text:
The economic dimension of occupational safety and health management
▼ Economic aspects
Introduction to musculoskeletal disorders
External economic incentives for prevention
Workers' compensation and economic incentives
Guy Ahonen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
2 System view and efficiency approach
3 Cost reducing
4 Macro approach
4.1 Cost of illness analysis
4.2 Cost-effectiveness analysis
5 Micro approaches
5.1 Management control methods
5.2 Financial appraisal method
5.3 Value-based health promotion methods
5.4 Calculation models
5.5 Examples on good practices
6 Responsible conduct
8 Links for future reading
Occupational safety and health management is basically concerned with the principles of how to organise this activity in companies and other organisations. The economic dimension adds an optimization approach to the organisational and principal perspectives. The non-economic approach typically assumes that health and safety have an intrinsic value of their own, which for instance forms the basis for the zero-accident-principle is based. The economic approach takes a more relative stance, stressing that resources are always limited and must always be rationed. From this point of view, even life and health must be compared to other values, and resources must be allocated accordingly. This chapter describes the principles of how to conduct this type of analysis.
System view and efficiency approach
The economic approach to occupational safety and health (OSH) management implies that one takes a system view or adopts an efficiency approach. Most often this kind of analysis is made in monetary terms. In a system view, the inputs and outputs of OSH activity are compared in order to draw conclusions and decisions. The highest productivity is attained when the greatest output is achieved with the smallest relative input. The best efficiency is attained when the greatest intended effectiveness as a result of the output is reached through the relatively smallest amount of input. When both the input and the output are measured in monetary terms, the efficiency can be expressed as a cost-benefit ratio. When the analysis is constrained to the boundaries of an enterprise one can talk about a financial appraisal[1]. However, a financial appraisal can also be conducted in public organisations. The so-called new public management approach[2] places a major emphasis on this principle. The problem with public organisations is that their output is usually not subject to market demand, which can be measured in the consumers' willingness to pay. Therefore the true application of financial appraisal would require a use of some kind of artificial pricing of consumer value.
In general, the benefits of occupational safety and health (OSH) are related to cost reduction, improved productivity and to the generation of new assets. According to Chapman´s (2005) meta-analysis, the results of well-managed occupational health promotion programmes can be seen in 27% less sickness absenteeism, 26% less health care costs and 32% less insurance costs. On average, the benefit to cost ratio among these cases was found to be 5.81[3].
Cost reducing
Poor health and safety create costs for organisations. The most common costs are related to sickness absenteeism, health care, individual productivity losses or presenteeism, personnel turn-over, insurance and pension costs and indirect cost effects, such as hiring replacement, paying for overtime, subcontractor work etc. The cost reducing effects of OSH are well documented [4][5][6][3][7]. Taken together, they send a consistent message: well planned and systematically carried out occupational safety and health measures deliver economic returns which are 3-10 times greater than the monetary investment. This appears to be the case even if there are difficulties in estimating exactly the positive productivity effects of work. Systematic literature reviews have indicated that both small-scale measures and comprehensive occupational health and safety programmes can be profitable to organisations. Finnish intervention studies have revealed that there can be positive profitability effects even without immediate measurable productivity effects, which indicates that the economic benefit-mechanisms of OSH are more subtle than often assumed[8].
Macro approach
The economic approach to occupational safety and health can be divided into macro and micro subtypes. In the macro approach, work related activities or phenomena are analysed from a social or societal point of view, in contrast to the business economic or financial approach used in the macro approach where the effects are analysed on real values and resources, not only cash-flow effects.
Cost of illness analysis
The Cost of illness (COI) analysis is the most typical macro approach, in which the total costs of health care and lost production due to an illness, injury or working conditions are calculated. Estimating such costs helps to identify the maximum benefit of affecting these illnesses attributable to poor working conditions. Loss of production usually covers absenteeism, presenteeism, early retirement, premature death. Presenteeism refers to the situation where the ill worker is present at work but contributes a sub-normal individual output due to his/her poor health.
Several studies have demonstrated that early retirement reduces significantly the productive potential of the highly developed countries, i.e. the OECD average is 6.3% of GDP[9]. Recent calculations from Finland show that the annual loss due to early retirement is even greater, as much as 13% of GDP and some estimates have been even higher[10]. The productive loss caused by sickness absenteeism is smaller (about 4%) but much more apparent[11]. In addition, the hidden costs of occupational accidents are many times greater than their direct costs[4]. In summary the total cost burden of poor health and safety is enormous, and those costs in some way or other will ultimately affect the competitiveness of individual companies.
In addition, the identification of the total amount of investment in OSH may help in policy formation at the national level. In Finland the first national survey of the total direct investment in wellness at work has been made[12]. In this survey, the annual investment in training and development, occupational health services, work ability promotion personnel fitness, cultural activities and other personnel promotion were estimated at the company level. It was estimated that the total annual direct investment in occupational safety and health was less that one tenth of the annual cost of illness (COI). The economic return of investing in health in general has been estimated to vary between 47% and 252%[13].
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a commonly used macro economic approach to compare and analyse alternative courses of action, usually related to alternative treatments of illnesses. In this approach, the costs and related health effects of the alternatives are compared by calculating cost-effectiveness ratios in the form of X effect units per $ or € spent. The alternative that displays the most effect units per monetary unit is the most efficient choice. Although CEA is often used on a macroeconomic level to analyse costs and effects at the national level, it can also be applied on a micro level.
Micro approaches
The microeconomic approach to the management of occupational health and safety is concerned with optimizing the resource allocation at the enterprise level. Microeconomic analysis can be applied also to public organisations. Micro approaches include management control principles and procedures, financial appraisal and various calculation methods, and these will be considered in the following paragraphs.
Management control methods
Management control is about ensuring the strategic goals of an organisation. Typically the accounting system, budgeting and reward systems are used as tools for management control. Recently its has been observed that one major reason for not sufficiently taking work health into account in organisations is that these items are not properly budgeted in management control systems. Therefore, there is a need to develop management control concepts and tools which include work related health aspects. Work health can be included for instance as an element in Balanced Scorecards (BSC), human resource accounts and health accounts[4].
Financial appraisal method
Financial appraisal refers to an analysis conducted at the micro level in an enterprise or some other organisation. In financial appraisal all cash-flow effects of an OSH related activity or phenomenon are estimated. The simplest form is to make an estimate of the financial effects of a certain state of affairs, e.g. the current level of sickness absenteeism. A more advanced form is to analyse the economic feasibility of a specific occupational safety and health intervention, for example, a reduction of the noise level. In such an analysis, the annual input costs and the annual cost reductions and other economic benefits are compared for a number of years. By discounting the present value of the annual effects, the economic feasibility can be expressed in financial terms, e.g. return of investment (ROI).
Value-based health promotion methods
Porter and Teisberg (2006) coined the term value-based promotion of health. The term refers to an approach that is based on the total economic effects of health care. At the other end of this spectrum is transaction-based health care, which optimises the costs of each health care transaction. There is also a need to apply the value-approach in developing work health management. This places certain requirements on the information to be used in a decision-making system. One needs to know exactly what kind of information is necessary in order to make adequate decisions and the type and magnitude of work health investments. Adoptions of a value-based strategy indicate that the current levels of investment in work health are sub-optimal and directed towards the wrong activities. In a Finnish study (Parvinen et al., 2010) it was demonstrated that the adoption of a value-based strategy to promote work-wellbeing, reduced significantly sick-leave, insurance and pension costs for the company. The total benefits of the program were estimated to be 11.5 M€ this being achieved in a company with total profits in the region of 600 M€. The subjective estimate made by the management was that the real savings were much higher, around 60 M€.
Calculation models
Various calculation models have been developed to help in the estimation of the input costs and related financial benefits. Two such models are The Productivity Model and the Potential Model. The Potential model is an input-output model, or a before-after model. It compares two states of affairs; the one before some measure is taken or investment made and the second after the intervention is made. The effects of the differences between these two states are calculated in order to establish the financial benefit, achieved by the investment. Also the cost of the investment is calculated. Both the cost and the benefit are calculated on an annual basis. For multi-period calculations annual effects are transformed to the present value, by taking account of the interest rate in the calculation. The overall assumption when calculating the benefits is that the real value of work equals the total cost of labour divided by efficient work hours. This assumption is based on the principle that when a company is making an investment it has to be able to cover its current costs by selling what is produced by its personnel, otherwise the firm would go bankrupt. Based on this assumption, the calculation must include all labour costs, the number of all annual paid work hours, and the number of all annual non-productive work hours. In basic terms the calculation of benefits is based on the total cost of productive work hours. Ultimately, the benefit will be dependent on changes in either productive hours or the unit cost of production.
