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Floris ende Blancefloer is de Middelnederlandse vertaling/bewerking door Diederik van Assenede van de Oudfranse roman in verzen Floire et Blanceflor (ca. 1150-1160). Naar eigen zeggen heeft Diederik zijn vertaling vervaardigd voor een publiek dat het Frans onvoldoende machtig was om dit verhaal in het origineel te kunnen begrijpen: "Dien seldijs danken ghemeenlike / Dat hijt uten Walsche heeft ghedicht / Ende verstandelike in Dietsche bericht / Den ghenen diet Walsche niet en connen (ed. Mak, r. 24-27). De verhaalstof van Floire et Blancheflor was al eerder vertaald in het Middelnederlands in de Maaslandse Floyris (Trierse Floyris), die fragmentarisch is overgeleverd in 368 verzen. Deze tekst is omstreeks 1170 geschreven, dus vlak na het ontstaan van het Franse verhaal.

Samenvatting
Blancefloer, een christen meisje, groeit op aan het hof van een islamitische koning in Spanje. Aan het hof ontstaat er een hechte vriendschap met de zoon van de koning, Floris. Wanneer de koning en de koningin ontdekken dat hun vriendschap is overgevloeid in liefde, besluiten ze in te grijpen. Ze bedenken een list om de liefde tussen Floris en Blancefloer te dwarsbomen. Floris' ouders sturen hem naar het buitenland om te gaan studeren en verkopen ondertussen Blancefloer als slavin aan rondreizende kooplieden. Een schitterend, maar leeg graf moet Floris ervan overtuigen dat Blancefloer dood is.

Floris is zo droevig dat hij zelfmoord wil plegen. Daarop besluiten zijn ouders om hem de waarheid te vertellen. Vervolgens gaat de jongen op zoek naar zijn geliefde. Tijdens zijn zoektocht ontdekt hij dat Blancefloer, samen met 140 andere vrouwen, wordt vastgehouden in de 'vrouwentoren' van de emir in Babylon (gelegen in Mesopotamië, het tweestromenland).

Ieder jaar kiest de emir een van die vrouwen tot zijn nieuwe echtgenote en laat hij de vorige doden. Volgens alle gegevens die Floris verkrijgt, wordt zijn Blancefloer de nieuwe uitverkorene van de emir. De vrouwentoren waarin Blancefloer verblijft, wordt heel zwaar bewaakt. Maar de waard van de herberg waar Floris logeert, vertelt hem over het zwakke punt van de poortwachter van de toren: hij is bezeten van het schaakspel én van geld. Met deze informatie in het achterhoofd nodigt Floris de poortwachter uit voor enkele spelletjes schaak, die hij allemaal wint. Hij houdt echter niet het gewonnen geld, maar schenkt dit aan de poortwachter. Floris wint tevens het laatste spel. Als wederdienst belooft de poortwachter hem eeuwige trouw, waarvan Floris listig gebruikmaakt. De poortwachter smokkelt Floris in een mand met bloemen binnen.

De twee geliefden worden herenigd maar wanneer de emir hen samen in bed betrapt, wil hij hen met het zwaard doden. Tijdens een openbare rechtszitting die hierop volgt, worden alle aanwezigen ontroerd door de sterke liefde tussen Floris en Blancefloer, waarop de emir het jonge paar vergeeft. Floris en Blancefloer trouwen en op hun bruiloftsfeest verneemt Floris dat zijn ouders overleden zijn. Daarop keren de geliefden samen terug naar Spanje, waar Floris zijn vader opvolgt als koning en hij zich samen met zijn onderdanen laat dopen. Blancefloer schenkt hem een dochter, Bertha met de grote voet, die later de moeder van Karel de Grote zal worden.

Analyse

Namen
Floris en Blancefloer worden beiden op Palmzondag (Oudfrans: Pasques Florie) geboren en krijgen naar aanleiding van die dag een bloemennaam. Voor het meisje wordt het Blancheflor, of witte bloem (lelie), voor de jongen Floire (bloem / meest geliefde bloem, roos). Zo vertegenwoordigen ze de centrale aspecten van het begrip hoofse liefde: de roos als symbool van de hartstocht en de lelie als symbool van de zuiverheid.

Verhaalstof
Er bestaan twee theorieën over de oorsprong van de verhaalstof van Floris ende Blancefloer: een 'Oosterse' en een 'Westerse' theorie. Volgens de aanhangers van de Oosterse theorie is de verhaalstof van de roman van Arabische oorsprong. Deze wetenschappers menen dat veel motieven uit Floris ende Blancefloer geïnspireerd zijn op Arabische verhalen: de vrouwentoren, de gewapende eunuchen en de wrede gewoonte van de emir om na een jaar zijn vrouw te doden. Er is echter geen enkel middeleeuws Arabisch verhaal dat in zijn geheel als brontekst voor Floire et Blancheflor in aanmerking komt. De aanhangers van de Westerse theorie beschouwen dit verhaal als een oorspronkelijk Franse schepping. De oriëntaalse elementen zijn volgens hen aan het geheel toegevoegd voor de 'couleur locale'.

Floris ende Blancefloer had een opvoedende functie: Floris was een voorbeeld van hoe een jonge edelman zich in de 13e eeuw moest gedragen. Zo wint Floris zijn Blancefloer niet terug door grof wapengeweld maar door zijn verstand en gedrevenheid. Verder besteedt Diederic van Assenede, meer nog dan zijn Franse voorganger, veel aandacht aan de beschrijving van de nodige pracht en praal: het schijngraf van Blancefloer, de talrijke juwelen en het eten.

Floris ende Blancefloer is een hoofs verhaal, waarin de liefde alles drijft en overwint. De term hoofs komt zelfs voor de eerste keer voor in de Nederlandstalige literatuur in de Trierse Floyris. De epiloog verbindt het jonge paar met de grote vorst Karel de Grote, wiens nakomelingen zich zo konden beroepen op een hoofse afkomst.

Auteur en publiek
De auteur van Floris ende Blancefloer is Diederik van Assenede. Hij wordt traditioneel geïdentificeerd als de klerk Dierekin de Hassenede, van wie enkele oorkonden bewaard bleven die dateren rond het derde kwart van de dertiende eeuw en die bestemd waren voor de (Franstalige) graven van Vlaanderen. Diederik werd geboren rond 1230 en was kanselarijklerk aan het Vlaamse grafelijke hof tussen 1260 en 1280. Hij overleed omstreeks 1293. Zijn naam staat vermeld in de proloog van het boek, wat vrij zeldzaam is:
Hets worden herde te sure
Van Assenede Diederik. (vers 22-23)
(Dat is een heel zware taak geweest voor Diederic van Assenede [vertaling: Ingrid Biesheuvel])

Van Assenede zegt eveneens in de proloog dat hij de tekst in het Diets (Nederlands) heeft geschreven voor de mensen die geen Frans kenden.

Dien seldijs danken ghemeenlike,
Dat hijt uten Walsche heeft ghedicht.
Ende verstandelike in Dietsche bericht
Den ghenen, diet Walsche niet en connen. (vers 24-27)
(U moet hem allemaal dankbaar zijn dat hij het verhaal uit het Frans heeft berijmd en begrijpelijk heeft gemaakt voor diegenen die het Frans niet beheersen [vertaling: Ingrid Biesheuvel])

Men neemt aan dat de hoge adel Frans begreep. Het publiek waarover Diederic het hier heeft, bestond dus waarschijnlijk uit de lagere adel. De roman wordt als kroongetuige opgevoerd in het debat of er aan het Franstalige hof van Vlaanderen ook plaats was voor Middelnederlandse literatuur. Er kunnen echter geen andere Middelnederlandse auteurs aangewezen kunnen worden die werkzaam waren aan of voor het Vlaamse hof. Goed mogelijk is daarom dat Diederik van Assenede niet werkzaam was aan het hof, maar in het Brugs stedelijk milieu, wat ondersteund wordt door de aard en de taal van het oudste bewaardgebleven handschriftelijke fragment (Leiden UB, Ltk. 2040) dat misschien nog dertiende-eeuws is en dat geschreven werd in een 'administratieve' hand.

Verspreiding
Floris ende Blancefloer is compleet bewaard in één handschrift uit het tweede kwart van de 14e eeuw. Daarnaast zijn er ook nog fragmenten van een ouder handschrift uit het vierde kwart van de 13e eeuw. Zowel het complete manuscript als de fragmenten worden bewaard in de universiteitsbibliotheek van Leiden.

In de Nederlanden bleef het verhaal van Floris en Blancefloer heel populair, ondanks het feit dat de Kerk aanstoot nam aan de 'immorele' bedscène. Dit weten we uit een decreet dat de bisschop van Antwerpen omstreeks 1621 uitvaardigde en waaruit blijkt dat de Historie van Floris en Blancefloer tot de verboden boeken werd gerekend. Deze bisschop was niet de enige die aanstoot nam aan de bedscène, want ook in het volledig bewaard gebleven manuscript in de universiteitsbibliotheek van Leiden ontbreekt deze passage (uitgescheurd). Vanaf de 16e eeuw werd het verhaal omgezet in proza en vele malen herdrukt als volksboek.

Dat de verhaalstof van Floris ende Blancefloer ook buiten de Nederlanden zeer populair was, blijkt uit het feit dat het verhaal in verschillende talen wordt aangetroffen. Zo is er een Middelhoogduitse bewerking van Konrad Fleck van circa 1220, een Middelengelse van rond 1250 en zelfs een Oudnoordse bewerking uit 1300 bewaard gebleven. Ook Il Filocolo (1336) van Boccaccio is een bewerking van de verhaalstof. Er zijn zelfs twee toneelbewerkingen verschenen van het stuk: Hans Sachs schreef de komedie Florio mit der Bianceforra (1551) en August von Platen maakte er in het begin van de 19e eeuw het toneelstuk Treue um Treue van. Koreff maakte later in de 19e eeuw een opera over de liefdesgeschiedenis van Floris en Blancefloer. In het begin van de twintigste eeuw werd het verhaal 'gedegradeerd' tot kinderlectuur.

