American Roman Catholic and mainstream Protestant students consume more alcohol and have more alcohol abuse problem compared to Canadian students within the same religious groups. Among abstinent oriented Protestants there was no difference in regards to alcohol consumption or problems related to drinking between the countries. For Jews there were mixed results with Americans exhibiting similar consumption rates but reporting more problems related to drinking compared to the Canadians. Among this sample it was concluded that religious norms have a greater influence in cohesive religious groups while cultural norms are more influential among less cohesive groups. The results also supports the Canadian 'Mosaic' and American 'Melting Pot' assumption.
and Lutherans). In most studies, Jews have been found to be more likely to drink compared to these other groups but have fewer drinking-related problems (O'Brien & Chafetz, 1982).
These differences in behaviours are thought to result from divergent values and beliefs concerning alcohol held by different religious groups. Some religious groups teach that alcohol is a food and an important part of family life as well as part of the religious ritual. Others believe that any kind of alcohol consumption is a sin, associated with negative moral character.
In terms of the influence of a culture upon drinking patterns and problems, studies have shown that different countries have different drinking patterns and problems (Isralowitz & Hong, 1988; Engs & Rendell, 1987; Wilks & Callans, 1984; Anderson, 1984; Simpura, 1981). It is assumed that the different values, public policies, politics and economic systems of countries lead to these differences in alcohol consumption and problems within a particular country.
The results of these various studies lead to the logical question: Is religion more important or is culture more important in influencing drinking behaviour among collegians? One way in which to examine the relative influence of these two variables would be to compare the drinking behaviours of religious groups in two similar but culturally distinct countries. People living in Ontario, Canada and the North Central ('Great Lakes') area of the US have a number of similarities in their living situations and lifestyles. They both speak English and their legal and political systems, although different, have their origins in Britain. They were both settles early by immigrants largely from the British Isles and Europe, with immigrants from other areas of the world arriving at later dates. They enjoy a relatively high standard of living. Both experience all four seasons and engage in recreational activities year-round in which alcohol plays a role. The actual size of the populations notwithstanding, relatively equal proportions live in rural areas and derive their livelihood from the land. On the other hand, there are large metropolitan areas in both countries which have individuals from a variety of ethnic groups.
It is assumed that in the Canadian mosaic there is a maintenance of religious norms, whereas in the American melting pot there is a modification of religious norms tending toward homogeneity. Therefore, three null hypotheses were posited: (1) within each culture there will be no significant differences between the various religious groups in either alcohol consumption or alcohol related problems; (2) among drinkers within the Roman Catholic, mainstream Protestant or abstinent oriented Protestant groups, and Jews there will be no significant differences between the two countries in the amount of alcohol consumed or number of drinking related problems; (3) it is hypothesized that among all students within each of the religious groups, there will be no significant differences in the percentages of Americans who drink compared to Canadian collegians.
Thus, the purpose of this study was to test hypotheses examining the relative influence of culture versus religion in regard to drinking behaviours and problems among collegians.
Canadian. The Canadian sample was composed of students attending four universities, representing different geographic regions of the province of Ontario. These included urban, suburban, and rural locations. Each university was asked to select randomly by computer the names and addresses of 4000 full-time undergraduate students who were attending classes during the 1987-88 academic year. Equal samples of first, second, third, and fourth year students were selected at each site. Two universities complied with this, and forwarded the lists to the authors. One small university requested only 1200 students and the fourth university sent out the surveys directly. Reminders to students were made through announcements in student newspapers or mail boxes. A total of 4911 students completed and returned the usable questionnaires.
Central (i.e. Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio and Wisconsin) portion of the country (NIAAA, 1975) during the 1987-88 academic year. This North Central sample was selected from a larger sample of university students from every state in the US. It was assumed that students from this geographic location most closely resembled the Ontario sample and would be a better match for comparative purposes than the entire American sample.
The larger American sample is part of an ongoing study of drinking patterns and problems of students attending year colleges and universities from every state in the country for which data have been collected every three years since 1982 (Engs & Hanson, 1988). The institutions were initially selected as part of a quota sample which represented all 4-year institutions of higher education in terms of financial control, number of students enrolled, and the size of the community. Contacted at each university were sociology, health or physical education faculty who teach survey type classes which have a high probability of containing students from every academic major and class level. They were asked to administer a self-report questionnaire to the students in the classroom and return the questionnaires to the researchers. The resulting American sample from the North Central portion of the US included 1687 students.
Of the Canadian students sampled, 62.5% were female while in the American sample 64.7% of the students were female. Other demographic variables including year in school and religious affiliation were comparable.
The Student Alcohol Questionnaire (SAQ) developed by Engs (1975) was used for the American sample. The Canadian sample was tested with a questionnaire which included the Ontario Drug Use Survey Investment (Smart, Adlaf & Goodstadt, 1985), the 17 problems related to drinking from the SAQ, measures of alcohol consumption and general lifestyle questions. Both these questionnaires are anonymous, pre-coded instruments which have been approved by the appropriate ethics and human subjects committees.
Based upon a method suggested by Lemmens, Tan & Knibbe (1988), and adapted by Gliksman, Engs & Smythe (1989), the number of drinks consumed on a weekly basis were computed using the following steps. Both instruments assessed the usual frequency and quantity of beer, wine and spirits consumed by students. Both instruments assessed the usual frequency and quantity of beer, wine and spirits consumed by students. Both questionnaires also quantified the frequency of consumption for each beverage type using a five-point scale. These frequencies of use responses were assigned constant values for individuals who reported they consumed the product as follows: every day = 7; at least once a week, but not every day = 3.5; at least once a month, but less than once a week = 0.5; more than once a year, but less than once a month = 0.12; once a year = 0.02.
In terms of quantity, the Canadian survey requested the actual number of drinks consumed for each beverage type on one occasion. However, the American survey quantified consumption into five categories. Using these five categories, in order to compare the two countries, data in both samples were recoded in the following manner: more than 6 drinks = 8; 5-6 drinks = 6; 3-4 drinks = 4; 1-2 drinks = 2; less than 1 drink = 0.5.
Finally to compute the total number of drinks consumed on a weekly basis, a quantity/frequency score was computed by multiplying the recoded quantity by the recoded frequency weight for each beverage type and adding the three scores together. Thus for example, an individual who reported drinking more than six drinks per occasion, and doing so at least once a week, but not every day, would have an estimated weekly consumption figure of 28 drinks. It is conceivable that this method may result in either an over or under estimation of consumption. However, in the present case this issue is not of concern because the measure is a comparative one, and both samples have been subjected to the same systematic sources of error.
Only students who reported drinking at least once a year were asked to report on problem behaviours associated with drinking. For purposes of this analysis, even individuals who reported drinking only once a year were considered drinkers. A series of 17 potential negative consequences of abusive drinking (Engs, 1977) were listed and students were asked if they had experienced any of them. If students indicated that they had experienced a problem at least once during the past year, the item was given the value of 1. values were summed to generate a total problems score for each student.
The mean number of drinks consumedper week and the number of problems experienced during the preceding 12 months were each analysed by means of a 2 (Country) X 4 (Religion) analysis of variance. Chi square analyses were used to compare Canada and the US in terms of the percentages of individuals experiencing specific problems in each of the four religious groups. All calculations were made using the SPSSX program at The University of Western Ontario.
Students were categorized into religious groups based on their responses to the following question: "What religion were you brought up in?" with these response categories-Roman Catholic, Protestant (allowed to drink), Protestant ( not allowed to drink), Jewish or other. Table 1 provides a breakdown of the two samples based on the four categories of religious affiliation. It should be noted that these figures represent only those students who fell into one of these four religious categories. An addition 1003 Canadian students and 161 American students either fell into the 'other' category or left this question blank.
Both the American and Canadian samples were further reduced on the basis of their indication of whether they drink at all. In other words, only drinkers were selected for the analysis of these variables. By removing the 4.8% Canadian abstainers and the 6.4% American abstainers, the final sample was made up of 3719 Canadian and 1428 American students.
Main effects for each of the independent variables. Country (F(15,139)=19.3, p<0.001) and Religious Affiliation (F(35,139)=5.85, p<0.001), were found. American students generally consumed more alcohol (X=14.2) than did their Canadian counterparts (X=12.3). In terms of religious affiliation, the data indicate that, Roman Catholics (X=13.0) and Protestants allowed to drink (X=13.3) drink more on a weekly basis than do either Protestants not allowed to drink (X=9.98) or Jews (X=9.96).
In addition to these main effects, the analysis also revealed a significant interaction which serves to qualify and perhaps further explain the two main effects. The interaction of Country by Religious Affiliation (F(3,5139)=2.90, p<0.05) is depicted in Fig. 1. From Fig. 1 it is apparent that although American students generally drink more than their Canadian counterparts, this is not the case for American Protestants whose denominations do not allow alcohol consumption. For every other religious affiliation the pattern of heavier alcohol use among American students persists.
As before, significant main effects were found for both Country (F(1,5139)=190.98, p< 0.001and Religious Affiliation (F(3,5139)=8.00, p<0.001), as well as the interaction of the two independent variables (F(3,5139)=2.58, p=0.052).
It appears that Canadian students generally experience fewer alcohol-related problems (X=2.25) than do American students (X=3.30). In addition, across the two samples, Roman Catholic (X=2.61) and Protestants allowed to drink (X=2.56) suffer more problems than do Protestants not allowed to drink (X=2.25), who in turn experience more problems than do their Jewish counterparts (X=1.72).
which they were raised. The striking feature of this interaction is the wide divergence between Canadian and American Jews with the latter experiencing more problems than their compatriots of other religious groups, while the former experience the fewest problems of any of the groups in either country. That American Jews experience more problems than their Canadian counterparts is not surprising given that they drink more. What is surprising is that this group experiences as many problems as the two heaviest drinking groups-American Roman Catholics and Protestants who are allowed to drink. This latter finding is somewhat inconsistent with the results of other studies (e.g. Engs, Hanson & Isralowitz, 1988), and may reflect the small subset of Jewish students in both samples.
In addition to an examination of the total number of problems related to alcohol which students have experienced, the individual problems were examined to determine whether there were any differences between students in the tow samples within their religious affiliation. These data were analysed by means of a series of Chi-squareswhich looked at the proportion of students within each religious group who had experienced that particular problem at any time in the past year. The comparisons are shown in Table 2. Of the 17 problems investigated, more American Roman Catholics than Canadian experienced problems in 10 of the areas, more American Protestants who are allowed to drink than Canadian in 10 of the area, more America than Canadian Protestants who are not allowed to drink experienced problems in three areas, and more American Jews than Canadian experienced problems in seven areas. The only problem which Canadian students experienced more than their America counterparts was with "cutting class after having a few drinks", and this occurred only in the Roman Catholic and Drinking Protestant groups. Generally, it is apparent that regardless of religious affiliation, American students experience more problems as a function of alcohol use than do Canadian students.
The first null hypothesis, that within each country there would be no differences in drinking patterns and problems between the religious groups, was not supported. More specifically it was found that in Canada there were few differences between Roman Catholic and mainline Protestants, either for alcohol consumption, or the number of problems related to alcohol. However, more alcohol was consumed by these two groups compared to abstinent oriented Protestants or Jews, with Jews consuming the least.
In the American sample, Roman Catholics consumed the most alcohol followed by mainline Protestants, Jews and abstinent oriented Protestants. In the American sample a similar number of problems were experienced by all groups with the exception of the abstinent oriented Protestants who experienced fewer problems.
groups between the two countries in terms of the amount of alcohol consumed or drinking problems was supported for the abstinent oriented Protestants and Jews but not for the other two groups. More alcohol was consumed by the Roman Catholic and mainstream Protestant Americans. A higher number of drinking related problems was exhibited by all groups, except the fundamentalists where there were no differences in the Americans as compared to their Canadian counterparts. The lack of differences among the abstinent oriented groups in the US and Canada may reflect the fact that their cohesiveness in drinking norms largely transcends cultural differences in their respective countries.
For Jews the results were mixed. Americans exhibited similar consumption rates but had more problems related to drinking compared to the Canadians. About half of all the problems were more likely to be exhibited by the American sample. There were no differences among the remaining items between the samples in both countries. This finding appears to support the American melting pot and the Canadian mosaic assumption. In other words, American Jews may be more assimilated into the fabric of American society. This would be reflected by the fact that more abusive drinking appeared to be the norm within dominant religious groups in the US and the American Jews were following this pattern, The Canadian Jews were more able to maintain the norms of less abusive drinking within their group due to cohesiveness. On the other hand, as suggested above, the small sample of only 21 American Jews may have led to erroneous results, and these findings should be interpreted with caution.
The third hypothesis, which stated that there would be no differences between countries in the percent of students from each religious group who consumed alcohol during the past year was supported. In all cases similar percentages of students drank between the two countries.
It is interesting ti note that though there was no difference in the percent of students who drank between the two countries, there were more problems among the different American religious groups, with the exception of the fundamentalist students, and higher consumption within the Roman Catholic and mainstream Protestant groups, compared to the Canadians. These results, however are consistent with reactance theory (Brehm & Brehm, 1981). A recent change in the law has made it illegal for individuals under the age of 21 to purchase alcohol in the US. Reactance theory would likely predict higher consumption and more alcohol-related problems because of heavier drinking because under-age students are likely to feel that their perceived right to drink had been unjustly denied (Engs & Hanson, 1989). However, for the American abstinent oriented Protestant group, for whom abstinence has always been the norm and exception, the lower alcohol consumption would be consistent with this theory as they perceive they have nothing to rebel against.
was whether religion or culture was more important in influencing drinking behaviour among college students. From the results of this study, it appears that religious norms have greater influence in cohesive religious groups and culture has greater influence in less cohesive religious groups in this sample of students.
Finally, some of the additional findings in this study may have significant ramifications for the introduction of public policy interventions. If unpopular laws lead to reactance, and if this is why American students drink more and have more problems than Canadian students, then the introduction of public policies without giving careful consideration to their unintended effects may be counterproductive. If laws or policies which are likely to be unpopular are introduced without some social marketing campaigns to counteract the effects of reactance, then they are better off not being implemented. Further research is required to determine whether reactance is the result of these interventions, and if it is, what can be done to counteract it.
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ENGS, R. C. (1975) The Student Alcohol Questionnaire (Bloomington, IN, HPER).
ENGS, R. C. (1977) The drinking patterns and problems of college students, Journal of Studies of Alcohol, 38, pp. 2144-2156.
ENGS, R. C. (1980) The drug use patterns of helping profession students in Bribane, Australia, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 6, pp. 231-246.
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ENGS, R. C. & HANSON, D. L. (1988). University students' drinking patterns and problems: examining the effects of raising the purchase age, Public Health Reports, 103, pp. 667-673.
ENGS, R. C. & HANSON, D. L. (1989). Reactance theory: A test with collegiate drinking, Psychological Reports, 64, pp. 1083-1086.
ENGS, R. C., HANSON, D. L. & ISRALOWITZ, R. E. (1988). Drinking problems among Jewish college students in the United States and Israel, The Journal of Social Psychology, 128, pp. 415-417.
ENGS, R. C. & RENDELL, K. (1987) Drug use patterns of nursing students in the Tayside region of Scotland, Health Education Research, 2, pp. 329-336.
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HANSON, D. J. & ENGS, R. C. (1987) Religion and collegiate drinking problems over time, Psychology, 24, pp. 10-12.
HILTON, M. E. (1986) Abstention in the general population of the USA, British Journal of Addiction, 81, pp. 95-112.
ISRALOWITZ, R. E. & HONG, O. T. (1988) Singapore: A study of university students' drinking behaviour, British Journal of Addiction, 83, pp. 1312-1323.
JOLLY, S., & ORFORD, J. (1983). Religious observance, attitudes towards drinking, and knowledge about drinking amongst university students, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 18, pp. 217-278.
LEMMENS, P., TAN, E. S. & KNIBBE, R. (1988) Comparison of indices of alcohol consumption: Issues of validity of self-reports, Paper presented at the Fourth Annual Alcohol Epidemiology Symposium, Berkeley, California, June 5-11.
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O'BRIEN, R. & CHAFETZ, M. (Eds) (1982) The Encyclopaedia of Alcoholism (New York, Greenspring).
SIMPURA, J. (1981) Drinking habits in Finland and Scotland: A comparison of survey results, International Journal of the Addictions, 16, pp. 1129-1141.
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text:
\section{Introduction}
Organic electronics holds technological promise for various emerging application areas. This has stimulated a great deal of research into the transport and optical properties of conducting polymers for the past two decades \cite{brutting}. From the characterization viewpoint, the ability of some inorganic layered compounds to intercalate polymers in their intralamellar space is particularly attractive, as it enables confining the polymer chains in a well-defined environment. Besides, the resulting organic-inorganic intercalation hybrids often exhibit novel magnetic and electronic properties.\cite{fujita,sanchez}

