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« July 2005 | Main | October 2005 »
Edward S. Curtis's "The North American Indian" Photobase, Library of Congress
via BoingBoing :
The Library of Congress has a stupendous, enormous photo gallery called "America from the Great Depression to World War II: Color Photographs from the FSA-OWI, 1939-1945" [...] Unfortunately, the organizational back-end for this is so primitive (especially in comparison with modern image-sharing and organizing sites like Flickr) that it, too, seems to hail from 1939-1945, making the site a real pain to navigate and use. Link (via We Make Money Not Art)
Update: Brian points out Indiana University's Charles W. Cushman Photograph Collection, an amateur photography collection from 1938-1969, as an excellent companion to these.
Update: Alex sez, "I'd like to recommend just as highly a collection of Edward Curtis photos also housed at the LOC, an extensive set of ethnographic potraits, stark and beautiful, captured in another time. Although these aren't in color, the collection is just as stunning, and I would encourage your readers to spend a few minutes looking back through them. They remind me of the many months I spent poring over The Smithsonian's Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Reports (a congressionally mandated compilation of studies covering various Native American tribes, spanning nearly five decades) as a student, reading in books what I could never see in person."
UPDATE 9/20/05: Christie's New York is auctioning photographs from the Edward S. Curtis Collection of the Texas Memorial Museum on October 12, 2005.
A few prints from the books are also up for auction:
Lot#14
Posted by NEWSgrist on September 19, 2005 at 02:54 PM in Native America | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Pacific Ethnography, Politics and Museums
Papers from the 28th conference of the Museum Ethnographers Group, Pacific Ethnography, Politics and Museums, have been published in volume 17 (2005) of Journal of Museum Ethnography. Among the contents are the following contributions from present and former AAOA staff:
From Fanla to New York and back: recovering the authorship and iconography of a slit drum from Ambryn Island, Vanuatu Eric Kjellgren (p. 118-129)
'A gift of the first importance': on the Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology's Papua Gulf photographic collection Joshua A. Bell (p. 176-190)
Footsteps on Malakula: a report on a photographic research project Haidy Geismar (p. 191-207)
Paired Brothers: Concealment and Revelation [exhibition review] Joshua A. Bell (p. 241-244)
'Only Skin Deep: Changing Visions of the American Self' [exhibition review] Haidy Geismar (p. 252-255)
All but the most recent issue of Journal of Museum Ethnography are shelved in the Goldwater Library under the call number A M948j.
Posted by Ross Day on September 16, 2005 at 03:53 PM in Exhibitions Elsewhere, Journals, Pacific | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights
Copyright in context: Carvings, carvers, and commodities in Vanuatu
Haidy Geismar
In American Ethnologist, vol. 32, no. 3 (Aug. 2005), pp. 437-459.
ABSTRACT: Much of the anthropology of indigenous copyright and other forms of intellectual property focuses on the ways in which indigenous understandings of reproductive entitlement diverge from the Euro-American or Western property values perceived to be enshrined within national and international legislation. I argue that in Vanuatu, local chiefs and carvers have successfully merged international and indigenous reckonings of entitlement within their understanding of copyright, simultaneously capitalizing on and blurring commonly understood conceptual, economic, and sociopolitical divides. When the people of Vanuatu are asked what copyright is, they invariably refer to the carvings and carvers involved in the ritual hierarchies of entitlement of the region of North Ambrym. I take this locally drawn analogy as my starting point to argue that concepts of "copyright," and, indeed, copyright legislation and enforcement, may be mutually constituted between spheres of exchange and understandings of entitlement, as much from the bottom up as from the top down.
[copyright, indigenous intellectual property rights, materiality, Vanuatu, Ambrym]
Head from a Slit-Gong
(1979.206.1571)
Vanuatu; Ambrym Island (?)
The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Bequest of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1979
Posted by Ross Day on September 15, 2005 at 06:14 PM in Journals, Pacific | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
The uses and abuses of archaeology for Indigenous peoples
The World Archaeological Conference is sponsoring its Second Indigenous Inter-Conference on the topic of The Uses and Abuses of Archaeology for Indigenous Peoples. The conference will be held November 8-12, 2005, at the University of Auckland, Auckland.
WAC focuses on the importance of the historical and social role and the political context of archaeological inquiry, and seeks to make studies in archaeology significant to the wider community of individuals, groups, and nations. In keeping with these aims, WAC presents this Indigenous Inter-Congress as a means of providing a forum for examining a range of issues concerned with Indigenous peoples and their pasts.
Session titles (with links to the session abstracts) include:
Who is Indigenous?
Indigenous Paths to Archaeology
Relationships between archaeologists, teaching institutions, heritage organisations, and Māori
The Representation Of Indigenous Peoples In Archaeological Theory
Museums: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly
Protecting Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property
Repatriation: Issues for Communities
Resolving The Conflicts Between Archaeological And Indigenous Significance In Heritage Assessments
Parallel Perspectives
The NAGPRA: Triumphs, Trials, and Tribulations Voices from Indian Country
Contemporary Issues in Indigenous Archaeology
International Repatriation: building relationships and empowering communities
The call for session paper abstracts closed Sept. 1, 2005. The programme includes an all-day mid-conference field trip. Participants may register for the conference on-line (Early-Bird registration is good until October 1). For further information on the conference, you are invited to contact either conference organizer, Caroline Phillips or Des Kahotea.
Posted by Ross Day on September 15, 2005 at 05:37 PM in Conferences, Current Affairs, Pacific | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Lake Titicaca Reed Boat Project
The summer 2005 issue of Expedition features an article on the 2002 experimental journey across Lake Titicaca in a recreation of a Peruvian 'totora' reed boat:
"Reed Boats and Experimental Archaeology on Lake Titicaca" by Alexei Vranich, Paul Harmon, and Chris Knutson -- freely available as a PDF file. An earlier article by Paul Harmon appears on the Archaeology magazine web site.
The experiment was designed to answer the question posed by the monolithic stone architecture of the Incan city of Tiwanaku: How might the stones have been transported from the quarries situated across Lake Titicaca? A nine-ton andesite stone was located, transported to shore and loaded onto the recreation of a reed boat, built purposely for transporting the stone.
A full account of the project appears on the project's Qala Yampu web site, including biographies of the participants, a "Captain's Diary" of the voyage, and links. At this writing a documentary film on the project is near completion, but no air dates have been set.
Posted by Ross Day on September 15, 2005 at 01:30 PM in Ancient America, Exploration, Research | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
12th Panafrican Congress
The 12th Congress of the Panafrican Archaeological Association for Prehistory and Related Studies was held July 3-10, 2005, in Gaborone, Botswana.
The conference programme (!) and session abstracts are available from the conference web site as downloadable Word documents. Among the topics covered were Archaeology of the Shahse-Limpopo and Adjacent Areas; Ethnoarchaeology; Heritage Management and Development; and Rock and Symbolic Behaviour.
The final papers will be published at an unspecified future date.
Posted by Ross Day on September 15, 2005 at 12:32 PM in Africa, Conferences | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Maori-Modern Fusion
via NYTimes:
A Maori-Modern Fusion Takes a New York Stage
By JENNIFER DUNNING
Black Grace made a largely unheralded United States debut in August 2004. Based in Auckland, New Zealand, the company was unknown to most Americans. But by the end of a weeklong engagement at the Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival in the Berkshires, Black Grace was playing to vociferously enthusiastic, soldout houses. Now it is about to take on New York City, with a season that opens tomorrow at the New Victory Theater.
New Yorkers will see six men of Pacific Islander and Maori descent who do not fit the American stereotype of a dancer. They are short, stocky and robust, bounding into the air like spaldeens and coursing across the stage like rushing brooks. The pieces they perform, all by the company's founder, Neil Ieremia, fuse modern and traditional Pacific Island and Maori dance forms smoothly into pieces imbued with feelings of nature and spirituality as well as gutsy humor and athletic propulsion.
The tinge of spirituality that informs Mr. Ieremia's aesthetic is perhaps not unusual given the spiritual nature of Maori and Pacific Islander dance and its ancestral themes. And Black Grace is not the only dance troupe in New Zealand to draw on the indigenous arts that are an integral part of the country's culture, performed and taught in schools throughout the nation. Before each important match, New Zealand's world-famous national rugby team, the All Blacks, performs an adaptation of the cherished Maori Haka, a traditional war dance that serves as a challenge to the other team. Black Grace has merged it with a Samoan version that communicates respect for the rival. [read on...]
Posted by NEWSgrist on September 15, 2005 at 11:48 AM in Contemporary, Dance, Pacific | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Tongan Trouble
via Cabinet Magazine, Issue 18 Summer 2005:
George Pendle, New Foundlands [excerpt]:
On 21 June 1972, the world's heaviest monarch, King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV of Tonga, accompanied by members of the Tonga Defense Force, a convict work detail and a four-piece brass band, set sail from his archipelago kingdom aboard the royal yacht Olovaba. On the king's stately mind was one thought—the invasion of the Republic of Minerva, located 270 miles to the west of his country's capital, Nuku'alofa.
The Republic of Minerva had done little to warrant the 400-pound sovereign's considerable wrath. It lay outside of Tongan territorial waters, it had been in existence for less than six months and, other than crustaceans and limpets, it had no inhabitants. Indeed seeing as the Republic was situated upon the hazardous Minerva reefs, whose surface was completely submerged at high tide, it hardly seemed conducive to sustaining any human population whatsoever.