Bronnen en literatuur

Handschriften
 Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek: Ltk 2040 (fragment uit het vierde kwart van de 13e eeuw)
 Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek: Ltk 191 / II: f.033r-058v (tweede kwart 14e eeuw)

Literatuur
 Diederic van Assenede. Floris ende Blancefloer. Uitgegeven met inleiding en aantekeningen door J.J. Mak. Culemborg, 1970.Standaardeditie.Online raadpleegbaar op dbnl.org
 Diederic van Assenede, Floris en Blancefloer. Vertaling en toelichting, Ingrid Biesheuvel. Amsterdam, 2001.Proza-vertaling van Floris ende Blancefloer, korte toelichting bij enkele aspecten uit het verhaal.
 J. Deschamps, Middelnederlandse handschriften uit Europese en Amerikaanse bibliotheken. Tentoonstelling ter gelegenheid van het honderdjarig bestaan van de Koninklijke Zuidnederlandse maatschappij voor Taal- en letterkunde en Geschiedenis. Brussel, Koninklijke Bibliotheek Albert I, 24 okt.-24 dec. 1970. Catalogus. Leiden, 1972, nr. 10b. Beschrijving van Leiden, UB: Ltk 2040 en 191. Ook raadpleegbaar op dbnl.org
 W.P. Gerritsen & A.G van Melle (red.), Van Aiol tot de Zwaanridder. Personages uit de middeleeuwse verhaalkunst en hun voortleven in literatuur, theater en beeldende kunst. Nijmegen, 1993, p. 132-137.Uitgebreide samenvatting van het verhaal met meer informatie over de functie en de verspreiding.
Jozef D. Janssens, 'Wereldse literatuur in het dertiende-eeuwse Vlaanderen', in: Rita Beyers (red.), Van vader- naar moedertaal. Latijn, Frans en Nederlands in de dertiende-eeuwse Nederlanden. Brussel, 2000, p. 119-125. Over de tweetaligheid aan het Vlaamse hof. Ook raadpleegbaar op dbnl.org
Hans Kienhorst, De handschriften van de Middelnederlandse ridderepiek. Deventer 1988, Deel 1, p. 55-58.
Willem Kuiper (ed.), Floris ende Blancefleur. De oudste compleet bewaarde prozaversie gedrukt door Guillaem van Parijs, Antwerpen 1576.
Frits van Oostrom, Stemmen op schrift. Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse literatuur vanaf het begin tot 1300. Amsterdam, 2006, p. 175-178, 225. Recente synthese: erg beknopte informatie over de bewerking van van Assenede, nadruk op de Trierse/Maaslandse Floyris.
Jozef Janssens e.a., Floris ende Blancefloer van Diederic van Assenede. Liefde in het graafschap Vlaanderen van de dertiende eeuw. Leuven 2015. Rijk geïllustreerd, 256 pagina's.

Externe links
literatuurgeschiedenis.org Korte samenvatting van Floris ende Blancefloer met tekstfragmenten.
picarta.pica.nl Signaturen van de handschriften in de universiteitsbibliotheek van Leiden met publicaties over Floris ende Blancefloer.
 cf.hum.uva.nl Repertorium van eigennamen in Middelnederlandse literaire teksten.