At the heart of the interaction between the inorganic host matrix and the intercalated guest lies a charge transfer, which results in partial reduction of the matrix.\cite{schollhorn} A strongly oxidizing host is therefore key to a successful intercalation, providing the driving force for an optimum uptake of guest molecules. As such, iron oxychloride has long been of interest, known to intercalate a great variety of species owing to its high oxidizing power.\cite{bruce} The fact that the charge transfer can induce perturbations in the physical properties of the host underlines the necessity of quantitative measurements of the amount of charge transferred from the guest to FeOCl. Such measurements, using M\"{o}ssbauer spectroscopy, have been previously reported.\cite{fatseas,eckert,herber,philips,kauzlarich,wu} They disclosed that the charge transfer can be understood as a thermally-activated electron hopping process occurring on the M\"{o}ssbauer time scale ($\sim10^{-8}$ s), which can be written as
 \begin{center}
 FeOCl + $n$I $\rightleftharpoons$ Fe$^{3+}_{1-n}$Fe$^{2+}_{n}$ + $n$I$^{+}$
 \end{center}
where I stands for the intercalate, and $n$ is the fraction of the intercalate involved in the charge transfer.

M\"{o}ssbauer spectroscopy has been instrumental in exploring the temperature dependence of the frequency of the hopping process. However, the contributions of the Fe$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{3+}$ fractions to the M\"{o}ssbauer spectrum change as a function of temperature, hindering the quantitative estimation of the $d$ electron count. By employing a faster probe like x-ray absorption spectroscopy, distinct Fe$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{3+}$ states should be observed irrespective of the temperature, thus permitting a quantitative analysis of the charge state free of electronic-relaxation effects. Using x-ray absorption spectroscopy in the partial fluorescence yield mode (PFY-XAS), a probe of the electronic structure with a $\sim10^{-16}$ s time scale, we have quantitatively analyzed the charge transfer in FeOCl intercalated with Na and FeOCl intercalated with polyaniline (designated hereafter as Na-FeOCl and PANI-FeOCl, respectively). Our main finding is that the Fe$^{2+}$ fraction is about 25$\%$ for both intercalation compounds, which is significantly larger than the fractions estimated by M\"{o}ssbauer spectroscopy.\cite{fatseas,eckert,herber,philips,kauzlarich,wu} This result indicates that all the atoms or molecules accommodated in the host lattice are involved in the charge-transfer process. Under external pressure, the degree of charge transfer is observed to increase in PANI-FeOCl, reflecting the increased guest-host interaction.

\section{Experiment}
Polycrystalline iron-oxychloride FeOCl was prepared by the chemical vapor transport technique.\cite{hwang} The composition of the Na-intercalated sample was estimated to be Na$_{0.27}$FeOCl. The composition of the PANI-FeOCl sample used in this study was not measured, but is considered to be very close to the composition of the sample prepared according to the same experimental procedure in Ref. \onlinecite{hwang}, (PANI)$_{0.16}$FeOCl.