Yet the Republic was not entirely lacking the impress of humanity. Some of the reefs had been piled high with sand, and a small stone platform jutted through the waves. From this edifice flew the flag of the Republic of Minerva—a white torch on a blue background—clearly signaling dominion over the amphibious territory. But while this lone construction had survived the attentions of the tides, it could not hold out against the attentions of its new visitors. As the brass band played the Tongan national anthem (rough translation: "Hear our prayer, for though unseen / We know that Thou hast blessed our land. / Grant our earnest supplication, / and save Tupou our King"), King Tupou himself tore the scurrilous flag down and read a proclamation of sovereignty over the reefs. Within a few hours the platform had been dismantled, and the Republic of Minerva had been annexed without so much as a whimper.
Well, almost without a whimper. [read on...]
Posted by NEWSgrist on September 15, 2005 at 10:28 AM in Pacific, Travel | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
via Slate:
Searching for the City of Z
Retracing the steps of Col. Percy Fawcett.
By Torie Bosch
The New Yorker, Sept. 19
[...] journalist David Grann follows the steps of Col. Percy Fawcett, an English explorer who disappeared during a 1925 trip to find the "City of Z," a rumored ancient civilization in the Brazilian Amazon. The article concludes that Fawcett and his companions were killed by natives during their quest. Though archaeologists dismissed the City of Z as a myth and Fawcett as an amateur, an archaeologist takes Grann to see ruins of bridges, moats, and roads, grown over with vegetation, that suggest a complex civilization did exist near the scene of Fawcett's disappearance.
via The New Yorker, 9/11/05 (thanks Ross!):
this week in the magazine:
In "The Lost City of Z" (p. 56), David Grann follows the trail of adventurers and scientists seeking to uncover a lost civilization hidden deep in the Brazilian Amazon. Grann sets out to retrace the secret route of Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett, a British explorer who, in 1925, disappeared along with his son and a companion while searching for the ruins of an ancient empire, which Fawcett had named the City of Z. "In the next seven decades, scores of explorers had tried and failed to retrace Fawcett's path. Some nearly died of starvation, while others retreated in the face of tribes that attacked with poisoned arrows. Then there were those adventurers who had gone to find Fawcett and, instead, disappeared along with him," Grann writes.
Grann researches Fawcett's letters at the Royal Geographical Society, in London, and visits Fawcett's granddaughter, in Cardiff, where he examines Fawcett's diaries and logbooks, discovering that Fawcett had provided false coördinates in order to throw off would-be seekers of the City of Z. In Brazil, Grann and his guide, Paolo Pinage, follow in Fawcett's footsteps through the Amazon basin, a region nearly the size of the continental United States. Describing just one portion of his travels, Grann writes, "[T]he road was worse than any that Pinage and I had travelled: pools of water reached as high as the floorboards, and at times the truck, with all its weight, tipped perilously to one side. We drove no faster than fifteen miles an hour, sometimes coming to a halt, reversing, then pressing forward again. The forests had been denuded here as well. Some areas had been burned recently, and I could see the remnants of trees scattered for miles, their blackened limbs reaching into the open sky." Along the way, Grann meets the chief of the Kalapalo tribe, who some believe might have killed Fawcett, and who takes Grann into Xingu National Park, where Fawcett's bones had allegedly been discovered. "Up that way is where the bones were dug up. But they were not Fawcett's bones—they were my grandfather's," he tells Grann. Later he says, "I would like to get the bones back and bury them where they belong."
Determined to find Z, Grann presses on to the village of Kuikaro, where he meets archeologist Michael Heckenberger, who tells Grann the area was once part of a vast ancient settlement, with roads, bridges, and causeways. Heckenberger has uncovered twenty pre-Colombian settlements in the Xingu. "All these settlements were laid out with a complicated plan, with a sense of engineering and mathematics that rivalled anything that was happening in much of Europe at the time," he says, estimating that each cluster of settlements contained anywhere from two thousand to five thousand people, which means that the larger community was the size of many medieval European cities. Heckenberger tells Grann that it was understandable why Fawcett wouldn't have been able to find the ruins. "Fawcett was probably the last person who came in here looking for lost cities," he says. "There isn't a lot of stone in the jungle, and most of the settlement was built with organic materials—wood and palms and earth mounds—which decompose. But once you begin to map out the area and excavate it you are blown away by what you see." Grann writes, "Heckenberger has helped to upend the view of the Amazon as a counterfeit paradise that could never sustain what Fawcett had envisioned: a prosperous, glorious civilization."
Exploration Fawcett (Amazon.com)
by Percy Harrison Fawcett, P. H. Fawcett, Brian Fawcett
(Reprinted in 2001 by Phoenix Press, ISBN 1842124684)
via Wikipedia page on Fawcett:
The Great Web of Percy Harrison Fawcett
Virtual Exploration Society - Colonel Percy Fawcett
Veil lifts on jungle mystery of the colonel who vanished
Did an erotic siren lure Percy Fawcett to his death as he searched for a lost city in the Amazon?
Vanessa Thorpe, arts and media correspondent
Sunday March 21, 2004, The Observer (UK)
Posted by NEWSgrist on September 14, 2005 at 04:37 PM in Ancient America, Exploration | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Accidental Masterpieces + Frank Hurley
Image source: Photo by Frank Hurley, a member of Shackleton's Antarctic expedition, ''14 January 1915.''
'The Accidental Masterpiece': The Art of Seeing
By ADRIAN SEARLE
Journeys and quests, real and metaphorical, recur throughout ''The Accidental Masterpiece,'' and Kimmelman, a knowledgeable guide to all sorts of places we'd never have thought of going, introduces us to artwork and people we may not have come across before -- for instance, the self-taught Australian photographer Frank Hurley, who made two grueling journeys to Antarctica, first with Douglas Mawson's 1911 expedition and then with Ernest Shackleton in the Endurance at the outbreak of World War I. Hurley didn't just endure the dreadful privations of these trips. He seems to have enjoyed them actively as he documented the awful difficulties and magnificent, alien terrain along the way. Whether or not his wonderful photographs were art seems beside the point, until one realizes that adversity itself seemed to goad Hurley, leading him to take ever greater risks to get the dramatic shots he wanted. What fascinates Kimmelman is not just art, but why people are driven to do the things they do. [read on...]
Posted by NEWSgrist on September 13, 2005 at 04:38 PM in Art Issues, Books, Pacific | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)


text:
Archive for Christopher Robin
The Bronte, Pooh, Poe, Briggs birthday party!
Posted in Authors Birthdays, BRONTE, Inspiring poetry, period drama with tags anne bronte, authors, brontes, cartoonists, Christopher Robin, Edgar Allan Poe, father christmas, fungus the bogeyman, illustrators, Milne, Raymond Briggs, Tenant of Wildfell Hall, the snowman, Trinity College Cambridge, Winnie the Pooh on January 20, 2012 by echostains
No sooner do I begin writing about one author whose birthday it is, – another pops up! Over the past three days Anne Bronte, A.A. Milne, Raymond Briggs and Edgar Allen Poe have all celebrated birthdays, or to be exact, they have had their birthdays celebrated for them – apart from Raymond Briggs who at 78, is still with us.
January 17th was the birthday of writer and poet Anne Bronte (1820 – 1849 Thornton Yorkshire) Anne, was the youngest of 6 children born to the Reverend Patrick Bronte and Maria Branwell. She was barely one year old when her mother died. Anne wrote 2 books in her short lifetime (Agnes Grey which was published in 1847 and The Tenent of Wildfell Hall published 1848) and a lot of poetry. Much has been written about the Bronte family, their story is well-known. This website is dedicated to Anne and includes all her poems and a biography. But this beautiful poem, a tribute to the simple flower, the bluebell could almost be a metaphor for the author's life, made poignant by her sad death at the age of 29. She is buried in Scarborough – Anne's favorite place.
Read my review about The Tenant of Wildfell Hall here
18th January saw the birthday of British children's author Alan Alexander Milne (1882 – 1956) the author best known for his books about Winnie the Pooh and children's poems.
Born in Kilburn, London, Milne grew up at Henley House school, a small public school ran by his father. One of his teachers was H. G. Wells (who taught there 1889 – 1890). The young Milne attended Westminsterschool and Trinity College Cambridge, where he studied mathematics. Whilst at Cambridge, he edited and wrote for the student magazine Granta. His collaborated on articles with his brother Kenneth and caught the attention of Punch magazine. Milne went on to be a contributor and later, assistant editor.
He married Dorothy "Daphne" de Sélincourt in 1913 and in 1920 Christopher Robin Milne was born. Milne bought Cotchford farm in East Sussex in 1925. He joined the army in World War 1, serving as an officer in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment and later, after a debilitating illness, the Royal Corps of Signals. He was discharged on February 14, 1919 . During World War 11 Milne was Captain of the Home Guard in Hartfield Forest Row. In 1952 he had a stroke and had to undergo brain surgery. He retired to his farm an invalid.
Milne published 18 plays and 3 novels and in 1924 produced a collection of children's poetry called When We Were Very Young, this was illustrated by Punch illustrator E. H. Shepherd. Milne was also a screen writer for the British film industry (founded in 1920). But it is the two Pooh books which Milne is most famous for.
The books feature a boy named Christopher Robin (after Milnes' son). The characters in the book were inspired by Christopher Robin's stuffed toys – the most noteworthy being the bear named 'Winnie the Pooh'. The bear was originally called 'Edward' but was renamed 'Winnie the Pooh' after a Canadian black bear called 'Winnie' (after Winnipeg) used as a military mascot in World War 1 and was left to London Zoo during the war. The 'Pooh' comes from a swan of the same name.'
Winnie the Pooh was published in 1926. A second collection of nursery rhymes Now we are Six was published in 1927 and was followed by The House at Pooh Corner in 1928 and were all illustrated by E. H. Shepherd. For a more in-depth look at this author please look here and this website and there are lots of Pooh related information to be found here
The author Raymond Briggs also shares his birthday with A.A. Milne. Briggs was born in 1934 Wimbledon London. He is a graphic artist, novelist and illustrator. though he is best known for his story The Snowman, shown every Christmas in cartoon form on television, he has illustrated many children's books.
