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73rd Edition – November 2017
IMI2 – Call 13 launched
Sign up for the IMI2 – Call 13 webinars
Calling all SMEs – find out about the opportunities offered by IMI2 – Call 13
IMI open Call on Ebola – final deadline approaching
IMI projects delivering quality and quantity on publications
Safety project eTOX showcases legacy
Could molecular vacuum cleaner be key to antibiotic effectiveness?
Mutabilis joins antimicrobial resistance project ENABLE
GetReal issues recommendations on real world evidence in drug development
EH4CR outcomes could reduce the time needed to set up and run clinical trials
IMI has launched a new Call for proposals covering diabetes, antimicrobial resistance, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and medicines safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding, to name just a few. The total budget of the Call is EUR 223 million, around half of which comes from the EU's Horizon 2020 programme, and half of which comes from EFPIA companies and IMI Associated Partners. All topic texts, Call documentation and details of how to apply can be found on the IMI website – www.imi.europa.eu – which also includes pages with advice for applicants and guidance on how to find project partners.
Why apply?
IMI Calls for proposals represent an excellent opportunity for researchers to take part in ground-breaking collaborative projects that aim to deliver tangible benefits for patients. Scientists from academia, industry, SMEs, mid-sized companies, hospitals and patients' organisations are encouraged to get involved in our projects. Our success stories page offers a glimpse of the kinds of things IMI projects can achieve, and includes testimonials from project participants.
Deadline for submitting short proposals: 28 February 2018
Questions? E-mail infodesk@imi.europa.eu
Registration is open for the webinars on IMI2 – Call 13, which will run until 15 December. As usual, we will have webinars on all Call topics plus IMI's rules and procedures. In addition, this time we will have a dedicated webinar for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), to highlight the opportunities for them in this Call and provide them with information that may be particularly relevant for them. Registration is free but obligatory via the links on the webinar web page.
The schedule is as follows:
7/12, 15:00: IMI rules & procedures
7/12, 10:00: Opportunities for SMEs in IMI2 – Call 13
Topic-specific webinars
27/11, 15:00: Support and coordination action for the projects of the neurodegeneration area of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (presentation now online)
1/12, 10:30: Human tumour microenvironment immunoprofiling
4/12, 10:30: Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegeneration
4/12, 15:00: Translational safety biomarker pipeline (TRANSBIOLINE): enabling development and implementation of novel safety biomarkers in clinical trials and diagnosis of disease
6/12, 10:30: Pilot programme on a clinical compound bank for repurposing (includes the following topics: cardiovascular diseases and diabetes; respiratory diseases; neurodegenerative diseases; rare/orphan diseases)
11/12, 10:30: A sustainable European induced pluripotent stem cell platform
11/12, 15:00: CONCEPTION – continuum of evidence from pregnancy exposures, reproductive toxicology and breastfeeding to improve outcomes now
12/12, 15:00: Improving the preclinical prediction of adverse effects of pharmaceuticals on the nervous system
14/12, 10:30: Linking digital assessment of mobility to clinical endpoints to drive regulatory acceptance and clinical practice
14/12, 15:00: Assessment of the uniqueness of diabetic cardiomyopathy relative to other forms of heart failure using unbiased pheno-mapping approaches
15/12, 10:30: The value of diagnostics to combat antimicrobial resistance by optimising antibiotic use
15/12, 15:00: Genome-environment interactions in inflammatory skin disease
IMI encourages the participation of SMEs in applicant consortia as they can offer a complementary perspective to other organisations. There are many opportunities for SMEs in IMI2 – Call 13; these are outlined in this flyer, and will also be discussed during a special webinar for SMEs that will take place on Thursday 7 December.
Find out what life is like for SMEs in an IMI project via our testimonials.
IMI launched the open Call on Ebola and related diseases (IMI2 – Call 8) in December 2015 with a total budget from IMI of EUR 70 million. To date, two projects have received funding through the Call and a third is in the pipeline. The final deadline for submitting proposals is 15 March 2018, and there is still EUR 25 million in the pot. The scope of the Call is broad; consortia are invited to submit proposals covering diverse aspects of Ebola research, including the development of vaccines, diagnostic tests, and treatments. The resulting projects should be able to capture emerging scientific advances and turn them into healthcare interventions that will increase our readiness to react to future outbreaks of Ebola or related diseases.
Visit the Call web page
Watch the webinar on the Call
The sheer volume and high quality of publications coming out of IMI projects is highlighted in the latest analysis of IMI publications carried out by Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters).
IMI has been monitoring and analysing the papers coming out of its projects since 2012, and the number of publications is increasing year-on–year. In 2016 alone, IMI projects produced 796 publications, bringing the total number of publications produced by IMI projects to over 2 600. With the number of IMI projects on the rise, this trend is set to continue for the coming years.
The field-normalised citation impact for all IMI papers is 2.03 (compared to 1.14 for the EU and the baseline of 1 for the world). In addition, 25% of papers from IMI projects are 'highly cited', meaning they are in the top 10 % of papers by journal category and year of publication. These are similar to the result in previous years and show that IMI is maintaining a high standard even as its output increases.