The experiment was carried out on the Taiwan beamline BL12XU at SPring-8 in Japan. The undulator beam was monochromatized by a pair of Si(111) mirrors , and focused to a spot size of 120 (horizontal) $\times$ 80 (vertical) $\mu$m$^{2}$ at the sample position using a toroidal mirror. A Rowland-type spectrometer equipped with a 1-m bent Si(531) crystal and a solid-state detector was used to analyze the Fe K$\beta_{1,3}$ ($3p \rightarrow 1s$) emission line. The overall energy resolution was about 1.1~eV. The absorption edges were measured using PFY-XAS, by collecting the intensity at the maximum of the Fe K$\beta_{1,3}$ emission line while scanning the incident energy across the Fe-$K$ edge. The as-obtained spectra benefit from a higher energy resolution than conventional XAS. This technique has proven useful in isolating the $K$ pre-edge of transition metals from the background of the main edge,\cite{rueff1,jarrige1} most notably for metals in an octahedral environment which are characterized by a weak pre-edge feature, such as FeOCl.\cite{choy} Resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy (RXES) data were obtained by measuring the $3p \rightarrow 1s$ radiative decay following an excitation in the vicinity of the $K$ edge.

Full multiple scattering simulations of the corresponding XAS spectra were performed with the FDMNES code \cite{joly} within the muffin-tin approximation. For the high-pressure measurements, we used a Merrill-Bassett type diamond anvil cell, with both the incoming and emitted x-rays passing through the Beryllium gasket. Silicone oil was used as pressure transmitting medium, and pressure was estimated by the ruby fluorescence method.\cite{mao} Since the samples are hydroscopic, all handling was done in a glove-box under Ar atmosphere, and the samples were kept under vacuum throughout the ambient-pressure measurements.

\section{Results and discussion}
\subsection{FeOCl and Na-FeOCl}
\subsubsection{Interpretation of the $K$ edge lineshape}

The PFY-XAS spectra measured at the Fe-$K$ edge for FeOCl and Na-FeOCl are shown in Fig. 1. The main edge, which corresponds to the dipolar transitions $1s \rightarrow 4p$, is presented in the bottom panel. The spectra are normalized in intensity to their area. An enlarged view around the first peak of the derivative of the spectrum, based on which we estimate the energy of the absorption edge, is shown in the top-left panel. Since Fe is in a centrosymmetric environment, the pre-edge arises mainly from $1s \rightarrow 3d$ quadrupolar transitions \cite{arrio}, and is therefore particularly weak ($\sim 1/50$ of the intensity of the main edge). Accordingly, it is plotted separately from the main edge for visibility, in the top-right panel. In the main edge, it is noteworthy that the feature at $\sim$ 7123~eV is well resolved in the present data, whereas it is barely distinguishable from the broad tail of the lower-energy white line in the conventional XAS spectrum in Ref. \onlinecite{choy}. This highlights the usefulness of the resolution gain of the PFY-XAS technique. It is precisely this feature that appears to be the most sensitive to Na intercalation, as it is noticeably stronger in the spectrum of Na-FeOCl. This induces a decrease of the absorption threshold by $\delta E_{1}$=-0.6~eV, as estimated from the peak energies in the derivative spectra shown in the top-left panel. Simultaneously, a slight shift of the maximum of the two white-line features at 7129 and 7134 eV by $\delta E_{2}$=-0.3 eV and $\delta E_{3}$=-0.5~eV, respectively, is caused by Na intercalation.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics [width=8.5 cm]{Fig1.eps}
\caption{(Color online) (bottom) PFY-XAS spectrum measured for FeOCl (solid line) and Na-FeOCl (dots). (top left) Enlarged view of the low-energy peak of the first derivative of the PFY-XAS spectra. (top right) Enlarged view of the pre-edge region. The arrow points to the low-energy shoulder which appears on substitution, attributed to the $^{4}$T$_{1g}$ state of high-spin Fe$^{2+}$.}
\end{figure}

The $K$ edge of transition metals is known to contain both structural and electronic information, sometimes rendering its interpretation difficult.\cite{monesi} This is especially the case here since the intercalation process in FeOCl involves both structural and electronic changes. In order to help discern between the two, we performed numerical simulations of the Fe-$K$ edge using the FDMNES code. With this program, the density of states are calculated within the full multiple scattering framework, and the transition matrix elements are computed in the dipole approximation for the absorption process between the initial state $1s^{2}4p^{0}$ and the final state $1s^{1}4p^{1}$. All simulations were performed for a cluster radius of 4.0$\AA$. The spectrum simulated for FeOCl using the lattice parameters reported in Ref. \onlinecite{hwang}, $a$=3.29921$\AA$, $b$=3.77450$\AA$, $c$=7.90852$\AA$, is shown in Fig. 2. The relative energy positions and intensities of the main spectral features are seen to be in good agreement with the experimental spectrum.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics [width=8.5 cm]{Fig2.eps}
\caption{(Color online) (top) FDMNES simulations of the XAS spectrum for FeOCl using the structure of the pristine (solid line) and intercalated (dots) materials. An enlarged view of the low-energy peak of the first derivative of the simulated spectra is shown in the inset.}
\end{figure}

The intercalation process has been commonly reported to cause a slight expansion of the lattice parameters $a$ and $b$, while $c$ is doubled and expanded.\cite{eckert,philips,hwang} The doubling of $c$ is ascribed to a shift of ($a$/2,$b$/2) in the stacking of the bilayers, while the expansion, varying between 30 and 70 $\%$ depending on the studies, is that of the intercalation gap. Since the interlayer interactions are not included in our simulations, we used the same value of the $c$ parameter for the spectrum of pristine and intercalated FeOCl. An expansion of $a$ and $b$ by 1.5$\%$ with respect to FeOCl was considered. This is the expansion reported for PANI-FeOCl in Ref. \onlinecite{hwang} and is in line with the reports for other intercalates.\cite{eckert,philips,yao} In Fig. 2, the comparison between the spectra simulated for the pristine and expanded lattices enables us to pinpoint the intercalation-induced changes in the $K$-edge spectrum that result solely from structural changes, without any modification of the Fe $d$ electron count.

The simulated spectra are found to emulate remarkably well the $\delta E_{2}$ and $\delta E_{3}$ shifts of the white lines towards lower energies observed between the experimental spectra of FeOCl and Na-FeOCl (cf. $\delta E_{2}$ and $\delta E_{3}$ in Fig. 1 and $\delta E_{2S}$ and $\delta E_{3S}$ in Fig. 2). Those shifts are plainly consistent with the fact that the longer the bond the lower the bond energy. The 7123-eV structure, on the other hand, seems to be nearly unaffected by the lattice expansion. The low-energy peak of the first derivative is found to shift slightly towards higher energies, probably because of the increased overlap with the tail of the 7129-eV peak. This structural shift is estimated to be $\delta E_{1S}$=+0.3~eV (cf. inset of Fig. 2). This demonstrates that the low-energy shift $\delta E_{1}$=-0.6~eV observed between the edges of the experimental spectra of FeOCl and Na-FeOCl is purely of electronic origin, corresponding to the partial reduction of the Fe sites upon intercalation. We deduce this electronic shift of the edge to be about $\delta E_{1E}$=$\delta E_{1}$-$\delta E_{1S}$=-0.9~eV.
\\
\subsubsection{Degree of charge transfer: Estimation}

Having identified the salient changes in the absorption spectrum due to Na intercalation, we now turn to the semiquantitative analysis of the charge transfer between Na and the host matrix. We first limit our attention to the main edge. It is widely accepted that a linear relation between the $K$ edge shift and the valence state can be drawn for metals that have the same ligand.\cite{wong,sakurai} The edge shift was reported to be 4.5~eV between Fe$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{3+}$ for Fe atoms coordinated to oxygen ligands, and 3.7~eV for chlorine ligands \cite{sakurai}. Assuming that in the oxychloride case the edge shift is intermediate between these two values ($\sim$4.1~eV), we estimate from the edge shift $\delta E_{1E}$=0.9~eV that about 22\% of the Fe sites are reduced to Fe$^{2+}$ in Na-FeOCl.

The good agreement between the experiment and the simulations for the structural dependence of the absorption lineshape motivated us to extend the FDMNES calculations to the study of the charge transfer. To this end, we performed calculations of the Fe-$K$ edge for an artificial compound with the composition FeCl$_{2}$ isostructural to intercalated FeOCl, in order to mimic the spectral changes associated with the increase in the Fe $d$ count upon intercalation. This compound is named hereafter FeClCl. A comparison of the spectra simulated for FeClCl and FeOCl is shown in Fig. 3. The spectrum of FeClCl exhibits a notable shift of spectral weight towards lower energies, with the white line pointing at 7127~eV and a low-energy shoulder located around 7122~eV. We point out the resemblance between the simulated edges of FeOCl and FeClCl and the spectra measured for andradite and siderite in Ref. \onlinecite{rueff1}, respectively. Andradite and siderite are minerals which contain high-spin Fe in an octahedral environment, trivalent for the former and divalent for the latter. These similarities lend experimental support to our simulations. We find that a linear combination of the simulated spectra 0.72$\times$intercalated-FeOCl+0.28$\times$FeClCl yields an absorption edge lower than that of simulated FeOCl by 0.6~eV (cf. top-left panel of Fig. 3), equal to $\delta E_{1}$. This suggests a Fe$^{2+}$ fraction of about 28\% in Na-FeOCl, in good agreement with the estimate based on the edge shift presented above.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics [width=8.5 cm]{Fig3.eps}
\caption{(Color online) (bottom) FDMNES simulations of the XAS spectrum for pristine FeOCl (solid line) and the artificial compound FeClCl (dashed line), along with the linear combination of simulated spectra 0.72$\times$intercalated-FeOCl+0.28$\times$FeClCl (dots). (top left) Enlarged view of the low-energy peak of the first derivative of the spectra shown in the bottom panel. (top right) Enlarged view of the pre-edge region of the PFY-XAS spectrum measured for andradite, and the linear combination 0.73$\times$andradite+0.27$\times$siderite. The andradite and siderite spectra are taken from Ref. \onlinecite{rueff1}. The arrow indicates the low-energy shoulder ascribed to the $^{4}$T$_{1g}$ state of high-spin Fe$^{2+}$.}
\end{figure}