Briggs liked to cartoon at an early age, even though his father tried to dissuade him from what he saw as an unprofitable pursuit. He attended the Wimbledon School of Art from 1949 – 1953 studying painting, then the Central School of Art to study typography.
In 1953 he became a conscript in the Royal Corps of Signals, based at Catterick, where he was made a draughtsman. He returned to study painting at Slade School fo Fine Art after 2 years of National Service where he graduated in 1957.
He briefly painted before becoming a professional illustrator, and soon began working on children's books. He taught illustration part-time at Brighton College of Art between 1961 and 1986
His famous works include Father Christmas (1973), Father Christmas goes on Holiday (1975) which both featured a rather grumpy Father Christmas and Fungus the Bogeyman (1977). These were in the form of comics, rather than the typical children's book format where the text is separate to the illustrations.
Briggs has said that The Snowman (1978) was inspired by Fungus the Bogeyman;-
For two years I worked on Fungus, buried amongst muck, slime and words, so… I wanted to do something which was clean, pleasant, fresh and wordless and quick.
This work was entirely wordless and illustrated only with pencil crayons, which I feel lends it charm and spontaneity. In 1982 The Snowman was made into a Oscar nominated animated cartoon, becoming Briggs best known work and much-loved by all who see it. It is shown every year on British television and Christmas would not be the same without it! For a more in-depth look at the author and his life try this and the charming Snowman website here
19th January saw the birthday of celebrated Amercian author, editor, poet and literary critic Edgar Allan Poe (b. Boston Massachusetts) USA 1809 – 1849) Poe is famous for his tales of the macabre and mystery. He is considered an early pioneer of the short story and the inventor of the detective fiction genre and a contributor to the emerging genre Science fiction.
Orphaned young, Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan, of Richmond Virginia. He attended the University of Virgina for only one semester as he was short of money. He enlisted in the army but failed as an officers cadet at West Point. He started his literary career with a collection of poems in 1827 (Tamerlane and Other Poems). The poems were credited anonymously to 'A Bostonian'
Poe spent worked for literary journals and periodicals for the next several years, becoming known for his literary criticism. He lived in several cities including Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York City and it was in Baltimore 1835 he married his 13-year-old cousin Virginia Clemm.
In 1945, his poem The Raven was published too much acclaim and was an instant success. Poe died in 1849 at the age of only 40, the cause is still unknown.
Edgar Allan Poe's short life is a very interesting one, full of adventures, triumphs and some sadness. His fiction work is considered Gothic and of dark Romanticism. His particular theme include death, decomposition and premature burial. But he also wrote humourous tales, satire and hoaxes, using themes that catered to the public taste of the time. Much more can be read about Poe's life here and short stories and poems can be read on this excellent site.
Read my post about his poem Annabel Lee
Anne Bronte portrait from here
Read about Anne here
Thanks to JustAudio2008 for The Bluebell video
A.A. Milne image from here Pooh illustration from here
Raymond Briggs image from here and Father Christmas illustration here
Edgar Allan Poe image from here
Thanks to KajiCarson for the video
Original birthday invite image from here
UPDATE: There's a video featuring Scottish Artists over on Echostains to celebrate Burns Night
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CHARLES DICKENS!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Ashenden & Associates, P.C., a law firm based in Atlanta, Georgia, provides representation in Georgia in all matters related to personal injury, wrongful death, and more. Our extensive experience representing clients from all over the city and state, pursuing justice to the fullest extent of the law, has made us one of the top-rated and most-trusted names in personal injury law.
Located just outside of the perimeter, off Peachtree Dunwoody Road in Sandy Springs, our legal team is ideally located to serve not only Atlanta, but all of Georgia. Our services are available to every area of the State.
Please continue reading to see come the areas we are proud to represent.
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Automotive development is on the verge of a transformation. Networked technology is here, alongside integrated mobility concepts and industry outsiders. The result: changes in more than just product requirements. The entire industry is undergoing change. Now, innovation requires two competences: the ability to make things happen quickly and the ability to permanently learn and adapt. You can achieve this with agile development departments.
How do I add value for my customers?
How do I deliver this value as quickly as possible in the market?
The answer to these questions lies in shifting value creation back to center stage. This involves redefining processes. To help with this, agile methods and principles adopted from lean methods can be used to move away from traditional process controls and focus instead on team-based principles.
Together with Euroforum, we've been presenting the follow-up event of this successful conference.
Iteration #5 will take place in Stuttgart, Germany: November 2019.
Scrum provides a framework to react flexibly in volatile markets. The aim is to focus on customer benefits by avoiding unnecessary outlays and time investments. Development teams organize themselves within a structured framework in order to coordinate activities and work together closely for quick decision-making. By carefully defining roles and procedures, Automotive Scrum involves customers directly in the development process.
To avoid stagnation or hold-ups, this on-demand planning technique pinpoints bottlenecks. Kanban works with existing roles and processes so it can be introduced within the company step by step, or by establishing pioneer teams.
Scrum and Kanban mutually complement one another: Scrum ensures the company remains adaptable and agile, Kanban improves efficiency and throughput. Both techniques also enhance transparency within the company.
Learn more about our market survey: State of agile dev methods in car manufactoring.
The survey is licensed under Creative Common by Kugler Maag Cie.
This allows your company to use agile methods to combine the required maturity levels with the ability to react flexibly to markets.
More and more companies are now turning to agile methods and practices like Scrum and Kanban, even in the automotive sector. But methods alone are not necessarily enough to win the race. Agility is more about a philosophy believed in by an organization that's always learning. In a market environment dictated by disruption and change, customer requirements change quickly.
To ensure value creation remains center-stage in the future, the agile organization looks at the smallest individual unit: the creative team. Focusing on the team results in a new approach on an organizational level – centralized management control is replaced by self-guided teams. Every team and every person involved in the process shares responsibility for the success of the overall effort.
Agile methods such as Scrum and Kanban are an effective way to build an organization that's agile and always learning. Using iterative techniques, or sprints, concepts can be improved step by step and quickly tested for practical suitability. Using short sprint cycles results in quick delivery of necessary insights which can be discussed systematically.
Agile methods and practices are not something that can be switched to autopilot. Every customer requirement is different and markets are subject to change. So to adapt as necessary, agile methods provide the right level of flexibility. What is crucial here is achieving the right balance between the sometimes conflicting interests of adaptability and discipline.


Well, from the beginning this night was filled with problems. First my original friends. Then just getting to the venue. I've only been there once before and it was a few years ago. I put the address in my phone GPS. It took me through downtown. Downtown was a mess. Not sure what was going in but there were tons of people everywhere and all the streets I wanted to be on were blocked.
I guess it helps if you put the right address in to the GPS though. I ended up in Eli Lilly's parking lot. At least that gave me time to send the friends meeting me a quick text that I was on my way and to put the correct address into my gps.
Then I tried parking and discovered that the cash I thought I had was missing. Can't even blame kids. I just forgot I spent it. And, of course, the lots were cash only. But I found an office parking lot about two blocks away that was open (and empty). It was even well lit which is a big deal since I would be walking back to my car alone in a city I'm unfamiliar with.
Anyway, I finally got inside and found my friends (or rather they found me). It was up the stairs then to find our seats. I probably should have taken time to go to the bathroom first, but the show was about to start. Got to our seats. Auditorium appeared to be sold out.
The show was amazing. The musicians were incredible. From the string bass player to the flutist. I saw Harry about 15 years ago in Fort Wayne. It was a great show. But this was an AWESOME show!
He talked to the audience a lot, even pointed out a woman wearing a tshirt with his latest album cover. She was on the front row and holding another shirt she had purchased. He asked if he could see it for a minute to show the rest of us. Long story short, he invited her on stage (she crawled up) and ended up dedicating the next song to her. I'm sure she is still on Cloud 9 today.
This was not the smooth jazz I typically associate with Harry. This was edgy, New Orleans style jazz. He featured his orchestra a lot. The trombone player, the drummer, the string bass and the sax in particular.
Of course, Harry is an accomplished musician. He played the trumpet, the bongos, the organ, keyboard, and the piano. He sang. He danced. (Who couldn't love him shaking his booty at the audience?). It was a super high energy show that lasted for over two hours. From the soft, slow ballad style to the jumping swing music, it was one of the best concerts I have ever been to. He rocked the house and I doubt there was a single person there who was disappointed.
Oh, and his latest release (Every Man Should Know) is amazing. Check it out.


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OSF Healthcare exceeds capacity for first time in COVID-19 pandemic
OSF St. Francis Hospital and Medical Group exceeded capacity this week for the first time since the COVID-19 pandemic began, causing it to execute its emergency plan to make more room available at the hospital.
Dr. Bill Hook, director of medical services, says OSF has converted its ambulatory care unit to in-patient beds to handle the overflow. That means procedures normally conducted there are being postponed.
Although COVID-19 patients are the reason the hospital reached the tipping point this week, OSF President and CEO Dave Lord says they are seeing a lot of patients who put off treatment during the pandemic on other health issues who now need care.


text:
All posts tagged academia.edu
Holofernes and Judith, Attila and Ildico
Published July 30, 2018 by amaic
"The tradition that Attila died in a wedding-night may be true.
But Attila is so much like Holofernes and Ildico so much like Judith…
that we suspect the tradition, even in its most sober version".
Otto Maenchen-Helfen
Taken from: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/nice-things-to-say-about-attila-the-hun-87559701/
[Attila's] spectacular demise, on one of his many wedding nights, is memorably described by Gibbon:
Before the king of the Huns evacuated Italy, he threatened to return more dreadful, and more implacable, if his bride, the princess Honoria, were not delivered to his ambassadors…. Yet, in the mean while Attila relieved his tender anxiety, by adding a beautiful maid, whose name was Ildico, to the list of his innumerable wives. Their marriage was celebrated with barbaric pomp and festivity, at his wooden palace beyond the Danube; and the monarch, oppressed with wine and sleep, retired, at a late hour, from the banquet to the nuptial bed.
