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Home MLB Kyler Murray's NFL Chess Game: What's His Next Move?
Kyler Murray's NFL Chess Game: What's His Next Move?
J.R. Gamble
Kyler Murray built his brand by leveraging his potential as a two-sport athlete, but now he must produce in the NFL for real.
The Red Carpet was rolled out for Kyler Murray on draft night. The 5-foot-10, groundbreaking QB was drafted No. 1 overall by the Arizona Cardinals despite his height, weight, race, historical precedent and the possibility of an MLB career always lurking in the shadows.
Arizona pushed the bag to the middle of the dice game, believing that they will roll trip sixes with Murray at the helm.
"I can't thank you enough for everything you've done for me."
Moments after being selected #1 overall by the @azcardinals, @thekylermurray (@OU_football) watches a very special video from his father. #NFLDraft pic.twitter.com/14Um26ORpb
— NFL (@NFL) April 26, 2019
Murray defied every odd, negotiated his leverage to perfection and everything fell into place, including the abrupt firing of Steve Wilks and the hiring of admirer Kliff Kingsbury as head coach. Referring to his college recruitment, when Texas Tech made him an offer, Murray reflected on "finally being able to play for Coach Kingsbury" and said, "It's something we've been talking about for a long time."
The 21-year-old gunslinger will have more pressure on him than he ever had trying to win the starting QB job at his Texas high school as a freshman or replacing Heisman winner Baker Mayfield at Oklahoma.
Kyler Murray:
43-0 at Allen.
3X State Champ.
2X TXHSFB POTY.
2X National POTY.
Two-Sport All-American.
Heisman Trophy Selection.
First Round MLB Draft Pick.
First Overall NFL Draft Pick.
Now and forever a Texas HS Legend. pic.twitter.com/o1IvHea5CL
— Nick Walters (@nickwalt) April 26, 2019
Full count, bottom of the ninth, bases loaded…Yeah Murray is for all that smoke.
It's undeniable that he's special, the only athlete in history to be drafted in the first 10 picks of the MLB and NFL Draft. Murray's crushing quarterback stereotypes and setting new standards. He's a marquee name and hasn't played a lick of professional sports yet.
The unknown is what makes Murray such a captivating figure. There's no prototype to judge him against. There's a real mystique surrounding him. The NFL community — all with different agendas — are invested in his success and failure, which makes it fitting that Murray wore a pink three-piece suit — inspired, he said, by "The Great Gatsby" movie of 2013.
A behind-the-scenes look at when Kyler Murray got the call 📞
(📍@CENTURY21) pic.twitter.com/1dStEXqt20
— ESPN (@espn) April 26, 2019
We've seen the hype and the magnificence and the accomplishments, now we get to see who Murray really is. The NFL Draft combine was supposed to be a grand party where the world got to see his workouts. Instead, he played the background and let everyone enjoy the festivities. Very Gatsby-like.
Murray's potential impact on the sports landscape goes beyond the gridiron. He finessed the game and played a meticulous game of chess with the Oakland A's, who gave him a $4.6 million signing bonus and then allowed him to return to Oklahoma before fully committing to baseball.
Congrats my man-@TheKylerMurray #OUDNA pic.twitter.com/uot3Y1vZ92
— Lincoln Riley (@LincolnRiley) April 26, 2019
That was MLB's worst mistake and Murray's best move. Oakland misread how deep and passionate his love for football was. Emotions aside, he simply did the math. As the NFL Draft's No. 1 overall pick, Murray stands to make over $30 million in guaranteed money on his first contract.
After he blew everybody away, won the Heisman and then draft experts were projecting him as a first-rounder, the MLB dream was done. Even with the additional $14 million that Oakland offered Murray in January to leave football, the MLB deal didn't equal the guaranteed bag that he'll get from Arizona.
On top of that, it's obvious that while he digs baseball, he's addicted to the rush and immediate starpower of playing quarterback. His brand is already established. He's gotten everything he wished for.
"This is where I wanted to be." – Former @OU_Football QB Kyler Murray on being drafted No. 1 overall pic.twitter.com/QqLxId11CY
— FOX Sports (@FOXSports) April 26, 2019
Now he has to meet the challenges on the field.
Will he be able to withstand the punishment ? Will his size be an inhibitor to his NFL success? Can he equal his collegiate success on the NFL level? Will he leave to go play baseball if he struggles?
There's no more intriguing figure in pro football right now than Murray. We have to keep in mind that he's playing on a God awful team right now. He might not be able to duplicate the success of a Patrick Mahomes.
Kansas City was already loaded with weapons. Murray is the face of a new culture and the weight of the world is on his shoulders.
There's a line of folks waiting to take shots at him on the field, in the media and in the stands. The baseball world is hoping he fails. Fans of "undersized" two-sport athletes want him to win.
Everything up to this point has been an introduction. The journey to building his true legacy is about to begin.
JR Gamble joined The Shadow League in 2012. The General Manager of Content & Social Media is in his 25th year of covering sports and culture professionally. He has covered a wide variety of major sports and entertainment topics across different mediums, including radio, newspapers, magazines and national TV. His passion is baseball, the culturing of baseball and preserving and documenting the historically-impactful accomplishments and contributions of African-Americans in baseball.


