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Bla Bla Writing / Science / Biology / Rodenticidal Potential of Gliricidia sepium
Rodenticidal Potential of Gliricidia sepium
Category: Biology
Plants are living organisms that belongs to the kingdom of plantae. They include organism such as herbs, trees, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, green algae. The study of plants, known as botany, has identified about 350,000 species of plants. Green plants sometimes called viridiplantae, obtain most of their energy from sunlight and this process is called photosynthesis.
Gliricidia sepium (kakawate) is a multipurpose legume tree that is used in many tropical and subtropical countries as a live fencing, fodder, coffee shade, firewood, green manure and rat poison. In the Philippines, the extract obtained from its leaves is used to remove external parasites .Gliricidia sepium (kakawate) is also used for its medicinal and insect repellent properties. It is also a fast growing ruderal species that takes advantage of slash and burn practices in its native range.
Rats are some of the hated pest in the Philippines because they feed on their properties like clothes, shoes and more they can also cause diseases like Leptospirosis, Eosinophilic Meningitis, Murine Typhus and more. For this reason, the researchers developed a rodenticide out of Gliricidia sepium (kakawate) tree.
The main purpose of this study is to formulate a potential solution to the focal problems, which are the destructive rats and the dependence on insecticides by developing a rodenticide out of G. Sepium (kakawate).
The study purported to evaluate the Rodenticidal potential of Gliricidia sepium (kakawate). In the study reported herein, it sought to:
1. Test the Rodenticidal potential of Gliricidia Sepium (kakawate) in terms of the length of time the rats are killed after the application of the three treatments.
2. Determine the significant differences in the length of time the rats are killed when exposed to the three treatments.
3. Analyze the significant differences in the length of time the rats are killed between pairs of treatments.
Null Hypotheses
The following null hypotheses were tested in the study:
1. There are no significant differences in the length of time the rats are killed after application of the three treatments.
2. There are no significant differences in the length of time the rats are killed between pairs of treatments.
We buy more expensive rodenticide
Damaging of our properties
And additional expenses to repair our properties
Lack of patience in killing the pest
Significance of the Study
Results of this study may be beneficial to the following:
A. People. This may serve as the main rodenticide people can use. This is also cheap so all the People living in far‐flung areas and places that cannot be reached by modern products may also benefit by this study. Also Gliricidia sepium is an environment friendly rodenticide so can use it anytime without harming our planet.
B. Future researchers. The results of this study will give bunch of information about writing a research paper and about Gliricidia sepium.
C. Researchers. This study will give us tons of knowledge about the rodenticidal properties of plants like Gliricidia sepium.
Scope and Limitation
The concern and focus of this study was limited to the Rodenticidal potential of G. Sepium making use of three treatments.
Time and Location
This study was conducted at Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University‐South La Union Campus, Laboratory High School, Agoo, and La Union.
Kakawate-A local term of Gliricidia sepium; the plant used in this study.
Insecticide-a pesticide used against insects
Rodenticide-A category of pest control chemicals intended to kill rodents. Pesticide-Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest. Rats-Various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea .
INDEPENDENT VARIBLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Length of time the termites are killed after the exposure to: a. Leaf decoction from Kakawate.
b. Expressed juice from Kakawate.
c. Commercial Pesticide
a. T1 –Leaf decoction from Gliricidia sepium.
b. T2‐ expressed juice from Gliricidia sepium.
c. T3‐positive control (commercial pesticide)
Expressed Juice
fluid extracted from fresh plants used to create a mother tincture. Leaf Decoction
Review of literature
In recent years, chemical pesticides have become the most important consciously-applied form of pest management. This is a generalization of course for some crops in some areas, alternative forms of pest control are still used heavily. The "first generation" pesticides were largely highly toxic compounds, such as arsenic and hydrogen cyanide. Their use was largely abandoned because they were either too ineffective or too toxic.
Throughout history, various types of pests, such as insects, weeds, bacteria, rodents, and other biological organisms, have bothered humans or threatened human health. People have been using pesticides for thousands of years to try to control these pests. The Chinese used mercury and arsenic compounds to control body lice and other pests. The Greeks and Romans used oil, ash, sulfur, and other materials to protect themselves, their livestock, and their crops from various pests. And people in various cultures have used smoke, salt, spices, and insect-repelling plants to preserve food and keep pests away. (http://www.chemistryexplained.com/)
Rodents are an order of mammals also known as rodents, characterized by two continuously growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must be kept short by gnawing. Forty percent of mammal species are rodents, and they are found in vast numbers on all continents other than Antarctica. Common rodents include mice, rats, squirrels, porcupines, beavers, chipmunks, guinea pigs, and voles. Rodents have sharp incisors that they use to gnaw wood, break into food, and bite predators. Most eat seeds or plants, though some have more varied diets. Some species have historically been pests, eating seeds stored by people and spreading disease.
In terms of number of species—although not necessarily in terms of number of organisms (population) or biomass—rodents make up the largest order of mammals. There are about 2,277 species of rodents (Wilson and Reeder, 2005), with over 40 percent of mammalian species belonging to the order.[5] Their success is probably due to their small size, short breeding cycle, and ability to gnaw and eat a wide variety of foods. (Lambert, 2000) Rodents are found in vast numbers on all continents except Antarctica, most islands, and in all habitats except oceans.
They are the only placental order, other than bats (Chiroptera) and Pinnipeds, to reach Australia without human introduction. Many rodents are small; the tiny African pygmy mouse can be as little as 6 cm (2.4 in) in length and 7 g (0.25 oz) in weight at maturity, and the Baluchistan Pygmy Jerboa is of roughly similar or slightly smaller dimensions. On the other hand, the capybara can weigh up to 80 kg (180 lb), and the largest known rodent, the extinct Josephoartigasia monesi, is estimated to have weighed about 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), and possibly up to 1,534 kg (3,380 lb) or 2,586 kg (5,700 lb).
Rodents have two incisors in the upper as well as in the lower jaw which grow continuously and must be kept worn down by gnawing; this is the origin of the name, from the Latin rodere, to gnaw. These teeth are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. The teeth have enamel on the outside and exposed dentine on the inside, so they self-sharpen during gnawing.
Rodents lack canines, and have a space between their incisors and premolars. Nearly all rodents feed on plants, seeds in particular, but there are a few exceptions which eat insects or fish. Some squirrels are known to eat passerine birds like cardinals and blue jays. Rodents are important in many ecosystems because they reproduce rapidly, and can function as food sources for predators, mechanisms for seed dispersal, and as disease vectors. Humans use rodents as a source of fur, as pets, as model organisms in animal testing, for food, and even for detecting landmines. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Gliricidia sepium
Gliricidia sepium is a versatile, fast-growing tree favored by farmers for living fences, fuel, fodder, green manure, shade, support for crops, and erosion control. It Steudel is a small to medium sized tree attaining heights of 2 to 15 meters. It may be either a single or multiple stem trees with trunk diameters reaching 30 cm. The bark is grayish-brown to whitish and may be deeply furrowed on old, large diameter trees. Leaves are pinnately compound, alternate in arrangement and 20 to 30 cm in length. Leaflets are generally opposite in arrangement, oblong in shape and pointed at the tip. On some specimens leaflets may be elliptical with rounded tips.
There are 7 to 25 leaflets per leaf and size increases towards the tip. Leaflets are 40 to 80 mm long and 20 to 40 mm wide (Lavin 1996). Flower development corresponds to the beginning of the dry season when trees have lost their leaves. In its native range flowering occurs November through March. In areas without a pronounced dry season, flowering may occur throughout the year but few pods form (Lavin 1996, Simons 1996). Flowers are pink to light pink in color, fading to white with brown spots or faint purple with age (Lavin 1996).
The flowers are pollinated by the larger solitary bees Xylocopa fimbriata andCentris species in the tree's native range. Other potential pollinators have trouble accessing the flower due to the rigidity of the keel pedals (Simons 1996). A lack of effective pollinators will greatly hinder pod and seed production. Pods can reach full size, 10 to 20 cm, within 3 weeks of fertilization. The green succulent pods turn woody and yellow with maturity, which requires 35 to 60 days. Pods contain 3 to 10 seeds and are explosively dehiscent (Lavin 1996, Simons 1996). Seed collection is recommended prior to pods.
Gliricidia sepium is native to the lowland dry forests from sea level to 1,200 m. It is uncommon above this elevation because of its sensitivity to cold. The temperature range is 20 to 30° C. It performs poorly below this range but will tolerate temperatures as high as 42° C (Glover 1989). Rainfall is generally from 900 to 1,500 mm/year, but may be as low as 600 mm or as high as 3,500 mm (Simons 1996). The dry season varies from 3 to 8 months, however Gliricidia sepium survives dry seasons of 9 months in Indonesia.
It grows well on many soil types; volcanic, sandy, stony, and heavy clays, including Vertisols. It is reported to tolerate some salinity and slightly alkaline soils. It will tolerate acid soils, but not severe acidity (pH less than 4.5) nor high aluminum saturation (greater than 60%). An aggressive pioneer, gliricidia readily colonizes infertile soils and reclaims Imperata grasslands (MacDicken et al 1997). Its name gamal means 'Imperata killer'. It sprouts quickly after fire and thus may benefit from burning.
This chapter deals with the materials, methods, and procedures used in the preparation of the different test substances and its application to termites. It also includes the data gathered and the statistical analysis of the data.
Gliricidia sepium (kakawate)
Test Organism:
Laboratory Apparatuses:
Mortar and Pestle, Clean Containers, Funnel, Dropper
Pot, Clean Water
The study did not use any design for the reason that studies such as this one, concerned treatment of the experimental animals done by batches or done one after the other and not at the same time. In line with this, this study utilized the experimental method of research using standard laboratory diagnostic procedures involved in rodenticidal potential of kakawate. The study used three treatments, which are as follows:
b. T2 – Expressed juice from Gliricidia sepium.
c. T3 – positive control (commercial pesticide).
Collection and Preparation of Plant Material
Kakawate branches are collected from DMMMSU-SLUC Agoo, La Union. Leaves of Gliricidia sepium were removed from the plant. The leaves were washed by running water.
Preparation of Decoction from G. sepium Leaves
Gliricidia sepium leaves were boiled in 500 mL water. Boiling was done for about 25 minutes. Afterwards, the mixture is allowed to cool then placed in a clean container. Eventually, the mixture was filtered using filter paper. The filtrate collected was the decoction used in the treatment.
Preparation of Expressed Juice
Gliricidia sepium leaves were pounded using mortar and pestle and squeezed using a clean cheese cloth. The obtained juice was filtered using filter paper. Finally, the expressed leaf juice was placed in a clean container.
Test Organism
A total of 27 Swiss rats in more or less uniform in sizes were collected from Agoo, La Union. After the collection, the test organisms were placed in their own cages. Each cage contains three rats.
Application of the Test Substances
Three (3) treatments namely T1 – Leaf Decoction from Gliricidia sepium; T2 ‐ expressed juice from Gliricidia sepium, T3 ‐ positive control (commercial pesticide) extract solution were utilized in the study. The test substances were sprayed once to the sample rats by using sprayer. These doses were administered once for each treatment. The rodenticidal effects were observed as to the length of time the rats are killed. The treatment was replicated three (3) times.
Data Gathered
The following data was collected during the course of the study: The length of time the rats were killed. The data on the length of time the rats were killed after the application of the test substances was determined using timer in minutes. This was done for every replication.
The data gathered were tabulated and computed using the following statistical tools: 1. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine whether significant differences exist in the length of time the rats are killed among the rats; and
2. Scheffé's Test to find out where the difference lies and determines which among the five treatments has the greatest rodenticidal potential.
Preparation of various test substances:
a. Positive control
b. leaf decoction
from kakawate
c. expressed bark juice from kakawate
Preparation and collection of
resources used in the study:
a. plant material
b. test organisms
c. laboratory apparatuses
and equipment
d. chemicals, etc.
Gathering of data:
a. length of time for the test organisms to die as affected by various test substances
Application of the various test substances to the test organisms (rats)
Analyzing the data gathered using the following statistical tools: a. Analysis of Variance
b. Scheffé's Test