To complete our analysis of the charge transfer we now take a moment to disuss the pre-edge. The average centroid of the pre-edge structure has been shown to be correlated in a linear fashion with the oxidation state of the metal provided the coordination number remains unchanged.\cite{wilke,petit} As seen in the top-right panel of Fig. 1, the pre-edge feature exhibits a shift of spectral weight towards lower energies between FeOCl and Na-FeOCl, indicated by the arrow. We attribute this to the growth of the $^{4}$T$_{1g}$ state of high-spin Fe$^{2+}$.\cite{westre} We estimate the associated shift of the centroid to be -0.3~eV. Based on a previous estimation of the centroid shift between Fe$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{3+}$ of 1.4~eV,\cite{wilke,petit,farges,heijboer} we estimate that the -0.3-eV shift corresponds to a reduction of 21\% of the Fe sites due to Na intercalation. As an alternative approach, we also used a linear combination of the pre-edges of andradite and siderite from Ref. \onlinecite{rueff1}. A centroid shift of -0.3~eV is obtained for the linear combination 0.73$\times$andradite (Fe$^{3+}$)+0.27$\times$siderite (Fe$^{2+}$), whose spectrum is shown in the top-right panel of Fig. 3.

\subsubsection{Degree of charge transfer: Discussion}

The values of the Fe$^{2+}$ fraction in Na-FeOCl estimated by the different methods presented in the previous subsection are summarized in Table 1. The average fraction is $\sim$0.25. We estimate the error on each of these individual fractions to be in the order of $\pm$ 0.05, and propose to use the range of the different estimates, $\pm$ 0.035, as the error on the average fraction. Our value of the Fe$^{2+}$ fraction is about twice as large as the estimates based on M\"{o}ssbauer spectroscopy for different guests and various intercalation stoichiometries between 0.05 and 0.36.\cite{fatseas,eckert,herber,philips,kauzlarich,wu} It is well known that the host-matrix charge transfer corresponds to an electron hopping mechanism with a time scale on par with that of the M\"{o}ssbauer effect ($\sim10^{-8}$ s).\cite{fatseas,eckert,herber} Since this is a thermally-activated process, the fraction of Fe$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{3+}$ sites that are undistinguishable and appear as a mixed-valence component in the M\"{o}ssbauer spectrum increases with temperature. Accordingly, the previously reported Fe$^{2+}$ fractions were estimated using the spectrum collected at the lowest possible temperature, just before the onset of antiferromagnetism near $T_{N}$=65 K.\cite{fatseas,eckert,herber,philips,kauzlarich,wu} Below this temperature, the magnetic order splits the spectral lines into unresolved sextets, thereby precluding any quantitative determination of the Fe$^{2+}$/Fe$^{3+}$ ratio. It is however likely that the spectra collected just above $T_{N}$ are still affected by the electron-hopping relaxation time, resulting in lower Fe$^{2+}$ fractions.\cite{fatseas,herber} Following this idea, we extrapolated the temperature dependence of the Fe$^{2+}$ fraction reported by Fatseas \textit{et al.}\cite{fatseas} towards lower temperatures, and obtained a fraction of 0.25 at 0 K, in perfect agreement with our estimation. While reconciling the M\"{o}ssbauer and PFY-XAS analyses, this observation underscores the importance to resort to x-ray spectroscopic probes for quantitative studies of thermal fluctuating valence states. We note that this work constitutes, to our knowledge, the first quantitative estimation of the charge transfer in an FeOCl intercalate using an x-ray spectroscopic technique.

\begin{table}
\caption{Fraction of Fe$^{2+}$ estimated in this study by different methods: Shift of the pre-edge centroid (pre-edge shift), linear combination of the pre-edge spectra of andradite and siderite (pre-edge fit), shift of the low-energy peak of the first derivative of the absorption spectrum (main edge shift), and linear combination of the simulated absorption edges (main edge fit).}
\begin{center}
\begin{ruledtabular}
  \begin{tabular}{ccccc}
    &\multicolumn{2}{c}{pre-edge}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{main edge}\\
    \raisebox{1.5 ex} {Method} &shift&fit&shift&fit \\ [0.5 ex]
    \hline
    Fraction of Fe$^{2+}$& 0.21 & 0.27 & 0.22 & 0.28 \\
  \end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

Our estimate of the Fe$^{2+}$ fraction in Na$_{0.27}$FeOCl interestingly suggests that the ionization of the guest material is complete within the analysis error. This is in contrast with the long-held view based on M\"{o}ssbauer results that the ionisation is partial, irrespective of the nature of the guest and of the intercalation stoichiometry.\cite{eckert,herber,kauzlarich} Whereas those studies implied that the charge transfer process is limited by the relatively small number of electrons that the FeOCl layers can accept, our study rather suggests that the charge transfer, because involving each intercalated Na atom, acts as a prerequisite for intercalation. While this scenario has yet to be confirmed by a systematic measurement of FeOCl with different guest species and stoichiometries, it is qualitatively supported by the fact that FeOCl has about the highest oxidizing power among the generally used layered host lattices. \cite{bruce} It is then conceivable that other less reactive host compounds, on the other hand, only partially reduce the guest material.

\subsection{FeOCl and PANI-FeOCl}
\subsubsection{Ambient pressure}

The $1s3p$-RXES spectra measured across the $K$-edge for FeOCl and PANI-FeOCl are presented in Fig. 4 along with the absorption spectra measured in the PFY mode. The RXES spectra are plotted as a function of the transfer energy, which is defined as the difference between the incident and emitted photon energies. They are vertically shifted in correspondence with the energy axis of the PFY-XAS spectrum. The energy of the edge of PANI-FeOCl is found to coincide with that of Na-FeOCl, which suggests a Fe$^{2+}$ fraction of $\sim$0.25 in PANI-FeOCl too. This fraction is greater than the intercalation stoichiometry, $\sim$0.16, which can be explained by the presence of a lone pair of electrons in PANI, possibly resulting in a stronger donor ability than Na. Besides, this result agrees with our conjecture that every intercalated molecule is involved in the charge transfer.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics [width=8.5 cm]{Fig4.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Incident-energy dependence of the $1s3p$-RXES spectra obtained for FeOCl (top) and PANI-FeOCl (bottom), along with their respective PFY-XAS spectrum. The vertical offset of the RXES spectra corresponds to the incident-energy axis of the PFY-XAS spectra. The oblique and vertical dashes lines highlight the fluorescent and Raman-like dispersions, respectively. The RXES spectrum measured for FeOCl at 7130~eV is superimposed to that of PANI-FeOCl in the bottom panel (crosses).}
\end{figure}

$K$-edge RXES can been used as a tool to qualitatively characterize the degree of localization of the empty $3d$ and $4p$ states of transition metals. \cite{rueff1,chen,yamaoka} This is done by separating the Raman and fluorescence channels which coexist in the RXES spectra. These two channels exhibit distinct behaviors upon increasing the incident energy, as the Raman signal stays at constant transfer energy while the fluorescence disperses linearly towards higher transfer energies. The Raman process is considered to be a coherent second-order optical process, corresponding to transitions to a localized intermediate state $1s^{1}3d^{n+1}$. In contrast, the non-coherent fluorescence is usually ascribed to transitions to a delocalized intermediate state $1s^{1}3d^{n}4p^{n+1}$. The incident energy of the crossover between the Raman and the fluorescence regimes yields information about the relative extents of the localized and band states. For both FeOCl and PANI-FeOCl, the transfer energy of the main peak is found to track the incident energy throughout the range of incident energies of the experiment, as indicated by the oblique dashed lines in Fig. 4. The absence of Raman behavior for the main peak down to the pre-edge region points to delocalized unoccupied Fe $3d$ states. This delocalized character can be readily explained by strong hybridization between the Fe $3d$ states and the $2p$ states of the neighboring O and Cl atoms. Furthermore it shows that the electronic structure of FeOCl, semiconducting with a 1.9-eV gap,\cite{kanamaru,kauzlarich} is not governed by strong electronic correlations.

In the spectra of FeOCl, we discern some additional spectral weight emerging around a fixed transfer energy of $\sim$64~eV between the pre-edge and the main edge. Its intensity increases with the incident energy, until it merges with the main, fluorescent-like signal around 7123~eV. Since this incident energy corresponds to the lowest-energy feature of the main edge, we interpret this Raman signal in terms of transitions into the lowest-unoccupied, narrow Fe $4p$ band. Hence, from the perspective of RXES, the low-energy unoccupied Fe $4p$ states of FeOCl appear to retain a somewhat localized character. We notice that this Raman feature has virtually disappeared in the PANI-intercalated compound, suggesting that the lowest-unoccupied $4p$ band is more diffuse than in FeOCl. While the $3d$ states are known to be the electron acceptor level\cite{kim} associated with the increased conductivity on intercalation,\cite{kauzlarich,wu} this finding interestingly reveals that the enhanced electronic itinerancy in the intercalation compound is reflected in the $4p$ band too. Finally, the spectrum taken on FeOCl at an incident energy of 7130~eV is superimposed with that of PANI-FeOCl in the lower panel of Fig. 4. Both lineshapes are found to be identical, and the relative intensity of the K$\beta$' satellite around 86-eV seems consistent with a high-spin state.\cite{rueff3}