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US Supreme Court Center > Volume 158 > RISDON IRON & LOCOMOTIVE WORKS V. MEDART, 158 U. S. 68 (1895) > Full Text
RISDON IRON & LOCOMOTIVE WORKS V. MEDART, 158 U. S. 68 (1895)
Risdon Iron & Locomotive Works v. Medart, 158 U.S. 68 (1895)
Risdon Iron and Locomotive Works v. Medart
Submitted January 21, 1895
Decided April 22, 1895
STATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
Processes of manufacture which involve chemical or other similar elemental action are patentable though mechanism may be necessary in the application or carrying out of the process, while those which consist solely in the operation of a machine are not, and where such mechanism is subsidiary to the chemical action, the fact that the patentee may be entitled to a patent upon his mechanism does not impair his right to a patent for the process.
A valid patent cannot be obtained for a process which involves nothing more than the operation of a piece of mechanism -- that is to say, for the function of a machine.
A patent only for superior workmanship is invalid.
If it appears, upon demurrer to a bill to restrain infringement of letters patent, that the patent is invalid, the bill should be sustained.
Letters patent No. 248,599, granted October 25, 1881, to Philip Medart for the manufacture of belt pulleys, and letters patent No. 248,598, granted October 25, 1881, to him for a belt pulley, and letters patent No. 238,702, granted to him March 8, 1881, for a belt pulley, are all invalid.
This was a suit in equity instituted by Philip and William Medart against the appellant for the infringement of three letters patent granted to Philip Medart, viz.: Patent No. 248,599, dated October 25, 1881, for the manufacture of belt pulleys; patent No. 248,598, also dated October 25, 1881, for a belt pulley, and patent No. 238,702, granted March 8, 1881, also for a belt pulley.
In the first patent, No. 248,599, the patentee stated in his specification that his invention
"relates to that class of belt pulleys formed of a wrought-metal rim and a separate center, usually a spider, and usually made of cast metal. Heretofore considerable difficulty has been encountered in the manufacture of such pulleys, much time, skilled labor, and large and elaborate machinery have been required, and
Page 158 U. S. 69
their production has been correspondingly expensive. The object of my invention is to cheapen and simplify their construction, overcome the objections above mentioned, and produce strong and perfect pulleys in a quick and efficient manner. My invention therefore consists in an improved process of manufacture, whereby the above results are obtained."
The drawings accompanying the specification represent the machinery for carrying out the invention, and the pulley at various stages of its manufacture. The specification sets forth in detail the manner in which the machinery is operated, and winds up with the following statement:
"Pulleys thus manufactured are perfectly balanced, faultless in shape, strong, and durable, and can be produced more rapidly and at less expense than the imperfect pulleys heretofore made. The machinery herein shown and referred to has not been described more in detail, as its operation will be clear to those skilled in such matters, and no claim to it is herein made, it being my purpose to secure protection for such apparatus by other applications hereafter to be made."
The claims, which are four in number, are all for the described improvement in the art of manufacturing belt pulleys, which consist in centering the pulley center or spider and then grinding the same concentrically with the axis of the pulley, the several claims stating with more or less detail the principal steps in the manufacture.
In his specification to patent No. 248,598, the patentee states that his
"improved pulley belongs to that class of pulleys composed of a separate spider, usually of cast metal, and a wrought-metal rim, which is secured to the spider,"
and that his invention
"consists in a pulley which is perfectly true and accurately balanced -- that is, a pulley in which the center of gravity and geometrical center or axis coincide."
In his specification to patent No. 238,702, which was granted about seven months before the other patents, the patentee states that his invention
"relates to certain improvements in belt pulleys, and had for its object, first, the production of a cheap, light, and durable pulley, and secondly, the production of irregular sizes of pulleys without the necessity
of a separate pattern for each size of pulley required. And this invention consists first in constructing the usual crown or dish on the rim of wrought-metal rimmed pulleys by bending said rim transversely during the process of manufacture; secondly, the belt pulley having arms formed of wood, preferably of a cylindrical shape, which at their inner ends rest in sockets cast on the hub, and at their outer ends are provided with bracket lugs, to which the pin is secured by rivets or other equivalent means."
Figure 1 of the following drawings exhibits a perspective view, and figure 2 a vertical section of the patented pulley:
image:a
The defendant appeared and demurred to the bill upon the ground that the patents did not show invention upon their faces. The demurrer was argued and overruled, and leave given to answer, and upon a subsequent hearing upon pleadings and proofs, it was adjudged that all of the patents were valid; that the defendant had infringed the first, second, and third claims of patent No. 248,599, the two claims of patent No. 248,598, and the first claim of patent No. 238,702, and defendant was enjoined from further infringing. A final decree was subsequently entered, upon the report of the master, for $1,811.25, from which decree the defendant appealed.
MR. JUSTICE BROWN, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the Court.
The three patents involved in this suit are for an improved belt pulley, and for the manufacture of the same. Each of them requires a separate consideration.
1. Patent No. 248,599 is for an improved process of manufacturing that class of belt pulleys formed of a wrought-metal rim and a separate center, usually a spider, and usually made of cast metal. The drawings represent the machinery for carrying out the invention, and the pulley at the various stages of its manufacture. The process of manufacture is set forth in detail in the specification, and consists of the following steps: (1) centering the pulley center or spider; (2) grinding the ends of the arms concentrically with the axis of the pulley; (3) boring the center; (4) securing the rim to the spider; (5) grinding the face of the rim concentric with the axis of the pulley; (6) grinding or squaring the edges of the rim. This process, it may be observed, is purely a mechanical one.
Does it disclose a patentable invention? That the patent is for a process in manufacture, and not for the mechanism employed, nor for the finished product of such manufacture, is undeniable, and is so expressed upon the face of the specification.
The four claims of the patent make no reference to the mechanism exhibited in the drawings and described in the specification. All claim an improvement in the art of manufacturing, and set forth in more or less detail the various steps in that process. That certain processes of manufacture are patentable is as clear as that certain others are not, but nowhere is the distinction between them accurately defined. There is somewhat of the same obscurity in the line of demarcation as in that between mechanical skill and invention, or in that between a
new article of manufacture, which is universally held to be patentable, and the function of a machine, which it is equally clear is not. It may be said in general that processes of manufacture which involve chemical or other similar elemental action are patentable, though mechanism may be necessary in the application or carrying out of such process, while those which consist solely in the operation of a machine are not. Most processes which have been held to be patentable require the aid of mechanism in their practical application, but, where such mechanism is subsidiary to the chemical action, the fact that the patentee may be entitled to a patent upon his mechanism does not impair his right to a patent for the process, since he would lose the benefit of his real discovery, which might be applied in a dozen different ways, if he were not entitled to such patent. But if the operation of his device be purely mechanical, no such considerations apply, since the function of the machine is entirely independent of any chemical or other similar action.
A review of some of the principal cases upon the subject of patents for processes may not be out of place in this connection, and will serve to illustrate the distinction between such as are and such as are not patentable.
The leading English cases are those which arose from the patent of September 11, 1828, to Neilson, for the improved application of air to produce heat in fires, forges, and furnaces where bellows or other blowing apparatus were required. The patent, like many of the early English patents, contained no specific claims, but described a blast or current of air to be passed from the bellows into an air vessel or receptacle, made sufficiently strong to endure the blast, and artificially heated to a red heat or very nearly so.
It was said that the air vessel or receptacle might be conveniently made of iron or other metals, and that its form was immaterial to its effect, and might be adapted to the local circumstances or situation. In Neilson v. Harford, 1 Webst.Pat.Cas. 331, this patent was construed by the Court of Exchequer, in which the claim was made that the patent was for a principle, and was therefore void. Great difficulty was felt in its proper
construction, but after full consideration it was held that the patent did not merely claim a principle, but a machine embodying a principle, and, in delivering the opinion, Baron Parke observed:
"We think the case must be considered as if, the principle being well known, the plaintiff had first invented a mode of applying it by a mechanical apparatus to furnaces, and his invention then consists in this -- by interposing a receptacle for heated air between the blowing apparatus and the furnace. In this receptacle he directs the air to be heated by the application of heat externally to the receptacle, and thus he accomplishes the object of applying the blast, which was before of cold air, in a heated state to the furnace."
In citing this case in support of his opinion in O'Reilly v. Morse, 15 How. 62, 56 U. S. 115, Mr. Chief Justice Taney treated it as an invention of a mechanical apparatus by which a current of hot air, instead of cold, could be thrown in. "The interposition of a heated receptacle in any form was the novelty he invented."
The Neilson patent, however, subsequently came before the House of Lords, on appeal from the Scottish Court of Session, in Househill Coal & Iron Co. v. Neilson, 1 Webst.Pat.Cas. 673. The case went off upon other questions, but, in delivering his opinion, Lord Campbell thought the patent should be taken as extending to all machines, of whatever construction, whereby the air was heated intermediately between the blowing apparatus and the blast furnace.
"That being so, the learned judge was perfectly justified in telling the jury that it was unnecessary for them to compare one apparatus with another, because, confessedly, that system of conduit pipes was a mode of heating air by an intermediate vessel between the blowing apparatus and the blast furnace, and therefore it was an infraction of the patent."
S.C., 2 Bell Scotch H.L.App.Cas. 1; 9 Cl. & Fin. 788.
So in delivering the opinion of this Court in Tilghman v. Proctor, 102 U. S. 707, 102 U. S. 724, Mr. Justice Bradley treated the Neilson patent as a patent for a process, although the patentee did not distinctly point out all the forms of apparatus by which the process might be applied. But notwithstanding
the vast amount of litigation to with this patent gave rise, it can hardly be said that its proper construction has ever been definitely settled. Probably it was of no particular importance, as the air would have to be heated in a receptacle of some form before it was introduced into the furnace, and therefore, if the patentee was not entitled to his patent as one for a process, he was clearly entitled to it as one for the only method of heating the air which was practicable, his patent not claiming any particular form of receptacle or any particular material of which it should be made.
The first case in this Court in which a claim for a process received attentive consideration was the great case of O'Reilly v. Morse, 15 How. 62, involving the validity of the patent to Morse for an electric telegraph. This patent contained eight claims, all of which, except the last, were for the machinery by which the electricity was transmitted and the message recorded. The eighth claim was for the use of the electric current as a motive power, however developed, for marking, or printing intelligible characters at any distance. This claim was held to be too broad, and not warranted by law, the Court being of opinion that the allowance of such a claim would shut the door against the inventions of other persons, and enable the patentee to avail himself of any new discoveries in the properties and powers of electricity which scientific men might bring to light. In delivering the opinion of the Court, Mr. Chief Justice Taney observed:
"Whoever discovers that a certain useful result will be produced in any art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter by the use of certain means is entitled to a patent for it, provided he specifies the means he uses in a manner so full and exact that anyone skilled in the science to which it appertains can, by using the means he specifies, without any addition to or subtraction from them, produce precisely the result he describes. And if this cannot be done by the means he describes, the patent is void. And if it can be done, then the patent confers on him the exclusive right to use the means he specifies to produce the result or effect he describes, and nothing more. And it makes no difference in this respect whether the effect is produced by
chemical agency or combination, or by the application of discoveries or principles in natural philosophy known or unknown before his invention, or by machinery acting altogether upon mechanical principles. In either case, he must describe the manner and process as above mentioned, and the end it accomplishes. And anyone may lawfully accomplish the same end without infringing the patent if he uses means substantially different from those described."
In view of some of our later decisions, it may be questioned whether the language used by the Chief Justice in some portions of this paragraph may not be broader than these cases would justify, since patents for processes involving chemical effects or combinations have been repeatedly held to be valid. Thus, in Mowry v. Whitney, 14 Wall. 620, a patent was sustained for an improved process for manufacturing cast-iron railroad wheels by retarding their cooling by a second application of heat until all parts of the wheel were raised to the same temperature, and then permitting the heat to subside gradually. So in Cochrane v. Deener, 94 U. S. 780, a patent to Cochrane for a process in manufacturing flour which consisted in passing the ground meal through a series of bolting reels composed of cloth of progressively finer meshes, and at the same time subjecting the meal to blasts or currents of air by which the superfine flour was separated, and the impurities were so eliminated as to be capable of being reground and rebolted so as to produce superfine flour, was held to be valid, and the patentee not limited to any special arrangement of machinery. In delivering the opinion of the Court, Mr. Justice Bradley observed:
"That a process may be patentable, irrespective of the particular form of the instrumentalities used, cannot be disputed. . . . A process is a mode of treatment of certain materials to produce a given result. It is an act, or a series of acts, performed upon the subject matter to be transformed and reduced to a different state or thing. If new and useful, it is just as patentable as a piece of machinery. In the language of patent law, it is an art. The machinery pointed out as suitable to perform the process may or may not be new or patentable, whilst the process itself may be altogether new,
and produce an entirely new result. The process requires that certain things should be done with certain substances, and in a certain order, but the tools to be used in doing this may be of secondary consequence."
It will be observed in this case that the process for which the patent was sustained was not chemical in its nature, but, as stated in the opinion of the Court, was a series of acts performed upon the subject matter to be transformed and reduced to a different state or thing.
In Tilghman v. Proctor, 102 U. S. 707, a patent for a process for separating the component parts of fats and oils so as to render them better adapted to the uses of the arts, or, as stated in the claim, "the manufacturing of fat acids and glycerine from fatty bodies by the action of water at a high temperature and pressure," was sustained. The case of O'Reilly v. Morse was distinguished as not a patent for a process, but for a mere principle. "If the mode of doing it," said Mr. Justice Bradley,
"or the apparatus in or by which it may be done is sufficiently obvious to suggest itself to a person skilled in the particular art, it is enough in the patent to point out the process to be performed, without giving supererogatory directions as to the apparatus or the method to be employed."
In Fermentation Co. v. Maus, 122 U. S. 413, a patent was sustained for preparing and preserving beer for the market which consisted in holding it under controllable pressure of carbonic acid gas from the beginning of the kraeusen stage until such time as it is transferred to kegs and bunged. The process was strictly a chemical one, and was patentable within all the authorities upon the subject although the mechanism by which the process was applied was also set forth in the patent.
Undoubtedly the most important case in which a patent for process was considered was that of the Bell Telephone, 126 U. S. 1, in which a claim was sustained for
"the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal and other sounds telegraphically . . . by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the
said vocal or other sounds, substantially as set forth."
The case of O'Reilly v. Morse was again commented on and distinguished, Mr. Chief Justice Waite remarking:
"In the present case, the claim is not for the use of a current of electricity in its natural state as it comes from the battery, but for putting a continuous current in a closed circuit into a certain specified condition suited to the transmission of vocal and other sounds, and using it in that condition for that purpose. . . . We see nothing in Morse's case to defeat Bell's claim. On the contrary, it is in all respects sustained by that authority. It may be that electricity cannot be used at all for the transmission of speech except in the way Bell has discovered, and that therefore, practically, his patent gives him its exclusive use for that purpose, but that does not make his claim one for the use of electricity distinct from the particular process with which it is connected in his patent."
See also Am. Bell Telephone Co. v. Dolbear, 15 F. 448. It will be observed that in all these cases, the process was either a chemical one or consisted in the use of one of the agencies of nature for a practical purpose.
It is equally clear, however, that a valid patent cannot be obtained for a process which involves nothing more than the operation of a piece of mechanism, or, in other words, for the function of a machine. The distinction between the two classes of cases nowhere better appears than in the earliest reported case upon that subject, viz., Wyeth v. Stone, 1 Story 273, in which the patentee claimed as his invention the cutting of ice of a uniform size by means of an apparatus worked by any other power than human. This was said to be a claim for an art or principle in the abstract, and not for any particular method or machinery by which ice was to be cut, and to be unmaintainable, in point of law, although the patent was held to be good for the machinery described in the specification.
The leading case in this Court is that of Corning v. Burden, 15 How. 252, 56 U. S. 267, decided at the same term with that of O'Reilly v. Morse. The patent was for a new and useful machine for rolling puddler's balls and other masses of iron
in the manufacture of iron. Upon the trial, the court below charged the jury that the patent was for a new process, mode, or method for converting puddler's balls into blooms by continuous pressure and rotation of the balls between converging surfaces. Upon appeal to this Court, however, the patent was held to be one for a machine, and, in delivering the opinion of the Court, Mr. Justice Grier stated with great clearness the difference between such processes as were patentable and such as involved merely mechanical operation.
"A process, eo nomine, is not made the subject of a patent in our act of Congress. It is included under the general term 'useful art.' An art may require one or more processes or machines in order to produce a certain result or manufacture. The term 'machine' includes every mechanical device or combination of mechanical powers and devices to perform some function and produce a certain effect or result. But where the result or effect is produced by chemical action, by the operation or application of some element or power of nature, or of one substance to another, such modes, methods, or operations are called 'processes.' A new process is usually the result of discovery; a machine, of invention. The arts of tanning, dyeing, making waterproof cloth, galvanizing India rubber, smelting ores, and numerous others, are usually carried on by processes, as distinguished from machines. One may discover a new and useful improvement in the process of tanning, dyeing, etc., irrespective of any form of machinery or mechanical device. And another may invent a labor-saving machine by which this operation or process may be performed, and each may be entitled to his patent. . . . It is when the term 'process' is used to represent the means or methods of producing a result that it is patentable, and it will include all methods or means which are not affected by mechanism or mechanical combinations. But the term 'process' is often used in a more vague sense in which it cannot be the subject of a patent. Thus we say that a board is undergoing the process of being planed; grain, of being ground; iron, of being hammered or rolled. Here, the term is used subjectively or passively, as applied to the machinery operated on, and not to the method or mode of
producing that operation, which is by mechanical means, and the use of a machine, as distinguished from a process. In this use of the term, it represents the function of a machine, or the effect produced by it on the materials subjected to the action of the machine. But it is well settled that a man cannot have a patent for the function or abstract effect of the machine, but only for the machine which produces it."
Although the cases are not numerous, this distinction between a process and a function has never been departed from by this Court, and has been accepted and applied in a large number of cases in the circuit courts. The following processes have been held not to be patentable: an improvement in sewing machines by which the soles and uppers of boots and shoes could be sewed together without any welt by a certain kind of stitches. McKay v. Jackman, 12 F. 615. A process for washing shavings in breweries. Brainard v. Cramme, 12 F. 621. For an improved method of treating seed by steam. Gage v. Kellogg, 23 F. 891. A process for crimping heel stiffenings of boots and shoes. Hatch v. Moffitt, 15 F. 253. See also Sickels v. Falls Company, 4 Blatchford 508; Excelsior Needle Co. v. Union Needle Co., 32 F. 221.
The patent in question clearly falls within this category. As already shown, it is, upon its face, "for an improved process of manufacture," and mechanism is shown and described simply for the purpose of exhibiting its operation, which is described in detail. The result is a pulley more perfectly balanced, more faultless in shape, stronger, and more durable, perhaps, than any before produced, but this was not because the patentee had discovered anything new in the result produced, but because the mechanism was better adapted to produce that result than anything that had before been known. As pulleys of that description had been produced before, doubtless with greater care in the manufacture of them, a pulley as perfect as his might have been made. So that all that he invented in fact was a machine for the more perfect manufacture of such pulleys. The operation or function of such machine, however, is not patentable as a process.
2. Patent No. 248,598, granted upon the same day, is obviously, though not in so many words, for the product of the mechanical process described in the patent just disposed of -- in other words, for a belt pulley made substantially in the manner detailed in that patent. In his specification, the patentee states that his invention
He further states that all the prior belt pulleys had been open to the objection of not having been accurately balanced -- a defect inherent in their structure.
"Thus, while cast pulleys are of accurate shape, they cannot be practically produced of perfect balance, owing to the irregularity of the weight of the metal at different portions of the rim and to contraction in cooling; and, where pulleys of similar character to that herein shown have been made, the spiders have not been properly prepared -- that is, the spiders have not been operated upon so as to make the ends of their arms exactly concentric with the true center or axis of the pulley. . . . The spider, however made, will be slightly imperfect in shape, and unless the irregularities are cured before applying the rim, the completed pulley will not be accurately balanced."
After detailing the advantages of having the pulleys perfectly balanced and shaped with absolute accuracy and setting forth in general terms the manner of securing this by grinding the rim concentrically with the axis, he claims, first, "the improved belt pulley, herein described, having the ends of the spider arms ground off concentrically with the axis of the pulley," and second the same pulley with the rim and the ends of the spider arm ground off concentrically.
Obviously the patent in question is not for a new device, nor for a new combination of old devices. It contains precisely the elements of every other belt pulley, and operates in substantially the same way. It is in reality a patent for a belt pulley which differs from other belt pulleys only in the fact that the rim and ends of the spider arms are ground off concentrically with the axis. Obviously, this is not a patentable feature. The claims state, in substance, that the belt
pulley must be made in peculiar way, which is equivalent to saying that it must be made by a peculiar process -- in other words, that it is a product of a mechanical process, which we have already held not to be patentable. The only object in having the ends of the spider arms ground off concentrically with the axis of the pulley is that the rim may be concentric with such axis. This, however, is necessary in every pulley, and, if the patented pulley be superior to others in this particular, it is because its workmanship is superior, and because it is made so by a superior process of manufacture. The specification states in substance that this belt pulley is superior to every other because it is better made, more perfectly balanced, and is one in which the center of gravity and geometrical center or axis coincide. It is said that such perfection of balance can only be obtained by the process described in the prior patent -- viz., by grinding off the ends of the spider arms -- but it does not follow that some other person may not, by another process or by greater care or superior skill or deftness in the handing of tools, manufacture a pulley which shall be equal to this. But if this patent be valid, he would be an infringer in so doing, though he employed no mechanism whatever in the manufacture of such pulley, and did the work entirely with his own hands, if only he ground off the ends of the spider arms.
In short, this is a patent only for superior workmanship, and, within all the authorities, is invalid. This Court has repeatedly stated that all improvement is not invention. If a certain device differs from what precedes it only in superiority of finish, or in greater accuracy of detail, it is but the carrying forward of an old idea, and does not amount to invention. Thus, if it had been customary to make an article of unpolished metal, it does not involve invention to polish it. If a telescope had been made with a certain degree of power, it involves no invention to make one which differs from the other only in its having greater power. If boards had heretofore been planed by hand, a board better planed by machinery would not be patentable, although in all these cases the machinery itself may be patentable.
Thus, in Smith v. Nichols, 21 Wall. 112, the subject matter of the patent was an elastic woven fabric, and it appeared that, owing to the excellent manner of weaving, and perhaps from other causes, the fabric had gone into extensive use, and, for the especial purpose of elastic gores in gaiter boots, had supplanted every other similar fabric. It appeared, however, that a fabric substantially the same in construction, and possessing virtually the same properties, had been previously known and used, and that the superiority of the fabric patented was due solely to improved machinery, or to greater mechanical skill in the formation of the fabric, by which an excellence in degree was obtained, but not one in kind. In delivering the opinion, Mr. Justice Swayne observed:
"All the particulars claimed by the complainant, if conceded to be his, are within the category of degree. Many textile fabrics, especially those of cotton and wool, are constantly improved. Sometimes the improvement is due to the skill of the workmen, and sometimes to the perfection of the machinery employed. The results are higher finish, greater beauty of surface, and increased commercial value. A patent for the better fabric in such cases would, we apprehend, be unprecedented."
In Pickering v. McCullough, 104 U. S. 310, the patent was for an improvement in the manufacture of molding crucibles and pots, made of a plastic material composed of black lead and fire clay. It appeared that difficulty had been experienced in removing the crucibles from the mold in consequence of the adhesive nature of the black lead mixture employed in the manufacture. The invention obviated this difficulty, and, by an improved mode of manufacture, much labor and expense were saved and crucibles were produced which were superior to those made by any particular mode known prior to the device in question. It was held that this did not involve invention.
So in Burt v. Evory, 133 U. S. 349 the invention consisted in a novel mode of constructing shoes and gaiters whereby the ordinary elastic goring at the sides and lacing at the front were both dispensed with. The claim was treated as one for
a manufactured article, and not for a mode of producing it. It was held that the changes made
"were changes of degree only, and did not involve any new principle. Their shoe performed no new function. In the construction of the vamp, the quarters and the expansible gore flap were cut somewhat differently, it is true, from like parts of the shoe constructed under the earlier patents referred to, but they subserved the same purposes."
See also Wooster v. Calhoun, 11 Blatchford 215.
3. Patent No. 238,702, also for belt pulley, antedated the other patents by seven months, and, as stated by the patentee, has for its object first the production of a cheap, light, and durable pulley, and secondly the production of irregular sizes of pulleys without the necessity of a separate pattern for each size of pulley required. This invention consists first in constructing the usual crown or dish on the rim of wrought-metal rimmed pulleys by bending said rim transversely during the process of manufacture; secondly, the belt pulley having arms formed of wood, preferably of a cylindrical shape, which at their inner ends rested in sockets cast on the hub, and at their outer ends are provided with bracket lugs, to which the pin is secured by rivets or other equivalent means.
"The rim, D, may be of any suitable material -- either wrought iron, steel, or wood -- with the bracket lugs, C, arranged transversely, as shown, in order to brace and support the edges of the rim and prevent the same from working loose from its attachment, which is liable to occur when the bracket lugs are not arranged as above set forth."
"The crown or dish, d, usual to belt pulleys, is formed on the rim, D, by bending or dishing the rim during the process of manufacture, preferably at the same time. and by means of the same rolls that bend the rim into the required circular shape. By the use of wood for forming the arms of the pulley, as above set forth, a much lighter and cheaper pulley can be produced than where iron is used for said arms and yet possess as great strength."
The claims are as follows:
"1. A wrought-metal rimmed pulley having a crown, d,
formed on its rim during the process of manufacture, as described, and for the purpose set forth."
"2. A belt pulley provided with wooden arms, B, a cast metal hub, A, having radial sockets, a, and bracket lugs, C, for the attachment of the rim, D, as described, and for the purpose set forth."
If, as stated in the specification, it had been "usual" heretofore to form the rim with a crown or dish, it makes no difference, so far as the completed article is concerned, whether it be formed during the process of manufacture by bending the rim transversely, or in any other way. Indeed, it is difficult to see how the crown could be made, except during the process of manufacture, as it is part of such process. We are dealing with a belt pulley as a new article of manufacture, and the question how the pulley is made, or how the crown is made upon the rim, is entirely immaterial. As the first claim does not describe a pulley which differs at all in its completed state from prior pulleys, it is clearly invalid.
The second claim is for a belt pulley provided with wooden arms and a cast-iron hub, with sockets and bracket lugs, for the attachment of the rim. But as this claim was not found by the court below to have been infringed, it is not necessary to consider it.
For the reasons above given, we think all these patents are invalid, and that the demurrer to the bill should have been sustained, except perhaps so far as the second claim of the last patent is concerned.
Medart may or may not have been entitled to a patent for the machinery employed in the manufacture of the belt pulleys in question, but he certainly was not entitled to a patent for the function of such machine, nor to the completed pulley, which differed from the prior ones only in its superior workmanship.
The decree of the court below must therefore be
Reversed, and the case remanded to the circuit court, with directions to dismiss the bill.
Powered by Justia US Supreme Court Center: RISDON IRON & LOCOMOTIVE WORKS V. MEDART, 158 U. S. 68 (1895)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Department of Radiology. St. Paul`s Hospital (Neat Cases, Artifacts, 3D Ultrasound, Whale Sonography etc.) To look up any other topic, type your request here, and click "submit".
Information on prenatal ultrasound, informed consent, breastfeeding and doula certification.
Offering screening mammography, x-ray, and ultrasound diagnostic services to both residents and non-residents of British Columbia.
MD..PGY-4, Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia..Discussion Area..?Email a Colleague..Help.. Ultrasound in Trauma: Current Perspectives..St.
Sheila McFarland1 and Calum MacAulay (Cancer Imaging Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada).