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Arthur Hinsley (Carlton (South Yorkshire), 25 augustus 1865 – Buntingford, 17 maart 1943) was een Brits geestelijke en kardinaal van de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk.

Jeugd en opleiding
Hinsley werd geboren als tweede van vier kinderen van de timmerman Thomas Hinsley en de Ierse Bridget Ryan. Hij studeerde aan het Ushaw College in Durham en vervolgde zijn studies in Rome aan de Pauselijke Gregoriaanse Universiteit en de Pauselijke Academie van Sint Thomas van Aquino. Hij werd op 23 december 1893 priester gewijd te Rome.

Werkzaamheden
Van 1893 tot 1897 doceerde Hinsley aan het Urshaw College. Hij was vervolgens werkzaam als hoofd van een lagere school en in de zielzorg in het aartsbisdom Westminster. Van 1917 tot 1930 was hij rector van het Venerable English College in Rome.

Bisschop
In 1926 benoemde paus Pius XI hem tot titulair bisschop van Sebastopol. Hij ontving zijn bisschopswijding uit handen van kardinaal Rafael Merry del Val, op dat moment secretaris van het Heilig Officie. In 1927 werd hij verheven tot titulair aartsbisschop van Sardes en tot apostolisch delegaat voor de Britse missie in Afrika. Hij keetrde in 1934 terug naar Rome, waar hij werd benoemd tot kanunnik van de Sint-Pietersbasiliek.

Kardinaal
Op 1 april 1935 benoemde Pius XI Hinseley tot aartsbisschop van Westminster. Tijdens het consistorie van 13 december 1937 creëerde dezelfde paus hem kardinaal. De Santa Susanna werd zijn titelkerk. Kardinaal Hinseley nam deel aan het conclaaf van 1939 dat leidde tot de verkiezing van paus Pius XII.

Overlijden
Hij overleed, inmiddels al bijna blind en bijna doof, in 1943 aan de gevolgen van een hartaanval. Zijn lichaam werd bijgezet aan de aan Sint-Jozef gewijde kapel in de Kathedraal van Westminster.

Aartsbisschop van Westminster
Brits kardinaal

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Car manufacturers are not only interested in the quality of air outside a vehicle; there is a growing need and desire to measure the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and environmental pollutants inside the vehicle as they may contribute to the health and awareness of the driver.
In addition, there is a growing trend towards the use of carbon dioxide as the refrigerant gas used in air conditioning systems, a leakage of this gas could cause drowsiness and ultimately asphyxiation.
SGX Sensortech is a market leading provider of intelligent air quality sensing systems which allow the manufacturer of vehicles to respond to deterioration of air quality and either warn the driver or address it by use of the air conditioning system.


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News Release 28-Apr-2021
Treating neurological symptoms of CHARGE syndrome
Discovery of a treatment that alleviates some neurological symptoms of a rare genetic disorder
Institut national de la recherche scientifique - INRS
image: INRS Professor Kessen Patten specializes in genetics and neurodegenerative diseases. view more
Credit: Christian Fleury (INRS)
CHARGE syndrome is a rare genetic disorder affecting about 1 in 10,000 newborns. It can lead to neurological and behavioural disorders for which no treatment is currently available. Dr. Kessen Patten and his team, from the Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) have just discovered a compound that could alleviate these symptoms. The results of their research were published in the journal EMBO Reports.
Understanding Neurological Disorders
First described in 1979, CHARGE syndrome is caused by mutations in the CHD7 gene and is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity, seizures and autism spectrum disorder. Dr. Patten's research team studied the neurological symptoms of this syndrome, which are still poorly understood.
The team developed a genetic model of zebrafish with loss of function of the CHD7 gene similar to that observed in humans. They found that the CHD7 gene regulated the type of GABAergic neurons that are essential for proper brain function.
"The loss of function of CHD7 appears to cause developmental and functional abnormalities in GABAergic neurons in the zebrafish brain that are related to the observed neurological and behavioural disorders," explained Dr. Patten, who specializes in genetics and neurodegenerative diseases. The team also identified molecular events controlled by the CHD7 gene to explain these neurological symptoms in their genetic model. Similar findings were made using cells from patients with the disease.
Finding a Drug
The research team tested hundreds of compounds already approved for clinical use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug screening was used to identify potential candidates for treatment--ephedrine was selected as the most therapeutic compound. "We observed therapeutic effects on both, the neurological and behavioural symptoms," said PhD student Priyanka Jamadagni, lead author of the article. "It allowed the diseased zebrafish model to partially recover its normal functions."
This research opens the door to new avenues for the treatment of other neurological disorders with similar neuronal imbalances, such as autism spectrum disorder and hyperactivity.
The article "Chromatin remodeler CHD7 is required for GABAergic neuron development by promoting PAQR3 expression," by Priyanka Jamadagni, Maximilian Breuer, Kathrin Schmeisser, Tatiana Cardinal, Betelhem Kassa, J Alex Parker, Nicolas Pilon, Eric Samarut, and Shunmoogum A. Patten, was published in the journal EMBO Reports. Led by Dr. Patten, the study was conducted with the help of collaborators from the CHUM Research Centre and Université de Québec à Montréal (UQAM). The study received financial support from the CHARGE Syndrome Foundation, the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), and the Rare Disease Foundation. The lead author holds a doctoral scholarship from the Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases - Courtois Foundation (CERMO-FC) and a scholarship from the Armand-Frappier Foundation.
About INRS
INRS is a university dedicated exclusively to graduate level research and training. Since its creation in 1969, INRS has played an active role in Quebec's economic, social, and cultural development and is ranked first for research intensity in Quebec and in Canada. INRS is made up of four interdisciplinary research and training centres in Quebec City, Montreal, Laval, and Varennes, with expertise in strategic sectors: Eau Terre Environnement, Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Urbanisation Culture Société, and Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie. The INRS community includes more than 1,500 students, postdoctoral fellows, faculty members, and staff.
Audrey-Maude Vézina
Service des communications de l'INRS
audrey-maude.vezina@inrs.ca
EMBO Reports
10.15252/embr.202050958
the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Rare Disease Foundation, CHARGE Syndrome Foundation, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases - Courtois Foundation (CE
/Social sciences/Psychological science/Clinical psychology/Psychiatric disorders/Neuroses/Behavior disorders
/Life sciences/Genetics/Human genetics/Medical genetics/Genetic disorders