The production cost of personnel turnover is calculated by applying the productivity gap concept. The existence of the personnel turnover productivity gap is well known[14]. It appears as a result of departing individuals reducing their effort as a result of deteriorating motivation, cooperation and morale, and slowly increasing productivity of newcomers. In the Potential Model, the productivity reductions and increases are assumed to be linear. In order to calculate the value of the productivity gap, only the number of annually departing and arriving people and the average exit period and introduction period have to be entered into the model. The model assumes the value of the productivity gap to be equal to the product of lost hours and the value of a productive hour of the firm's time.
In these models depreciated initial investments and annual operations costs make up the annual input costs. The benefits include changes in productive time (sickness absenteeism), overtime costs, subcontracting costs, personnel turnover costs health care costs and productivity. The use of these models demonstrate that the total financial benefits of occupational health and safety investments often greatly exceed the direct benefit effects. A reduced number of sickness-leave days for instance often leads to reduced overtime-work and less subcontractor work. In addition, reduced personnel turnover and increased individual productivity can be a by-product of health promotion projects. In some cases, the benefits related to improved individual productivity have been the main effect[15]. In several cases the actual productivity effects have not been measured, though they have been assumed to be considerable. For instance the Potential Model was used to calculate the economic feasibility of the so-called Druvan-project, in which a 20-fold increase in OSH-expenditure lead to a 46% return of investment[15].
Examples on good practices
In order to communicate the economic significance of occupational safety and health, business cases are needed[4]. The business cases explain in detail how certain OSH measures affect the employees and their behaviour and related cost and productivity factors for the company. Two well known business cases in Finland are the Druvan case and the Metso Corporation case (Parvinen et al., 2010). The importance of strategic business cases are based on the fact that return on investments occurs through many channels. In addition, achieving reductions in sick-leaves and health care and insurance costs, there are more subtle effects which need to be noted. For example, the participation of relevant stakeholders helps to identify changes in delivery time, reliability and client satisfaction. This kind of broader view is helpful in obtaining a more realistic perspective on the true value of work health development in companies.
In the industrial era, the cost reducing strategy was predominant. As society moves towards more knowledge intensive production and consumption[16] the basis of competition has changed. Knowledge as the basis of business places the main focus on the three main forms of intangible assets: Human Capital, including the knowledge and skills of the employees, Structural capital, including the work community and the production processes, and relational capital, including the perceptions of the company held by the relevant stakeholders, including the perceptions of the customers, suppliers and competitors (Ahonen, 2008). All aspects of intangible assets are related to occupational safety and health. Thus safety directly affects the amount of available human capital. All forms of occupational safety and health activities impact on the quantity, quality and effectiveness of human capital. Just as education improves skills, so occupational health services increase available amounts of work and improved commitment to work increases the productivity of work. Measures taken to improve corporate culture and leadership have beneficial effects on the productivity of work and innovative activity. Finally, all measures promoting employee satisfaction improve the employer and consumer image of the company, and ultimately its economic performance. For instance, efforts have been made to analyse the effects of corporate fitness policy on the intangibles of the firm (Aura, 2006).
Responsible conduct
Setting intangible assets at the heart of competition strategy has important implications for occupational safety and health. The increasingly intangible nature of business and consumption emphasizes responsible activity. Since consumers want to behave in an ethically responsible manner, commercial enterprises are compelled to demonstrate that they conduct their affairs in a responsible manner. The increasing role of Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an expression of this (www.globalreporting.org). In economic terms the CSR perspective is linked to the triple bottom line performance concept[17]. According to this concept companies can be judged, not only on their financial performance, but also in terms of their social conduct and environmental impact. It is not often realized that OSH is a significant part of the social dimension of CSR.
↑ Sugden, R., Williams, A., 'The principles of practical cost-benefit analysis'. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1978.
↑ Farsimadan, D., Reforming public administration based on new public management concepts, the case of the public administration reform in Kyrgyz republic. Swedish School of Economics, Diss. Helsinki, 2011.
↑ 3.0 3.1 Chapman, L., 'Meta-Evaluation of Worksite Health Promotion Economic Return Studies'. Art of Health Promotion Newsletter, Update, 2005,. Available at: http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/meta%20evaluation%20of%20worksite%20health%20promotion.pdf
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Johanson, U., Ahonen, G., Roslender, R., (eds.).' Work Health and Management Control'. Thomson, Sweet & Maxwell, Stockholm, 2007
↑ Pelletier, K., "A Review and Analysis of the Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness Studies of Comprehensive Health Promotion and Disease Management Programs at the Worksite: Update VI 2000-2004". Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, October 2005, Vol. 47, Issue 10, 2005pp. 1051-58. Available at: http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3zExFJQE6OAJ:www.medgbg.net/flak/period6/pelletier.pdf+Pelletier+review+clinical&hl=fi&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShBeI_9i7iM3WIOvGaE5krD6UR3r6lSHAJZsMIhcFrcjGaH36arbc9JRqBeTcrvPnsPYjpu9_zcd0q1mzk7iqjHKL_otf9eNTVlJxxcDikLHS8vA9AL5BAfWid-aAGqpfoMVzv0&sig=AHIEtbQR90zHiewdcIXoSGkppcZuc_QYOw
↑ Aldana, S., 'Financial Impact of Health Promotion Programs: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature', Am J. health Promotion, 15 (5), 296.320, 2001. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11502012/
↑ Baicker, K., Cultler, D., Song, Z., 'Workplace Wellness Programs Can Generate Saving', Health Affairs, 29, no. 2 (2010): 2010, pp. 304-11.
↑ Lindström, K., Schrey, K., Ahonen, G., Kaleva, S., 'The Effects of Promoting Organizational Health and Worker Well-Being and Organizational Effectiveness in Small and Medium-Sized Entreprises'. In: Murphy, R, Cooper, C., Healthy and productive Work, Taylor and Francis, London, 2000.
↑ Herbertsson, T., Orszag,J., 'The Costs of Early Retirement in the OECD'. Institute of Economic Studies. Working Papers Series, WO1:2, 2001.
↑ Eurofound – European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Absence from work, Dublin, 2007.
↑ Aura, O., Ahonen, G., Ilmarinen, J.,"Strategic Wellness Management in Finland: The first national survey of the management of employee well-being", Jour of Occ and Env Med,. 52(12), December 2010, pp. 1249-54. Available at: http://journals.lww.com/joem/Abstract/2010/12000/Strategic_Wellness_Management_in_Finland__The.20.aspx
↑ Suhrcke, M., McKee, M., Sauto Arce, R., Tsolova, S, Mortensen, J., 'The contribution of health to the economy in the European Union'. Health & Consumer Protection, Directorate General, EU, 2005. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_overview/Documents/health_economy_en.pdf
↑ Flamholtz, E,.' Human Resource Accounting and Effective Organizational Control: Theory and Practice', Jossey Bass, 1985.
↑ 15.0 15.1 Näsman,O., Ahonen, G., "The DalBo-project: The Economics of maintenance of work ability". In: Willem J.A. Goedhard (Ed.): AGING AND WORK 4, Healthy and Productive Aging of Older Employees, Hague, 1999. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ""Näsman," defined multiple times with different content
↑ Sveiby, K.E., 'The New Organizational Wealth: Managing & Measuring Knowledge-Based Assets', Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, CA, 1997.
↑ Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia (9 June 2011). Triple bottom line. Retrieved on 10 June 2011, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_bottom_line
Links for future reading
WHO – World Health Organization, Understanding and performing economic assessment at the company level, Protection Workers Health Series No 2, WHO, Geneva, 2002. Available at: http://www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/en/pwh2e.pdf
EU-OSHA – European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Benefits of good OSH in construction and infrastructure procurement (publishing date is not available), Retrieved on 15 June 2011, from: http://osha.europa.eu/en/topics/business-old/performance/benefits_construction_html
EU-OSHA – European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Business aspects of OSH (publishing date is not available). Retrieved on 15 June 2011, from: http://osha.europa.eu/en/topics/business-aspects-of-osh/index_html
EU-OSHA – European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Case studies on economic incentives (publishing date is not available), Retrieved on 15 June 2011, from: http://osha.europa.eu/en/topics/economic-incentives/case-studies-collection
Eurofound – European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Absence from work, Dublin, 2007.
GRI – Global Reporting Initiative (no publishing date), Retrieved on 15 June 2011, from: www.globalreporting.org
Porter, M., "Competitive Strategy", Free Press, New York, NY, 1980.
Sveiby, K.E., 'A knowledge-base theory of the firm to guide in strategy formulation'. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2, 4, 2001, pp. 344-58. Available at: http://www.sveiby.com/articles/knowledgetheoryoffirm.htm
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Guy Ahonen, Klaus Kuhl, Palmer
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OSH: Economic aspects, Safety and health management, Safety management, Productivity, Health promotion programs, Cost-benefit analysis, Costs of accidents
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surcharge_name string 100 Specifies Surcharge Name. Translatable.
ext_description string 1000 Specifies description that can be added to statment and is visible to the user. Translatable.
from int 10 REST input arrays should be passed in the following format: surcharge_tier[from]=1&surcharge_tier[from]=1 etc. Index 0 specifies the first tier and 1 specifies the second tier and so on.
rate float 12 REST input arrays should be passed in the following format: surcharge_tier[rate]=3&surcharge_tier[rate]=4 etc.
description string 50 This field is used to display custom rate tier description. REST input arrays should be passed in the following format: surcharge_tier[description]=Custom description&surcharge_tier[description]=custom description etc. Index [tier] specifies the first tier and [tier] specifies the second tier and so on. Translatable.
apply_to_zero_invoice_ind int 8 DeprecatedSpecifies whether the minimum surcharge should apply to zero dollar invoice or not.
tax_group int 8 Specifies the tax group to be used while calculating surcharge.
schedule_name string 10 Specifies schedule name. REST input arrays should be passed in the following format: schedule[schedule_name]=TestSchedule1&schedule[schedule_name]=TestSchedule2 etc. Translatable.
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text:
Q: Removing simple object from JSON request I wrote a small code to validate that my request fails when some part of it is removed.I want to remove the product element and its value.
Here's the request
{
    "product": "tv",
    "price": "45",
    "payment": {
        "credit_card": {
            "number": "1234567891234567",
            "type": "Visa",
            "expire_month": 10,
            "expire_year": 2019,
            "cvv2": 999,
            "first_name": "John",
            "last_name": "Smith"
        }
    }
}

