text:
HISTORY AND METHODOLOGY.
Participating numerical weather prediction centers.
Verifying TC basins.
Tracking method.
Verifying TCs.
VERIFICATION RESULTS.
Time series of position errors.
Verification in the globe and hemispheres.
Consensus forecasts.
Intensity forecasts.
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TC basins used in the WGNE intercomparison.
Time series of annual-average TC position errors (km) of 3-day forecasts at each verifying TC basin.
The number of verification samples corresponding to the verification in Fig. 2.
Time series of annual-average TC position errors (km) of 3-day forecasts over (a) the globe, (b) the Northern Hemisphere, and (c) the Southern Hemisphere.
TC position errors (km; left vertical axis) up to 5 days by the ECMWF, NCEP, and UKMO and the consensus of the three centers at each verifying TC basin (lines). The verification period is 3 years, from 2012 to 2014. The black dots show the number of samples (right vertical axis).
Scatterplots of 3-day TC intensity forecasts at the WNP (closed circle) and NAT (open circle) basins, respectively. The verification period is 3 years, from 2012 to 2014. The x and y axes show analyzed (i.e., best track) and forecast minimum sea level pressure (hPa), respectively.
Example of a 5-day TC track forecast (up to 3 days for FRA) for (a) Typhoon Halong initiated at 1200 UTC 30 Jul 2014, (b) Hurricane Joaquin initiated at 1200 UTC 29 Sep 2015, and (c) Tropical Cyclone Winston initiated at 1200 UTC 16 Feb 2016. The black line shows the best track, and the colored lines show the forecasts by the global models.
Box-and-whisker plots of TC position errors of 3-day forecasts of each NWP center. The verification period is 3 years, from 2012 to 2014, and the verifying TCs include all TCs over the globe. The red point is the mean value; the box indicates the 25th and 75th percentiles of the error distribution. The top and bottom whiskers indicate the largest and smallest values, respectively.
WGNE Intercomparison of Tropical Cyclone Forecasts by Operational NWP Models: A Quarter Century and Beyond
Munehiko Yamaguchi1, Junichi Ishida2, Hitoshi Sato2, and Masayuki Nakagawa3
1 Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
| 2 Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| 3 Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0133.1
Tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts of operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models have been compared and verified by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) under an intercomparison project of the Working Group on Numerical Experimentation (WGNE) since 1991. This intercomparison has promoted validation of the global models in the tropics and subtropics. The results have demonstrated a steady increase in the global models' ability to predict TC positions over the past quarter century.
The intercomparison study started from verification for TCs in the western North Pacific basin with three global models. Up to the present date, the verification has been extended to all ocean basins where TCs regularly occur, and 12 global models participated in the project. In recent years, the project has been extended to include verification of intensity forecasts and forecasts by regional models.
This intercomparison project has seen a significant improvement in TC track forecasts, both globally and in each TC basin. In the western North Pacific, for example, we have succeeded in obtaining an approximately 2.5-day lead-time improvement. The project has also demonstrated the benefits of multicenter track forecasts (i.e., consensus forecasts). Finally, the paper considers future challenges to TC track forecasting by NWP models that have been identified at the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO's) Eighth International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (IWTC-8). We discuss the priorities and key issues in further improving the accuracy of TC track forecasts, reducing cases of large position errors, and enhancing the use of ensemble information.
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Munehiko Yamaguchi, myamagu@mri-jma.go.jp
A supplement to this article is available online (10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0133.2).
Tropical cyclone track forecasts by operational numerical weather prediction models have greatly improved over the last quarter century, but there still exist challenges such as forecast busts and the enhanced use of ensembles.
The Working Group on Numerical Experimentation (WGNE; www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/rescrosscut/resdept_wgne.html), jointly established by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Joint Scientific Committee (JSC) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS), has the responsibility of fostering the development of atmospheric circulation models for use in weather, climate, water, and environmental prediction on all time scales and diagnosing and resolving shortcomings. The WGNE has promoted various international research projects including the Drag project (Sandu et al. 2016), the Grey Zone project (Tomassini et al. 2017), and intercomparison of precipitation forecasts by operational global models (Ebert et al. 2003).
At the eighth session of the WGNE in 1992, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) presented verification results of tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts of operational global models by three numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers: JMA, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and the Met Office (UKMO; Muroi and Sato 1994). The WGNE recognized the importance of such a model validation study, especially for understanding the performance of the global models in the tropics and subtropics, and therefore encouraged the continuation of the verification. Since then, JMA has been reporting the latest verification results at every WGNE session (WCRP 1993; Tsuyuki et al. 2002; Ishida 2016).
The first verification was for TCs generated over the western North Pacific (WNP) basin in 1991 with the above three NWP global models. As the project has continued, the verification regions have been extended to cover all TC basins over the world, and currently, 12 global models are participating in the intercomparison. The verification components include the annual-average TC position errors, the systematic biases in the north–south and east–west as well as the along- and cross-track directions, and the systematic errors common to all/most global models (e.g., forecast busts), which are difficult to identify by verification done at each center. In addition, the TC intensity forecasts and TC position errors by regional models have also come to be verified under the project.
As the WGNE marks 25 years since the inauguration of this intercomparison, it is an opportune time to review the achievements of the project and how much the accuracy of TC track forecasts by the global models has improved in each TC basin and over the globe. The history of the project and methodology of the verification are presented in the second section. The third section describes the verification results, including the time series of annual average position errors, the impact of consensus forecasts, and the scatter diagrams of intensity forecasts. The fourth section discusses some challenges in TC track forecasting by referring to reports and recommendations at the Eighth International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (IWTC-8) in 2014, and the fifth section summarizes the overall achievements and future directions of the project.
The list of NWP centers participating in the intercomparison is shown in Table 1. Table 1 also shows years of participation, resolutions of the global models, and horizontal resolutions of the data provided from each NWP center for the intercomparison. JMA, ECMWF, and UKMO are the original three NWP centers. The Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) joined in 1994, the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) in 2000, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) of Australia in 2003, the Météo-France (FRA) and the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) in 2004, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory and Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC) in 2006, and the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) in 2010. Note that CPTEC participated in 2006 only, that KMA did not participate in 2013, and that CMA provided TC tracking data instead of forecast fields in 2004 and 2006. As of 2016, 12 global models participated in the intercomparison.
NWP centers participating in the WGNE intercomparison, years of participation, resolutions of the global models (T, TL, and L indicate the spectral triangular truncation, the linear grid, and vertical layers, respectively), horizontal resolutions of the data provided (longitude × latitude), and web links or documents on the configuration of the system, if available.
The intercomparison was launched in 1991 with verification for TCs in the WNP basin. Verification for TCs in the North Atlantic (NAT) basin started in 1999, the eastern North Pacific (ENP) basin in 2000, and the central Pacific (CPC) and the northern Indian Ocean (NIO) basins in 2002. In 2004, the Australian (AUR) and the southern Indian Ocean (SIO) basins were also added to the verification basins, and thereby, verifying TC basins came to cover all major TC basins over the globe. As of 2016, TCs are verified at each TC basin shown in Fig. 1. Note that TCs in ENP and CPC are verified together as the number of TCs in the CPC basin is small.
Citation: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, 11; 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0133.1
For verification, we use best-track position and intensity reported by each Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) and Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (TCWC).
Each participating NWP center provides gridded dataset of the 6-hourly mean sea level pressure field. The horizontal resolution of the gridded dataset differs from one NWP center to another (see Table 1 for more details). A minimum pressure location in the mean sea level pressure field is defined as the central position of a TC. A surface-fitting technique is employed so that the central position is not necessarily on a grid point of the mean sea level pressure fields provided. The initial TC central position is searched and defined within a 500-km radius from an analyzed central position of the TC, which is based on the best-track data. The TC central position at time T + 6 h is searched and defined within a 500-km radius from the initial TC central position. After this, the TC central position is searched and defined within a 500-km radius from the point that is determined by linearly extrapolating the last two positions. The TC tracking ends when appropriate minimum pressure locations do not exist.
Only TCs that had maximum sustained winds of 34 knots (1 kt = 0.51 m s−1) or stronger during their lifetimes are verified in this project. For determining the verification time, even if the intensity of a TC was classified in the best track as a "tropical depression" (a maximum sustained wind is below 34 kt) at the initial time of a forecast, both the initial time and later forecasts were included in the verification. Also, even if a TC declined in intensity to tropical depression status during the forecast period, the forecast was verified as long as the TC was analyzed as a tropical depression. Forecast times when the verifying TC still exists in the forecast but not in reality, or vice versa, are not included in the verification.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the TC season starts from January and ends in December. So the verification in YYYY in the WNP, NAT, ENP, and NIO basins is conducted for TCs generated from 1 January to 31 December YYYY. In the Southern Hemisphere, on the other hand, the TC season starts from September and ends in August. For example, the TC season in YYYY is from 1 September YYYY to 31 August YYYY. Thus, the verification in YYYY in the AUR and SIO basins is conducted for TCs generated during this period.
TC position errors are evaluated up to 5 days at each verifying TC basin every year. Figure 2 shows the time series of the annual-average TC position errors of 3-day forecasts at each TC basin. Note that the number of verification samples varies among the NWP centers as the ability to maintain TCs in the models differs from one NWP center to another (Fig. 3). As the verification samples are not homogenous, there is a limitation of comparing one system to another for any particular year or basin. Although it is difficult to see the reduction in the TC position errors where the annual number of TCs is small, such as in the NIO basin, we can see a decreasing trend in the errors in other basins. Such a decreasing trend is also seen in other forecast times (not shown).
The WNP basin is the original verification area in the intercomparison and where the annual-average number of TCs is the largest among the basins over the world. According to the verification results of the ECMWF global NWP system, for example, the 3-yr running mean of the position errors of 5-day forecasts in 2014 (385 km, the average of 2012–14) falls between those of the 2- and 3-day forecasts in 1993 (331 and 435 km, the average of 1991–93), indicating that we have succeeded in obtaining approximately a 2.5-day lead-time improvement of deterministic TC track forecasts over the 22 years. The annual average reduction in the errors of 1–5-day forecasts based on a linear regression analysis from 1991 to 2014 are 6.4, 10.0, 13.5, 15.9, and 17.5 km yr−1, respectively. These correspond to the annual improvement rates of 2.8%, 2.7%, 2.6%, 2.4%, and 2.1% yr−1, respectively. These numbers are based on the average of the verification results from the original three NWP centers: ECMWF, JMA, and UKMO.