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Civic Europe Team Partners
What we do Where we work
Idea Challenge
What we do How it works Call for ideas 2020 FAQ
Idea Space
Civic education, Arts and cultural activities
Present the Future, Nógrád!
A project led by students for students to call up upon the youth of Nógrád County and change their now for a better future.
Ágoston Németh
Szabad Ifjúsági Alkotásért Egyesület (Association of Independent Youth Effort)
https://jelenkiado.hu/l/e
Who is joining forces?
Salgótarjáni Ifjúsági Információs és Tanácsadó Iroda (Youth Information and Counselling Agency of Salgótarján); SITI
https://www.salgoremek.hu/?page_id=56
Integrated Community Service Spaces (IKSZT) of Kazár
http://kozossegimodszertar.nmi.hu/partnerszervezet/17/ikszt-kazar
Integrated Community Service Spaces (IKSZT) of Buják
http://www.bujak.hu/ikszt
Cultural Centre of Érsekvadkert: https://bit.ly/2X59w9W DemoLab: https://demolab.hu/en/ Jelen! Student Publishing House (informal group): https://jelenkiado.hu/l/e/
Idea pitch
'Present the Future, Nógrád!' targets youth in Nógrád, where the educational system fails to offer perspective leading to social and political apathy and a negative attitude towards learning, participation and active citizenship. In a segregated society with few cultural activities and community spaces for entertainment, our organisation plans on empowering our fellow students by gradually creating a self-organized community of free expression via methods combining arts and civic education.
Where will your project idea take place?
North-Hungary, Nógrád county:
- Salgótarján
- Kazár
- Buják
- Érsekvadkert
What is the local challenge?
Despite its proximity to Budapest, Nógrád can neither economically nor culturally sustain itself. It has high unemployment rates, coupled with low wages. Due to its geographical features, Nógrád is characterized by small villages and only one small town in the region. Hence, it has not been possible to create a cultural center, which could hold local youth together. Thus, the region is characterized by social and political apathy, and perception towards learning and active engagement is rather negative. Most adolescents attend vocational high schools, many repeat years, and there is a high drop-out rate. Schools are often segregated, strengthening the barrier between local ethnic minorities and other youth communities. Also, they lack a platform where students can represent themselves.
How does your idea strengthen democracy and active citizenship at a local and community level?
The goal of democracy is to create equity for all members of society. There are counties, however, like Nógrád, that are unable to reach this goal. Our idea is based on youth to youth solidarity and horizontal knowledge sharing as state institutions fail to solve our local challenges. As a group of youth who believe we can shape our own future, we would like to show our fellow students ways to be active citizens, who seek opportunities themselves to bring change in their local communities. We would also like to create a platform, which enables our participants to support and stay in touch with each other even after our project.
Who are you doing it for?
The various events that we plan target adolescents from a wide range of socio-economic contexts. Furthermore, we want to approach the participants from different educational backgrounds such as vocational high schools and grammar schools. We would also like to involve students who already partake in extracurricular activities in the local art centres, the music academy or sports clubs as we would like to incentivise the youth to explore their field of interests by showing them different opportunities available. Our goal is to recruit as many youngsters as possible from that region, however, we believe that the number of participants for each event will be between 15-50 participants.
How do you plan to get there?
We wish to implement the project gradually by first mapping out the needs of the community, synchronising it with our ethos and organizing programs designed to fit their interests. Introductory events would comprise of team-building activities such as group hikes, sports events and film screenings followed by successively integrated and nuanced reflective discussions with a drive to formulate an inclusive community. Later the participants would instigate issues to work around and we will help them realise the solution. The project could eventually expand into an amalgamation of cultural and educational events like a group mural painting, talks with local artists, group debates or student union workshops. Methods and process steps are based on experiences in DemoLab.
What are the expected results?
We will deem our projects successful if we managed to mitigate cultural obstacles and negative preconceptions about educating oneself and build an inclusive and cohesive community among young peers. A year from now they will have recognized their agency and power to act, the importance of critical thinking and participating in the discussion of local affairs, the free expression of opinion, while adopting creative problem-solving skills. We also hope to empower student unions of the region to take more action in protecting the interests of the students, and to revive the community spaces, where anyone would be welcome and other youth initiated events could take place. Tangible results will be a lot of cultural activities, whose concrete form is to be defined together with the target group.
How does your initiative contribute to strengthening democracy in Europe?
We believe that democracy is about presenting a choice to people and fundamentals of democracy depend on inclusivity and diversity of opinion. Our initiative aims at strengthening democracy by broadening the choices available for the youth of Nógrád and deepening their understanding of them through the medium of art and public discourse. Art as a tool for change has been widely used both to foster individual consciousness and social sensitisation. We believe that the grass-root nature of our project provides problem-focused alternatives in an underdeveloped region thus, local individuals will not only be able to ameliorate their own situation, but through the understanding of collective work will become more cognizant citizens.
Through DemoLab we experienced the discrepancies of opportunities available and standards of living between Budapest and rural areas, and the extent to which the youth can influence their environment. We found that artistic endeavours are not only brilliant in building a network of people but encourages reflection both on an individual and a global scale. Our mission is to reduce the general societal and political apathy of the younger generation and re-vitalize cultural life through programs accessible to people of all backgrounds. Thus, by building a youth collective with a cohesive idea in Nógrád they might be able to transform their situation and bring their community to reflect on their current situation and future perspectives.
€ 36000,-
Funding requested from Civic Europe
Total budget
- Transportation (personnel & materials): 7 100 €
- Event costs: 18 400 €
- Public relations: 1 600 €
- Operating expenses: 6 000 €
- Material costs: 2 900 €
What do you need from the Civic Europe community?
We would be glad to receive feedback from the online community on how well our initiative seems to tackle the societal problems we mentioned and what other challenges we may face during the project.
nemagost
orbannora1
gombasandras
Idea created on May 27, 2020
Last edit on May 27, 2020


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Q: basename of file with a leading - (dash) I have a problem with basename in a zsh script. Imagine $directory containing a file name with a leading dash, in my case it's "-Fast-". Then the script executes
        folder=$(basename "$directory")

or if I try the other syntax of
        folder=`basename "$directory"`

it both leads to the same error:
basename: illegal option -- F
usage: basename string [suffix]
basename [-a] [-s suffix] string [...]
Other than not using files with a leading dash, which may be hard to explain to the common user, what do I do?
Thanks!

A: How avoid basename altogether and just do a
folder=$directory:t

BTW, if you want the equivalent to dirname (i.e. the directory portion), it would be $directory:h.

A: In most commands, you can use a double dash -- to tell "end of arguments".
folder=`basename -- "$directory"`

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Dong Quai Root has been used for more than a thousand years in Chinese medicine to treat women's reproductive problems. The magical Chaste Tree plant and Black Cohosh Root have long been used to treat menstrual pain, P.M.S., symptoms of menopause and aid hormonal balance in women. Combined with concentrated gemmotherapies infused with healing cannabis and the sweet taste of iron-rich black strap molasses, this special elixir is formulated for a woman's unique needs.
Grain Alcohol, Cannabis Sativa and Indica Extract, Blackstrap Molasses, Dong Quai Root, Black Cohosh Root, Chaste Tree, Burdock Root, Sage Leaf, Motherwort, Rhodiolia Root, Raw Agave Nectar, Distilled Water, Vegetable Glycerine.
Ribes nigrum (Blackcurrant), Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary), Rubus idaeus (Raspberry).
6 servings (approx). THC and CBD extracted from 7g (approx) dried, decarboxylated Cannabis Sativa and Indica.


Opalescence Go consists of 10 trays with 10% Hydrogen Peroxide that only have to be worn 30min to an hour day; for 10 days to bleach the teeth. It is stronger than any over the counter product, and has to be purchased through a dental office. The trays conform to the teeth with the patients own saliva. Cost for all 10 trays is $125.00 dollars. Excellent for weddings, vacations, or as gifts to quickly and professionaly whiten your teeth. Stronger than over the counter whitening products, but weaker than take home custom whitening trays or BOOST in-office whitening.


Laronn Clinique is the preeminent laser, skin, and vein therapy treatment center. With over 40,000 skin and body care procedures, Dr. Carmen Laronn know what it takes to make you feel on top of the world. Our customers return again and again for the same reason: trust, cutting-edge procedures, medically sound supervision and the best possible results with minimal risk and discomfort. Laronn Clinique offers over 40 skin and vein procedures and we have over 19 lasers and aesthetic devices. Our programs are medically based, results oriented and non invasive. Our sophisticated skin and vein services will make you feel amazing. Everything starts with a thorough evaluation and medically-sound personalized plan.
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Does the pediatrician have other doctors or nurse practitioners that can provide care if the pediatrician is sick or unavailable?


Admin, please remove if not allowed.
To be held at Charity farm in Wrightington nr Wigan, just off Junction 27 of the M6.
The date is Friday the 19th October & Saturday the 20th October and if anyone wishes to book the Sunday night, this can be arranged.
There is room for 40 units, 10 with EHU at an extra costof £3.00 per night. Sadly, after talking to the site owner, they would prefer if people did not share their EHU due to high power consumption cost.
If we can get 35 definite bookings, then the cost is £14.00 per night, per unit, Vehicle with awning, or vehicle with medium tent. I do have a list with the names of EHU preference and all 10 have gone. Please still ask, as you could get lucky if someone drops out?
I am thinking of a 'Jacobs Join' for the Friday night?
I will bring a 3m x 3m Gazebo and some trestles and if anyone else could volunteer another Gazebo, that would be great.
If anyone does not know what a 'Jacobs Join' is, its basically where people congregate bring your own drinks and have a good chin wag The main idea is to bring food to share. At other 'Jacobs Joins' I have seen sandwiches, pies, sausage rolls, chicken legs, soup, chilli, stews, cakes, etc. It is basically a surprise buffet.
As the Blackpool illuminations are on at this time, there has been some interest in having a Bongo Congo through the lights on early evening of Saturday 20th. If anyone wishes to manage the organising of this, please pm me and I will display your name for people to pm you.
Well Behaved Dogs are allowed, but must be kept on a lead, whilst on the park. If any dogs are left to run loose, you could be asked to leave the park with no refund as there is a strong equestrian connection to charity farm and a frightened horse could be very dangerous. There is a dog walk area on site.
There are some great facilities on site and also some good fishing, so if you are a keen angler and fancy a quiet few hours, this is ideal.
Fire-pit hire and logs are available from the site. Please NO throw away BBQ's or fires on the grass.
For more details on the facilities, please click the link below and have a browse.
I will be paying a large deposit next week, so anyone wishing to book, I will require a 50% deposit, or payment in full if you wish. As this is a private and not a club run meet, I will use a personal account and Paypal account for payments. If using Paypal, you must use friends and family, or if you wish to pay the fees, then by all means use the normal Paypal facility.
Please comment on this post only. I will cross reference to the list I made from the 'testing the water' post as to who is interested as if we get more than 40 units, we may have to squeeze people in a little, or even book extra space with the site?
Your name and how many nights only, also if EHU is wanted. There are none left at the moment, but there is a list of hopefuls in case anyone drops out.
I do have a short list of EHU's taken for medical reasons.
Feel free to email me if you have any questions?
I'm Back.... A little older, wiser and a lot calmer.
Stay safe anyone travelling to the meet tomorrow or Saturday.
Oh yes....We will be holding a raffle. Tickets on sale Friday and Saturday, to be drawn Saturday evening.
Bongo cushion , donated by the remarkable Moira Dodd.