This is the code snippet -
        JSONParser parser = new JSONParser();

        String requestFile = System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/test/resources/request/request.json";
        logger.info("Loading request file: " + requestFile);
        Object obj = parser.parse(new FileReader(requestFile));

        JSONObject jsonObject = (JSONObject) obj;

        //fails on the below line saying Java.lang.String cannot be cast to org.json.simple.JSONObject
       // What's the alternative?
        logger.info("printing json object "+jsonObject.get("product"));
        jsonObject = (JSONObject) jsonObject.remove("product");

        System.out.println("Now the request is "+jsonObject);

A: I was able to resolve this problem.
Here's the code snippet after making changes in it.
JSONParser parser = new JSONParser();

        String requestFile = System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/test/resources/request/original_request.json";
        logger.info("Loading request file: " + requestFile);
        Object obj = parser.parse(new FileReader(requestFile));

        Object jsonObject = (JSONObject) obj;

        //remove product_name
         ((HashMap) jsonObject).remove("product");

        logger.info("New request "+jsonObject);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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A couple of prizes announced!!
For the second year in a row, Surrey Board of Trade CEO, Anita Huberman, will be hosting the Surrey Film Festival. Since the festival's inception, the Surrey Board of Trade has supported the event's goal to build a community of artists in Surrey. We are excited to have Anita come back for another year and host a great event.
Pictures from the 2010 Festival are now up!. Check them out! Special Thanks to Patrick Ruiz, Alan Chua and Tom La for taking the photos.


Thank you so much for getting the Bauble to me so quickly given my last minute Christmas order. It's beautiful!
Love this bauble, great quality!
Thank you very much! First order was dispatched but Royal Mail lost this! Replacement arrived very quickly and the seller didn't charge me twice! Such a lovely seller, and the item is so beautifully made!


British startup SafetyNet Technologies is using light to develop a potential new solution to one of the fishing industry's biggest problems: bycatch. Bycatch—the fish, turtles, seabirds, dolphins, and other types of marine life that end up caught in fishing nets and then discarded—has both environmental and economic consequences. It damages marine ecosystems and adds cost to the fishing industry. According to Oceana, around 20 percent of the catch in United States fisheries is thought to be of unintended species. Worldwide, it could be as much as 40 percent.
SafetyNet recently developed PISCES, a light-emitting device that fits existing nets and helps fishermen target certain species. It is based on the theory that fish vary in their reactions to light, with different types of light attracting some species and repulsing others. It is designed to be flexible and comes in different shapes and sizes to accommodate a variety of equipment. PISCES is also programmable, allowing the user to choose specifications such as the type of light, its intensity, and the flash rate.
Other solutions for bycatch, such as turtle excluder devices or the Nordmore grate, tend to involve gear adapted to particular fishing environments. These devices either physically prevent certain non-target species from entering nets or allow them to easily escape. Unlike these solutions, PISCES does not focus on a specific species. Light has been shown to affect a range of fish and crustaceans, as well as turtles and birds, and the planned trials for PISCES are spread across diverse fishing environments.
SafetyNet conducted an initial trial of PISCES in 2016 in partnership with Young's Seafood and Cefas. The tests were based in the North Sea and showed that light could reduce bycatch by up to 60 percent. Recent trials in shrimp by scientists with the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife have shown that light can reduce bycatch by as much as 90 percent.
Bycatch has been the target of government regulation and activist campaigns across the world. In the U.S., the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recently published its National Bycatch Reduction Strategy, although some elements of existing U.S. regulation are being rolled back by the current administration. The European Union is in the process of phasing in a discard ban, which will require fishing vessels to land and count all catches against quotas.
SafetyNet's goal is not only to help the fishing industry comply with bycatch regulation, but also to further research on the relationship between fish behavior and light. Existing studies encompass topics such as stress reactions to strobe lighting, how lighting impacts the welfare of fish in aquariums, and how light affects brown trout swimming downstream.
Kate is currently studying for an MSc in Food Policy at City, University of London. She is interested in all aspects of the food system, especially the delicious ones. Get in touch by email.


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Duduzane Zuma found not guilty of culpable homicide charge
News24 |
No evidence that the accused should have foreseen the puddle, says Magistrate
Duduzane Zuma, the son of former president Jacob Zuma, has been found not guilty of the charge of culpable homicide in the Randburg Magistrate's Court.
Zuma was on trial after Phumzile Dube died in February 2014 when Zuma's car crashed into a taxi in which she was travelling.
He pleaded not guilty to the charge.
While delivering his judgment on Friday, Magistrate Tebogo Thupaatlase said the court was mandated to find out whether Zuma was driving negligently or not.
Thupaatlase said on a charge of culpable homicide state should prove whether the driver of a vehicle was supposed to have seen a possible death. He said negligence must be evaluated in the circumstances of each case. He said the evidence before the court had established that the weather conditions were bad and that had been confirmed by a climatologist who took witness stand.
Thupatlaase said there was no evidence on record that showed what speed Zuma should have driven on the day that would have avoided the crash. He said three witnesses had testified that aquaplaning could have happened even at low speed. "There is no evidence that the accused should have foreseen the puddle... There is no evidence showing what steps he should have taken to avoid aquaplaning," he said. He said the state failed to prove the case beyond reasonable doubt
Zuma said he was travelling from Fourways to Saxonwold and had joined the highway from William Nicol Drive. He told the court that there was heavy rain and poor visibility.
He also told the court that he had been driving at a speed of about 120km/h and had hit a puddle of water, which resulted in his vehicle losing control and spinning.
Submitting closing arguments in the Randburg Magistrate's Court in June, Zuma's advocate Mike Hellens said, if the court took into consideration the evidence submitted by all parties, on the balance of probabilities, it would find Zuma not guilty.
While prosecutor Yusuf Baba argued that Zuma was not a careful driver on the day of the crash, Hellens asked: "What could he have done?"
Baba had submitted that Zuma could have prevented his car from aquaplaning on the day.
Forensic engineer and accident reconstruction expert Konrad Lotter had also corroborated Zuma's defence argument that he had lost control of his Porsche 911 after it hit a puddle of water.
He said it was possible the vehicle lost control due to aquaplaning. It was not necessary that it would have done so at an excessive speed, Lotter had testified.
AfriForum satisfied that Duduzane had his day in court
Duduzane Zuma to hear fate soon – AfriForum
'It does have an effect on me' - Duduzane Zuma
Zuma at Zondo – a blow by blow account of Day Two
Nick Dreyer: Making SA's iconic Veldskoen into a global champion

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Data missing when using group-element as opposed to dots I use this code:
svg.selectAll(".dot")
    .data(data)
    .enter().append("circle")
    .attr("class", "dot")
    .attr("r", function(d) { return domainOnlyScale(parseFloat(d.Size)+0.01); } )
    .attr("cx", function(d) {return x(d.x+(Math.random() * 0.25) - 0.125); })
    .attr("cy", function(d) { return y(d.y+(Math.random() * 0.25) - 0.125); })
    .style("fill", function(d) { return color(d.color); })
    .style("stroke-width", "1px")
    .style("stroke", function(d) { return strokecolor(d.color); });

And everything works. All data points show up. Now I change this part of the code to:
console.log(data); // Shows all data points!
var groupings = svg.selectAll("g")
        .data(data)
        .enter()
        .append("g")
        .attr("transform", function(d){return "translate("+(x(d.x+(Math.random() * 0.25) - 0.125))+","+y(d.y+(Math.random() * 0.25) - 0.125)+")"}); //used console.log here)

groupings.append("circle")
    .attr("class", "dot")
    .attr("r", function(d) { return domainOnlyScale(parseFloat(d.size)+0.01); } )
    .style("fill", function(d) { return color(d.color); })
    .style("stroke-width", "1px")
    .style("stroke", function(d) { return strokecolor(d.color); });

groupings.append("text")
        .attr("class", "bubbletext")
        .attr("dx", function(d){ return -4 })
        .attr("dy", function(d){ return +5 })
        .text( function(d) { return d.category.substring(0,1); } );

I used another console.log inside the function of the transform of the groupings-creation, and the data is already filtered there. From a few tries it seems as if the first ~15 entries are missing.
Thanks in advance!