At this point, most people likely know that drinking alcohol while pregnant is a dangerous thing. It can lead to birth defects or Fetal Alcohol Syndrome which can cause delayed development and growth after babies are born. However, recent studies show that drinking alcohol may also contribute to miscarriage as well.
A recent Danish study found a link between alcohol consumption and miscarriage. The study which followed almost 25,000 women for seven years found that pregnant women who consumed alcohol were more than 3 times more likely to suffer miscarriages than pregnant women who did not drink alcohol. The risk for miscarriage after consumming alcohol seems to be highest in the first trimester.
Although the possibility of miscarriage seemed higher relative to the amount of alcohol consumed, researchers suggest that even very small amounts of alcohol may be dangerous to pregnant women and their unborn babies. Researchers don't agree on how much is too much or if any is safe at all. The Danish research focused on women who consumed five or more alcoholic drinks per week..
There are two theories as to why consuming alcohol can cause miscarriage. First, consuming alcohol very early in pregnancy may cause chromosomal abnormalities in a fetus. Chromosomal abnormalities are one of the most common causes of miscarriage. Second, consuming alcohol may cause prostoglandins to be released. Prostoglandins are an enzyme which may play a role in labor. However, if they are released in early stages of pregnancy, the uterus may contract prematurely and miscarriage can occur.
If you're actively trying to get pregnant, it might be a good idea to give alcohol a break. Most doctors I've met and pregnancy books I've read say that if you had a few alcoholic drinks before you found out you were pregnant, it's probably not anything to freak out over. In fact, doctors in the 1950's sometimes encouraged their pregnant patients to have a cocktail or two with the theory it would relax them! Obviously that thinking has changed and drinking during pregnancy is clearly a bad idea. Like smoking, drinking alcohol is definitely something you have control over while pregnant.