Gift box ! Gift box !
without price and an obituary notice with details of the services offered.
All contact informations necessary for the booking of the stay are indicated on the obituary notice.
Do you want to offer a gift voucher for a birthday, Christmas or other occasions ?
So, please contact us directly.


Osteopathy treatment is more than just for "bad backs". Osteopathy is a gentle and effective hands-on approach to healthcare. Osteopaths train for four years and are qualified to diagnose and treat a wide variety of muscle and joint problems.
Frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis is a debilitating condition which can come on for little or no reason. The shoulder joint stiffens and becomes extremely painful. It affects between 2 and 5 % of the population. It tends to affect people mostly between the ages of 40 and 60. About 12% of people will have it in both shoulders.


The multilevel projection method is a new formalism that provides a framework for the development of multilevel algorithms in a very general setting. This methodology guides the choices of all the major multilevel processes, including relaxation and coarsening, and it applies directly to global or locally-refined discretizations.
This book was developed from lectures at the CBMS-NSF Regional Conference on Multigrid and Multilevel Adaptive Methods for Partial Differential Equations in June 1991, and is a supplement to Multilevel Adaptive Methods for Partial Differential Equations, also written by Stephen F. McCormick.
Chapter 1: Fundamentals. Introduction; Notation and Conventions; Prototype Problems; Discretization by Projections; Realizability and Nodal Representations; Interlevel Transfer Matrices; Error Measures; Chapter 2: Multilevel Projections Methods. Abstract Framework: The Multilevel Projection Method (PML); The Multigrid Method (MG); the Fast Adaptive Composite Grid Method (FAC); Prototype Problems; Relaxation; Coarse-Level Realizability and Recursiveness; Parallelization: Asynchronous FAC (AFAC); Other Practical Matters; Summary; Chapter 3: Unigrid. Basic Unigrid Scheme; Multgrid Simulation; FAC Simulation; Performance Assessment; Caveats; Chapter 4: Paradigms. Rayleigh-Ritz 1: Parameter Estimation; Rayleigh-Ritz 2: Transport Equations: Galerkin 1: General Eigenvalue Problems; Galerkin 2: Riccati Equations; Petrov-Galerkin 1: The Finite Volume Element Method (FVE); Petrov-Galerkin 2: Image Reconstruction; Chapter 5: Perspectives. References; Appendix A: Simple Unigrid Code; Appendix B: More Efficient Unigrid Code; Appendix C: Modification to Unigrid Code for Local Refinement.
Click the button below to add the Multilevel Projection Methods for Partial Differential Equations to your wish list.


text:
Tariq and Asma Farid Foundation > Asma Farid > General > Asma Farid
January 17, 2020 tariqfaridfdn General
Asma is the Vice-President and Managing Partner of Farids & Co. LLC, a leading developer and management company for franchising, technology, supply chain and real estate brands.  She is also a member of the Board of Directors of Edible Brands, LLC, the parent company of the international franchise company Edible Arrangements among other brands.
Asma Farid was born and raised in Pakistan before moving to Connecticut in 2005. Her maternal grandparents were forced to immigrate from India to Pakistan in 1947, leaving behind all of their belongings, family, and friends. Growing up listening to her grandmother's stories about the struggles of being a refugee instilled in Asma strong philanthropic values, which ultimately led to her lifelong dedication to public service and giving back to the community.
She currently serves on the board of the World Affairs Council of Connecticut, through which she is heavily involved with the Global Engagement Award that recognizes high school students with the courage to address global issues. Additionally, she serves on the board of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) and previously served on the board of Connecticut's Integrated Refugee and Immigrant Services (IRIS). She was honored in 2019 on Connecticut Immigrant Day for her contributions and dedication to the state.
In 2013, Asma and her husband Tariq founded The Tariq & Asma Farid Foundation, a philanthropic non-profit that works to provide the basic needs of food and healthcare as well as improve lives through the support of education and skill development opportunities. The foundation currently operates a free hospital in Pakistan that treats 100 patients a day on average and hosts free eye clinics every three months. The foundation is also committed to directly supporting educators in both Connecticut and around the world.
In honor of their philanthropic efforts, Asma and Tariq were recipients of the 2017 Anti-Defamation League Greater New Haven Torch of Liberty Award.
In 2019, Asma and Tariq moved their family from North Haven, Connecticut, to Atlanta, Georgia. Asma looks forward to not only continuing to give back to the state of Connecticut, but to also get more involved in philanthropy in her new home state of Georgia.
Pingback: 3channel
August 24, 2021 Awards & Achievements, General, News & Press, World


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About Planet DJ's
Founder & Owner of award winning Planet DJs Entertainment, Agostino D'Ambrosio known as DJ Agostino began his career in music at the early age of 9 by mastering the drums. By age 11, he had his first set of turntables & went on to several different schools for music. DJ Agostino excelled at being one of the tri-state area's best disc jockeys and a very well spoken bilingual Emcee.
He also started a successful career in the club industry. He was unstoppable performing at some of the most popular dance clubs known throughout Westchester, NYC, Long Island, CT & NJ where he played for celebrities & alongside many popular DJ's.
His mobile entertainment company was founded 18 years ago & since then Planet DJs Entertainment has performed at countless Weddings, Birthdays, Super Sweet 16s, Proms, Corporate Events, Bar/Bat Mitzvahs & many other events. Planet DJs Entertainment has won several awards including Wedding Wire's Couples Choice Award for 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 & 2017.
With over 30 years of experience, Planet DJs Entertainment became one of the most successful mobile entertainment companies in NY. DJ Agostino didn't just "play" music but his knowledge adapted him to any crowd creating an unforgettable experience for all. DJ Agostino takes pride in his music career & strives to create memories that will last a lifetime for all.
"I know what I was meant to do – to inspire people, uplift people and create memories through my music. The greatest feeling in the world is when the whole crowd is smiling, dancing and having the time of their life on the dance floor."
Agostino D'Ambrosio
CEO/Founder, DJ & Bilingual MC
We offer packages that can be customized to fit any occasion; big or small.
We are committed to providing you with the finest entertainment available. Get in touch with us for your event.


