text:
Quaid-i-Azam's Perception of Pakistan's Relations with India
Iqbal's Vision of Pakistan: A Philosophical and Political Study
Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah was a peace loving person and wanted Pakistan to be a peace loving state with neutral and independent foreign policy. He wanted Pakistan to enter the arena of world politics with the pious hope of 'peace within and peace without'[i]. Even in his broadcast speech from All-India Radio on June 3, 1947, he appealed to all the communities of India particularly Muslims 'to maintain peace and order'[ii]. He had every respect for the United Nations and wanted the organization to work for the betterment of the mankind. He assured complete 'material and moral support' of Pakistan for 'the oppressed and suppressed people of the world'. He made it clear that Pakistan, being a believer of 'the principles of honesty and fairplay in national and international dealings', would not support any 'aggressive designs against any country or nation'[iii].
Quaid-i-Azam also intended to keep 'friendly and cordial relations' with the neighboring countries[iv]. He stated that Pakistan had 'no aggressive design' against its neighbors. About Indo-Pakistan relations he was of the view that the two nations should forget their past tensions and start a new era of peace and friendship. He wanted the two countries to be 'of use to each other'[v]. He thought that the two countries will be needing a number of things from each other and can help each other 'morally, materially and politically' and thus could 'raise the prestige and status of both Dominions'[vi]. While congratulating Mr. C. Rajagopalachari on his appointment as Governor General of India Quaid expressed a desire and expectations for 'real friendship between the two Dominions'[vii].
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah believed that once Pakistan achieves its goal of peace within and peace without, the two nations would be able to live in peace and harmony[viii]. However, he wanted India to 'shed the superiority complex' and treat Pakistan on 'equal footing' and also to 'fully appreciate the realities'[ix]. At the time of his departure from Delhi for Karachi on August 7, 1947, Quaid-i-Azam in a statement expressed his thanks to the people and leaders of India who expressed good wishes for the newly established dominion of Pakistan. At the same occasion he requested the people of Delhi to bury the past and to 'start afresh as two independent sovereign States of Hindustan and Pakistan'. He also wished Hindustan 'prosperity and peace'[x]. In his reply to Lord Mountbatten's speech during the transfer of power ceremonies he sent a message of cheer and goodwill for India and also affirmed his faith in good neighbourly relations with her[xi].
Quaid was interested in building a better future for the people of India and Pakistan. He wanted the people of the two countries to develop cordial relations based on the concept of mutual respect and co-existence[xii]. He considered it beneficial for both Pakistan and India if the two countries would cooperate with each other 'for the purpose of playing their part in international affairs'. He went to the extent that Pakistan and India should enter in defense collaboration 'both on land and sea against any aggression'. But he made it clear that it will only be possible if the two countries can 'resolve their own differences'[xiii]. Quaid-i-Azam had, infact, pleaded for a common defence policy between India and Pakistan as early as in April 1947[xiv].
Quaid-i-Azam assured that the government of Pakistan will take care of the 'life and properties of the minorities' living in Pakistan and 'shall give them a fair deal'[xv]. He advised the Muslims of India 'to give unflinching loyalty to the state' where they live. But in response to all these efforts on the part of the Muslims he hoped that the Indian Government would not act on the advise of 'those who are bent upon the eviction or extermination of Muslims of India by brutal and inhuman methods'[xvi].
Quaid clearly visualized that the subcontinent being an organic unit its geo-political situation called for a common defence strategy and also that if the two could effectively cooperate economically both would benefit. Pakistan as the meeting point of India and the Muslim Middle East could play an important role between the two regions[xvii]. The Quaid was also aware of the fact that the alliance between India and Soviet Union would have a direct impact on Pakistani economy[xviii].
As late as the last week of April 1948, Quaid-i-Azam talked about good trade relations between India and Pakistan. However he thought that it was only possible if the two countries enter into 'normal International relations'. Subject to this condition he could envisage that India and Pakistan should reciprocate in providing 'bonding facilities' to each other at their respective ports Calcutta and Karachi[xix].
Knowing the long history of difference between the two nations in the Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent, there was a question in every mind as to whether the two countries will be able to enjoy good relations. They remembered with recency effect that only few months back Congress had sabotaged the Cabinet Mission Plan when, after their premature jubilation, they came to realize that it will allow autonomy to the Muslim majority provinces[xx]. Dispite the fact that Quaid-i-Azam had seen the Hindus very closely during the last fifty years, he was still hoping against hope that the partition providing independence and autonomy to both will change the attitudes which had prevailed for about a century since the establishment of the British Raj. He was almost certain that minorities in both the countries will enjoy every right in thier respective countries and will be 'made to feel that their life, property and honor are absolutely safe and secure'[xxi]. Quaid, in the face of his sincerity and optimism, failed to realize that the acceptance of partition by the Hindus was not a change of heart on their part but only a change of tactics.
Like most small countries, the foreign policy of Pakistan begins and ends at her borders, particularly at the Indian border. It has been dominated by the fear of Indian aggression. For Pakistan the problems began at the outset of its existence. Quaid, with his rational mind, thought that the demands of both the Congress and the League had been met partially, though not fully, and the two states had emerged through an agreement, secured however reluctantly, so he reasoned that it was time for burying the hatchet and setting up the good neighbourly relations[xxii]. However, Indian attitude remained unchanged.
According to the Indian writers most of their leaders believed that India and Pakistan would be able to come closer and establish harmonious relations with each other. They hold that the biggest hurdle in the good relationship between the two countries was the 'self imposed' fear of Indian aggression in the minds of Pakistani leadership[xxiii]. But a good look into the history of the period makes it clear that this fear was not 'imaginary'. Hindu leaders of the Indian National Congress were on a different wave length. A large number of them considered the creation of a Muslim State in South Asia as a hurdle in achieving their dream of 'Akhand Bharat'. On April 5, 1946, Nehru declared that 'nothing on earth' can bring 'about Pakistan which Jinnah wants'[xxiv]. Gandhi approximately a year later on March 1947 claimed that the Congress would only accept Pakistan 'over my dead body'[xxv].
The intentions of the Congress leadership became quite clear when they accepted the June 3, plan with serious mental reservations. Hindus started propagating that Pakistan will not sustain for long and will breakdown sooner or later and at last will become a part of 'Mother India'. Gandhi, commenting on the plan declared Hindus and Muslims 'interdependent on one another' and predicted that Muslim League leadership 'will ask to come back to Hindustan' and Nehru 'will take them back'[xxvi]. In his broadcast of June 3, 1947, Nehru expressed his hope that probably in this way Hindus 'shall reach that united India sooner than otherwise'.[xxvii] Nehru and Patel accepted the partition with the assumption that by conceding Pakistan to Jinnah they will get rid of him and thus, in the words of Nehru, 'by cutting off the head we shall get rid of headache'[xxviii]. The same viewpoint was promoted in most of the memoirs, dairies and books published by the Congress minded people in the last phase of the British Raj.
Hindu leaders kept expressing the same views even after the creation of Pakistan. Of and on, it was suggested that sooner or later sanity would return to the lesser of the two parallel streams and that they would converge to a point to make the roaring river of one united India[xxix]. However, Nehru and Krishna Menon had stated that Congress had accepted the partition only to get rid of the British[xxx]. On the event of the first independence day of India, Sardar Patel was sure that Pakistan would crash in a short period of time[xxxi]. J.B. Kripalani, the Congress President, remarked that the freedom they had achieved was not 'complete without the Unity of India'[xxxii]. A well known Indian newspaper Amrita Bazar Patrika reported that Gandhi had decided to retire from the active politics on August 15, 1947 and would do something for the Muslims of Pakistan so that he could 'bring them into the Union of India and to restore Indian Unity'[xxxiii].
The Pakistani leadership did not take these threats seriously. They believed that by such idle talks, the Congress leaders tried to hide their defeat at the hands of Quaid-i-Azam and the Muslim league. But it is a fact that had Congress leaders not been confident of the eventual collapse of Pakistan, they would have never ever agreed to its creation[xxxiv]. The Congress leaders believed that Pakistan was bound to collapse and thus tried to hasten the procedure.
Quaid-i-Azam did show his disappointment over the propaganda against the creation of Pakistan[xxxv]. He said that the threats against the sovereignty of Pakistan, from the Congress leadership, will not 'restore goodwill and friendly relations between the two states'. He also made it clear that Pakistan will 'never surrender' and will never accept any 'constitutional reunion' between the two dominions with 'one common center'. He was also sure that Pakistan was established to stay and 'will stay'[xxxvi].
It was not only limited to the expressed wishes of the Indian leaders but they infact did every thing they could to damage the independence of Pakistan. The Indians had a needling sense of frustration at having lost what they considered a natural part of mother India[xxxvii]. In a letter to the British Prime Minister, dated September 28, 1947, Field Martial Auchinleck felt no hesitation in expressing his opinion that the Indian Cabinet was 'determined to do all in their power' to prohibit the 'establishment of the Dominion of Pakistan on a firm basis'. He also made it clear that Indian leaders, Cabinet Ministers, Civil officials and others were also trying to 'obstruct the work of partition of the Armed Forces'. He further expressed that the Indian Government was trying its best to 'prevent Pakistan receiving her just share, or indeed anything of arsenals and depots in India'[xxxviii].
India took a series of measures to practically destroy the independence of the dominion of Pakistan. First step they took in this regard was their influence on the Radcliffe Award which was to demarcate the boundaries between the two countries. The Chairman of the Boundary Commission was openly accused of going beyond his terms of reference and the Award was universally condemned as territorial murder[xxxix].
Quaid-i-Azam declared the Radcliffe Award as 'unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse'. He considered the Boundary Award as the 'latest blow' to the problems of Pakistan. He termed them as 'political award' and not judicial. Still he said that as 'we have agreed to abide by it' as 'honorable people we must abide by it'[xl]. Though Pakistan and particularly Punjab suffered a lot from these awards. Yet, it was due to the hold of the Quaid over his people that they accepted the awards without reservation and did not agitate against it[xli].
It was expected that the partition of the Sub-continent will solve the major problems of the two communities living in the region and that both the counties will accommodate their respective minorities as an integral part of their nation. But the Hindus, who were not prepared to see an independent Muslim state in South Asia, started large scale anti-Muslim riots with the help of the government. The Hindus started killing Muslims and setting thier houses and property on fire. The massacre of Muslims took place throughout India but the condition of East Punjab, the city of Delhi and Ajmair was the worst[xlii]. The modern history had never witnessed such a large scale communal murder. It was nothing less than a war against the Muslim minority of East Punjab and in a number of adjoining princely states[xliii].
Due to the communal riots in India at the time of partition, a large scale migration took place in which millions of Muslims were forced to leave their homes in India. During these riots thousands of Muslims lost their lives while millions were forced to migrate to Pakistan. Within a period of six or seven weeks between August 1, and September 20, 1947, nearly half a million Muslims were killed[xliv]. Lord Ismay, the Viceroy's chief of staff, told the Quaid that 'Delhi itself was on the verge of chaos, Muslims were systematically hunted down and butchered'. Quaid-i-Azam was shocked when he asked, 'How could any civilized government permit such a state of affairs?'[xlv].
Quaid in his message to the nation on the occasion of Eid said that the joy of the day was 'overshadowed by the suffering and sorrow of 5 million Muslims in East Punjab and its neighborhood'[xlvi]. He condemned the Hindu attitude of compelling the Muslims of India to 'declare their folly' for supporting Pakistan and believing in the 'fantastic two nation theory[xlvii]. He believed that a certain section in India was determined to 'drive Muslims from the entire Dominion by making life impossible for them'[xlviii]. He appealed to all the Muslims of the world for 'brotherly sympathy, support and cooperation' for the Muslims of India[xlix]. Quaid-i-Azam also approached the Commonwealth countries for help in ending the murderous raids on the trains and columns of refugees[l].
Quaid-i-Azam was very much concerned about the Muslims in India. He was personally following the latest developments and was well aware of the fact that many of them were living 'as worse than prisoners'. He tried to do his best to have a 'constant communication' with the Indian Government 'on the subject'. He hoped and wished that the authorities in India will do 'every thing possible' for the 'safety and the welfare of the Muslims' and Indian government will deal with the people responsible for all those happenings 'with the iron hand'[li]. The Quaid called upon the Indian Government not to penalize the Muslims of India 'for their help and sympathy for the establishment of Pakistan[lii]. He said if the 'ultimate solution of the minority problem' was 'mass exchange of population' then it should be done according to the 'Government plan' and should not be left to 'be sorted out by bloodthirsty elements'[liii].
Instead of what was happening in East Punjab Quaid-i-Azam urged the Muslims of West Punjab to secure the protection of minorities as a sacred undertaking in accordance with the teachings of Islam[liv]. He considered it a matter of prestige and honor to 'safeguard the lives' of the minority communities and to create a 'sense of security among them'[lv]. He said that Pakistan was to 'maintain peace, law and order' and would safeguard every citizen of Pakistan regardless of 'caste, creed or community'[lvi]. In his broadcast speech from Radio Pakistan, Dacca on March 28, 1948 he congratulated the people of the province for their good treatment with the Hindu minorities[lvii].
