text:
Title: One-child policy
Subject: Abortion, Two-child policy, Sex-selective abortion, World population, Family planning in India
Collection: 1978 Introductions, 1980 Introductions, 2015 Disestablishments in China, Demography, Human Overpopulation, One-Child Policy, Population Ecology, World Population
A one-child Chinese family at a park in Beijing
計劃生育政策
计划生育政策
Literal meaning
family planning policy
jìhuà shēngyù zhèngcè
The family planning policy, known as the one-child policy in the West[1] is a population control policy of the People's Republic of China. The term "one-child" is a misnomer, as the policy allows many exceptions and ethnic minorities are exempt. In 2007, 35.9% of China's population was subject to the one-child restriction.[2] The policy is enforced at the provincial level through fines that are imposed based on the income of the family and other factors. "Population and Family Planning Commissions" (计划生育委员会) exist at every level of government to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work.[3]
The policy was introduced in 1979 to alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems in China.[4] Demographers estimate that the policy averted at least 200 million births between 1979 and 2009.[5] A 2008 survey undertaken by the Pew Research Center reported that 76% of the Chinese population supports the policy;[6] however, it is controversial outside China for many reasons, including accusations of human rights abuses in the implementation of the policy, as well as concerns about negative social consequences.[7]
History 1.1
Administration 1.2
Current status 1.3
Reduction of the birthrate 2.1
Sex-based birth rate disparity 2.2
Adoption 2.3
Twins sought 2.4
Improvement in the provision of health care 2.5
"Four-two-one" problem 2.6
Potential social problems 2.7
Birth tourism 2.8
Criticism 3
Overstatement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction 3.1
Unequal enforcement 3.2
Accusations of human rights violations 3.3
Alleged effect on infanticide rates 3.4
Relaxation of policy 4
In popular culture 5
Further reading 8
Population in China
Change / year
1964 694.6 ------- -------
1982 1008.2 + 313.6 + 17.42
2010 1339.7 + 73.9 + 7.39
Source: Census of China
Population of China, showing growth despite the one-child policy
During the period of Mao Zedong's leadership in China, the crude birth rate fell from 37 to 20 per thousand,[8] infant mortality declined from 227/1000 births in 1949 to 53/1000 in 1981, and life expectancy dramatically increased from around 35 years in 1948 to 66 years in 1976.[8][9] Until the 1960s, the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible[10] because of Mao's belief that population growth empowered the country, preventing the emergence of family planning programs earlier in China's development.[11] The population grew from around 540 million in 1949 to 940 million in 1976.[12] Beginning in 1970, citizens were encouraged to marry at later ages and have only two children.
Although the fertility rate began to decline significantly, the Chinese government observed the global debate over a possible overpopulation catastrophe suggested by organisations such as Club of Rome and Sierra Club. While visiting Europe in 1978 one of the top Chinese officials, Song Jian, got in touch with influential books of the movement, The Limits to Growth and A Blueprint for Survival. With a group of mathematicians, Song determined the "correct" population of China to be 700 million. A plan was prepared to reduce the China's population to the desired level by 2080, with the one child policy as one of the main instruments of social engineering.[13] In spite of some criticism inside the party, the plan was officially adopted in 1979.[14][15][16]
The policy was managed by the National Population and Family Planning Commission under the central government since 1981. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and the National Health and Family Planning Commission were made defunct and a new single agency National Health and Family Planning Commission took over national health and family planning policies in 2013. The agency reports to the State Council.
The one-child policy was designed from the outset to be a one-generation policy.[17] It is enforced at the provincial level and enforcement varies; some provinces have relaxed the restrictions. After Henan loosened the requirement, the majority of provinces and cities[18][19] permit two parents who were 'only children' themselves to have two children. In rural areas, families are allowed two children without incurring penalties.[20] The one-child limit has mostly been enforced in densely populated urban areas, and implementation varies from location to location.[21] Beginning in 1987, official policy granted local officials the flexibility to make exceptions and allow second children in the case of "practical difficulties" (such as cases in which the father is a disabled serviceman) or when both parents are single children,[22] and some provinces had other exemptions worked into their policies as well. In most areas, families are allowed to apply to have a second child if their first-born is a daughter.[23] Furthermore, families with children with disability in China have different policies and families whose first child suffers from physical disability, mental illness, or intellectual disability are allowed to have more children. [24] Second children may be subject to birth spacing (usually 3 or 4 years). Children born in overseas countries are not counted under the policy if they do not obtain Chinese citizenship. Chinese citizens returning from abroad are allowed to have a second child.[25] Sichuan province has allowed exemptions for couples of certain backgrounds.[26] By one estimate there are now at least 22 ways in which parents can qualify for exceptions to the law.[20] As of 2007, only 35.9% of the population were subject to a strict one-child limit. 52.9% were permitted to have a second child if their first was a daughter; 9.6% of Chinese couples were permitted two children regardless of their gender; and 1.6%—mainly Tibetans—had no limit at all.[27]
The Danshan, Sichuan Province Nongchang Village people Public Affairs Bulletin Board in September 2005 noted that RMB 25,000 in social compensation fees were owed in 2005. Thus far 11,500 RMB had been collected leaving another 13,500 RMB to be collected.
Following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, a new exception to the regulations was announced in Sichuan province for parents who had lost children in the earthquake.[28][29] Similar exceptions have previously been made for parents of severely disabled or deceased children.[30] People have also tried to evade the policy by giving birth to a second child in Hong Kong, but at least for Guangdong residents, the one-child policy is also enforced if the birth was given in Hong Kong or abroad.[31]
In accordance with China's affirmative action policies towards ethnic minorities, all non-Han ethnic groups are subjected to different laws and are usually allowed to have two children in urban areas, and three or four in rural areas. Han Chinese living in rural towns are also permitted to have two children.[32] Because of couples such as these, as well as urban couples who simply pay a fine (or "social maintenance fee") to have more children,[33] the overall fertility rate of mainland China is close to 1.4 children per woman.[34]
The Family Planning Policy is enforced through a financial penalty in the form of the social maintenance fee (simplified Chinese: 社会抚养费; traditional Chinese: 社會撫養費; pinyin: shèhuì fǔyǎngfèi), sometimes called a "family planning fine" in the West, which is collected as a fraction of either the annual disposable income of city dwellers or of the annual cash income of peasants, in the year of the child's birth.[35] In 2007, the formula for figuring the amount of the fine for a "private enterprise boss" was as follows: For an income of 200,000 yuan per year, the maximum social child-raising fee would be 20,000 × 6 + (200,000 – 20,000) × 2 = 480,000 yuan (about US$63,763) and a minimum 20,000 × 3 + (200,000 – 20,000) × 1 = 240,000 yuan (US$31,884). Both members of the couple would need to pay a fine, although it was left unclear whether they both would pay the same amount.[36]
Reduction of the birthrate
An April 2007 study taken by the University of California, Irvine, which claimed to be the first systematic study of the policy, found that it had proved "remarkably effective".[37] After the introduction of the one-child policy, the fertility rate in China fell from 2.63 births per woman in 1980 (already a sharp reduction from more than five births per woman in the early 1970s) to 1.61 in 2009.[38] The Chinese government, quoting Zhai Zhenwu, director of Renmin University's School of Sociology and Population in Beijing, estimates that 400 million births were prevented by the one-child policy as of 2011. Zhai clarified that the 400 million estimate referred not just to the one-child policy, but includes births prevented by predecessor policies implemented one decade before, stating that "there are many different numbers out there but it doesn't change the basic fact that the policy prevented a really large number of births."[5] However, some demographers have argued that the policy itself is only partially responsible for the reduction in the total fertility rate.[39]
Sex-based birth rate disparity
Sex ratio at birth in mainland China, males per 100 females, 1980–2010.
The sex ratio at birth (between male and female births) in mainland China reached 117:100 and remained steady between 2000 and 2013, substantially higher than the natural baseline, which ranges between 103:100 and 107:100. It had risen from 108:100 in 1981—at the boundary of the natural baseline—to 111:100 in 1990.[40] According to a report by the National Population and Family Planning Commission, there will be 30 million more men than women in 2020, potentially leading to social instability, and courtship-motivated emigration.[41]
"The Guanyin Who Sends Children" in a temple in the small town of Danshan, Sichuan.
The disparity in the sex ratio at birth increases dramatically after the first birth, for which the ratios remained steadily within the natural baseline over the 20 year interval between 1980 and 1999. Thus, a large majority of couples appear to accept the outcome of the first pregnancy, whether it is a boy or a girl. If the first child is a girl, and they are able to have a second child, then a couple may take extraordinary steps to assure that the second child is a boy. If a couple already has two or more boys, the sex ratio of higher parity births swings decidedly in a feminine direction.[42]
Rural Sichuan roadside sign: "It is forbidden to discriminate against, mistreat or abandon baby girls."