\subsubsection{High pressure}

Optimizing the electronic conductivity of the FeOCl intercalation compounds is essential for their potential application as cathode material in secondary batteries.\cite{sagua} PANI intercalation results in a $p$-type semiconductor behavior and a substantial increase in the conductivity in the order of 10$^{5}\sim$ 10$^{6}$ $\Omega^{-1}$.cm$^{-1}$.\cite{wu,scully} The fact that the conductivity of the intercalated FeOCl systems is governed by the $3d$ electron hopping mechanism in the partially reduced FeOCl layers \cite{bruce} suggests that increasing the extent of charge transfer between the guest and the host could enhance the conductivity. One may instinctively expect the charge transfer to increase with increasing the host-guest interaction. To test this idea, we have measured the Fe-$K$ PFY-XAS spectrum on PANI-FeOCl subjected to external pressure.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics [width=8.5 cm]{Fig5.eps}
\caption{(Color online) (top left) Pressure dependence of the PFY-XAS experimental spectrum of FeOCl. (top right) Simulation of the pressure dependence of the XAS spectrum of FeOCl using FDMNES. (bottom left) Pressure dependence of the PFY-XAS experimental spectrum of PANI-FeOCl. (bottom right) Enlarged view of the region delineated by the dashed lines in the bottom left panel. In all plots, the arrow indicates the direction of increasing pressure.}
\end{figure}

We start by presenting the high-pressure data obtained on pristine FeOCl. The pressure dependence of both experimental and simulated Fe-$K$ edges is presented in the top panels of Fig. 5. The spectra are normalized in intensity to their area. For the simulations, since no high-pressure structural data on FeOCl is available in the literature, we used the relative changes in the lattice parameters of TiOCl under pressure reported in Ref. \onlinecite{forthaus}. The compression was found to be anisotropic, largest along $c$. In the experimental PFY-XAS spectra, as pressure is increased up to 5.1~GPa, an edge shift is seen to occur as a result of transfer of spectral weight from the two lower-energy structures towards the 7135-eV centered peak. Because lower-energy features correspond to longer metal-ligand bonds, the growth of the 7135-eV peak at the expense of the two lower-energy peaks indicates that the longer basal Fe-O and Fe-Cl bonds are more affected by the compression than the apical, shorter Fe-O bonds parallel to the $a$ axis. Although the simulated spectra reproduce qualitatively the pressure-induced edge shift, the 7135-eV peak is found to shift too and its intensity is less affected than in the experiment. The discrepancy with the experiment could be indicative of an even more anisotropic compression in FeOCl than in TiOCl.

The pressure dependence of the experimental spectrum of the PANI-intercalated compound shows an opposite behavior, with a decrease of the edge energy under pressure, as seen in the bottom panels of Fig. 5. The comparison with FeOCl points to an electronic origin of the edge shift for PANI-FeOCl, i.e., an increase of the ratio of the reduced Fe$^{2+}$ sites as pressure is increased. The peak in the first derivative did not show a clear change as a function of pressure. Alternatively, we tentatively used the shift of the edge at half-maximum ($\delta E_{a}$ and $\delta E_{b}$ in Fig. 5) to make a rough estimate of the Fe$^{2+}$ fraction, which we find to increase from 0.25 at ambient pressure to $\sim$ 0.3 at 4.1 GPa and $\sim$ 0.4 at 6.5 GPa. Although these values are approximate and probably overestimated, they seem to suggest that all the PANI molecules have donated their two electrons to the FeOCl matrix at 6.5 GPa.

Such a pressure-enhanced charge transfer is in line with the intuitive idea that, as the contact area between PANI and FeOCl increases under compression, electrons are being drawn from PANI to FeOCl with more ease. Besides, the electrons donated by the guest were proposed to go in an unoccupied antibonding Fe-O orbital using cluster calculations.\cite{kim} Under pressure the crystal field splitting of the Fe site increases, which should cause the lowest unoccupied minority-spin $t_{2g}$ level, and consequently the acceptor Fe-O level, to be shifted down in energy. This process too should favor the charge transfer with PANI. We note that a previous study on the graphite intercalation compound C$_{24}$SbCl$_{5}$ reported an increased conductivity both along the $c$ axis and in the basal plane under pressure.\cite{iye} Whereas the increase of the $c$-axis conductivity was ascribed to the decrease in the interlayer separation, no sound explanation was proposed for the increase of the basal-plane conductivity. Based on our results, it would seem plausible that an increase in the degree of charge transfer accounts for the increase of the basal-plane conductivity in the graphite intercalation compound.

\section{Conclusion}
We have estimated the degree of charge transfer in Na-FeOCl and PANI-FeOCl using PFY-XAS at the Fe-$K$ edge. For both intercalates, we find that the fraction of Fe sites reduced to Fe$^{2+}$ amounts to about 25\%. This result contrasts with previous studies using M\"{o}ssbauer spectroscopy which reported substantially smaller Fe$^{2+}$ fractions. Because the charge transfer and the M\"{o}ssbauer effect have comparable time characteristics, we believe that our estimation, employing a significantly faster probe, is more reliable. Our estimated Fe$^{2+}$ fraction is on par with (Na) or larger than (PANI) the intercalate concentration. This shows that, contrary to what has been thought so far, the charge transfer involves every atom or molecule of the intercalate, therefore stressing the crucial role played by the charge transfer in the intercalation process. Using RXES, we have observed signatures of electron delocalization in the Fe unoccupied $4p$ states upon PANI intercalation. Finally, the last part of our study disclosed that the charge transfer in PANI-FeOCl can be enhanced through the application of external pressure. This finding is evocative of a pressure-induced increase in conductivity in the FeOCl intercalated compounds, and could therefore be of interest for their application as cathode material.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank C.C. Chen of NSRRC for his technical support, and S. Tsutsui and P. Kr\"{u}ger for helpful discussions about M\"{o}ssbauer spectroscopy and FDMNES simulations, respectively. This work was performed with the approvals of JASRI/SPring-8 (Proposal No. 2005B4261) and NSRRC, Taiwan (2004-3-074-1), and is partly supported by NSRRC, the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC 94-2112-M-213-012).
\end{acknowledgments}

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text:
Q: Porting OpenThread to IAR tool set I am new to OpenThread and am looking into porting OpenThread to IAR IDE. I wanted to know if there is any documentation, or where I might find more information on the different defines that are used(how they get enabled, what Thread device would use them, etc).
Needless to say, I am also inexperienced with the gnu autoconf toolset, and have been attempting to figure it out...  I have noticed that there seems to be two categories of defines, those that start with "OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_" that tend to be compiler enabled defines (-DOption pushed by autoconf) and those that are in the openthread-core-config.h (OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_).
So in order to build say, a router enabled end device, what all defines are required (ignoring optional features)? (and secondary question, which files would be required?)...  When building with the autoconf environment, the file selection tends to change depending on the type of thread target being built...
I have been using the cc2538 project as an example to attempt to port to IAR...
I've used the command
make SHELL="/bin/bash -x" -f examples/Makefile-cc2538

In an attempt to see all compile lines, but I still seem to be missing something, since my builds still fail.. (linking)...
Any help is greatly appreciated
-mike

A: There are two header files that specify config as part of the build:

*

*src/core/openthread-core-default-config.h includes configuration defines that represent parameters for features and protocols (e.g. number of children to support, buffer sizes, etc.).

*build/cc2538/include/openthread-config.h includes configuration defines that is autogenerated as part of ./configure.  The OPENTHREAD_ENABLE* defines live here and indicate what features to compile in/out.

We are working on a build guide that includes more information about these defines.  Until then, I suggest you take a look at the above files for reference.

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Alex is a California-native who currently lives in Santa Monica with his fantastic wife – though he's usually on the road as often as at home. He studied advertising and marketing at Pepperdine University and has enjoyed working in the field ever since.
He has played soccer since he was 5 years old and is a strong believer that with hard work and dedication, anything can be accomplished.


Clofazimine buy cheap clofazimine online no prescription in uk Lamprene She feels like just eating vegetables and spirulina for a month or two, The more common types of medication include: cheap clofazimine sale ireland Then we examined the reaction conditions in presence of anhydrous cerium Chloride with the same substrates, clofazimine it is not something that can't be controlled and do away with. 1 This first identified statin drug faces problem of lower bioavailability due to high lipophilicity and short half life. Piles can be simply classified as either dry or bleeding piles.


Add the potatoes to a saucepan of boiling water and cook for 15 minutes, until just tender. Drain well, then cut the potatoes in half, or into quarters if they are large.
While the potatoes are cooking, cut the artichoke hearts in half lengthwise and pat dry with paper towel. Heat half the oil in a non-stick frying pan over medium-high heat. Place the artichoke hearts in the pan in a single layer, cut side down, and cook for 2-3 minutes, until golden brown underneath. Turn and cook for 1 minute, until browned on the other side. Transfer the artichokes to a serving bowl. Add the potatoes and keep warm.
Heat the remaining oil in the frying pan. Sauté the bacon and onion over medium-high heat for 1-2 minutes, then add the red pepper and cook for a further 1 minute. Using a slotted spoon, transfer the bacon, onion and red pepper to the bowl with the potatoes and artichokes. Scatter the rocket on top.
Return the pan to the heat and add the balsamic vinegar and wine. Tilt the pan to swirl and mix the vinegar and wine with the cooking juices. Pour over the salad, season with salt and freshly ground black pepper, then gently toss until well combined. Sprinkle the toasted pine nuts over the salad and serve.