In conspiracy with and under the active guidance of Mountbatten, the Indian government launched upon a military grab of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, which should have constituted an integral part of Pakistan[lviii]. Indian occupation of Kashmir was not only an emotional setback but was also a threat to Pakistan's defence, communication and economy[lix]. Pakistanis considered Kashmir as the life line of Pakistan. According to G.W. Choudhury, 'To a Pakistani, Kashmir is not a remote and unknown country; it is near and dear and vital: near in geography; dear in religion; vital in strategy'[lx].
The Quaid did not say much on the Kashmir issue which could be interpreted as his lack of interest or concern in the affairs of Kashmir. However, the legal minded person in the Quaid himself clarified this aspect by stating that he could not 'say anything on the Kashmir issue' because the issue was already with the United Nations and anything he said about the 'circumstances might aggravate the situation'[lxi]. Quaid-i-Azam was very much concerned about Kashmir even before the Partition of the Sub-Continent. He himself visited Kashmir in 1944 and motivated the people of Kashmir[lxii].
When Maharaja through a deal announced the accession of the State to India on the 27th of October 1947, Quaid-i-Azam on the very next day ordered the acting Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Army, Lt. Gen. Sir D. Gracy to invade Kashmir[lxiii]. Commander in Chief referred the matter to Field Marshal Auchinleck. Auchinleck asked Quaid-i-Azam to take his orders back otherwise all the British officers from both the armies would resign[lxiv], which Pakistan could not afford at that time.
Moreover, Quaid-i-Azam planned a conference between Governor Generals and Prime Ministers of the two Dominions, which could not take place due to the illness of Nehru and reluctance of Patel to talk with Pakistani Leaders[lxv]. However a meeting was held between the two Governor Generals: Quaid-i-Azam and Mountbatten, at Lahore on November 1, 1947. In this meeting the former called for a cease-fire in Kashmir within forty eight hours as well as the withdrawal of the tribesmen and Indian troops from the state. He also proposed that the two Governor Generals should be vested with full powers by the government of Pakistan and India to restore peace, undertake the administration of the state and arrange a plebiscite under their joint control and supervision[lxvi]. Mountbatten gave no reply at that time however he turned down all the proposals after consulting Indian cabinet[lxvii].
On the contrary Indian Defence minister announced in the Indian parliament that Indian army would launch a major offensive in Kashmir. Pakistan Commander in Chief, Sir Gracy made it clear that Indian army will not be allowed to advance beyond the general line Uri-Poonch-Naoshera[lxviii]. It was in early May 1948 that Pakistan government, with the recommendations of Quaid-i-Azam and the Commander in Chief, sent a limited number of troops to Kashmir to hold certain defensive positions and prevent the Indian army from advancing to the borders of Pakistan[lxix].
Pakistan's representative in the Security Council made it clear that the Pakistan government has not accepted and cannot accept the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to India. In their view the accession was based on violence and fraud[lxx]. Quaid-i-Azam was himself monitoring the activities in the Security Council and was interested in getting the information about the latest developments on regular basis[lxxi].
There were few other irritants which created bad blood between the two countries. These related to distribution of financial assets, working of the Reserve Bank of India, distribution of military stores and adjustment of trade relations[lxxii]. The economy of Pakistan which was already in flex was further damaged by the Indian refusal to pay her due share. Pakistan which was to get Rs. 75 crore, was given only Rs 20 crore and the Indian Government said that the rest of the Rs. 55 crore will be given after the satisfactory solution of the Kashmir affair[lxxiii]. Indian Government made the undeclared war between India and Pakistan as an excuse for withholding the supplies of arms to Pakistan[lxxiv].
As an upper riparian power, it was India's international obligation to ensure that Pakistan received its legitimate share of the waters. But India, threatened unilateral stoppage of supplies to Pakistan and maintained that it has exclusive rights over the water of the rivers. It was a claim that could not be sustained either on the basis of prior appropriation or equitable distribution[lxxv]. As the majority of the trade of the areas included in Pakistan was dependent on the areas included in India, a Standstill Agreement was signed between the two countries providing no restriction on the free flow of goods between the two dominions and no trade or custom barrier would be set up[lxxvi].
By doing all these activities, the Indian leaders predicted that Pakistan would be left bankrupt and what they failed to achieve through fire and sword, would be brought about by the ruining the finances of the State. They were sure that Pakistan will not be able to counter the economic invasion because the liquid financial resources of the country had touched its lowest level[lxxvii]. Quaid-i-Azam felt that imposition of customs on the borders would 'involve the Hindu business community' of Pakistan 'in serious economic difficulties' and thus many Hindu businessmen would remove 'their business to the Indian Dominion'. The Quaid promised, on behalf of the Government of Pakistan, all possible steps ' for the protection of their well being' and asked them not to leave their 'ancestral homes in East Bengal for an unknown fate in the Indian Union'[lxxviii].
Talking about the difficulties like 'withholding by India of our cash balances, of our share of military equipment and lately, the institution of an almost complete economic blockade' the Quaid was sure that 'all right-thinking men' in India 'deplore these happenings' and predicted that the 'mind that has been responsible for them' will be changed[lxxix]. He said that the external elements were also 'encouraging provincialism in the hope of weakening Pakistan' and trying to re-absorption of East Pakistan 'into the Indian dominion'. He made it clear that those who were involved in those activities were 'living in a fool's paradise'[lxxx].
Quaid-i-Azam believed in honesty, justice and fairplay in every sphere of life. He practiced these principles and expected the others to follow. No wonder that inspite of India's repeated attempts to harm Pakistan the Quaid remained optimistic. In his letter to M.A.H. Isphahani on June 1948, Quaid-i-Azam hoped that Pakistan will be able to solve all its problems because her cause was righteous and she was facing them 'with honesty' and was fighting for 'justice and fairplay'[lxxxi].
The long series of grave and disturbing developments preceding and immediately following the emergence of Pakistan, were certain to cast their ominous shadow on the future relations between the two countries[lxxxii]. Had India formally accepted Pakistan as a living reality from the core of its heart the tensions between the Muslims and the Hindus of South Asia would have been buried in 1947. It is what was desired by the Quaid, who was keenly interested in strengthening human relations between the people of both countries[lxxxiii]. Had the Quaid's dream of co-cooperative Pak-India relations been materialized, the region would never have been a scene of conflicts.
[i] Speech at the inauguration of the Pakistan Broadcasting service, Karachi: August 15, 1947 in Rafique Afzal, ed., Speeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah (Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1976) p.429.
[ii] Broadcast Speech from All India Radio, New Delhi: June 3, 1947 in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan (Islamabad: Services Book Club, 1989) p.13.
[iii] Broadcast talk to the People of the United States of America: February 1948 in Ibid., p.158.
[iv] Speech at the inauguration of the Pakistan Broadcasting service, Karachi: August 15, 1947 in Rafique Afzal, ed., Speeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, p.429.
[v] Press Conference at New Delhi: July 14, 1947 in Ibid., p.423.
[vi] Interview to Duncan Hooper, Correspondent of Reuter: October 25, 1947, in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.82.
[vii] Message to Mr. C. Rajagopalachari on his appointment as the Governor General of the Indian Dominion: May 5, 1948 in Afzal, ed., Speeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, p.464.
[viii] Z.A. Suleri, My Leader (Lahore: Publishers Progressive Papers Ltd., 1982) p.290.
[ix] Interview to De Eric Streiff, Correspondent of Neue Zurcher Zeitung: March 11, 1948 in Afzal, ed., Speeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, p.459.
[x] Statement on the Eve of his departure for Karachi: August 7, 1947 in Ibid., p.428.
[xi] Sharif al-Mujahid, 'India – Pakistan Relations : An Analysis', in Latif Ahmed Sherwani, et.al, Foreign Policy of Pakistan An Analysis (Karachi: The Allies Book Corporation, 1954) p.32.
[xii] Riaz Ahmad, Quaid-i-Azam's Perception of Islam and Pakistan (Rawalpindi: Alvi Publishers, 1990) p.115.
[xiii] Interview to De Eric Streiff, Correspondent of Neue Zurcher Zeitung: March 11, 1948 in Afzal, ed., Speeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, p.459.
[xiv] Deccan Times, August 10, 1947, quoted Sharif al-Mujahid, 'India – Pakistan Relations : An Analysis', p. 32.
[xv] Address to Civil, Naval, Military & Air Force Officers of the Pakistan Government at Khaliqdina Hall, Karachi: October 11, 1947 in Jamil-ud-din Ahmad, ed., Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah, Vol. II (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1976) p.420.
[xvi] Ibid.
[xvii] Suleri, My Leader, p.291.
[xviii] Ibid., p.292.
[xix] Speech in reply to the Address presented by the Karachi Chamber of Commerce: April 27, 1948 in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.252.
[xx] Sharif al-Mujahid, 'India – Pakistan Relations : An Analysis', p.32.
[xxi] Interview to Duncan Hooper, Correspondent of Reuter: October 25, 1947, in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.82.
[xxii] Sharif al-Mujahid, 'India – Pakistan Relations : An Analysis', p.31.
[xxiii] Kalim Bahadur, 'India and Pakistan', in Verinder Gover, ed., International Relations and the Foreign Policy of India, Vol.II (New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1992) p.684.
[xxiv] E.W.R. Lumby, The Transfer of Power in India, p.78 quoted S.M. Burke, Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policy (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1975) p.57.
[xxv] Abul Kalam Azad, India Wins Freedom (Bombay: Orient Longmans, 1959) p.218.
[xxvi] New York Herald Tribune (New York, June 5, 1947)
[xxvii] H.V. Hodson, The Great Divide (London: Hutchinson, 1969) p. 315.
[xxviii] Allan Campbell-Jonson, Mission with Mountbatten, p.98, quoted S.K. Majumdar, Jinnah and Gandhi (Lahore: People's Publishing House, 1976) p.259.
[xxix] Sharif al-Mujahid, 'India – Pakistan Relations : An Analysis', p.33.
[xxx] Statesman, October 14, 1947 quoted S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan's Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1989) p.9.
[xxxi] Azad, India Wins Freedom, p.242.
[xxxii] 'Troubled India and Her Neighbors', Foreign Affairs (New York, January, 1965) p.319.
[xxxiii] New York Times, August 8, 1947, quoted Burke, Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policy, p. 58.
[xxxiv] Sharif al-Mujahid, 'India – Pakistan Relations : An Analysis', p.33.
[xxxv] Interview to Duncan Hooper, Correspondent of Reuter: October 25, 1947, in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.82.
[xxxvi] Ibid., p.83
[xxxvii] Burke, Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policy, p.56.
[xxxviii] Aziz Beg, Pakistan Faces India (Lahore: Babur and Amer Publications, n.d.) p.56.
[xxxix] Ibid., p.52.
[xl] Broadcast Speech from Radio Pakistan, Lahore: October 30, 1947 as in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.97.
[xli] G.W. Choudhury, Pakistan's Relations with India 1947-1966 (London: Pall Mall Press, 1968) p.56
[xlii] Hameed A.K. Rai, 'India's Policy Towards Pakistan', in Hameed A.K. Rai, ed., Readings in Pakistan's Foreign Policy, Vol. I (Lahore: Aziz Publishers, n.d.) p.314.
[xliii] Choudhury, Pakistan's Relations with India 1947-1966, p.41.
[xliv] Ibid., p.42.
[xlv] Lord Ismay, Memories, p.436 quoted Ibid., p.43.
[xlvi] Message to the Nation on the occasion of Eid-ul-Azha: October 24, 1947 in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.80.
[xlvii] Interview to Duncan Hooper, Correspondent of Reuter: October 25, 1947, in Ibid., p.83.
[xlviii] Address to Civil, Naval, Military & Air Force Officers of the Pakistan Government at Khaliqdina Hall, Karachi: October 11, 1947 in Ibid., p.77.
[xlix] Message to the Nation on the occasion of Eid-ul-Azha: October 24, 1947 in Ibid., p.80.
[l] Burke and Ziring, Pakistan's Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis, p.48.
[li] Statement Issued September 15, 1947 in Afzal, ed. Speeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, pp.436-37.
[lii] Riaz, Quaid-i-Azam's Perception of Islam and Pakistan, p.118.
[liii] Address to Civil, Naval, Military & Air Force Officers of the Pakistan Government at Khaliqdina Hall, Karachi: October 11, 1947 in Jamil, ed., Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah, Vol. II, p.420.
[liv] Choudhury, Pakistan's Relations with India 1947-1966, p.44.
[lv] Speech at a Rally at the University Stadium, Lahore: October 30, 1947 in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.95.
[lvi] Speech at a public meeting at Dacca: March 21, 1948 in Ibid., p.180.
[lvii] Broadcast speech from Radio Pakistan, Dacca: March 28, 1948 in Ibid., p.210.
[lviii] Suleri, My Leader, p.291.
[lix] Choudhury, Pakistan's Relations with India 1947-1966, p.90.
[lx] Ibid., p.91.
[lxi] Interview to De Eric Streiff, Correspondent of Neue Zurcher Zeitung: March 11, 1948 in Afzal, ed., Speeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, p.459.
[lxii] Prem Nath Bazaz, The History of Struggle for Freedom in Kashmir (New Delhi: Kashmir Publishing Company, 1954) p.198.
[lxiii] Choudhury, Pakistan's Relations with India 1947-1966, p.103.
[lxiv] Alastair Lamb, Birth of A Tragedy Kashmir 1947 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1994) p.99.
[lxv] Alastair Lamb, Kashmir A Disputed Legacy 1946-1990 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993) p.159.
[lxvi] Sibtain Tahira, Kashmir and the United Nations (Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, 1990) p.28.
[lxvii] Alafuddin Turabi, Tehrik-i-Azadi-i-Kashmir Manzil Ba Manzil (Lahore: Al Badr Publications, 1992) p.77.
[lxviii] Major Iqbal Hashmi, The Bleeding Kashmir (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1993) p.73.
[lxix] Turabi, Tehrik-i-Azadi-i-Kashmir Manzil Ba Manzil, p.105.
[lxx] Hashmi, The Bleeding Kashmir, p.70.
[lxxi] M.A.H. Ispahani, Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah As I Knew Him (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1976) p.268.
[lxxii] S.S. Bindra, Indo-Pak Relations Tashkent to Simla Agreement (New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1981) p20.
[lxxiii] Beg, Pakistan Faces India, p.58.
[lxxiv] Bindra, Indo-Pak Relations Tashkent to Simla Agreement, p.21.
[lxxv]Mushtaq Ahmad, Pakistan's Foreign Policy (Karachi: Space Publishers, 1968) p.20.
[lxxvi] Bindra, Indo-Pak Relations Tashkent to Simla Agreement, p.21.
[lxxvii] Beg, Pakistan Faces India, p.57.
[lxxviii] Broadcast speech from Radio Pakistan, Decca: March 28, 1948 in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, pp.210-11.
[lxxix] Speech at the Dacca University Convocation: March 24, 1948 in Ibid., p.193.
[lxxx] Ibid.
[lxxxi] Quaid-i-Azam's letter to Mr. Hasan Ispahani from Quetta: June 14, 1948 in Ispahani, Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah As I Knew Him, p.272.
[lxxxii] Mushtaq, Pakistan's Foreign Policy, p.15.
[lxxxiii] Riaz, Quaid-i-Azam's Perception of Islam and Pakistan, p.121.