Welcome to Future Nissan of Folsom's Finance Department. Here we're ready to share our expert Finance knowledge and resources with you so you can get the car, truck or SUV you've been dreaming of. We're ready to provide auto loans for your new car purchase or new car lease. Are you not sure which is right for your situation? We can help! Our team is great at understanding your needs and situation and then explaining to you your various options. You can even start doing research now.
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PI Industries Management Q&A: Sep, 2013 March 14, 2014
PI Industries Management Q&A: Nov 2011 November 29, 2011
Posted on August 16, 2011 May 2, 2015 by Donald
PI Industries (earlier Pesticides India) incorporated in in 1947, has Agrichemicals and Custom Synthesis as main business segments. It operates 5 multi-product plants at Gujarat & Jammu and one R&D unit in Udaipur, Rajasthan.
Main Products/Segments
Agrochemicals Product basket includes – Insecticides, Herbicides, Plant Nutrients and Fungicides. Insecticides contribute more than 50% of revenues, while Herbicides and Plant Nutrients contribute over 30% revenues. Rice crop and the Fruits and Vegetable segment are the top contributors, Cotton being the other significant segment. PI Industries has over 50 years of experience of manufacturing & marketing Agrochemicals in India.
PI Industries entered the Custom Synthesis business in mid 1990s. The custom synthesis business caters to process and manufacturing requirements of Innovator companies in the Agrochemicals, Pharma Intermediates, and Specialty Chemicals sectors.
Main Markets/Customers
Agri-Inputs: ~60% of overall Sales in FY11, caters to Farmers through an extensive 2500-3000 dealer distributor pan India network. Five zonal offices, 24 branches, 220 sales staff, and 800 field staff support this pan India network.
From being a generic manufacturer of the reverse engineered off-patent agro-chemical products, PI has made the transition to in-licensing innovator company products for exclusive marketing rights to distribute their products in India. As per the company 40% of Agri-Inputs business is contributed by in-licensed products currently, and the mix is likely to go upto 50% with newer launches. PI purchases in-licensed products from the principals at a certain price and creates formulations/further manufacturing activities on these products to pack them under its own brand, and sells them in India. Most of it is branded sales, no bulk supplies to other players.
PI has a strong association with reputed companies such as Bayer, BASF, Chemtura and also a robust pipeline of exclusive co-marketing arrangements with top Japanese agro-chemical companies.
Custom Synthesis: ~35% of overall Sales in FY11, 100% exports catering to innovator companies from developed economies mainly Europe, Japan, and a small presence in US. 90% of these are all early stage, patented molecules.
With over 14 years of experience in custom synthesis business, PI has acquired strong competencies and proven its capabilities by working with more than 300 molecules at various stages of process development with up to 15 stage chemical reactions.
PI's transparent non-compete and IP driven business model has earned it the confidence of clients while its core competence in process research and manufacturing has helped it partner global MNCs and Innovator companies -some ~30 active clients currently for agro-chemicals, pharma and specialty chemicals. As per the company, PI has more than 100 researchers and chemists to handle these assignments.
Bullish Viewpoints
Solid Track record – PI Industries have grown solidly over the last several years. Last 5 yrs have seen it clocking a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22% clocking ~720 Cr in Sales in FY11 from 318 Cr in FY07 . Operating profits have grown at a 5yr CAGR of 42%, while Profit after Tax has grown at an astounding 5yr CAGR of 73% to touch 64 Cr in FY11 from 7.19 Cr in FY07, or 9x in the last 5 years.
Consistent Improvement in Margins – Its good to see consistent upward trend in Operating and Net Margins in the last few years. FY07 and FY08 had Operating margins around 10%, going up to 14% in FY09, to 16% in FY10 and over 17% in FY11. 1QFY12 saw Operating Margins climbing to ~21%. As per the company, this is on the back of economies of scale with fixed costs getting spread over a larger base, and improving product mix and realisations in both its business segments. Clearly PI industries is operating at a different level, today.
Fast growing blockbuster brand(s) – During FY10, PI launched a new rice herbicide in India – Nominee Gold which had got a tremendous response from the farming community and has even been actively recommended by many state agricultural universities for adoption in rice cultivation. PI is expecting this product to achieve status of the largest rice herbicide in the coming years, contributing significantly to the growth of the company. With a portfolio of solidly growing products in-market and a pipeline of exciting new products, PI is poised to further scale up its business in FY12.
Innovative in-licensing model – PI works on an in-licensing model that helps it test market and work extensively in field promotion for newer innovative products, before looking to commercially launch the products. As per the company, there are 7-8 molecules in the pipeline under evaluation and registration stages and is targeting to launch 2 new products in FY2012. These are broad-spectrum insecticides with large market potential. All in-licensed products are based on long-term agreements and none of the products are due for expiry within next 5 years. Most of them have usage life of 15-20 years.
Agri growth drivers in place – As per the Management key drivers are quite positive. The Met department is expecting a normal monsoon. Early estimates of crop acreages are high and the agri produce prices are also running at an all time high. These are three key indicators which suggest that FY12 is expected to be a better year for the Agri-Input industry.
Strong order Book in Custom Synthesis – Current order book (1QFY12) is in excess of US$ 340 million with tenure of execution ranging from 2-4 years depending on different products. Most of the products are at start-up volume levels and are expected to ramp up significantly with time. As per the company, currently 14-16 products are in commercial scale, while some 24-26 products are at developmental Pilot & R&D stages. 65-70% of the Order book is from Europe, 20% from Japan, and the balance spread out.
Huge Capacity Expansion – PI Industries spent ~91 Cr on capital expenditure in FY11 mainly on expanded capacities at its Ankleshwar facility. It is also developing a SEZ project for Custom Synthesis at Jambusar in Gujarat on the back of the expanded order book, for which it has acquired 22.3 acre land. A total investment of Rs. 125 crore has been earmarked for this of which 75-100 Cr may be utilised in FY12, and the balance 25-50 Cr in FY13. As per the company this additional capacity may have a revenue generation potential ~325-350 cr.
Robust recent financial performance – Agri business had grown ~38% over FY10 and custom synthesis business logged a 23% growth over FY10. Overall Sales grew by over 32% in FY11 to ~719 Cr from 543 Cr in FY10. EPS on an adjusted basis grew by 57% to 51.19 from 32.69 in FY10. 1QFY12 registered a 59% increase in Sales to clock ~207 Cr (130 Cr) despite the polymer business sell-off, while EPS (adjusted for extra-ordinary income) surged 159% to over Rs. 20 (Rs. 7.8).
Bearish Viewpoints
Execution Risks – The main risks are on proper execution of expansion projects. Any delay in setting up enhanced capacities may impacted projected growth from custom synthesis business segment.
Effect of Monsoon – The Agri-Inputs business is largely dependent on the monsoon. While the FY12 Rabi crop (sown in winter months and harvested from May onwards) has reportedly been good, the Kharif crop (sown in the rainy season Jun-Sep) may still get affected by poor monsoons in the remaining months.
Sharp increase in Working Capital in FY11 – Working Capital/Sales shot upto ~29% in Q4FY11 as compared to ~22% in Q4FY10. Debtor days shot upto 90 days in Q4FY11 from 52 days in Q4FY10. Inventory dayssimilarly had climbed up to 72 from 52 days. The company maintained peak sales shift form Q3 to Q4 in FY11 responsible and normal working capital trends will resume in a couple of months. 1QFY12 indeed has seen debtor days down to 59, though Inventory days have increased somewhat to 75 days.
Huge increase in debt Levels in FY11 – Total debt sharply increased from 150 Cr in Q4FY10 to 248 Cr in Q4FY11. Company maintained this was mainly on account of short term unsecured loans to cover higher working capital requirements in Q4FY11. That this was not representative of the full year, company cited Interest costs for FY11 (18.19 Cr) being lower than FY10 (18.31 Cr). As Working capital normalises and sale proceeds of Polymer division (April 2011) accrues this would be brought down. 1QFY12 has indeed seen debt levels coming down sharply to 133 Cr. However going forward, additional capex requirements of ~75-100 Cr for SEZ project during the year is going to see increased debt levels.
Forex fluctuations – The Rupee/US$ fluctuations may effect custom synthesis business
Poor Liquidity – As on 1QFY12, Promoters hold 63.66%. Of the balance FI & FIIs hold 3.87%, Corporate Bodies hold 9.49%, Foreign Corporate Bodies hold another 12.85%, with Directors, relatives and Friends holding another 1.46% – totaling 27.67%. Effective float is just 8.67%. This implies significant impact on bulk entry and exit costs.
Unique Non-Compete model – From inception PI has made trust-building the cornerstone of its strategy in custom synthesis and has refused to market competing products. As per the company, PI is the only Custom Synthesis business in the country where more than 90% of the molecules are patented or are at early stage of commercialization.
Strong Customer lock-ins – In the custom synthesis business, Innovator companies as a prudent strategy do not keep a single source. But usually for new products, for IP protection, and for other confidentiality issues they also do not keep more than two sources. If it is a huge global blockbuster kind of thing then they may have three sources, but usually not more than two sources.
Strong Brands – PI Industries has made the transition from being a generic manufacturer of the reverse engineered off-patent agro-chemical products, to in-licensing innovator company products with exclusive marketing rights to distribute their products in India. As per the company, PI brands are usually #1 or #2 brands in their categories.
Interesting Viewpoints
Strong Guidance from Company – On the back of a good monsoon for Agri-Input business and strong execution in custom synthesis segment, the company has guided for a 40% growth in Sales and an EBITDA margin expansion of 1.5% in FY12 (17.19% in FY11).
Sale of Polymer business – PI achieved successful closure of the sale of PI Polymer to Rhodia SA for 76 Cr. Post this transaction PI is completely focused on agri inputs and custom synthesis, both high margin and highly scalable businesses. PI booked 30 Cr of the proceeds as Extraordinary Income and the rest to be used to fund growth plans of existing business and/or bring down the debt. The disposal of the low-margin (EBITDA 10%) Polymer business is also expected to provide a fillip to overall margin expansions.
Joint Research Centre with Sony Corporation – PI industries signed an agreement with Sony Corporation to set up a joint research centre at Udaipur, named as PI-Sony Research Centre, it was formally inaugurated in January 2011. This R&D Centre will be engaged in developing commercially viable processes for molecules invented by Sony. These researched chemicals are expected to find use in futuristic products like flexible television, solar cells etc. This is a big testament on PI Industries custom synthesis capabilities. Work on several new molecules has already started, and revenue visibility is reportedly from FY13.
Currently India is amongst the lowest per capita consumers of pesticides at 380 gms per hectare while it is 2 kg/ha for China, 1.9 kg/ha for Europe and 1.5 kg/ha for the US. Also, out of the total crop area for rice, wheat and cotton in India, only 35-40% is treated with pesticides which indicates that the low penetration is likely to drive consumption of pesticides in India. [Source: Agrochemicals Market in India, FY11]
Donald Francis: More than 5% of Portfolio in the Company; Holding for more than 2 years
This entry was posted in Stock Stories. Post tags: Agro Chemicals, Category A+Business, CSM, PI Industries, VP Long Term Portfolio, VP Portfolio.
Gandhi Special Tubes Management Q&A: May, 2011
Stock Market Terms | Stock Market Glossary


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Anthony Joshua vs Deontay Wilder Betting Predictions: Closer Than Ever
By: Saba J. | Posted: April 10, 2019
Anthony Joshua and Deontay Wilder both have a desire to face each other
A fight could be scheduled for fall 2019
Joshua is looking to become the undisputed world boxing champion
Can he win again?
We are as close as ever to getting the legendary Anthony Joshua and Deontay Wilder in the ring together. There are talks about scheduling a fight in fall 2019. Should this fight actually set to happen, we need to be prepared to bet on the glorious winner. That being said, let's take a look at the Anthony Joshua vs Deontay Wilder betting predictions.
The moment all fans have been waiting for is phenomenally close. Despite being close various times, the two have never set foot into the ring with one another. The promoter Eddie Hearn has said that there is a clear desire from both sides. He is quite confident that the fans could be treated to Anthony Joshua vs Deontay Wilder in fall 2019.
The chance of a draw is almost impossible in a fight like this and the odds reflect that. According to online sportsbook sites in the UK, the odds of a draw between Anthony Joshua and Deontay Wilder are 28.00.
Anthony Joshua's route to the undisputed championship
Joshua's record speaks for itself, so my job here is done. He has a jaw-dropping record of 22/22, but it doesn't end here. 18 of these wins were by a KO. That is beyond impressive and it's no wonder that Joshua is the bookies and fans' favorite. As of now, the odds Anthony Joshua winning the fight are 1.45.
The young star's rise to fame came after defeating the long term champion Wladimir Klitschko. He was suddenly a sensation and a household name. As of now, he holds 3 of the 4 major world titles, which are:
IBF title
WBA title
IBO heavyweight title
The last title- the WBC title is held by Deontay Wilder (maybe not for a lot longer).
Deontay Wilder, the longest reigning heavyweight champion
The heavyweight world champion is not to be taken lightly. As one of the longest reigning heavyweight champions, the Bronze Bomber has been wearing the WBC crown since 2015. And has mercilessly defeated every single one of his opponents to date. After all, he has a 98% knockout-to-win ratio.
At the age of 33, Wilder has 10 years of professional boxing experience. That is something that Joshua lacks. And if we're bringing up records, Wilder has won 39 out of his 40 professional fights. The odds of the two boxers are not so far off from each other. Deontay Wilder's odds are currently 2.86.
The fans are still hoping the two fighters can work things out and deliver this long awaited fight. There are a lot of negotiations to be had and so for now, we will just have to wait. In the meantime, Wilder is set to face mandatory challenger Dominic Breazeale. And Joshua is going to defend his three titles against Jarrell Miller.
If you've made up your mind between the two, then check out Gamingzion's review about 1XBET sportsbook and bet on your favorite champion.
Bet on Joshua vs Fury Potential Matchup
Anthony Joshua vs Kubrat Pulev Odds are on Champion to Defend Title
Best Boxer in the World? Bet on Deontay Wilder v Anthony Joshua
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Short 2019 EPL Odds On Liverpool & Man City Tighten Up
Anthony Joshua box Deotnay Wilder Eddie Hearn predictions Shelly Finkel the undisputed champion world boxing champion
Saba J.
Discuss Anthony Joshua vs Deontay Wilder Betting Predictions: Closer Than Ever | User Rating