The report highlights how IMI project research is collaborative across sectors, institutions and countries. More than half (62.8%) of IMI project papers were published by co-authors affiliated with more than one sector. More than three-quarters (80.7%) of IMI project papers involved collaboration between institutions. And more than half (57.1%) of all IMI project papers were internationally collaborative. The metrics for all types of collaboration have increased since the previous report.
Read the full report
Scientists from IMI's safety project eTOX have described their impressive legacy in a paper in Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. The heart of the project was an immense, shared database based on information provided by EFPIA companies from their own preclinical drug toxicity studies. By the end of the project, the database had information from over 8 000 toxicity studies on almost 2 000 compounds, of which around a fifth are approved drugs. The team used the database to build 200 computer-based models that provide a probability of the likelihood that compounds will interact with molecular targets or be toxic to vital organs like the heart or liver. The tools, which were validated by project partners, display their results in way that makes them easy to visualise and interpret. eTOX partners are now using the database and tools in their daily work. As they are computer-based, the tools could also help to reduce the use of animals in research. In the paper, the researchers explain how they addressed the pharmaceutical companies' concerns about sharing their data: 'This required a combination of legal (consortium agreement), technical (database installed behind companies' firewalls and models implemented within self-contained virtual machines), organizational (the 'honest broker' concept), psychological (trust gained through collaboration), political (data-sharing pressure, such as the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability) principles) and social (snowball effect) solutions.' Today, the work begun under eTOX continues through other projects, including TransQST and eTRANSAFE.
Read the Nature Reviews Drug Discovery paper
Read a press release on the paper
Find eTOX outputs via the new IMI project tools catalogue
Scientists from IMI's Translocation project have uncovered the workings of a 'molecular vacuum cleaner' in the outer membrane of certain bacteria. The mechanism, described in a paper in Nature Microbiology, helps to keep the outside of the membrane free of clusters of molecules that could weaken it and the system could prove useful as a target for new antibiotics. Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli are enclosed by two membranes which form a significant barrier for many antibiotics, limiting their effectiveness. The outer membrane is asymmentric; while the outside is coated in sugars that ward off many molecules that could be harmful to the bacteria, the inside is lined with phospholipids. Sometimes, phospholipids from the inside of the membrane accumulate on the outside. These clumps of phospholipids represent weak spots in the membrane, rendering it more vulnerable to toxic compounds like antibiotics. In this study, the scientists proposed a functional model of the 'maintenance of lipid asymmetry' (Mla) system, which removes phospholipids that have strayed into the outside of the membrane, sucking them back into the inside of the membrane where they belong. 'Our three-dimensional structures and functional data show that MlaA forms a donut in the inner leaflet of the outer membrane. This binds phospholipids from the outer leaflet and removes these via the central channel, somewhat similar to a vacuum cleaner,' explains Bert van den Berg of Newcastle University in the UK. 'Our study illuminates a fundamental and important process in Gram-negative bacteria and is a starting point to determine whether the Mla system of Gram-negative pathogens could be targeted by drugs to decrease bacterial virulence, and to make various antibiotics more effective.'
Read more in the press releases from the University of Newcastle and Jacobs University
Mutabilis, a French company specialised in developing novel treatments for resistant bacterial infections, has joined IMI antimicrobial resistance (AMR) project ENABLE. Mutabilis works on a family of antibiotics called dabocillins, which are effective against bacteria such as carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE) that are resistant to other antibiotics and are notoriously hard to treat. By joining ENABLE, Mutabilis gains not only funding from IMI, but access to the ENABLE project's expertise and technical resources. 'Securing this grant is a clear recognision of the quality of our innovative research,' said Mutabilis Chairman Stéphane Huguet. 'In accessing its platform of services and receiving the advice of specialists in the field, we have a fantastic opportunity to speed up the development of our compounds and secure the company's future.'
ENABLE has an open Call for proposals for organisations to join the project and benefit from the platform it has created. More information on how to apply can be found on the project website.
Read the Mutabilis press release
Launched in October 2013, GetReal was set up to explore how how robust new methods of real-world evidence (RWE) collection and synthesis could be adopted earlier in pharmaceutical R&D and the healthcare decision making process. The project, which brought together experts from diverse backgrounds, has delivered a range of tools and resources to help in this, including tools on the use of RWE and pragmatic clinical trials, as well as an online course on RWE. Now, the project's Policy Expert Group has set out seven key themes that it believes require further attention to advance the use of RWE and real world data (RWD) in drug development.