Internal audit people shall be energetic and powerful, ready for work performance.
Internal audit people shall have competence and ability.
Audit work shall be reliable; it contributes the acceptance of audited units.
Internal audit shall be performed under the internal audit stadard and ethics of internal audit of the government agencies.


text:
Deborah Kay Lee
Ms. Deborah Kay Lee, age 67, passed away peacefully, Sunday, January 15, 2023, in Century, FL. with family at her bedside She resided most of her life in Bratt, FL. She was a member of Unity Baptist Church.
Ms. Lee enjoyed spending time with her family. She loved to travel, and enjoyed baking cakes, and sewing. She loved to sit down and watch Hallmark Movies.
She is preceded in death by her parents, Mr. Carthell Alderman and Ms. Betty Mullins, one son, Shane Lee, two sisters, Lillian Ard, Susan Alderman, and one brother, Jimmy Alderman.
She is survived by her one son, Robert (Debra) Findlay, of Gulf Breeze, FL; four daughters, Mary Amber (Joel) Broadhead, of Bratt, FL; Sheena (Jacob) Carach, of Bratt, FL; Karissa (Willie) Knight, of Walnut Hill, FL; Heather (Michael) Couillard, of Pace, FL; thirteen grandchildren, Skye Lee (Cody) Parham, Lexi Broadhead (Keyshawn Breedlove), Somer (Christian) Coleman, A.J. Broadhead, Naudia Carach, Zach Carach, Aiden Broadhead, Tyler Carach, Peyton Lee, Landon Lee, Willie Knight IV, Lilliana Couillard, Remington Knight, two great-grandchildren, Cason Coleman, August Parham, and other relatives.
Funeral service will be Friday, January 20, 2023 at 11:00 AM at Petty-Eastside Chapel Funeral Home, LLC with Rev. Josh Long officiating.
Burial will follow at Godwin Cemetery.
Visitation will be held Thursday, January 19, 2023 from 6:00 PM until 8:00 PM at Petty-Eastside Chapel Funeral Home, LLC.
Pallbearers will be A.J. Broadhead, Aiden Broadhead, Zach Carach, Tyler Carach, Joel Broadhead, and Jake Carach.
Honorary pallbearers will be Michael Couillard, and Willie Knight III, and Landon Lee.
Written by William Reynolds · Filed Under Obituaries