A: The problem is that you have g elements on the page already. These are getting selected through svg.selectAll("g") and then matched to data. Hence, the enter selection doesn't contain all the elements you expect to be there.
The fix is simple -- assign a class to those g elements you're using here to be able to distinguish them from the rest and select accordingly:
svg.selectAll("g.dot")
   .data(data)
   .enter()
   .append("g")
   .attr("class", "dot");


Allora finally has its own farmer's market, thanks to Percy Pugliese and his traveling market truck.
Every Wednesday from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. Percy will be found at the Blue Cow Hotel, Allora. His truck is stocked with ripe tomatoes, local honey and eggs, fresh herbs, and a myriad other tasty items. Percy arrives before the sun does, his breath puffing out in clouds as he hustles sorting fat peas, glossy capsicums, and rarer items such as pomegranates, Asian pears, and Italian melons.
Although the selection of vegetables changes each week, the standards are always available: potatoes, onions, cucumber, tomatoes and carrots. Amongst them you might find bright green chokos, delicate broccolini, or plump fennel bulbs. The fruit selection follows the same pattern: staples such as bananas, apples, and traditional citrus mix with ruby strawberries and blood oranges.He sells produce gathered from local farms in Nobby, Gatton, and Stanthorpe, filling in the gaps with produce from the Brisbane markets. Born and bred on an apple orchard in Stanthorpe, Percy says that fresh, quality produce is in his blood.
Organic veggies and fruit are available upon request, and he's more than happy to fill special orders.
This week will be his fourth in Allora, and he is pleased that it is already a success.


Rangefinderforum.com > Cameras / Gear / Photography > Classic Film RangeFinders & Other Classics > Other RF > Aperture-Priority Fixed-Lens CRF?
View Full Version : Aperture-Priority Fixed-Lens CRF?
I just got a Yashica GSN, and it got me wondering... Other than the Yashicas, how many other aperture-priority fixed-lens rangefinders, especially in the '70s compact class, are there? I ask as can't think of any others, and this is the AE method I'm most familiar with. I'm sure I must be missing some.
Juct click on the top link, it should show as blue. It will take you to a list by manufacturer and then to a table of photographs. If you click on each cameras it will show you close-ups and repair details.
Opps! I meant to ask how many are Aperture-Priority. Guess I should have read my own post more closely.
i'm going thru all the cameras i own and have seen, and can't think of any other aperture-priority rf's! the electro really sticks out in that respect.
I have an Olympus XA with me right now. It's aperture priority.
I forgot about the XA. Any others?
Chinon 35EE II, Yashica's Electro CC, Minox/Kiev 35A - I'm sure there are some others.
Fujica GER, Olympus 35 ECR (same shutter I think), also I think the Miranda Sensoret uses this shutter too., but I don't have one to verify.
Aren't these all program exposure?
My Fujica GER has f-stop settings plus an "A" setting, but no shutter speed settings. I think "A" is programmed exposure and picking an f-stop gives you aperture priority exposure.
The Olympus 35ECR (it's been many years since I handled one) has EV settings on top of the lens plus an "A" setting. I think it may have f-stops on the bottom of the lens., like the Pen-F lenses.
Just a guess on the Sensoret.
I had no idea you could rotate the aperture ring/scale! The meter on my Pen FT has been dead for almost 20 years and I've always just turned it over to verify the f-stop setting! I'll try that tonite when I get home.
On another note, I was wrong about the Fujica GER. I looked at it again this morning. It has no f-stop settings. Instead, it has only GN settings for flash. Therefor, it qualifies as a programmed exposure camera and NOT aperture priority. That probably means that I was wrong about the Olympus 35ECR also.
Looks like the only aperture priority 35 rangefinders I can verify are the Electro 35's and the Olympus XA.
I, too, just acquired a Yashica Electro 35 GSN. Been carrying it about. Anyone who knows cameras well (Oddly, most have greying hair) gives it a second look.
Fixed the battery problem. Couple of rolls through it so far and must commend the lens.
The foam light seals on the door are junk, so I got a 1/64" black line on the top of each print. Fixed it by using electricians tape along the seams.
Obviously a temporary fix. Anyone have a clue what to do about this?
Welcome to the group Ted.
Take a look at the Yashica Guy's repair page, I am sure he can help you out.
Aperture-Preferred automatic cameras usually are implemented using an electronic shutter. Shutter-preferred automatics are (usually) implemented using a galvenometer and trap-needle mechanism. Electronics were very expensive and fairly big during the '60s and early '70s, the "golden-age" of fixed-lens rangefinders. The Nikkormat EL was almost the price of the Nikon F2, close to $500 in 1974. When the mid-70s rolled around, the SLR craze was on and the compact Pentax ME and Nikon Fe and others cut into the RF market.
TRIVIA QUESTION: What popular shutter-preferred cameras were made in the Yashica Electro Series?
Yashica also made a slightly more compact Electro 35 CC and Electro 35 GX, but the camera which offers the most bang for the buck in this catagory is the Olympus XA.
* Its lens is OK at f/4, better at f/5.6 and above. For this reason, the XA can't match the wide open, close-up look of a similar exposure that was made with a classic fixed-lens RF camera at f/1.7.
The Yashica Electro 35 GX is much larger than the XA, requires a battery adapter and is much more difficult to find, but it doesn't have any of the downsides of the diminutive Olympus.
The Electro Series included Yashica's SLR cameras and Super-8 Movie Cameras. While the Yashica TL Electro-x was all-manual "Match Lamps", the Yashica Electro Super-8 movie cameras used a motor to set the aperture. It had slow-motion, normal, and high-speed filming speeds, each of which set the shutter speed. The camera adjusted the aperture with its TTL Meter.
Unfortunately my old Yashica SU-60e (and others) did not have a manual zoom, only electric zoom. I used mine to film the High-School Football Game Films, and went through a lot of film. It was in the shop 3 times getting new zoom motors.
Umm, let's see: Electro 35 (1966), G, GS (satin) GT (black), PRO (black) GSN, GTN, MG1 (both chrome and black), GL. The GL had AE/AF imprinted on the lower right side of the body. (Auto exposure, auto flash). It did not mean autofocus. Moving right along, the MC and ME were 'zone focus' meaning they didn't have a split image rangefinder.
I think the MC and ME cameras were the end of the line. There's also a half-frame variation of the ME type that allowed you to get 72 exposures from a roll of tri-X. Would come in handy if you were photographing a riot.
Do I get an 'A'?
The Contax T is Aperture Priority and has a rangefinder.
don't think so, at least my one doesn't seem to be :D. Selecting an aperture on my one turns the meter off!
"Selecting an aperture on my one turns the meter off!"
:)I got it for the postage fee only (eur5,50) and i repaired it to work in full auto (some corroded touchswitches inside). But i thought it should work in aperture priority!
Still, the photos I've taken have been very well exposed & quite sharp. For what I paid I can't complain!!
Also the light seals are gummy and need replacing, but there's no sign of any light leaks yet!
Chenick: Best place to get seals is from Interslice on E-Bay. I got a complete kit with enough material to fix several cameras for $6.00 delivered to the door. He even includes a free tool made of a tiny bamboo stalk. Also, you can download his instructions. He also speaks highly of the GIII QL17 and can probably furnish you with illustrated instructions for that particular camera.
Yeah, interslice alias jon goodman is a great guy to deal with. I bought my GSN from him, great condition, replaced light seals; considering the whole affair was done above the Atlantic, it was easy and fast! And cheap too, i payed eur45 incl delivery.
I'm not including any zone-focus cameras in this list.
Please feel free to make any additions or corrects. I thought I'd found more, but now can't find the list where I them wrote down.
I believe the Minister D allows you to set either the aperture or the shutter speed.
The Kodak Instamatic 60 and Instamatic 48 were "program-Mode" only; you could not manually set the aperture. Still nice for 110 cameras.
The Polaroid Land Cameras were aperture preferred automatic RF's. Although you only got your choice of two apertures per film speed.


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Муерень, Муерені () — село у повіті Долж в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Гоєшть.

Село розташоване на відстані 185 км на захід від Бухареста, 21 км на північ від Крайови.

Населення
За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали  осіб.