The one child policy of China has made it more expensive for parents with children to adopt, which may have had an effect upon the numbers of children living in state-sponsored orphanages. However, in the 1980s and early 1990s, poor care and high mortality rates in some state institutions generated intense international pressure for reform.[43][44]
In the 1980s, adoptions accounted for half of the so-called "missing girls".[45] Through the 1980s, as the one-child policy came into force, parents who desired a son but had a daughter often failed to report or delayed reporting female births to the authorities. Some parents may have offered up their daughters for formal or informal adoption. A majority of children who went through formal adoption in China in the later 1980s were girls, and the proportion who were girls increased over time.[45]
Twins sought
Since there are no penalties for multiple births, it is believed that an increasing number of couples are turning to fertility medicines to induce the conception of twins. According to a 2006 China Daily report, the number of twins born per year in China had doubled.[46]
Improvement in the provision of health care
It is reported that the focus of China on population control helps provide a better health service for women and a reduction in the risks of death and injury associated with pregnancy. At family planning offices, women receive free contraception and pre-natal classes that contributed to the policy's success in two respects. First, the average Chinese household expends fewer resources, both in terms of time and money, on children, which gives many Chinese more money with which to invest. Second, since young Chinese can no longer rely on children to care for them in their old age, there is an impetus to save money for the future.[47]
Government sign in Tangshan Township: "For a prosperous, powerful nation and a happy family, please practice family planning."
Chinese authorities thus consider the policy a great success in helping to implement China's current economic growth. The reduction in the fertility rate and thus population growth has reduced the severity of problems that come with overpopulation, like epidemics, slums, overwhelmed social services (such as health, education, law enforcement), and strain on the ecosystem from abuse of fertile land and production of high volumes of waste.
"Four-two-one" problem
As the first generation of law-enforced only-children came of age for becoming parents themselves, one adult child was left with having to provide support for his or her two parents and four grandparents.[48][49] Called the "4-2-1 Problem", this leaves the older generations with increased chances of dependency on retirement funds or charity in order to receive support. If personal savings, pensions, or state welfare fail, most senior citizens would be left entirely dependent upon their very small family or neighbours for assistance. If, for any reason, the single child is unable to care for their older adult relatives, the oldest generations would face a lack of resources and necessities. In response to such an issue, all provinces have decided that couples are allowed to have two children if both parents were only children themselves: By 2007, all provinces in the nation except Henan had adopted this new policy;[50][51] Henan followed in 2011.[52]
Potential social problems
Some parents may over-indulge their only child. The media referred to the indulged children in one-child families as "little emperors". Since the 1990s, some people have worried that this will result in a higher tendency toward poor social communication and cooperation skills among the new generation, as they have no siblings at home. No social studies have investigated the ratio of these over-indulged children and to what extent they are indulged. With the first generation of children born under the policy (which initially became a requirement for most couples with first children born starting in 1979 and extending into the 1980s) reaching adulthood, such worries were reduced.[53] However, the "little emperor syndrome" and additional expressions, describing the generation of Chinese singletons are very abundant in the Chinese media, Chinese academy and popular discussions. Being over-indulged, lacking self-discipline and having no adaptive capabilities are adjectives which are highly associated with Chinese singletons.[54]
Some 30 delegates called on the government in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in March 2007 to abolish the one-child rule, attributing their beliefs to "social problems and personality disorders in young people". One statement read, "It is not healthy for children to play only with their parents and be spoiled by them: it is not right to limit the number to two children per family, either."[55] The proposal was prepared by Ye Tingfang, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, who suggested that the government at least restore the previous rule that allowed couples to have up to two children. According to a scholar, "The one-child limit is too extreme. It violates nature's law. And in the long run, this will lead to mother nature's revenge."[55][56]
Reports surfaced of Chinese women giving birth to their second child overseas, a practice known as birth tourism. Many went to Hong Kong, which is exempt from the one-child policy. Likewise, a Hong Kong passport differs from China mainland passport by providing additional advantages. Recently though, the Hong Kong government has drastically reduced the quota of births set for non-local women in public hospitals. As a result fees for delivering babies there have surged. As further admission cuts or a total ban on non-local births in Hong Kong are being considered, mainland agencies that arrange for expectant mothers to give birth overseas are predicting a surge in those going to North America.[57] As the United States practises birthright citizenship, children born in the US will be US citizens. The closest option (from China) is Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands, a US dependency in the western Pacific Ocean that allows Chinese visitors without visa restrictions. The island is currently experiencing an upswing in Chinese births. This option is used by relatively affluent Chinese who often have secondary motives as well, wishing their children to be able to leave mainland China when they grow older or bring their parents to the US. Canada is less achievable as Ottawa denies many visa requests.[58][59]
Overstatement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction
The Chinese government, quoting Zhai Zhenwu, director of Renmin University's School of Sociology and Population in Beijing, estimates that 400 million births were prevented by the one-child policy as of 2011. Zhai clarified that the 400 million estimate referred not just to the one-child policy, but includes births prevented by predecessor policies implemented one decade before, stating that "there are many different numbers out there but it doesn't change the basic fact that the policy prevented a really large number of births."[5] This claim is disputed by Wang Feng, director of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy, and Cai Yong from the Carolina Population Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, who put the number of prevented births from 1979 to 2009 at 200 million.[5] Wang claims that "Thailand and China have had almost identical fertility trajectories since the mid 1980s," and "Thailand does not have a one-child policy."[5]
According to a report by the US Embassy, scholarship published by Chinese scholars and their presentations at the October 1997 Beijing conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population seemed to suggest that market-based incentives or increasing voluntariness is not morally better but that it is in the end more effective.[60] In 1988, Zeng Yi and Professor T. Paul Schultz of Yale University discussed the effect of the transformation to the market on Chinese fertility, arguing that the introduction of the contract responsibility system in agriculture during the early 1980s weakened family planning controls during that period.[61] Zeng contended that the "big cooking pot" system of the People's Communes had insulated people from the costs of having many children. By the late 1980s, economic costs and incentives created by the contract system were already reducing the number of children farmers wanted.
As Hasketh, Lu, and Xing observe:
[T]he policy itself is probably only partially responsible for the reduction in the total fertility rate. The most dramatic decrease in the rate actually occurred before the policy was imposed. Between 1970 and 1979, the largely voluntary "late, long, few" policy, which called for later childbearing, greater spacing between children, and fewer children, had already resulted in a halving of the total fertility rate, from 5.9 to 2.9. After the one-child policy was introduced, there was a more gradual fall in the rate until 1995, and it has more or less stabilized at approximately 1.7 since then.[39]
These researchers note further that China could have expected a continued reduction in its fertility rate just from continued economic development, had it kept to the previous policy.
A long-term experiment in a county in Shanxi Province where the family planning law was suspended, that suggested that families would not have many more children even if the law were abolished.[20] A 2003 review of the policy-making process behind the adoption of the one-child policy shows that less intrusive options, including those that emphasized delay and spacing of births, were known but not fully considered by China's political leaders.[62]
Unequal enforcement
Government officials and especially wealthy individuals have often been able to violate the policy in spite of fines.[63] For example, between 2000 and 2005, as many as 1,968 officials in central China's Hunan province were found to be violating the policy, according to the provincial family planning commission; also exposed by the commission were 21 national and local lawmakers, 24 political advisors, 112 entrepreneurs and 6 senior intellectuals.[63] Some of the offending officials did not face penalties,[63] although the government did respond by raising fines and calling on local officials to "expose the celebrities and high-income people who violate the family planning policy and have more than one child."[63] Also, people who lived in the rural areas of China were allowed to have two children without punishment. But, the family must wait a couple of years before having another child.[64]
Accusations of human rights violations
The one-child policy has been challenged in principle for violating a human right to determine the size of one's own family. According to a 1968 proclamation of the International Conference on Human Rights, "Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children."[65][66]