1. Integrity, quality, access and privacy protection of RWD sources
2. Guidance on RWE study design, evidence synthesis and interpretation in decision making
3. Standards for decision makers' use of RWE in decision making
4. RWE training and education
5. Broader involvement of stakeholders, especially patients and healthcare professionals, in RWE generation and use of RWD
6. Emphasis on a joint (regulatory/HTA/payer) scientific advice process
7. Construction of a standing forum and linking with ongoing initiatives
Any new treatment, diagnostic test or medical intervention must go through clinical trials to demonstrate that it is safe and effective. Large-scale trials require hundreds or even thousands of patients that meet specific criteria. They must have the particular condition that is under investigation – but there may be other restrictions such as age or previous treatments. Finding a group that fit all these criteria can be time-consuming and expensive. To solve this problem, IMI's EHR4CR project set out to find a way to allow researchers running clinical trials to search medical records in hospitals across Europe to discover the number of potentially suitable patients per hospital. Through collaboration between pharmaceutical companies and 11 hospitals in five countries, EHR4CR developed a way of assessing the number of potential trial patients from the hospitals' electronic records while maintaining the privacy of sensitive personal data. "We knew it was possible on a one-to-one basis to get data from a single hospital to find out if they have any suitable patients," says project coordinator Mats Sundgren from pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca. "What we did was to research and develop a scalable solution for using electronic health records across many hospitals in Europe without jeopardising or violating data security." Following the completion of EHR4CR, the platform has launched as a commercial service called InSite developed by specialist data company Custodix – one of the former project partners. This enables scientists to search electronic medical records for suitable patients within a growing network of European hospitals treating millions of people, without seeing any personal information about them. It is predicted that using the platform to speed up trial planning and recruitment could reduce the time taken to set up and run a clinical trial by three to six months.


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Home / Funny / Animals / Golden Retriever Takes Guinness World Record For Most Tennis Balls In Mouth
GOLDEN RETRIEVER TAKES GUINNESS WORLD RECORD FOR MOST TENNIS BALLS IN MOUTH
Many dogs are crazy about anything ball related especially playing fetch. But there's one dog in Canandaigua, New York, who takes his love for balls to a next level. The adorable Golden Retriever named l Finley can hold six tennis balls in his mouth at one time. This amazing skill earned him the Guinness World Record for "most tennis balls held in the mouth by a dog."
As all Golden Retrievers owners have witness is that retrievers have a natural drive to retrieve especially their most beloved ball which tend to be a tennis ball. Since he was just a little puppy, Finley started showing his love for tennis balls. As a puppy he started carrying the tennis balls around in his mouth wherever he goes. His parents first spotted his talent to fix six balls in his mouth back in 2017. However, it wasn't until recently that this playful pup was awarded for his impressive talent.
Finley's owner, Erin Molloy recalls, "My dad would throw him a tennis ball, he'd catch it, drop it, then wait for my dad to throw another. Rather than bringing just one ball back to my dad, he brought back all six! He's been a ball hoarder for quite some time now!"
When Molley discovered that the previous record for the most tennis balls in a dog's mouth was five tennis balls, set by a Golden Retriever named Augie in 2003, she decided to submit Finley's achievement to Guinness World Records.
Finley's Instagram page wrote, "BIG NEWS! I can officially say that I am in the @guinnessworldrecords book for 2022. This of course wasn't easy, and certainly felt like forever and a day to accomplish! Thank you to all my friends and fans who have been following my tennis ball journey since the beginning."
Article Tags: Animals Most Tennis balls Title Golden Retriever Guinness World Record
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Nicarágua participou dos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016, que foram realizados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no Brasil, entre os dias 5 e 21 de agosto de 2016.

Nicaragua
2016
2016 na Nicarágua

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Photos aside, brunch was absolutely delicious, and catching up with our friends was just as unbeatable. Our meal at Freemans was surprisingly healthy, at least by our standards. Michael and I love a good brunch, and most often that comes with a heavy amount of food and an even greater amount of guilt over what we just consumed. That morning at Freemans, however, we left the restaurant happily fulfilled and, most importantly, feeling pretty guilt-free. My egg white omelette & his poached eggs with roasted tomatoes & grits were the perfect complement to some of the heavier meals we enjoyed that weekend.
Pingback: Feast On My Top 3 Restaurants In NYC | Used York City | The best of NY, as used by NYers.


'The evolution of an aeroplane designed, built and flown in the Channel Islands.' A cutting from the magazine Flying, January 3, 1934, written by local journalist and aviation enthusiast, Basil C de Guérin, in his Scrapbook 1919-1934, p. 91, in the Library. The photograph, from the Guernsey Press, shows the aeroplane ready for a test flight on Vazon in September 1933, with its designer and builder C W Noel at the controls. The Library has just received a very interesting donation from a descendant of Harry Kaines, who was one of the builders of the Wee Mite. The scrapbook contains cuttings and several fine photographs. The plane was hidden in a loft above a garage at the beginning of the Occupation, but was discovered and shipped off to Germany, never to be seen again.
Another interesting letter from the physician Sir Thomas Browne to his son, describing his beloved daughter Elizabeth's voyage from Guernsey in May 1682 to visit him in Norwich, in the King's yacht Monmouth. Browne died later that year.
It's 1681: what's on the menu in Guernsey?
Three letters from Sir Thomas Browne, polymath and oyster expert. He wrote often to his children, of whom he seems very fond. His favourite daughter Elizabeth married his friend, Captain George Lyttleton, who was appointed Guernsey's Lieutenant-Governor in 1681. There is a copy in the Library of one of Browne's works, Pseudodoxia epidemica, published in 1686, which can be viewed upon request.
Guernsey & Jersey Magazine, June 1836.