His attendants continued to respect his pleasures, or his repose, the greatest part of the ensuing day, till the unusual silence alarmed their fears and suspicions; and, after attempting to awaken Attila by loud and repeated cries, they at length broke into the royal apartment. They found the trembling bride sitting by the bedside, hiding her face with her veil…. The king…had expired during the night. An artery had suddenly burst; and as Attila lay in a supine posture, he was suffocated by a torrent of blood, which instead of finding a passage through his nostrils, regurgitated into the lungs and stomach. ….
The real story goes as follows (Judith 13:1-10):
"When evening came, his slaves quickly withdrew. Bagoas closed the tent from outside and shut out the attendants from his master's presence. They went to bed, for they all were weary because the banquet had lasted so long. But Judith was left alone in the tent, with Holofernes stretched out on his bed, for he was dead drunk.
Now Judith had told her maid to stand outside the bedchamber and to wait for her to come out, as she did on the other days; for she said she would be going out for her prayers. She had said the same thing to Bagoas. So everyone went out, and no one, either small or great, was left in the bedchamber. Then Judith, standing beside his bed, said in her heart, "O Lord God of all might, look in this hour on the work of my hands for the exaltation of Jerusalem. Now indeed is the time to help your heritage and to carry out my design to destroy the enemies who have risen up against us."
She went up to the bedpost near Holofernes' head, and took down his sword that hung there. She came close to his bed, took hold of the hair of his head, and said, "Give me strength today, O Lord God of Israel!" Then she struck his neck twice with all her might, and cut off his head. Next she rolled his body off the bed and pulled down the canopy from the posts. Soon afterward she went out and gave Holofernes' head to her maid, who placed it in her food bag".
Tagged: academia.edu, AMAIC, Australian Marian Academy of the Immaculate Conception, BC to AD time revision Alpha and Omega series, Jesus Christ Lord of History, pharaonic Egypt Bible bending
Holofernes and Judith, Attila and Odabella
"Odabella implores him to kill her, but not to curse her. She reminds his fiancé the story of the Hebrew Judith, who saved Israel from the Babylonians [sic] by beheading their leader Holofernes. Odabella has sworn to revenge …".
"Attila" by Giuseppe Verdi
Taken from: https://www.operasofia.bg/en/component/k2/item/2636
Square in Aquileia – a Roman town, ruined and burnt down by the Huns. Attila's warriors are celebrating their victory. In a chariot, pulled by slaves, arrives their leader and sits on a throne made of shields and spears. Attila is struck by the beauty and courage of the captivated Roman Odabella, who was not afraid to talk in front of him about the incredible women in Italy, always ready to fight against the enemies, and then she insisted to have her sword back. The impressed Attila gives Odabella his own sword as present, and she sees in this gesture a sign of destiny: soon will come her time.
The young woman wants to take revenge for the death of her father, the Lord of Aquileia, and for her fiancé Foresto, also deceased in the battle with the Huns. From Rome arrive messengers, led by the Roman General Ezio – an old enemy of Attila, who, however, the King of the Huns respects deeply as his worthy adversary. The Roman proposes a peace agreement: let Attila rule the whole world, but let him leave Italy to Ezio. The King of the Huns rejects the proposal and threatens that soon he would conquer the arrogant Rome and punish the Emperor.
Desert island on the Alto river. After a stormy night the clouds get cleared, the fog lifts and the rising sun illuminates the horizon. Several hermits are glorifying the power of God, which has put down the night sea storm. Refugees from Aquileia arrive, led by Foresto – Odabella's fiancé. He didn't perish by the siege and is at the head of the Romans, who have saved themselves from Attila, ready to fight for the revival of his fatherland and take revenge on the Huns.
Attila's camp near Rome. Moon night. The crying Odabella sees in a cloud passing by the images of her dear perished ones – her father and her fiancé. All of a sudden in front of her springs Foresto. The young girl falls into her arms with joy, but he rejects her. The young officer thinks that his beloved was unfaithful to him, if she has voluntarily come in the camp of the enemies. Odabella implores him to kill her, but not to curse her. She reminds his fiancé the story of the Hebrew Judith, who saved Israel from the Babylonians by beheading their leader Holofernes. Odabella has sworn to revenge, and the oppressor has given her by his own his sword in the hands. Foresto begs her beloved pardon and both of them, embraced, vow to die for their fatherland.
Attila's tent. The King of the Huns is sleeping, wrapped in a tiger fur, but all of a sudden he jumps out of his bed. In front of him arises a gigantic figure of a white-haired Roman, who stops him in front of the gates of Rome and warns him: for barbarians and pagans there's no place in the Eternal city, because this blessed land belongs to God. Attila calls the priests, the leaders and his army – he is ready to defeat the ghost, and the whole world! The battle trumpets answer quite different sounds. Undino lists the tent's canopy and Attila sees how from the near-by hills descend Roman children, young women and old men, dressed in white and with palm branches in their hands. Led by the old man Leone, whom Attila saw in his dream, the Roman women and children have risen to defend their city. And from Leone's mouth Attila hears once again the fatal warning. Scared to death, the King of the Huns loses consciousness. The Huns are struck – what is this force, which made the powerful Attila for the first time to beg for mercy?
Ezio's camp near Rome. The general reminds himself the glory of his city, which now is humiliated, governed by weak and incompetent Emperor – the young Valentinian. A group of Attila's slaves arrive with an invitation for a big feast. Among them is also Foresto, who warns Ezio, that tonight the King of the Huns will be killed, and when the Romans see the signal sign – fires lit on the hills, everyone must rise as one to win their freedom. Ezio is rejoicing. Even if he falls dead in this battle, the whole Italy will lament for him – the last great Roman general.
Attila's camp in the wood. Everything is ready for the rich feast. The Huns glorify his great General. Attila appears, accompanied by priests and warriors and takes the place of honour. Next to him is Odabella. Under the sounds of trumpets arrive the Romans with Ezio at the head, and Attila greets his noble enemy. Before the beginning of the feast, the druids warn the King to beware of his Roman guests. The priests of the Gauls have seen bad omens in the sky, but Attila doesn't pay attention to the prophesies and orders the priestesses to dance and sing. In the height of the celebrations, Foresto discovers Odabella and asks her weather she has succeeded to pour poison into Attila's cup. All of a sudden a strong wind sweeps away the fires. Everyone is terrified, but not Attila – the element of nature has only angered him and he orders to light the torches again and the feast to continue. Heated and thirsty, Attila decides to drink to the health of the Highest God of the Huns – Wodan, but in the last moment Odabella stops him and reveals, that there is poison in the cup. Foresto boldly takes upon himself the blame for the attempt and takes out his sword. Of course, he immediately gets arrested, but Odabella begs Attila to deliver the evil-doer to her. She personally would have it out with him! Attila agrees. Moved by Odabella's action, he declares in front of everyone, that tomorrow she would become his legal wife. And Rome has to prepare for battle – "the scourge of God" has awaken again. In the turmoil Odabella helps Foresto to escape. The young man swears to take revenge on Attila and on his unfaithful fiancée.
Morning in the wood, which separates the camps of Attila and Ezio. Here Foresto is waiting for Undino, who is also ready to take revenge on the King of the Huns. The young slave will give a signal to Ezio and the Romans will attack, when Attila retires in his tent with his young wife. Foresto suffers for his lost love and curses Odabella, who looks like an angel, but in her heart harbours evil. From Attila's camp is heard a festive song – Odabella is being led towards the King's tent. She is trying to run away, persecuted by the ghost of her father and all of a sudden she appears in front of Foresto in her magnificent wedding dress and with a crown on her head. The girl begs her beloved to forgive her, but he refuses to believe her. Then Ezio appeals them to forget about jealousy and pain – the time has come to fight. Attila appears. He is amazed to see his beloved among the enemies, with who he was so generous. Her – the slave, he has made his wife; to Foresto – the traitor, he has granted the life; and Ezio – the treacherous Roman, he has saved because of Rome! And all of them are in the plot against him! But Odabella sees next to the nupital bed the stained with blood ghost of her father; Foresto doesn't want his life without his fatherland and without his beloved woman; and even Ezio's city to be saved, Rome is being despised by the whole world, because it has deserved Attila's blood massacre.
Hearing the victorious cries of the nearing Roman soldiers, Odabella throws the crown away, she steps in front of Attila and sticks her sword right into his breast. Everybody is rejoicing – at last the Huns are defeated. The Eternal city is saved, and the conquered by Attila tribes and nations are revenged. ….
Those well familiar with the Book of Judith can easily join all the requisite dots here.
Joanna and Junia
"Greet Andronicus and Junia, my fellow Jews who have been in prison with me.
They are outstanding among the apostles, and they were in Christ before I was".
Some have suggested that the otherwise unknown "Junia" referred to in this verse could only have been a female, and may have been the "Joanna" of Luke's Gospel.
For example, Marg has written: https://margmowczko.com/junia-jewish-woman-imprisoned/
Junia: The Jewish Woman who was Imprisoned with Paul
A Female Missionary
Junia, mentioned by the apostle Paul in his letter to the Romans, is a woman whose identity and whose ministry has been much discussed in the past few decades. It was first debated whether she was a woman or a man. But the overwhelming evidence from inscriptions and other ancient sources indicates that "Junia" was a common name for a woman, whereas the masculine equivalent, "Junias", is non-existent. Practically all early Christian writers took Junia to be a woman, and the consensus among present scholars is the same: Junia was a woman. So this debate has been resolved.