Національний склад населення села:

Рідною мовою назвали:

Примітки

Села повіту Долж

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Desmo offers you "Eastern Discovery" package for 12 Nights & 13 Days at the cost of USD 1420.00 per person. We will provide you this package with Airport Transfers, 3-4 Star Hotel Accommodation, Daily Breakfast and Sightseeing as per Itinerary.
On arrival in Warsaw, the largest city and the capital of Poland, you will be met and transferred to the hotel. Warsaw has emerged from its ruins of WWII, to become a thriving metropolis, with plenty of sights to see, a vibrant cultural scene and an increasingly lively nightlife. The rest of the day is free to explore the city on your own. Overnight stay in Warsaw.
Discover Warsaw on a morning tour. Pass by numerous churches (including Holy Cross Church where Chopin's heart is kept in a pillar), monuments, historic buildings and palaces. Stop in front of the Parliament and walk through the Lazienki Park with its famous Palace on the Water monument dedicated to Chopin and Belvedere Palace. Then explore the ghetto where the Jews of Warsaw lived during World War II.
Later travel by train to Krakow, one of Poland's most popular cities, with its stunning renaissance square, the largest in Europe. This old medieval city has plentiful monasteries, churches and abbeys to admire. Overnight stay in Krakow.
camps during the Holocaust of World War II. Overnight stay in Krakow.
Schindler's List Musuem. OR visit Wieliczka Salt Mine, UNESCO World Heritage site, an underground city, complete with huge caverns and underground lakes.
Later this evening you will be transferred to the Krakow station for your overnight train journey to Prague, one of the world's most beautiful and cultured cities. Overnight on board the train to Prague.
On arrival in Prague, one of the world's most beautiful and cultured cities, proceed to the hotel on your own. The rest of the day is at leisure to discover this historical but thoroughly modern thinking city on your own. This evening we recommend you to explore the magical city on a Prague by Night Tour (optional). Enjoy the illuminated sights of this city as you dine in style onboard a river cruiser. Overnight stay in Prague.
Today, immerse yourself in the rich, opulent beauty of Prague on a Grand City tour combining a visit to both the historic and modern quarters of Prague followed by a relaxing cruise on Vltava River. Rest of the day is free to explore this beautiful city on your own. Overnight stay in Prague.
Travel to the musical town of Salzburg and experience a memorable stay in Mozart's city. The day is free to explore the city on your own. Overnight stay in Salzburg.
This morning continue your journey by train through the countryside to Vienna. The day is at leisure to explore on your own. Overnight stay in Vienna.
This morning travel by train to the elegant city of Budapest - the Pearl of the Danube often described as the "Little Paris of Middle Europe". Rest of the day is at leisure to explore the wonders of this "Paris of the East" on an optional Evening walk tour and a spectacular boat cruise on the River Danube. Overnight stay in Budapest.
This morning, enjoy a complete overview of Hungarian history on Budapest City tour and see some of the major landmarks. The tour takes you across the Danube on the Margaret Bridge, shows you the House of Parliament, the Royal Castle, Fisherman's Bastion, and much more. Drive towards Heroes' Square passing by the Opera and St. Stephen's Basilica. In the evening spend an enjoyable evening at a traditional restaurant in the hills of Buda on a Folklore evening tour. Overnight stay in Budapest.
Krakow: City tour; Auschwitz-Birkenau tour.
Prague: Grand City tour with Boat Cruise.
• Inter city train travel by Eastern Europe Pass First Class with Reservation fee.
Salt Mine Tour - Price for Adult 36 and Child 18.
Private Tour - Kazimierz District and Schindler's List Museum - Price for Adult 177 and Child 177.
Zakopane and Tatra Mountains - Price for Adult 62 and Child 62.


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Thursday, January 19, 2023 | 7:30 AM - 2:00 PM
Campus Mall
RSC Community Orchestra
Hudiburg Chevrolet Center
Student Activities | Community Learning
Friday, January 20, 2023 | 10:00 AM - 1:00 PM
HB Atkinson Theatre Theatre
Shine Sunday Worship
Sunday, January 22, 2023 | 7:00 PM - 9:00 PM
Student Union FNB Community Ballroom C
Lunar New Year Table
Monday, January 23, 2023 | 10:00 AM - 4:00 PM
Student Activities | Tour
Tuesday, January 24, 2023 | 10:00 AM - 1:00 PM


Moving Iron Podcast #58	Kirk Hinz BAM Weather - Aaron Fintel - Regina Narjes On this episode, Regina, Aaron, and I talk about 00-20 tractors and touch on a few local auctions. Also Kirk Hinz, From BAM Weather, talks about weather patterns heading into the planting and summer. Remember if you would like to continue any of these conversations you can hit me up on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram @MovingIronLLC, Regina at @rrjanousek on Twitter and Regina Narjes on Facebook and Instagram, and you can find Aaron Fintel @aaronfintel on Twitter and Facebook. You can send also send an email at movingironpodcast@movingironpodcast.com. Moving Iron LLC now has a website you can visit, Movingironllc.com. Here you can find information for the 2018 Moving Iron Summit in Las Vegas, Past and current episodes of Moving Iron Podcast, and Articles from Moving Iron Blog. Throughout the year there will be guest bloggers writing on various topics from their point of view. If you would like to support the podcast you can leave a review and subscribe to the podcast at your favorite podcast platform, and if you shop at amazon please use the amazon click through at movingironllc.com. It won't cost you anything and You will have the same experience you are accustom to while support this podcast. You can find this podcast on these podcasting platforms: iTunes Google Play Stitcher radio Tune In Radio And Sound Cloud So, until Next Time… Let's go move some Iron.... This is Regina Narjes, Aaron Fintel, and Casey Seymour…. out.


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Lithium Stocks Are Jumping as California Says RIP to Gas Lawn Mowers
Move over EVs, the revolution in electric small off-road equipment has officially begun.
Beth McKenna
(TMFMcKenna)
Oct 14, 2021 at 10:55AM
California will ban new off-road equipment with small gas-powered engines as early as 2024.
Newly made lawn mowers, leaf blowers, generators, and other equipment will need to be electrically powered.
More lithium will be required to produce the additional lithium-ion batteries for this equipment.
Lithium stock investors owe thanks to California Gov. Gavin Newsom. Last weekend, the Democratic governor signed into law a ban on the sale of new lawn mowers and other off-road equipment with small gas-powered engines, to take effect as early as 2024. This law should increase demand for lithium, as we'll explore in a moment.
This news is providing a tailwind this week for lithium stocks. (Select lithium stocks have also benefited from company-specific news, though that's beyond the focus of this article.) Through Wednesday, shares of pure-play lithium giant Livent (NYSE:LTHM) were up 14%, and shares of lithium junior miners Lithium Americas (NYSE:LAC), Piedmont Lithium (NASDAQ:PLL), and Standard Lithium (NYSEMKT:SLI) are in the green by about 24%, 11%, and 25%, respectively. By comparison, the S&P 500 index fell 0.6% over the first three days of this week.
Many more Californians will be using electric lawn mowers in the near future. Image source: Getty Images.
California bans sales of new small gas engines used in off-road equipment
The new California law will ban the sale of a plethora of new off-road equipment with small gasoline-powered engines as early as Jan. 1, 2024. This includes lawn mowers, leaf blowers, trimmers, generators, chainsaws, pressure washers, golf carts, and other machines.
The law is aimed at lessening pollution and helping control climate change. (On that note, last month I outlined three of the best climate change stocks to consider buying.) Small off-road engines (SORE) are responsible for more air pollution than many people might realize. In 2020, according to the bill, "California daily NOx and ROG emissions from SORE were higher than emissions from light-duty passenger cars." (NOx and ROG stand for oxides of nitrogen and reactive organic gases, respectively, and together they contribute to the formation of ozone.)
Under the new law, new small off-road engines must be zero-emissions by Jan. 1, 2024, or as soon as the California Air Resources Board determines is feasible, whichever is later. This means that new models of the affected products will have to be electrically powered, either by battery or plug-in.
As with electric vehicles, the reigning type of battery used for the impacted products is the lithium-ion battery. So, more lithium is going to be needed to make those additional batteries.
As California goes...
"As California goes, so goes the country" is a popular saying. Indeed, many new trends and new laws often start in the Golden State and then spread to other states.
The legalization of marijuana is an example of this phenomenon. In 1996, California was the first state to legalize marijuana for medical use. Now, medical cannabis is legal in the majority of states.
So, there's good reason to believe that other states will follow California's lead and ban the sale of new small gas-powered engines for off-road equipment. If so, it will further increase the demand for lithium.
Data by YCharts. Standard Lithium stock is up 536% over the last year; it's excluded from the chart for clarity reasons.
There should be several big winners among lithium stocks
Demand for lithium is going to continue to grow at a rapid pace, thanks largely to the electrification of transportation -- cars, trucks, and beyond. California's new law, which will likely usher in similar laws in other states, will further boost demand.
Albemarle and Livent are solid bets in this group. Of the two, Albemarle is the larger player in the lithium market, but it's not a pure play on lithium, as is Livent. Sociedad Quimica y Minera (known as SQM), also not a lithium pure play, is based in Chile, so it has a higher level of political and currency risks.
Only investors comfortable with higher risk levels should consider investing in one of the smaller, more speculative junior lithium miners, such as Lithium Americas, Piedmont Lithium, or Standard Lithium.