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Oscar excitement builds with a look at Reading's previous winners
With the 86th Academy Awards approaching on Sunday night we've had a look back at Reading's own Oscar winner Kate Winslet.
Updated 10:24, 26 FEB 2014
Kate Winslet accepts her best actress award for The Reader
In 2009 Kate Winslet fulfilled a childhood dream when she won the best actress Oscar for her role in The Reader.
She had previously been nominated five times but 2009 was the year the former Starmaker pupil got the gold, seeing off competition from Angelina Jolie, Meryl Streep and Anne Hathaway and Melissa Leo.
Kate Winslet's best red carpet looks
Accepting her award on stage, wearing a stunning off the shoulder Yves Saint Laurent dress by Stefano Pilat, she gushed: "I'd be lying if I hadn't made a version of this speech, I think I was probably about eight years old and staring into the bathroom mirror.
"This would have been a shampoo bottle, well it's not a shampoo bottle now!"
In an interview after picking up the award Kate also had a special message for the Reading Post. You can see what she had to say in video below.
Reading also went cuckoo for Kate's win with Sweeney & Todd pie shop in Castle Street creating a special Oscar pie, and Mix Bar in The Walk creating a Lucky Number Six cocktail.
Another Reading actor to have nearly achieved Oscar success is Sir Kenneth Branagh, patron of Progress Theatre, who has been nominated for five Oscars, including two for Henry V.
Christian Bale, who went to the Dolphin School in Hurst, is in the running for his second Oscar at Sunday's ceremony with a best actor nomination for his role in American Hustle. Can he do as well as our Kate?
ReadingReading pub to get new look and nameThe pub was named after a war hero but will reopen under a new name
Things To Do ReadingPick your own fruit farms in Berkshire: Seven PYOs within an hour of ReadingFancy a bit of strawberry picking?
ReadingLooking back at an international experience at WOMAD in 1992The festival was held in Reading for many years and attracted acts from all over the world
Things To Do ReadingDown At The Abbey Festival line-up for magical new event in Reading Abbey RuinsThere is an impressive list of acts set to play
Things To Do ReadingReadipop, Bastille Festival and more events in Reading this weekendThere is also the Caversham Rock and Ale Festival, King Lear in the Abbey Ruins and more to enjoy
Pride of ReadingThe woman putting Reading's talent into the musical spotlightDanielle's work with her music business Live & Love Music has earned her a Pride of Reading nomination


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editor's picks: new shows
the three television shows you can't miss this fall. We promise.
by caitlin smith
Each week, an editor at NYLON will be picking her or his favorites. Think eyeliner, electro tracks, shoes for fall, or--as is the case this week--new TV shows. Editorial Assistant Caitlin Smith interviewed dozens of actors for our TV spread in the September Issue--and in the process watched hours and hours of television. Who who better to ask: What's the best new show on TV? Here are here top three picks.
I am not one of those people that will deny watching television. Like the majority of today's twentysomethings, I don't have cable, but I will go—and have gone—to great lengths to maneuver my way around that. This means downloading pirated episodes (and dodging the 12 million ads that pop up when doing so), lengthy searches on Google ("Girls HBO Season 1 episode 4 part 1")—I even made sure that I knew which bar in my neighborhood would be screening season five of Breaking Bad weeks before the premiere. In preparation for our annual September TV Issue, I'm required to watch dozens of new shows. Some are good, some are mediocre, and some (to put it quite bluntly) are just plain painful to watch. But there are those rare few that intrigue me enough to tune in later to see how the show progresses after the issue is complete. Here are those special three.
To be honest, not much about the plot of this show intrigued me when I first heard about it. I never hopped onto the Glee bandwagon and—predictably—I'm not a big fan of country music. But, Connie Britton (as the seasoned country singer Rayna James) was reason enough to catch my attention (Oh, how I miss you, Friday Night Lights). I also found myself oddly hooked in by Hayden Panettiere's hot mess of a character, the bitchy and entitled country pop star Juliette Barnes who, as it turns out, is a much more complex than your average mean girl. And Scarlett (Clare Bowen) and Gunnar's (Sam Palladio) chemistry is nothing short of mesmerizing.
Premieres Wednesday, October 10 at 10 pm on ABC
EMILY OWENS M.D.
In Emily Owens M.D., our lead character (named Emily, naturally, and played by Mamie Gummer) is learning that, like high school, adult life is sometimes still divided up in to silly little cliques. At the hospital she's interning for, the orthopedic surgeons are the jocks, the mean girls are in plastic surgery, the stoners are in anesthesia, and surgery—where Emily is—is a "melting pot." Emily's self-effacing and sweetly naive (and slightly Scrubs-like) inner dialogue and expressive face was enough to make me fall for the show. That, and Gummer just so happens to be the offspring of Meryl Streep and, if I do say so myself, her performance does her should do her mother proud.
Premieres Tuesday, October 10 at 9pm on The CW
BEN & KATE
This show is cute. There's really no other word for it. The equation may sound predictably quirky—single mother (Kate, played by Dakota Johnson) is trying to make it on her own until she has her goofy, rascal-of-a-brother (Ben, played by Nat Faxon) move in to help out; hilarity ensues—but it's lovable nonetheless. The dialogue is silly and natural and Judd Apatow-like, and Brit actress Lucy Punch, who plays Kate's raunchy best friend and co-worker BJ, who is ridiculously funny, might just be the best thing about this series.