Middelnederlandse literatuur
13e-eeuws boek


text:
Chapter 1: Confrontation
"Taylor," Ms. Salazar said, and he snapped to attention. She was a teacher from last semester and not one of his favorites. What had she asked?
"Um, demonborn children are often raised by multiple mothers in a community," he responded, hoping he was right. He loved psychology but hadn't done the reading as closely as usual last night because he was so distracted by Gabriel, his demon.
Ms. Salazar studied him, then nodded. "Correct. Natalie, why is that important?"
His best friend began explaining the significance of his answer, and tension bled from his body. Class always put him on edge, even before he himself was a demon.
He tried to ignore the looks of the other students, but it was hard. This was the last class before their final next week, and soon it would be summer where he wouldn't be surrounded by the curious students, but he dreaded leaving campus. The past semester was difficult, but he was used to it. As soon as he went home, he would have to start all over with the people there in order to fit in. Ten days, and his relatively comfortable life would be over.
Ever since Taylor sacrificed his soul to save his demon Gabriel from certain death shortly before the Christmas break, his life had dramatically altered. He glanced over at the door. Gabriel waited outside, a throwback to the days when Gabriel was an incubus and Taylor just an ordinary student. Now, after Gabriel's father, the demon king, had gifted Taylor his body and abilities, Taylor was the demon and Gabriel more similar to a human, though with powers reserved for the strongest of demons. No one had ever seen a demon as strong as Gabriel, and Taylor suspected he had the same strengths, though he had only used them once.
He still remembered the fateful day when a demon hunter trapped them and shot him in order to catch Gabriel off guard. That was when Taylor sacrificed his soul, and because of that, Gabriel dodged her bullet and survived. In retaliation not just for the attack but for the trauma she had inflicted on Taylor during his childhood, Gabriel held out his hand and a stream of pure hellfire spat forth to engulf her. No normal demon could achieve such a thing.
Ms. Salazar asked another review question to the student next to him, and Taylor pulled himself together. Normally demons in human form weren't allowed in classrooms, but he wasn't a demon, not really, and he still needed to attend college. Now that he was bonded to Gabriel, he could read his demon's thoughts and learn knowledge that way, but it was a poor substitute for learning it himself. At least that's what all the teachers said.
One of the other students eyed him. Taylor could sense her demon tethered to her mind. The demon didn't have physical form—most demons didn't—and Taylor found that he could sense nearby demons quite easily. Some where willing to talk to him, but others, like this one, treated him with an icy silence. Ms. Salazar's demon refused to talk to him too. He asked Gabriel about it once, and he said it was for the better.
Six months ago, Gabriel warned of the start of a revolution, the same kind of war that had devastated the world two thousand years ago. Demon turned against demon, and many of the demonborn were killed as a result. They almost seemed targeted to some degree.
Yet in the six months since Gabriel's proclamation, there was no sign of conflict other than the silence of some demons. It was clear they were on the other side in this civil war, but there was no violence. He hoped that continued.
He reached out to Gabriel and felt a bored contentment. He couldn't read his demon's thoughts clearly this far away, only when they were touching, but he had discovered blank spaces in Gabriel's mind that he couldn't penetrate. Information about the war was in one of those places. When he tentatively brought up those blank spaces with Gabriel, the demon shrugged and said his mind might be too complex for a human to understand, even if that human was now a demon. A little insulting, but probably true. Gabriel had been alive for nearly a thousand years. That many memories would overwhelm Taylor, so it made sense that he couldn't access all of them. Still, he got the feeling that Gabriel deliberately hid things from him, and the thought rankled through him. Gabriel shouldn't keep anything back, let alone something this important.
Natalie volunteered to answer another question, then glanced at him with a smile. He returned the gesture, and soon Ms. Salazar wrapped up her lecture and ended class. He made his way to his friend as she packed up her bags. A large ginger cat lying under her desk stood and stretched. Ariel was Natalie's demon, and while she frequently talked to Taylor now that he was a demon and could understand her, she never did during class. None of the demons did. They knew he needed to learn. In some ways, he was the king of demons now, though that title really belonged to Gabriel. He was a close second and needed to learn as much as he could to live up to that role.
Natalie hoisted her bookbag over her shoulder. "Lunch in the apartments or cafeteria?"
When he first bonded with Gabriel, students swarmed him everywhere he went, and lunch in public was out of the question. He and Natalie both stayed on campus over winter break and started eating at the cafeteria again in the relative solitude of the vacation. Now, they felt comfortable there. Students crowded him, but it wasn't bad. To be honest, before break, they were entranced by Gabriel and wanted to get closer to the prince of demons. Now they were put off by Gabriel's black eyes, a sign that he was no longer a linked demon, and Taylor's red ones, which clearly marked him as a demon.
"Apartments," he said as they headed to join Gabriel. "I'm not up to it today."
As they left the room, Gabriel stood and greeted him with a kiss on the cheek. Taylor fed on the gesture, feeling Gabriel's love as it filled him. Demonic hunger wasn't the same as human hunger and didn't cause the same physical pain when denied. It didn't fill his belly; it filled his soul. He grew weak when he didn't have enough, but that had only happened a couple of times. He fed on Gabriel's love whenever he touched the man, and there were plenty of opportunities for that.
And for some reason, he could still eat human food. No one understood that. Demons had no interest in or ability to digest human food. While Taylor didn't require it, he still ate it regularly with Natalie. At Gabriel's request, he went a week without food just to make sure it was really optional, and while he craved the flavor of food, he didn't need the nutrients themselves. That was good, as being tied down to a second form of food would be taxing. Feeding from Gabriel was enough of a burden.
Gabriel took his hand, and he drew lightly on the gesture. Not that this was a burden exactly. It was just that if a demon and their bonded human were separated, the demon could go insane from hunger. It happened sometimes, and demon hunters took out those demons first. The demonborn didn't complain when those demons were killed because there was no saving them. He didn't ever plan on being separated from Gabriel for long enough for that to be a problem, but Gabriel worried about it sometimes.
Gabriel had a lot of fears developed from a thousand years watching other demons destroyed, and Taylor tried to reassure him that he would be careful so none of those fates befell him. It usually reassured him, and a little manipulation was enough to cement that reassurance, but he didn't like messing with his demon's head. Because Gabriel still was a demon, despite everything else, and he was partially human, but not fully, it meant Taylor was wary of pulling too many demonic tricks on him.
Natalie glanced over at him. "Dead day tomorrow, then finals start. Are you ready?"
"As I'll ever be."
"You haven't been paying as much attention lately."
He winced. Had she noted? Was it that obvious?"
"It's just hard," he said. "Sometimes this all feels so meaningless."
"Education is never meaningless."
He caught the hard tone under her words and immediately apologized. Education was the purpose of Natalie's life, and she hated anyone who implied it wasn't the most important thing in the world. Her demon even fed on education, or rather on her mind when she learned new things. A perfect demon for her. He couldn't imagine anyone better and was just glad he and Ariel got along so well. He would hate to have a best friend whose demon was against him. So far, it seemed like the students he was friendly with before becoming a demon all had demons who liked him, and students who hadn't liked him before had partners who treated him with silence. Sometimes he didn't even mind.
As they approached the cafeteria, ice enveloped him, and he stopped. What was this? He'd never felt anything like it before, but something chilled against his demonic senses.
"What is it?" Gabriel' voice was soft. Now that Gabriel was mostly human, he couldn't sense things as clearly. He could still talk to all of the demons the same way Taylor could, but there were limitations.
"It feels cold," Taylor said slowly as Ariel hissed and came closer to him.
Gabriel drew in a sharp breath. "We should leave. Now."
What did that mean? But he wasn't going to question it. They turned towards the apartments, and three large shapes on all fours approached, cutting them off. He sensed two more behind him. They were surrounded, and he recognized the wolves. They had faced Gabriel once, last semester, and seemed to threaten violence. Now they appeared to be doing the same.
Gabriel moved in front of him, and Ariel went behind him to protect him, though there was little they could do if the wolves attacked. Surely they wouldn't.
You're not wanted, the pack leader snarled at Taylor. Give up your powers before you do something you regret.
His brow creased. Give up his powers? Was that even possible? Gabriel lifted a hand, and Taylor hoped he could understand the wolves as well. He suspected now that Gabriel was partially human, the other demons could choose to prevent him from hearing them.
"I'm sure there's no need for a confrontation like this," Gabriel said. "Why don't we discuss it in private."
In private? With wolves? That sounded like a horrible idea, but he wasn't about to question Gabriel. Maybe he meant in private with him. That had to be it, because surely Gabriel didn't want to be somewhere alone with these wolves. The presence of humans was the only thing that stopped the wolves last semester, and it had to work to their advantage that Natalie was here, and other people were starting to notice and come over. They were still right outside the building, after all.
You aren't wanted either, prince.
Gabriel's eyes narrowed. You have no say in the matter.
It appeared he could still talk to demons when he wanted, and Taylor was relieved. The wolf snarled.
If you break the seal, you will unleash chaos. You will destroy the demonborn and wipe us out.
Taylor drew in a sharp breath. A seal? He thought back to the war when demons had seemed to target the demonborn. So it would happen again if this seal were broken, but he had no idea what seal they were talking about, or how he would break it. Once, when Gabriel talked about finding the one who would unlock his potential, he said that many things would happen when he found that person. Taylor was that person and many things had happened; it appeared there were even more things waiting.
Ariel hissed. The seal will not be broken. We will defend our demonborn, as we did before, and you will fail again if you turn against us.
Embrace the change, Gabriel urged, and Taylor wondered what he meant. As long as the seal isn't broken, you will be as free as the rest of us.
It isn't natural, and we won't allow it. The wolf sounded set, and the other wolves crouched aggressively. And you know he'll break the seal. Who knows what will be unleashed?
More people were gathering, and he caught sight of Mr. Hill, the professor from last semester who was so interested in Gabriel. He still was. Mr. Hill had caught the confrontation last semester as well, and while he never brought it up with Taylor, he had to be curious. He was the person Gabriel told about the coming revolution. Gabriel warned him to be careful choosing sides. Mr. Hill's demon never spoke to Taylor, but it wasn't the same icy retreat of other demons. It seemed more like his demon just had nothing to say. Mr. Hill was undecided which side to take, and his demon reflected that uncertainty. What would he think about this conversation? Did he know anything about a seal?
He felt another presence approaching, and turned to see a fiery red-head in a skimpy crimson outfit seemingly drawn from a lustful boy's imagination. Her rosy face was calm, but he could sense her tension. She was a succubus linked to Jordan, his former roommate, and Taylor had only seen her a few times over the past semester. Gabriel wanted her to stay away, and she did. In the past, before he was bonded to Taylor, Gabriel had turned to Callan for comfort and sexual favors, and Taylor suspected she still had designs on him. She had caused what was essentially the only fight in their relationship. Even the fact that she bonded with Jordan indicated ulterior motives, since Jordan had a crush on Taylor.
Last time the wolves confronted Gabriel, Callan defused the situation. Would she have the same effect this time?
"This isn't the time nor place," Callan said, coming to Gabriel' side and staring down the pack leader without a hint of fear. "I'll make sure your concerns are conveyed."
You lost control of him, the wolf growled. We no longer listen to you.
Callan paled, and Taylor wondered what he meant. This whole conversation was far too confusing. If Gabriel just talked to him about things, he would understand exactly what was going on. But Gabriel kept his secrets, and now they were surrounded by wolves who showed every intention of attacking. Callan persuaded them to leave last time, but they weren't listening to her anymore. Would the wolves really resort to violence in the middle of campus like this?
"I have more control than you imagine." Callan's voice was as cold as the ice on his senses, and he couldn't help but shiver. What kind of control were they talking about? Control over him, or over Gabriel?
The wolf growled, but looked around at the people gathered. They wouldn't be able to understand the wolf, he didn't think, though he might be wrong about that. He would have to ask Natalie how much of this made sense to her, or if Gabriel and Callan's verbal comments were her only indication of the conflict. Well, the physical aggression was obvious to anyone, but the other comments, especially about the seal, were probably unheard.
We will speak in private, the wolf said reluctantly. But you will not avoid us.
Another shiver slid down his spine as the wolf turned, and the rest of the pack retreated. He could feel Gabriel's tension lower a notch. But not too much.
Gabriel wrapped his hand around Taylor's waist and pulled him towards the apartments without a word. Callan stepped in front of him.
"You're avoiding me, too," she said. "You know that's why they're angry."
Gabriel bristled, and Taylor could feel the resentment pouring from him. Impossible to feed on, and Taylor felt weak and scared from the confrontation.
Callan just looked at his demon, and finally Gabriel sighed. "Perhaps you and Jordan could join us for dinner tonight."
The succubus grinned. "We would be delighted. What time?"
They arranged the meetup as the tension continued to bleed from Gabriel. Soon, Callan left, and he and Natalie finally reached the apartment. She slid next to him and eyed him as the two demons retreated to the kitchen.
"What exactly just happened?"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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Anytherm's conference room and camera and headphone equipped workplace infrastructure
Recovering Oil from Contaminated Exhaust Air Of the printing industry
For an application within the printing industry, Anytherm realized a heat exchanger unit to recover oil from polluted exhaust air. During the drying of printing inks, water, mineral oil and CO2 is released through evaporation into polluted exhaust air. Our heat exchanger unit cools down the contaminated exhaust air, so that the contained substances condense and can then be recycled. The recovered oil can be refined and finally sold and used again. Resulting in clean air at the end of the process, this can eliminate the need of the energy and CO2-intense thermal post-combustion of the polluted exhaust air.
The successfully completed project, which included installation and isolation at the customers site, proves our ability in designing customized systems for various special applications - always aiming for the optimal solution in terms of technology, economy and ecology.
An eventful year is ending and we look back to many exciting projects. We would like to take this opportunity to thank you for your trust and the successful and pleasant cooperation throughout the year. We wish you a Merry Christmas and a successful and happy New Year.
Electrical Heating Unit Delivered to Finland
Anytherm recently delivered an Electrical Air Heater with a capacity of 70'000 kg/h as well as a Cooling Dehumidifier Unit with a flow rate 80'000 kg/h to a customer in Finland. With our Electrical Heating solutions, process air can be heated up to 400°C using electricity as energy source. Electrical heating elements can be integrated in all of our customized products - e.g. as extractable part installed in an insulated casing.
Further information about our Electrical Heater solutions can be found in the Products section of our website.
Deliveries to Singapore, Germany and Denmark
For a customer in Singapore, we recently delivered a Sorption Wheel Unit and a Fines Return Filter Unit. The Sorption Wheel Unit consists of a cooling pre-dehumidifier drying air from 25 to 11 g/kg which is then further dehumidified by means of absorption to 2 g/kg. A Pre Heater Recuperator was recently delivered to a customer in Denmark and is used for energy recovery of process air. For a German customer in the food industry an Exhaust-Air-Recuperator was delivered. The unit processes 140'000 m3/h of exhaust air and provides 740 kW of heat recovery.
We would like to thank our customers for the appreciated cooperations and look forward to continuous collaborations and projects.
New Reference List Available
More than 2 million kilograms per hour of production and exhaust air which is processed and/or recovered by our heat exchange and heat recovery units delivered within the past two years! We would like to express our gratitude to our customers all over the world for the trust placed in us.
Don't hesitate contacting us if you want to receive our reference list to learn more about our numerous and versatile projects.
Two Sorption dehumidifier Units for spain
Two identical Sorption Dehumidifier Units have been manufactured and timely delivered to Spain where they are currently being installed in a food processing plant. The two units consist of sorption dehumidification wheels, electrical heaters and filter stages and are completely made from stainless steel. The casing is insulated to reduce energy losses into its surroundings. The wheels, electrical heaters and filters are easily accessible via the insulated doors.
Steam Air Heater Unit incl. Armatures and Piping
A Steam Air Heater Unit as shown in the attached CAD drawing is currently being produced for one of ANYTHERM's main customers.
The Steam Air Heater Unit will be equipped with a wintercoil, a flash steam and a condensate cooling stage, transferring the maximum amount of energy from the steam to the process air.
Furthermore, the Steam Air Heater Unit will be executed including armatures and piping on the inlet steam, providing our customer a turnkey system - ready to connect, ready to use.
Delivery of Fines Return Filter Units
In cooperation with a new production partner, two fines return filter units have been produced and timely delivered to our customer. The units have been designed and fabricated according to PED (2014/68/EU) incl. CE certification.
The project execution went smooth and the products fulfil the high quality requirements of our customer. Cooperating with further certified production partners increases Anytherm's flexibility and production capacity, assuring high quality project execution also when having sharp deadlines or high workloads.
Sorption Wheel Dehumidifiers for Spain
ANYTHERM received an order of two sorption wheel dehumidification units for a factory in Spain. Both units consist of process and regeneration air fans, filter stages, a rotating PPS (silica gel) sorption wheel and electrical heaters – all installed into gas tight and insulated stainless steel housings. All parts can be easily extracted out of the casing, facilitating their inspection, cleaning and replacement.
With our sorption wheel solutions, process air can be dehumidified without the need of ice water (as usually used for dehumidification by means of condensation), enabling very dry process air humidity ratios of even below 2 g/kg.
Moving Business Location
ANYTHERM is expanding and therefore moves its business location. From 1st of May 2019, our new company address will be:
ANYTHERM AG, Laubisruetistrasse 42a, 8712 Staefa, Switzerland
→ Get some insights in our modern equipped office infrastructure by clicking the picture:
Delivery of 30 tons Gas-to-Gas Heat Recuperator
Within only two months, this big 30 tons bare-tube gas-to-gas heat recuperator completely made of stainless steel (AISI 316L) has been produced and timely delivered to a factory in the Netherlands.
We would like to thank our valued customer for the close and trustful cooperation. Also big thanks for the effort and high quality work executed by the workshop staff.
We wish you a Merry Christmas and a successful, healthy and happy New Year and would like to thank you very much for the pleasant cooperation and the trust you have placed in us.
Gas-to-Gas Heat Recuperation for the Netherlands
One of our latest received orders consists of a large bare-tube gas-to-gas recuperator (about 3x3.5x11 meters, 30 tons and over 1500 tubes - completely made of AISI 316L) for a factory in the Netherlands. Thanks to the recuperator, the waste heat from the exhaust air is transferred directly to the supply air. Our customer thus saves immense energy costs and reduces its CO2 emissions.
Delivery of 8 Heat Exchanger Units For The Ukraine
Our first bigger project since the independency of ANYTHERM has been successfully produced - with our high-quality standards and on time. The scope of delivery consisted of 8 heat exchanger units including one big (3x4x10 meters / 17.5 tons) Air Intake Unit. The units will be installed in a spray drying factory in the Ukraine.
The production work in the facility in Poland went smoothly and highly professional, and the collaboration with our customer was close and trustful as usual. We would like to thank all participants for the successful cooperation.
Sorption Wheel Dehumidification Units for Japan
ANYTHERM AG received an order of one of its main customers located in Singapore. The project consists of five heat exchanger units (1 Air Intake Unit, 2 Sorption Wheel Dehumidification Units, 2 Air Cooling/Heating Units) which will be delivered to a baby food spray drying plant in Japan.
Our high-quality heat exchanger units will be produced with highest sanitary standards - as it is essential in our projects for the baby food spray drying industry.
We proudly announce our new company name ANYTHERM AG.
By changing our name, we want to underline the independency of our company from the former ACO-Group. Our high-quality products and services remain the same. We are looking forward to further serve all our valued customers.
Don't hesitate to contact us if you have further questions.
ANYTHERM AG is completely owned by managing directors and founders Dominic Ettlin and Nicolas Ettlin.
CONTINUous cooperations
We are proud to announce that we received a big order from one of our main customers. The order consists of 8 heat exchanger units including a large air intake unit, which will be delivered to a spray drying factory in the Ukraine.
After ACO-Engineering AG Switzerland decided to stay independent - to still be able to serve all of our customers - we are glad receiving this proof of trust. We are looking forward to a close and trustful cooperation with all of our valued customers.
We stay independent
Our sister company ACO-Service A/S incl. its subsidiary companies ACO-Engineering Sp. z o. o. Poland and ACO Asia Pacific Pte Ltd. have been acquired by SiccaDania. ACO-Engineering AG Switzerland decided to stay independent - to still be able to serve all of its valued customers.
Our new website is online! Please feel free to learn more about our products, applications and about our company.
We would like to thank you for the pleasant cooperation in 2017 and wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.
More than 50 units delivered
More than 50 finned tube heat exchanger units have been produced and delivered since the establishment of our business unit in January 2017. We would like to thank all of our customers for their confidence in us and are looking forward to be able to deliver many more of our products within future projects.
Officially established
ANYTHERM AG (formerly named ACO-Engineering AG Switzerland) has been officially established as an independent company located in Uerikon (city of Stäfa), Switzerland. ACO-Engineering AG Switzerland is part of the ACO Group that consists of ATHCO-Engineering A/S, ACO-Engineering Sp. z o. o., ACO-Service A/S and ACO Asia Pacific.
Steam air heater delivered
Our first finned-tube steam air heater unit equipped with condensate cooling and innovative safety system was delivered in June. Many other finned-tube units were produced since then or are in the pipeline and will soon be ready for delivery.
More than 30 units ordered
Already more than 30 finned tube heat exchanger units have been ordered - great success from the very beginning for our newly established business unit. We would like to thank our customers for placing their orders with us and are looking forward to deliver our high quality products.
Start of our operations
ANYTHERM AG (formely named ACO-Engineering AG Switzerland) has initially been established in Switzerland as a new business unit of ATHCO-Engineering A/S, being part of the ACO Group that consists of ATHCO-Engineering A/S, ACO-Service A/S, ACO-Engineering Sp. z o. o., and ACO Asia Pacific.
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text:
1950s / 1960s / Citroen / French
A look at the twin-engined Citroën 2CV Sahara
Citroën began to see a market for a more capable version of the 2CV almost immediately after the car debuted in 1948. Although the 2CV's high ground clearance and long suspension travel made it popular in rural areas, many owners asked the automaker for a four-wheel drive version capable of taking on virtually any terrain while using less fuel than a Jeep Willys or a Land Rover Series I.
Engineers toyed around with a traditional four-wheel drive system but the 2CV's flat-twin was too anemic to power all four wheels. At the time, an updated 425cc version of the original 375cc mill had just been introduced and Citroën understandably did not want to make additional modifications to the engine for such a low-volume model.
Story has it a particularly resourceful farmer in the Alps solved the problem by installing a second engine in the trunk to spin the rear wheels. Select dealers liked the idea and started performing the unorthodox conversion but the process was not officially approved by Citroën. How many dealers performed the conversion and how many were cars were fitted with a second engine remains a mystery.
The automaker's research and development department eventually got wind of the twin-engined cars and started developing a similar prototype in the late 1950s with the help of engineers from the recently-acquired Panhard brand. The design process was long and complicated, and a road-ready prototype wasn't completed until 1958.
The twin-engined 2CV prototype presented to the press in March of 1958 was rough at best, and pictures from the event (below) reveal the biggest modification made to the exterior was a purpose-built decklid that had to remain popped open while driving in order to provide the second engine with adequate air flow.
Citroën explained the car was christened 2CV Sahara because it was partially aimed at oil and gas companies operating in the Algerian Sahara, a region that was under French control at the time. Getting around in the Sahara Desert was a Herculean task for most passenger cars and some of the more remote places could only be reached by plane or by large trucks, making even mundane trips extraordinarily expensive.
In hindsight, the press drive served as a pilot program to provide input on what modifications needed to be made to kick off regular production. Presented to the public at the 1958 Paris Motor Show, an updated prototype featured a near-production-ready body with a hood-mounted spare tire held by three straps, a bespoke hood with a single ripple, a purpose-built decklid that could remain closed, louvers in the C-pillars and cut out rear fenders that accommodated a wider track.
The second engine was a stock 14-horsepower 425cc flat-twin mounted backwards in the trunk and linked to a standard four-speed manual transmission. A single floor-mounted gear lever enabled the driver to shift both transmissions at the same time. The Sahara was powered exclusively by the front engine in normal driving conditions, and a lever located in the passenger footwell enabled the driver to engage the second engine when the vehicle was stopped. With both engines producing a total of 28 horsepower, the car could reach a respectable top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).
Nearly every single vital component was multiplied by two, making the 2CV Sahara remarkably simple for a car with two engines. It was fitted with two ignition barrels, two starter switches, two generators, two voltage regulators and two 15-liter gas tanks mounted under the front seats. Interestingly, the filler necks shot straight out of the tanks and went through each front door.
To handle off-road situations with aplomb, the Sahara featured skid plates on both ends, reinforced suspension arms, a purpose-built chassis and widened rims.
The interior was standard 2CV fare save for electric wipers (stock models had mechanical wipers driven by the speedometer cable) and a rear bench seat that was moved slightly forward to give the engine more breathing room.
Finally launched in February of 1961, the 2CV Sahara got off to a very slow start because it was exceptionally expensive even considering it was little more than a niche product. It cost 10,259 francs in 1965; that same year, a base-model 2CV started at 5,079 francs, a range-topping 2CV AZAM cost 5,813 francs, a Citroën ID 19 sold for 11,905 and a Renault 16, the automaker's flagship sedan, started at 9,990. Buyers after a sportier car could opt for a 11,400-franc Volkswagen Karmann Ghia.
The 2CV Sahara went through several minor updates including a larger carburetor and a higher compression ratio. Due to a high price, the general impracticality of having two engines and the tiny target audience, only about 690 examples were built by the time production ended in 1966, though some of the last models were sold in 1967.
Méhari 4×4
Citroën probably lost money on the Sahara project so no one was shocked when it announced it was not planning on replacing car. The company was recovering from the Panhard fiasco and putting the final touches on an evolution of the 2CV dubbed Dyane so it prefered to allocate its resources to developing the Ami 8, the successor to the Ami 6, and the GS, a mid-range model designed to fill the gaping void between the flat-twin-powered cars and the DS.
Citroën tried the four-wheel drive, two-cylinder concept again in 1979 when it launched the Méhari 4×4. This time around, the car was powered by more conventional drivetrain consisting of a front-mounted 602cc flat-twin, a four-speed manual gearbox, a transfer case and a rear axle.
All pictures provided by Citroën's archives department unless otherwise noted.
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6 thoughts on "A look at the twin-engined Citroën 2CV Sahara"
Carlos Mendoza says:
Very nice car, reminds me of my childhood in the desert, in Northern Africa.
Pingback: Four-Links – a dad's MG drive, bike in a wall, Citroen's off-roader, Seagrave Safety Sedan | discount-rims.info
Bluemoon says:
The mehari 4×4 always made perfect sense to me – " a Jeep " with a grp body and 4wd – I suppose now with good ones fetching £30k sterling that sentiment no longer holds
Ha, no, Meharis haven't been anywhere near affordable for a few years – even the FWD ones. Restored ones sell for 15,000 euros.
Luke Gardner says:
That is true. I have two FWD Meharis in the USA. Average purchase price $13.5K here. They are VERY rare birds here, but still don't command European pricing, at least for the moment.
Are they original U.S.-spec models, or Euro-spec cars imported later? Either way, very cool!


