gunslingers, Roland sets out in search of the mysterious Dark Tower - the one place where he can set his out-of-synch world right. Along the way, Roland will battle the Not-Men, the Slow Mutants and more as he trails the Man in Black, the sorcerer who holds the key to finding the Dark Tower. Collecting DARK TOWER: THE GUNSLINGER - THE JOURNEY BEGINS #1-5.
Robin Furth


text:
Jan Adam Kruseman (ur. 12 lutego 1804 w Haarlemie, zm. 17 marca 1862) – holenderski malarz i grafik.

Był synem Jana Aleksandra (1774-1829) i Doroty Steenkamp (1769/44). Pierwsze lekcje pobierał u swego wuja Cornelisa. Od 1819 roku mieszkał w Amsterdamie, z krótką przerwą między rokiem 1822 a 1825, którą spędził w Brukseli i Paryżu. Tam studiował pod okiem Jacques'a-Louisa Davida i Naveza.

Praca zawodowa
W 1830 roku został mianowany dyrektorem Królewskiej Akademii Sztuki w Amsterdamie. W 1839 roku założył w Amsterdamie Arti et Amicitiae, gdzie pełnił funkcje dyrektora. Był wszechstronnym malarzem, głównie portrecistą, ale malował również sceny historyczne, biblijne i rodzajowe. Wykonał łącznie 588 prac, z czego około 500 to portrety, głównie szlachty i burżuazji. Wykonał również kilka portretów rodziny królewskiej m.in. Wilhelma I i jego syna Wilhelma II.

Jego uczniem był Jozef Israëls, twórca tzw. szkoły haskiej.

Bibliografia

Holenderscy malarze romantyzmu
Urodzeni w 1804
Zmarli w 1862
Holenderscy portreciści
Ludzie urodzeni w Haarlemie


26 to have Coda evolve and flourish.
29 program, the Coda server program and the utilities needed by both.
54 have to be redone for a different platform.
59 comments, feedback, bug reports, bug fixes, enhancements, etc.