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As reported earlier, the upcoming G-League Finals at Shanghai's Mercedes-Benz Arena will feature various celebrity appearances. Previously confirmed was big-name rockstar Zhang Zhenyue. And now, a friend of his in rapper MC HotDog, who toured alongside him in the past, has been confirmed to be a headliner at the G-League Finals on March 9.
According to the Gamefy announcement, it seems that they will not only be making 'VIP' appearances, but will also be performing, and even taking on hosting duties for the event. This is pretty big for esports and further illustrates the draw of competitive gaming in the mainstream in Asia, as these two names are quite famous. Let us all look forward to what the G-League Finals will ultimately bring us!
Also, in case anyone was interested in attending the event live in Shanghai, tickets go on pre-sale on Jan 24, and open sale one week after that on Jan 31.
Follow Dotaland on Twitter: https://twitter.com/Dotaland, learn more about Dotaland at the About page.


text:
Daniel Diniz de Carvalho  é um veterinário, professor universitário e pesquisador brasileiro. É professor na Universidade de Toronto, Canadá. Seus interesses de pesquisa incluem epigenética, bioinformática e imunoterapia contra o câncer

Carreira
Formou-se em veterinária pela UnB em 2006 e recebeu título de doutor em imunologia pela USP em 2009 sob orientação do Professor Dr. João Gustavo Pessini Amarante Mendes.

Entre 2010 e 2012, realizou estágio de pós-doutorado na Universidade do Sul da Califórnia (EUA) sob orientação do Professor Dr. Peter A. Jones.

Em 2012, entrou para o quadro de docentes da Universidade de Toronto no Canadá.

Prêmios e honrarias
Em 2010, seu trabalho de doutoramento foi agraciado com o Prêmio Capes de Teses na área Ciências Biológicas III

Em 2020, foi eleito membro "New Scholar" para a Sociedade Real do Canadá.