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struct prop
{
};

struct object
{
};

int main()
{
  assert((!boost::asio::can_query<object, prop>::value));
  assert((!boost::asio::can_query<const object, prop>::value));
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The American Boxer is a term for a relatively new variety of dog with a slightly smaller, sleeker appearance and less boxy head than the traditional German Boxer. The American Kennel Club currently does not recognize the American Boxer as a separate breed from the general boxer grouping, and the breed is commonly referred to as the German or Deutscher Boxer. Boxers are in the working group classification.
The boxer has a somewhat fierce appearance due to its distinctive broad muzzle and under bite. Proper muzzle-to-head proportions are essential to meet American Kennel Club standards. The ears are often cropped to a standing point. Boxers have brown eyes and short, smooth hair. Coat coloring is fawn or brindle; fawn coats vary from light tan to dark brown, and brindle coats have black striping on a fawn background. Boxers have a large chest, small waist and muscular hindquarters. The tail is typically docked to a short stub. They are a medium-sized breed, with males standing 23 to 25 inches at the shoulder and females standing 21 to 23 inches. The typical weight range is 55 to 70 pounds with females at the lower end.
The boxer is protective and loyal as well as wary of strangers, making an excellent guard dog. With their family, boxers are affectionate and playful, and they are renowned for their patience with children. Boxers rank average in working intelligence according to a study conducted by psychologist Dr. Stanley Coren. They require consistent obedience training and confident handling from an early age; a spoiled boxer quickly becomes dominant and hard to control. Well-trained boxers tend to get along well with other household pets. These traits make the boxer a popular breed for families.
Every breed of dog is prone to a number of breed-specific health problems, and the boxer is no exception. Health and medical issues generally associated with the breed include heart and thyroid disorders as well as epilepsy, hip dysplasia, allergies, mange and cancer. Two common heart problems seen in boxers are subvalvular aortic stenosis, which is an obstruction of blood flow through the heart, and cardiomyopathy, a weakening of the heart muscle. The best method of prevention is to select healthy pups from a high-quality breeder. Allergies in boxers are usually food related and are prevented or controlled by selecting hypoallergenic dog food.


This painting was commissioned by a Canadian client who wanted to celebrate her family's origins in Goslar, Germany. The scale had to be in keeping with the proportions of the large fireplace above which it would hang. The subtle palette, rich in metalics, was inspired by various fabrics and accents that had been brought together by their interior designer. The overall feel of the painting was to be dreamy, relaxing and whimsical.