text:
Q: Sorting two arrays based on one with standard library (copy steps avoided) I have old code to maintain and I was replacing a custom QuickSort which was sorting two arrays based on array one with std::sort. Is there a way to sort two arrays based one one of them without an additional split step and without implementing a sorting function again? Below is the current example vector1D is basically std::vector.
    vector1D<std::pair<int64_t, uint8_t>> m_RowCol(m_NX * m_NY * m_NZ);
    //..
    std::sort(
        m_RowCol.begin(),
        m_RowCol.end(),
        [](const std::pair<int64_t, uint8_t> &a, const std::pair<int64_t, uint8_t> &b) { return a.first < b.first && (a.first > 0 && b.first > 0); }
    );
    // copy into two vectors
    vector1D<int64_t> m_Row;
    vector1D<uint8_t> m_Col;
    for (auto it = std::make_move_iterator(m_RowCol.begin()), end = std::make_move_iterator(m_RowCol.end()); it != end; ++it)
    {
        m_Row.push_back(std::move(it->first));
        m_Col.push_back(std::move(it->second));
    }
    m_RowCol.clear();

A: You can create an array of indices, sort the indices according to one of the arrays, then reorder the two arrays and array of indices in place according to the sorted array of indices in O(n) time:
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
int A[8] = {8,6,1,7,5,3,4,2};
char B[8] = {'h','f','a','g','e','c','d','b'};
size_t I[8];
size_t i, j, k;
int ta;
char tb;
    // create array of indices to A[]
    for(i = 0; i < sizeof(A)/sizeof(A[0]); i++)
        I[i] = i;
    // sort array of indices to A[]
    std::sort(I, I+sizeof(I)/sizeof(I[0]),
              [&A](int i, int j) {return A[i] < A[j];});
    // reorder A[] B[] I[] according to I[]
    for(i = 0; i < sizeof(A)/sizeof(A[0]); i++){
        if(i != I[i]){
            ta = A[i];
            tb = B[i];
            k = i;
            while(i != (j = I[k])){
                A[k] = A[j];
                B[k] = B[j];
                I[k] = k;
                k = j;
            }
            A[k] = ta;
            B[k] = tb;
            I[k] = k;
        }
    }
    for(i = 0; i < sizeof(A)/sizeof(A[0]); i++)
        std::cout << A[i] << ' ';
    std::cout << std::endl;
    for(i = 0; i < sizeof(B)/sizeof(B[0]); i++)
        std::cout << B[i] << ' ';
    std::cout << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

or an array of pointers can be used instead of an array of indices, which allows a normal compare function instead of a lambda compare function.
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>