Publicações
Algumas publicações em periódicos científicos.
 Nucleolar RNA polymerase II drives ribosome biogenesis (artigo científico Nature, 2020)
 Detection and discrimination of intracranial tumors using plasma cell-free DNA methylomes (artigo científico, Nature Medicine, 2020)
 Epigenetic therapy in immune-oncology (artigo de revisão, Nature Review Cancer, 2019)
 TGF-β-associated extracellular matrix genes link cancer-associated fibroblasts to immune evasion and immunotherapy failure (artigo científico, Nature Communications, 2018)
 DNA Methylation Screening Identifies Driver Epigenetic Events of Cancer Cell Survival (artigo científico, Cell Cancer, 2012)
 Epigenetic modifications as therapeutic targets (artigo científico, Nature Biotechnology'', 2010)

Professores brasileiros em universidades estrangeiras
Alunos da Universidade do Sul da Califórnia
Professores da Universidade de Toronto
Alunos da Universidade de São Paulo
Veterinários do Brasil

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Toilets, complete with seats and proper drainage pipes, have allegedly been around for thousands of years. Archaeologists claim that early civilizations knew how to make such sophisticated toilets as far back as 4,500 years ago. However, somewhere in the course of history this knowledge was lost.
In the 16th century inventing the toilet (or more probably 'reinventing the toilet') was, by all accounts, not easy. Early inventors were ridiculed by their peers for their efforts. Most people seemed quite happy to use a chamber pot, or a trench or hole in the ground. Nevertheless the intrepid pioneers laboured on. One of the earliest names in the history of the toilet is that of one Sir John Harrington, an Englishman, whose godmother was none other than Queen Elizabeth I. In 1596 Sir John made a toilet for his famous godmother, who was apparently very appreciative of it. Others, however, were less complimentary and the idea didn't catch on.
The next important name to come to prominence as far as early toilets are concerned, is Alexander Cummings. In the late 1770s he made an important contribution to the development of the water closet by means of inventing the S-trap (a kind of valve under the toilet bowl). At this point the idea started to take off. Patents were applied for in 1777 and 1778 as inventors began to improve on the Cummings design. It took another one hundred years, however, for toilet design to make real progress. It wasn't until 1885 that the design of the toilet was revolutionized by a man called Thomas Twyford, who built the first porcelain loo. (Previously toilets had been made mostly of wood.) Twyford worked in the pottery industry, a sector which quickly caught on to the idea of china toilets. Soon Twyford had competition from other famous British china and porcelain companies, such as Doulton and Wedgewood.
Toilet design continued to be refined, not only in England but also in the USA. Among the earliest Americans to receive a patent for their water closet design were William Campbell and James Henry, in 1875. The following year one William Smith was granted a patent for a toilet in which the water gushed into the bowl thanks to a jet-siphon device. This idea attracted George Waring who went on to develop the idea further, with great success.
By the end of the nineteenth century innovations in toilet design were rife. In the first thirty years of the 20th century no fewer than 350 hopeful inventors applied to the US Patent Office for patents regarding their toilet designs.
And toilet design continues apace even now. The Japanese are the modern world's toilet pioneers. Japanese toilet-making companies compete fiercely to launch new and ever more technically and technologically advanced loos on the market. Today's toilets can do everything from glow in the dark to measure your body-fat ratio by sending a small electric charge through your buttocks! Tourists beware! The Japanese are even developing futuristic 'smart' toilets which will respond to voice commands and monitor users for early signs of ill-health. The information would then be sent, by the toilet itself, to the user's doctor via an Internet connection built into the loo.
And so it seems that the evolution of the humble toilet is nowhere near complete. One has to wonder if the inventors of early water closets, so unappreciated in their day, had any idea where it would all lead in the centuries to come!
1. __________ claim that early civilizations knew how to make such sophisticated toilets as far back as 4,500 years ago.
2. In 1596 Sir John made a toilet for his famous godmother, who was apparently very appreciative of it. Others, however, were less complimentary and the idea didn't catch __________.
3. In the late 1770s Alexander Cummings made an important contribution to the development of the water closet by means of inventing the S-trap (a kind of valve under the toilet bowl). At this point the idea started to take __________.
4. Patents were applied for in 1777 and 1778 as inventors began to improve on the Cummings design. It took another one hundred years, however, for toilet design to __________ real progress.
5. It wasn't until 1885 that the design of the toilet was revolutionized by a man called Thomas Twyford, who __________ the first porcelain loo.
6. Toilet design continued to be __________, not only in England but also in the USA.
7. __________ Japanese are the modern world's toilet pioneers.
8. And so it seems that the evolution of the __________ toilet is nowhere near complete.


The delivery of the first home at The Villas at Rancho San Lucas, Los Cabos was an incredible milestone and we want to celebrate it with you. Have you scheduled your private viewing? Email info@ranchosanlucas.com and come to see for yourself.


ITV's cycling commentator Ned Boulting returns with an all-new production, built with wobbly precision on the edifice of the greatest bike race on earth.
From the cobbles of Roubaix, over Alpe d'Huez towards the grand finale in Paris, Tour de Ned will recreate the gut-wrenching, edge of the seat drama of the race on a stage near you. Boulting will relive memories of the best moments from the summer seen from the sometimes wonky perspective of the man who is paid to watch the telly and shout out names as riders climb, crash, stop for a poo and attack each other.
Accompany the commentary team from motorway service station to the top of the Pyrenees, via two-star hotels in industrial estates and private jets (just kidding), Tour de Ned will bring to life the thousands of kilometers travelled as they unfold alongside the grandest of Grand Tours.
So, prepare for an autumn evening of summer heat as the Tour de France becomes the Tour de Ned for one night only, on a stage near you.


The public defense of NBC's Tom Brokaw derails a much-needed conversation about sexual harassment and sends a dangerous message to employees.
But more surprising than the longtime anchor's fervent denial of harassment is that at least 115 current and former colleagues have signed a letter of support, attesting to how Brokaw has treated them with "fairness and respect" and is "a man of tremendous decency and integrity" who helped many of them advance their careers.
This type of missive, which network heavyweights such as Rachel Maddow and Mika Brzezinski signed, derails a much-needed conversation about sexual harassment and assault that's finally happening because of the Me Too movement. And it sets a harmful example for the many workplaces figuring out how to deal with predatory behavior.
Me Too has been an important corrective to the many false assumptions society holds about sexual assault. The cascade of famous men accused of sexual harassment or violence has exposed the fact that predators are multifaceted human beings. They can tout progressive politics on a national platform, act supportively toward colleagues and dote on their children, friends and partners and still be capable of masturbating in front of or groping women.
When influential players in a workplace openly side with the accused, it becomes difficult for other employees with relevant information or other harassment allegations to come forward.
Franken had at least admitted to and apologized for his predatory actions by the time his former colleagues rose to his defense. But Brokaw's vehement denial of the allegations, which include groping and forcible kissing, means the letter supporting him sends a dangerous message: that his accusers are liars. The clear subtext of those three short paragraphs is that a man who has treated more than 100 people with fairness and respect in the workplace could not have sexually harassed a few women and that the accused's reputation is more important than these women's word. (Variety corroborated Vester's account of sexual harassment with her journal entries from the 1990s and in conversations with two of her friends.) The majority of sexual harassment and assault victims don't report their crimes for this very reason — fear that friends, family members, colleagues, HR departments or the legal system won't believe them.
An unnamed NBC News staffer told Page Six that employees felt they had to add their names to a document defending a man who has worked at the network for more than 50 years and who co-anchored its flagship news program for 22 years. "We felt forced to sign the letter supporting Brokaw. We had no choice, particularly the lower level staffers," the employee said, according to the Page Six. Variety reported that in a memo, the company instructed its on-air reporters to refer to the letter in any segments about Brokaw.
At this point NBC has said it does not plan to internally investigate Brokaw's behavior anyway, according to network sources who spoke to Page Six.
A letter of support can also come back to haunt its signers, especially if it is issued before the allegations are properly investigated. Since Brokaw's colleagues penned their written defense, a third woman has come forward, accusing him of forcibly kissing her in 1968. After the letter in support of Franken, six more women came forward to describe instances of groping and forcible kissing.
NBC morning show host Megyn Kelly, not usually known for her feminist views, recently warned Brokaw's champions, "You don't know what you don't know." After she and nine other women accused then–Fox News CEO Roger Ailes of sexual harassment in 2016, a few people who initially defended him later expressed their regret in interviews and on social media.
It's understandably difficult for people to grapple with the fact that someone they trust ― whether it's a celebrity they watch on TV or a friend ― is facing allegations of predatory behavior. But mounting a premature defense of the accused is not the solution. As the Me Too movement is encouraging more women to come forward and forcing workplaces to take their complaints seriously, a letter supporting an alleged sexual predator enforces their silence.


text:
Q: Are square tiled surfaces dense in the moduli space of translation surfaces? I'm reading the survey "An introduction to Veech surfaces" by Pascal Hubert and Thomas Schmidt.
At page 19 they state "In any fixed stratum, the set of square-tiled surfaces of that stratum is dense.". The reason should be that in the coordinates for the moduli space of translation surfaces given by the period map (integration of the 1-form on relative periods) the coordinates of the translation surfaces are exactly $\mathbb{Q}+i\mathbb{Q}$. So the assertion follows because of the density of $\mathbb{Q}$ in $\mathbb{R}$.
Well, it's hard for me to believe in Hubert and Schmidt's assertion.
Isn't it true that the square tiled surfaces are the "integer points" of the moduli space of translation surfaces? If I have a translation surface tiled by squares with the side of length one, isn't it true that the relative periods are contained in $\mathbb{Z}+i\mathbb{Z}$?
So my questions are:
Is Hubert and Schmidt's assertion wrong?
If so, which are the translation surfaces corresponding to rational points?
Thank you

A:
Is Hubert and Schmidt's assertion wrong?