text:
Q: Writing to a textBox using two threads I have some unsolved issue with threads. It's my first time doing it. I know how to use one thread to write in a textBox, but I have no idea how to use two of them to do the job. Anyone have a clue what do I have to do to be able to use two threads to write to the same textBox, but not in the same time. Thank you.

A: Here's an example that uses two threads to write random numbers to a multi-line text box.  As Brandon and Jon B noted, you need to use Invoke() to serialize the calls to the GUI thread.
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
    public Form1()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
    }

    Random m_random = new Random((int)DateTime.Now.Ticks);
    ManualResetEvent m_stopThreadsEvent = new ManualResetEvent(false);

    private void buttonStart_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        Thread t1 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(ThreadOne));
        Thread t2 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(ThreadTwo));

        t1.Start();
        t2.Start();
    }

    private void ThreadOne()
    {
        for(;;)
        {
            int n = m_random.Next(1000);
            AppendText(String.Format("One: {0}\r\n", n));
            if(m_stopThreadsEvent.WaitOne(n))
            {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    private void ThreadTwo()
    {
        for(;;)
        {
            int n = m_random.Next(1000);
            AppendText(String.Format("Two: {0}\r\n", n));
            if(m_stopThreadsEvent.WaitOne(n))
            {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    delegate void AppendTextDelegate(string text);

    private void AppendText(string text)
    {
        if(textBoxLog.InvokeRequired)
        {
            textBoxLog.Invoke(new AppendTextDelegate(this.AppendText), new object[] { text });
        }
        else
        {
            textBoxLog.Text = textBoxLog.Text += text;
        }
    }

    private void Form1_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e)
    {
        m_stopThreadsEvent.Set();
    }
}

A: Another option is to use a Thread Callback method.  This is a method that exists on the main thread, but when creating a new thread you pass a handle/reference to this method.  This allows the second thread to call the method on the main thread and the functionality to update/check the textbox would sit there.
Look into passing delegates between threads.