According to an unsourced article in the right-wing UK newspaper The Daily Telegraph, a quota of 20,000 abortions and sterilizations was set for Huaiji County in Guangdong Province in one year due to reported disregard of the one-child policy. The article claimed that local officials were being pressured into purchasing portable ultrasound devices to identify abortion candidates in remote villages. The article also claimed that women as far along as 8.5 months pregnant were forced to abort, usually by an injection of saline solution.[67] A 1993 book by One-Child policy critic Steven W. Mosher made the claim that women in their ninth month of pregnancy, or already in labour, were having their children killed whilst in the birth canal or immediately after birth.[68] However, this book was based upon research undertaken between 1979-1980, thirteen years prior to its publication, and Mosher was expelled from Stanford for ethics violations associated with his research methods during this work.[69]
According to a 2005 news report by Australian Broadcasting Corporation correspondent, John Taylor, China outlawed the use of physical force to make a woman submit to an abortion or sterilization in 2002, but, according to him, it is not entirely enforced.[70] In 2012, Feng Jianmei, a villager from central China's Shaanxi province, was reportedly forced into an abortion by local officials after her family refused to pay the fine for having a second child. Chinese authorities have since apologized and two officials were fired, while five others were sanctioned.[71]
In the past China promoted eugenics as part of its population planning policies, but the government has backed away from such policies, as evidenced by China's ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which compels the nation to significantly reform its genetic testing laws.[72] Recent research has also emphasized the necessity of understanding a myriad of complex social relations that affect the meaning of informed consent in China.[73] Furthermore, in 2003, China revised its marriage registration regulations and couples no longer have to submit to a pre-marital physical or genetic examination before being granted a marriage license.[74]
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Better 10 Graves Than One Extra Birth: China's Systemic Use Of Coercion To Meet Population Quotas. Washington, DC:
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^ 国务院专家:建议全面放开二胎 (in 中文). yaolan.com. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012. Article 13.
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^ This tendency to favour girls in high parity births to couples who had already borne sons was also noted by Coale, who suggested as well that once a couple had achieved its goal for the number of males, it was also much more likely to engage in "stopping behavior", i.e., to stop having more children. See
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^ "China: Drug bid to beat child ban". China Daily. Associated Press. 14 February 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
^ Naughton, Barry (2007). The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
^ 李雯 [Li Wen] (5 April 2008). "四二一"家庭,路在何方? ['Four-two-one families', where is the road going?] (in 中文). 云南日报网 [Yunnan Daily Online]. Archived from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
^ 四二一"家庭真的是问题吗? [Are 'four-two-one' families really a problem?] (in 中文). 中国人口学会网 [China Population Association Online]. 10 October 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
^ "Rethinking China's one-child policy". CBC. October 28, 2009. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
^ 计生委新闻发言人:11%以上人口可生两个孩子 [Spokesperson of the one-child policy committee: 11% or more of the population may have two children] (in 中文). Sina. 10 July 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
^ "China's most populous province amends family-planning policy". People's Daily Online. 2011-11-25.
^ Deane, Daniela (July 26, 1992). "The Little Emperors". Los Angeles Times. p. 16.
^ "Chinese Singletons – Basic 'Spoiled' Related Vocabulary". Thinking Chinese. November 11, 2010.
^ a b "'"Consultative Conference: 'The government must end the one-child rule. AsiaNews.it. 2007-03-16.
^ "Advisors say it's time to change one-child policy". Shanghai Daily. 2007-03-15.
^ "談天說地". review33. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
^ Eugenio, Haidee V. "Birth tourism on the upswing". Saipan Tribune.
^ Eugenio, Haidee V. "Many Chinese giving birth in CNMI trying to get around one child policy". Saipan Tribune.
^ "PRC Family Planning: The Market Weakens Controls But Encourages Voluntary Limits". U.S. Embassy in Beijing. June 1988.
^ PRC journal Social Sciences in China [Zhongguo , January 1988]
^ Greenhalgh, Susan (2003). "Science, Modernity, and the Making of China's One-Child Policy". Population and Development Review 29 (June): 163–196.
^ a b c d "Over 1,900 officials breach birth policy in C. China".
^ chan, peggy (2005). Cultures of the world China. New York: Marshall Cavendish International.
^ Freedman, Lynn P.; Isaacs, Stephen L. (Jan–Feb 1993). "Human Rights and Reproductive Choice". Studies in Family Planning (Population Council) 24 (1): 18–30.
^ "Proclamation of Teheran". International Conference on Human Rights. 1968. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
^ McElroy, Damien (2001-04-08). "'"Chinese region 'must conduct 20,000 abortions.
^ Mosher, Steven W. (July 1993). A Mother's Ordeal.
^ Taylor, John (2005-02-08). "China – One Child Policy". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
^ "Father in forced abortion case wants charges filed". My Way News. Associated Press.
^ (subscription required) "Implications of China's Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities". China: an International Journal.
^ Sleeboom-Faulkner, Margaret Elizabeth (1 June 2011). "Genetic testing, governance, and the family in the People's Republic of China". Social Science & Medicine 72 (11): 1802–1809.
^ "Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China". Australia: Refugee Review Tribunal.
^ Moore, Stephen (1999-05-09). "Don't Fund UNFPA Population Control". CATO Institute.
^ McElroy, Damien (2002-02-03). "China is furious as Bush halts UN 'abortion' funds". The Telegraph (London).
^ Siv, Sichan (2003-01-21). "United Nations Fund for Population Activities in China". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 19 February 2003.
^ "UNFPA Welcomes Restoration of U.S. Funding". UNFPA News. 29 January 2009. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013.
^ Rizvi, Haider (March 12, 2009). "Obama Sets New Course at the U.N.". IPS News. Inter Press Agency.
^ Associated Press. "US State Department position".
^ "Human Rights in China and Tibet".
^ Amnesty International. "Violence Against Women – an introduction to the campaign". Archived from the original on 9 October 2006.
^ Mosher, Steve (1986). "Steve Mosher's China report". The Interim.
^ "Case Study: Female Infanticide". Gendercide Watch. 2000.
^ "Infanticide Statistics: Infanticide in China". All Girls Allowed. 2010.
^ Steffensen, Jennifer. "Georgetown Journal's Guide to the 'One-Child' Policy". Retrieved 2013-09-30.
^ Lubman, Sarah (2000-03-15). "Experts Allege Infanticide In China 'Missing' Girls Killed, Abandoned, Pair Say". San Jose Mercury News (California).
^ China reforms: One-child policy to be relaxed. Bbc.co.uk (2013-11-15). Retrieved on 2013-12-05.
^ "Eastern Chinese province first to ease one-child policy". Reuters. 17 January 2014.
^ Burkitt, Laurie. (2013-11-17) China to Move Slowly on One-Child Law Reform. Online.wsj.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-05.
^ Dan Levin (25 February 2014). "Many in China Can Now Have a Second Child, but Say No". New York Times. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
Shidu (parents), denoting the loss of an only child
Pledge two or fewer (UK family limitation campaign)
The difficulties of implementing the one-child policy are dramatized in Mo Yan's novel Frog (2009; English translation 2015).
The prevention of a state imposed abortion during labor to conform with the one child policy was a key plot point in Tom Clancy's novel The Bear and the Dragon.
A novel about an American woman who travels to China to adopt an orphan of the one-child policy, only to find herself a fugitive when the Chinese government informs her that she has been given "the wrong baby."
Nevertheless, Deputy Director Wang Peian of the National Health and Family Planning Commission said that "China's population will not grow substantially in the short term".[90] A survey by the commission found that only about half of eligible couples wish to have two children, mostly because of the cost of living impact of a second child.[91]
In November 2013, following the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, China announced the decision to relax the one-child policy. Under the new policy, families can have two children if one parent is an only child.[88] The coastal province of Zhejiang, one of China's most affluent, became the first area to implement this "relaxed policy" in January 2014.[89]
Relaxation of policy
Anthropologist G. William Skinner at the University of California, Davis and Chinese researcher Yuan Jianhua have claimed that infanticide was fairly common in China before the 1990s.[87]
Sex-selected abortion, abandonment, and Amnesty International[82] have all declared that China's family planning programs contribute to infanticide.[83][84][85] "The 'one-child' policy has also led to what Amartya Sen first called 'Missing Women', or the 100 million girls 'missing' from the populations of China (and other developing countries) as a result of female infanticide, abandonment, and neglect".[86]
Alleged effect on infanticide rates
[79][78] assistance to women in 154 countries".family planning and provide HIV/AIDS resumed U.S. government financial support for the UNFPA shortly after taking office in 2009, intending to "work collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent Obama President [77].Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Preamble and stating that the right to "found a family" was protected under the [76]
Hong Kong, Beijing, Macau, Shanghai, Taiwan
Luoyang, Zhengzhou, Kaifeng, Shaanxi, Shanxi
Abortion, Birth control, One-child policy, Pregnancy, Adoption
Global warming, India, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Canada, Smog
Reproductive rights, One-child policy, Birth control, Abortion law, Human rights
Family planning, One-child policy, Human impact on the environment, Pollution, Deforestation
Sex-selective abortion
Pakistan, Taiwan, Discrimination, One-child policy, China
Bangladesh, Global warming, Human impact on the environment, India, Antarctica
Family planning in India
India, Bihar, Family planning, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu


text:
Odysseys series now available for streaming
Posted on May 21, 2021 by ithacacityofasylum
The four-part reading series "Odysseys: Ithaca Writers on Exile, Wandering, and Searching for Home," which ran from February to May, is now available for viewing on the Tompkins County Public Library's YouTube channel. You can also go directly to the session of your choice by following the links below.
Session 1: Gail Holst-Warhaft & Aoise Stratford, moderated by David Guaspari (watch on YouTube)
Session 2: Sorayya Khan & Raza Rumi, moderated by Barbara Adams (watch on YouTube)
Session 3: Valzhyna Mort & Raul Palma, moderated by Kate Blackwood (watch on YouTube)
Session 4: Minfong Ho & Kenneth McClane, moderated by Edward Hower (watch on YouTube)
Our deepest thanks go to our generous and talented writers, whose readings and discussions were universally deep, moving, and inspiring. Thanks, too, to the four ICOA board members who so ably moderated.
We were thrilled not just with the quality of the presentations, but with the response to the series. People logged in from across our community and around the world. Between the livestream and archived versions, attendance averaged well over 100 per session. We are grateful to our friends at the Tompkins County Public Library, who hosted the series on their Zoom platform, and especially to Cady Fontana, Makerspace librarian, who punched all the right buttons behind the scenes.
We also want to thank our cosponsors, Buffalo Street Books, Community Arts Partnership of Tompkins County, Global Cornell, Cornell Migrations, Ithaca College Department of Writing, Odyssey Bookstore, Story House Ithaca for their support in getting out the word to their audiences. We feel very fortunate to be part of this extraordinary community.
Category: Uncategorized Tags: exile, Ithaca, literature, Odysseys, writing
Minfong Ho and Kenneth McClane to cap reading series
Posted on April 26, 2021 by ithacacityofasylum
A poet and a playwright from Australia. A novelist and a journalist from Pakistan. A poet from Belarus and a novelist from Florida. Their journeys have all been different, but all have found themselves living and writing in Ithaca. And their stories have all been captivating.
The online reading series "Odysseys: Ithaca Writers on Exile, Wandering, and Searching for Home" wraps up on Tuesday, May 18 at 7 p.m. with young adult and children's book author Minfong Ho and poet and essayist Kenneth A. McClane. Novelist and ICOA board member Edward Hower will moderate. The Zoom session is free, but registration is required. Register here.
Minfong Ho was born in Myanmar of ethnic Chinese parents, raised in Thailand, and educated in Taiwan and the United States. She has written several books for young adults and children, mostly set in Southeast Asia. These include The Clay Marble and Hush! She worked as a journalist in Singapore, taught at Chiang Mai University in Thailand, and ran a food program on the Thai-Khmer border for Cambodian refugees. Although she has remained a U.S. Permanent Alien for over 35 years, she says Ithaca has come to feel like home.
Kenneth A. McClane is Cornell's W.E.B. Du Bois Professor of Literature Emeritus and the author of eight books of poems, including A Tree Beyond Telling and Take Five: Collected Poems, 1971-1986. He has also written two collections of personal essays: Walls (1992) and Color: Essays on Race, Family and History (2009). He has served on the board of trustees of Adelphi University, and on the board of directors of the Tompkins County Library Foundation, the Constance Saltonstall Foundation for the Arts, the New York Council for the Humanities, and the Tompkins County Community Foundation.
You can watch previous sessions on the Tompkins County Public Library's YouTube channel.
"Odysseys: Ithaca Writers on Exile, Wandering, and Searching for Home" is organized by Ithaca City of Asylum and cosponsored by Buffalo Street Books, Global Cornell, Cornell Migrations, Ithaca College Department of Writing, Odyssey Bookstore, Story House Ithaca, and Tompkins County Public Library.
Thanks also to the Community Arts Partnership of Tompkins County, which has included this session in its Spring Writes series.
Category: Uncategorized Tags: literature, Odysseys
Writers Valzhyna Mort and Raul Palma share their journeys
Please join us on Tuesday, April 13, at 7 p.m. for brief readings and a conversation with poet Valzhyna Mort and fiction writer Raul Palma. Writer, actor, and ICOA board member Kate Blackwood will moderate.
UPDATE: The event was a success! Watch it on YouTube.
Valzhyna Mort is a poet and translator born in Minsk, Belarus. She is the author of the poetry collections Factory of Tears, Collected Body, and Music for the Dead and Resurrected (FSG, 2020). Her work has appeared in Best American Poetry, The New Yorker, Poetry, Poetry Review, Poetry International, Prairie Schooner, Granta, Gulf Coast, White Review, and many more publications. She has been honored with the Bess Hokin Prize from Poetry and the Glenna Luschei Prairie Schooner Award. Mort teaches at Cornell and writes in English and Belarusian.
Raul Palma is a novelist, short story writer, and assistant professor of writing at Ithaca College, where he serves as the faculty advisor to Stillwater Magazine. His fiction has been included in Best Small Fictions 2018 and rated distinguished/notable in Best American Short Stories 2016. He has been supported by fellowships and scholarships from the CubaOne Foundation, Kimmel Harding Nelson Center, Santa Fe Writer's Conference, Sewanee Writer's Conference, and the Sundress Academy for the Arts. He is working on a novel titled A Haunting in Hialeah Gardens.
The session is the third of four monthly readings in "Odysseys: Ithaca Writers on Exile, Wandering, and Searching for Home." The series is organized by Ithaca City of Asylum and cosponsored by Buffalo Street Books, Global Cornell, Cornell Migrations, Ithaca College Department of Writing, Odyssey Bookstore, Story House Ithaca, and Tompkins County Public Library.
You can watch earlier sessions and register for Session 4 at the links below.
Session 1: Gail Holst-Warhaft and Aoise Stratford (watch on YouTube)
Session 2: Sorayya Khan and Raza Rumi (watch on YouTube)
Session 4: Minfong Ho and Kenneth McClane (May 18, 7 p.m., register here)
Category: Uncategorized Tags: Odysseys, readings
Hear Pedro X. Molina in conversation with Barbara Adams at FLEFF
Posted on March 23, 2021 by ithacacityofasylum
UPDATE: Watch a video of this event on YouTube.
Pedro X. Molina, an internationally acclaimed political cartoonist who fled Nicaragua with his family in December 2018, will reflect on his experiences, his cartooning, and current conditions in Nicaragua in a conversation with ICOA board member Barbara Adams on Friday, March 26, from 12 to 1:15 p.m.
The online presentation is part of the 2021 Finger Lakes Environmental Film Festival, or FLEFF. You can register for the event here.
In 2019, Molina won the prestigious Maria Moors Cabot Award from Columbia Journalism School in 2019 for "career excellence and coverage of the Western Hemisphere that furthers inter-American understanding." In 2018, he won the Courage in Editorial Cartooning Award from Cartoonists Rights Network International and an Excellence in Journalism award from the Inter American Press Association.
In May, Molina will finish his terms as ICOA's artist-in-residence and Visiting International Scholar in Residence at Ithaca College.
Category: Uncategorized Tags: Barbara Adams, Cornell, FLEFF, Ithaca College, Nicaragua, Pedro X. Molina
Poet, war survivor to read March 19
Ithaca City of Asylum is pleased to cosponsor a reading by Dr. Patricia Jabbeh Wesley on March 19 at 4 p.m. The free online event is organized by Cornell's Institute for African Development and will be moderated by Dr. Naminata Diabate, associate professor of comparative literature at Cornell.
You may register for the Zoom session here.
Dr. Wesley fled Liberia's civil war in 1991 and settled in the United States with her family. She has published six books of poetry: When the Wanderers Come Home, Where the Road Turns, The River Is Rising, Becoming Ebony, Before the Palm Could Bloom: Poems of Africa, and Praise Song for My Children.
"Vulnerable in their combination of grief and levity, Wesley's poems deal with family, community, and war," the Poetry Foundation writes.
Wesley's poetry and nonfiction has been published in numerous magazines and journals, including Harvard Review, Harvard Divinity Review, Transition Magazine, Prairie Schooner, Crab Orchard Review, New Orleans Review, Black Renaissance Noire, and in dozens of anthologies.
In addition to her writing, Wesley is a professor of English, creative writing, and African literature at Penn State University's Altoona campus. She has conducted research on Liberian women's war stories, chaired the African Literature Division of the Modern Language Association, and served as an expert witness in the Liberian Truth and Reconciliation Hearings in Minneapolis.
A native of Côte d'Ivoire in West Africa, moderator Naminata Diabate is a scholar of African and African diaspora studies with an emphasis on questions of sexuality and gender studies.
Category: Uncategorized Tags: Africa, Institute for African Development, Liberia, poetry, war
Ithaca College eliminates position filled by last three ICOA writers
Posted on March 4, 2021 by ithacacityofasylum
Pedro X. Molina lectures at Cornell's Latin American Studies Program in March 2020. Photo by Jonathan Miller.
By Alex Hartzog, Staff Writer, The Ithacan
This article first appeared in The Ithacan on March 4, 2021. Used by permission.
After escaping from Nicaragua on Christmas Day in 2018, Pedro Molina, Ithaca College's International Visiting Scholar in Residence, is now struggling to plan his future after the college decided to end the Scholar in Residence program.
Ithaca City of Asylum (ICOA), an organization that offers asylum to international writers, scholars, and artists, has been sponsoring writers-in-residence, many of whom have been exiled from their home, since 2001. The Office of the Provost and the Honors Program at the college have supported three of those writers, beginning in 2012.
The Honors Program is set to be restructured and moved from the Office of the Provost to the School of Humanities and Sciences. The restructuring of honors began in Fall 2019, the same year that Molina began his residence at the college. Dave Maley, director of public relations, said that Molina's residency will be over at the end of the 2020–21 academic year.
The process of phasing out the program began before the Academic Program Prioritization (APP) began. The decision to not appoint a new scholar is not specifically associated with the APP, but is consistent with its objectives, Maley said.
The Office of the Provost told ICOA in September that it would not be seeking a scholar in residence for the upcoming year, Barbara Adams, assistant professor in the Department of Writing and founding member of ICOA, said.
Adams said ICOA began helping Molina search for alternative placements and positions that would allow him to stay in the U.S. and sponsor his visa, as ICOA does not have necessary funds to sponsor Molina's residency without support from the college. While in Ithaca, ICOA helps pay visa, legal and housing fees for Molina and his family, Adams said.
Molina is a cartoonist who draws daily comics for Confidencial, a Nicaraguan digital publication. Molina fled Nicaragua after police raided the offices of Confidencial, killing one journalist and jailing two others. He said being able to continue his work in safety has helped him greatly, as he no longer has to fear for his family's or his own safety.
"The problem is, the situation in my country — the crisis — is still going on," Molina said. "It's even worse than when I left. Going back is not an option."
This semester Molina is teaching three courses, two in the Department of Art and one in honors. Molina said he feels the main benefit his involvement in the Scholar in Residence program has on his students is the unique perspective he is able to provide.
"[The reason the program is valuable] to the Ithaca community is that they are able to learn from a different perspective, different sensitivity, about what is happening around the world and how the rest of the world sees what is happening in the U.S.," Molina said. "You are learning firsthand from other cultures, other ways of life, other problems that could be happening in the world without you even knowing."
Raza Rumi, former scholar in residence, director of the Park Center for Independent Media and a current board member of ICOA, said that the Scholar in Residence program was extremely valuable to him and his family. His two-year residency spurred him on to continue teaching at the college.