bool compare(const int *p0, const int *p1)
{
    return *p0 < *p1;
}

int main()
{
int A[8] = {8,6,1,7,5,3,4,2};
char B[8] = {'h','f','a','g','e','c','d','b'};
int *pA[8];
size_t i, j, k;
int ta;
char tb;
    // create array of pointers to A[]
    for(i = 0; i < sizeof(A)/sizeof(A[0]); i++)
        pA[i] = &A[i];
    // sort array of pointers to A[]
    std::sort(pA, pA+sizeof(A)/sizeof(A[0]), compare);
    // reorder A[] B[] pA[] according to pA[]
    for(i = 0; i < sizeof(A)/sizeof(A[0]); i++){
        if(i != pA[i]-A){
            ta = A[i];
            tb = B[i];
            k = i;
            while(i != (j = pA[k]-A)){
                A[k] = A[j];
                B[k] = B[j];
                pA[k] = &A[k];
                k = j;
            }
            A[k] = ta;
            B[k] = tb;
            pA[k] = &A[k];
        }
    }
    for(i = 0; i < sizeof(A)/sizeof(A[0]); i++)
        std::cout << A[i] << ' ';
    std::cout << std::endl;
    for(i = 0; i < sizeof(B)/sizeof(B[0]); i++)
        std::cout << B[i] << ' ';
    std::cout << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Bishopton, Blog, bridge of weir, Business, Elderslie, Erskine, Events, Ferguslie, Foxbar, Gallowhill, Glenburn, Hawkhead, Houston, Hunterhill, Inchinnan, Johnstone, kilbarchan, Linwood, Lochwinnoch, Newsletter, Paisley, Paisley East End, Paisley Events, Paisley First, Paisley Photographs, Paisley Visitor Attractions, Paisley West End, People from Paisley, Press Release, Ralston, Renfrew, Renfrewshire, renfrewshire events, Seedhill, Shortroods, Shortroods, Whitehaugh
Motoring Extravaganza returns to Paisley town centre this summer!
St. Vincent's Hospice is bringing its hugely popular CarFest into the town centre once again on Saturday 15th June and a fun day out for all the family is guaranteed!
There will be classic, vintage and specialist custom cars on show, as well as muscle cars, supercars and emergency vehicles, not to mention motorbikes and Remote Control cars!
As well as treats for motor enthusiasts, there will be plenty of family-friendly fun with fairground rides, children's entertainment, live music, stalls, tombola and a prize raffle…
This is the sixth year of St. Vincent's CarFest and its third visit to the town centre with all funds raised on the day supporting St. Vincent's Hospice in Howwood.
The event is organised by MaxSafe and sponsored by Paisley First.
The cars will be on show at locations including The Cenotaph, High Street, County Square and Gilmour Street from 10 am until 4 pm on Saturday 15th June.
Chair of Paisley First, Colette Cardosi, said: "We're thrilled to be supporting the Hospice and the CarFest team in bringing this great event to Paisley town centre for the third year running.
"It's now a firm favourite in our calendar of events and it's great to see so many people in the town centre supporting CarFest, and joining in the fun, all in aid of such a worthy cause."
Kate Lennon, Chief Executive of St. Vincent's Hospice, said: "CarFest is one of the absolute highlights of our calendar, and we are always absolutely blown away by the amount of work and passion that people put in to making it happen.
"The last twelve months have been a celebration of the compassionate and skilled care we have offered to thousands of people and families across Renfrewshire and beyond over the last 30 years.
"This has only been possible thanks to events like CarFest and the amazing support we continue to receive from so many generous people throughout Renfrewshire and beyond."
Willie Chrystal of MaxSafe Solutions said: "This will be the third year the event has been brought to Paisley town centre, after three years of being held in the hospice grounds. It has been great to see so many people come to Paisley town centre supporting it and enjoying the cars.
"It has been fantastically received by both the car owners and the public alike with vehicles of all shapes, sizes and years.
The work that the hospice provides for the people of Renfrewshire is exceptional so what better way for a petrol head to have fun and also help raise some money for such a worthy cause. MaxSafe is really proud to be organising this great event."
Visitors to this year's Paisley Food and Drink Festival can get a taster of what's to come at CarFest when the team officially launch this year's event on Saturday 27th April on the town's Gilmour Street from 10am until 3pm.
26/04/2019 /by Brian McGuire
https://i0.wp.com/www.paisley.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/carfest.jpg?fit=843%2C1200&ssl=1 1200 843 Brian McGuire https://www.paisley.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/paisley-logo-trans.png Brian McGuire2019-04-26 12:00:182019-04-26 13:07:55Motoring Extravaganza returns to Paisley town centre this summer!
Street Stuff serves up almost 1000 free healthy meals already this summer18/07/2019 - 3:19 pm
Centuries-old mystery of Paisley Abbey medieval tunnel is revealed18/07/2019 - 12:34 pm
Groups invited to join Spooktacular parade for Paisley Halloween Festival18/07/2019 - 12:22 pm
Boost for sports stars of the future18/07/2019 - 11:23 am
SAFETY IN AESTHETICS16/07/2019 - 2:49 pm
Paisley perfect for larger business requirements14/07/2019 - 1:56 pm
How to select laptop for podcasting White Cart river can unlock Paisley's economic potential


text:
COMING SOON Journal Portfolio About
COMING SOONJournalPortfolioAbout
Skip Garden, Kings Cross, London
Kings Cross is undergoing almighty regeneration. In the midst of all the building sites, cranes and hard hats, a garden has popped up. The Skip Garden is an urban garden like no other, when the land is sold to be built on, it can be moved to another site in the Kings Cross area.
Inside you forget where you are, wander round the narrow paths and explore, you almost feel like you are discovering it all for yourself.
Our favourite area was the glasshouse made from recycled sash windows. Inside, the light dapples through and casts shadows on the dusty floor. Climb the wooden stairs if you dare, although we would recommend it as at the top there is a secret seating area.
The garden is know as the garden of a thousand hands and they have an army of volunteers including adults, children and students from the nearby UCL Bartlett School of Architecture who have helped design many of the areas within the Skip Garden. They host twilight gardening session that bring together the local communities. Before you leave, you can have a bite to eat in the Skip Garden Kitchen where they use produce grown right here in the garden.
The garden and kitchen are open Tuesday-Sunday 10am-4pm.
If you want to get involved in this project, visit: http://www.globalgeneration.org.uk/get-involved/
Urban Garden EscapesAmy Jones August 21, 2016 skip gardenskip garden, london, kings cross, Urban Farm, urban garden, urban garden escapes, recycled, reused, places to visit, Greenhouse, plant rescue, LondonComment
Supplies: Petersham Nurseries, Richmond,
Supplies, Urban Garden EscapesAmy Jones August 24, 2016 Petersham NurseriesPetersham Nurseries, Garden Centres, Urban Garden Supplies, places to visit, Richmond, London, Richmond Park, glasshouse, plants, plant care
LA & The Dream Garden, California, USA
California SeriesAmy Jones August 17, 2016 california, places to visit, los angeles, usa, road trip, dream garden, city, photography, travel, adventure
Follow our journey on Instagram
@theplantjournal
Copyright © The Plant Journal 2016


Many in the shooting sports know Browning Arms Company for their long line of firearms lineage, from the legendary A5 to their latest 725 over under shotgun. Browning arms is now begining to offer a line of high quality ammunition for affordable shooting. The Browning 6.5 Creedmoor 129gr BXR..
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HORNADY MATCH 6.5CREEDMOOR 147GR ELD MATCH 20RDS - 81501..
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Firefighters in western Iowa had to get creative to stop a large grass fire that got into some hay bales. Adair Fire Chief Jordan Smith said the fire Monday started about two-miles east of the Adair Exit on I-80 from a discarded cigarette.
Heavy winds pushed the fire east-northeast along and north of the Interstate for about two-miles where the flames jumped a gravel road and got into around 50 large hay bales. Smith says the hay bales are almost impossible to put out unless you break them apart and hose them down — so they came up with another plan. He says they asked neighboring farmer who has construction equipment to use his excavator to dig big hole — and they dumped the bales in the hole and buried them.
Three firefighters from Adair suffered minor injuries while fighting the fire. "A couple of them just got smoke inhalation, nothing serious — they were checked out and just sent home to relax and take it easy," Smith says. Another firefighter had minor burns to his face.
The thick curtain of smoke created problems for motorists along Interstate 80. Visibility along the interstate was down to zero at times. Several law enforcement agencies were requested for traffic control. Smith says firefighters from Adair, Casey, Stuart, Menlo, Anita, Wiota, Greenfield, Bridgewater, and Fontanelle were on the scene for about five-hours, finally wrapping things up at around 8 p.m. Monday.
Since there is no burn ban in either Guthrie or Adair Counties, Smith warned residents in the area not to do any open burning until there is sufficient moisture on the ground, especially when the winds are strong.


text:
Putin, Erdogan, Rohani to hold Syria talks Friday: Kremlin
The leaders of Russia, Iran and Turkey will hold a tripartite summit in Iran on Friday seeking an end to the Syrian conflict (AFP Photo/George OURFALIAN)
Moscow (AFP) – The Kremlin on Monday said the leaders of Russia, Iran and Turkey would on Friday hold a tripartite summit in Iran seeking an end to the Syrian conflict.
In a statement confirming the date of September 7 that was reported earlier by Turkish media, the Kremlin said Putin would "make a working visit to Iran" for the talks.
He and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Iranian President Hassan Rouhani will consider "further joint efforts to ensure long-term normalisation of the situation in Syria," the Kremlin said.
Putin also plans bilateral talks with each of the leaders, it added.
The Kremlin said they would discuss further measures "aimed at finally liquidating the hotbed of international terrorism" in Syria, where the conflict has killed more than 350,000 people since 2011.
Discussions will look at "promoting the process of a political settlement, including creating the conditions for the return of refugees and the internally displaced," the Kremlin said.
The statement did not say where in Iran the talks would be held, but Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said last week they would be in Tehran.
Putin, Rouhani and Erdogan have backed Syria peace talks based in the Kazakh capital of Astana which they insist are aimed at reinforcing, rather than undermining, a parallel UN peace process in Geneva.
The three leaders last met for similar tripartite talks in Ankara in April and before that in November last year in the Russian resort of Sochi.
Iran and Russia are the main allies of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and their military interventions in Syria are widely seen as tipping the balance of the seven-year civil war in the regime's favour.
Turkey has backed rebels seeking to oust Assad but since late 2016 has been working increasingly closely with Iran and Russia to bring peace to Syria.
Preparations for the talks are going on as a Syrian regime offensive is expected imminently in the country's last rebel stronghold, northwestern Idlib province, which Assad wants to recapture to crown a string of military successes.
Turkey has warned that a military operation to take Idlib risks provoking a humanitarian "catastrophe" with 3.5 million people crammed into the region.
Read on Yahoo! News
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This is the third part of a 5-part slavery series. Each week, I will release a new part of the series. You are instructed to watch each video once per day to condition yourself until the next lesson. This video series uses triggers so you MUST use the FIRST video and play them in order.


text:
"""
Settings for DEMO_MODE.