No, they are correct.  They allow squares where the sidelength is not equal to one.
If you like, we can say that the two translation surfaces $(X, \omega)$ and $(X, r\omega)$ (for $r$ positive and real) are "scalar multiples" of each other.  Then under any definitions, the scalar multiples of the square-tiled surfaces are dense in the space of translation surfaces.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Why study the NPQSL with Ignite?
The National Professional Qualification for Senior Leadership (NPQSL) is a new qualification that provides national recognition of your leadership development and professional achievement as a senior leader.
NPQSL is for those individuals who not only have responsibility for leading a team, but are also involved in leading a range of issues that affect the whole school or organisation. It's aimed at senior leaders, including experienced middle leaders, deputy heads, SENCOs and advanced skills teachers and other staff looking for further professional development but not aspiring to headship at this stage in their career.
The qualification will support you in becoming a highly effective senior leader with the skills, confidence and knowledge to contribute to the strategic development of your school or organisation as part of the senior leadership.
To achieve the NPQSL qualification you'll need to successfully complete two essential modules and two further elective modules, which you are free to choose from a wide range of options. Programme content: Essential modules: Closing the gap and Succeeding in senior leadership (titles subject to change). Sample Elective Modules: Improving the quality of teaching, Research and development in teaching, Effective whole-school management, School self evaluation, Leading professional development, Leading change for improvement, Leading in diverse system, Effective partnership working. Commitment: Each module requires up to 50 hours of blended learning. This typically consists of workplace learning, face-to-face activity, including peer and facilitated learning, reading, reflection and online learning.
Modular method of study that combines core academic elements and peer collaborative learning.
Opportunity to engage in a school improvement task in your home school, over the duration of the programme.
Final assessment task providing evidence of your learning during the programme and its application to an actual school improvement activity.
The cost of the NPQSL is £1200.
If your school qualifies for a NCTL Scholarship you may be eligible for a contribution toward the cost of the programme – see below. Places are not limited but the number of scholarships available each year is restricted by the NCTL. Scholarships are allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.


The senior had 200 combined yards leading the Wildcats to a 40-14 win over Paola. DeSoto is now 4-0 on the season.
Bello picked off a pass and returned 90 yards for a touchdown in the Wildcats 21-14 win over rival Rockhurst in a big Missouri Class 6 showdown.


Snapshot does not detect my tables, it stops the restoration, what can I do?
It does not detect tables on the time of creating new snapshot or on the time of restoring a snapshot ?
For me, it is detecting the custom tables as well (even if it does not have valid prefix) at the time of creating snapshot and also at the time of restoring it.
Please provide more details and also enable support staff access from WPMU DEV -> Support -> Support Access -> Grant Support Access or see this manual.
I tried to do the WordPress update 4.5.1 and now I have a lots of problems.
I am unable to access your website due the following fatal error.
Please let me know when your website is ready to be accessed so I can login and see the issue.
Its recommended to turn off all plugin first and then update WordPress. Also, don't forget to update all of your plugins to make sure they are compatible with the latest WordPress version.


On the final day of the World Urban Forum 9 – and in the company of a solid group of committed and excited partners – the Cities Programme launched its innovative partnered system to develop high impact projects to advance the Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda (NUA).
A big moment for Cities Programme Director, Michael Nolan.
Cities Programme Director, Michael Nolan spoke warmly of the support of partners across the United Nations Global Compact, the UN system and private sector that had made the initial global offer of the 'City Partnerships Challenge' possible.
"City governments cannot be left to shoulder these global challenges alone. It is only through working with partners like those with us in the room today – from private sector, finance and civil society – and with collaboration at all levels of government, that cities can achieve the sustainable development goals".
Realdania CEO, Jesper Nygård speaking about the importance of multi-sector collaboration and co-creation at the 'City Partnerships Challenge' launch.
"Realdania is a change agent. We (philanthropists) are in a great position to kickstart innovation and to convene partnerships. I believe in co-creation that is built across actors and sectors. Done in a responsible way, working together, we can create a fairer and more inclusive society. We are honoured to be a partner in this important initiative".
Professor Ralph Horne spoke of RMIT University's commitment to global sustainability and the important contribution that universities can make to sustainable urban development.
"Projects need to be evaluated to appraise lessons learnt. Realistic, locally-appropriate metrics need to be set up at the beginning of projects. Universities can bring important measurement and evaluation skills to the table, and contribute to a much-needed body of evidence to support sustainable urban development. As public institutions, they also have a potentially valuable role in project governance – as brokers and facilitators".
Representatives from a number of countries – France, Brazil, India, South Africa, Australia and Indonesia – spoke at the launch and will help to engage cities and others in 'City Partnerships Challenge' in their country.
Our new partner for France, Nicholas Buchoud, President of urban think tank, Cercle Grand Paris.
Nicholas Buchoud, President of Cercle Grand Paris (the Grand Paris Alliance), a not-for-profit think tank for the economic, environmental and social development of metropolitan Paris, spoke about the world metropolitan landscape and his organisation's support for 'City Partnerships'.
"Inequality and socio-spatial disruption in Greater Paris has accelerated and intensified with globalisation. We need to innovate, to harness social capital and to access global financial investment".
Our 'City Partnerships Challenge' partners in South East Asia and Australia. From left: Khairiah Talha (EAROPH Malaysia), Mia Davison and Jane Stanley (EAROPH Australia), Bernadus Djonoputro (EAROPH Indonesia) and Michael Nolan.
EAROPH (Eastern Regional Organisation for Planning and Housing) is supporting 'City Partnerships' in Indonesia and Australia. The Australia Chapter Vice-President, Jane Stanley represented EAROPH at the launch and spoke of holistic approaches to human settlements and the importance of engaging civil society in planning and projects.
The second part of the launch featured case studies of high impact, multi-sector collaboration and was led by Cities Programme Deputy Director, Elizabeth Ryan.
The 'City Partnerships Challenge' will be implemented collaboratively across the world. Here, India meets Brazil. From left: Shabnam Siddiqui (Global Compact Network India) with our Brazil Cities Programme team, Rosane de Souza, Keli Guimaraes, Jóceli Bogusz de Andrade, Patricia Iglecias and University of São Paulo PhD student, Caroline.
Rosane de Souza, Brazil Country Contact Point for the Cities Programme and Co-Director of our Brazil Regional Office (hosted by the University of São Paulo) opened the session that presented Paraná mirando los ODS (Paraná eyes on the SDGs). The project's leader, Keli Guimarães, Vice-President of CEDES (Paraná Council of Social and Economic Development) presented the collaborative, integrated approach that the southern Brazilian state is taking to localise the SDGs in Paraná's 399 municipalities and across all parts of state government. She was supported by the Executive Coordinator of our UN Global Compact – Cities Programme Southern Brazil Centre and Copel Environment Coordinator, Jóceli Bogusz de Andrade.
Shabnam Siddiqui gave an overview of the unique governance framework for smart cites in India which has been led by the Global Compact Network India (GCNI), Centre of Excellence for Governance , Ethics and Transparency (CEGET). Experienced in promoting governance and ethics in business, GCNI has developed this robust framework of governance and transparency for the Smart City Mission of Government of India, in consultation with all levels of government and the business sector. The 'GCNI-CEGET Framework for Governance of Smart Cities' has been well received and training is now being taken up by municipalities and states across the country.
Counsellor of EThekwini municipality brought the launch to a powerful close, speaking of collaboration for urban security and the importance of 'City Partnerships' for African cities.
"It is my humble submission that the official launch of the City Partnership is totally in line with the recommendation of the Safer Cities Governing Council Resolution adopted in May 2017. It responds to the call from cities and local governments for the UN Systems wide approach which (will) allow all UN Agencies to work together in their support to cities and local governments".
"This is in line with (the) agreed agenda of the All of Society approach which cities and local governments are already implementing especially around safety planning and governance with an aim to facilitate local governance as opposed to local government".
"EThekwini Municipality, leveraging from its regional and global responsibility as the Chair of AFUS, Co-Chair of Global Network on Safer Cities, Co-Chair of C40 and Co-Chair of Strategic Planning Committee of United Cities and Local Government (UCLG) would like to declare our support of the City Partnerships and indicate that we will be doing our level best to facilitate the participation of African Cities through AFUS".
Cities, want to know more?
As of Tuesday 13 February 2018, the 'City Partnerships Challenge' has opened to cities across the world.
Cities, towns and regional governments and businesses are able to submit an non-binding expression of interest to participate in this two year capacity building and facilitation program to develop high impact sustainable urban development projects that can attract investment.
Contact communication@citiesprogramme.org to register interest in participating in a webinar.
From left: CEO of Realdania, Jesper Nygård, Michael Nolan, Nicholas Buchoud (Cercle Grand Paris) and Ralph Horne (RMIT).Michael Nolan spoke about the pipeline system of City Partnerships.The launch also provided the opportunity for people from different countries to meet for the first time. Shabnam Siddiqui from the Global Compact Network India meets Portuguese national, Nuno Lopes from the United Nations University....smiles of agreement from Nicholas Buchoud, Ralph Horne and Michael Nolan, listening to Jesper Nygård present.Realdania CEO, Jesper Nygård speaks of Realdania's objectives in supporting the 'City Partnerships Challenge' and everyone getting to work - "the world was built one project at a time".RMIT is a lead partner in the City Partnerships Challenge.New colleagues from Africa, two Mayors from Swaziland, meet Michael Nolan.Michael Nolan meets potential French partner, François Libeu from Hendy Plan.Partners preparing to present: Keli Guimãraes from the Paraná Council of Social and Economic Development and Shabnam Siddiqui, from Centre of Excellence for Governance, Ethics and Transparency (CEGET), Global Compact Network India.Michael Nolan speaking about the leading collaborative network model to address urban poverty and inequity model from Porto Alegre, Brazil.Our Cities Programme teams from Australia and Brazil (from left): Jane Mullett, Joana Correia, Rosane de Souza, Elizabeth Ryan, Michael Nolan, Keli Guimaraes, Joceli Bogusz de Andrade, Patricia Iglecias and Caroline from USP.Shabnam Siddiqui, Director of the Centre of Excellence for Governance, Ethics and Transparency (CEGET), Global Compact Network India gave a compelling presentation on the collaborative development of the Governance Framework for Smart Cities.Partners from around the world joined with us for the launch. Pictured from left: Jane Stanley from EAROPH Australia; Caroline and Patricia Iglecias from the University of São Paulo, Brazil; and Counselor Khuzwayo from eThekwini Municipality in South Africa.The power of partnerships is the networks, connections and knowledge that key organisations bring with them. This slide is an image of Cercle Grande Paris's partners.