Premieres Tuesday, September 25 at 8:30 pm on Fox
CAITLIN SMITH
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Home / Life + Leisure / Pets / Warm Pets: 10 Tips for Optimal Winter Pet Care
Warm Pets: 10 Tips for Optimal Winter Pet Care
Bundling up your pets may not be a bad idea after all.
By Doug Rule on November 26, 2014	@ruleonwriting
Winter Cat – Photo by vvvita
When the weather outside is frightful, it's best to keep your pet indoors, and minimize their outdoor exposure.
"Dogs particularly are not very good about setting their own limits, especially if they're having fun outside," says Janine Calabro, chief of emergency and critical care at D.C.'s Friendship Hospital for Animals. "If it's too cold for you to be outdoors without your hands getting really cold, then maybe your dog shouldn't be running around for too, too long outside either."
10 Tips for Optimal Winter Pet Care:
1. AntiFreeze is deliciously deadly
Antifreeze may taste sweet to animals, but its effects are decidedly not. Antifreeze contains ethylene glycol, which is very toxic to both dogs and cats, and can cause neurological abnormalities, including seizures, and gastrointestinal complications, including acute kidney failure. "It is fatal without prompt treatment," Friendship Hospital's Calabro says. "Even one little lick for a small pet can be quite dangerous. Any exposure and they should be promptly brought to a veterinarian."
2. No helter-skelter shelter
Wintertime doghouses, says Nick Lipincott, a humane law enforcement officer with the Washington Humane Society, need to be "raised off the ground to keep from flooding as snow melts [and feature] a windbreak so the insulation from [a dog's] body heat is not pushed out from the cold." Also, a dog's water needs to be constantly changed, put in a heated water bowl or placed under a heat lamp to keep it from freezing.
3. To coat or not to coat
Both Calabro and Lipincott advise putting at least a light coat on top of thin-coated dog breeds, such as greyhounds and Jack Russell terriers. A coat will help keep their skin both warm and dry, shielding from snow or freezing rain, and suiting them in the same way that natural fur does on their thick-coated brethren.
4. It's a sprint, not a marathon
Of course, not every little dog will stand for wearing a coat. In which case, especially with short-haired, skinny dogs, or those older ones suffering from arthritis, Calabro recommends more frequent but shorter trips outside — enough to "still get a decent amount of daily activity and daily walking in."
5. All about that paw
If you don't clean your pet's paws after a walk, they'll likely do the deed with their tongue — and licking too much Ice Melt can cause upset stomachs and digestive problems. The chemicals used in snow and ice removal and the overall dry air outside can also cause paw irritation. For more sensitive dogs, Calabro recommends "putting booties on them, as silly as they look." If you or your dog won't allow the wearing of silly booties, then you should wipe their paws clean after walks with at least a damp, clean rag. Rubbing baby oil or Vaseline either pre- or post-walk on a dog's paws can also help keep them free of slushy buildup, Lipincott recommends. It can also help keep pads from drying out and cracking.
6. Seasonal grooming
In addition to Vaseline, consider trimming the hair on a dog's toes every winter to keep the area clean and clear, says Calabro. She also recommends bathing your pet less often in the dry, winter months, using a moisturizing shampoo, and brushing them regularly between baths.
7. Cat-free cars
Stray cats looking for shelter often curl up in or around still-warm parked cars. "That's why we have a lot of cats getting stuck in cars and car engines," Lipincott says. So before hopping in and turning on the motor, look around and make a bit of extra noise, even tap on a car's hood, as a warning for a cat to flee.
8. Always use a (tick) condom
"I do recommend continuing flea and tick prophylactics throughout the year," Calabro says. In part because some ticks survive into the winter, but also because it's harder to forget when you squirt your pet with medicine routinely the same day and time every month.
9. Skull and crossbones
There's a whole list of things your pet shouldn't eat because they're toxic — and yet might, given the indulgent nature of the holidays. Friendship Hospital sees an uptick in pets brought in over the holidays after they've consumed chocolate, fatty turkey skin or grapes, among other human food no-nos. This time of year it's also important to keep your pet away from rat poison — or take them to the hospital right away if they ingest some. Just as with antifreeze, exposure to rat poison can be fatal if not treated promptly.
10. Help is standing by
"We are the only 24-hour [animal] hospital inside the Beltway," Calabro says. In fact, Friendship Hospital is currently expanding its large Tenleytown complex and will soon have even more staff working in more specialties. Meanwhile, WHS works with the city government to enforce the city's animal cruelty laws and to provide shelter to all animals in need. It's the place to call 24/7, according to Lippincott, "if an animal is…in some form of distress [or] if you have any concern about an animal you see that may not be getting the proper requirements in the cold months, or anytime."
Friendship Hospital for Animals is at 4105 Brandywine St. NW. Call 202-363-7300 or visit friendshiphospital.com.
The Washington Humane Society's main shelter is at 1201 New York Ave. NE. Call 202-723-5730 to report cruelty, or visit washhumane.org.