Must set DEMO_MODE = True in local_settings.py.
"""

# Views that are visible in demo mode.
DEMO_SAFE_VIEWS = [
    'main.views.compile_jbrowse_and_redirect',
    'main.views.home_view',
    'main.views.project_list_view',
    'main.views.project_view',
    'main.views.tab_root_analyze',
    'main.views.reference_genome_list_view',
    'main.views.reference_genome_view',
    'main.views.sample_list_view',
    'main.views.alignment_list_view',
    'main.views.alignment_view',
    'main.views.sample_alignment_error_view',
    'main.views.variant_set_list_view',
    'main.views.variant_set_view',
    'main.xhr_handlers.get_variant_list',
    'main.xhr_handlers.get_variant_set_list',
    'main.xhr_handlers.get_gene_list',
    'main.xhr_handlers.refresh_materialized_variant_table',
    'main.xhr_handlers.get_alignment_groups',
    'main.xhr_handlers.get_samples',
    'main.xhr_handlers.is_materialized_view_valid',
    'main.xhr_handlers.get_ref_genomes',
    'main.template_xhrs.variant_filter_controls',
    'main.template_xhrs.variant_set_list_controls',
    'main.template_xhrs.alignment_controls',
    'main.template_xhrs.reference_genome_list_controls',
    'main.template_xhrs.sample_list_controls',
    'main.demo_view_overrides.login_demo_account',
    'django.contrib.auth.views.logout'
]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Resources & News >
Case Studies >
Export Finance Australia's loan products have helped Australian fashion brand Lee Mathews grow its international presence.
With a long and varied career in the fashion industry, Lee Mathews began her self-named business by hand-making her own clothes and selling them to her circle of friends.
Since 2000, Lee has organically grown her business from a small store in Newport, to eight stores across Australia and an online store.
"She began wholesaling pretty well straightaway to other boutiques across the country and has been very well established in David Jones for the last eight years," said Director Stephen Rae.
Stephen explained that domestic growth was slow because there was a strong emphasis on ensuring the brand remained true to itself aesthetically and ethically while maintaining integrity.
Stephen became involved with the company about two years ago and said: "One of the first things I wanted to look at from a creative point of view was how we can expose the beautiful pieces Lee makes to the world – what was stopping us and how can we do it."
Taking the first step to global growth, the business took their collection to Paris Fashion Week, hired space and showcased their collection.
"Basically, we introduced ourselves to the world. We emailed people and sent out photographs of what we did. It was a 'let's have a look' approach that led to some very good interest right away," explained Stephen.
They continued this approach for the year, gaining traction. The first international sale was to a UK department store which then led to immediate traction in Japan.
"Our initial exports were at a level that we could finance ourselves. We have always been self-financed. In the last year and a half, we have seen some real acceleration in our export business. What began as 0% of our business is now projected to grow to 30% in a very short period of time," said Stephen.
This is a game changer for us. It was astonishing to me what an absolutely tremendous service Export Finance Australia has provided. What an incredibly essential factor it is to our success and we frankly could not have done this without them. I want everybody to know it! Stephen Rae, Director, Lee Mathews
Financing export growth
Stephen explained that it was clear export was going to work, however, they would need to look at finance to support this growth.
"Historically we have not had financial support through the banks. The challenge is that many banks require security and this adds a level of complexity. We have a close relationship with our finance partner, however, when you move into the export side of things it becomes hard.
"Banks tend to focus solely on your balance sheet, and if you're a business that is growing and always reinvesting your money in your business and growth, then your balance sheet isn't the best reflection of where you are in your business growth cycle," explained Stephen.
This is where Export Finance Australia comes into the picture.
Stephen initially met with us about financial support for a significant increase in orders from two of the largest international online clothing stores.
Initially, the business applied for a Small Business Export Loan which was approved against two purchase orders pre-shipment and supported the order delivery.
With extremely positive sales growth projected over the next year, Stephen worked with us to set up a $500k line of credit.
"This is a game changer for us. It was astonishing to me what an absolutely tremendous service Export Finance Australia has provided. What an incredibly essential factor it is to our success and we frankly could not have done this without them. I want everybody to know it!" said Stephen.
A runway to success
For Lee Mathews growth will be focused on expanding online sales and new markets, like the US.
"We love what we do and we're very proud of what we do. It's just thrilling for us to have this success, as it is for anyone in the creative business or any business. To be recognised in your own market and other markets. It's a great feeling.
"It's not about the money, it's about expanding the business. Export Finance Australia has been able to help us with this growth and for that, we're forever thankful," said Stephen.
Can Export Finance Australia help me?


text:
Q: Trouble switching from While True code to a function I have code written in Python and Arduino using serial communication, and I didn't organize it into functions or a class originally, so I am trying to do so now in order to make it more readable and easier to use. However, I am having trouble with switching from an infinite loop to a function that can be called multiple times. The infinite loop works fully, making the motors run and printing out the right statements, and the function enacts the print statements, but it won't make the motors run.
General Python code with infinite loop:
while True:
    ser.write('a'.encode())       #used as an initial byte

    ...other code... mostly assigning values to the variables below

    motorBytes = bytearray([decToByte(left), decToByte(right), decToByte(leftMid), decToByte(rightMid), distPerc])      #puts the motor values into an array as hex
    print(motorBytes)

    ser.write(motorBytes)

General Python code with function:
def motor_loop(distObject, forceGraspL, forceGraspR, maxForceL, maxForceR):
    ser.write('a'.encode())

    ...other code... mostly assigning values to the variables below

    motorBytes = bytearray([decToByte(left), decToByte(right), decToByte(leftMid), decToByte(rightMid), distPerc])      #puts the motor values into an array as hex
    print(motorBytes)

    ser.write(motorBytes)
    return

motor_loop(1.5, 0, 30, 60, 60)        #call the function

The values are sort of arbitrary, for I am printing the values that are being sent through serial communication on both sides, and they are the correct values.
General Arduino Code:
void loop()
{
  while (Serial.available()>0)    //checks to see if anything needs to be sent,
  {                            //denoted by recieveing signal from pySerial
     char inByte = Serial.read();

     if (inByte == 'a')
     {
       run_loop();
     }
  }
}

 void run_loop()
{
  int num = Serial.readBytes(values, 5);
  if (num < 5)
  {
     return;
  }

  writeMotor(mtrPinLeft, mtrSpeedLeft, mtrPinRight, mtrSpeedRight, mtrPinLeftMid, mtrSpeedLeftMid, mtrPinRightMid, mtrSpeedRightMid);

(where writeMotor is a function that will write all of the motor values to the correct pins.)
I have a feeling that the section of code in the arduino bit in run_loop(): with the return, in order to have the function not run if it does not hold all of the data. Can anyone confirm this hunch and have any suggestions on how I might fix this? I am not super familiar with functions either, so I could be missing something with how to deal with functions. Thanks in advance!
Edit: ser is declared as ser = serial.Serial(port = 'COM4') and all of the variables above (left, right, leftMid, etc.) are declared in the space where it says other code


text:
<?php

namespace Botonomous;

class Action extends AbstractBaseSlack
{
    private $name;
    private $text;
    private $value;
    private $type;

    /**
     * @return string
     */
    public function getName(): string
    {
        return $this->name;
    }

    /**
     * @param string $name
     */
    public function setName(string $name)
    {
        $this->name = $name;
    }

    /**
     * @return string
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    public function getText()
    {
        return $this->text;
    }

    /**
     * @param string $text
     */
    public function setText(string $text)
    {
        $this->text = $text;
    }

    /**
     * @return string
     */
    public function getValue(): string
    {
        return $this->value;
    }

    /**
     * @param string $value
     */
    public function setValue(string $value)
    {
        $this->value = $value;
    }

    /**
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    public function getType(): string
    {
        return $this->type;
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    /**
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    public function setType(string $type)
    {
        $this->type = $type;
    }
}