The debate then shifted as to whether Junia was an apostle or not. The word "apostle" is translated from the Greek word apostolos and refers to a person sent on a mission.
The debate about whether Junia was "outstanding among the apostles" or, as some argue, that she was "well-known to the apostles" and not an apostle herself, has not been resolved…. But either way, Junia was a prominent figure in the apostolic church. …. Junia and her partner Andronicus were not part of the Twelve, but they were, most likely, well-known and respected Christian missionaries.
Mackey's comment: According to an interesting hypothesis, Andronicus could have been the apostle Andrew, under the Greek form of his name. Thus we read at: https://www.theologyofwork.org/key-topics/women-workers-in-the-new-testament/the-jewish-palace-insider-and-benefactor-junia-romans-166
The Jewish palace insider and benefactor Junia (Romans 16:6)
Biblical scholars have puzzled over the years about Paul's reference in Romans 16:6: "Greet Andronicus and Junia, my relatives who were in prison with me; they are prominent among the apostles, and they were in Christ before I was." Who were these folks? Paul was clear that they were related to him, that they had shared prison time with him, they were prominent apostles, and they had become believers before he had. Who could fill that bill?
That points to someone who was Jewish, had known Jesus in his earthly ministry (the requirement for the title apostle), and had signed on as a Jesus-follower before Paul himself. Now they were in Rome.
In his book Gospel Women, noted biblical scholar Richard Bauckham untangles the knots in this mystery for us, starting with one of the women healed by Jesus, mentioned in Luke 8:3. She was Joanna, the wife of Chuza, the business manager for king Herod Antipas. It turns out that the name Joanna is the Hebrew equivalent of the Roman name Junia. Could Joanna in the gospels be the same person as the apostle Junia? Look at some of the possible clues leading to that conclusion.
The name Chuza is not a Jewish name, and he is thought to have been Nabatean (King Herod Antipas had other connections to the Nabatean royal family). But as the king's finance minister living in the new Roman-style palace in the royal city of Tiberias, he needed a Jewish wife connected to a wealthy Jewish family. Enter young Joanna (probably just entering puberty when she was married to the much older, mature man, Chuza). While king Herod Antipas had some Jewish blood, his kingship depended on Rome, so palace life in Tiberias followed Roman practices. Joanna would likely have been given a Roman name (Junia) and would have been formed in Roman ways of acting and thinking.
We first meet Joanna in the Bible, however, not as part of the royal household, but as a woman in need of healing. Luke tells us that after Jesus healed her, she became part of his traveling band of women caring for the physical needs of the Savior. In short, she became one of his benefactors, providing funds for the support of his group.
What the Bible does not tell us is whether or not Chuza had died and Joanna was widowed, but scholars surmise this likely was the case (given the probable disparity in their ages). Nor does the Bible tell us that in traveling with Jesus' band, she might eventually have remarried, becoming the wife of Andrew, one of Jesus's disciples. If, however, this was the case, it would answer to all of the clues given in Paul's greeting to this couple in Romans 16:6. We know that Peter first carried the Gospel to Rome, and to bring along his brother and fellow disciple, Andrew, is logical. So as Paul's letter to the Romans was read to the assembled Christians, he addressed this apostolic pair by their Roman names – Andronicus and Junia.
Paul doesn't tell us that back in Palestine they had been Andrew and Joanna, but all of his clues fit that possibility.
Mackey's comment: Back to Marg, she, too, will arrive at the conclusion that Junia was Joanna
A Jewess and Jesus' Follower
What hasn't been discussed as much is Paul's description of Andronicus and Junia as suggeneis.[3] This Greek word can mean "relative/relation" or "compatriot" and it is translated with either meaning in various English translations of Roman 16:7. But which meaning is correct?
The couple were among the first people to become Jesus followers, and all the first Christians were Jewish. So it is safe to assume that Andronicus and Junia were Jews, as Paul was. If they were family relations of Paul (and we don't know if they were) this would also make them Jewish. All in all, "fellow Jews", or "compatriots", is the safest rendering of suggeneis in Romans 16:7.
Paul states that Andronicus and Junia were "in Christ" before him, and Paul was converted sometime during the years 33-36 AD. I wonder if the couple had travelled to Jerusalem for the feast of Pentecost that is the setting of Acts 2. Did they hear Peter preach at that time? Did they accept Jesus as Messiah, and then return to Rome?[4] Or did Junia become a follower of Jesus even earlier?
Are Junia and Joanna the same person?
Some scholars, notably Richard Bauckham and Ben Witherington III, argue that Junia may be one and the same as Joanna, a female disciple of Jesus who is mentioned in Luke 8:3 and Luke 24:10.[5] Luke tells us that Joanna was the wife of Chuza, the steward of Herod Antipas.
As part of Herod's court, Joanna would have known Latin and been familiar with Roman customs, making her a suitable missionary, or founding apostle, of the church at Rome. And she may have changed her Hebrew/Aramaic name to the Latin "Junia" to suit her new surroundings in Rome.
Another part of this Joanna/Junia scenario is the understanding that her husband Chuza died at some point, and that Andronicus became her new husband and ministry partner.
Tagged: academia.edu, AMAIC, Australian Marian Academy of the Immaculate Conception, Esarhaddon Vassal Treaties Laws of Moses, Graham Hancock specialtyinterests Solomon Senenmut Out of Egypt prophet Nahum Shaphan
"Once, or perhaps oftener, during his governorship Nehemiah returned to the king.
Nothing is known as to when or where he died".
ISBE online
A few ifs needed here.
If Nehemiah were also the scribe Ezra, as I have tentatively proposed in my article:
and if Ezra (possibly then, Nehemiah) did, as I have also surmised, die the death of Razis (as Razis) in Maccabean times.
Ezra 'Father of the Jews' dying the death of Razis. Part One: Introductory section
https://www.academia.edu/36726532/Ezra_Father_of_the_Jews_dying_the_death_of_Razis._Part_One_Introductory_section
because Razis, given his supreme importance, must surely (despite the affront to the conventional chronology) be Ezra, hence my Part Two:
"Razis" of 2 Maccabees likely to be an aged Ezra
https://www.academia.edu/36736205/Ezra_Father_of_the_Jews_dying_the_death_of_Razis._Part_Two_Razis_of_2_Maccabees_likely_to_be_an_aged_Ezra
then it would follow that Nehemiah had, as Razis (= Ezra), died the death of Razis.
Biblical Nehemiah thrust into AD time
The "historical records … are poor" for the presumed Jewish leader, Nehemiah ben Hushiel, because there never was any historical C7th AD Nehemiah ben Hushiel.
The whole reconstruction is a weird projection into supposed AD time of a real history that had occurred way back in BC time, during the Persian empire.
I have shown this abundantly in my series:
Two Supposed Nehemiahs: BC time and AD time
https://www.academia.edu/12429764/Two_Supposed_Nehemiahs_BC_time_and_AD_time
Two Supposed Nehemiahs: BC time and AD time. Part Two: The Nahum Factor
https://www.academia.edu/27967308/Two_Supposed_Nehemiahs_BC_time_and_AD_time._Part_Two_The_Nahum_Factor
Two Supposed Nehemiahs: BC time and AD time. Part Three (i): A Late, Fake Persian Empire
https://www.academia.edu/30037958/Two_Supposed_Nehemiahs_BC_time_and_AD_time._Part_Three_i_A_Late_Fake_Persian_Empire
and (continued):
https://www.academia.edu/30039411/Two_Supposed_Nehemiahs_BC_time_and_AD_time._Part_Three_ii_A_Late_Fake_Persian_Empire_continued_
It therefore follows that this fake (supposedly second) "Nehemiah" could not have been the "leader of the Jewish revolt against Heraclius".
Not only, though, because the AD Nehemiah did not exist, but also because of some very serious historical anachronisms associated with "Heraclius".
See e.g. my multi-part series, beginning with (Part One):
Heraclius and the Battle of Nineveh
https://www.academia.edu/29706064/Heraclius_and_the_Battle_of_Nineveh
See also the related and extensive:
Ghosts of Assyria's Past Haunting 'Middle Ages'
https://www.academia.edu/31869160/Ghosts_of_Assyrias_Past_Haunting_Middle_Ages
All of this terrible, pseudo-historical mish-mash has resulted in a duplication of:
officials Nehemiah; of
Sanballats; possibly of
priests Jaddua; of
Sheshbazzar (the AD version of him being Shahrbarāz); of
Persian-Sassanian Cyrus-Chosroes; of
Persian into Parthian (Sassanian) empires.
Mixing Persian and Maccabean eras
"Nehemiah ben Hushiel and his "council of the righteous" were killed along with many other Jews, some throwing themselves off the city walls. The surviving Jews fled to Shahrbaraz's encampment at Caesarea".
https://alchetron.com/Nehemiah-ben-Hushiel
This episode concerning Nehemiah ben Hushiel and his "council", albeit un-historical, seems to me to conflate the Persian era – biblically the time of Cyrus and Sheshbazzar (cf. Ezra 1:8), who here becomes (as already noted in (Part One) "Shahrbaraz" – with the Maccabean era and the demise of the elder, Razis, who did indeed jump off a wall (2 Maccabees 14:43-46):
[Razis] … rushed to the wall and jumped off like a brave hero into the crowd below. The crowd quickly moved back, and he fell in the space they left. Still alive, and burning with courage, he got up, and with blood gushing from his wounds, he ran through the crowd and finally climbed a steep rock. Now completely drained of blood, he tore out his intestines with both hands and threw them at the crowd, and as he did so, he prayed for the Lord of life and breath to give them back to him. That was how he died.