A: One option you could do, is push messages onto a Queue object and use a timer on the windows form to read messages from this queue and write to the textbox.
In order to make everything nice and threadsage you could lock the Queue object when reading and writing to it.
For example:
    private Queue<string> messages = new Queue<string>();

    /// <summary>
    /// Add Message To The Queue
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="text"></param>
    public void NewMessage(string text)
    {
        lock (messages)
        {
            messages.Enqueue(text);
        }
    }

    private void tmr_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        if (messages.Count == 0) return;
        lock (messages)
        {
            this.textBox.Text += Environment.NewLine + messages;
        }
    }

A: safest approach is to only have 1 thread be able to work on the text box (or any gui object), have any other threads that need to perform an action on the text box communicate their needs to the thread that controls the text box.
so your question becomes how to communicate between threads, this is going to be language/OS specific so you need to provide more information.

A: This MSDN Article explains how to make thread safe calls to windows form controls.

A: You can only access GUI components from the main thread. To write to a textbox from another thread, you need to use BeginInvoke().

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It has just been announced that the hearings upon the first module of the Spycops Public Inquiry are being delayed from this to next year.
The thing which really saddens me is that by the time the inquiry nears its end it will be circa 2024, with the inquiry report coming out some time during 2026.
That's taking in to account just this one year delay.
Yet there is still many 1,000s of pages of spycop reports unread by Mitting and the inquiry team, which the MET want redacted before we get to read them.
So more delays upon more delays will follow as they argue out how to do this on a document by document basis.
For my and older generations it will mean many activists will never learn just what happened to us.
So far the public inquiry has cost circa thirteen and a half million pounds, and rising.
Yet despite all this money being spent: – still know very little about the SDS and all of the other spycops.
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text:
Section 959.131 | Prohibitions concerning companion animals.
(1) "Companion animal" means any animal that is kept inside a residential dwelling and any dog or cat regardless of where it is kept, including a pet store as defined in section 956.01 of the Revised Code. "Companion animal" does not include livestock or any wild animal.
(2) "Cruelty," "torment," and "torture" have the same meanings as in section 1717.01 of the Revised Code.
(3) "Residential dwelling" means a structure or shelter or the portion of a structure or shelter that is used by one or more humans for the purpose of a habitation.
(4) "Practice of veterinary medicine" has the same meaning as in section 4741.01 of the Revised Code.
(5) "Wild animal" has the same meaning as in section 1531.01 of the Revised Code.
(6) "Federal animal welfare act" means the "Laboratory Animal Act of 1966," Pub. L. No. 89-544, 80 Stat. 350 (1966), 7 U.S.C.A. 2131 et seq., as amended by the "Animal Welfare Act of 1970," Pub. L. No. 91-579, 84 Stat. 1560 (1970), the "Animal Welfare Act Amendments of 1976," Pub. L. No. 94-279, 90 Stat. 417 (1976), and the "Food Security Act of 1985," Pub. L. No. 99-198, 99 Stat. 1354 (1985), and as it may be subsequently amended.
(7) "Dog kennel" means an animal rescue for dogs that is registered under section 956.06 of the Revised Code, a boarding kennel, or a training kennel.
(8) "Boarding kennel" has the same meaning as in section 956.01 of the Revised Code.
(9) "Training kennel" means an establishment operating for profit that keeps, houses, and maintains dogs for the purpose of training the dogs in return for a fee or other consideration.
(10) "Livestock" means horses, mules, and other equidae; cattle, sheep, goats, and other bovidae; swine and other suidae; poultry; alpacas; llamas; captive white-tailed deer; and any other animal that is raised or maintained domestically for food or fiber.
(11) "Captive white-tailed deer" has the same meaning as in section 1531.01 of the Revised Code.
(12) "Serious physical harm" means any of the following:
(a) Physical harm that carries an unnecessary or unjustifiable substantial risk of death;
(b) Physical harm that involves either partial or total permanent incapacity;
(c) Physical harm that involves acute pain of a duration that results in substantial suffering or that involves any degree of prolonged or intractable pain;
(d) Physical harm that results from a person who confines or who is the custodian or caretaker of a companion animal depriving the companion animal of good, wholesome food and water that proximately causes the death of the companion animal.
(B) No person shall knowingly torture, torment, needlessly mutilate or maim, cruelly beat, poison, needlessly kill, or commit an act of cruelty against a companion animal.
(C) No person shall knowingly cause serious physical harm to a companion animal.
(D) No person who confines or who is the custodian or caretaker of a companion animal shall negligently do any of the following:
(1) Torture, torment, or commit an act of cruelty against the companion animal;
(2) Deprive the companion animal of necessary sustenance or confine the companion animal without supplying it during the confinement with sufficient quantities of good, wholesome food and water if it can reasonably be expected that the companion animal would become sick or suffer in any other way as a result of or due to the deprivation or confinement;
(3) Impound or confine the companion animal without affording it, during the impoundment or confinement, with access to shelter from heat, cold, wind, rain, snow, or excessive direct sunlight if it can reasonably be expected that the companion animal would become sick or suffer in any other way as a result of or due to the lack of adequate shelter.
(E) No owner, manager, or employee of a dog kennel who confines or is the custodian or caretaker of a companion animal shall knowingly do any of the following:
(1) Torture, torment, needlessly mutilate or maim, cruelly beat, poison, needlessly kill, or commit an act of cruelty against the companion animal;
(2) Deprive the companion animal of necessary sustenance or confine the companion animal without supplying it during the confinement with sufficient quantities of good, wholesome food and water if it is reasonably expected that the companion animal would die or experience unnecessary or unjustifiable pain or suffering as a result of the deprivation or confinement;
(3) Impound or confine the companion animal without affording it, during the impoundment or confinement, with access to shelter from heat, cold, wind, rain, snow, or excessive direct sunlight if it is reasonably expected that the companion animal would die or experience unnecessary or unjustifiable pain or suffering as a result of or due to the lack of adequate shelter.
(F) No owner, manager, or employee of a dog kennel who confines or is the custodian or caretaker of a companion animal shall negligently do any of the following:
(G) Divisions (B), (C), (D), (E), and (F) of this section do not apply to any of the following:
(1) A companion animal used in scientific research conducted by an institution in accordance with the federal animal welfare act and related regulations;
(2) The lawful practice of veterinary medicine by a person who has been issued a license, temporary permit, or registration certificate to do so under Chapter 4741. of the Revised Code;
(3) Dogs being used or intended for use for hunting or field trial purposes, provided that the dogs are being treated in accordance with usual and commonly accepted practices for the care of hunting dogs;
(4) The use of common training devices, if the companion animal is being treated in accordance with usual and commonly accepted practices for the training of animals;
(5) The administering of medicine to a companion animal that was properly prescribed by a person who has been issued a license, temporary permit, or registration certificate under Chapter 4741. of the Revised Code.
(H) Notwithstanding any section of the Revised Code that otherwise provides for the distribution of fine moneys, the clerk of court shall forward all fines the clerk collects that are so imposed for any violation of this section to the treasurer of the political subdivision or the state, whose county humane society or law enforcement agency is to be paid the fine money as determined under this division. The treasurer to whom the fines are forwarded shall pay the fine moneys to the county humane society or the county, township, municipal corporation, or state law enforcement agency in this state that primarily was responsible for or involved in the investigation and prosecution of the violation. If a county humane society receives any fine moneys under this division, the county humane society shall use the fine moneys either to provide the training that is required for humane society agents under section 1717.061 of the Revised Code or to provide additional training for humane society agents.