"It enabled me, first of all, to become a part of a very vibrant community on campus and outside the campus and it enabled me to continue work on my writing and journalism," Rumi said. "It also facilitated a career transition for me because when I started teaching, I started liking it very much, so I chose to adopt this as my new career."
Alicia Swords, associate professor in the Department of Sociology and former director of the Honors Program, said the Scholar in Residence program allowed honors to offer classes from the perspective of those who are being targeted for their actions and views.
"I think the innovative contribution of this program is that it brings people who suffer personally — human rights abuses and violations of their rights — to be educators at our college," Swords said. "I think that's a model that really should be replicated, not undone. It's a model for knowledge to be created by the people most directly affected. … It's a real shame that Ithaca College isn't resourcing this program."
Sophomore Taspia Arpee is currently taking Molina's honors class about political cartoons. While Arpee had no experience in cartooning or politics, Molina's perspective and experience has made the class enjoyable and easy to understand, Arpee said.
"When we talk about Latin America in specific, he talks about how so many journalists don't have the space to talk about things and how that kind of changes the way that their political cartoons are made," Arpee said. "We can see the difference between the ways certain events are portrayed in different countries compared to how they are here."
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Molina's time at the college has been different from the previous scholars because he had to move to remote instruction for his classes. Molina said that this hindered his ability to create relationships with the college community.
"I was hoping that I could get a chance to remain at IC, but I have been told that because of the budget restrictions that the pandemic put onto the college that it would be very difficult," Molina said. "The reason I left Nicaragua is because there is a dictatorship going on down there and me being a cartoonist, I was drawing about this stuff, so I had to get out to keep doing these cartoons."
Alex Hartzog can be reached at ahartzog@ithaca.edu
Local writers share their journeys in "Odysseys" series
Posted on January 31, 2021 by ithacacityofasylum
Homer's Odyssey recounts the adventures of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, as he seeks to return home after the Trojan War. In four monthly readings, pairs of Ithaca‑based writers provide their own takes on the theme of odysseys, from the physical to the intellectual to the emotional.
All readings are via Zoom and begin at 7 p.m. Admission is free. Please register for each event separately.
Session 1: Tuesday, Feb. 23 (watch on YouTube): Gail Holst-Warhaft and Aoise Stratford, moderated by David Guaspari
Session 2: Tuesday, March 16 (watch on YouTube): Sorayya Khan and Raza Rumi, moderated by Barbara Adams
Session 3: Tuesday, April 13 (watch on YouTube): Valzhyna Mort and Raul Palma, moderated by Kate Blackwood
Session 4: Tuesday, May 18 (register): Minfong Ho and Kenneth A. McClane, moderated by Edward Hower
Gail Holst-Warhaft (February 23) has been a poet, translator, journalist, academic, and musician. Born in Australia, she lived for five years in Greece, where she played harpsichord with the composer Mikis Theodorakis and wrote two books about Greek popular music. After moving to Ithaca in 1980, she received a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature at Cornell and taught courses on Mediterranean culture. She is a board member and former chair of Ithaca City of Asylum. Gail has published two books on grief and lament, many translations of Greek literature, and two collections of her own poetry. One, Penelope's Confession, is written from the perspective of Odysseus' wife.
Aoise Stratford (February 23) is a dramaturg, writer, and lecturer at Cornell. Her plays have won several awards and been produced around the world, including at National Theatre London, The Seymour Center, InspiraTO Festival, Solo Chicago, Centenary Stage, and others. Her play The Unfortunates won the 2012 Susan Glaspell Award and was a Time Out NY Critics Pick. Locally, she has co-authored two walking headphone plays for The Cherry Arts and adapted A Christmas Carol for The Hangar Theatre. She grew up in Australia.
Sorayya Khan (March 16) is the author of the novels Noor, Five Queen's Road, and City of Spies, which received the Best International Fiction Book Award from the Sharjah International Book Fair. She is the recipient of a U.S. Fulbright Research Grant, a Malahat Review Novella Prize, and a Constance Saltonstall Artist Grant. Her work has appeared in Guernica, Longreads, The Kenyon Review, North American Review, Journal of Narrative Politics, and other publications. She is currently at work on a memoir.
Raza Rumi (March 16) is director of the Park Center for Independent Media at Ithaca College and visiting faculty at the Cornell Institute for Public Affairs. He is the author of Delhi by Heart: Impressions of a Pakistani Traveler; The Fractious Path: Pakistan's Democratic Transition; Identity, Faith, and Conflict; and Being Pakistani: Society, Culture, and the Arts. He co-edited a volume of essays entitled Rethinking Pakistan that was published by Anthem Press in September 2020. Raza was Ithaca City of Asylum's writer in residence from 2015 to 2017 and now serves on the ICOA board.
Valzhyna Mort (April 13) is a poet and translator born in Minsk, Belarus. She is the author of the poetry collections Factory of Tears (Copper Canyon Press 2008), Collected Body (Copper Canyon Press 2011) and, mostly recently, Music for the Dead and Resurrected (FSG, 2020). Her work has appeared in Best American Poetry, New Yorker, Poetry, Poetry Review, Poetry International, Prairie Schooner, Granta, Gulf Coast, White Review, and many more publications. She has been honored with the Bess Hokin Prize from Poetry and the Glenna Luschei Prairie Schooner Award. Mort teaches at Cornell and writes in English and Belarusian.
Raul Palma (April 13) is a novelist, short story writer, and assistant professor of writing at Ithaca College, where he serves as the faculty advisor to Stillwater Magazine. His fiction has been included in Best Small Fictions 2018 and distinguished/notable in Best American Short Stories 2016. His work has been supported with fellowships and scholarships from the CubaOne Foundation, the Kimmel Harding Nelson Center, the Santa Fe Writer's Conference, the Sewanee Writer's Conference, and the Sundress Academy for the Arts. Presently, he is at work on a novel titled A Haunting in Hialeah Gardens.
Minfong Ho (May 18) was born in Myanmar of ethnic Chinese parents, raised in Thailand, and educated in Taiwan and the United States. She has written several books for young adults and children, mostly set in Southeast Asia. These include The Clay Marble and Hush! She worked as a journalist in Singapore, taught at Chiang Mai University in Thailand, and ran a food program on the Thai-Khmer border for Cambodian refugees. Although she has remained a U.S. Permanent Alien for over 35 years, Ithaca has come to feel like home.
Kenneth A. McClane (May 18) is Cornell's W.E.B. Du Bois Professor of Literature Emeritus and the author of eight books of poems, including A Tree Beyond Telling and Take Five: Collected Poems, 1971-1986. He has also written two collections of personal essays: Walls (1992) and Color: Essays on Race, Family and History (2009). He has served on the board of trustees of Adelphi University, and on the board of directors of the Tompkins County Library Foundation, the Constance Saltonstall Foundation for the Arts, the New York Council for the Humanities, and the Tompkins County Community Foundation.
For more information, please contact David Guaspari at dguaspari@gmail.com.
Meet ICOA intern Mae McDermott
The ICOA board is delighted to introduce Spring 2021 intern Mae McDermott. Mae has already been of great assistance creating graphics for the "Odysseys" series, helping us make sense of our mailing lists, and looking into potential funders. We asked her to say a few words about herself.
I'm a writing major and English minor at Ithaca College, where I serve as co-editor in chief of Stillwater Magazine, layout editor of Buzzsaw Magazine, and peer tutor at the Ithaca College Writing Center. I've also worked as a marketing intern at Cornell University Press. My poems have been performed on the podcast Newcomers, and my essays have appeared in Oakland Arts Review, Borrowed Solace, Loose Tooth, Off the Page, Passion Project,and Buzzsaw Magazine.
My grandfather escaped from Communist-occupied Czechoslovakia to escape danger and commit himself to a free press. Shaped by this journalistic family tradition, I have always believed in writing as a medium of human connection and peaceful self-expression.
You can learn more about Mae and read some of her work at her personal website. Welcome, Mae!
Category: Uncategorized Tags: ICOA board, intern, Ithaca College, Mae McDermott
Posted on December 26, 2020 by ithacacityofasylum
On Christmas Day 2018, Pedro X. Molina, his wife, and their two young children traveled from their small city in the north of Nicaragua to the airport in Managua. With just carry-on baggage, they told the authorities they were going to America to spend New Year's with friends.
Pedro was a well-known political cartoonist whose work appeared in an opposition newspaper. Two weeks earlier, the government had taken over the newspaper's offices, as well as those of an opposition television station. After months of increasingly menacing threats, Pedro and his wife decided it was no longer safe to stay.
The officials at the airport let them pass. The next day, the Molinas arrived in Ithaca, a place they hadn't heard of until a short time before. They have been here ever since.
Ithaca City of Asylum paid for their airfare, found them housing and a car, helped them secure proper visas, and arranged for Pedro to teach at Ithaca College. Over the past two years, we have lent a hand with schools, English classes, lesson plans, cell phones, taxes, work opportunities, and a hundred other details.
For ICOA, this not just about helping a family in need. It is about standing up for writers, artists, journalists, and others who risk their lives to say what they think. We are part of a worldwide network of groups working to protect free expression, and what we do in our small community echoes across the planet. Your support makes it possible.
We all love happy endings, but sometimes the world makes you wait. A few days ago, the Nicaraguan government announced that it had formally taken ownership of Pedro's newspaper's offices. Around the same time, new laws came into effect imposing harsh penalties on Nicaraguans who dare to speak out.
With his daily cartoons and tens of thousands of social media followers, Pedro X. Molina has never stopped speaking out. He may not be able to go home right now, but he refuses to be silenced. We will do what we can to help.
We wish you a peaceful holiday and a happy and healthy New Year.
Category: Uncategorized Tags: free speech, ICORN, Nicaragua, Pedro X. Molina
Inside the Cartoonist's Mind
Posted on November 2, 2020 by ithacacityofasylum
Online event Tuesday, December 1, 4 p.m. ET
How do you make sense of a complicated world in a single panel? In "Inside the Cartoonist's Mind: Creativity in Challenging Times," Ithaca City of Asylum's artist-in-residence Pedro X. Molina and nationally syndicated cartoonist Rob Rogers provide a peek into their creative process, from headline to sketchbook to finished product.
The free online event takes place on Tuesday, December 1, at 4 p.m. Eastern Time via Zoom. Register here to receive the Zoom link in advance. BREAKING: If you missed it, you can see the presentation here.
Pedro X, Molina, winner of the Courage in Editorial Cartooning Award from Cartoonists Rights Network International, was forced to flee Nicaragua with his family in December 2018 during a crackdown on dissent. Rob Rogers, a two-time Pulitzer Prize finalist, was fired by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette for his cartoons critical of Donald Trump. They will discuss their experiences, then share their screens and let us watch their creations take shape.
"Inside the Cartoonist's Mind" is organized by Ithaca City of Asylum, hosted by the Tompkins County Public Library, and funded by the Freedom to Read Foundation, which is affiliated with the American Library Association.
All are welcome, but subject matter will be targeted towards an older teen/adult audience. For more information, email ithacacityofasylum@gmail.com.
Category: Uncategorized Tags: cartooning, Pedro X. Molina, Rob Rogers, Tompkins County Public Library, workshop