text:
Home » Cars » 2018 Mercedes-Benz A-Class unveiled, Geneva debut
2018 Mercedes-Benz A-Class unveiled, Geneva debut
In 2018 Geneva Motor Show, Cars, International News, Mercedes-Benz	/ By Jonathan Lee	/ 3 February 2018 6:40 pm / 59 comments
It's been a long time coming, but the covers have finally been pulled off the new W177 Mercedes-Benz A-Class. The unveiling of the fourth-generation hatchback is all but a formality, given that the design of the car was uncovered months before, as was the interior.
Even so, there's a lot to unravel here, starting with that aggressive front end clearly inspired by the new CLS, with tapered headlights (Multibeam LED units are available) flowing into the trapezoidal grille (incorporating diamond pins, just like its predecessor). Along the side, the longer wheelbase and strong shoulder line makes the car appear longer, while the bonnet slopes down more dramatically for a more athletic look.
Moving to the rear end, the new A-Class looks wider thanks to a glasshouse that tapers more towards the top, as well as the two-piece tail lights and increased spacing between the reflectors. Wheel sizes measure from 16 to 19 inches in diameter, the latter improving the stance. Drag coefficient, meanwhile, is down to just 0.25 Cd, helped along by the optional Airpanel that closes off the grille and air intake when not required.
Measuring 4,419 mm long, 1,796 mm wide and 1,440 mm tall, the new A-Class is 127 mm longer, 16 mm wider and 7 mm taller than the third-generation model, and its 2,729 mm wheelbase is 30 mm longer. Mercedes claims that the car now offers greater head-, shoulder- and elbow room, easier rear-seat access and a boot that is 29 litres larger at 370 litres.
The interior takes after other models like the E-Class, with the dashboard dominated by a large freestanding display panel. Base variants have two 7.0-inch displays for instrumentation and infotainment – the latter being a touchscreen for the first time – and you can go all the way up to twin 10.25-inch widescreen displays.
A new Mercedes-Benz User Experience (MBUX) interface has been incorporated, taking a few hints from BMW's latest iDrive system. There's now a home screen with selectable applications such as telephone, media and navigation, plus relevant live information. Also new is the Fullscreen mode which uses the entire instrument display to show trip, navigation and driver assistance data.
The system also offers voice control that recognises natural speech, as well as optional Here navigation with augmented reality – this shows a view of the surroundings using the front camera, overlaid with navigation information such as arrows and house numbers. Other features include USB C connectivity along with optional features like a touchpad, Car-to-X connectivity, a head-up display and a Burmester sound system.
Elsewhere in the interior, buyers can specify seats with heating, cooling and massage functions, as well as ambient lighting with 64 colours – unlike on the E-Class, these are split into ten colour worlds that allow for a light display with changing colours.
Safety-wise, the new A-Class is available with the S-Class' semi-autonomous driving functions. The Driving Assistance package incorporates Distronic adaptive cruise control, Active Emergency Stop Assist and Active Lane Change Assist. Extended Active Brake Assist autonomous emergency braking is fitted as standard and can mitigate or avoid an accident with vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists, while Pre-Safe Plus can now detect an imminent rear-end collision and apply the brakes when stationary to reduce the severity of impact.
At launch, the A-Class will be offered in three variants powered by brand new engines. On the petrol side, there's the A 200 an M282 1.4 litre (technically 1.33 litre) turbocharged four-cylinder engine with 163 hp/250 Nm (replacing the older 1.6 litre unit), and the A 250 with an M260 2.0 litre turbo unit with 224 hp/350 Nm (current model uses on older M270 unit). The A 180 d is powered by a new OM608 1.5 litre four-cylinder turbodiesel making 116 hp and 260 Nm of torque.
Transmissions include a six-speed manual (A 200 only), as well as a seven-speed dual-clutch transmission (new Getrag-sourced tranny for the A 200 and A 180 d, and an improved version of Daimler's own 7G-DCT for the A 250). 4Matic all-wheel drive is also available as an option. Claimed 0 to 100 km/h times are 8.0 seconds for the A 200 (8.2 with the manual), 6.2 seconds for the A 250 and 10.5 seconds for the A 180 d.
Under the skin, the new A-Class will now be available with two different suspension configurations. While the MacPherson strut front suspension remains, the rear suspension is now a basic torsion beam setup on the A 200 and A 180 d, with independent four-link suspension only fitted to the A 250. The standard comfort suspension can be paired with lowered springs (by 15 mm), as well as adaptive damping.
Mercedes claims that the car is now quieter than before, with a more rigid bodyshell, stronger connecting points between body, suspension and powertrain, effective insulation between the body and suspension as well as redesigned air and coolant management systems and interior trim panels. Wind noise is also said to be significantly reduced compared to the outgoing model.
Mercedes-Benz A-Klasse. Exterieur: Digital white pearl Mercedes-Benz A-Class. Exterior: Digital white pearl
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Mercedes-Benz A-Klasse, Edition1. Exterieur: designo mountaingrau magno Mercedes-Benz A-Class, Edition 1. Exterior: designo mountain grey magno
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Mercedes-Benz A-Class RM 227,888 - RM 263,888
Mercedes-Benz A-Class Sedan RM 229,888 - RM 267,888
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Mercedes-Benz GLA RM 223,888 - RM 274,888
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After trying to pursue a career in product design, Jonathan Lee decided to make the sideways jump into the world of car journalism instead. He therefore appreciates the aesthetic appeal of a car, but for him, the driving experience is still second to none.
tricycle on Feb 03, 2018 at 6:52 pm
Exterior a bit boring, more like bmw or audi nowadays. Just change a bit of here and there. Nothing great.
But interior is great. Except the steering is not to my liking. Anyway good job Merc for the interior.
Hopefully Merc Malaysia can maintain the price if not lower it by a bit.
Haji Mahmod bin Jamin on Feb 04, 2018 at 3:11 pm
BMW 1 series and 2 series will be completely wiped out
VW, all their Polo and Golf GTi models will be wiped out
Audi A1 also kalah flat.
I am not a Mercedes fan but the A class will wipe out every single BMW and Audi and VW in Malaysia.
Volkswagen can literally stop bringing in the Golf completely.
mpwr on Feb 17, 2018 at 1:07 am
Care to state how, Pak Haji?
Mc on Feb 04, 2018 at 5:26 pm
(Like) Merc A-Class.
(Dislike) Audi A3
Tsi on Feb 03, 2018 at 7:13 pm
Here comes the most expensive torsion beam you can buy
Ang Wee Meng on Feb 04, 2018 at 9:42 pm
I'd rather get P1 Persona, sophisticated multilink suspension.
Hayenadeblue on Feb 06, 2018 at 5:51 pm
Ehem… the new Persona is torsion beam.
Alicia Sue Mei Ling on Feb 03, 2018 at 7:15 pm
What our Kia Cerato K3 Pre-facelift rear lamp doing here??
See, Mercedes also copy Kia Design. everybody respect our Peter Schereyer..
Kia MANSE!!!
john on Feb 04, 2018 at 1:48 pm
Mesidis copied from Kia which copied from Audi. So sausages still winrar. Deutsch uber alles
Like or Dislike: 25 100
BeemerFreak on Feb 04, 2018 at 4:51 pm
Lol Kia did not copy Audi. They just hired they guy who used to design Audi's to design their car.
john on Feb 05, 2018 at 12:16 pm
They hired the guy that came out the design for Audi… that owns the design. Yeah, he got lazy and recycled his creations. So basically means, copy.
A keras which is even more roomier than some Csegment cars. Wow! And the E keras interior makes the car more premium for its price. But a big no no for torsion beam suspension. Makes it feels cheap like Mivi, but at least topkek 250 spec has independent suspension. Waiting for AMG all wheel drive A keras to come out.
Another sure victory by Mesidis-Geely!
Sad people associate Mercedes with Geely. They syiok sendiri thinking Geely is using technology from Mercedes.
Like or Dislike: 11 98
Only fools can see the link. R u them?
https://paultan.org/2018/02/05/geely-reportedly-completes-daimler-share-acquisition/
Han Solo on Feb 03, 2018 at 7:32 pm
Kia tail lights haha
Haslam on Feb 04, 2018 at 3:41 pm
Germans don't copy nor plagiaries. That is abang style
JB_KIA on Feb 05, 2018 at 10:01 am
Hahah. 1/4 price… Grab Cerato ori Benz tail lights.
opm on Feb 03, 2018 at 7:36 pm
ugghh….ugly front …small headlamp
they r moving backward compared to prev gen front design
thepolygonal on Feb 05, 2018 at 9:37 am
I fear the sales might plummet this time :(
The design makes a whole lot of difference when people buys car.
Where's the sedan? on Feb 03, 2018 at 7:44 pm
Anything on the sedan version? I wonder how it looks like.
Anon on Feb 03, 2018 at 7:55 pm
Wow k3 taillight !
Lh on Feb 03, 2018 at 8:27 pm
Rear lights from Kia Cerato
Syahril on Feb 03, 2018 at 8:50 pm
Kia Cerato K3?
Turbo_ridera on Feb 03, 2018 at 9:00 pm
Ohh God my eyes…. What happened to Mercedes.. Current model even better than this
Will on Feb 03, 2018 at 9:13 pm
Don't know what to think of this car. Some things I like and some I don't. The interior design seems overly fussy. The impressive flat display is the big selling point but those cheap looking android phone graphics really put me off. Volvo and Audi are doing it with more style and taste.
zack on Feb 03, 2018 at 9:27 pm
The right blend of luxury, sportiness & performance. Best of nothing, the Benz A.
BL on Feb 03, 2018 at 10:07 pm
The front looks good…back is ok. Can't wait to see the AMG version. With a sportier spoiler And bumper, the back could look menacing. Love the dual interior screen, look so good. BMW with their boring and old style interior better buck up.
Faiz on Feb 05, 2018 at 3:55 am
But what I hate about mercedes is gear shifter. Even for the latest version of AMG it still at the turn signal position. Dafuq? This is saloon not heavy vehicles.
magazine on Feb 03, 2018 at 10:20 pm
(Like) New Mercedes Benz A Class 2018
(Dislike) Mazda CX 3
DK on Feb 04, 2018 at 7:21 pm
How is this even a comparison? Might as well compare a bus to a train.
Semi-Value (Member) on Feb 05, 2018 at 4:16 pm
(Like) Mercedes Cerato K3
(Dislike) Kia Cerato K3
willie on Feb 04, 2018 at 9:44 pm
Subaru XV. Nuff said
Azzy on Feb 03, 2018 at 10:25 pm
Kia cerato taillamps
TC on Feb 03, 2018 at 11:40 pm
ceratobutt on Feb 04, 2018 at 12:36 am
This german has so much affection for korean ass, that he got himself one.
CLS DNA. For sure CLA will be same headlamp like this..
Xdm on Feb 04, 2018 at 2:57 am
The rear tailamp tho, Cerato Hatchback?
Minims on Feb 04, 2018 at 6:57 am
The back looks like Kia Cerato. Fresh design though.
Nur on Feb 04, 2018 at 7:03 am
Like Mazda
Kelv on Feb 04, 2018 at 7:16 am
The back there so kimchi looking hehehehe:)
Tom Tom on Feb 04, 2018 at 7:54 am
Its looking less German and more Japanese/Korean. The distinctive look of the previous model is less obvious now. It looks quite ordinary really. Not good considering its competition from BMW has improved significantly.
DK on Feb 04, 2018 at 8:47 am
Not a fan of Merc's new design philosophy since the debut of the new CLS. Gordon Wagener getting lazy.
Fanboy on Feb 04, 2018 at 10:14 am
doesnt it look like the audi A1? the headlight, tailight, the overall shape of the car from the pic.
or is it just me who think so..
Semi-Value (Member) on Feb 04, 2018 at 10:31 am
stunning interior, bad exterior….
seancorr (Member) on Feb 04, 2018 at 11:03 am
This looks like a win to me. BMW has a lot to catch up with its upcoming FWD 1er. Hopefully MBM will not raise the price for the A250 considering that there will be another model slotting itself between the 200 and 250 model. Now to wait for the sedan version.
bmw already lost by making it fwd…rwd was the only reason anyone bought a 1er….
Gti on Feb 05, 2018 at 10:03 am
Golf GTi the one to beat
Adoi on Feb 04, 2018 at 11:18 am
Backside looks just like my old KIA cerato.
Idin on Feb 04, 2018 at 12:53 pm
I think the aircond vents look hideous
Say no to killer airbags! on Feb 04, 2018 at 1:13 pm
A class is just an upclass myvee…its an overprice myvee vious city put togeter..ok
Soup on Feb 04, 2018 at 5:18 pm
Lol ugly af.
ikan bilis on Feb 04, 2018 at 5:42 pm
One word = bored
Zac on Feb 04, 2018 at 11:11 pm
Copy Kia cerato tail lights
yc on Feb 05, 2018 at 10:37 am
K3 hatchback!
nfs on Feb 05, 2018 at 10:49 am
Rear light spare part can just get from Kia. Haha..
ec on Feb 05, 2018 at 12:06 pm
weird head lamp + k3 tail light
Johnny on Feb 05, 2018 at 12:36 pm
The main selling point of this car is the new MBUX. It's gonna change the way we interact with our cars. Sure, the uncles that are gonna buy this is gonna be faced with a steep learning curve, but we can see who their target audience are – the affluent young.
Anyone who's been using Google Assistant/Siri will know how convenient it is. We wont need to painstakingly key in the address using the swivel wheel anymore. All we need to do now is just say "Hey Mercedes, bring me to Pavilion" and it's done.
I'm still have high hopes for the new BMW 1-series, the iDrive is much better than Mercedes' current crappy ancient UI. But boy, does BMW need to improve now.
Good – rear aircond vent
Not so good – fake exhaust tip at the bumper? Really?
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2018 Mercedes-Benz A200 Progressive Line
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We always have a conflict between the engineers and architects and also contractors that which type of staircase to adopt. Whether it should be a waist slab type of staircase or folding type. May I request all sefians to put some light and give there opinions considering the different aspects.