Governor appointed by the recommendation of Cabinet.
The Supreme Court of Western Australia is the highest state court in the Australian State of Western Australia. It has unlimited jurisdiction within the state in civil matters (although it usually only hears matters involving sums of A$750,000 or more), and hears the most serious criminal matters.
The Supreme Court consists of a General Division (equivalent to the Trial Division in other states) and the Court of Appeal.
The General Division deals with serious criminal matters, civil cases where the amount claimed is greater than $750,000, criminal appeals from the Magistrates Court and appeals from other bodies such as the State Administrative Tribunal. The General Division sits in the David Malcolm Justice Centre for civil proceedings and the District Court of WA Building and the original Supreme Court Building for criminal proceedings.
The Court of Appeal hears both civil and criminal appeals from cases in the General Division, the District Court and the State Administrative Tribunal. It sits in the original Supreme Court Building.
When required, Supreme Court judges may also constitute the Industrial Appeal Court and sit as a Court of Disputed Returns.
The current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is Peter Quinlan SC who was appointed to the position in August 2018.
The Supreme Court was established in 1861 when the Court of Quarter Sessions (a criminal court for serious matters) and the Civil Court were amalgamated. Sir Archibald Burt was the first Chief Justice of the court.
The Full Court of the Supreme Court was established in 1886 to decide both criminal and civil appeals. In 1893 the criminal appeals were transferred to the Court of Appeal which was then reconstituted as the Court of Criminal Appeal in 1911.
The Supreme Court, Full Court and Court of Criminal Appeal were effectively the one court with each judge able to sit on cases in any of the courts.
In 2004 the Full Court and the Court of Criminal Appeal were subsumed by the Court of Appeal, which, while still a division of the Supreme Court, has judges which sit solely on appeal cases.
The Supreme Court building has considerable heritage significance in Western Australia. In 1899, a joint parliamentary committee was formed to decide on the location of the new court building with three sites being considered. The locations were a site in Irwin Street, the old Government Boys' School on St George's Terrace and the current site. A decision was made and the contract awarded of £55,888 11s 3p to RP Vincent and Sons in February 1901 and an announcement was made to the public during March. The foundation stone was laid on 2 June 1902 and would open on 8 June 1903 with WA Governor Sir Frederick Bedford present as was the Chief Justice Sir Edward Stone and the full court.
The two-storey brick building was designed by John Harry Grainger (father of Percy Grainger), Chief Architect with the Public Works Department of Western Australia. It is designed in the Federation Academic Classical style: a style that was often used for major public buildings of the time. The original design called for only local materials to be used with Donnybrook stone, Meckering granite and jarrah wood the choice. Stuccoed cement had to be substituted when insufficient quantities of Donnybrook stone of identical texture and colour were lacking for the building. Another change was the slate roof, when a galvanized roof was installed instead saving £5,425. Originally, the grand foyer was to be painted in colours reflecting those of the glass domes, but again shortage of funds dictated the substitution of whitewash. The foyer was more appropriately redecorated to celebrate the Court's centenary in 2003.
On 11 July 2016, the Supreme Court's Registry and General Division (Civil) relocated from the original Supreme Court Building to the new David Malcolm Justice Centre located at 28 Barrack Street which is immediately north of the State Buildings complex.
^ Tim Clarke (1 August 2018). "New court chief's aim is justice for all". The West Australian. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
^ Jerome Doraisamy (1 August 2018). "Western Australia Attorney-General John Quigley has named the next top judge for Australia's Wildflower State". Lawyers Weekly. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h "History of the Supreme Court of Western Australia" (PDF). Supreme Court of Western Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
^ "inHerit - State Heritage Office". inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
^ "Former chief justice David Malcolm honoured with 33-storey tower". abc.net.au. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
^ "David Malcolm Justice Centre towers over Cathedral Square". www.finance.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
"History". Supreme Court of Western Australia. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of Western Australia.
State Archives of Western Australia. (1990) Bankruptcy records of the Supreme Court of Western Australia compiled by the State Archives of Western Australia.
(Alphabetical list of bankruptcy files held by the State Archives. Covers the period 1857–1928).


text:
NYCxDESIGN to Tour the Manhattan Districts 1/2/5 Garage and Salt Shed
Dattner Architects, WXY, and the Department of Sanitation are taking part in this year's NYCxDESIGN with a tour of Manhattan Districts 1/2/5 Garage and Salt Shed. NYCxDESIGN is a citywide celebration of design that takes place each May, and brings together all disciplines of design, commerce, culture, education, and entertainment with a comprehensive program that includes exhibitions, installations, trade shows, and open studios.
This year, as part of NYCxDESIGN, the Center for Architecture is hosting an Archtober preview featuring five days of building tours across the five boroughs. Leading the way will be our Manhattan Districts 1/2/5 Garage and Salt Shed on Monday, May 15. Tours will be divided into two groups, one beginning at 2:30pm, and the other beginning at 3:00pm. Preregistration is required.
We are honored to participate in this celebration that recognizes iconic New York City architecture, while raising awareness of, and appreciation for, design.
Gothamist Visits the Manhattan Districts 1/2/5 Garage & Salt Shed
OHNY Weekend 2017: PS 186, M125 Garage, and Salt Shed
OHNY Hosts Tour of the Manhattan Districts 1/2/5 Garage & Salt Shed
Untapped Cities' Inside Look at DSNY's New Garage and Salt Shed
OHNY Tours Manhattan District 1/2/5 Garage & Spring Street Salt Shed
Manhattan Districts 1/2/5 Garage
Spring Street Salt Shed
Paul Bauer AIA, LEED AP, Principal
Gia Mainiero AIA, LEED AP BD+C, Associate Principal, Studio Director

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Do you need some really good design work done? Perhaps a few photos from your next event, wedding or even modelling portfolio? Maybe you just want to have an engaging conversation about design, art, photography, sustainability, music, movies and tea? I could go on but you get the idea!
If any of that interests you in anyway, shape or form. Get in touch with me below.
Grazie! I'll get back to you as soon as possible.


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      KituraNet Reference

      Server Protocol Reference

            Classes

                BufferList

                ClientRequest

                – Options

                ClientResponse

                FastCGI

                FastCGIServer

                FastCGIServerRequest

                – FastCGIParserErrorType

                FastCGIServerResponse

                HTTP

                HTTPServer

                HTTPServerRequest

                HTTPServerResponse

                HeadersContainer

                IncomingHTTPSocketProcessor

                IncomingSocketHandler

                IncomingSocketManager

                ListenerGroup

                SPIUtils

                URLParser

            Enumerations

                Error

                HTTPStatusCode

                – Class

                KeepAliveState

                ServerState

            Extensions

                HTTPParserErrorType

            Protocols

                ConnectionUpgradeFactory

                IncomingSocketProcessor

                IncomingSocketProcessorCreator

                Server

                ServerDelegate

                ServerMonitor

                ServerRequest

                ServerResponse

            Structures

                ConnectionUpgrader

                Monitor

                ServerOptions

Server

public protocol Server

A common protocol for Kitura-net Servers

                    ServerType

A type that will be returned by static listen method

Declaration

Swift

associatedtype ServerType

                    delegate

A ServerDelegate used for request handling

Declaration

Swift

var delegate: ServerDelegate? { get set }

                    port

Port number for listening for new connections.

Declaration

Swift

var port: Int? { get }

                    address

The address of the network interface to listen on. Defaults to nil, which means this server will listen on all
interfaces.

Declaration

Swift

var address: String? { get }

                    state

A server state.

Declaration

Swift

var state: ServerState { get }

                    listen(on:address:)

Listen for connections on a socket.

Declaration

Swift

func listen(on port: Int, address: String?) throws

Parameters

                                on

port number for new connections (eg. 8080)

                                address

The address of a network interface to listen on, for example <q>localhost</q>. The default is
        nil, which listens for connections on all interfaces.

                    listen(on:)

                        Default implementation

Listen for connections on a socket.

Default Implementation

Declaration

Swift

func listen(on port: Int) throws

Parameters

                                on

port number for new connections (eg. 8080)

                    listen(on:address:delegate:)

Static method to create a new Server and have it listen for connections.

Declaration

Swift

static func listen(on port: Int, address: String?, delegate: ServerDelegate?) throws -> ServerType

Parameters

                                on

port number for accepting new connections

                                address

The address of a network interface to listen on, for example <q>localhost</q>. The default is
        nil, which listens for connections on all interfaces.

                                delegate

the delegate handler for HTTP connections

Return Value

a new Server instance

                    listen(on:delegate:)

                        Default implementation

Static method to create a new Server and have it listen for connections.

Default Implementation

Declaration

Swift

static func listen(on port: Int, delegate: ServerDelegate?) throws -> ServerType

Parameters

                                on

port number for accepting new connections

                                delegate

the delegate handler for HTTP connections

Return Value

a new Server instance

                    listen(port:errorHandler:)

Listen for connections on a socket.

Declaration

Swift

@available(*, deprecated, message: "use 'listen(on:﹚ throws' with 'server.failed(callback:﹚' instead")
func listen(port: Int, errorHandler: ((Swift.Error) -> Void)?)

Parameters

                                port

port number for new connections (eg. 8080)

                                errorHandler

optional callback for error handling

                    listen(port:delegate:errorHandler:)

Static method to create a new Server and have it listen for connections.

Declaration

Swift

@available(*, deprecated, message: "use 'listen(on:delegate:﹚ throws' with 'server.failed(callback:﹚' instead")
static func listen(port: Int, delegate: ServerDelegate, errorHandler: ((Swift.Error) -> Void)?) -> ServerType

Parameters

                                port

port number for accepting new connections

                                delegate

the delegate handler for HTTP connections

                                errorHandler

optional callback for error handling

Return Value

a new Server instance

                    stop()

Stop listening for new connections.