The uncertainty of the average position errors differs among the basins. For example, a significant test for 3-day forecasts with a confidence level of 95% shows that the error bar averaged among all participating NWP models from 2012 to 2014 in the WNP, NAT, ENP, NIO, AUR, and SIO is ±40, ±78, ±55, ±125, ±70, and ±61 km, respectively. The error bars in TC basins where the annual TC number is small, such as the NIO basin, are relatively large.
As has been mentioned in the "Verifying TC basins" section, the verifying TC basins came to cover all TC basins over the world from 2004. Figures 4a–c show the time series of the annual position errors of 3-day forecasts for all TCs over the globe, the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively. Only NWP centers that were in the project as of 2004 are included in the verification. In general, the decreasing trend in the errors is seen not only in the global and hemisphere perspectives but also in each basin. For the verification in the whole globe, for example, the annual-average reduction in the errors of 1–5-day forecasts based on a linear regression analysis from 2004 to 2014 are 6.1, 8.8, 11.6, 13.9, and 14.5 km yr−1, respectively. These correspond to the annual improvement rates of 4.2%, 3.8%, 3.6%, 3.2%, and 2.6% yr−1, respectively. These numbers are based on the average of the verification results from three NWP centers with relatively small position errors in recent years: ECMWF, NCEP, and UKMO. It would be worth mentioning that the superiority of the ECMWF forecasts is more notably seen in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere.
A mean of TC forecast positions from multiple deterministic NWP models, which is known as a consensus forecast (e.g., Goerss 2000), is widely used for operational track forecasting. Figure 5 shows the TC position errors of consensus forecasts (all models weighted equally) at each verifying TC basin. To secure a large-enough sample size, the verification period is 3 years from 2012 to 2014. As inclusion of NWP models with relatively large position errors would deteriorate the performance of the consensus forecasts (e.g., Elsberry and Carr 2000), the consensus is constructed from the three NWP centers with the smallest position errors in recent years (ECMWF, NCEP, and UKMO). For a fair comparison, the number of verification samples are set to be the same among the three NWP centers, which means that only forecast times when TCs are tracked by all three NWP centers are verified (i.e., homogenous verification). In general, the consensus forecasts have smaller position errors with respect to the track forecasts of the best single model, except for the SIO basin. For the WNP basin, for example, the improvement rates of the consensus forecasts with respect to the best single model-based forecasts are 6.0%, 9.9%, 14.2%, 17.3%, and 17.9% at 1–5 days, respectively, and these numbers tend to be larger with increasing forecast times. Though the improvement rates are not as large as those in the WNP basin, the benefit of the consensus forecasts are clearly seen in the NAT, ENP, NIO, and AUR basins, respectively. For the SIO basin, on the other hand, we cannot see the reduction in the errors by the consensus forecasts. This would be due to the fact that the difference of the position errors of the best three NWP centers is large rather than comparable with each other and thus limits the impact of a consensus approach (Sampson et al. 2007).
While the accuracy of TC track forecasts has steadily improved in general, as have been seen in Figs. 2 and 4, forecasting TC intensity accuracy is still a great challenge for both TC research and forecasting communities (e.g., Rappaport et al. 2009; Ito 2016). According to recent studies, however, some progress in intensity forecasts of TCs has been reported. For example, DeMaria et al. (2014) demonstrated that the best available intensity forecast guidance [e.g., Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS)] has shown considerable advances over the last 24 years. Other examples include the development of regional NWP systems using high-resolution regional models, such as the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System for Tropical Cyclones (COAMPS-TC; Doyle et al. 2014) and the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model (HWRF; Gall et al. 2013), and the assimilation of aircraft observations such as airborne Doppler radar in and around TCs (e.g., Zhang and Weng 2015).
As the resolutions of the global NWP models increase, the ability for them to forecast strong TCs is improving. Thus, we started verifying TC intensity forecasts by the operational global NWP systems under the project in addition to the track forecasts. Figure 6 are scatterplots verifying 3-day forecasts of minimum sea level pressure of TCs generated from 2012 to 2014 in the WNP and NAT basins. Note that the horizontal resolutions of the mean sea level pressure fields provided for the intercomparison are different from one NWP center to another. It would be safe to say that, in general, all the NWP models tend to underestimate the strength of TC intensity when the minimum sea level pressure of TCs in reality is approximately 940 hPa or below. Meanwhile, forecast cases where the forecast intensity is stronger than the best-track analysis are more frequently seen in ECMWF, JMA, and NRL than others. It would be worth mentioning that the underestimate of the strength of strong TCs is seen even at the initial time of the forecasts, which implies that the resolution of the models used in the data assimilation and forecast needs to be further enhanced along with development of advanced data assimilation techniques and the increase in the quantity and quality of observational data in and around TCs.
FRA, JMA, KMA, and NCEP also provide the forecast fields of their regional models: Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ALADIN), Meso-Scale Model (MSM), Regional Data Assimilation and Prediction System (RDAPS), and HWRF, respectively. In general, the accuracy of the track forecasts are comparable to that of their global models though the performance seems to be sensitive to a choice of the lateral boundary conditions, but for the intensity forecasts, the root-mean-square errors of the minimum sea level pressure forecasts tend to be smaller in the regional models (not shown).
In this section, we will discuss three future possible directions on the verification of TC track forecasts based on the reports and recommendations at the IWTC-8 in 2014.
One of the recommendations at the IWTC-8 addressed to both operational centers and the research community is to focus on model performance for the most difficult forecast cases and explore the predictability of these events. Figures 7a–c show forecast cases where all/most models have large errors simultaneously [as the data for the 2015 and 2016 intercomparison have yet to be exchanged, TC tracking data for Hurricane Joaquin and Tropical Cyclone Winston are created using The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE; Bougeault et al. 2010; Swinbank et al. 2016)]. Figure 7a is for Typhoon Halong initiated at 1200 UTC 30 July 2014, where all the global NWP models failed in the track forecast and showed a similar poleward bias except for UKMO. Figure 7b is for Hurricane Joaquin initiated at 1200 UTC 29 September 2015, where all the models failed to predict the northeastward movement of the hurricane and showed a possibility of landfall over the East Coast of the United States. Figure 7c is a case of South Pacific Tropical Cyclone Winston initiated at 1200 UTC 16 February 2016. Most of the models failed to predict the westward movement of the tropical cyclone and predicted recurvature toward the southeast. Although the annual-average forecast errors have been decreasing, as have been seen in Figs. 2 and 4, we still have forecast bust cases like Figs. 7a–c. Clearly, the cause of such a large error should be explored, and the NWP system should be improved accordingly. Figure 8 shows a box plot of position errors of 3-day forecasts for TCs over the globe from 2012 to 2014 and the mean error of each NWP center. The error distributions reveal that the values of the mean error are larger than the median value for all NWP centers, and the tails (with large errors) extend very far from the mean or the median. Such a distribution implies that, while the mean error is decreasing, there still exist many cases in which the errors are extremely large. In other words, there is still a potential to further reduce the annual-average TC position errors by reducing the number of such large-error cases. More information can be found online (http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0133.2).
Second, exploring and assessing the impact-based, TC-related warnings rather than simply verifying the errors of TC positions will become more important. Of course, the fact that the accuracy of TC track forecasts has been improving is more than welcome, but the disasters associated with TCs result from damaging winds, heavy rainfall, storm surge, and so on. All of these impacts depend strongly on the track, so we can take advantage of the improvement in the track forecasts to develop and evaluate the impact-based, TC-related warnings.
This might be beyond the scope of the WGNE verification study, but the enhanced use of ensemble forecasts is of great importance in TC track forecasting. As reported at the IWTC-8 (Elliott and Yamaguchi 2014), issuance of TC track forecasts up to 5 days is a standard at the RSMCs and TCWCs over the world (Table 2). When issuing the track forecasts, all the RSMCs and TCWCs are found to have a track forecast uncertainty display with a format of a cone or circle. However, the use of the spread of the multiple dynamical model guidance or from ensembles is limited, and the size of the uncertainty cone or circle is determined based on the track forecast errors averaged over the previous years in many cases. In the NIO basin, for example, a cone of uncertainty based on the track forecast errors averaged over the past 5 years would result in 60% of the observed tracks being within the cone, but the suitability of such a cone varies with different track types (Elliott and Yamaguchi 2014). For straight tracks, 90% of the cyclonic disturbances would lie within the cone, but only 39% of the recurving or looping tracks would be within the cone. Thus, a situation-dependent track forecast confidence display would be clearly more appropriate (e.g., Goerss 2007; Yamaguchi et al. 2009; DeMaria et al. 2013). Since the track forecast is the most important factor in preparing warnings that accurately communicate the threat to the community, assessing the TC track forecast uncertainty as well as proposing more effective methods of communicating the uncertainty to the public would be of great importance and would be one of the challenges to be explored in this WGNE intercomparison study.
Dates that various RSMCs or TCWCs extended their TC track forecasts from 3 to 5 days (third column) and their track forecast uncertainty display methodology [ensemble prediction system (EPS)].
TC track forecasts by operational NWP models have been evaluated in a consistent manner since 1991 under the JSC–CAS WGNE. This quarter-century-long effort is invaluable to evaluate the progress of the operational global NWP models as well as their performance over the tropics and subtropics. Moreover, this intercomparison project has helped foster the improvement in the models through identifying shortcomings in the TC track forecasts such as systematic biases and forecast bust cases.
This WGNE intercomparison clearly shows that TC track forecasts by operational global models have significantly improved over the last quarter century. This improvement can be seen in the verification not only in both hemispheres and the globe but also in each basin. In the WNP basin, for example, we have succeeded in obtaining an approximately 2.5-day lead-time improvement over the last 22 years from 1993 to 2014. In addition, given skillful track guidance from multiple NWP centers, the combination of these tracks (i.e., a consensus track) is generally more skillful over the season than any of the individual NWP center tracks. In contrast to track forecasts, challenges still remain in forecasting TC intensity by global models, though resolution in some of the models has increased to the point that they are capable of representing very strong TCs.
For further improvement in track forecasting, diagnosing and resolving systematic biases seen in most forecast models and reduction of forecast bust cases will be important, as recommended at the WMO IWTC-8. From an operational forecasting perspective, the use of ensemble techniques to provide flow-dependent uncertainty information associated with TC tracks should be enhanced as the need for such situation-dependent track forecast information continues to increase. In addition, we should focus more on exploring and assessing the impact-based, TC-related warnings and make the most use of the improved track forecasts for mitigating and preventing disasters, including damaging winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surge.
The JMA thanks the WGNE and each participating NWP center for the constant support for the intercomparison. The JMA also thanks each participating NWP center for providing the forecast data, RSMCs and TCWCs for providing the best-track data, and TIGGE for providing the global ensemble dataset, respectively. The authors thank Dr. Carolyn Reynolds at the Naval Research Laboratory, Dr. Keith Williams and Dr. Julian Heming at the Met Office in the United Kingdom, Dr. Beth Ebert and Dr. Noel Davidson at the Bureau of Meteorology in Australia, Dr. Grant Elliott at Woodside Energy Ltd., and Dr. Thierry Dupont at Météo-France for providing valuable comments and helping us improve the paper. Dr. Yamaguchi is partly supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grant 26282111.
Supplemental Materials (PDF 822.77 KB)
https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/98/11/bams-d-16-0133.1.xml