text:
Calculating jumps
December 20, 2007 - 9:17am
Refer to
Content of The House Rules Wiki project
Multiple Astrogators
Using the standard plot time rule, a single astrogator can only work ten hours and take ten hours off between shifts (rest etc). Incorporating a second astrogator will allow the plot time to be cut nearly in half, as one works while the other rests. A third astrogator can cut this time down even further.
The formula for multiple-astrogator course plotting is as follows:
T = L x 10 / ( A - 1) + A
T is total plot time in GST hours
L is the number of light years to be travelled
A is the number of astrogators working together
Thus, an 8LY jump that would normally require 80 hours of time (not including downtime) for a single astrogator could be plotted by three astrogators in only 43 hours total time.
‹ Ion DrivesupPara-Military Freighters ›
Used with permission from
What is the background in STAR FRONTIERS that it takes so long to calc a jump?
Is it to provide suspense?
Extra time for adventure?
The other extreme is the Nav Computer on the Falcon that took seconds to minutes.
-w00ty minds want to know.
‹ cybot joker Help write a community story ›
Corjay (not verified)
Yeah, I don't get it either. You would think they would have computers to take care of all that automatically.
The idea is that the astrogator has to take all the measurements, figure in angles, compensate for avoiding hazards on the way, angling, reangling, and all the math in between. Apparently the computer does nothing more than act like a calculator and then carry out the inputed command. Computers today are far more efficient and capable. You also have to remember, that back then, no one believed computers the size of a PDA would have all the processing power of the most complex computers back then that filled up a whole room.
Personally, I'd dump the calculation time and assume the computer takes care of it, but the astrogator still needs to be capable enough to handle the calculations their self. If the astrogator's computer is messed up, then and only then, does it take the time suggested.
December 20, 2007 - 3:58pm
We use an automatic jump network in the normal space lanes. Anything outside of there has to calculated by man and machine. The man part is for those people who just want someone to be there.
It is all relative to how the GM wants the campaign to feel. I suspect the SF rules were trying to make sure that interstellar travel didn't become a simple, routine, and unexciting event.
However, just because computers have proven to be far more capable doesn't necessarily mean that calculating an interstellar jump would become simpler. It still is an incredible feat. So you can easily say that sentient guidance is still needed. Unless you are doing space opera, calculations and observations may take a long time and would only be possible with computer help. An astrogator without computerized assistance may not be able to perform the calculations at all.
Good point Sam. :-)
That makes sense.
Gullwind
January 2, 2008 - 9:12pm
It's even odder when the description for the Level 6 Analysis program says it is capable of handling virtually all calculations, including theoretical math. Granted, most ships wouldn't have access to such a high level program, but you'd think there would be a provision for a program being able to handle the jump calcuations.
"Rome didn't build an empire by having meetings. They did it by killing those who stood in their way."
January 3, 2008 - 10:21am
Gullwind wrote:
What about something every two Computer levels?
And maybe throw in something for the Astrogator level....
Level Modifier
Astrogator Level
2 -10 hours
-2 hours per level
-25% of calulation
-50 % of calulation
-10 hours per level
Knight Hawks wrote:
If a jump is made along one of the established travel routes marked on the Frontier Sector map, and the astrogator spends 10 hours per light-year making the proper course adjustments, there is no risk that the ship will leave the Void anywhere other than its planned destination.
I wonder why it takes so long for "established" routes.... What if your monorail took this long to calculate where you wanted to go in the city? LOL.
January 3, 2008 - 12:49pm
This brings us back to the whole inconsistancy with the jump descriptions of the game. KH describes Jump as occuring when the vessel reaches 0.01c, but the time in "jump-space" is only a few seconds. By that description alone, barring any navigational issues within individual systems, every jump would take the same amount of time, regardless of how far you are traveling. Instead of attempting a revision of this, it appears the KH designers developed the Astrogator calculations as a method of slowing down jumps -- an ineffective attempt to bring jumps back to the 1 day per light year concept per AD rules.
This becomes clearer when you look at the description of Risk Jumping in the KH boardgame (SW II) -- that is the method of moving quicker through the transit boxes -- essentially spelling out quite clearly that it is the calculation side of the jump that dictates the time taken to travel the transit boxes. That seems to confirm the above suspicion.
w00t, I'd probably use something similiar to what you suggest -- with some alterations
Sam wrote:
Please advise on your alterations. :-)
I'd like to see them. Would you like me to create a document in the House Rules project?
"Travelling through the void isn't like dusting crops, boy! Without precise calculations you could fly right through a star or bounce too close to a supernova and that'd end your trip real quick, wouldn't it?"
I would have to venture in saying that any jump is going to be far less than routine. Solar systems are full of moving things, be it a planet or asteroid belt or various floating pieces of debris/spacejunk from prior battles. Some of these things have a gravity well, up to and including the star (or stars in a binary system) to contend with. Everything is moving in these systems, as such a planet that orbits its star is not going to be in the same place it was when you made that same jump three months ago. And without having an astronomy degree, I think I read somewhere that even the stars themselves are in some sort of constant motion as well. As such, any jump is going to require some degree of calculations and take all of these anamolies into consideration.
As far as computers go, that's why I have a house rulle stating that an Analysis program equivilent in levl to the Astrogation program is required...LVL:1 Analysis for shuttles, LVL:2 for system ships, LVL:4 for starships, and then mandating LVL:6 for the deluxe astrogation equipment package.
The SWRPG:SE Starships of the Galaxy says that you can reuse the calculations for up to a month, but taking any longer than a month between calculations and the chance of a stellar accident increases substantially. It recommends once a week.
Another interesting thing they have regarding that is a stellar coordinates surveying agency (in SW it's the Space Ministry) that regularly records and submits astrogation data, updating each coordinate every day and sharing these with ships exiting the system for a fee. Of course, these are only available in high traffic areas. In Star Frontiers, that would be some system like Prenglar or Dramune. This cuts wayyy down on astrogation calculations so that calculations are only needed when heading to low traffic areas and new systems or coming from such systems.
For Star Frontiers, we could consider the routes shown on the Warriors of White Light to be the depiction of the common space lanes.
Which also brings up the point about which systems would be considered high traffic. Dixon's Star, despite being supported by only an outpost world, would still be a high traffic system as trade flourishes between the two highly populated worlds of Truane's Star (along with Zebulon's two worlds) to Prenglar via Dixon's and vice versa. On the other hand, systems with merely one route in and out (like Theeus and Scree Fron) would be lesser travelled, especially Scree Fron with its lightly populated and outpost worlds.
And then you take any Zeb's Guide worlds into consideration...Rim systems would be more frequently travelled by Rim occupants than Frontier denizens, and vice versa...the "foreigners" of each sector would consider the heavily travelled routes as lightly travelled. Granted, any business or government subsidized route would be a "back of my hand" affair, as the route is travelled so often. And then any local planetary militia ship would only be able to consider just the routes bordering their system as a "frequently" travelled route, for example a Clarion Royal Marine vessel travelling to Dramune would be so far out of its element that the "standard spacefarer rate of travel" doesn't even apply to them.
On that same token, a yazirian trade vessel that deals primarily with the core yazirian worlds (Athor, Gruna Garu, Hargut, & Scree Fron) would probably travel as far as Prenglar at the most, and would probably never even see the vruskan worlds (K'aken-Kar, Kisk-Kar, and K'tsa-Kar). And then throw in a new crew, such as a UPF warship recieving a new compliment of officers, and everything changes again. An example of this would be taking a Task Force Prenglar assault scout crew, who merely jumps to neighboring systems in the vicinity of Prenglar for the most part, and promoting/transferring them to a Strike Force NOVA frigate that regularly patrols the space lanes. Or vice versa, a NOVA scout crew to a Task Force Prenglar frigate...both crews will be out of their element regardless of common travel routes of the ships they are now serving on.
In the end it all boils down to a relative nature, and it becomes tough to discern exactly which route wouldn't take as much time to plot over others between ships and crews.
How are new routes discovered?
How are they maped?
How is a new route put into the computer?
Starmist comes to mind.
Does the UPF have "special" routes not documented?
According to Zeb's, there is a secret UPF route to Liberty, and apparently all other traffic to Liberty is forbidden.
Shing
In the game manuals and adventure modules it is indicated that the plotted routes (shown on the maps) are what the public knows about. The UPF, some corporations, and others have routes to and from systems that are not general knowledge for security, privacy and general grabbiness reasons.
I assume that each mega-corp has at least one planet or asteroid belt in a secret location being mined for resources. Along with that, the UPF probably has a few outposts near likely approaches of Sathar fleets. Highly sensitive information as it gives the "owner" an advantage and no one wants to give up an advantage.
I think in terms of game play, the jumps take so long to plot and are difficult to do so that the whole of the Frontier is not "discovered" and inhabited within a month. The concept of the Frontier is that it is wild, untamed and unexplored, this will go away if everything is known. This also allows for the GM to introduce new technology gradually that can eventually lead to a fully developed Frontier (many years down the road). There are many variables that can be altered one at a time such as the calculation time, location determination, jump drive technology, engine performance, ship hull tolerance, crew tolerance, it all depends on what type of Frontier the GM has made.
In the end, I really think it is meant to keep the game from getting played out too fast, to keep the mystery for as long as possible. This is up to the GM and players so it really is just a bunch of guidelines.
"I reject your reality and substitute my own."
Shing wrote:
Very nice thoughts. I wonder if Mega-Corps would get in big trouble if not reporting star routes.
Do you think mis-jumps are the reason for finding new routes -OR- is there a way to "map" a route?
Mapping a route sounds interesting and scary.
KH covers plot new routes -- the Astrogator skills includes that. It does seem, though, that the reward for providing a new route to the UPF is relatively meager (100,000 credits) considering the potential risk and difficulty. It does state that the route must be calculated and successfully jumped both ways before it is considered plotted. Meaning that crews never know if they'll make it back.
I'll get those adjusted charts to you w00t
hrm... the same calcs do not work in reverse?
I guess things could change between jumps...
Seems like if you jumped on way, the trip back would be cake. I also wonder if you mis-jump how hard it would be to get back to your starting point (although you would probably be happy just finding it back to the Frontier. :-D)
In the game mechanics, the mis-jumps are not quite how I would make them. The end result of a mis-jump is that you end up in a system, just not the one you were aiming at. In using a dart board as an example, if you are aiming at the bull's eye and miss, you hit one of twenty other spaces, not another dart board. Just imagine the board to be a sphere instead of a circle, the dart will land in the sphere you aimed at, not another one, unless you really suck, or unless it is within the 'sphere of probability'.
Essentially, when you plot to a star, you are using it as the distance and direction base of the calculation. The game describes the use of telescopes in determining the target location, so I would guess that you need to be able to see the target to hit it. Knowing where you are and where you want to go are relatively easy if you are using a proven "lane", it is the variables that make it hard because they change (possibly predictably for some). Variables like gravity fluctuations based on planet location within a star system, rogue planetoids, or anything that can cause a gravity effect. If you are travelling a new route, figuring out the distance can be hard since the farther something is, the harder it is to figure it out using triangulation unless you really space out the two or three (or more) points. This is what the telescopes are doing, at least two are needed to try and at least have a chance at determining distance. It is all a similar principle to plotting a resection in map navigation when you are lost.
If you simply want to go 'that way' all you have to do is punch in the direction and distance and hit 'go' Problem is, you will end up anywhere but there. If you want to plot a new jump, you need to find all of the possible variables and their effect, plot them in the current state and predicted change for the whole jump then hit 'go'. Most likely you will still not end up in the correct spot, but it will be much closer than just a 'that way' calculation. I figure once you have travelled a route, you can take your position and alter the variables to account for the actual end location and try again. If you end up where you want, then you have a mapped and proven route if not, then either your astrogator sucks or there is a gravity effect that is not consistent (needing to have it's variances figured out) and may even no longer be there (rouge planetoid). The astrogation program would then have the numbers needed to spit out the plot providing you had all of the numbers filled, the calculations still need to be done but at least the correct information is there. If your astrogator was really good, he could even alter the inputs to have you end up at the desired planet (vice just somewhere in the target system) by taking the location within the local system into account.
Of course there is one thing that could really change how this is all done. When you plot the position of your target, it is based on the direction and distance from where you currently are, or does the target have a consistent galactic coordinate? The difference is that if it has to be figured out from your current location, then all of the above calculations have to happen, but if you can simply input the location and go then you have insta-jump. As examples Star Trek uses the galactic coordinate idea and Star Wars is more of the plot from current location idea. Personally I like the plotting from current location because in reality, stars move and they do not all move in the same direction or at the same speeds.
It would be an interesting adventure hook if the mis-jump found something (then the fun would be trying to figure out where they are and if they can get back) or if the trip was time sensitive, they fail (which is OK for characters to do on occasion).
As for trouble, I think that I saw a mention of needing to report routes mapped (security and all) but I don't actually think it was an illegal act to omit this step. Obviously if the end point is of interest to someone, they will pay for the information.
I try to keep things low science but believable, I don't like the 'Star Trek trap' of contradictions or logic errors. My explanation is long enough that I am sure there are some in there.
Sargonarhes
It's a shame SF has the jump engines need overhauled after so many jumps. I would think a series of short jumps to be safer because less can change over pre-dertermined paths, but if you have to overhaul the drives it doesn't do you any good to make 3 short jumps.
What I'd do is ditch the rules for the long calculations, unless the navigator wants to double check the computer with a secondary navigation computer and program. Double checking the system as it were. There's also the idea that most traffic is going to jump from the same location in system as everyone else, a safe point some where. All data changes if you jumo from even a slightly differet area, space being as big as it is even a slight variation of .1° can throw you many parsecs off course.
In every age, in every place, the deeds of men remain the same.
Another variable is where in the system you emerge.
If your calculations are slightly off, you might emerge from the Void too close to you destination planet to decelerate at 1g. You might have to slow down faster in order to stop in time.
Conversely, you might enter the system on the other side of the star from the planet you were aiming for. Rather than decelerate at all, you would coast along, possibly for several days, until you reach the distance from the destination to start decelerating.
January 6, 2008 - 4:47am
The big thing I see in jump calculations is your destination. You ultimately want to drop out of the void in a region of empty space, ideally beyond the system's outermost planetary orbit. After all you'll need time to slow down from 12 million kph/200 hexes per turn, which at 1G acceleration (ADF:1) will take 200 game turns of ten minutes each or 33 1/3 hours. OVershooting the outermost orbit puts you in possible conflict with other objects, like inner planets or asteroids or even other spaceships. And since you're using the star as a reference point, you definitely don't want to plot any course beyond that as any path through the star takes you into it...
Add to that your origin point (where you leave the first system to enter the void) will also have to be away from otehr objects, again ideally beyond the outer orbit so that your direct line of travel does not intersect anything along the way. With all that in mind, your jump is going to begin in one star system whose primary has a gravity well that extends far enough that it will have some degree of pull no matter where your ship is (after all that's what keeps its outermost planet in orbit) and you will be targeting another star that has similar properties. Each star has unique gravitational pull, some with more planets than others etc and as I metnioned earlier, I believe the stars themselves are in some type of constant motion. That being the case, you're travelling from one moving object to another, in essence it can be summarized akin to leaping from the top of an 18-wheeler onto the roof of another going the opposite direction as it passes by. Even a professional stuntman is going to need some time to prepare for that kind of feat. Increase the distance into terms of light years, suffice to say the plot time is going to increase exponentially.
It does seem, though, that the reward for providing a new route to the UPF is relatively meager (100,000 credits) considering the potential risk and difficulty.
Very meager. Especially with atomic fuel costs taken into consideration, a three engine ship will burn 30,000Cr worth of fuel pellets each way. Add in crew salaries and other overhead and you barely turn a profit. The only motivation for a new route is a personal short cut for future use...still one answer here to cut down on expenditures is Ion Drives (see below). And quite possibly why there aren't that many publicly known "other" routes...
In the game mechanics, the mis-jumps are not quite how I would make them.
Ditto. In the game mechanics, it states that a misjump lands you in a star system. I feel it should land you anywhere, including open space. I mean if you're off by a single degree it sends you wide at your destination, moreso as distance increases. I just can't see a jump with an intended destination as "north" accidently landing you at a star that is "south" of your origin. That's like throwing darts but the dart slips and lands somewhere behind you...ya gotta be pretty ignorant, drunk, and a variety of other shortcomings to pull that off!
Sargonarhes wrote:
That's the beauty behind ion drives. No overhauls required, and a mere 400-500Cr worth of fuel consumed per jump. Of course you give up performance, limited to ADF:1 according to canon rules (which I disagree on, but that's another subject. See my House Rules Wiki entry for that one).
Again, in Star Wars, the computer system detects when the drive is off course or heading toward an object or high gravity area, in which it immediately drops the characters out of hyperspace and they must recalculate their jump from the new position. This would be a great way to find new worlds.
Granted both systems are purely fictional, and the SW is overall much quicker, but I have to lean with the prior comments of overexploration...SW has thousands and thousands of civilized worlds versus the canon pre-Zeb 27 settled Frontier worlds. But in comparing the two fictional systems, I have this to say:
The major difference between SW and SF is you spend much more time in "hyperspace" than you do in "the void". In SW you instantaneously leave "real space" and then spend a few hours in hyperspace, enough time for some Jedi training exrecises and general maintenance etc, not to mention the computer sounds an alarm to alert the crew that the destination is arriving, and said crew has time to assume positions and even manually bring the ship back into real space.
In SF you're spending the bulk of your time accelerating and only a few seconds outside of "real space" (canon quotes 3-15 seconds). By comparison, void travel is much faster than hyperspeed as you are covering the distance in a much shorter time (not including pre-jump actions of course). With "hyperspeed" being slower, the computer has time to react to anomolies, and the crew has time to reach their stations before dropping back into real space. Overshooting the mark isn't as critical in SW. But since SF "void speed" is much faster per se, everything needs to be figured out in the real space segment as there simply would not be enough time to react to a problem in "void space". In fact the computer needs to bring the ship out of void space, as the void disorient's organic senses and a person would never be able to time it right...they would see the elapsed time but due to the distorted senses the reaction speed would never bring the ship back into real space in a timely manner, thus resulting in overjumping the mark (re: travelling in a path that extends through the star) or underjumping (dumping you about a light year or more before the system).
Shadow Shack wrote:
I agree on the concept of jumping from system to system, I just include the acceleration and deceleration as a part of the whole. When you roll a billiards ball on a wonky table, it will not go where you want because of the distortions. As you repeat the act, you can compensate for them and have the ball stop exactly where you want it and externally you travelled a very windy road, but from the ball's point of view it went straight.
If you have an astrogator who is (pardon pun) on the ball, he can do all of the calculations for the jump to include all of the alterations of the acceleration and deceleration paths caused by gravity and have you come to a rest close to your target. A new guy would most likely jump external from the local planets to a similar location at the destination causing added time to the trip to get to the start and end points. This would be of course because of his unfamiliarity with the region or lack of skill/confidence in the task.
This would be a way of really making it clear just how important astrogation skills are when you relate them to the voyage. In AD rules, the ships travel a day per light year, in KH they travel based on the ability to accelerate to .1C (~8 days with ADF 1) plus the short time spent in the void as we all know. This more or less means that there is not much difference in travel times overall so the real advantage is having a person who can cut the travel time at the ends. If as an example it takes 2 days to get to an extra-system start point and 2 days to get into a system (add the 8 day travel time on top) and you have a 12 day trip. But if your A class astrogator can plot direct, you can make the trip 4 days shorter without breaking the canon travel time.
This is of course if you even wanted to take that kind of interaction into account. The game itself makes no note of (off the top of my head) needing to be anywhere specific when plotting a jump or accelerating to or decelerating from one.
I will just add this one thing, do you realize how heavy the star ship traffic is between some of the planet/system. So, how much do you think will change from ship after ship that cannot be tracked in the high traffic zones. I am sure a trend will developed into a good foundation for ships to jump without many or any computations. And, I am sure there is some kind of "Port Authority" that will make it a law to surrender the data. Read about the old sailing days. The charts were updated at-least within the military navies of the discovering ship/s. For one thing it was passed on to the naval ships for the reason of an advantage over the enemy here being the Sather, pirates, and/or mega corps. So, keep in mind on the information that you are dealing with and how important it is to all who use it. If this doesn't make you see that in known jump routes that an astrogator on a ship would only be there to "just make sure." I can see an hour +-30 minutes time for each jump on normal routes. This opens a whole new area of adventuring in my game.
roymeo
Star Frontiers was originally based in a sort of Wild West feel. The huge astrogation calculation times fit very well with that sort of universe. It kept people from bouncing around too much, and hey, jumping through the void is a pretty tough job--if you miscalculate you may be pulled to the wrong system, and if you run out of fuel, it may be the LAST system you ever see.
Jumping like Star Wars is a different sort of thing--and something not really adequately explored in the Star Wars (movie) universe.
Star Lawman
roymeo wrote:
I must agree. Like the fiction I believe inspired it, I think the original intention of the designers was that space travel, while perhaps routine, should never be mundane. Spacers are a breed apart, risking life and limb with every jump. Besides if you don't want to take all that time to calculate a nice, safe jump there's always a risk jump. Faster and way more exciting!
I always thought that Star Wars-style FTL-travel was boring (other than the nifty opening special effect): check the navi-computer, pull a switch and sit on your hands for hours and hours. Star Wars jumps are far too predicable and safe for my tastes. I think Star Frontiers got that part of things right.
Star Lawman, over and out.
"We don't stop playing because we grow old; we grow old because we stop playing."
-- George Bernard Shaw
Star Lawman wrote:
I tend to agree with this although I like they way they handled how the Rebels needed a hiding spot...
wookiepedia wrote:
After the Battle of Hoth survivors regrouped at the secret rendezvous point, a predetermined location outside the galaxy where the Empire could not track them.
This point beyond the Galactic Rim was far above the galactic equatorial plane and far away from any stars. It was beyond the galaxy's gravity well, making it a perilous journey to reach, one that many of the Rebel ships escaping from Hoth may not have been able to make. It is likely that the Rebellion suffered additional losses in the attempt to reach this point.