Now, what makes the description of Nehemiah's "council of the righteous … [throwing] themselves off the city walls" is the fact that I have identified Razis above, from 2 Maccabees, with Ezra himself:
Death of Ezra the Scribe
https://www.academia.edu/36736367/Death_of_Ezra_the_Scribe
whom, in turn, I have identified (albeit tentatively) with Nehemiah:
https://www.academia.edu/36726699/Ezra_the_Scribe_Identified_as_Nehemiah_the_Govern
Although the Persian empire period would not actually be perfectly contemporaneous with the Maccabean and Hellenistic period, as the above mish-mash might suggest, the two periods are far closer in time (by centuries) than the conventional history would have it.
And the biblical Nehemiah may perhaps be the link:
And even more so now would this apply if Nehemiah were also to be identified with the Maccabean Razis, a connection I would not want to force at this early stage.
However, if this connection does apply, then the conventional Persian-Greek history will need to be shrunk even more radically still.
"No contemporary accounts"
of Nehemiah ben Hushiel
"… Nehemiah ben Hushiel was appointed governor of Jerusalem. There are reports that he was a strong young man, handsome and adorned in royal robes, but actually we know very little about his reign because no contemporary accounts have survived".
Meir Loewenberg
There are "no contemporary accounts" of Nehemiah ben Hushiel because he was not a real AD personage, but was a phantom based upon the biblical Nehemiah of BC time.
That is why the character is variously described as "enigmatic", as 'poorly attested historically', or "thought to be a historical figure".
According to what we read of "Nehemiah ben Hushiel" at The Free Social Encyclopedia: https://alchetron.com/Nehemiah-ben-Hushiel
Nehemiah ben Hushiel is an enigmatic figure. He is thought to be a historical figure and leader of the Jewish revolt against Heraclius. Nehemiah ben Hushiel is best known as a figure who appears in many medieval Jewish apocalyptic writings. In these writings he is cast as the Messiah ben Joseph who is an Ephraimite.
In 590-591 CE according to Karaite sources the Exilarch Haninai was put to death by Khosrau II for supporting Bahram VI
Mackey's comment: I have already discussed in various articles the historical anomalies associated with Heraclius (e.g. Nineveh).
The name "Haninai" here is suspiciously like the "Hanani" and "Hananiah" connected with the biblical Nehemiah (7:2): "I put in charge of Jerusalem my brother Hanani, along with Hananiah the commander of the citadel, because he was a man of integrity and feared God more than most people do".
The next Exilarch Haninais' son Bostanai would not reign until around 640 CE. Bostanai would be the first Exilarch under Arab rule. This would leave a fifty-year gap where no Exilarch would have reigned.
It is thought that after Haninai was put to death, Khosrau II suspended all forms of Jewish self-governance and created many difficulties for rabbinical academies. By 609 CE, both of the major academies Sura and Pumbedita are known to have been holding classes and led by a Geonim.
The historical records from this period are poor. Nehemiah ben Hushiel is thought to be an historical figure and leader of the Jewish revolt against Heraclius.
Jacob Neusner guesses that Jews of the west supported Khosrau II against the Byzantines either not knowing or not caring about his persecution of the Exilarchs and suppression of Jews in the east. Frank Meir Loewenberg speculates that in order to gain Jewish support Khosrau II appointed an Exilarch of his choosing. Named Hushiel, this Exilarch had a son named Nehemiah – hence Nehemiah ben Hushiel. According to this guess Nehemiah was placed as the symbolic leader of the Jewish forces.
The Persian Sassanians, commanded by Shahrbaraz, were joined by Nehemiah
Mackey's comment: As also previously discussed, this is an appropriation of the era of Ezra-Nehemiah, the ancient Persian era, with "Khosrau" replacing Cyrus; Shahrbaraz replacing Sheshbazzar; and Nehemiah ben Hushiel replacing Nehemiah ben Helcias.
… and the wealthy Jewish leader Benjamin of Tiberias, who had mustered a force of Tiberian Jews. The combined force captured Jerusalem in 614 CE without resistance. Nehemiah was then appointed the ruler of Jerusalem. He began the work of making arrangements for the building of the Third [sic] Temple, and sorting out genealogies to establish a new High Priesthood.
Mackey's comment: Is this not basically what the biblical Nehemiah did?
After only a few months, a Christian revolt occurred. Nehemiah ben Hushiel and his "council of the righteous" were killed along with many other Jews, some throwing themselves off the city walls. The surviving Jews fled to Shahrbaraz's encampment at Caesarea. The Christians were able to briefly retake the city for 19 days before the walls were breached by Shahrbaraz's forces.
In 617 CE, the Persians reversed their policy and sided with the Christians, probably because of pressure from Mesopotamian Christians. It has been suggested that Nehemiah ben Hushiel was killed then. However, it does not appear that Jews were violently expelled from Jerusalem as Sebeos thought. Instead, Modestos' letter seems to imply that further Jewish settlers were banned from settling in or around Jerusalem. A small synagogue on the Temple Mount was also demolished.
Otot ha-Mašiah (Signs of the Messiah)
Another medieval Hebrew apocalypse the Otot ha-Mašiah also casts Nehemiah ben Hushiel as a Messianic leader. It gives a less detailed account but is also thought to be dated to this period.
The following texts also mention Nehemiah and they are all similar to 'Otot ha-Mašiah (Signs of the Messiah). For example, Nehemiah will confront Armilos with a Torah scroll in all of them and in some cases the text is almost identical. The texts are Tefillat (Prayer of) R. Shimon b. Yohai, 'Otot of R. Shimon b. Yohai and Ten Signs ….
Mackey's comment: "Messianic"?
If I am correct with my radical revision of the Infancy of Jesus Christ, as set out in my article:
A New Timetable for the Nativity of Jesus Christ
https://www.academia.edu/36672214/A_New_Timetable_for_the_Nativity_of_Jesus_Christ
then the life (very long, I believe) of the biblical Nehemiah may just have overlapped with the beginnings of Jesus Christ as a child on earth.
Biblical Nehemiah and Nehemiah ben Hushiel
A very "poor" history indeed
"The historical records from this period are poor. Nehemiah ben Hushiel is thought
to be an historical figure and leader of the Jewish revolt against Heraclius".
The "historical records … are poor" because there never was any historical C7th AD Jewish leader Nehemiah ben Hushiel. The whole reconstruction is a weird projection into supposed AD time of a real history that had occurred way back in BC time, during the Persian empire.
"No contemporary accounts" of Nehemiah ben Hushiel
Israel and Sparta
Published June 8, 2018 by amaic
"King Arius [Areus] of Sparta to Onias the High Priest, greetings. We have found a document about the Spartans and the Jews indicating that we are related and that both of our nations are descended from Abraham".
I Maccabees 12:20-21
According to this famous letter sent by king Arius of the Spartans to the Jewish High Priest, Onias, as recorded in the First Book of Maccabees, the Spartans, likewise, were of the stock of the great Hebrew patriarch Abraham.
This information has caused scholars to search avidly for a connection between the two nations.
Amongst the conclusions at which scholars arrive, the Spartans arose from Abraham's wife Keturah, or they were from the sea-faring tribe of Dan, or from the warrior tribe of Gad.
Or, according to Steve Collins (and others), the Spartans were of the fierce tribe of Simeon ("The Missing Simeonites"): https://stevenmcollins.com/articles/the-missing-simeonites/
The Spartans themselves declared that they were a fellow tribe of the Jews and corresponded with an ancient Jewish High Priest about their relationship. The book of I Maccabees14:16-23 records this correspondence, which includes this statement:
"And this is the copy of the letter which the Spartans sent: The Chief magistrates and the city of the Spartans send greeting to Simon, the chief priest, and to the elders and the priests and the rest of the Jewish people, our kinsmen." (Emphasis added.)
Notice the Spartans called the Jews "our kinsmen." The Spartans did not proclaim themselves to be Jews, but rather that they were "kinsmen" to the Jews (i.e. members of one of the other tribes of Israel). That the Spartans acknowledged a common ancestry with the Jews of the tribe of Judah gives powerful weight to the assertion that they were Israelites who migrated to Greece instead of the Promised Land. The Spartan culture is most like that of the tribe of Simeon, most of which apparently left the Israelite encampment in the Wilderness after a Simeon prince was executed by a Levite.
There is a third group of wanderers in ancient history which manifested a Simeonite/ Israelite ancestry, but this column is now long enough. The story of another band of Simeonites who struck out on their own in the world will be told in a future column. ….
Coin depicting King Areus I of Sparta
Collins will also tell of these interesting points by Professor Jones:
…. The Book, Sparta, by A.H.M. Jones, a Professor of Ancient History at Cambridge University, noted several things about Sparta. He states the Spartans worshipped a "great law-giver" who had given them their laws in the "dim past" (page 5 of his book). This law-giver may have been Moses.
Professor Jones also noted the Spartans celebrated "the new moons" and the "seventh day" of the month" (page 13). Observing new moons was an Israelite calendar custom, and their observance of "a seventh day" could originate with the Sabbath celebration. Prof. Jones also notes, as do other authorities, that the Spartans were known for being "ruthless" in war and times of crisis. This sounds exactly like the Simeonite nature, which was given to impulsive cruelty, as the Bible confirms.
Interestingly, Prof. Jones writes that the Spartans were themselves divided into several "tribes" which constituted distinct military formations within the Spartan army (pages 31-32).
At the Jewish site: https://www.mayimachronim.com/when-jews-and-greeks-were-brothers-the-untold-story-of-chanukah/ which gives the article, "When Jews and Greeks Were Brothers: The Untold Story of Chanukah", the question is asked: "Incredibly, the Spartan king suggests that the Spartans are descendants of Abraham, too! Where does this bizarre belief come from?" It proceeds from there to consider various possibilities, noting Hebrew and Spartan similarities:
Greek Sons of Abraham
Sometime in the 2nd century BCE lived a Greek historian and sage named Cleodemus, sometimes referred to as Cleodemus the Prophet. He also went by the name Malchus which, because of its Semitic origins, makes some scholars believe he could have been Jewish. Cleodemus wrote an entire history of the Jewish people in Greek. While this text appears to have been lost, it is cited by others, including Josephus (Antiquities, i. 15).