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New hi-tech photo brings Rembrandt's 'Night Watch' up close
Posted: Jan 3, 2022 / 06:19 AM CST / Updated: Jan 3, 2022 / 07:31 AM CST
FILE – A microscopic image enlarging a 4×6 millimeter part of the painting on Rembrandt's Night Watch, which will be restored next year in the public eye, is seen on a screen next to the painting at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Netherlands, Tuesday, Oct. 16, 2018. Rembrandt van Rijn's iconic and huge painting "The Night Watch" is now also a supersized museum photo delivered right to your laptop in unsurpassed detail. The Amsterdam Rijksmuseum on Monday Jan. 3, 2022, put on its digital portal what it called "the most detailed photograph of any artwork" ready for assessment by scientists and art lovers alike. It is expected to draw widespread interest especially since the museum is closed because of coronavirus measures.(AP Photo/Peter Dejong, File)
AMSTERDAM (AP) — Rembrandt van Rijn's iconic and huge painting "The Night Watch" is now also a supersizedmuseum photodelivered right to your laptop in unsurpassed detail.
The Amsterdam Rijksmuseum on Monday put on its digital portal what it called "the most detailed photograph of any artwork" ready for assessment by scientists and art lovers alike. It is expected to draw widespread interest especially since the museum is closed because of coronavirus measures.
The 717-gigapixel photo allows viewers to zoom in on Captain Frans Banninck Cocq and see how the 17th-century master put the tiniest of white dots in his eyes to give life to the painting's main character. It also shows the minute cracks in his pupils, brought on by the passage of time.
The real canvas measures 379.5 x 453.5 centimeters (149.4 x178.5 inches) canvas and each pixel represents 5 micrometers or 0.005 square millimeters.
Apart from simply showing the dazzling detail, it will also help researchers restore the work and assess its aging process over time.
The Night Watch will be removed from its wooden stretcherin two weeks and placed on a new one to remove rippling that was caused when the world famous painting was housed in a temporary gallery while the Rijksmuseum underwent major renovations from 2003-2013.
The oil-on-canvas painting depicts a group of Amsterdam civil militia and shows off Rembrandt's renowned use of light and composition to create a dynamic scene filled with characters.
The painting has undergone many restorations over its existence. It was placed on its present wooden stretcher in 1975. Once the painting has been re-stretched, the museum will decide whether further restoration work is needed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Briarcliff Bulletin
Briarcliff High School's Student Newspaper
March Madness Recap 2014
UConn Wins the National Championship
By Owen Lynch
Every March, sports fans and people across the country strive to make the perfect bracket. This year, one of the wealthiest men in America, Warren Buffett, said that he would give anyone who could make a perfect bracket one billion dollars. Despite the life-changing money that one could earn for doing so, no one was able to make the perfect bracket. In fact, after the first twenty-five games (of 63 in the tourney) only three of the 11 million brackets created on ESPN remained flawless, to put into perspective how many upsets occurred early on.
In the first round, of the thirty-two matchups, only eight of the games resulted in the lower-seeded team winning. The most notable of these upsets was number fourteen-seeded Mercer defeating the eminent, well-renowned three-seeded Duke Blue Devils. This game was the game that busted the majority of America's brackets early on. Three of the four twelve seeds won in the first round while two of the eleven seeds advanced as well. Of these upsets, the only one that people were really shocked by was Duke falling to Mercer, A) Because many people had to look up what Mercer was, B) Duke is as aforementioned, a program that is great annually. The other upsets were certainly surprising, but anyone with any March Madness experience knows there are upsets each year; the hard part is predicting which game(s) have an upset in store. What made this year's tournament uniquely surprising was the upsets in the later rounds.
This year's round of thirty-two is where some of the most shocking upsets occurred. Ten-seeded Stanford beating two seeded Kansas was an outcome that hardly anyone predicted. Kansas was without their star center, Joel Embiid, but many people thought next year's potential #1 overall NBA pick, Andrew Wiggins, would be able to carry them past a mere ten seed. Instead, Wiggins contributed four points and four turnovers, the type of stat line that no team can afford from their leader, especially when missing another one of their stars. Other surprising results in this round included one-seeded Wichita State losing to eight-seeded Kentucky; eleven seeded Dayton defeating Syracuse; seven seeded UConn defeating Villanova.
This year's Final Four, consisting of #1 Florida, #7 UConn, #2 Wisconsin, and #8 Kentucky, was unforeseen by millions including myself. Of the millions of brackets entered on Yahoo Sports only 191 people correctly picked this Final Four. The contrast in team styles made for a very interesting Final Four weekend in Texas. Florida was arguably the most consistent team in college basketball in the regular season, earning a one seed with a very well-balanced team across the board. UConn's performance was inconsistent throughout the season. Standout guard, Shabazz Napier led the Huskies this far and has been the catalyst for the Huskies during the tourney, posting a stat line of 23.2 points per game, 6 rebounds per game, and 4.5 assists. Wisconsin is a very-well disciplined, hard-nosed team who is lights out shooting from the perimeter. They are led by center, Frank Kaminsky, whose brilliant performances are largely the reason the Badgers made it to Texas. Kentucky is one of the most interesting stories of the season. The Wildcats were pretty mediocre all season long but made it into the tournament as an eight seed. What's interesting about that? They were preseason ranked the number one team in the nation because of an incredible freshman class. This team led by freshman, Julius Randle and twins Aaron and Andrew Harrison, realized its potential in March.
The matchups for the Final Four were Florida vs. UConn and Wisconsin vs. Kentucky. Kentucky beat Wisconsin 74-73 on an Aaron Harrison game-winning three pointer with 5.7 seconds left to go. Kentucky's athleticism and star forward Julius Randle both played key roles in shutting down Wisconsin's best player, Frank Kaminsky, limiting him to eight points and five rebounds, numbers far lower than the stats he was averaging entering this game. UConn defeated Florida 63-53 after forward DeAndre Daniels took control, finishing with 20 points and ten rebounds. Star UConn guard, Shabazz Napier finished the game with 13 points and six assists. The final was set: Kentucky vs. UConn. In a game where the Huskies never trailed, UConn took the championship on a final score of 60-54 behind 22 points from Napier. This year's UConn run is nearly analogous to UConn's 2011 championship run when future NBA guard, Kemba Walker, led them except this time it was Napier who led the Huskies to glory.
BriarcliffBulletin April 29, 2014 basketball, college, March madness, ncaa, Owen Lynch, uconn
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Level: Atlantis 4 - Where the Depths unfold
Author(s): justin
total rating: 7.92 Gameplay &
Puzzles Enemies,
Objects &
Secrets Atmosphere,
Sound &
Cameras Lighting &
Akcy 8 8 7 6
Boris 10 10 9 9
CC 7 7 7 7
Cuqui 9 9 10 9
Dimpfelmoser 8 7 7 7
DJ Full 7 9 9 8
eRIC 9 9 10 8
eTux 8 7 7 5
Freeman Porter 9 9 8 8
G.Croft 10 9 9 10
Gerty 7 7 7 6
Jose 7 7 8 8
Kristina 8 8 8 8
Leeth 3 5 4 3
Loupar 7 7 8 7
Magnus 7 7 8 9
MichaelP 8 8 10 8
Miya 5 7 6 6
Navi 9 8 8 8
Nomad 6 8 9 8
Phil 9 9 9 9
RaiderGirl 9 9 10 9
Ryan 7 7 8 7
Sash 8 10 9 9
Tombaholic 10 10 9 9
Tombraidergirl 9 9 9 8
Treeble 9 9 10 10
Xxenofex 9 8 10 9
Zhyttya 5 6 5 3
category averages
(29 reviews) 7.83 8.03 8.21 7.62
Reviewer's comments
"As always in case of a multiparter with a single plot I rate all parts equal but highlight merits and flaws of each part. Where do I begin... this levelset starts and develops great, has all the basics done simple and effective, and the sceneries are not so over the rainbow but consistently comfy, until the third level brings it on to the epic level and the interconnected canopic episode forms the peak of immersion. Unfortunately the more you play from there onwards, the more glitches and chances of softlock you encounter, especially in the the actual Atlantis part - so the game felt like worth playing the beginning, absolutely worth to play the middle and not so much pleasant to play the ending, which is the opposite and unfortunately worse variant of the same impression I got in Barkhang's Nostalgy. Both games were simply too good to be left in such a poor beta, or even alpha state, and would be absolutely immersive if only polished enough - why to design seriously organic bits and unique places to make a player struggle. Pleeeease, please, and it's aimed at every single builder... just don't leave your stuff half-baked because it takes very little to ruin a lot of effort, and unluckily there's a lot of little here." - DJ Full (12-Nov-2018)
"After the high points of the previous levels, I have mixed opinions about this fourth section. I liked the atmosphere in the Atlantis environment which was really helped by the animated, pulsating textures and the creatures that burst out of the pods. But, it was just a bit too dark in a few areas, not irritatingly but enough that I used quite a few flares. I also wasn't a fan of the earthquakes or the trial and error chain puzzle that I somehow managed solve using two blocks only. Nevertheless, it's still quite fun and now Lara has to get out of there!" - Ryan (27-May-2017)
"I couldn't enjoy this level at all because of its bugs, some of them mentioned in the readme. It was going well until the labyrinth part came up. I got confused because of the textures disappearing, but it was not that big of a deal. And then the irritating chain puzzle part emerged, which took me near an hour to finish and I still have no idea how I did it. Like the other reviewers said I tried to pull every chain until the last block should be lowered but the puzzle kept returning to its beginning. In the meantime game kept crashing and the correct chain was near always the last one possible to pull, I guess Murphy's law was all over me. I looked at the walkthrough but unless I couldn't figure out the written directions it still didn't do the trick. I kept trying until I made it, somehow. And on top of these I couldn't finish the level because I opened the door that led upstairs earlier and couldn't make it open again. Sadly bugs happen and it is nobody's fault. The level would be good had it been bug free, it had good level design, a spooky atmosphere and fun traps. Maybe less levers would be better, though." - Nomad (19-Apr-2016)