Declaration

Swift

func stop()

                    started(callback:)

Add a new listener for server beeing started

Declaration

Swift

@discardableResult
func started(callback: @escaping () -> Void) -> Self

Parameters

                                callback

The listener callback that will run on server successfull start-up

Return Value

a Server instance

                    stopped(callback:)

Add a new listener for server beeing stopped

Declaration

Swift

@discardableResult
func stopped(callback: @escaping () -> Void) -> Self

Parameters

                                callback

The listener callback that will run when server stops

Return Value

a Server instance

                    failed(callback:)

Add a new listener for server throwing an error

Declaration

Swift

@discardableResult
func failed(callback: @escaping (Swift.Error) -> Void) -> Self

Parameters

                                callback

The listener callback that will run when server throws an error

Return Value

a Server instance

                    clientConnectionFailed(callback:)

Add a new listener for when listenSocket.acceptClientConnection throws an error

Declaration

Swift

@discardableResult
func clientConnectionFailed(callback: @escaping (Swift.Error) -> Void) -> Self

Parameters

                                callback

The listener callback that will run

Return Value

a Server instance

© 2019 IBM. All rights reserved. (Last updated: 2019-10-09)

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text:
The big NHS speech by Burnham the media ignored
10:24 am - January 25th 2013
by Sunny Hundal
Yesterday, the shadow health secretary Andy Burnham gave a very important speech on the Labour's party vision for health and social care in the future.
You can't say Labour is failing to develop important policy, but it is obvious that they find it difficult to get heard. The national media barely paid attention to it.
The speech, titled 'Whole Person Care' was to open Labour's health and care policy review.
Burnham said that historically there had been three systems to deal with differing aspects of health and care: physical health in hospitals, mental health often in separate services on the fringes of the NHS, and social care led by council run services.
He said the consultation would look at full integration of health and social care within a single pooled budget.
Provision for the barriers between mental and physical health would be tackled by giving them equal priority, families would have a single point of contact when seeking care, and streamlining resources will allow the NHS to invest in more preventative measures.
In his speech he reiterated that Labour was committed to repealing the NHS Bill as far as possible, without pushing the NHs through another costly and time-consuming re-organisation.
Health and Well-Being Boards could come to the fore, with CCGs supporting them with technical advice. While we retain the organisations, we will repeal the Health and Social Care Act 2012 and the rules of the market.
It is a confused, sub-optimal piece of legislation not worthy of the NHS and which fails to give the clarity respective bodies need about their role.
Dan Holden at Shifting Grounds says of the speech:
Throughout his speech Burnham took care to describe the financial benefits of his plans, as well as the health benefits. Specifically, with elderly care, he described how the facilitation of care at home and an increase of social care workers on wards would both decrease costs, free up hospital beds and provide more comfortable care for many frail and unwell elderly patients.
You can read the whole speech here.
It's about time Labour came out with some bold new ideas on health and social care, and this was a good start. Burnham deserves a lot of credit for continually pounding the government's failures on the NHS; it's just a shame not more attention* was paid to the speech.
[* the Telegraph wrote it up briefly as 'reviving the spectre of a death tax', though they have published a more favourable editorial.
Sunny Hundal is editor of LC. Also: on Twitter, at Pickled Politics and Guardian CIF.
· Other posts by Sunny Hundal
Story Filed Under: News
11:14 am, January 25, 2013
1. Ian
I think what you meant to say was "Minister stupidly chooses to give speech on day when he knew everyone would be looking at Davos"
2. GO
Fair play to Andy Burnham on this – he's clearly thought long and hard about the NHS and how it fits into the wider context of social care and public health. I think we can now expect a radical health and care policy, with wide support from medical professionals, to be a flagship of the next Labour manifesto.
The Holy Grail, for me, would be an integrated National Health and Care Service funded through general taxation – but for now I just hope we can have a grown-up debate about care funding that isn't characterized by stupid 'tombstone' posters and the like.
3. David Ellis
`In his speech he reiterated that Labour was committed to repealing the NHS Bill as far as possible, without pushing the NHs through another costly and time-consuming re-organisation.'
So not at all then. Private companies will continue to deliver NHS care whilst at the same time sloughing off 20% of our National Insurance Contributions to pay fat cat excutive salaries to the shysters that run them and undeserved dividends to the absent shareholders that own them. Add that to cuts in spending and you've got a huge reduction in the amount of money going to front line services. The NHS remains in name only because the care and treatment available free at the point of delivery will soon be so poor that unless you have private insurance don't bother.
4. Alisdair Cameron
I'm sorry but while this has some promising elements, overall there's not that much to get excited about.
Pooling of health and social care budgets has been a "holy grail" for nearly 60 years, and every darn politico sooner or later believes they're a genius for proposing it. Everyone in health and social care knows it makes sense…
BUT…healthcare in the form of the NHS is free (broadly speaking) at the point of use. Social care is means-tested, and often requires contributions by the recipient.
What our politicians can't face up to is deciding whether to integrate health so that it then ceases to be free, or integrate soc care so that it's no longer means-tested. The first is political dynamite (but Tories and Blairites alike want it) and the second unaffordable.
We talk all we like about integration, but when the funding mechanisms are at odds with one another, we'll always see cost-shunting. Until this is resolved,there's little difference between a dispute between health and social care bodies, and an internal dispute within a merged health and social care set-up.
It's a plain issue. Just one that keeps being ducked, fudged or people try umpteen sophisticated attempts to triangulate it away, or pretend it's not there..
@ David Ellis
"So not at all then."
The idea is that we can keep the institutions we inherit from the Tories – CCGs and the rest – but change the way they operate. That makes a good deal more sense than trying to push through a second top-to-bottom structural re-organisation in the space of five years.
It's not the existence of the institutions themselves that's responsible for increasing privatisation, after all – it's the way the healthcare market operates under the rules those institutions are required to follow. By repealing the Bill, you can get rid of those rules and fundamentally change that market.
Go and read the speech. To give you a flavour:
"NHS hospitals need the security to embrace change and that change will happen more quickly in an NHS Preferred Provider world rather than an Any Qualified Provider world, where every change is an open tender.
I don't shy away from saying this.
I believe passionately in the public NHS and what it represents.
I think a majority of the public share this sentiment.
They are uncomfortable with mixing medicine with the money motive. They support what the NHS represents – people before profits – as memorably celebrated by Danny Boyle at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.
Over time, allowing the advance of a market with no limits will undermine the core, emergency, public provision that people hold dear.
So I challenge those who say that the continued advance of competition and the market into the NHS is the answer to the challenges of this century.
The evidence simply doesn't support it – financially or on quality grounds.
If we look around the world, market-based health systems cost more per person not less than the NHS. The planned nature of our system, under attack from the current Government's reforms, is its most precious strength in facing a century when demand will ratchet up.
Rather than allowing the NHS model to be gradually eroded, we should be protecting it and extending it as the most efficient way of meeting this century's pressures.
The AQP approach will not deliver what people want either.
Families are demanding integration. Markets deliver fragmentation."
Alasdair: So what you are saying then is that not only will New Labour be keeping private provision of national health services but they will be introducing means testing for those seeking it. No wonder they wanted the media to ignore it.
Not only will New Labour keep the private provision of health services but it will introduce means testing for those wanting to use those services and it will get rid of the internal market so that the private providers have a guaranteed monopoly. That way they can screw the National Insurance Contributor not once, through fat cat salaries, not twice, through shareholder dividends, but thrice, through monopoly prices.
There will be no democratic control over these providers who will be able to dictate terms and refuse to provide services that cost them money.
Where are you getting this stuff from, exactly? They're talking about weighting the market towards the NHS (Preferred Provider), not private companies (Any Qualified Provider). There's been no suggestion of means testing for health care. And a key proposal is to put democratically accountable Health and Well-Being Boards in charge of commissioning services.
Read the speech. Failing that, read some responses to the speech by healthcare experts.
9. Planeshift
@4 – true, but there are several stepping stones that would help:
– National Governments publishing health and social care as one line in the budget rather than the absurd position we are in where the tories claim to be protecting the health budget and at the same time slashing local authorities which means slashing social care.
– This means social care needs to be taken out of the control of local authorities (I'll assume I don't have to make the case against doing this the other way and making health the responsibility of local authorities).
– Seperating administration of primary and secondary care (not sure if you already do this in England – but we don't in Wales..).
– Social care and primary care are similar enough that they can be merged – it isn't that difficult to start means testing and introducing charges in primary care.
– Admistrative body for secondary care should then have power to fund treatment in primary/social care settings.
What we are then left with is secondary care free at the point of delivery, and primary/social care with charges and means testing. Administrators can then fund primary/social care in specific cases when doing so makes sense.
Budgets wise, when further finance is available, we then prioritise the reduction of means testing in social care/primary care, perhaps by implementing Dilnot and then reducing the thresholds so that we can incrementally move towards universal system.
10. David Ellis
`And a key proposal is to put democratically accountable Health and Well-Being Boards in charge of commissioning services.'
Quangos held to ransom by private health service providers with a monopoly.
The Coalition basing itself on the foundations laid by New Labour have turned the NHS into a massive ATM machine for their carpet bagging private sector friends. The least a workers' government could do is drive these carpet baggers out, restore the publicly-owned and democratically accountable NHS as the provider of these services and have its management elected by its workforce instead of imposed by political patronage, the Old School Tie Network or absent shareholders.
11. Barrie J
Whatever we may believe Mr Burnham said in his speech, can we all remember it was just a speech.
I am yet to be convinced that I should believe a single word that any politician says.
Whether in power or opposition they all have considerable form for being economical with the truth.
Seeing how relaxed Labour M.P.s were sitting alongside their hero and arch manipulator, Mr Blair could have decided to re-launch New Labour as The Conservative and Unionist Party or even The Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, as long as the expenses kept coming and their property portfolios continued to grow they wouldn't have given a toss.
Please, let us move away from tribal politics, you can't put an atomic particle between the three main Parties and their corporate paymasters.
Can we try and bring this shamocracy to an end and just stop voting for them. Please.
12. GO
"The Health and Social Care Bill mandates a minimum membership of:
– one local elected representative
– a representative of local Healthwatch organisation
– a representative of each local clinical commissioning group
– the local authority director for adult social services
– the local authority director for children's services
– the director of public health for the local authority
Local boards will be free to expand their membership to include a wide range of perspectives and expertise, such as representatives from the charity or voluntary sectors."
These are publicly owned, democratically accountable bodies. No shareholders, no Old School Tie Networks, no political patronage: just NHS staff, local authority staff, elected representatives and members of the public.
Under Any Qualified Provider, it's probably true that these groups can be held to ransom by powerful private companies. Hence the proposal to scrap those rules and give Preferred Provider status to the NHS.
13. the a&e charge nurse
I'm reminded of this – 'The government is to press ahead with massive structural changes to the NHS because this time it is obviously going to work. Health secretary Andrew Lansley insisted all the previous massive reforms had missed out something really simple and that all he had to do was to make sure that did not happen again. And he stressed that this time it would definitely work because the government had asked a lot of doctors what they think'.
http://www.thedailymash.co.uk/news/health/nhs-reform-to-work-this-time-201012153353
Yes, more NHS reform with everything being prioritised exactly the same,and enough cash for everybody; what is there not to like?
14. Krys
This is exactly what Labour said about the Railways Act 1993. I call bullshit.
9:12 am, January 28, 2013
15. John Edwards
Obviously a lot of thought has gone into this. but he missed one very important point and that it, later this year clinical commissioning groups that take over from PCT's via local doctors surgeries and thier involvement, will be responsible for buying all types of care from that in hospital to care homes. I have not heard quite how the budget side of things are going to work particualry when the CCG'S run out of money.
@ John Edwards
I think the proposal is to transfer much of the responsibility for commissioning care and managing budgets from CCGs to Health and Well Being Boards that are both more democratically accountable and better able to take the widest view of local needs.
17. cynic
Re 1 Ian.
Who is this mysterious, stupid 'minister' you're talking about? Obviously not Andy Burnham as he's not in government. Remind me exactly who's being stupid here?
18. Sarahkc
'A single point of contact for their care'
That'll be the GP then ie the person doing it now. Doesn't sound like big change to me. But given that we have a model of primary care that is the envy of the world, quite rightly, it would be good to start here when thinking of more integrated models.
Before rushing headlong into giving health and social care to local government, or to a partnership board with dubious governance arrangements, no clear remit or processes for making decisions I would follow closely two things specifically that are taking shape now;
1. The experience of moving public health put of the NHS to local government. This is a seismic change which no one in government understands and the rest of us can only guess at the consequences but you can be sure some of them will be unintended.
2. How work of Health & Wellbeing Boards unfolds. Some will probably be well run, transparent, strategic and focus on the wider determinants of health in its widest sense and the added value of partnership. Others will be parochial, small minded and narrow, confining their discussions to the latest headline, local minutiae and on sectional interests so they will pass the buck, argue over money and duck their responsibilities and fall apart or become cosy and closed. What citizens end up with will be pot luck. In the face of the latter I might prefer NHS 'grip' and command and control.
3:03 pm, February 7, 2013
19. Kojak
Which is worse ignoring Any Burnham's speech or ignoring the Mid-Staffs inquiry?
http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danhodges/100202015/where-is-the-liberal-outrage-over-mid-staffs-the-left-is-killing-the-nhs-by-putting-it-on-a-pedestal/
Come on – direct your attention towards where some real good can be done.
[19] I agree there is an important debate to be had in the wake of the Francis report (Mid-Staffs) but the article you link to is a pretty feeble analysis
And wasn't Burnham singled for criticism by the families of those affected by the Mid-Staffs scandal?
http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Health/article1202466.ece
Reactions: Twitter, blogs
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GELA MUÑOZ is a freelance stylist, blogger, musician, and part of an upcoming all girl pop trio called "Those Girls". She took her EIKA bikini to Cagayan de Oro last summer! And you'll see her frolicking about at the famed White Island in Camiguin.
GELA MUÑOZ is also a God, pig, and sushi lover, she's mostly known online for being the "Gelabeef". She's one part hippie chic, two parts rockstar, and not afraid to be herself (a weirdo most of the time). You can read all about her beef on her blog: Gelabeef.com.
Tell us about your choice of EIKA swimwear.
I actually brought 3 EIKA bikinis with me, but due to the weather that time (there was a storm while we were there huhu) so I was only able to wear one of them. I picked this print on print bikini because it's so boho chic and I found the triangle peep hole oh so cool!
What's your favorite and memorable experience during your escape?
Definitely white water rafting and visiting the White Island! I think it was meant to be that it rained during our white water rafting experience - it made it much cooler and I felt like I was in some adventure movie! You should definitely try it when you're in CDO. Plus, the White Island was beautiful!
Any plans for your next escape?
Thinking of going to Bangkok, Bali, or Palawan next! Or maybe Hong Kong again, I fell in love with HK when I went there last year.
What's your dream destination, and why?