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Doug Rule covers the arts, theater, music, food, nightlife and culture as contributing editor for Metro Weekly. Follow him on Twitter @ruleonwriting.
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Home Around Town Galleries Around Town: GRAEF celebrates grand 'reopening' at The Avenue
Around Town: GRAEF celebrates grand 'reopening' at The Avenue
Maredithe Meyer
(Left) Omar Shaikh, co-developer of 3rd Street Market Hall and owner of Carnevor, and John Kissinger, president and CEO of GRAEF. Photo credit: GRAEF
Milwaukee-based engineering firm GRAEF-USA Inc. recently showed off its new office headquarters to clients, associates and elected officials during a grand "reopening" event at The Avenue development in downtown Milwaukee.
In late 2019, GRAEF relocated its headquarters to a 35,000-square-foot space on the third floor of the former Grand Avenue Mall, having led the redevelopment of the second and third floors of the west Arcade building into 200,000 square feet of open-concept office space. That work was part of the larger $150 million Avenue project, which now includes 200 residential units, plush amenities and the 3rd Street Market Hall.
Moving in just months before the COVID-19 pandemic as the project's anchor tenant, GRAEF's plans to debut its newly designed office space had to be postponed. Two years later, the company celebrated with food, drinks and live music. Along with the festivities, funds were raised for the GRAEF Foundation, which supports the future of STEM-based careers, and to promote charitable endeavors related to engineering, planning and design. Proceeds from the evening will be donated to the ACE Mentor Program of Milwaukee.
GRAEF celebrated the public grand opening of its new office space at The Avenue development in downtown Milwaukee. Photo credit: GRAEF
John Kissinger, president and CEO of GRAEF, kicked off the evening with some remarks. Photo credit: GRAEF
Milwaukee Mayor Cavalier Johnson was in attendance. Photo credit: GRAEF
Brent Pitcher, vice president and infrastructure group leader shares insight about the ACE Mentor Program of Milwaukee. Photo credit: GRAEF
(Left to right) Tracy Johnson, president and CEO of CARW; Pat Kressin, vice president of business development at GRAEF; and Lyle Landowksi, president and CEO of Colliers International | Wisconsin. Photo credit: GRAEF
Lafayette Crump, commissioner of the Department of City Development. Photo credit: GRAEF
Milwaukee Jazz Institute played music for guests. Photo credit: GRAEF
John Kissinger of GRAEF chats with State Senator LaTonya Johnson. Photo credit: GRAEF
The grand "reopening" event included food, drinks, live music and networking. Photo credit: GRAEF
Maredithe has covered retail, restaurants, entertainment and tourism since 2018. Her duties as associate editor include copy editing, page proofing and managing work flow. Meyer earned a degree in journalism from Marquette University and still enjoys attending men's basketball games to cheer on the Golden Eagles. Also in her free time, Meyer coaches high school field hockey and loves trying out new restaurants in Milwaukee.
Milwaukee furniture store plans to double in size
Developer significantly increasing height for planned Edison Street apartment tower
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New three-level Japanese restaurant now open in downtown Milwaukee
Massive LED screen planned for The Couture's transit center
Milwaukee-based engineering firm GRAEF-USA Inc. recently showed off its new office headquarters to clients, associates and elected officials during a grand "reopening" event at The Avenue development in downtown Milwaukee. In late 2019, GRAEF relocated its headquarters to a 35,000-square-foot space on the third floor of the former Grand Avenue Mall, having led the redevelopment of the second and third floors of the west Arcade building into 200,000 square feet of open-concept office space. That work was part of the larger $150 million Avenue project, which now includes 200 residential units, plush amenities and the 3rd Street Market Hall. Moving in just months before the COVID-19 pandemic as the project's anchor tenant, GRAEF's plans to debut its newly designed office space had to be postponed. Two years later, the company celebrated with food, drinks and live music. Along with the festivities, funds were raised for the GRAEF Foundation, which supports the future of STEM-based careers, and to promote charitable endeavors related to engineering, planning and design. Proceeds from the evening will be donated to the ACE Mentor Program of Milwaukee. [gallery size="full" td_select_gallery_slide="slide" ids="550313,550315,550316,550317,550318,550319,550320,550322,550323,550314"]


← Virginia Kantra. Carolina Home. New York: Berkley Sensation, 2012.
Lisa Williams Kline. Blue Autumn Cruise. Grand Rapids, MI: Zonderkids, 2012.
Diana Williams and Stephanie Verra are back in this third book in the Sisters in all Seasons series. This time, the two stepsisters join Stephanie's extended family on a cruise to the Caymans to celebrate Grammy Verra's seventy-fifth birthday.
It's hard for Diana to leave her regular haunts in North Carolina behind, but the islands hold many exciting new adventures. Unfortunately, Stephanie's annoying cousin Lauren is also on the cruise, and Diana must learn to get along with her as well. The socially adept Stephanie quickly gets tired of mediating between her cousin and her stepsister, while Lauren just wants to videotape her trip and finds it annoying when Diana won't agree to take part. But when an animal is in trouble on the ship, all three teens band together to help. As usual, each girl learns valuable lessons about herself, the natural world around her, and interacting with others.