"Unfortunately, in my opinion and experience, Atlantis 4 didn't make things any better, if not worse in some aspects. I enjoyed the recreation of the Atlantis atmosphere from TR1, i was intrigued by it at the beginning but soon started to disappointing me. As we approach the maze, the textures start to glitch out. Now this happened a few times on Atlantis 3, but it was short and easily avoidable but here it was just impossible not to "activate it" and soon i started to get headache (at least you can solve the maze pretty easily as you can see everything when the textures glitch out). The lightening was horrible at most part of the level, i soon ran out of flares and had to resource to the binoculars a lot to see the completely dark corners with no source of light what so ever. I felt that most of the puzzles where "trial and error" ones, specially the one with the chains and boxes, besides bugging out if you do the wrong order, it requires random tries. Personally i don't mind having a few of them like that, mostly there's little room to combinations, but here you have 8 alcoves, with a lot of possible combinations, regarding either the chains or boxes. So to conclude i truly didn't feel any good experience when playing Atlantis 4, Atlantis 2 still remains my favorite so far." - Zhyttya (08-Jan-2016)
"Buggy puzzles that are always crashing if you don't do in the correct order, and those puzzles are trial and error! And some triggers and stars if you don't catch on the first try you don't have how to go there any more,there is no way to go back and catch it and that's just poor level design. This level is a great plan with a awful execution in my opinion. There were buggy textures as well (even if wall-hack is welcome it really gives a big headache), the lighting was awful as well and to help there really is a lack of flares in the level. I'm playing all in order and this is, by far, the WORSE. The puzzles and mechanics are interesting but he's just trying to much and ignored who buggy it can get and ignoring the ability to fail in some cases.. you can get locked without any option to go back to get a star. Sound is repetitive, the atmosphere isn't there (i questioned my self if i was ending the game with some of the music he placed). So if you can just avoid this level" - Leeth (08-Jan-2016)
"I am of two minds about this part, not fond of earthquakes and hate those pesky locusts. There is also a very nasty timed run to do that had me reloading too much for my liking. There are some puzzles here and there is one if you don't do it the correct way, you get a crash. So do safe often and in different spots." - Gerty (05-Jul-2013)
"Another good work from Justin, but with some bugs. This level already show us an atlantean appearance, with pulsating textures, eggs, lava,... I couldn't find a clue to know the switches to pull in the beginning and in the room with the disappearing walls. I think the first timed run is very hard too. In the room with the three moveable blocks the game crashed when I pulled certain chains. But the level has another good things, danger, interesting situations and more. It's better that you begin from a previous savegame 'cause there are hard enemies from the very beginning and you have not powerful weapons." - Jose (01-Jul-2008)
"I've been having a good time replaying this series and polishing up the walkthroughs in the process. Along the way I experienced the pull-chain bug near the end (which I didn't encounter the first time around), so I've documented it in the walkthrough and explained how to avoid it. Other than that, this is another fine level in the Atlantis series that should give you well over an hour of raiding enjoyment. There are at least two challenging timed runs that will likely take you a few attempts to conquer, but once you know what to do they seem quite fair to the player. The overall ambience is rather dark, which is typical of Justin's levels, but I didn't find the darkness here to be annoying or distracting, as is the case when I play many other levels. Highly recommended." - Phil (12-Jun-2008)
"Lara arrives to Atlantis, to acquire its Core. A nice recreation of the Atlantis levels from TR1, I guess that is the reason for the less diversity of textures, which I get bored with after some time. The difficulty is less than of the previous levels, and I have to say the atmosphere too. Can't help it, but I expected more. Also in a level that has this much dark places, I expect the author to give out enough flares, I hate when I have to light my way by continuous pistol fire. Don't get me wrong, it's still an above average level, only in this great series it isn't." - Akcy (12-Jun-2005)
"Getting deeper into an Atlantean environment in some rooms seeing the 'spinal chord' that you can run along and a blood coloured maze. This maze was really annoying to navigate as everything disappeared into black as you ran through it. That four switch puzzle in the maze to open a door took me a long time to do. I followed the walkthrough directions still no joy. I just had to keep pulling and re-pulling the switches 'til the door eventually opened. Only problem was at this stage I needed three snake pieces and only had two so I had to retrace my steps through the maze and it was sitting in midair not on a pedestal. What a pain no wonder I didn't see it first time through. So this level is not so straight forward as it first appears. Then there is the four switch puzzle to open four doors to get four stars these didn't work so well either for me. Pulling chains too often resulted in crashes. So in the end I was really glad to get to the end. The big thrill was that terrible timed run I read all the suggestions and in the end worked it out myself - a backflip twist sprint directly towards the door run and jump off the edge and press action to land inside the closing gate. Dealing with the dragon was very interesting but those Atlantean mutants were just annoying especially when I killed them in the corridor I couldn't get past them. On to the next level." - CC (15-Apr-2004)
"My least favorite in the series so far the texturing is very boring at times even ugly and the lighting ain't so good either. It is quite entertaining for the time it lasts but even the gameplay has its flaws - I could perfectly avoid the keyguard (not the serpent!) quest near the dragon and finished the level anyway still don't know what it was for. The walls disappear in the fire maze which has to do something with the project placement (the bottom right corner of the level map causes this). The 3 secrets I found were not hidden too well but I like the idea of the golden skulls revealing secrets thorough the series. The final puzzle with the lever combinations was great but that didn't really make up the rest of the faults. The previous levels of the series were great and so are Justin's Dark Skies series but I don't think this was a good level in the series." - eTux (08-Feb-2003)
"Someone remind me again why I started playing the Atlantis levels. It's even more complex than the third level with a lot of timed doors especially at the end stars a maze and mutants harpies as enemies. It's very dark something I don't like and not the usual textures but organic lava around and guardian keys and serpents to collect. I didn't bother with the secrets except one at the maze I was frustrated and wanted to finish it quickly but I have to say I needed the walkthrough for that. Cages and moving blocks have to 'work' together so that Lara can solve some puzzles. There is the dragon and locusts but it's so brief you can pass through without a problem. Not to my liking but maybe it is yours." - Kristina (07-Feb-2003)
"This level has truly earned the right to bear the Atlantis name and of the levels I've seen so far comes the closest to capturing the look and feel of the original Atlantean levels. You'll find the pulsating fleshy walls; tricky jumps over lava and nasty boulder traps; giant eggs that hatch mutants plus timed doors and multi-switch puzzles. The latter could have been pretty tough but I took the easy way out and used the walkthrough. There are a number of objects to collect and use along the way with the last four golden stars opening the exit door where with a final slide down you're treated to the sight of a boulder falling after Lara. Is this the end for our fearless heroine? You'll have to see my review for Atlantis 5 and find out..." - RaiderGirl (20-Jan-2003)
"Atlantis 4 also starts in huge caves which reminds a lot of TR1. Various lever puzzles to solve here. There were a few useful hints which was good or my Lara would still be running around there ;) Graphics had changed a little versus previous levels. Camera guidance was sometimes missing but my Lara is already used to that :) Sound was suitably added. Enemies were mainly mutants. I liked part 4 :) Now on to part 5." - Navi (14-Jan-2003)
"In my opinion the best of all the Atlantis levels are the Atlantis 1 and 2 these are the best balanced in enemies and investigation. Atlantis 4 is very original in atmosphere but has too many faults and it's also very dark. The gameplay is the way between a trap and the next one and this is not good. The use of textures and some elements of the Atlantis levels from TR1 is very nice and also the background sound from the Xian level from TR2." - Loupar (04-Jan-2003)
"Brilliant and difficult level. There are some timed runs really hard (like the one to enter a door in a room where you find the lasersight). Atmosphere is excellent and textures quite perfect. A bug in the maze but on the other hand I didn't have this problem with the four chains. Good puzzles and impressive rooms. Some passages are very tricky: after the earthquake the passage with boulders the dragon and locusts and then the lava room with these slopes phew!! There are a lot of levers too and final rooms where you get four Golden Stars aren't easy. I enjoyed this level and I recommend the whole game. I'm going on the 5th part." - Cuqui (12-Dec-2002)
"Atlantis 4 has a more threatening atmosphere than 1-3. Alas there were some bugs in this level. Besides some graphic-bugs my game crashed in a room with 4 chains I had to pull. Of course I would have died anyway but crashing games are very unnerving. My boyfriend playing the same version didn't have that problem. You had to find a couple of golden stars to continue. There is a maze with a lot of pick-ups and some levers you had to use in the right combination. There is also a nice collection of traps crumbling floor plates boulders lava. Some of the doors were timed and you had to be very very quick and then you would still be too late. You have to use all of Lara's moves to get through. Your opponents are giant scorpions mutants harpies locusts and the 'City of the Dead'-dragon. There are some very nice objects in this level for example a serpent. The textures are nothing special but very fitting. Not my favorite level of this series but certainly the most difficult so far." - Tombraidergirl (23-Aug-2002)