text:
Greek Isles, Coatia & Italy aboard Norwegian Cruise Line's Getaway OCTOBER 18 – NOVEMBER 1, 2022
This Good Neighbor Club journey begins with an overnight flight to Rome. Then spend two nights in the "Eternal City" and visit notable landmarks like the Piazza Navona, the Pantheon, the Colosseum, and the fabulous illuminated Trevi Fountain. Tour the Vatican Museums including the incomparable Sistine Chapel and St. Peter's Basilica, the symbolic "Mother church" of the Catholic Church and regarded as one of the world's holiest Christian sites. From Rome transfer to Civitavecchia to board the beautifully updated Norwegian Getaway. From top to bottom and from bow to stern, this world-class ship has enough onboard activities to fill every minute of your cruise!
Immerse yourself in the history, culture, and beauty of four Mediterranean countries on this outstanding 11-night cruise! Stroll the cobbled streets of 9th-century Kotor, Montenegro with its protective 65-foot walls still intact. Be amazed at Dubrovnik, Croatia's shimmering marble streets, centuries-old buildings, and incredible sea views. Visit three of the most iconic Greek islands as well as Athens, the heart of ancient Greece. In Italy you can look forward to fabulous food and the ruins of Pompeii in Naples and art history unlike anywhere else on earth in Florence, the cradle of the Renaissance.
DAY PORTS SCHEDULE:
10/18 DEPART U.S. (OVERNIGHT FLIGHT) 10/19 ARRIVE IN ROME (HOTEL STAY) 10/20 ROME (HOTEL STAY)
10/21 CIVITAVECCHIA (ROME) EMBARK 10/22 AT SEA
10/23 SANTORINI ISLAND, GREECE 10/24 PIRAEUS (ATHENS), GREECE 10/25 MYKONOS, GREECE
10/26 CORFU, GREECE
10/27 DUBROVNIK, CROATIA
10/28 MESSINA (SICILY), ITALY
10/29 NAPLES/POMPEII, ITALY
10/30 LIVORNO (FLORENCE/PISA), ITALY
10/31 CANNES, FRANCE
11/1 CIVITAVECCHIA (ROME) DISEMBARK


text:
package io.realm.processor;

import com.google.testing.compile.JavaFileObjects;

import org.junit.Ignore;
import org.junit.Test;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;

import javax.lang.model.element.Modifier;
import javax.tools.JavaFileObject;

import static com.google.testing.compile.JavaSourceSubjectFactory.javaSource;
import static com.google.testing.compile.JavaSourcesSubjectFactory.javaSources;
import static org.truth0.Truth.ASSERT;

public class RealmCounterProcessorTest {

    @Test
    public void compileMutableRealmInteger() throws IOException {
        RealmSyntheticTestClass javaFileObject = createCounterTestClass()
                .builder().build();
        ASSERT.about(javaSources())
                .that(Arrays.asList(javaFileObject))
                .processedWith(new RealmProcessor())
                .compilesWithoutError();
    }

    @Test
    public void compileIgnoredMutableRealmInteger() throws IOException {
        RealmSyntheticTestClass javaFileObject = createCounterTestClass()
                .annotation("Ignore")
                .builder().build();
        ASSERT.about(javaSources())
                .that(Arrays.asList(javaFileObject))
                .processedWith(new RealmProcessor())
                .compilesWithoutError();
    }

    @Test
    public void compileIndexedMutableRealmInteger() throws IOException {
        RealmSyntheticTestClass javaFileObject = createCounterTestClass()
                .annotation("Index")
                .builder().build();
        ASSERT.about(javaSources())
                .that(Arrays.asList(javaFileObject))
                .processedWith(new RealmProcessor())
                .compilesWithoutError();
    }

    @Test
    public void compileRequiredMutableRealmInteger() throws IOException {
        RealmSyntheticTestClass javaFileObject = createCounterTestClass()
                .annotation("Required")
                .builder().build();
        ASSERT.about(javaSources())
                .that(Arrays.asList(javaFileObject))
                .processedWith(new RealmProcessor())
                .compilesWithoutError();
    }

    @Test
    public void compileStaticMutableRealmInteger() throws IOException {
        RealmSyntheticTestClass javaFileObject = createCounterTestClass()
                .modifiers(Modifier.PRIVATE, Modifier.FINAL, Modifier.STATIC)
                .builder().build();
        ASSERT.about(javaSources())
                .that(Arrays.asList(javaFileObject))
                .processedWith(new RealmProcessor())
                .compilesWithoutError();
    }

    @Test
    public void failOnPKMutableRealmInteger() throws IOException {
        RealmSyntheticTestClass javaFileObject = createCounterTestClass()
                .annotation("PrimaryKey")
                .builder().build();
        ASSERT.about(javaSources())
                .that(Arrays.asList(javaFileObject))
                .processedWith(new RealmProcessor())
                .failsToCompile()
                .withErrorContaining("cannot be used as primary key");
    }

    @Test
    public void failUnlessFinalMutableRealmInteger() throws IOException {
        RealmSyntheticTestClass javaFileObject = createCounterTestClass()
                .modifiers(Modifier.PRIVATE)
                .builder().build();
        ASSERT.about(javaSources())
                .that(Arrays.asList(javaFileObject))
                .processedWith(new RealmProcessor())
                .failsToCompile()
                .withErrorContaining("must be final");
    }

    // This method constructs a synthetic Counter test class that *should* compile correctly.
    // It returns the ref to the Counter Field.  Tests can modify the
    // field in perverse ways, to verify failure modes.
    private RealmSyntheticTestClass.Field createCounterTestClass() {
        return new RealmSyntheticTestClass.Builder().name("Counter")
                .field().name("id").type("int").builder()
                .field()
                .name("columnMutableRealmInteger")
                .type("MutableRealmInteger")
                .modifiers(Modifier.PRIVATE, Modifier.FINAL)
                .initializer("MutableRealmInteger.valueOf(0)")
                .hasSetter(false);
    }
}