text:
Q: ARM FRDM-KE02Z How to read input from pins I`m new to ARM programming, but I have to do project to study. I Have FRDM-KE02Z40M development board (with KE02Z64VQH2 microcontroller). Firstly I wrote library for seven-segment display and it works fine. Next I tried to write library for buttons, but I have some problems with seting pins for input properly and reading from PDIR. I built system as shown:

And I wrote test code to checkout how it works.
void button_init(){
   GPIO_PinInit(GPIO_PTE5, GPIO_PinOutput);
   GPIO_Init(GPIOA, GPIO_PTB0_MASK, GPIO_PinInput);
}

uint32_t button_read(){
   return (GPIOA -> PDIR) & (1UL << 8);
}

void led_test(){
   GPIO_PinClear(GPIO_PTE5);
   for(uint32_t i; i <= 3000000; i++){};
   GPIO_PinSet(GPIO_PTE5);
   for(uint32_t i; i <= 3000000; i++){};
   GPIO_PinClear(GPIO_PTE5);
   for(uint32_t i; i <= 3000000; i++){};
   GPIO_PinSet(GPIO_PTE5);
   for(uint32_t i; i <= 3000000; i++){};
   GPIO_PinClear(GPIO_PTE5);
   for(uint32_t i; i <= 3000000; i++){};

   }

int main(){
   sysinit();
   button_init();

   GPIO_PinClear(GPIO_PTE5);

   while(1){
   if (button_read()){led_test();}
   }
}

I`m using libraries delivered from NXP site: gpio.h and sysinit.c
Program should activate method for blinking every time I push button, but LED is blinking all the time when I hold button and when I release it.
Before that I wrote:
while(1){
   if(button_read()){
      GPIO_PinSet(GPIO_PTE5);
   }else{
      GPIO_PinClear(GPIO_PTE5);
   }
}

LED gave weak light and when I pushed button LED turned off. Then I swaped Set with Clear and LED
behaved still the same.
Am I missing something in software? Or should I check connection and my hardware?
How should I set up pins for input and how I should read them properly?


text:
• Informal Georgia Sobriety Tests: Rachel Gossett blew a .216 alcohol reading in Loganville, Ga., in November, but that was probably a formality after an officer witnessed her attempt to put a cheeseburger from a Waffle Shop onto her foot as if it were a shoe. And Rashad Williams, 38, was charged with DUI in Atlanta in October after he crashed through the front of a Walgreens drugstore and then, according to a witness, calmly exited his vehicle (which was sticking halfway into the building) and resumed drinking next door at the Anchor Bar. [Huffington Post, 11-7-2013] [Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 10-18-2013]
• Round Up the Usual Suspect: Indicted for rape in August in Hamilton County, Tenn.: Mr. John Allan Raper, 19. (Other recent miscreants were Mr. Batman Suparman, 23, convicted in Singapore in November of housebreaking and theft, and Mr. Bamboo Flute Blanchard, 18, who was arrested in June in Gainesville, Fla., and accused of trying to stab his father for an unreported provocation -- although one possible motive suggests itself.) [Times Free Press (Chattanooga), 9-17-2013] [The Straits Times (Singapore), 11-11-2013] [Gainesville Sun, 6-26-2013]
• Chutzpah!: Sheriff's deputy Darrell Mathis of Newton County, Ga. (30 miles east of Atlanta), a five-year veteran, was arrested in September and charged with selling marijuana locally -- from his squad car, in uniform, and apparently without inhibition. A confidential informant, unnerved by Mathis' alleged brazenness, convinced FBI agents in April 2013 to do a by-the-book sting (with which Mathis, of course, naively cooperated, according to bureau affidavits). (In their final meeting before the arrest, for example, Mathis took pains to assure the agents: "Don't worry. I'm on your side." He was reportedly enthusiastic about the sting's plan to run marijuana and cocaine from Alabama to North Carolina.) [CNN, 9-23-2013]