Young adults will enjoy this thoughtful addition to a series that follows the difficulties of growing up, going to high school, and learning to get along with new family members.


Although this scripture is speaking of physical things, it could just as well apply to spiritual things. Although writing a Day by Day article is one way that we can share spiritual understanding with others, there is another way. We find in 1 Corinthians 14:26 (NLT), "Well, my brothers and sisters, let's summarize. When you meet together, one will sing, another will teach, another will tell some special revelation God has given, one will speak in tongues, and another will interpret what is said. But everything that is done must strengthen all of you." This scripture is about brethren meeting together and building one another up by sharing spiritual things with one another.
Hebrews 10:25 (NLT) also exhorts us, "And let us not neglect our meeting together, as some people do, but encourage one another, especially now that the day of his return is drawing near." If we do not meet together how can we share spiritual things with one another, and how can we encourage one another unless we speak to one another about spiritual things?
Thank you Father for all the spiritual understanding you give us through the Holy Spirit, and thank you for the opportunities we have to share that understanding with others.


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Quick Answer: Is Calcification In Brain Normal?
What dissolves calcium deposits in the body?
How do you get rid of calcium deposits on your head?
How do you reduce calcification?
What causes calcium build up in brain?
Why do brain tumors calcify?
What does calcification in the brain mean?
How is brain calcification treated?
Is calcification in the brain dangerous?
What causes calcification?
Can brain calcification go away?
What are the symptoms of calcification?
Can MRI detect calcifications?
laser therapy, the use of light energy to dissolve the calcium deposits.
iontophoresis, the use of low levels of electric current to dissolve the calcium deposits by delivering medication — such as cortisone — directly to the affected areas.
surgery to remove the calcium deposits..
Calcium blockers, like diltiazem, amlodipine, and verapamil, are the most commonly prescribed medications for treating calcium deposits. Calcium blockers lower the amount of calcium that can be taken up by the skin's cells.
Changes to your lifestyle can help prevent and slow the progression of coronary calcification. These can include dieting (especially to limit cholesterol, fat, and sodium), exercising, quitting smoking, avoiding alcohol and losing weight.
Calcium build-up in your basal ganglia can also happen because of infection, problems with your parathyroid gland, and for other reasons. When it happens this way, it is also known as basal ganglia calcification, but is different from the genetic form of the disease.
Calcification happens when tumours are no longer able to regulate the movement of calcium in and out of their cells. This may be due to damage to the blood vessels, resulting in a localised haemorrhage (uncontrolled blood flow) within the tumour that kills some of the cells.
Collapse Section. Primary familial brain calcification is a condition characterized by abnormal deposits of calcium (calcification) in blood vessels within the brain.
Levodopa therapy was found to be effective in treating parkinsonian features in one individual who had PFBC and Parkinson disease. The anticonvulsant oxcarbazepine was effective in treating a Turkish patient with basal ganglia calcification and dyskinesia.
Abstract. Perivascular calcifications within the brain form in response to a variety of insults. While considered by many to be benign, these calcium phosphate deposits or "brain stones" can become large and are associated with neurological symptoms that range from seizures to parkinsonian symptoms.
Causes of calcification infections. calcium metabolism disorders that cause hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the blood) genetic or autoimmune disorders affecting the skeletal system and connective tissues. persistent inflammation.
Brain calcifications induce neurological dysfunction that can be reversed by a bone drug.
Symptoms of calcification Bone pain. Bone spurs (occasionally visible as lumps under your skin) Breast mass or lump. Eye irritation or decreased vision.
In MRI, calcification appears with various signal intensities on conventional spin echo (SE) T1 or T2 weighted images (3, 4, 5), which makes it difficult to identify definitively as calcium. In gradient-echo acquisitions, calcifications usually appear as hypointense and cannot be differentiated from hemorrhage.
Quick Answer: What Is Yellow Fat?
Why is my meat yellow? A slimy surface film that you
Quick Answer: What Is The Difference Between Wet To Dry And Dry To Wet Bandages?
Why are wet to dry dressings contraindicated?
How Long Does It Take For General Anesthesia To Wear Off?
What is the fastest way to recover from general anesthesia?
Quick Answer: What Is The Main Cause Of Blindness?
Can blindness be cured? While there is no cure for
Quick Answer: How Do You Know If You Have Weil'S Disease?
How long does Weil's disease live? The germ can


In 1932, Roosevelt was elected in a landslide. On the eve of his inauguration, he gathered aides and instructed them to call designated cabinet members to join him and his family at St. John's church for a private prayer service. His braces and the additional attention his role as the President made every public appearance a media event. At first, he attended weekly prayer services. Then he exclaimed that he felt "like something in the zoo being looked at by all the tourists in Washington" even in church. With all the attention, eyes opened and on him, rather than reverently closed, he complained, "I don't feel like saying my prayers at all." So he stopped attending prayer services.