"This level is quite difficult to value. On the one hand it is extremely well in the technical execution nevertheless on the other hand the frustration factor is quite high. There is there e.g. a room with a very logical puzzle. Until one has found out the logic however one might already have smashed the Level into the corner. If one has solved the puzzle however one must have respect again how wisely it was built. A timed door let's you despair almost but the sense of achievement afterwards is enormous. Good certainly by this sort of puzzles I must give away 10 points (puzzle) but nevertheless the enjoyment in the game suffers very much under it. The atmosphere was beautifully represented for me quite perfectly. Because of the texture choice certainly but also sound and lighting did wonderfully add. In opponents there was not so much but the existing ones were well placed and particularly with one the hairs raise on your back. The level is really at a high technical level but nevertheless the degree of difficulty is very high. Therefore the pleasure in the game is not so good!" - Xxenofex (13-Aug-2002)
"In Atlantis 4 there is a gloomy atmosphere seems like you are in hell. Lava everywhere and animated red walls. Anyway a good level but again too dark for my taste. Enemies again these hell creatures (ahmets) giant scorpions and harpies. But different like in other levels here they come out from cocoons very good idea. Some lever puzzles difficult timed doors and a maze with the animated red walls are not easy to solve. I didn't like so much the permanent red colours and the never ending earthquake gave me a headache. But anyway this is one these must-have-played games the difficulty is high. Let's go to the next part!" - Freeman Porter (23-Jul-2002)
"There's no mistaking you're in Atlantis in this installment of the series as you make your way through this level and find Atlantean egg sacs lining the walls of most rooms ready to explode and spew forth some unearthly beast as well as the wonderful textures that will transport most players back to the Atlantis level of TR1. This 70 minutes level played the easiest of the series so far in 2 aspects the first being the 3 secrets which are fairly simple to find unlike the preceding levels mainly Atlantis 1 and 2 where I barely found any and the second is that the game play is very straightforward with a lot of exciting battle scenes a really cool timed run that nearly drove me insane and puzzles that revolved mainly around lever combinations thankfully though Justin has put a few wonderful hints around to solve a lot of them. As like the others this is a very atmospheric at times creepy level where enemies Atlantean beasts golden birds large scorpions locusts and the fantastic giant lizard are used brilliantly making each new step a cautious step there are however a few bugs that Justin talks about in the readme as well as one he didn't a game crash after pulling a chain but it is only a small glitch that won't happen again if you pull the chains in a certain order so it didn't detrimentally affect the flow of the game. Again this is another great level in the Atlantis series and I can only imagine where part 5 will take me but I'm sure looking forward to finding out!" - Sash (21-Jun-2002)
"Another 90 minutes of net gaming time in a brilliant level overall. The atmosphere is truly amazing with all the animated pulsating textures and progression is fast-paced even if a little too sequential in sometimes rather box-like and repetitively textured rooms. Enemies are not too many and spread throughout but the effect of them being 'born' from the eggs is cool. You meet remodeled ahmets banshees and a few giant scorpions. Several enjoyable puzzles make this a worthwhile experience like the water scales and the dragon puzzle but there are also a few (well certainly one) very hard timed runs and several multi-lever-puzzles where I could only once find a hint about the correct solution in the game and had to solve the others via trial and error which becomes very tedious when you have 15 possible options. I managed to claim two secrets with golden skulls collected from previous levels. As in Atlantis 3 you have here the 'disappearing walls' bug which actually comes in handy in the maze area as it allows you to see the objects you want to get to. Towards the end you then have to collect four stars one behind each door and come to the room where you will have to save and try which of the chains does not crash the game - annoying but manageable. On to Level 5..." - Michael (21-Jun-2002)
"A mixed level with action and tactics acclimatized in the depth Atlantide very beautiful what reminds me of the ending of TR1. Lara has to find an artifact and succeed to run away with it but will she succeed? However there are enigmas to resolve gates on short timers labyrinths various traps a lot of objects and monsters to kill and avoid. Apart from the described bugs from the author I have found others not to underestimate for example Lara stuck in the angles of some block and the program goes to crash when she pulls some chains in a room near the ending. I have ended the level in 2 hours about with middle difficulty." - Boris (21-Jun-2002)
"Finally got my hands on this level, there has been a long time since I played the three previous levels of this series. I do remember the previous levels though, and this is the first of the series that features the Atlantean crawlers (well, sort of). The enemies were crawlers and harpies in this level, and a dragon deeper in the level. I liked it really much, and most all of the puzzles had Lara to find the multiple puzzle pieces to open the blood like doors. The tight timed runs and earthquakes are a trademark of justin, so I won't say they are present. One hour of pure fun, with some ingenious lever puzzles (like the labyrinth one) and a puzzle to each star in the end. The one where chains should be pushed are reported to crash the game. Yes they do it. But, there's a special order to push them, so the blocks will be lowered, then you move the blocks to the correct places and get a star. After using the four stars in the final room, sliding down the ramp, I have to wonder if Lara is still alive, because a big boulder fell in her head! Also, Lara found in this level what she was looking for (since level 1, I think) - the Atlantean Core. Well worth playing!" - Treeble (21-Jun-2002)
"There's a lot to like about this level not the least of which is the amazing other-worldly atmosphere that Justin has created. Then there are the custom textures objects and a new monster. Enemies burst from sphere like cocoons suspended on the walls plasma flows through invisible pipes and many of the walls seem to be alive - amazing stuff. The gameplay doesn't disappoint either with many good puzzles skill sequences and a couple of very tough timed runs. Aside from the maze bug I also ran into a bug involving some chains to pull which crashed the game. I suspect that some secrets or pickups were missed that had something to do with the skulls collected in the prior level. Unfortunately I had to start this level from scratch with just the basic inventory. Overall though this is one you won't want to miss." - Tombaholic (21-Jun-2002)
"What can I say - amazing level as usual from Justin! It really gives you the creeps as it feels you're entering the inside of a huge organism. Many good puzzles and tricky passages but not too hard - it gives you a flow in the game that brings you forward all the time. You just have to play this one! (As well as the other Atlantis levels)" - G.Croft (21-Jun-2002)
"I'm back! Okay I didn't start playing this level immediately after I had finished the previous one but at least it didn't take me a month before I started this time. This is once again a good level but although I liked the texturing very much I didn't really like the gameplay. There are a lot of levers which have to be pulled in a certain order or in a certain combination and that isn't one of my favourite puzzles. There are however a lot of well-made hints but sometimes there aren't which I found very frustrating. The level is very dark and it's a shame when the texturing is so good. There are quite a lot of enemies and timed runs but neither the enemies nor the timed runs were very hard. There are a couple of bugs that the other reviewers have already mentioned and they are very annoying but at least they don't make the level impossible to finish. The level took me just over 45 minutes to finish and I'm looking forward to play the next part. (5 June 2002.)" - Magnus (21-Jun-2002)
"The gameplay as the joy while playing this level is very low. The enigmas are often frustrating and boring to be solved. New custom objects are not that good they seem all a mixed and confused work taken from different TR levels and re-textured in a not so pleasant way. There is a nice enemy and only one special effect I liked but apart from this it is a bad level :( The atmosphere does not give you the idea of a return to Atlantis. So in my opinion it is one of the worst levels by Justin." - Miya (21-Jun-2002)
"This level sticks very well to the original spirit of Tombraider. Justin has managed to recreate a level with the excellent atmosphere of the Atlantean levels in TR1 with a good choice of textures sounds and enemies. The mutants are there but they are less dangerous than some in TR1. Only the centaurs are missing but they have been replaced by large scorpions harpies and a frightening dragon. The puzzles are quite better than Eidos sometimes very subtle and the gameplay is quite more various in my opinion with timed runs good jumps puzzles with combinations of levers with different colors. On the downside points too much darkness for my taste and 2 bugs: 1/ walls disappearing in the little labyrinth however this is not bad as you can better see what are the tasks you have to do in this place. 2/ the game crashes when you pull chains in the rooms with the 3 blocks (or is it a new kind of end-trigger?). I did not finish this puzzle but have been able to pickup the star by another way and end the level. This work is globally really a success we can congratulate the author I guess it was not obvious to make such a creation." - eRIC (21-Jun-2002)
"My least favourite part of the series for a number of reasons. I'm not a big fan of the earthquake and the locusts some of the tasks are mere variations from the previous parts too many levers for my liking the texturing is a rather monotonous affair here and when the game crashed on my way to the fourth star I just wanted to get out of there. However you get some tricky timed runs a great jump sequence and the elevators are always welcome but there simply is not much of an atmosphere. The lava is a bit overused and the pulsating flesh doesn't come together with the less organic textures." - Dimpfelmoser (21-Jun-2002)