Rotor KAPIC cranks are the Spanish cycling component maker's lightest and stiffest MTB cranks. The KAPIC name is homage to South Africa's Cape Epic MTB stage race, one of the most prestigious marathon stage races in the world.
The post Rotor KAPIC Cranks Review appeared first on Mountain Bike Review.
The post Vittoria Bicycle Tires Testimonial – Martello, Mezcal, Terreno – Sponsored Content appeared first on Mountain Bike Review.
The Goodyear Escape is billed as a capable all-conditions trail tire available in a wide range of sizes. Find out how it fared in this Mtbr test.
The post Goodyear Escape Tire Review appeared first on Mountain Bike Review.
Our friends at Jenson USA always have some great deals on offer and this week is no exception. Check out these smoking sales and get them before they are gone.
Today, with the launch of X01 and XX1 Eagle AXS, SRAM has gone the other way by adding two new high-end Eagle options.
The post First Look: SRAM Eagle AXS electronic drivetrain appeared first on Mountain Bike Review.
The best cycling computers offer the ability to track fitness and form with integrated heart rate and streaming power, not to mention get real-time directions (and even text messages) delivered to that helpful screen.
The post Best Cycling Computers appeared first on Mountain Bike Review.


Upon being offered the chance to go 'camping' in Sagada with Nissan Philippines Inc. (NPI), I figured participating in the trip would allow me to tick off plenty of firsts from the bucket list; my first time in Sagada, my first time behind the wheel of a Nissan for an extended period and, for that matter, my first time spending a few days with a pickup truck. With all these in mind, I took to the 2:30AM call time at Nissan North Edsa with expectations for each of these 'firsts'.
Sagada brings to mind the cliché images of tall pine trees, being above the clouds, and generally cold climate. These are all true and indeed worth going for, but for people who've actually taken the journey to Sagada, they will never miss telling you one other thing: it's FAR; close to 300 kilometers from the heart of Manila in fact. And while some would shrug this distance off thinking it's all expressway, the fact is that half of that distance is purely on the twisty mountain roads of Kennon Road and the infamous Halsema Highway. My expectations for Sagada's distance were indeed fully met, having finally arrived there at 3:00PM; a good 12 hours from the 3:00AM takeoff from Manila.
Now I will be honest: I am not too familiar with Nissans in general. Other than the odd shotgun ride in a friend's drift-spec Silvia or the usual spiel about GT-Rs. The only thing I often hear about the cars is their penchant for having really cold air conditioning. It seems that this circumstance would be perfect then, as that makes the NP300 Navara my first impression of driving a Nissan.
Having taken the first stint driving from Manila to Baguio, I got fairly acquainted with the Navara's road manners. Its 2.5L diesel motor, while not the largest displacement in its segment, yields more than enough torque, allowing for easy overtaking on the leftmost lanes of NLEX. The range-topping VL trimmed unit we were provided also gets the 7-speed automatic gearbox which helps keep the powerband where it needs to be at all times.
Now, power and torque is definitely something to look at with cars from the diesel/pickup segment, but beyond that there was something else that piqued my interest as I took on the long highway drive; the Navara's ride comfort.
When they said I would be driving a pickup truck all the way to Sagada, to say that I've set the bar for ride comfort at about the height of a ruler should be pretty safe. Especially without weight on the bed, pickup trucks are infamously known for having the most jarring of rides. Thanks to the traditional leaf-spring setup for their beds, pickups would often sacrifice general comfort for extra payload capacity. And well, it seems that the Navara isn't a traditional pickup.
At first I thought I was just too groggy and merely 'putting up' with the pickup's ride. But then long past the expressways and up towards Baguio via Kennon Road, the Navara still felt as planted and comfortable to be in on rutted roads as much as it did on the highway. I later learned that the Navara is fitted with a multi-link rear suspension, a layout you would normally find on sedans or coupes instead of trucks. I guess that explains why it feels like any other car as it goes through bumps and ruts.
Our stop at Baguio City consisted of a sumptous buffet breakfast at Café by The Ruins. After a healthy fruit platter and only one round of the buffet — I swear, I'm on a diet… okay not really — we set off again towards the infamous Halsema Highway. Having covered a considerable distance for my stint, I decided to ride shotgun so I could get some proper shuteye… at least, that was the plan.
It seems the road had other plans however. With its tight, twisted corners and nary a straightaway in sight, the Halsema Highway could leave you dizzy and nauseated if you didn't train your eyes on the road. Not that it wasn't a welcome proposition though, I enjoy my fair share of mountain pass driving and having a vast mountain range serve as our trip's background was indeed a highlight of the journey.
Despite looking forward to some twisties, the road was so long that I eventually fell asleep for a good half hour, only to find the convoy stopping over at Halsema Highway's highest point. Standing at 7,400 feet (2,255 meters) above sea level, the highest point of the highway was not even halfway to Sagada coming from Baguio. After a quick photo-op and a good stretch, we resumed driving towards our destination at a rather gingerly pace.
The relaxed pace and the Navara's well-sorted handling allowed passengers to fully appreciate the breathtaking sights of the Cordilleras, as well as giving the photographers a chance to capture the convoy set against the mountain range backdrop. Having driven from early morning till past noon, we eventually found ourselves in Sagada by around 3:00PM. While we were relieved that we finally arrived at Rock Inn hotel, it appears the guys at NPI had other plans for the night's accommodations.
After a quick break at the hotel we then proceeded up to Kiltepan Peak, perhaps the most recognized camping area in Sagada. Upon our arrival, dozens of tents, chairs, and even a campfire had already been set up for us, courtesy of Coleman. Thanks to their sizeable tents, sleeping bags, and air beds, our evening's rest was very swell despite the fact that we were outdoors.
Day two was a pretty lax one. Apart from a visit to Ganduyan Museum and the Hanging Coffins, we pretty much had the afternoon to ourselves. That said, we took our Navara out to explore Sagada and find good places to shoot. We eventually ended up at Lake Danum, a small and shallow pond that turns into an orange hue during summer and green during the rainy season. Seeing as we're barely approaching summer, the 'lake' was in pretty much the same shade as our Savannah Yellow test unit. With not enough light left for more photos, we called it a day and retreated to Rock Inn for dinner and snacks over a campfire.
Our last day returning to Manila just further cemented what I thought about the Navara. Being able to drive at our own pace back, the Navara was able to further prove that it is a contendable choice for people who would see a car as a lifestyle choice rather than purely a workhorse. Its comfort, easily accessible powerband, and overall capacity to lug equipment like camping gear around makes the perfect mixture for a truck you can live with — especially on long drives. Thanks to Nissan's showcasing of its pickup offering's broad talents, it's safe to say their products now have a good impression in my book.