text:
Glamorous makeover by Gauri Khan, step inside Karan Johar's home; Watch out, PICS!
Look at Karan Johar's house, which recently received a glamorous makeover by celebrity designer Gauri Khan.
By Rekha Nagare | Updated On: Dec 21, 2022 11:04 PM IST
Gauri Khan, the wife of Shah Rukh Khan, earlier makeover her house Mannat nameplate and the front gate, Which fans of Shah Rukh Khan loved. Celebrity Designer Gauri Khan has given a makeover to the filmmaker Karan Johar's house. She has taken a brief video of the house. She has given an expensive makeover to his house. She shared the video of the house on her Instagram, which has Karan Johar saying that he loves him and adding that he cannot wait to move inside the house.
Gauri Khan shared the video clip of Karan Johar's house:-
Gauri Khan has taken a brief video of the house and shared it on her Instagram. She added the caption, "One of my most cherished projects… this one was dear to my heart because of all that it brought with it… and of course, it represents the OG in the world of glamour." The video shows Karan's home, with 'Johar' written in the block letters. Gauri has also shared a glimpse of the living room, showcasing many indoor plants in white and green giving autumn vibes.
A post shared by Gauri Khan (@gaurikhan)
Gauri's work front:-
She also has hosted a debut in the series. She revamped the celebrity homes, including Kabir Khan and Jacqueline Fernandez, Katrina Kaif, Malaika Arora and others. While Talking about her show, she said, "The concept of the show is first of its kind, and this is a design show. We have not had many in this space. It also happens to be my debut as a host on a show. I had a tough time being a host on the show."
She was recently featured on Karan Johar's talk show, 'Koffee With Karan' after seventeen years. She was accompanied by Fabulous Bollywood Wives co-stars Maheep Kapoor and Bhavana Pandey. In the show, Karan talks about Aryan's arrest and says, "It has been such a tough ride for him, and you all have emerged so strongly. I know you as a mother. We are members of the same family, and I am a member of the same family. And, it hasn't been easy, and Gauri, you have emerged stronger than ever."
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Helene Vonsild has designed new scarves in moebius pipes, where she spent her own textile design 'Tokyo', and combined it with 100% wool in different colour combinations. The scarves are all different, and playing with detailing and embroidery.
Carlsberg City Copenhagen on August 1 to 29.
Every two years since 1995 Biennale focused on the best of the latest in Danish craft and design by showing works by Denmark's most scintillating talents, new and existing, in the field. The exhibition is one of the most important events for craft and design in Denmark and a strong international selection of Danish design.
Helene Vonsilds project "The four temperaments" is assumed as one in 28 among 139 projects submitted. She participates with her hand-woven work that interprets the four temperaments into individual textile expression. Applied to human movement is formed an expressive, surprising and innovative artistic whole in which the two-dimensional fabric and the three-dimensional human expression is amplified in – in the conscious interaction.
Actually, it is the third time that Helene Vonsild is assumed works for the prestigious Biennale, but it's the first time she participates with a hand-woven project. "Textilet and designed to be able to express textural, sensory and accurately in silence, but also accommodate the design, body and movement merge. The texture should enhance the movement and temperamentets characteristics. At the same time the movement must substantiate stoflighedens expression – and highlight the nature of the fabrics "- says Helene Vonsild on the challenge only gave herself when she decided to create the four body-worn temperaments.
The weaver challenge themselves further and set up a reglesæt: The woven fabrics were each carried out in a rectangle in a proportion that relates to man, the colors should be black and white, material selection should be different and not least having basic pattern be the same. "That's where the action is! When the black and white wires crossed! A small microscopic pattern, wherein the pattern only is communicating. Choleric, sangvisk, melancholic, phlegmatic. Right there – when tempers are expressed only by black and white wires crossed – then the magic begins! In the present moment scans I – yarn is one thing before being woven – and quite another when it is "merged" in a pattern in a texture that I have led and determined "- continues Helene Vonsild.
"I am constantly preoccupied with how I can tell the yarn true nature, use and convey the life it contains. It is there I find an ongoing challenge. This I can sit quietly at the loom for endless hours – and all the countless threads that the basic principle only goes one way and the other way. But then it happens! The way the wires are crossed on patterns arise out of the wires crossed by the technical staking on the loom.
Simplicity is one of the key words for the aesthetics of her designs. She seeks in principle by the simple expressions and looks also a challenge to reach a refined expression with few effects. She inspired often by the materials and the composition of materials – of what they can add another. And she is inspired by nature. By the textural nature is full of. She has mønsterøje. Detects systems in the pile of numerous stone or stenbunkens intervals. Basically, she wants to explore the possibilities inherent in the loom, two keys yarn the artisanal technique and simultaneously challenge and seize the opportunities that naturally occurs in the experimental process.
The challenge in textilets own expression and fusion between design, body and movement gave a natural focus on the actual experience of design and body interact. Helene Vonsild thus actively used a dancer to illustrate this interaction, which clarifies the term that is created in both the whole picture but also in the common artistic narrative. – As each of us can expand on. And that is precisely the craft can; Move.
In the autumn of 2014 attended Helene Vonsild at the exhibition "Process" at Forest and at six other exciting artists who showed some of their work from the past year. The artists showed their works, how they as artists and humans evolved in step with the times and the environment, and how a progressive process could develop in new directions. Helene exhibited pads Twist Zoom, which was inspired by classic Japanese origami techniques.
The collection is named Twist, reporting directly to the cushion look and especially Helene Vonsilds ability to process and twisting traditional paper folding techniques in new textile materials. Twist Please show progresses from a small to large family, thereby creating new compositions.
In 2014 participated Helene with the work "Black X White", the exhibition MiniTex14. The exhibition was shown both in Nicolai Art & Design in Kolding, and subsequently in the Round Tower in Copenhagen. The exhibition displayed over 98 juried works by 52 submitters, also both mini and maxi works by 11 invited guests – 7 from Denmark and four from Sweden.
Helene Vonsild took part for the first time in the prestigious Biennale of Craft and Design in 2007, where she showed off its innovative pillows. In 2011, Helene was also represented at the Biennale, where she had a place among the 60 selected exhibitors. Here she showed off a tablecloth with a unique graphic design whose idiom unfolded between the classical and digital. The concept of Helene was a desire to manipulate the classic antique meanderbort in a new digital and graphic idiom. Based on the basic structures reformulated she pattern with a series of shifts that created new interesting coincidence.
In a period from 2001 to 2002 exhibited Helene Vonsild along with three jewelry designers and five other weavers under the theme FORMAT, the Round Tower in Copenhagen. Here you could experience large woven unique and Helene projects "Scale" and "Break".
Helene Vonsild exhibited works of SAK Art Building in Svendborg in 2013 in a group exhibition with a total of 18 different artists and craftsmen. The exhibition named PROTEIN included many different genres with everything from painting, printmaking and ceramics for weaving and textile. Here you could include experience Helene Vonsilds special collection of green pillows. In addition, one might also experience Helene's graduation from the School of Design with interpretations of the four elements Air, Fire, Water and Earth in the form of four large, dark suits in different weaves and structures.


We are CLOSED at both locations today! Have a great Labor Day everyone!
*18 minute time cap. Modify double unders with 2:1 single skips today.
*Score today will be total burpee box overs & total strict pull-ups.
*Join us tonight from 8:00PM – 9:30PM at lululemon at Galleria Edina for a CFEP + CFPL Private Shop Night! All members, friends & family are welcome!


text:
Comstock Bonanza Press
THE NATURE OF THIS PLACE: Investigations and Adventures in the Yuba Watershed Edited by Bruce Boyd and Liese Greensfelder Foreword by Gary Snyder
Almost thirty years ago neighbors in the Sierra Nevada foothills began an experiment to co-manage federal forest lands interwoven through their community. They founded the Yuba Watershed Institute, a non-profit organization dedicated to forest stewardship, and published Tree Rings, a spirited journal of personal observations, musings and art inspired by their place in the world: the Yuba River watershed in Northern California. This book contains a mix of compelling essays, poems, insightful drawings and photographs from the pages of Tree Rings. Here is an inspiring record of a rural community working to understand, restore, learn from—and live from—the natural world. "As fresh and pungent as if you had just engaged your senses for the first time," says Peter Coyote.
232 pp, 120 illus, 2 maps; paperback $20.00
GOLD MINING GENIUS: A LIFE OF GEORGE W. STARR by Gage McKinney
From the Woods: True Tales of the Timber Industry as told to Cynthia Anderson
A LITTLE STEAM & STAR TWINKLE: Poetry and Prose by Doc Dachtler
Copyright © 2022 Comstock Bonanza Press


text:
\section{Introduction}
In a recent paper Pennisi \& Ruggeri have presented a  casual relativistic theory for a non-equilibrium rarefied gas with internal structure \cite{Pennisi_Ruggeri}. The mesoscopic justification of the theory is the relativistic kinetic theory with a distribution function that, as in the classical case, depends  on an additional continuous variable
representing the energy of the internal modes. This permits the theory to take into account the energy exchange between translational modes and internal modes of a molecule in binary collisions. The theory includes the ET theory of relativistic  gases by Liu-M\"uller-Ruggeri  \cite{LMR,RET} as a singular limit and in the classical limit converges to the model of Extended Thermodynamics for a polyatomic gas \cite{Arima-2011,Ruggeri_Sugiyama}. Therefore we have called the theory \emph{Relativistic  Extended Thermodynamics of rarefied  polyatomic gas}. In reality, as well written in the recent book by Rezzolla and Zanotti 	\cite{Rezzolla} "\emph{relativistic fluid is constructed around the concept of a fluid as a system whose large-scale properties can be described effectively without having to worry about the features that the constituent elements have at much smaller length-scales}".
 Thus we expect that our theory is a  more refined   model, able to account also for the internal motion. The theory  is motivated at the kinetic level by a  modified J\"uttner   equation in which the distribution function  depends also on an internal energy that takes into account the internal motion (rotation and vibration)  \cite{Pennisi_Ruggeri}.
 In this letter we want to analyze in the simple case of non dissipative gas what happens in the ultra relativistic limit i.e  when the ratio
\begin{equation*}
 \gamma = \frac{mc^2}{k_B T}
\end{equation*}
 is very small  ($m$ is the particle mass, $c$ the light velocity, $k_B$ the Boltzmann constant and $T$ the absolute temperature)
 and to compare our theory with the one for a relativistic  Eulerian fluid equipped  with Synge energy.
 In this limit   the bodies are so extremely hot that the mean kinetic energy of particles surpasses  the rest energy    or the mass is extremely small.
This condition is particularly interesting in some limiting  cases of nuclear physics or in some extreme astrophysical problematics.  \cite{Synge,anile,Kremer,Rezzolla}.

\section{The Relativistic  non dissipative model of rarefied  gas with internal structure }
Let  us  consider a non dissipative gas based on
the conservation laws of particle  number
and energy momentum
\begin{equation}\label{1}
\partial_\alpha V^\alpha =  0   \quad , \quad
\partial_\alpha T^{\alpha \beta} =  0,
\end{equation}
where $\partial_\alpha = \partial/\partial x^\alpha$ with $x^\alpha$ being the space-time coordinates $\alpha =0,1,2,3$.
\begin{equation} \label{vatab}
V^\alpha =  n  m U^\alpha,   \quad  \quad
T^{\alpha \beta} =   p  h^{\alpha \beta}  + \frac{e}{c^2} \, U^{\alpha } U^\beta,
\end{equation}
where   $U^\alpha$ is the four-velocity ($U^\alpha U_\alpha = c^2$), $n$ is the number density, $p$  is the pressure,
$h^{\alpha \beta}$ is the projector tensor:
\begin{equation*}
h^{\alpha \beta}= -g^{\alpha \beta} +
\frac{1}{c^2}  U^{\alpha } U^{\beta},
\end{equation*}
$g^{\alpha \beta}= diag(1 \, , \, -1 \, , \, -1 \,
, \, -1)$ being the metric tensor,   $e$ is the energy.
In this case  $T$,
$n U^\alpha$, are assumed to be  independent variables.
For a fluid without internal structure, as it is well known,  the equations \eqref{1} can be obtained as the first $5$ moments of the
  Boltzmann-Chernikov equation
\begin{equation}\label{B-C}
p^\alpha \partial_\alpha f =  Q,
\end{equation}
($p^\alpha $ is the four-momentum with the property $p^\alpha p_\alpha=m^2 c^2$, and  $Q$ is the collisional term) when we suppose that the distribution  function $f(x^\alpha,p^\alpha)$ is coincident with the equilibrium  J\"uttner distribution function:
\begin{equation*}\label{fJ}
f_J= \frac{n \gamma}{ K_2(\gamma)} \frac{1}{4 \pi m^3
	c^3} e^{- \frac{\gamma}{mc^2}   U_\beta
	p^\beta, }
\end{equation*}
where $K_m(\gamma)$ denotes the Bessel function of second kind.
In correspondence with the J\"uttner distribution function  we have the following expression for pressure and energy:
\begin{align}
\begin{split}
&   p =  \frac{m nc^2}{\gamma} = \frac{k_B}{m}\rho T,  \quad
 e= \frac{n m c^2}{  K_2(\gamma)}  \left[ K_3 \left(\gamma
\right) - \frac{1}{\gamma}  K_2
\left(\gamma   \right) \right]. \label{caloric}
\end{split}
\end{align}
The expression of energy in \eqref{caloric} is called the Synge  energy  \cite{Synge,anile,Rezzolla}.