Water photos to be featured at the 2017 Governor's Water Conference in November will be chosen from photos entered in a statewide contest.
Photos can portray water or its use. Irrigation, agriculture, recreation, and other water use photos can be submitted.
Up to five photos can be submitted. Complete details are available at www.kwo.ks.gov.


text:
Camera IconPro-democracy activist Lester Shum (c) was one of 53 arrested in Hong Kong's crackdown.
HK arrest 53, claim 'overthrow' plot
Yanni Chow and Yoyo ChowAAP
January 6, 2021 4:34PM
Conflict and War
Hong Kong police have arrested 53 people in raids on democracy activists, with authorities saying an unofficial vote to choose opposition candidates in city elections was part of a plan to "overthrow" the government.
Dawn raids on 72 premises saw many of Hong Kong's most prominent pro-democracy advocates arrested in the biggest crackdown since Beijing imposed a controversial security law in the former British colony in June 2020.
The mass arrests were linked to an independently organised, and non-binding vote last July to select opposition candidates for a since-postponed legislative election.
About 1,000 police took part in the raids.
Secretary for Security John Lee said the group planned to cause "serious damage" to society and that authorities would not tolerate any subversive acts.
"The operation today targets the active elements who are suspected to be involved in the crime of overthrowing, or interfering seriously to destroy the Hong Kong government's legal execution of duties," Lee said.
The arrests will further raise alarm that Hong Kong has taken a swift authoritarian turn.
The crackdown - which is based on the June 2020 security law, which critics say crushes wide-ranging freedoms promised when the city returned to Chinese rule from the British in 1997 - places China further on a collision course with the United States as President-elect Joe prepares to take office on January 20.
Biden's pick for secretary of state, Antony Blinken, said on Twitter the arrests were "an assault on those bravely advocating for universal rights".
"The Biden-Harris administration will stand with the people of Hong Kong and against Beijing's crackdown on democracy," he said.
Those arrested included former politicians, activists and people involved in organising the 2020 primary, among them James To, Lam Cheuk-ting, Benny Tai and Lester Shum.
Police said campaigning to win a majority in Hong Kong's 70-seat legislature with the purpose of blocking government proposals to increase pressure for democratic reforms could be seen as subversive.
"The people involved are suspected of making use of what they call a '35+' plan ... to somehow paralyse the Hong Kong government," Lee said.
The legislative election was due in September last year but was postponed, with authorities citing coronavirus risks.
Maya Wang, senior China researcher at Human Rights Watch, said the raids and arrests showed Chinese authorities were now "removing the remaining veneer of democracy in the city".
American lawyer John Clancey was arrested during a raid of law firm Ho, Tse, Wai & Partners, a source at the firm said.
Visits to four media outlets, including anti-government tabloid Apple Daily, were about "transactions" with pro-democracy groups, and unrelated to reporting matters, police said.
The security law punishes what China broadly defines as secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion with foreign forces with up to life in jail.
The Hong Kong and Beijing governments say it is vital to plug gaping holes in national security defences exposed by months of sometimes violent anti-government and anti-China protests that rocked the global financial hub in 2019.