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


You are here: HomeBailey & Galyen Personal Injury Law Firm ⁄ Blog ⁄ Personal Injury ⁄ WHO MAY BRING A CLAIM WHEN SOMEONE IS KILLED?
WHO MAY BRING A CLAIM WHEN SOMEONE IS KILLED?
When someone is killed and it was the fault of another person or company Texas law allows certain family members to file suit for wrongful death. These family members include the decedent's spouse, children, and parents. No one else may bring a claim. Grandparents, siblings, foster parents, and other relatives are not entitled to bring a wrongful death claim, no matter how close they were to the decedent or financially dependent upon him they were. Stepchildren and stepparents of the decedent may not bring a wrongful death claim unless there had been an adoption. The wrongful death claimants may sue for their mental anguish, pecuniary loss (such as loss of care, maintenance, support, services, advice, counsel and monetary contributions they would have received from the decedent if he or she had lived), loss of companionship and society, and loss of inheritance.
The decedent's estate also has what is known as a survival claim. This is a claim for the pain and mental anguish the decedent suffered before death, medical expenses for treatment of the decedent's injuries, and funeral and burial expenses. Any money recovered by the estate in a survival claim will be distributed according to the decedent's will or, if there is no will, then to the decedent's heirs under the Texas law of intestacy.
When a person is killed by another's negligence and a close relative witnesses the event, that relative may have what is known as a bystander claim. Generally Texas law requires that 1) the person was near the scene of the accident, 2) the shock to the bystander resulted from a direct emotional impact from observing the accident, and 3) the bystander was closely related to the decedent. An example would be a fatal car wreck where a passenger witnesses the death of a relative.
At the law offices of Bailey & Galyen, we provide a free initial consultation to every client. To set up an appointment with an experienced Texas personal injury attorney, contact us by e-mail or call our offices at one of our convenient locations. We will take your call 24 hours a day, seven days a week.


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Home Sport Euroleague: Oriola and Jokubaitis shine in a Bara that runs over Zalgiris...
Euroleague: Oriola and Jokubaitis shine in a Bara that runs over Zalgiris at the Palau | Euroleague 2020
The Blaugrana maintain the pulse for the leadership of the European competition (96-73).
Oriola during the match.FCB
Without Brandon davies, released to play for Uganda, nor Nick calathes, who will be out for six weeks due to an injury to the fibula, and the already known absences of Alex Abrines and Cory Higgins, Bara took advantage of the outstanding performances of Pierre Oriola (13 points, 25 rating) and Rokas Jokubaitis (15 points, 20 rating) to win a resounding victory against Zalgiris at the Palau (96-73). Despite the fact that Sarunas Jasikevicius, surely, should not have been amused by the defensive performances that his own showed at some moments, the truth is that the Catalans took out the steamroller again. (Narration and statistics)
The visitors, despite everything, gave the first blow with a partial of 0-7 that allowed him to get ahead on the scoreboard with apparent comfort (5-11). His affront, so to speak, was perhaps what spurred the ruthless reaction of the Catalans. With Nikola Mirotic at the head, those of Jasikevicius They scored a 19-6 run that allowed them to reach the end of the first period with a clear advantage, perhaps more because of the sensations than because of the points (24-17).
The locals really took the steamroller out in the second period. To such an extent that they may have been a little careless in defensive tasks. Through an inspired Oriola, to which the opportune triples of Sergi Martinez and Nigel Hayes, Bara achieved a maximum advantage of 17 points (44-27) that Zalgiris managed to respond in time to not leave the game completely. In spite of everything, the 52-38 that appeared in the light at half-time did not bode well for the Lithuanians and a new Barcelona exhibition.
The omens were not fully realized in the third quarter. Despite the fact that Sertac Sanli showed off his best assets at times, the Catalans were unable to completely break the game. Zalgiris, however, far from taking advantage of such a circumstance to gain confidence and dream of an at least tight finish, was not able to get decisively close to their rival on the scoreboard either. Two consecutive triples, by Rolands Smits and Jokubaitis, also meant that the locals managed to leave by 19 points in the light (75-56), something that Zoran dragic and Tai Webster, with two separate free throw failures, they failed to cut beyond 75-58.
The authentic comfort for the Catalans, who, once the first scare had been overcome, never really feared that the victory would escape them, came in the last quarter. Between Hayes, Jokubaitis and Oriola they opened a gap of 26 points (88-62) that led to the debut of two young homegrown players: Rafa Villar and James nnaji. The first, with a shot from beyond the 6.75 line, sealed the maximum Barcelona advantage (96-69). The second, despite his dedication and desire, remained on the other hand without scoring and Karolis Lukosiunas, in a final break from the visitors, added four points that would leave the scoreboard in the final 96-73 for the Barça fans.
Reference from elmundo


Hey, you know what's cool? Games from Japan for the PS Vita! You know what else is cool? Not paying a lot for videogames! It just so happens that Sony agrees with me, and has decided that for the next fortnight or so, you won't have to pay a lot for a whole bunch of Japanese games on the PS Vita. Huzzah!
Starting...well, a couple of days ago, a veritable host of the Vita's top wares go on sale via the PlayStation Network, and will go even more on sale if you've got PS Plus. Gravity Rush, one of the platform's best games to date, is even free as part of the PS Plus instant game collection. Other hot bangers like Soul Sacrifice, Atelier Totori Plus, and Street Fighter X Tekken are on sale, too.
And on the week of the 20th, you can pair your copy of Dragon's Crown with Vanillaware's other Vita game, Muramasa Rebirth, along with the likes of Ragnarok Odyssey and Metal Gear Solid HD Collection.
That's a lot of games, and it's not even the full list (you can check that out below). So, Vita owners, see anything you like?