In \cite{Pennisi_Ruggeri} starting from the classical idea for polyatomic gas introduced  in \cite{Borgnakke-1975,Bourgat-1994, Pavic-2013,AnnalsMany,AnnalsLimit, Ruggeri_Sugiyama} we proposed a generalized Boltzmann-Chernikov equation \eqref{B-C} for  the extended distribution function $f \equiv f(x^\alpha,p^\beta,\mathcal{I})$.
 By analogy with the classical case we consider the following moments:
\begin{align}\label{14n}
\begin{split}
&   V^\alpha = m c \int_{\Re^3} \int_0^{+\infty} f p^\alpha
\phi(\mathcal{I}) \, d \vec{P} \, d \, \mathcal{I}, \\
& T^{\alpha \beta} =
\frac{1}{mc} \int_{\Re^3} \int_0^{+\infty} f \left( mc^2 + \mathcal{I} \right) p^\alpha
p^\beta \, \phi(\mathcal{I}) \, d \vec{P} \, d \,
\mathcal{I},
\end{split}
\end{align}
where
\begin{equation*}
d \vec{P} =  \frac{dp^1 \, dp^2 \,
	dp^3}{p^0} .
\end{equation*}
The form of these equations is dictated by analogy with the classical case in which
it was necessary to introduce a distribution function with an extra variable
taking into account the internal degrees of freedom of a molecule.

The meaning of $\eqref{14n}_{2}$ is that the energy and the momentum in relativity are
components of the same tensor and we expect that, besides the energy at rest, there is a contribution
due to the degrees of freedom of the  gas because of  the internal structure, as in the case of a classical polyatomic gas.
$\phi(\mathcal{I})$ is the state density of the internal mode, that is, $\phi(\mathcal{I}) \, d  \mathcal{I}$ represents the number of the internal states of a molecule having the internal energy between $\mathcal{I}$ and $\mathcal{I}+d \mathcal{I}$.

In the classical limit, when $\gamma\rightarrow \infty$, the internal energy
\begin{equation}\label{internalenergy}
\varepsilon = \frac{e}{m n} -c^2,
\end{equation}
converges to the one of a polyatomic gas:
\begin{equation}\label{DDDD}
\lim_{\gamma \rightarrow \infty} \varepsilon = \frac{D}{2}\frac{k_B}{m} T,
\end{equation}
provided that the measure
\begin{equation}\label{phia}
\phi(\mathcal{I}) = \mathcal{I}^a,
\end{equation}
where the constant
\begin{equation}\label{aaa}
a= \frac{D-5}{2},
\end{equation}
and $D= 3 + f^i$ is related to the degrees of freedom of a molecule given by the sum of the space dimension $3$ for the translational motion and the contribution from the internal degrees of freedom $f^i \geq 0$ related to the rotation and vibration. For monatomic gases $D=3$ and $a=-1$.
In the following we assume,  that the measure remain the same form as \eqref{phia} for any $\gamma$.
 This choice is justified mathematically  in \cite{Pennisi_Ruggeri}.

In \cite{Pennisi_Ruggeri}  it was first  considered a non dissipative gas of Euler type
and it was required  that the generalized entropy
\begin{equation*}
\rho S =  - k_B \, c \,  U_\alpha \int_{\Re^3}
\int_0^{+\infty} f
\ln f p^\alpha \phi(\mathcal{I})  \, d \vec{P} \, d \, \mathcal{I}
\end{equation*}
has a maximum under the constraint that the $5$ moments \eqref{14n} are prescribed.  In this way in \cite{Pennisi_Ruggeri} the present authors founded the   equilibrium distribution function  that generalizes the J\"uttner one:
\begin{equation}\label{5.2n}
{f_E= \frac{n \gamma}{A(\gamma) K_2(\gamma)} \frac{1}{4 \pi m^3
c^3} e^{- \frac{\gamma}{mc^2} \left[ \left( 1 + \frac{\mathcal{I}}{m c^2} \right) U_\beta
p^\beta \right]}},
\end{equation}
with $A(\gamma)$ given by
\begin{equation*}
A(\gamma)=  \frac{\gamma}{K_2(\gamma)} \int_0^{+\infty} \frac{K_2( \gamma*)}{\gamma*} \,
\phi(\mathcal{I})  \, d \, \mathcal{I},
\end{equation*}
where
\begin{equation*}\label{gammastar}
\gamma^*= \gamma + \frac{\mathcal{I}}{k_B T}.
\end{equation*}
The pressure and the energy for polyatomic gases, compatible with the distribution function \eqref{5.2n} are \cite{Pennisi_Ruggeri}:
\begin{align}\label{3n}
\begin{split}
&      {p =  \frac{n m c^2}{\gamma} = \frac{k_B}{m} \rho T}  \, , \\
&   {e= \frac{n m c^2}{A(\gamma) K_2(\gamma)} \int_0^{+\infty} \left[ K_3  (\gamma^*)   - \frac{1}{\gamma^*}  K_2
 (\gamma^*) \right]  \phi(\mathcal{I}) \, d \,\mathcal{I}}.
\end{split}
\end{align}
We remark that the pressure has the same expression for a monatomic and for a polyatomic gas, while   \eqref{3n}$_2$ is the generalization of the Synge energy to the case of polyatomic gases.
When the measure $\phi(\mathcal{I})$ coincides with the delta of Dirac $\phi(\mathcal{I})= \delta(\mathcal{I})$ then \eqref{3n} converges to the relation for a monatomic gas \eqref{caloric}.
\begin{figure}
	\centering
		\vspace{-1cm}
	\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{energia_poly}
	\vspace{-3cm}
	\caption{$e/p$ in the ultrarelativistic limit $ \gamma \rightarrow 0$ as a function of $a$.}
	\label{fig:energiapoly}
\end{figure}

\section{The ultrarelativistic limit for non dissipative polyatomic gas}
In the ultra-relativistic limit $\gamma \rightarrow 0$ the Synge energy for a monatomic gas \eqref{caloric}$_2$, converges,  as well-known, to
\begin{equation*}
\lim_{\gamma\rightarrow 0} e_{\text{Singe}} = 3 n k_B T = 3p.
\end{equation*}
This result is obtained  by \eqref{caloric}$_2$ taking into account that  for $\gamma\ll 1$, we have
\begin{equation*}
 K_3(\gamma) \sim \frac{8}{\gamma^3}, \quad
 K_2(\gamma) \sim \frac{2}{\gamma^2}.
\end{equation*}
Now we want to analyze the ultrarelativistic limit for the energy of a polyatomic gas   \eqref{3n}$_2$, with $\phi(\mathcal{I})$ given by \eqref{phia}.
We prove the following:
	\begin{theorem}
		The energy of  gas with structure  \eqref{3n}$_2$ in the ultra-relativistic limit converge to
		\begin{align*}
	&	\lim_{\gamma\rightarrow 0} e = 3 n k_B T =3 p\quad \forall \, -1<a\leq 2, \quad \text{ and } \\
	&	\lim_{\gamma\rightarrow 0} e = (a+1) \, n k_B T =(a+1) \, p \quad \forall \, a > 2.
		\end{align*}
	\end{theorem}
\begin{figure}
	\centering

	\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{cv_Relativistic.pdf}
	\caption{Specific heat $\hat{c}_V$ as function of $\gamma$ for different values of $a$.}
	\label{fig:specific}
\end{figure}
The proof can be done analytically but
it requires some non trivial calculations  that we will present elsewhere. Here we refer to numerical results (see Fig.\ref{fig:energiapoly}) that are in perfect agreement with the statement.
We notice from Fig.\ref{fig:energiapoly}, as we expect, that the limiting energy is the same as the limit of the Synge energy for a monatomic gas, not only for $a \rightarrow -1 $, but also for any $-1<a \leq 2$, i.e for moderate degrees of freedom. This fact seems to indicate that in the ultra-relativistic regime, due to the dissociation, any polyatomic gas becomes a sort of   monatomic one. On the other hand, the surprising result is that for $a>2$ this is not anymore true and the energy becomes more larger, increasing linearly with $a$. This result is difficult to interpret from the physical point of view because from one side we imagine that stable polyatomic gases do not exist for so large temperature. On the other hand, we cannot exclude that in some nuclear physics or astrophysics problems a stable  gas with internal structure  may exist also in the ultra-relativistic limit with very high temperatures or small mass if the degree of freedom are enough large!

If we differentiate eq. \eqref{internalenergy} with respect $T$ we obtain the specific heat $c_V$ as a function of $\gamma$. In Fig. \ref{fig:specific} we plot the dimensionless specific heat $\hat{c}_v= c_v m/k_B$ as function of $\gamma$. For large $\gamma$ corresponding to the classical regime it converges to the one of a polyatomic gas $\hat{c}_V=D/2 =a + 5/2$ (see \eqref{aaa},\eqref{DDDD}). While for $\gamma \rightarrow 0$, according to the previous statement it converges to $3$ for $-1 \leq a \leq 2$ and to $a+1$ when $a > 2$. Moreover, we  Fig. \ref{fig:specific} shows a strange behavior.  In fact, for  $-1 \leq a < 1/2$ the classical limit is smaller than the ultra-relativistic one and
the specific heat is a decreasing function of $\gamma$, i.e., an increasing  function of the temperature. For $a = 1/2$ the two limits ultra and classical one are the same and therefore the function decreases, then has  a minimum and finally increases. After  $a> 1/2$ the classical limit is greater than the ultra-relativistic one and the specif heat
 changes behavior and becomes an  increasing function of $\gamma$, i.e., a decreasing function of $T$.  We hope that there exist experimental data that can confirm this unusual behavior. We notice that the system is in any way hyperbolic and thermodynamically stable, because $c_V>0$ and the characteristic velocity are finite and smaller than the light velocity as we will see in the next section.