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African Lions Being 'Trophy-Hunted'
Posted by John Loeffler in Africa, animal cruelty, animal welfare, Animals, Elite, Greed, hunting, lions, South Africa, trophy hunting, Wealthy, Wildlife
Africa, animal cruelty, Animal welfare, Animals, Asia, breeding, Canned hunt, Conservation, Elite, Europe, greed, hunting, immoral, lions, North America, South Africa, trophies, trophy-hunting, wealthy, wildlife
A lion bred on a farm in South Africa for commercial use. Photograph: Stephane De Sakutin/AFP/Getty Images
Canned hunting is a fast-growing business in South Africa, where thousands of lions are being bred on farms to be shot by wealthy foreign trophy-hunters.
They are adorably cute, with grubby brown fur so soft it seems to slip through my fingers like flour. It is only when one of the nine-week-old cubs playfully grabs my arm with its teeth and squeezes with an agonising grip that I remember – this is a lion, a wild animal. These four cubs are not wild, however. They are kept in a small pen behind the Lion's Den, a pub on a ranch in desolate countryside 75 miles south of Johannesburg. Tourists stop to pet them but most visitors do not venture over the hill, where the ranch has pens holding nearly 50 juvenile and fully-grown lions, and two tigers.
Moreson ranch is one of more than 160 such farms legally breeding big cats in South Africa. There are now more lions held in captivity (upwards of 5,000) in the country than live wild (about 2,000). While the owners of this ranch insist they do not hunt and kill their lions, animal welfare groups say most breeders sell their stock to be shot dead by wealthy trophy-hunters from Europe and North America, or for traditional medicine in Asia. The easy slaughter of animals in fenced areas is called "canned hunting", perhaps because it's rather like shooting fish in a barrel. A fully-grown, captive-bred lion is taken from its pen to an enclosed area where it wanders listlessly for some hours before being shot dead by a man with a shotgun, hand-gun or even a crossbow, standing safely on the back of a truck. forHe pays anything from £5,000 to £25,000, and it is all completely legal.
Like other tourists and daytrippers from Jo'burg, I pay a more modest £3.50 to hug the lions at Moreson, a game ranch which on its website invites tourists to come and enjoy the canned hunting of everything from pretty blesbok and springbok – South Africa's national symbol – to lions and crocodiles. After a cuddle with the cubs, I go on a "game drive" through the 2,000 hectare estate. Herds of blue wildebeest, red hartebeest and eland run from the truck, then stop and watch us, warily: according to the guides, the animals seem to know when visitors are not carrying guns. At the far end of the property is an abandoned farm, surrounded by pens of lethargic-looking big cats. One pair mate in front of us. Two healthy looking tigers tear at chicken carcasses rapidly rotting in the African sun.
The animals look well cared for. But Cathleen Benade, a ranch assistant who is studying wildlife photography and is devoted to the cubs, reveals that they were taken away from their mothers just an hour after birth and bottle-fed by humans for the first eight weeks of their life. After dark, as the lions roar in the cages below the pub veranda, Maryke Van Der Merwe, the manager of Lion's Den and daughter of the ranch owner, explains that if the cubs weren't separated from their mother – by blowing a horn to scare the adult lion away – the young lions would starve to death, because their mother had no milk. She says the mother is not distressed: "She's looking for the cubs for a few hours but it's not like she's sad. After a day or two I don't think she remembered that she had cubs."
Animal welfare experts disagree, however. They say breeders remove the cubs from their mother so that the lioness will quickly become fertile again, as they squeeze as many cubs from their adults as possible – five litters every two years. For an animal that is usually weaned at six months, missing out on the crucial colostrum, or first milk, can cause ill-health. "These breeders tell you they removed the cubs because the mother had no milk; I've never seen that in the wild," says Pieter Kat, an evolutionary biologist who has worked with wild lions in Kenya and Botswana. "Lions and tigers in captivity may kill their young because they are under a lot of stress. But the main reason breeders separate the young from their mother is because they don't want them to be dependant on their mother. Separation brings the female back into a reproductive position much faster than if the cubs were around. It's a conveyor-belt production of animals."
South Africa has a strong hunting tradition but few people express much enthusiasm for its debased canned form. It is still legal to bring a lion carcass back to Britain (or anywhere in Europe or North America) as a trophy, and much of the demand comes from overseas. Trophy-hunters are attracted by the guarantee of success, and the price: a wild lion shot on a safari in Tanzania may cost £50,000, compared with a £5,000 captive-bred specimen in South Africa. Five years ago, the South African government effectively banned canned hunting by requiring an animal to roam free for two years before it could be hunted, severely restricting breeders and hunters' profitability. But lion breeders challenged the policy in South Africa's courts and a high court judge eventually ruled that such restrictions were "not rational". The number of trophy hunted animals has since soared. In the five years to 2006, 1,830 lion trophies were exported from South Africa; in the five years to 2011, 4,062 were exported, a 122% increase, and the vast majority captive-bred animals.
Demand from the Far East is also driving profits for lions breeders. In 2001, two lions were exported as "trophies" to China, Laos and Vietnam; in 2011, 70 lion trophies were exported to those nations. While the trade in tiger parts is now illegal, demand for lion parts for traditional Asian medicine is soaring. In 2009, five lion skeletons were exported from South Africa to Laos; in 2011, it was 496. The legal export of lion bones and whole carcasses has also soared. "It's definitely a rapidly growing source of revenue for these canned breeding facilities," says Will Travers of the charity Born Free. "The increase and volume are terrifying."
Breeders argue it is better that hunters shoot a captive-bred lion than further endanger the wild populations, but conservationists and animal welfare groups dispute this. Wild populations of lions have declined by 80% in 20 years, so the rise of lion farms and canned hunting has not protected wild lions. In fact, according to Fiona Miles, director of Lionsrock, a big cat sanctuary in South Africa run by the charity Four Paws, it is fuelling it. The lion farms' creation of a market for canned lion hunts puts a clear price-tag on the head of every wild lion, she says; they create a financial incentive for local people, who collude with poachers or turn a blind eye to illegal lion kills. Trophy-hunters who begin with a captive-bred lion may then graduate to the real, wild thing.
"It's factory-farming of lions, and it's shocking," says Miles. She began working to protect lions after watching a seminal documentary about canned hunting. "The lion all around the world is known as the iconic king of the jungle – that's how it's portrayed in advertising and written into story books – and yet people have reduced it to a commodity, something that can be traded and used."
An alternative use for the captive-bred lions might be tourism. We go for a "lion walk" with Martin Quinn, a conservation educator and lion whisperer. This involves strolling through the veld with three adolescent white lions, which have been bred on Moreson ranch and trained by Quinn and his assistant, Thompson. These striking white lions (which tend to be very inbred, say animal welfare groups) bound around us, rush on, and then lie in the grass, ready for an ambush. Armed only with sticks, Quinn and Thompson control them, while warning us that they are still wild animals. It is an unnerving experience, but Quinn hopes this venture will persuade Moreson ranch that a live lion is worth more than a dead one.
Read more here: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/jun/03/canned-hunting-lions-bred-slaughter
18 Signs Of A Global Economic Meltdown!
Posted by John Loeffler in Asia, Austerity, Depression, Economic Collapse, Economic Inequality, Economic Meltdown, Economy, Elite, EU, European Union, Federal Reserve, Hindenburg Omen, Money, New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Poor, Poverty, Quotes, Recession, Sequestration, Stock Market, stock market crash, U.S., Unemployment, Unemployment Rate, United States, wages, Wall Street, Wealthy, World-Wide, Youth
Asia, austerity, Australia, banking, Ben Bernanke, consumer spending, Cyprus, Debt, deception, decline, Depression, economic collapse, Economic inequality, economic meltdown, Economy, Elite, EU, European Union, eurozone, Federal Reserve, France, global, Greece, Hindenburg Omen, India, Italy, Japan, Japanese financial system, lending, McClellan Oscillator, money, New York Stock Exchange, NYSE, Poor, Portugal, Poverty, printing, production, Quotes, Recession, reckless, riots, Sentimen Trader Smart/Dumb Money Index, Sequestration, Spain, stock market, stock market crash, Stockholm, Sweden, The Great Cyprus Bank Robbery, U.S, Unemployment, Unemployment Rate, United States, wages, Wall Street, wealthy, world-wide, youth
This is no time to be complacent. Massive economic problems are erupting all over the globe, but most people seem to believe that everything is going to be just fine. In fact, a whole bunch of recent polls and surveys show that the American people are starting to feel much better about how the U.S. economy is performing. Unfortunately, the false prosperity that we are currently enjoying is not going to last much longer. Just look at what is happening in Europe. The eurozone is now in the midst of the longest recession that it has ever experienced. Just look at what is happening over in Asia. Economic growth in India is the lowest that it has been in a decade and the Japanese financial system is beginning to spin wildly out of control. One of the only places on the entire planet where serious economic problems have not already erupted is in the United States, and that is only because we have "kicked the can down the road" by recklessly printing money and by borrowing money at an unprecedented rate. Unfortunately, the "sugar high" produced by those foolish measures is starting to wear off. We are going to experience a massive amount of economic pain along with the rest of the world – it is just a matter of time.
But for the moment, there are a lot of skeptics out there.