Cleodemus commented on Abraham's marriage to Keturah (typically identified with Hagar), and their children. This is recorded in Genesis 25, which begins:
And Abraham took another wife, and her name was Keturah. And she bore him Zimran, and Yokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuach. And Yokshan begot Sheva and Dedan. And the sons of Dedan were Ashurim, and Letushim, and Leumim. And the sons of Midian were Ephah, and Epher, and Chanokh, and Avidah, and Elda'ah. All these were the children of Keturah. And Abraham gave all that he had to Isaac, while to the sons of the concubines that Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts, and he sent them away from Isaac, while he was still alive, to the east country.
Abraham had six children with Keturah, from which came at least seven grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren which the Torah names explicitly. The Torah then makes it clear that Abraham gave everything that he had to Isaac—including the Covenant with God and the land of Israel—while the others received gifts and were sent away from the Holy Land.
Cleodemus suggests that Epher (or another child named Yaphran), the great-grandson of Abraham, migrated to Africa—which is where the term "Africa" comes from! (This is particularly interesting because Epher was the son of Midian, and Tziporah the wife of Moses was a Midianite, and is described as a Cushite, or African/Ethiopian.) Cleodemus states that Epher, Yaphran, and Ashurim assisted the Greek hero Hercules in one of his battles. Following this, Hercules married one of their daughters—a great granddaughter of Abraham—and had a son with her. This son was Diodorus, one of the legendary founders of Sparta!
It appears that the Spartan king Areus was aware of this possible historical connection, and accepted it as fact. This connection may explain why the Spartans were so similar to ancient Israelites. (Others have suggested that because the Israelite tribe of Shimon—known for being fierce warriors—did not receive a set portion in the Holy Land, many of them moved elsewhere and ended up in Sparta, or ended up in Sparta after being expelled from Israel by the Assyrians alongside the other lost tribes.) In his book Sparta, renowned historian Hugo Jones writes that the Spartans held in the highest regard a certain ancient law-giver, much like Moses the law-giver of Israel.
Mackey's comment: For more on this "certain ancient law-giver [Lycurgus], much like Moses the law-giver of Israel", see my article:
Moses and Lycurgus
https://www.academia.edu/27900244/Moses_and_Lycurgus
The article continues:
The Spartans celebrated new moons (Rosh Chodesh), and unlike their Greek counterparts, even a seventh day of rest! Of course, the Spartans themselves were very different from other Greeks, particularly those in Athens, whom Sparta often battled. The Spartan form of government was different, too, not an Athenian-style democracy but a monarchy that governed alongside a "council of elders", much like Israel's king and Sanhedrin.
Perhaps most similarly, the Spartans were known for their "stoic" way of life. The later Greek school of stoicism was modeled on the ancient way of the Spartans. This meant living simply and modestly, being happy with what one has, and most importantly, putting mind above body, and logic above emotion. This almost sounds like something out of Pirkei Avot, and is a teaching echoed across Jewish texts both ancient and modern. In fact, when Josephus tried to explain who the rabbis were to his Roman audience, he said that they were Jewish stoic philosophers!
Bust of Zeno of Citium (c. 334-262 BCE), founder of the Athenian school of Stoicism. Zeno taught that God permeates the whole universe, and knowledge of God requires goodness, fortitude, logic, and living a life of Virtue.
Gideon and Leonidas
Undoubtedly, the most famous story of the Spartans is the Battle of Thermopylae.
Mackey's comment: For my Jewish version of the real "Thermopylae", the Battle that changed the world, see my series:
Thermopylae changed nothing. Part One: Introductory
https://www.academia.edu/34746412/Thermopylae_changed_nothing._Part_One_Introductory
https://www.academia.edu/34746837/Thermopylae_changed_nothing._Part_Two_Unsatisfactory_Foundations
https://www.academia.edu/34747621/Thermopylae_changed_nothing._Part_Three_Based_on_the_Book_of_Judith_Drama
The article continues, adding the further biblical elements of Gideon and his 300, Mordecai from the Book of Esther, and the Maccabees:
Around 480 BCE, the Persian emperor Xerxes invaded Greece with a massive force. Xerxes first sent messengers to the Greek city-states to offer peaceful surrender. According to the historian Herodotus, Sparta's king Leonidas told the messenger: "A slave's life is all you understand, you know nothing of freedom. For if you did, you would have encouraged us to fight on, not only with our spear, but with everything we have." Spoken like a true Maccabee.
The messenger then told Leonidas and his men to bow down, to which Leonidas, like his historical contemporary Mordechai, said: "We bow down before no man." Later, when the Persian boasted that his empire was the wealthiest in the world, with gold reserves the likes of which Leonidas could only dream of, Leonidas replied: "Ares is lord. Greece has no fear of gold."
This statement almost makes Leonidas seem like a monotheist. Indeed, the Spartans worshiped Ares—the god of war—above all others. Interestingly, the Torah commonly describes Hashem in similar military terms, like a great warrior riding a merkavah or chariot, as a "God of Legions" (Hashem Tzva'ot), and even as a "Man of War" (Ish Milchamah, see Exodus 15:3). Of course, the Spartans had their abominable statues and idols, which is perhaps the greatest distinction (and a critical one) between them and ancient Israel.
'Gideon choosing his men' by Gustav Doré. God told Gideon to choose worthy soldiers based on the way they drank from a spring. Those that went on their knees and bent over to drink were disqualified. Those three hundred who modestly took cupfuls to their mouth were selected. (Judges 7:5-7)
King Leonidas went on to assemble just three hundred brave men to face off against the massive Persian invasion. Although they ultimately lost, the Spartans fought valiantly, inspired their fellow Greeks, and did enough damage to hamper Persian victory. This story of three hundred, too, has a Biblical parallel. The Book of Judges records a nearly-identical narrative, with the judge Gideon assembling three hundred brave men and miraculously defeating a massive foreign invasion.
Which came first? The earliest complete Greek mythological texts date back only to the 3rd century BCE. By then, the Tanakh had long been completed, and in that same century was first translated into the Greek Septuagint. It isn't hard to imagine Greek scholars and historians of the 3rd century getting their hands on the first Greek copies of Tanakh and incorporating those narratives into their own. In fact, the Greek-Jewish philosopher Aristobulus of Alexandria (181-124 BCE) admitted that all of Greek wisdom comes from earlier Jewish sources. The later Greek philosopher Numenius of Apamea said it best: "What is Plato but Moses speaking Greek?"
Mackey's comment: Hooray! At last a right perspective – the pagan Greek story influenced by the Jewish one, and not the other way around as is usually suggested.
Yafet and Iapetus
The similarities between Greek myth and more ancient Jewish texts are uncanny. Hercules was a mighty warrior whose first task (of twelve) was to slay a lion, like the mighty Shimshon who first slays a lion in Judges. Deucalion survives a great flood that engulfs the whole world as punishment from an angry Zeus. Like Noah before him, Deucalion has a wife and three sons, and like Noah, Deucalion is associated with wine-making (the root of his name, deukos). Pandora's curiosity brings about evil just like Eve's, while Asclepius carries a healing serpent-staff like Moses. Aristophanes even taught that Zeus first made man as male and female in one body, and later split them in half, just as the Torah and Talmud do.
Roman mosaic of Hercules and the Nemean Lion, and a Roman fresco of Samson and the lion, from the same time period.
In Jewish tradition, the Greeks come from the Biblical Yavan, son of Yafet (or Yefet or Japheth), son of Noah (Genesis 10:2). Yavan is the same as the Greek Ion (or Iawones), one of the Greek gods, and Ionia, referring to one of its most important regions, and the dialect of the great Greek poets Homer and Hesiod, as well as the scholars Herodotus and Hippocrates. Meanwhile, the Greeks worshipped Iapetus (same as Yafet) as a major god. Iapetus was the father of Prometheus, the god who supposedly fashioned man from the mud of the earth. So, not surprisingly, the Biblical Yavan and Yafet are firmly in the Greek tradition as well.
On Chanukah, we celebrate the Jewish victory over the Seleucids. Not of the Greeks as a whole, but of a relatively small faction of Syrian Greeks, far from the Greek heartland which always enjoyed a good relationship with Israel, starting with Alexander the Great and through to the Spartans and Maccabees.
Hannah widow-martyr, St. Sophia and Hadrian
"An official named Antiochus denounced them to the emperor Hadrian … who ordered that they be brought to Rome. Realizing that they would be taken before the emperor, the holy virgins prayed fervently to the Lord Jesus Christ, asking that He give them the strength not to fear torture and death. When the holy virgins and their mother came before the emperor, everyone present was amazed at their composure. They looked as though they had been brought to some happy festival, rather than to torture".
This story bears remarkable parallels to that of the widow-martyr, Hannah, in 2 Maccabees, especially in my revised context according to which Antiochus IV 'Epiphanes' was Hadrian:
Antiochus 'Epiphanes' and Emperor Hadrian. Part One: "… a mirror image"
https://www.academia.edu/32734925/Antiochus_Epiphanes_and_Emperor_Hadrian._Part_One_a_mirror_image_
Antiochus 'Epiphanes' and Emperor Hadrian. Part Two: "Hadrian … a second Antiochus"
https://www.academia.edu/35538588/Antiochus_Epiphanes_and_Emperor_Hadrian._Part_Two_Hadrian_a_second_Antiochus_
For one, an "Antiochus" denounces the mother and her daughters to the emperor Hadrian.
In 2 Maccabees 7 it is Antiochus 'Epiphanes' who tortures the victims, but who is named in Jewish legends, "Hadrian".