text:
Q: Stacking Band ratio on Landsat 8? I have a question about Landsat 8 I am going to work on...
I am thinking about stacking all the bands however there are 15 m, 30m, and 100m
Do you stack all together ? This is to give the end-user to change their band ratio in ArcGIS.
or should I just stack first 3 band ratio for each such as
According to this website : http://blogs.esri.com/esri/arcgis/2013/07/24/band-combinations-for-landsat-8/
4,3,2
7,6,4
5,4,3
and so on
I'd like to hear your input

A: As commented by @EikeMike:

Stack at least all bands with similar resolution together. You do not
  need to restrict your selection to 3 bands. The link you posted is
  only relevant for displaying certain topics with landsat images. You
  can choose theese band combinations also from the stacked image.

and @user30184:

Consider also oversampling the thermal band to 30 m as well because it
  won't cost so much in file size.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


StarBoard TE-SN80 Interactive Touchscreen Display is the standout collaborative communication tool in its class of the market. This amazing product is a comprehensive package of every quality customers demand, ranging from functionality, ease of use, and technical ability.
StarBoard TE-SN80 is a huge 80" touchscreen panel with HD resolution. Its superior display ability enables it to display each and every visual detail as it actually was captured. The TE-SN80 employs the use of IR technology to sense touch points. This gives it the impressive ability to respond to touch almost instantaneously, making its 10 point multi-touch very pleasurable to use, especially when being used for multi user applications.
TE-SN80 Interactive Touchscreen Display's system is programmed to be compatible with every normally used computer device including Windows, Linux, MAC, and Android. This highly appreciated feature rids users of the common workplace problem of the need for drivers when shifting to a different OS. To accompany this feature, TE-SN80 comes installed with the StarBoard Interactive Software that has a wide range of helpful interactive tools to make life easier for professionals.
StarBoard TE-SN80 Interactive Touchscreen Display has surely redefined standards for the industry with its features. It is a must for all professional organizations that wish to build a more interactive workplace environment.


text:
(16/00068) Our Approach to Highway Asset Management
Decision Maker: Cabinet Member for Planning, Highways, Transport and Waste
Is Key decision?: No
The first part of the decision (16/00038) seeks approval of the document "Our Approach to Asset Management in Highways" for publication to the County Council website."Our Approach to Asset Management in Highways" is a concise document that describes how, by adopting the principles of asset management; the council will contribute to achieving the County Council's vision and strategic objectives detailed in "Increasing Opportunities, Improving Outcomes".
The second part of this decision (16/00038(2)) will seek approval of a detailed strategy document developed by Members and officers entitled "Implementing our Approach to Asset Management in Highways" in order to fully embed the principles of asset management described in the 'approach' document.
Changes to the Department for Transport (DfT) rules for funding highway maintenance have been introduced through its incentive fund to encourage local authorities to embed the use of asset management techniques into their management of highway maintenance and decision making around funding and priorities. The main aim of the asset management approach being encouraged by the DfT is to clearly link investment decisions with an understanding of what that means in terms of outcomes. In January 2016, Kent assessed itself as a Band 1 authority for incentive fund purposes. If Kent cannot evidence that it has fully adopted the use of asset management and methodology and in doing so progressed to Band 3, it will receive £13m less in capital funding over the next four years.
The authority needs to introduce and adopt a lifecycle planning (for roads only) and manage investment on that basis. The authority also needs to publish an asset management "policy" describing how asset management principles will support KCC's strategic objectives and strategy that clearly links the highway asset management approach with the corporate vision.
The approval of both documents will enable the council to conform to these requirements.
As Cabinet Member for Environment and Transport, I approve the document "Our Approach to Asset Management in Highways" for publication on the County Council website.
Signed Rod PDF 36 KB
Report Our Approach to Asset Management highways PDF 81 KB
Item D7 - TFG Membership_APPENDIX - A PDF 26 KB
Item D7 - Our Approach to Asset Management in Highways _ APPENDIX B PDF 94 KB
Item D7 - EqIA Approach to Asset Management APPENDIX C PDF 92 KB


We are committed to the protection of your privacy. At The De Melis Group of Companies, we will only use the information that we collect about you in manners outlined and enforced by Canadian law.
Absolutely no personal information provided by the users of this site will be released to any other party. Demographic information collected on our users is solely for helping improve the management and content of the site.
We will give you the chance to refuse or unsubscribe from any marketing e-mail originating from The De Melis Group of Companies.
The information we hold will be accurate and up to date and can be verified you by e-mailing us. If you find any inaccuracies we will delete or correct it promptly.
The personal information which we hold will be held securely in accordance with our internal security policy and applicable Canadian and/or Ontario law.


text:
Valériane de Villeneuve est une actrice française, née le  à Boulogne-Billancourt.

Biographie

Filmographie

Cinéma
1992 : À la vitesse d'un cheval au galop de Fabien Onteniente : La fiancée à lunettes
1994 : Lou m'a dit non de Heinz Trenczak : La secrétaire
1999 : La Dilettante de Pascal Thomas : La principale du collège
2001 : Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain de Jean-Pierre Jeunet : La femme qui rit
2005 : Mon petit doigt m'a dit... de Pascal Thomas : Mme Coupelay
2006 : Le Grand Appartement de Pascal Thomas : Lucette
2007 : L'Heure zéro de Pascal Thomas : Emma
2008 : Le crime est notre affaire de Pascal Thomas : Mme Clairin
2011 : L'Élève Ducobu de Philippe de Chauveron : La directrice de l'école Lafontaine
2011 : Nicostratos le pélican d'Olivier Horlait : Mme Karoussos
2012 : Cloclo de Florent-Emilio Siri : La gouvernante
2012 : Le Cid de Paul Burési : Elvire
2013 : Peau d'âne de Valérie Roumanoff : La boîte à musique/La Marraine
2014 : Valentin Valentin de Pascal Thomas : La femme au parapluie
2015 : Babysitting 2 de Philippe Lacheau et Nicolas Benamou : Yolande
2017 : Alibi.com de Philippe Lacheau : Madame Godet
2018 : À cause des filles?... de Pascal Thomas

Télévision
1989 : La Grande Cabriole (Série TV) : L'Emigrée
2005 : Le charlatan (Téléfilm) : Mlle Clonche
2007 : Les Bleus, premiers pas dans la police (Série TV) : Mère Cindy
2012 : Le Jour où tout a basculé (Série TV) : Mme Rossan
2013 : Platane (Série TV) : Dame Cimetière
2014 : Petits secrets entre voisins (Série TV) : Nicole

Théâtre
 2002 : Le Charlatan, de Robert Lamoureux, mise en scène de Francis Joffo, au Théâtre du Palais-Royal à Paris
 2012 : Sister Act, au Théâtre Mogador à Paris

Distinctions

Liens externes

Actrice française de cinéma
Actrice française de théâtre
Naissance en mai 1959
Naissance à Boulogne-Billancourt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


www.pakistanies.com is a online business directory of Industrial Supplies which is providing Industrial Supplies the best free online marketing place for Industrial Supplies & all business of Industrial Supplies, Pakistan on location base. Now you can find any service provider or products in Industrial Supplies areas by searching area wise. We want to connect business and service provider of Industrial Supplies with best online marketing and social media marketing of Industrial Supplies.


Karen Uhlenbeck's theories have revolutionised the understanding of minimal surfaces, such as those formed by soap bubbles, and more general minimization problems in higher dimensions.
Karen Uhlenbeck is the first woman to win the prestigious Abel Prize.
With this feat, women took another step forward in the still male-dominated world of science.
Able Prize established by the Oslo government in 2002 honour outstanding scientific work in the field of mathematics, a discipline not included among the Nobel awards.
Able Prize is named after the 19th-century Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.
Able Prize comes with a monetary award of 6 million Norwegian Kroner (NOK).
The sole Indian recipient of the Able Prize is Indian American mathematician S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan.
He was awarded for his fundamental contributions to probability theory and in particular for creating a unified theory of large deviation.
Q. Who has become the first woman to win the Abel Prize for her fundamental work in geometric analysis and gauge theory?


Designed for the WorkForce® 610 inkjet printer, Epson 69 ink cartridges cater to users with low to moderate printing needs. Epson 69 color ink cartridges produce up to 350 pages per canister while the black ink cartridge yields up to 245 pages. For printing convenience, these standard-size cartridges come in individual and multipack options. Individual ink cartridges let users replace only the color they need to continue printing out favorite photos and other important documents. Users can also avail themselves of the multipack variety to drive less downtime at work. Multipacks contain two, three, or four ink cartridges to ensure minimal job interruptions.
Epson 68 ink cartridges provide a smart solution for frequent or bulk printing tasks. Ideal for business settings, these high-capacity ink cartridges meet the demands of heavy printer users to boost efficiency and productivity at work. The tricolor cartridge produces up to 500 pages while the Epson 68 black ink cartridge yields up to 410 pages. The remanufactured alternative for the Epson 68 cyan ink cartridge also fits the Workforce 610 printer and provides up to 520 pages. For even greater output, the Epson 97 ink cartridge offers an extra high-yield option. Generating up to 900 pages, an Epson 97 black ink cartridge delivers up to three times more prints than the standard size Epson 69 ink series.
With Epson ink cartridges, you can enjoy crisp black text and true-to-life colors that won't fade for generations to come.