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You are here: Home › News › One-third of world's fish catches being needlessly used as animal feed
One-third of world's fish catches being needlessly used as animal feed
By Will Parker on November 3, 2008 in News
An alarming new study in the Annual Review of Environment and Resources contends that fully one-third of the world's marine fish catches are ground up and fed to farm-raised fish, pigs, and poultry. The researchers involved say that this squandering of "forage fish" (anchovies, sardines, menhaden, and other small- to medium-sized fish) is rapidly worsening the already serious overfishing crisis in our oceans.
Researchers Jacqueline Alder and Daniel Pauly urge that other foods be used to feed farmed animals so that forage fish – which are highly nutritious and well-suited for direct human consumption – can be brought to market for larger-scale human consumption. "We need to stop using so many small ocean fish to feed farmed fish and other animals," Alder said. "Society should demand that we stop wasting these fish on farmed fish, pigs, and poultry." She added that although feeds derived from soy and other land-based crops are available, fishmeal and fish oil have skyrocketed in popularity because forage fish are easy to catch in large numbers, and hence, relatively inexpensive.
The study notes that forage fish account for a staggering 37 percent (31.5 million tonnes) of all fish taken from the world's oceans each year, and 90 percent of that catch is processed into fishmeal and fish oil. In 2002, 46 percent of fishmeal and fish oil was used as feed for aquaculture (fish-farming), 24 percent for pig feed, and 22 percent for poultry feed. Pigs and poultry around the world consume more than double the seafood eaten by Japanese consumers and six times the amount consumed by the U.S. market.
Despite this large-scale extraction, few management plans have been created to guide the sustainable removal of these fish, and little is known about the role of forage fish in the marine ecosystem and how fishing impacts them. The most intensive commercial use of these fish is for farmed-animal feed but there is also a growing demand for human fish oil supplements. "We must find a better way to manage forage fisheries before we cause irreversible damage to the broader ocean environment which depends on them as a food source," said co-researcher Joshua Reichert. "Whatever people take out of the sea needs to be carefully calibrated to ensure that sufficient fish are left to sustain populations of other fish, seabirds and marine mammals which all play a major role in the healthy functioning of the world's oceans."
Evolution Makes A Mockery Of Fishing Policy
Honey, We Shrunk The Cod
World's Fish Stocks Face New Danger
Fish Hatcheries Cause Stunning Loss Of Reproductive Fitness
Source: Stony Brook University
Ancient wildfire prevention technique reaps carbon credits Pollutants causing Nile fishery to grow dramatically Something Fishy About Rocketing Oceanic Nitrogen Levels Evolution Makes A Mockery Of Fishing Policy Giant vortex at Saturn's north pole finally revealed Jellyfish Quickest On The Draw?
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text:
The Canon AC lens-mount was a proprietary lens mount for the Canon T80. The lens mount was a variation of the then-standard Canon FD for auto-focus.

See also
Canon New FD 35-70 mm f/4 AF

References

 AC Mount
Canon FD lenses
Lens mounts

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This publication records the, now legendary, Serpentine Gallery 24-Hour Interview Marathon: London, the highlight of the event programme that accompanied the Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2006, designed by OMA with Cecil Balmond with Arup. The Interview Marathon, hosted by Hans Ulrich Obrist and Rem Koolhaas, was a 24-hour, non-stop interview event featuring some of the greatest names in international contemporary culture. This 'flip-book' was conceived by Simon Brown and Mark Irving as a way of responding creatively to the 24-Hour Interview Marathon, producing a publication that is deliberately playful and tactile, giving a sense of the speed, excitement and spontaneity of the Interview Marathon event.


text:
Amy Pietz (born March 6, 1969) is an American actress, known for her roles on television. She received the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series nomination for her role as Annie Spadaro in the NBC sitcom Caroline in the City (1995-1999). She later had starring roles in the short-lived sitcoms Cursed (NBC, 2000–01), Rodney (ABC, 2004–06), and Aliens in America (The CW, 2007–08).

Early life
Pietz was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the adopted daughter of Nancy, a nurse, and Arnold Pietz, a truck driver. She trained throughout her childhood in ballet and prepared to go professional, but eventually decided against it due to the low pay and shifted her focus elsewhere.

She attended the Milwaukee High School of the Arts and graduated from The Theatre School at DePaul University.

Career
Pietz began her career playing small roles on television series such as Star Trek: The Next Generation, as well as films Rudy (1993) and Jingle All the Way (1996). In 1995, she was regular cast member on the short-lived The WB sitcom Muscle, before her breakthrough role as Annie Spadaro in the NBC sitcom Caroline in the City starring Lea Thompson. The series aired from 1995 to 1999. She was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series for the role in 1999.

The following year, Pietz went to star alongside Steven Weber on the NBC sitcom Cursed. The series was canceled after a single season in 2001. She later played Martha Boswell in the stage musical The Boswell Sisters.

From 2004 to 2006, she appeared in ABC sitcom Rodney. During 2007–08 season, she played the mother in The CW sitcom Aliens in America. She also had guest starring roles on Ally McBeal, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, The Division, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Burn Notice, The Closer, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Nip/Tuck, Desperate Housewives, Two and a Half Men, Mom, and How to Get Away with Murder. She had a recurring role as Donna in the NBC comedy series The Office in 2010.

In 2011, Pietz played Meredith King, the mother of Chloe King, in the short-lived ABC Family drama series The Nine Lives of Chloe King. In 2016, she was cast as lead character's boss in The CW comedy-drama series No Tomorrow.

In 2016, Pietz guest-starred in the 4th season of Marc Maron's IFC series Maron as Natalie, a fellow rehab patient. In 2019, she starred as Ralph Dibny's mother in The Flash.

Personal life
Pietz married actor Kenneth Alan Williams in 1997 in her native Milwaukee. Pietz gave birth to a son when she was 23, Benjamin, whom she subsequently placed for adoption.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1969 births
Actresses from Milwaukee
American adoptees
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
DePaul University alumni
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American people of German descent


U.S. prosecutors have unsealed an indictment charging Mokhtar Belmokhtar with masterminding the deadly terrorist attack earlier this year at a southern Algerian gas plant that killed dozens of workers, including three Americans.
Mr. Belmokhtar, who was not known to be present during the gas plant attack, is currently at large. The U.S. government has put a $5 million reward for information leading to his capture or death.
The legal charges, described in an eight-count complaint, are related to this year's attack on the gas plant operated by British Petroleum , Norway's Statoil , Japan's JGC Corp. and Algeria's Sonatrach, as well as other terrorist attacks allegedly committed by al Qaeda-linked organizations and Mr. Belmokhtar over several years. The charges include conspiracy to provide material support to al-Qaeda, kidnapping of internationally protected persons and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction.
U.S. authorities have been pursuing charges against Mr. Belmokhtar primarly because of the loss of American lives in the Jan. 16 incident whereby a militia under Mr. Belmokhtar's control invaded the Tiguentourine gas plant in southern Algeria. After a four-day siege, the Algerian military sent anti-terrorist troops to free the hostages, sparking heated battles with Mr. Belmokhtar's men. A total of 37 hostages were killed, including three U.S. citizens.
On the day after the siege ended, Mr. Belmokhtar appeared in an online video claiming responsibility for the attack on behalf of al-Qaeda.
U.S. officials said that this claim was confirmed by three of the hostage-takers involved in the siege who were arrested and detained by Algerian authorities and later separately interviewed by U.S. law enforcement officers. The hostage-takers each acknowledged their membership in an al Qaeda group, of which Mr. Belmokhtar was the "emir," and further stated that they had received military training in another country prior to traveling to Algeria to conduct the attack in the name of al Qaeda, according to a press release issued by the FBI on Friday.
"Belmokhtar brought terror and blood to these innocent people and now we intend to bring Belmokhtar to justice," Manhattan U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara said in a statement.
Mr. Belmokhtar was designated as a foreign terrorist by the U.S. Department of Treasury in 2003 for his participation in al Qaeda-linked organizations across North Africa, but until the January attack he was not known to have killed any Americans. According to the indictment, Mr. Belmokhtar orchestrated terror attacks including the kidnapping of U.N. diplomats and other Western hostages.