For the moment, there are a lot of people that are declaring that the problems of the past have been fixed and that we are heading for incredibly bright economic times ahead.
Unfortunately, those people appear to be purposely ignoring the economic horror that is breaking out all over the globe.
The following are 18 signs that massive economic problems are erupting all over the planet…
#1 The eurozone is now in the midst of its longest recession ever. Economic activity in the eurozone has declined for six quarters in a row.
#2 Italy's economy has now been contracting for seven quarters in a row.
#3 Industrial production in Italy has fallen for 15 months in a row. It has now fallen to its lowest level in about 25 years.
#4 The number of people that are considered to be "seriously deprived" in Italy has doubled over the past two years.
#5 Consumer confidence in France has just hit a new all-time low.
#6 The number of unemployed workers seeking a job in France has hit a brand new all-time record high. Many unemployed workers in France are utterly frustrated at this point…
"I've sent CVs everywhere, I come to the unemployment agency every day, for 3 or 4 hours to look for work as a truck driver and there's never anything," said 42-year old Djamel Sami, who has been unemployed for a year, leaving a job agency in Paris.
#7 Unemployment in the eurozone as a whole has just hit a brand new all-time record high of 12.2 percent.
#8 Youth unemployment continues to soar to unprecedented heights in Europe. The following is from an article that was recently posted on the website of the Guardian that detailed how bad things are getting in some of the worst countries…
In Greece, 62.5% of young people are out of work, in Spain it's 56.4%, then Portugal with 42.5%, and then Italy with 40.5%.
#9 Youth unemployment is being partially blamed for the worst rioting that Sweden has seen in many years. The following is how the Daily Mail described the riots…
Sweden is reeling after a third night of rioting in largely run-down immigrant areas of the capital Stockholm.
In the last 48 hours violence has spread to at least ten suburbs with mobs of youths torching hundreds of cars and clashing with police.
It is Sweden's worst disorder in years and has shocked the country and provoked a debate on how Sweden is coping with youth unemployment and an influx of immigrants.
#10 An astounding 10 percent of all banking deposits were pulled out of banks in Cyprus during the month of April alone.
#11 Economic growth in India is the slowest that it has been in an entire decade.
#12 Suddenly Australia is experiencing some tremendous economic challenges. The following quotes are from a recent Zero Hedge article…
-"We're seeing a much sharper contraction in the Australian economy than we'd anticipated four or five months ago". Coffey MD, John Douglas. The engineering group has seen its shares, which traded above $4 in 2007, hit 10c last week.
-"By 10am, the Fitness First gym in the city is packed full of brokers who've had a gutful of sitting at their desk doing nothing – salary cuts are starting and next it will be jobs" Perth broker
-"Oh mate, the funding market is dead. You are now seeing a few deeply discounted rights issues for those that are reaching desperate levels ….. liquidity has completely disappeared" Perth broker
#13 The financial system in Japan is beginning to spin wildly out of control. The Japanese stock market has now declined about 15 percent from the peak, and many believe that the yen will continue to get weaker and that interest rates in Japan will start to rise significantly.
#14 Global cash flow is declining at a rate not seen since the last recession. This indicates that we could be headed for a global credit crunch.
#15 Real wages continue to decline in the United States. Even though we are being told that the U.S. is experiencing an "economy recovery", real weekly earnings have declined from $297.79 in 2010 to $295.49 in 2011 to $294.83 in 2012. (The preceding calculation is based on 1982-1984 dollars)
#16 Wall Street is buzzing about the fact that "the Hindenburg Omen" appeared at the end of last week. So exactly what is "the Hindenburg Omen"? The following are the criteria that are used to determine whether it has appeared or not…
1. The daily number of NYSE new 52 Week Highs and the daily number of new 52 Week Lows must both be greater than 2.2 percent of total NYSE issues traded that day.
2. The smaller of these numbers is greater than or equal to 69 (68.772 is 2.2% of 3126). This is not a rule but more like a checksum. This condition is a function of the 2.2% of the total issues.
3. That the NYSE 10 Week moving average is rising.
4. That the McClellan Oscillator ( a market breadth indicator used to evaluate the rate of money entering or leaving the market and interpretively indicate overbought or oversold conditions of the market) is negative on that same day.
5. That new 52 Week Highs cannot be more than twice the new 52 Week Lows (however it is fine for new 52 Week Lows to be more than double new 52 Week Highs).
When the Hindenburg Omen makes an appearance, it supposedly means that the U.S. stock market is likely to experience a serious decline within the next 40 days.
#17 As I wrote about the other day, the SentimenTrader Smart/Dumb Money Index is now the lowest that it has been in more than two years. That means that lots of "smart money" has been getting out of the market and lots of "dumb money" has been pouring in.
#18 Margin debt on the New York Stock Exchange has set a new all-time high. The following is from a recent Market Oracle article…
Margin debt—that's the amount of money borrowed to purchase stocks—on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) reached its all-time high in April. Margin debt on the NYSE registered at $384.3 billion as the key stock indices hit new record-highs. (Source: New York Stock Exchange web site, last accessed May 29, 2013.) The highest margin debt ever reached prior to this was in July of 2007, when it stood just above $381.0 billion. At that time, just like today, the key stock indices were near their peaks and "buy now before it's too late" was the prominent theme of the day
Whenever margin debt spikes like this, a stock market crash almost always follows.
Wall Street has had a good couple of years, but it has been a "false prosperity" that has been pumped up by reckless money printing by the Federal Reserve. Just like all of the other stock market bubbles that we have seen in recent years, this one is going to burst too. And as Marc Faber recently pointed out, this bubble has been particularly beneficial to the wealthy…
The Fed has been flooding the system with money. The problem is the money doesn't flow into the system evenly. It doesn't increase economic activity and asset prices in concert. Instead, it creates dangerous excesses in countries and asset classes. Money-printing fueled the colossal stock-market bubble of 1999-2000, when the Nasdaq more than doubled, becoming disconnected from economic reality. It fueled the housing bubble, which burst in 2008, and the commodities bubble. Now money is flowing into the high-end asset market – things like stocks, bonds, art, wine, jewelry, and luxury real estate.
Money-printing boosts the economy of the people closest to the money flow. But it doesn't help the worker in Detroit, or the vast majority of the middle class. It leads to a widening wealth gap. The majority loses, and the minority wins.
The fact that the U.S. stock market has set new all-time record high after new all-time record high in recent months means very little. At this point, the stock market has become completely divorced from economic reality. When this current bubble bursts, the adjustment is going to be very painful. Wall Street will likely whine and complain and ask for more bailouts, but they may find that authorities are not nearly as sympathetic this time.
Much of the rest of the world is already experiencing the next major wave of the economic collapse. Reckless money printing by the Fed and reckless borrowing and spending by the federal government may have delayed the inevitable in the United States for a little while, but those measures have also made our long-term problems even worse.
There was one piece of advice that Ben Bernanke included in his commencement speech to students at Princeton recently that I thought was particularly ironic…
"Don't be afraid to let the drama play out."
Will he take his own advice when the next great financial crisis strikes the United States?
That seems very unlikely.
Unfortunately, things are not going to be so easy to fix this next time.
What happened back in 2008 was just a preview.
What is coming next is going to absolutely shock the world!
Source: http://www.thesleuthjournal.com/18-signs-that-massive-economic-problems-are-erupting-all-over-the-planet/
Think Big!
Posted by John Loeffler in Asia, China, Earth, Humans, India, Indonesia, Japan, People, Phillipines, Population, World
Asia, China, earth, Humans, India, Indonesia, Japan, people, Phillipines, population, world
Big numbers in a small circle! 3.5 billion people live in this small circle of the world! That is about half of the over 7 billion humans spanning the earth! – John Loeffler, Fountain City, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
WHO Suspends Vaccine After 26 Children Die
Posted by John Loeffler in Asia, Babies, Big Pharma, Children, Deadly, Greed, Health, Health problems, Middle East, Quinvaxem, Uncategorized, UNICEF, Vaccines, Victims, WHO, World Health Organization (WHO)
Asia, babies, children, deaths, Guinea pigs, Middle East, Quinvaxem, UNICEF, vaccines, victims, WHO, World Health Organization
According to reports, at least 26 children have died and many more have been seriously injured after they were given the 5 in 1 vaccine, Quinvaxem. [1] Newspapers have reported that all of the victims suffered adverse reactions including fevers, vomiting and the appearance of bruises all over their bodies. [2]
Quinvaxem, being offered at no cost to recipients by UNICEF, is a pre-qualified vaccine on trial in developing countries. Currently being given to babies as young as eight weeks of age, this pentavalent vaccine is said to protect infants and young children against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hepatitis B, and Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b).
According to reports, local authorities have suspended all the controversial batches for testing. However, the Health Ministry said there are no problems with the vaccine's quality, distribution, preservation or administration. [3]
Although deaths have been reported from Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bhutan and India, the World Health Organization (WHO) has stood by the safety of Quinvaxem, stating that all their studies of the vaccine, made in South Korea, affirm its safety!
Children Being Used As Guinea Pigs – read more here: http://www.thesleuthjournal.com/who-suspends-vaccine-after-26-children-die/