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Chicago, IL (60643)
Sunny skies this morning will become overcast during the afternoon. High 32F. Winds W at 10 to 20 mph..
Bitterly cold. Clear skies. Low -1F. Winds NW at 10 to 20 mph.
Leo High School faculty and staff members Tracy Crenshaw (from left), Lydia Tabernacki, Aurora Latifi and Ashley Glasen join the effort to distribute food from Subway with other volunteers at the school on April 22, part of Leo's efforts to support families and the Auburn Gresham community during the COVID-19 crisis. Leo alumni also created a relief fund to provide gift cards to families and defers tuition payments. (Review photo)
Leo High School faculty and administrators join 17th Ward Ald. David Moore (center) outside the school on April 22 during a meal giveaway to Leo families and passers-by. The school has provided meals for those in need since late March, trying to keep people at ease as they cope with the COVID-19 crisis. The Big Shoulders Fund is supporting the effort. (Review photo)
Leo Principal Shaka Rawls hands a meal to an appreciative recipient. He said supporting the community during difficult times is part of the school's mission. Leo President Dan McGrath praised Rawls, principal since 2016, for boosting enrollment since that time. (Review photo)
Leo teacher Aurora Latifi takes part in the effort in which the school provides meals that can be picked up twice a week. Organizers said Leo families are their priority, and they are encouraged to register prior to receiving a donation. (Review photo)
Leo Lions feed the hungry during coronavirus pandemic
by Kyle Garmes
Apr 28, 2020 Updated Apr 28, 2020
When Leo High School President Dan McGrath recruits students to the all-boys Catholic school in Auburn Gresham, he recruits their entire family.
He and the faculty at Leo are now helping those families during the trying times brought about by the COVID-19 crisis.
Thanks to a relief fund created by Leo alumni, as well as support from the Big Shoulders Fund, the school is distributing thousands of dollars worth of gift cards to school families, as well as hosting meal giveaways twice a week for families and area residents.
The relief fund also allows for tuition payments to be deferred for families who have lost their jobs.
McGrath, of Morgan Park, said the school wants to "help families as a whole."
"Experience has shown us that a lot of our families come from somewhat disadvantaged backgrounds," McGrath said. "If you're a hair stylist, you've been shut down. We have a fair number of moms who provide day care in their home, and they're out of business as well. Bartenders, restaurant servers—there's a lot of people whose jobs have just gone away. It's tough on them. The tuition deferment—we can do that. The meals, the gift cards, that just sort of grew out of a desire to help."
Leo, 7901 S. Sangamon St., is known for its strong alumni support, especially within Beverly/Morgan Park and Mt. Greenwood, and alumni stepped up again to create the Bill Kay Relief Fund, named after Bill Koloseike, a member of the Class of 1945 who died in March at age 92.
Ray Siegel, Class of 1965 and Beverly native, was the "driving force" behind the fund, McGrath said, and contributed the first $10,000 a couple days after schools statewide were closed beginning on March 16. It quickly grew to $15,000.
Since the last week of March, the fund has provided gift cards to Leo families to buy groceries, fill prescriptions or for other household needs.
It also allows Leo to defer tuition payments by a month—or for as long as the school remains closed.
McGrath was humbled when Siegel contacted him about starting the fund. Naming it after Koloseike, who ran Bill Kay Auto Group and was the Leo Alumni Association Man of the Year in 2009, was a fitting choice.
"He was a phenomenally generous supporter [of Leo]," McGrath said. "He backed us for years and years and years. He helped us through some really lean times. He was a champion. He was very, very good to us."
McGrath credited Siegel for contacting fellow 1965 graduates to bring in more donations. That's kept Leo in stable condition financially while providing over $7,000 in gift cards to families.
"We have not had to touch our reserves," McGrath said. "Everything we've done, we've been able to fund through this relief fund—and we still have quite a bit in it."
The Big Shoulders Fund, a Chicago-based organization that supports Catholic schools in the inner city, has financed the meal giveaways, McGrath said, continuing to be a "phenomenal partner" with Leo.
Three businesses provide the meals, including a Subway near the school and Red Palm restaurant in Evergreen Park, which is owned by 1975 Leo graduate Mike Nix and often hosts Leo events.
Red Palm puts together meals of wings, macaroni and cheese, and fruit cups—which have been "very well received," McGrath said.
Families are encouraged to register before picking up the meals at the school, although walk-ups are welcome. Extra meals are donated to Greater Auburn Gresham Development, which distributes them to elderly homebound residents, and St. Leo's Residence for Veterans, which is a half-mile northeast of Leo.
The giveaways are already arranged to continue through May, McGrath said, and will last as long as needed.
During the April 22 distribution, Leo faculty were outside the school offering Subway to passers-by.
"I don't think we've turned anybody away," McGrath said. "We want to be good neighbors."
Leo Principal Shaka Rawls, Class of 1993, said the charitable efforts fulfill two needs—keeping students well-fed and healthy during the public-health crisis, and addressing emotional needs by visiting families in person.
If Leo is financially able to help, he said, it will do that.
"We will never get away from our mission—the mission to service the community during this time," Rawls said. "This is why Leo High School is here, is to provide services for the community in times of need. We've always served the working corps; we've always serviced the working-class families, and this is just an extension of that."
Leo recently hosted a third-quarter honors assembly via the Zoom video-call application, McGrath said, and students are completing e-learning assignments.
Sophomore Robert Smith visited on April 22 to pick up lunch and check in with teachers.
He said he emails his teachers regularly and is staying on top of his work.
"At the end of the day, you can still fail," Smith said. "You're getting work, and if you don't do it, your grade's going to drop."
Leo is expected to enroll over 200 students next year, McGrath said, and enrollment has climbed 40 percent since Rawls became principal before the 2016-17 school year.
McGrath said Rawls "is an effective educator" who "knows how to run a school."
While he is friendly with students, he also commands respect.
McGrath believes Rawls' approach combined with Leo's recent efforts demonstrate what the school is all about.
"I can't say enough about the job he has done," McGrath said. "The kids feel good about being here; their parents feel good about having them here.
"I think by being there for them in a time like this, it really re-enforces that we do care about them and want to help them get through this."
For more information on the relief fund, visit leohighschool.org.
Leo Catholic High School
Dan Mcgrath
Big Shoulders Fund
Bill Kay Relief Fund
Ray Siegel
Mike Nix
Greater Auburn Gresham Development
St. Leo's Residence For Veterans
Shaka Rawls
Brehmer mourned as 'your best friend'
Bar closed for violations of city codes
Five recovering after overdose at bar
Higgins to be honored at alma mater
Police council candidates forum set
Two men arrested after armed robberies
Man exits vehicle, robbed
St. Ignatius wins historic GCAC title
Arrests made after convenience stores robbed
Krga inducted into St. Ignatius HOF
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text:
Hearing Today On Fight Over State Lawmakers' Pay
Filed Under:Arguments, John Cullerton, Lawmakers' Salaries, lawsuit, Michelle Mussman, Mike Madigan, Pat Quinn, Pension Crisis, Pension Debt, Pension Reform, Rep. Tom Cross, Veto
Gov. Pat Quinn (Photo by Streeter Lecka/Getty Images)
CHICAGO (AP) — A Cook County Circuit Court judge was expected to hear arguments Wednesday in a lawsuit challenging Gov. Pat Quinn's decision to stop lawmakers from being paid until they agree on how to deal with Illinois' nearly $100 billion public pension problem.
House Speaker Michael Madigan and Senate President John Cullerton sued after Quinn used his line-item veto earlier this summer to cut money for legislators' salaries from the state budget. They contend that their fellow Chicago Democrat's actions were unconstitutional and violated the separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches.
The lawmakers have asked Judge Neil Cohen to order paychecks to be issued. Cohen set oral arguments for Wednesday morning, but they were delayed until early afternoon. It was unclear if he planned to rule immediately following the hearing or at a later date.
Quinn says he has the authority to veto the salaries. He says if lawmakers want to be paid they can return to Springfield and vote to override his veto, though he acknowledges such a move could be unpopular with voters.
Lawmakers, who make a base annual salary of about $67,000 plus bonuses for serving in leadership posts, already have missed two monthly paychecks.
State Rep. Michelle Mussman, a Schaumburg Democrat and mother of three, said going without a salary is challenging — particularly with the added expenses that come with the start of the school year. But she said families in her district are facing similar challenges.
"It's one of the reasons we have to be especially careful of the solution we come up with (for the pension crisis), to have a thoughtful solution for retirees and also make sure we're not adding increased burdens to our other families," Mussman said.
Outgoing House Republican Leader Tom Cross said he's heard from members who've said working without pay has been a hardship and there have been "healthy expenses" in his household with a daughter in college. But the Oswego lawmaker said lawmakers have to come up with a solution.
"Everybody likes to get paid," he said. "I'm not going to complain or whine about it. We've got to get pensions done."
Lawmakers failed to reach an agreement on how to deal with the pension problem during the legislative session that ended in May. They then voted to form a bipartisan committee to tackle the issue. That group has said it's working toward a solution but has not yet issued a recommendation. Any proposal pitched by the 10-member committee would have to be approved by both chambers of the Legislature and Quinn.
Among the ideas being considered by the committee is cutting automatic cost-of-living increases for retirees and basing retirement benefits on the salary earned over a state worker's career, rather than on the larger salary earned at the end of their career. Public employee unions have opposed that plan.
Illinois has the worst-funded public pension systems of any state in the nation, largely because for years legislators voted to not make their full annual contributions to the funds. That annual payment is now about $6 billion, which amounts to about one-fifth of the state's general fund budget.
(TM and © Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Julius Oppermann (* 9. Juni 1825 in Diez; † 1. Januar 1880 in Wiesbaden) war ein demokratischer Redakteur zur Zeit der Deutschen Revolution 1848 in Nassau.