In the Christian tale the mother has only daughters.
In the Maccabean account the mother has only sons.
St. Sophia is, as Hannah is (according to Jewish tradition), a widow.
In both tales the children remain composed even whilst being tortured.
In both tales the pious mother, who encourages her children, outlives them all, but soon dies (St. Sophia 3 days later).
Here is my account of the Jewish widow-martyr, according to my revised history, with the Herodian and Maccabean ages now contemporary, and Hannah tentatively suggested as the New Testament widow, Anna the prophetess:
Anna was a widow – and, appropriately, the woman-martyr in Maccabees has no husband with her but only sons. Soon we shall read that she was, according to rabbinic tradition, "a widow".
And she was indeed very wise and prophetic, as would befit an Anna the prophetess.
Moreover, Anna had had the inestimable privilege of witnessing the future hope of Israel and she accordingly "gave thanks to God and spoke about the Child to all who were looking forward to the redemption of Jerusalem" (Luke 2:38).
If Anna were also the woman of Maccabees, then her experience of meeting the Holy Family would have greatly fortified her in her worthy task of urging her seven sons not to apostatise. Her hope had become their hope.
And so the youngest of the sons can hopefully proclaim to the king (2 Maccabees 7:32-35):
'It is true that our living Lord is angry with us and is making us suffer because of our sins, in order to correct and discipline us. But this will last only a short while, for we are still his servants, and he will forgive us. But you are the cruelest and most disgusting thing that ever lived. So don't fool yourself with illusions of greatness while you punish God's people. There is no way for you to escape punishment at the hands of the almighty and all-seeing God'.
The wise mother also manages to 'shatter the theory of evolution' with her ex nihilo remark (7:28): 'God did not make them out of existing things': http://www.usccb.org/bible/2mc/7 "that is, all things were made solely by God's omnipotent will and creative word; cf. Heb 11:3. This statement has often been taken as a basis for "creation out of nothing" (Latin creatio ex nihilo)".
Hannah's (Anna's) martyrdom, along with her seven sons, we estimate to have occurred very soon after the Presentation. The Holy Family was now safe from "the king", in Egypt.
Now, a traditional Jewish interpretation of this dramatic account of martyrdom may have great import for our revised Maccabean-Herodian history and for the 'shaving off' of Romans.
Very early in this article we followed up our question about the relationship of Antiochus to Herod with: And who is Caesar Augustus?
… whilst Antiochus 'Epiphanes' was the king present during the martyrdom of the woman and her seven sons, there are accounts in the Jewish Talmud and Midrash according to which the king in the story was "Caesar" (e.g. Talmud, Gittin 57b and Midrash Eicha Rabba 1:50). Even more shockingly (in standard historical terms) the cruel king overseeing the martyrdom is sometimes named "Hadrian". Stephen D. Moore, in The Bible in Theory: Critical and Postcritical Essays, p. 196, when discussing the famous incident in the Maccabees of the mother and her seven martyred sons, adds this intriguing footnote (51) according to which Antiochus was replaced in rabbinic tradition by Hadrian:
Nameless in 4 Maccabees, the mother is dubbed … Hannah … in the rabbinic tradition …. The tyrant in the rabbinic versions, however, is not Antiochus Epiphanes but Hadrian: "Hadrian came and seized upon a widow …" (S. Eliyahu Rab. 30); "In the days of the shemad [the Hadrianic persecutions]…" (Pesiq. R. 43). ….
As said, this is 'shocking' in a conventional context which would have Antiochus (c. 170 BC) separated in time from the reign of the emperor Hadrian (c. 117-138 AD) by some three centuries. But it accords perfectly with the descriptions of Hadrian as "a second Antiochus" and "a mirror-image of Antiochus".
Now, here is the story of the Christian saint and her daughters – all so marvellously named:
https://oca.org/saints/lives/2012/09/17/102641-martyr-love-with-her-mother-and-sisters-at-rome
Martyr Love with her mother and sisters at Rome
The Holy Martyrs Saint Sophia and her Daughters Faith, Hope and Love were born in Italy. Their mother was a pious Christian widow who named her daughters for the three Christian virtues. Faith was twelve, Hope was ten, and Love was nine. Saint Sophia raised them in the love of the Lord Jesus Christ. Saint Sophia and her daughters did not hide their faith in Christ, but openly confessed it before everyone.
An official named Antiochus denounced them to the emperor Hadrian … who ordered that they be brought to Rome. Realizing that they would be taken before the emperor, the holy virgins prayed fervently to the Lord Jesus Christ, asking that He give them the strength not to fear torture and death. When the holy virgins and their mother came before the emperor, everyone present was amazed at their composure. They looked as though they had been brought to some happy festival, rather than to torture. Summoning each of the sisters in turn, Hadrian urged them to offer sacrifice to the goddess Artemis. The young girls remained unyielding.
Then the emperor ordered them to be tortured. They burned the holy virgins over an iron grating, then threw them into a red-hot oven, and finally into a cauldron with boiling tar, but the Lord preserved them.
The youngest child, Love, was tied to a wheel and they beat her with rods until her body was covered all over with bloody welts. After undergoing unspeakable torments, the holy virgins glorified their Heavenly Bridegroom and remained steadfast in the Faith.
They subjected Saint Sophia to another grievous torture: the mother was forced to watch the suffering of her daughters. She displayed adamant courage, and urged her daughters to endure their torments for the sake of the Heavenly Bridegroom. All three maidens were beheaded, and joyfully bent their necks beneath the sword.
In order to intensify Saint Sophia's inner suffering, the emperor permitted her to take the bodies of her daughters. She placed their remains in coffins and loaded them on a wagon. She drove beyond the city limits and reverently buried them on a high hill. Saint Sophia sat there by the graves of her daughters for three days, and finally she gave up her soul to the Lord. Even though she did not suffer for Christ in the flesh, she was not deprived of a martyr's crown. Instead, she suffered in her heart. Believers buried her body there beside her daughters.
The relics of the holy martyrs have rested at El'zasa, in the church of Esho since the year 777.


The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued full guidance to the NHS in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland on Therapeutic hypothermia with intracorporeal temperature monitoring for hypoxic perinatal brain injury.
Hypoxic perinatal brain injury is caused by lack of oxygen in a baby's brain during labour and/or delivery. It can lead to death or permanent brain damage. Therapeutic hypothermia (deliberate lowering of the body temperature) aims to cool the brain soon after birth and for several days afterwards to prevent brain damage. It is done by cooling either the baby's head with a purpose-made cap, or the whole body with a purpose-made blanket or mattress. The baby's temperature is measured throughout to ensure that the right amount of cooling is used. After cooling, the baby's temperature is gradually returned to normal.


text:
Picturesque mountains, dramatic cliffs, lovely countryside, breathtaking river valleys and spectacular coastlines – Northern Ireland is a country of extraordinary natural beauty. Apart from the stunning landscapes, a tourist who visits this historically and culturally rich place will find many places of interest to explore such as museums, monasteries, castles, and art galleries. Yes, there is a lot to see and do in Northern Ireland, so do not overlook this place as a tourist destination.
Northern Ireland – A Land of Breathtaking Beauty
Northern Ireland made up of six counties (Tyrone, Antrim, Armagh, Londonderry, Down, and Fermanagh) is a part of the UK and is located on the northeast of the island of Ireland. Also, popularly known as Ulster, Northern Ireland was created in 1921 when the UK split Ireland into two territories – Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland has a rich history that dates back to the 12th century when the Normans invaded Ireland. The country's troubled past is reflected in the ruined castles and the unique field patterns that are now lush green fields in Glens of Antrim and the Mourne mountains. Though it has a troubled past, the country is peaceful now.
The roads are fantastic, and you are never far away from the sea. The small size of the country – 5,500 square miles in the area – makes exploring all attractions easily in a week's time.
Northern Ireland has a moderate climate so it is unusual to get a scorching summer day or snow in winter. The best time to go on a vacation to Northern Ireland is in the summer as the days are warm and longer. It can rain any time of the year, so tourists can come prepared.
How to Get to Northern Ireland
Nothern Ireland is well connected to the rest of Europe as well as the United States and Canada. There are regular flights to Northern Ireland from all the main airports in the UK, Scotland and other main European cities. If you stay in Britain or Scotland, you can opt to journey by ferries, regular ferries ply from Britain and Scotland to Northern Ireland.
Greatest Attractions of Northern Ireland
Giant's Causeway – Giant's Causeway is Northern Ireland's greatest attraction and the only UNESCO world heritage site in Northern Ireland. There are over 40, 000 basalt rock pillars perfectly hexagonal in shape presenting an incredible sight. Tourists can go a picturesque train ride between Giants Causeway and Bushmills. The steam train passes through the most picturesque areas of Northern Ireland.
Antrim Coast – The Antrim coast is home to some of the nation's most popular destinations such as the Dunluce adventure remains, the worlds oldest whiskey Distillery – Old Bushmills Distellery, the Giant's Causeway and the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge. You can experience Antrim's spectacular coastline by taking a walk along the coastal path from the Giant's Causeway to the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge. You can walk on the shaky rope bridge to some of the best views of the coast and the surroundings. The northern coast is also the most picturesque coast to go on a drive.
Mourne Mountains – Located in the South east of Northern Ireland Mourne mountains is the highest mountains in Ireland. The picturesque Mourne mountains are a perfect getaway for outdoor enthusiasts. You can enjoy many outdoor activities here including climbing, walking, bicycling, golfing, horse riding, fishing, and even driving.
Marble Arch Caves – Located in the Fermanagh county, marble arch caves are in Northern Ireland is an extraordinarily popular attraction. The limestone caves are 4.5 km long, guided cave tours allow visitors to explore geological wonder. The caves are shut from October to March and during heavy rains.
Northern Ireland Map
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