Roofer, if you are looking for a dependable San Jose roofing contractor answering service to help with emergency dispatch calls, appointment scheduling, and customer service at low rates, then you've come to the right place. Our partners help San Jose roofers get fast, reliable help at a price you can afford. 24-hour live operator and dispatch support from $50/month. Agents on call 24/7, live call transfers, and flexible pricing.
We offer roofing companies saving on customized answering services so you don't miss out on valuable business opportunities. We capture the sale leads for you so the business keeps rolling in even you you can't answer the phone.
With prompt message delivery solutions and custom account management we help you get the best answering service for roofers. Agents are available 24/7 so you can focus on your roofing job and never miss a call.
Studies suggest that 48% of callers don't leave a message on answering machines and that's reason enough to use a live person to retain business for you. The call center handles after-hours customer calls, supports administrative staff, confirms appointments, and much more 24/7/365.
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There's no better way to get a phone answering service in San Jose without sacrificing value.


Education is actually a crucial element of social stratification. While research has often focused on education's effect on labor market opportunities and intergenerational class mobility, it has seldom been analyzed its association with the structure of family ties. However, as a consequence of unprecedented demographic changes, multigenerational bonds are becoming increasingly important for the solidarity within families and the future sustainability of welfare state.The main argument underlying this study is that individuals' level of education is likely to affect both the preferences and the structure of restrictions and opportunities. First, higher educated individuals are expected to acquire more individualistic values, and thus to be less oriented toward family issues. Second, the higher educated individuals are more likely to look for job opportunities in specific and selected areas, and thus to loosen family ties because of a greater geographical mobility.Moreover, the association between education and family ties is likely to be affected by the peculiar combination of institutional and cultural features. The country-specific context is, indeed, likely to pattern the structure of costs, opportunities, and individual preferences related to the maintenance of more-or-less strong intergenerational relations. Using data from Share 2004-2007, this paper assesses the effect of education on the relationships between family members in Italy, France and Sweden. In particular, empirical evidence is provided for parent–child geographical proximity and frequency of contacts.


text:
Q: Regular expression doesn't work in Rust, what's wrong? ^((?:https?:)?\/\/)?((?:www|m)\.)?((?:youtube\.com|youtu.be))(\/(?:[\w\-]+\?v=|embed\/|v\/)?)([\w\-]+)(\S+)?$

program has panicked with error: unrecognized escape sequence

A: Why not post the error message? It literally points to the problem:
regex parse error:
    ^((?:https?:)?\/\/)?((?:www|m)\.)?((?:youtube\.com|youtu.be))(\/(?:[\w\-]+\?v=|embed\/|v\/)?)([\w\-]+)(\S+)?$
                  ^^
error: unrecognized escape sequence

So... The error is telling you that \/ is an unrecognized escape sequence. Because / is not a regex meta character, so I don't know why you're escaping it. So change all occurrences of \/ to /:
^((?:https?:)?//)?((?:www|m)\.)?((?:youtube\.com|youtu.be))(/(?:[\w\-]+\?v=|embed/|v/)?)([\w\-]+)(\S+)?$


If you order in large quantity, you can go buydirectchina.com, wholesale and free shipping couldn't be effected at the same time.
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Crimson petunia with bicoloured blooms "Starlet F2" (Petunia x hybrida pendula) is a very popular flowering plant. You usually see it growing in hanging baskets or cascading from balconies and windows. It looks great in pots and balcony boxes, as well as in the garden, on borders and flower beds. This annual plant produces hanging stems that grow up to 40 cm long. Magnificent, large flowers are bicoloured. They take on dark crimson colour with a white star in the middle. They present a great alternative to single-colour flowers.
You may propagate petunias through early spring sow. This species grows rather small and the seedlings will be ready for transplantation to the permanent site after 10 - 12 weeks. Petunia seeds available in our garden store should be sown to boxes or trays. Light permeable soil or special seeding soil would be ideal for that purpose. High temperature and access to sunlight is needed for the plants to germinate. Plant seedlings in 20 - 25 cm spacings in the second half of May. This is a great plant for sunny sites, as it withstands short drought periods. It prefers soils that are rich in nutrients and highly permeable.
Each package contains 0.01 g of "Starlet F2" crimson bicolour petunia seeds. The package information contains a growing guide and the sow-by date.


All middle school and high school students are invited to join us for a movie night at Pastor Angie's house!
Per our vote during last week's Game Night, we'll be watching The Incredibles! Highrock will provide popcorn, movie snacks, and pizza, and we'd love for students to bring a dessert to share!
All middle school and high school students are welcome, so students should feel free to invite friends and neighbors!
Any questions or need the address sent to you? Contact Pastor Angie at angie@highrocknorthshore.org.


text:
In Denver alleyway, a piece of graffiti evolves
By Nick Arvin
At the beginning of June, in an alley, I came across a guy on a ladder painting a picture onto a long white wall.
Nearby, a younger guy stood next to a crate full of cans of spray paint, watching. He told me that the guy on the ladder was Gamma, and he was Gamma's apprentice.
My wife has been leading walking tours of Denver's street art, and through her I knew Gamma's work. I told him I'd seen his stuff around town, and I admired it. He came down the ladder and shook my hand. He looked at what he had painted and compared it with a photo, of a man holding his head in his hands. Gamma said this piece would be about a man who had the weight of the world on his shoulders, who was stressed out by the problems all around us.
"What about you?" Gamma asked. "What keeps you up at night?"
My mind, of course, went blank. I struggled, managed to say, "Um. Global warming?"
"Yeah," Gamma said. "That will definitely be a part of it."
He said he would be working on it for a few days, so I made sure to walk past the spot from time to time. A few days later, further down the wall, a floating image appeared of Barack Obama, drinking bottled water, and George W. Bush, eating corn.
As the days passed, the piece began to take the form of a triptych. In the left panel, the man holding his head in his hands was painted over with horizontal bands of bright color.
In the center panel, a mysterious figure appeared above the two presidents. To the left flew a drone, to the right a farmer walked a parched field, and below the presidents, within the darkness of their suits, riot police battled.
Meanwhile, in the right panel, a rocket blasted off between a man in a hazmat suit carrying a flame thrower and a rough sketch of a girl.
Nothing happened for a week or more after that. Then, the center panel changed. The mysterious figure over the presidents was painted over with a portrait of an old white guy (I think it is Rupert Murdoch, the media baron). And other images appeared: a man ogling a girl in a bikini with a drink, a pile of pills, cash changing hands. Below the flame thrower flew a giant bee.
Again the piece remained unchanged for a while. It was nearly the end of June when I next noticed that it had been worked on. And it was done.
In the left panel was Gamma's tag, the title Insomnia, and a new black and white image of a child at a fence. Greater definition had been worked into the image of the man holding his head in his hands, including vicious teeth and brains that seemed to burst through his knuckles (if you looked closely, the folds of pink brain spelled GAMMA).
In the center panel, the drone had been replaced with a figure in an orange prison jumpsuit. A sort of Big Ben tower had been added, and odd, dark little heads hovered in the distance behind Rupert Murdoch.
In the right panel, the figure of the girl was gone. The drone reappeared here, as well as a satellite and an oil rig.
Here's a thing I began to think about while I watched this process: As a writer, I know how crooked the path of the artistic process can be — in writing a novel, characters and scenes appear, vanish, move, combine, and split while the story finds its own best shape. And I also know that the crooked path sometimes turned into a dead end, the story is a failure. In that case, I put the story away someplace where no one will ever see it. (Really, no one. Not ever.)
Watching Gamma's transformation of the white wall, I admired the courage of creating in public — not just kind of public, but super public, in bright colors, on a surface the size of a billboard, beside a busy through-street, while fools like myself wander up to snap pictures. For a writer, this looked terrifying. But it is the nature of street art, a public process for a public display. It requires a particular artistic fearlessness, to say: This is my work and my best expression of myself at this moment, and whether it succeeds or fails, whether you like it or not, here it is, all of it, I'm giving everything I can to this, this gift for you.
As for me, I like it. It is political without being overbearing. (Why a bottle of water? Why corn on the cob? I don't know, but I adore the humanizing, vaguely surreal quality of presidents in the act of ingestion.) It is clever without being sneering. It is gaudy, ambitious, striking, emotional.
It is one heck of a wall.