Leben
Julius Oppermann besuchte 1839–1843 das Gymnasium Philippinum Weilburg. Er begann an der Philipps-Universität Marburg Rechtswissenschaft zu studieren. Am 10. Januar 1844 wurde er im Corps Hasso-Nassovia recipiert. Als Inaktiver wechselte er an die Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn und die Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg. Seine Studien schloss er in Wiesbaden am 11. August 1847 mit dem ersten Staatsexamen ab. Danach engagierte er sich in der demokratischen Bewegung in Nassau. Das erste politische Dokument mit seinem Namen war ein Flugblatt des Sicherheits-Comités in Diez vom 8. März 1848 An die Bewohner des Amt's Diez, in dem die Ereignisse vom 2. bis 4. März, als Herzog Adolf von Nassau die Neun Forderungen der Nassauer bewilligte, geschildert wurden.

Er gehörte zum Vorstand des Turnvereins und leitete im Frühjahr 1848 die Demokratische Bewegung in Diez an der Lahn. Am 28. April 1848 tadelte er in einer großen Volksversammlung den "Märzminister" August Hergenhahn dafür, dass dieser die Volkssouveränität bekämpfte und forderte den sofortigen Rückzug nassauischer Truppen aus Baden, wo sie gegen die Republikaner kämpften (siehe Badische Revolution). Das trug ihm den Vorwurf ein, dem Anarchismus anzuhängen. Er wurde ohne Bezüge an das Amt Selters versetzt. Er quittierte daraufhin den Dienst und trat im August 1848 in Wiesbaden die Nachfolge von Ferdinand Möller an; der hatte im März die Freie Zeitung, die nachmalige Wiesbadener Zeitung, gegründet. In der Folgezeit wandte er sich der Arbeiterbewegung zu, ohne das Eigentum antasten zu wollen. Er veröffentlichte in der Freien Zeitung auch einen Aufruf der in Frankfurt versammelten Märzvereine vom 6. Mai 1849 an die Soldaten, sie sollten die beschlossene Paulskirchenverfassung notfalls mit der Waffe verteidigen. Am 10. Juni kamen in Idstein 400 Deputierte aus ganz Nassau zum Idsteiner Demokratenkongress zusammen und forderten von der Regierung, die Nationalversammlung zu akzeptieren, die Beziehungen zur provisorischen Zentralgewalt und zu den reichsverfassungsfeindlichen Staaten abzubrechen, die Truppen aus der Pfalz und aus Baden abzuziehen und für Nassau eine verfassunggebende Versammlung einzuberufen. Oppermann gehörte zu den führenden Personen des Kongresses. Damals war er antipreußisch eingestellt.

Wegen dieser Veröffentlichung sowie anderer Flugschriften und Zeitungsartikel in der Zeit zwischen dem 8. und dem 27. Mai 1849 wurde Oppermann wegen Hochverrats und Beleidigung des Königs von Preußen angeklagt. Doch die Geschworenen, die alle aus Nassau stammten, sprachen ihn im Schwurgerichtsprozess vom 23. und 24. Oktober 1849 in Wiesbaden frei. Oppermann ließ die Verhandlung mitstenographieren und veröffentlichte die Mitschrift später. Ein weiterer Hochverratsprozess fand vom 8. bis 15. Februar 1850 in Wiesbaden statt. Er richtete sich diesmal nicht nur gegen ihn, sondern gegen zehn führende Teilnehmer des Idsteiner Kongresses. Auch dabei wurden die Angeklagten von den Geschworenen freigesprochen. Diese Verhandlung wurde ebenfalls mitstenographiert und veröffentlicht.

Obgleich in seiner Freien Zeitung regelmäßig Anzeigen geschaltet waren, die die Auswanderung nach Amerika empfahlen und das Land in bestem Licht schilderten und auch sein Halbbruder Ludwig Holzhäuser dorthin ausgewandert war, entschied Oppermann selbst sich dagegen. Er meinte, Amerika stehe sehr niedrig in der sozialen Entwicklung, weil man eine Klasse von Menschen, die Sklaven, den Tieren gleich achte. Außerdem glaubte er, dass in Amerika das Kapital die Menschen herzlos mache und man sich nach der Brüderlichkeit der alten Heimat zurücksehnen werde.

Am 20. Juli 1850 legte er die Schriftleitung der Freien Zeitung aus Gesundheitsgründen nieder. Er wollte nun Advokat werden. Die dafür erforderliche Zweite Juristische Staatsprüfung wurde ihm aber verweigert, weil er die für die Zulassung zur Prüfung erforderlichen zwei Jahre im Staatsdienst nicht absolviert habe. Er musste in Limburg und Diez seinen Lebensunterhalt als Anwaltsgehilfe und Rechtsberater verdienen. In Diez gehörte er auch dem Gemeinderat an. Daneben verfasste er eine Reihe Artikel für die Rhein-Lahn-Zeitung, eine 1859 gegründete liberale Zeitung. So setzte er sich publizistisch für die Niederlassungsfreiheit der Ärzte in Nassau ein. 1863 übernahm er zeitweise die Schriftleitung der Elberfelder Zeitung, bevor er anschließend nach Berlin ging. Seine Einstellung zu Preußen änderte sich immer mehr. Oppermann setzte sich schließlich für die "Einpreußung" Nassaus ein und wurde entschiedener Gegner der "Kleinstaaterei".

Schon vor 1866 war Oppermann Anhänger Otto von Bismarcks und von der Notwendigkeit der Reorganisation des Militärs überzeugt. Die Sache Preußens war ihm die Sache Deutschlands geworden. Gleichwohl fand er in der preußischen Verwaltung keine Anstellung und verdiente seinen Lebensunterhalt schließlich als Sekretär der Industrie- und Handelskammer Wiesbaden.

Nachdem sein Gesundheitszustand bereits längere Zeit schlecht gewesen war erlag Oppermann am 1. Januar 1880 in Wiesbaden einer kurzen schweren Krankheit. Eine Halbschwester hatte den Unverheirateten am Ende gepflegt.

Literatur
 Renate Lenz-Fuchs: Julius Oppermann aus Diez: Ein Revolutionär des Jahres 1848. Rhein-Lahn-Kreis Heimatjahrbuch 1988, S. 195–203.
 Wolfgang Heino Struck: Julius Oppermann aus Diez (1825–1880). Zur Geschichte eines nassauischen Achtundvierzigers. Nassauische Annalen 78 (1967), S. 216–277.

Einzelnachweise

Journalist (Deutschland)
Corpsstudent (19. Jahrhundert)
Revolutionär 1848/49
Deutscher
Geboren 1825
Gestorben 1880
Mann
Person (Diez)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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