\section{Characteristic velocities in the ultra-relativistic limit}
Let $\lambda$ be the characteristic velocities of the differential system in light speed unity. We want to prove the
\begin{theorem}
	The characteristic velocities in the ultra-relativistic limit are:
\begin{align*}\label{case4}
\begin{split}
& \lambda =0 \quad \mbox{with multiplicity} \,\, 3 \\
& \lambda  = \pm { \frac{1}{\sqrt{r}}} \quad \mbox{each with multiplicity} \,\, 1  \, \\
& \quad \quad \quad \mbox{where} \quad r= \frac{e}{p}= \left\{ \begin{array}{l}
3 \quad \mbox{if} \quad a \leq 2 \\
a+1 \quad \mbox{if} \quad a >2.
\end{array}
\right..
\end{split}
\end{align*}
\end{theorem}

\textbf{Proof}:
The balance equations \eqref{1}, \eqref{vatab} can be rewritten
\begin{align*}
\left\{ \begin{array}{l}
\partial_\alpha \left( n U^\alpha \right) =0 \, , \\
\\
\partial_\alpha \left[ n k_B T \, \left( h^{\alpha \beta} + \frac{r}{c^2} U^\alpha U^\beta \right) \right]=0  \, .
\end{array}
\right.
\end{align*}
The wave equations for the above system can be obtained as is well known with the chain rule:
\begin{equation*}
\partial_\alpha \rightarrow \left( \nu_\alpha - \frac{\lambda}{c} U_\alpha \right) \delta,
\end{equation*}
where $\nu_\alpha$ is a four-vector restricted only by the conditions $\nu_\alpha \nu^\alpha = -1$ and $\nu_\alpha U^\alpha = 0$.
Therefore we have:
\begin{align}\label{wave}
\left\{ \begin{array}{l}
\left( \nu_\alpha - \frac{\lambda}{c} U_\alpha \right) \, \delta  \left( n U^\alpha \right) =0 \, , \\
\\
\left( \nu_\alpha - \frac{\lambda}{c} U_\alpha \right) \, \delta   \left[ n k_B T \, \left( h^{\alpha \beta} + \frac{r}{c^2} U^\alpha U^\beta \right) \right]=0 \, .
\end{array}
\right.
\end{align}
If $\lambda=0$, the eqs. \eqref{wave} become
\begin{equation*}\label{wave1}
\nu_\alpha  \, \delta   U^\alpha  =0 \quad , \quad \delta  (nT)=0 \, .
\end{equation*}
So there remains free one of the unknowns $\delta  n$, $\delta  T$ and the two components of $\delta   U^\alpha$ orthogonal to $U^\alpha$ and to $\nu^\alpha$. We conclude that $\lambda=0$ is an eigenvalue with multiplicity $3$.
Taking into account that $r$ is constant in the ultrarelativistic limit for the result of Statement 1,
if $\lambda \neq 0$ the eqs. \eqref{wave} become
\begin{align}\label{wave2}
\begin{split}
& - \lambda c \, \delta   n + n \,  \nu_\alpha  \, \delta    U^\alpha  =0 \quad , \\
& -\nu^\beta \, \delta  (nk_BT) + nk_BT U^\beta \frac{r+1}{c^2} \nu_\alpha  \, \delta   U^\alpha - \\
&\frac{\lambda}{c} \left[ r U^\beta \, \delta   (nk_BT) + nk_BT (r+1)  \, \delta  U^\beta \right]=0
\end{split}
\end{align}
and the second one of these equations contracted by $h_\beta^\delta$ and $U_\beta$ give respectively
\begin{align}\label{wave3}
\delta  U^\delta = \frac{-c \,  \delta  (nT)}{\lambda n T (r+1)} \, \nu^\delta   \quad , \quad  \delta  (nT) = \frac{n T}{\lambda c} \, \frac{r+1}{r} \, \nu_\alpha  \, \delta   U^\alpha \, .
\end{align}
By substituting \eqref{wave3}$_1$ in \eqref{wave2}$_1$ and \eqref{wave3}$_2$, we obtain
\begin{align*}
\delta  n = \frac{1}{\lambda^2 T (r+1)} \, \delta  (nT) \quad , \quad  \left(\lambda^2 - \frac{1}{r} \right) \, \delta  (nT) =0 \, .
\end{align*}
Hence, if $\lambda^2 \neq {1}/{r}$, we find $\delta n =0$, $\delta T =0$,
$\delta  U^\delta =0$. \\
If $\lambda^2 = {1}/{r}$, we have the following unique condition on $\delta n$ and $\delta T$
\begin{align*}\label{wave4}
\frac{\delta  n}{n} = r \, \frac{\delta  T}{T} \quad \mbox{ and, moreover,}  \quad \delta  U^\delta = \frac{-c \nu^\delta   }{\lambda \, n \, r} \,  \delta  n .
\end{align*}
We conclude  that $\lambda  = \pm \sqrt{{1}/{r}} = \pm \sqrt{p/e}$  are two  eigenvalues with multiplicity one. Jointly with  $\lambda=0$ we have a set of five independent eigenvectors and this fact proves the hyperbolicity of the system in the ultra-relativistic limit. Therefore taking into account the  Statement 1  the Statement 2 is proved. We observe that the characteristic velocities in light speed unity are the same of the one of monatomic gas until $-1 \leq a\leq 2$ and for $a>2$ the non null velocities decay as a square root of $1/(a+1)$ when $a$ increase.

The ultra-relativistic limit for the causal dissipative  full system proposed in \cite{Pennisi_Ruggeri} will be published elsewhere soon.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


ULAANBAATAR, Mongolia – The American Chamber of Commerce in Mongolia (AmCham) organized its first Annual AmCham Service Day on Saturday, April 2nd, focusing this year's volunteer efforts on working with the Veloo Foundation's Children of the Peak Sanctuary located in Songino-Khairkhan District in Ulaanbaatar.
Over 20 volunteers consisting of AmCham's members spent the day volunteering with the students at the kindergarten and assembling a new library for the Sanctuary, which will serve as literacy center for the kindergarten and a resource center for children and adults from the community, offering access to computers with Internet, books, and various programs.
AmCham Mongolia strives to be a socially responsible organization and AmCham's members are some of the most socially conscientious companies in Mongolia. AmCham Service Day 2016 was made possible thanks to the generous support of our sponsors MahoneyLiotta LLP, Oriflame Corporation, Mr. T. Gansuld, as well as our media sponsor MongolTV. Fellow AmCham members Wagner Asia Equipment LLC, G-Mobile, and Crown Worldwide Group joined the sponsors for a full day of volunteering.
AmCham's Vice Chairman Magnai Ganzorig, the Governor of Capital City and Mayor of Ulaanbaatar City His Excellency Bat-Uul Erdene, and the Chairman of the Citizen's Representative Council of Songino-Khairkhan District Mr. Kh.Nyambaatar delivered keynote remarks during the ribbon-cutting ceremony.
The Veloo Foundation's Children of the Peak Sanctuary provides educational resources and a kindergarten education to over 120 impoverished children. The foundation works to alleviate the suffering and neglect of the most vulnerable and marginalized children in an Ulaanbaatar neighborhood where many residents make a living, and feed and clothe their families, with items scavenged from the district's rubbish dump.
AmCham Mongolia is an independent membership-driven organization that seeks to build, strengthen, and protect business between the United States and Mongolia and to actively promote Mongolia as a destination for American investment. AmCham Mongolia is the official local office of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the largest business federation in the world with over 3 million member companies, headquartered in Washington, D.C. AmCham Mongolia is also a member of the Asia Pacific Council of the American Chamber of Commerce, consisting of 29 American Chambers of Commerce in the Asia Pacific Region.


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If you have been into this internet marketing thing for any extent of time, you will know that not every product is good for everybody although it's being marketed otherwise.
I will make sure to recommend Profit Academy only to those that are ready to use the info included and make a killing. If it's not good for you, then I will be harsh enough to tell you just that.


Workplace disengagement has become a United States epidemic. According to Gallup, only 30% of Americans are engaged with their job, creating a significant drain on the economy. Now recognized as a bottom line issue, business owners are actively combatting disengagement to improve performance, increase employee loyalty, and ultimately, grow revenues. With the development of these new engagement strategies, team building activities have become increasingly popular, inspiring the emergence of local corporate-oriented experiences.
Team building has been shown to boost workplace engagement by creating a sense of camaraderie, and improves team morale, communication, creativity, and productivity. The best team building activities may have some general teamwork elements, but should not feature a takeaway or leadership lesson that makes the event feel forced. Fortunately, several local companies now offer team building events that simplify the process, and create a fun and natural bonding experience for everyone involved.
Employees must constantly learn together and work together, and they'll have to do both to compete in human foosball. A completely unique experience, weFooz Human Foosball offers teams the chance to try something new together while bonding over a friendly competition.
Human foosball is essentially a life-sized version of tabletop foosball, so the rules are easy for players to pick up. Still, the game provides a novel experience as teams work to get coordinated on the 27'x42' court. "The thing I like most about human foosball is watching people's faces light up when they're playing. It's a great activity for teams with different levels of fitness and ages to come together and have a great time!" said Founder and CEO, Dan Dias.
Patrons seem to agree that weFooz is a fun way to bond with coworkers. "Our Chuy's employee party was such a huge success due to Human Foosball! It was so much fun– everyone played and got a chance in on the action!" said Laura Baldwin, General Manager at Chuy's Restaurant.
WeFooz takes an active role in the Gainesville community. They donate 25% of their profits to suicide prevention and mental health organizations, contribute to education and other nonprofits, and planted over 3,000 trees last year.
Corks & Colors Studio invites employees to get acquainted with the creative side of their coworkers in a relaxed environment. The studio offers canvas classes, pottery painting, mosaics, and wheel throwing, and sells beer and wine.
Canvas classes are the most popular activity for team building. The group chooses their painting together but may select different colors, and the instructor walks them through its creation step-by-step. "The out-of-the-box team building activities we offer at Corks & Colors are a great way to learn something new about your coworkers, and yourself, while having a great time!" said Owner Erika Tonnelier.
Sun Country Sports' 2,500 square foot indoor rock wall is popular among all skill levels, from competitive teams to youth recreation. They offer the option to create a custom team building program that focuses primarily on trust, communication, or problem solving, depending on the business owner's goals for their team.


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Q: Python Directory Path I am trying to write a python script to use the linux command wc to input the amount of lines in a file. I am iterating through a directory inputted by the user. However, whenever I get the absolute path of a file in the directory, it skips the directory it is in. So, the path isn't right and when I call wc on it, it doesn't work because it is trying to find the file in the directory above. I have 2 test text files in a directory called "testdirectory" which is located directly under "projectdirectory".
Script file:
   import subprocess
   import os
   directory = raw_input("Enter directory name: ")

   for root,dirs,files in os.walk(os.path.abspath(directory)):
         for file in files:
            file = os.path.abspath(file)
            print(path) #Checking to see the path
            subprocess.call(['wc','l',file])

This is what I get when running the program:
   joe@joe-VirtualBox:~/Documents/projectdirectory$ python project.py
   Enter directory name: testdirectory
   /home/joe/Documents/projectdirectory/file2
   wc: /home/joe/Documents/projectdirectory/file2: No such file or directory
   /home/joe/Documents/projectdirectory/file1
   wc: /home/joe/Documents/projectdirectory/file1: No such file or directory

I don't know why the path isn't /home/joe/Documents/projectdirectory/testdirectory/file2 since that is where the file is located.

A: You're using the output of os.walk wrong.
abspath is related to your program's current working directory, whereas your files are in the directory as specified by root. So you want to use
file = os.path.join(root, file)

A: Your issue is in the use of os.path.abspath(). All that this function does is appends the current working directory onto whatever the argument to the function is. You also need to have a - before the l option for wc. I think this fix might help you:
import os
directory = input("Enter directory name: ")
full_dir_path = os.path.abspath(directory)

for root,dirs,files in os.walk(full_dir_path):
    for file in files:
        full_file_path = os.path.join(root, file)
        print(full_file_path) #Checking to see the path
        subprocess.call(['wc','-l',full_file_path])