text:
Things to do in Palm Beach Gardens: Downtown Collective x Fitness; Pluck You!; Village 5K
Jodie Wagner
Things to do in Palm Beach Gardens:
1. Downtown Collective x Fitness: Downtown Palm Beach Gardens will host the first of its Downtown Collective x Fitness series Friday morning at Downtown Park.
A socially distanced Fitness for Making Strides class will be held at 9 a.m. Participants are asked to bring a yoga mat or towel and a bottle of water. The workout will have no physical contact.
Admission is $5, cash only.
A Zumba class taught by Joanna Cavalcante will be held Monday at 6:30 p.m. Admission also is $5, cash only.
Downtown Collective x Fitness events include a series of total body conditioning, Tabata and barre-inspired workouts.
For information, call 561-727-2640 or visit https://downtownpbg.com/.
Downtown Palm Beach Gardens is at 11701 Lake Victoria Gardens Ave.
2. Pluck You!: Tickets are on sale for three performances of Pluck You!, an original play that will be presented Oct. 23-25 at the Palm Beach Institute for the Entertainment Arts in North Palm Beach.
The play is a humorous look at the aging process and both the physical and emotional changes that happen to men and women without warning.
Performances are at 7 p.m. Oct. 23 an 24, and 2 p.m. Oct. 25. Tickets will be limited to the first 25 people each day.
The play will be co-directed by Palm Beach Institute for the Entertainment Arts Managing Director Donna Carbone and Broadway veteran Avery Sommers.
Tickets are $20, and must be purchased in advance to avoid any social distancing issues at the door. Seating is limited.
Information and tickets are available by calling 561-743-9955.
Palm Beach Institute for the Entertainment Arts is at 133 U.S. Highway 1, #115.
3. Village 5K Run: The Village of North Palm Beach will host its annual Links 5K Ghost Run as a virtual event this year.
Participants can run or walk 3.1 miles along their favorite path, in their neighborhood or on a treadmill between Oct. 25 and Nov. 7.
Registration is available on the Village website at https://bit.ly/33i0Ccm through Oct. 18. Registration fee is $10.
After the race is completed, participants can send their photos to sbotner@village-npb.org.
Photos also can be posted to Facebook, Instagram and Twitter using the hashtag #Links5k2020. Finisher medals will go out to all who tracked their run/walk and submitted results.
For information, call Anchorage Park at 561-841-3386.
jwagner@pbpost.com
@JRWagner5


Take a look at these wide-ranging variety of metal wall art meant for wall artwork, photography, and more to obtain the ideal decor to your room. We realize that metal wall art differs in size, frame type, shape, price, and design, so you're able to choose plasma cut metal wall art that complete your interior and your personal sense of style. You will discover everything from contemporary wall art to vintage wall artwork, in order to be assured that there surely is something you'll enjoy and correct for your room.
We always have many options regarding metal wall art for your home, as well as plasma cut metal wall art. Make sure anytime you are searching for where to purchase metal wall art over the internet, you find the right options, how the simplest way must you select an ideal metal wall art for your house? Below are a few photos that could help: get as many ideas as you possibly can before you buy, go with a scheme that will not express mismatch along your wall and make certain that you adore it to pieces.
Do not be excessively reckless when choosing metal wall art and explore several stores as you can. Probably you'll find better and more appealing creations than that selection you checked at that first store you went to. Moreover, really don't limit yourself. Whenever there are actually just a small number of stores or galleries around the town where you reside, you could start to take to browsing online. You will find loads of online artwork galleries having numerous plasma cut metal wall art you may select from.
Concerning the most used artwork items which can be apt for your interior are plasma cut metal wall art, picture prints, or art paints. Additionally, there are wall sculptures and bas-relief, which may look similar to 3D artworks compared to sculptures. Also, if you have most popular artist, possibly he or she has a webpage and you are able to always check and shop their products via online. There are also designers that offer electronic copies of the works and you available to only have printed out.
One more point you have to keep in mind in selecting metal wall art is that it should never inharmonious together with your wall or in general interior decoration. Understand that you are getting these art parts for you to boost the aesthetic appeal of your home, perhaps not create chaos on it. You possibly can pick something that may involve some comparison but do not pick one that is extremely at chances with the decoration.
It's not necessary to purchase metal wall art just because a some artist or friend said it truly is good. One thing that we often hear is that beauty will be subjective. Whatever may possibly look amazing to other people may not necessarily be the type of thing that you like. The best qualification you should use in purchasing plasma cut metal wall art is whether thinking about it makes you're feeling comfortable or excited, or not. When it does not impress your feelings, then it may be better you find at other metal wall art. After all, it will be for your home, perhaps not theirs, therefore it's great you move and select something which appeals to you.
Nothing changes a interior such as for instance a lovely little bit of plasma cut metal wall art. A watchfully opted for poster or print may elevate your environments and change the sensation of a space. But how will you discover the good item? The metal wall art will be as unique as individuals design. This means there are hassle-free and rapidly principles to choosing metal wall art for the house, it really must be something you prefer.
Once you discover the parts of metal wall art you love designed to compatible splendidly with your decoration, whether that is coming from a famous artwork gallery or others, do not let your enthusiasm get the higher of you and hang the piece the moment it arrives. That you do not desire to get a wall filled with holes. Plan first where it'd place.
Whatever room or living area that you're remodelling, the plasma cut metal wall art has figures that'll fit what you want. Have a look at a large number of images to develop into prints or posters, featuring common themes for example panoramas, landscapes, culinary, animals, city skylines, and abstract compositions. With the addition of groupings of metal wall art in different shapes and dimensions, along with different wall art, we included interest and identity to the room.
Have you been trying to find approaches to beautify your space? Art stands out as an excellent solution for tiny or huge places likewise, offering any interior a completed and polished visual appearance in minutes. If you need ideas for designing your space with plasma cut metal wall art before you get your goods, you can look for our useful ideas and guide on metal wall art here.
There's lots of alternate options of plasma cut metal wall art you will see here. Every single metal wall art has a unique style and characteristics in which pull art fans in to the variety. Interior decor including wall art, interior accents, and wall mirrors - can easily enhance and carry personal preference to a room. These produce for great family room, workspace, or bedroom artwork pieces!
When you are prepared create your plasma cut metal wall art also know just what you are looking, you can actually browse through our different selection of metal wall art to find the perfect piece for your home. No matter if you need bedroom artwork, dining room artwork, or any interior in between, we've acquired what you would like to go your home in to a wonderfully designed space. The current artwork, classic art, or reproductions of the classics you like are just a click away.