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Justice Department refuses to retract misleading report linking immigration and terror statistics
The Trump administration has acknowledged for the first time that its highly-scrutinized ...
Posted: Jan 4, 2019 2:57 PM
Updated: Jan 4, 2019 2:57 PM
The Trump administration has acknowledged for the first time that its highly-scrutinized January 2018 analysis suggesting a causal link between immigration and acts of terrorism "could be criticized" as misleading, but now refuses to retract or correct the report, according to a letter obtained by CNN.
The controversial 11-page document -- issued last year by the Justice and Homeland Security departments in the midst of a protracted fight over certain immigration policies criticized by President Donald Trump -- claimed that 73% of those convicted of "international terrorism-related charges" since September 11, 2001, were "foreign-born."
Government bodies and offices
Government departments and authorities
Government organizations - US
Immigration, citizenship and displacement
International relations and national security
Justice departments
Terrorism and counter-terrorism
Unrest, conflicts and war
US federal departments and agencies
But the report failed to detail how many individuals committed acts of terrorism abroad (and were only later brought to the US for prosecution) -- leaving a misleading impression they were mostly immigrants.
It also never accounted for how many foreign nationals were radicalized only after entering the US and did not include individuals convicted of domestic terrorism-related offenses.
In a December 21 letter, the Justice Department admitted that the "information in the report could be criticized by some readers" and it should "strive to minimize the potential for misinterpretation."
The letter, first reported by The Washington Post, was sent to several government watchdog groups that have sued seeking a correction or retraction under federal law.
But DOJ ultimately concluded, however, it was "reasonably transparent in its presentation of information" and, as a result, the report "should not be withdrawn or corrected."
"The Department appreciates the suggestion that disaggregating information about foreign nationals brought to the United States for prosecution for terrorism-related offenses committed outside the United States, and providing a more thorough discussion of the limitations of the data presented, would further promote the perception of objectivity in the presentation of the information," wrote Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Planning Michael Allen.
The groups had also criticized the inclusion of eight "illustrative examples" of individuals who entered the US through family members or the diversity immigrant visa system -- policies Trump has denounced.
On that issue, the Justice Department said their inclusion in the analysis "could cause some readers of the report to question its objectivity" and recognized that "the objectivity and transparency of future reports could be enhanced by releasing the underlying data ... and could provide readers with more complete information from which to draw their own conclusions."
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Number of McDonald's restaurants worldwide 2005-2018
Revenue of Starbucks worldwide from 2003 to 2019
Number of restaurants in the U.S. 2011-2018
Average daily rate of hotels in the U.S. from 2001 to 2018
Global tourism industry - Statistics & Facts
Hotel industry - Statistics & Facts
Travel, Tourism & Hospitality›
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in the UK 2006-2016
Published by Jennifer Luty, Oct 24, 2019
This statistic shows the number of international tourist arrivals at accommodation establishments in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2006 to 2016. In 2016 there were around 43.5 million international arrivals at accommodation establishments in the UK.
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2006 to 2016 (in millions)
Number of arrivals in millions
* Break in time series. Figures for 2013 and 2014 are not provided by the source.
Tourist accommodation includes hotels, holiday and other short stay accommodation, camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks.
Figures have been rounded.
B&B room occupancy rate in the UK 2011-2016
Number of hotel businesses in the United Kingdom (UK) 2008-2018
Serviced accommodation in England 2016, by type
Monthly bedspace occupancy rate in serviced accommodation in the UK 2016-2018
Statistics on "Serviced accommodation in the United Kingdom (UK)"
Turnover of accommodation services in the United Kingdom (UK) 2018, by sector
Number of accommodation enterprises in the United Kingdom (UK) 2018, by type
Number of serviced accommodation establishments in England 2016, by region
Number of bedspaces in serviced accommodation in England 2016, by region
Number of bedrooms in serviced accommodation in England 2016, by region
Bedroom occupancy rate in serviced accommodation in the UK 2011-2017
Bedroom occupancy rate in the United Kingdom (UK) 2011-2016, by accommodation type
Monthly room occupancy rate in serviced accommodation in the UK 2016-2018
Hotel room occupancy rate in the UK 2014-2017, by country
Hotels: bedroom occupancy rate in the United Kingdom (UK) 2011-2016
Guesthouse room occupancy rate in the UK 2011-2016
Accommodation types used on domestic trips in Great Britain 2018
Accommodation types used on domestic overnight stays in Great Britain 2018
Inbound visits in the United Kingdom (UK) 2018, by accommodation type
Inbound overnight stays in the United Kingdom (UK) 2018, by accommodation type
International arrivals in serviced accommodation in the UK 2011-2016
Inbound visitors using hotels and guesthouses in the United Kingdom (UK) 2004-2018
Nights spent in hotels and guesthouses by inbound visitors to the UK 2004-2018
Inbound visits to bed and breakfast accommodation in the UK 2004-2018
Expenditure on accommodation in the United Kingdom (UK) 2005-2018
Accommodation: Weekly household expenditure in the United Kingdom (UK) 2018, by age
Holiday accommodation in the UK: Weekly household expenditure 2018, by age
Accommodation services: weekly UK household expenditure 2018, by gross income
Share of UK household spend going on accommodation services 2018, by income group
Accommodation in the UK: Weekly household expenditure 2018, by gross income
Share of UK household spend going on domestic holiday accommodation 2018, by income
Accommodation types ever booked by travelers in the United Kingdom (UK) 2017
Hotel accommodation usage in the United Kingdom (UK) 2017, by age group
Hotel accommodation usage in the United Kingdom (UK) 2017, by income group
Bed and breakfast accommodation usage in the United Kingdom (UK) 2017
Bed and breakfast accommodation usage in the United Kingdom (UK) 2017, by age group
Number of arrivals in tourist accommodation in the EU 2009-2017
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in Romania 2006-2017
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in Serbia 2012-2016
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in Luxembourg 2006-2017
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in Bulgaria 2006-2018
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in North Macedonia 2008-18
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in Lithuania 2006-2018
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation Netherlands 2006-2018
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in Malta 2006-2018
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in the EU 2009-2017
Number of domestic arrivals in tourist accommodation in Croatia 2006-2018
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in Liechtenstein 2006-2018
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in Cyprus 2006-2018
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in France 2006-2017
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in Slovakia 2006-2018
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in Slovenia 2006-2017
Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in Estonia 2006-2018
Number of arrivals in tourist accommodation Lithuania 2006-2018
Monthly arrivals in tourist accommodation in Italy 2015-2017
Number of arrivals in tourist accommodation Malta 2006-2018
Serviced accommodation in the United Kingdom (UK) Hotel industry Hotel industry in the United Kingdom (UK) Travel and tourism in the United Kingdom (UK) Holiday travel in the United Kingdom (UK)
Eurostat. (September 23, 2019). Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2006 to 2016 (in millions) [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/729065/number-international-arrivals-spent-in-accommodation-in-the-united-kingdom/
Eurostat. "Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2006 to 2016 (in millions)." Chart. September 23, 2019. Statista. Accessed January 17, 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/729065/number-international-arrivals-spent-in-accommodation-in-the-united-kingdom/
Eurostat. (2019). Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2006 to 2016 (in millions). Statista. Statista Inc.. Accessed: January 17, 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/729065/number-international-arrivals-spent-in-accommodation-in-the-united-kingdom/
Eurostat. "Number of International Arrivals in Tourist Accommodation in The United Kingdom (Uk) from 2006 to 2016 (in Millions)." Statista, Statista Inc., 23 Sep 2019, https://www.statista.com/statistics/729065/number-international-arrivals-spent-in-accommodation-in-the-united-kingdom/
Eurostat, Number of international arrivals in tourist accommodation in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2006 to 2016 (in millions) Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/729065/number-international-arrivals-spent-in-accommodation-in-the-united-kingdom/ (last visited January 17, 2020)