Hidden in his job efforts organized by the Works Progress Administration is a little known project. In 1935, he paid scholars and specialists to record the nation's past by interviewing a wide cross-section of Americans. It was the first ever comprehensive and focused approach to chronicle the nation's past, to capture a 'living history.' Researchers were not prepared for what they unearthed, namely, the rich "prayer culture" that came alive with "detailed descriptions as people shared their earliest memories of prayer in their homes …" Unique prayer songs, known only inside a family or isolated community were discovered. Roosevelt then employed a team of artists to make these stories come alive in paintings and plays, songs and narratives. Murals were painted in public buildings. Theatrical performances, some that showcased prayer, were performed on small-town stages. The 40-hour workweek freed up Americans, giving them large hunks of time they previously had no control over. The two-day weekend allowed for many to return to church.
As World War II threatened to move beyond the bounds of Europe, and it appeared that England could no longer stand alone without the involvement of the U.S., Roosevelt arranged to meet Prime Minister Winston Churchill aboard the battleship, the HMS Prince of Wales, on August 10, 1941. Churchill decided to have a Sunday service as a part of the rendezvous. The head chaplain offered a prayer. The band played "O God Our Help in Ages Past." Those present say the two national leaders seemed to sing louder than anyone else. Then there were more prayers, "Save us and deliver us from the hands of our enemies…confound their devices; that we, being armed with Thy defense, may be preserved…" Churchill would later reflect on how deeply moving the service was as a symbol of the unifying shared faith.
Four months later, on December 7, a Sunday morning, Japan would attack Pearl Harbor and sink four battleships, eighteen warships and destroy almost 200 aircraft. Thirty-five hundred would die or be injured. The Japanese would lose only thirty planes and only fifty-five men.
After Christmas, Roosevelt called for a day of prayer, January 1, 1942, and he and Churchill stood together again, this time, in Christ Church in Alexandria, Virginia, the same church in which Washington had worshiped. They sang. They prayed. And then they planned. All over the nation, people lit candles, crowded into churches for prayer, and contemplated the possibilities. In the course of the war that followed, altars were erected in homes, and fathers and mothers knelt regularly to pray for sons far away and at war. Prayer vigils became common. The U.S. Government printing office went to work non-stop, twenty-four hours a day, producing religious materials to support the troops and the war effort with prayer books, Bibles, tracts, crosses and other religious images – Christian, Jewish and Catholic.
When allied forces invaded the shores of France, the D-Day invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, Roosevelt knew the insertion was daring and would be costly, that entrenched Nazi troops would put up a fierce resistance. One million men would rush the shore from 5,000 ships and under cover from 12,000 aircraft. All of those on the ground were supported by two million more. It was the most aggressive military tactical endeavor in history. President Roosevelt called for supernatural assistant, the prayer support of the American people. And he prayed. Here is the prayer he offered during the many of his fireside chats.
 H. V. Horton, Atlantic Meeting (London: Methuen and Company, 1943), 100-101.
 Winston Churchill, The Grand Alliance (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951), 431.
 Owen Collins, Ed. 2000 Years of Classic Christian Prayers (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2000), 185-186.
 Samuel I. Rosenman, The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin Roosevelt, Vol. 13, 1944-1945 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), 152-153.


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Aerobic Exercise: About 20 minutes of brisk walking, stair climbing, or jogging 3-5 times a week is great for improving heart health as well as strengthening the large weightbearing bones and joints of your body.
Quit Smoking: A smoker's risk of heart disease can be dramatically lowered after just 1 year of giving up smoking. The added benefit is that the risk of bone fractures and osteoporosis is also reduced.
Optimize Calcium Intake: It is a well-known fact that calcium is necessary for bone health, but did you know it is also essential for normal beating of the heart? It is best to get your calcium from natural food sources rather than supplements. Too much calcium supplementation has been linked to increased risk for heart disease.
Strength Training: According to recent research studies, those who perform both strength training and aerobics have better cardiovascular health when compared to those who perform any one activity alone. Any type of weightbearing exercise improves bone density and strength.
Lose Weight: Shedding the excess pounds reduces the workload on your heart as well as your joints.
Move More: Our bodies were created for movement and not to sit in one place for 8-10 hours a day. If you have a desk job, make sure you get up and move around every hour or so to help your heart with blood circulation and prevent orthopedic problems such as back and neck pain.
Avoid Red Meat: In addition to red meat being a big risk factor for heart disease, it can also cause calcium to leach out of your bones making them brittle.
Limit Alcohol Use: The American Heart Association recommends no more than 1 drink a day for women and no more than 2 drinks a day for men to improve heart health. Excess alcohol intake destroys bone-formation cells (osteoblasts) interferes with calcium and vitamin D absorption.
Cut Down on Salt: The more salt you eat, the more calcium is excreted through your kidneys and the greater the chances of developing high blood pressure and heart disease.
Get Enough Sleep: Aim for at least 7 hours of sleep every day. High quality sleep has been associated with healthier arteries. What's more, it's during sleep that your body has a chance to repair the microdamage to the musculoskeletal system caused by routine activities.
As you can see heart health and bone health are closely interlinked. By incorporating these above-mentioned tips into your lifestyle, you can achieve both!


I have these boots. You do not. HOAR.
NO! NO YOU MAY NOT WEAR THEM! I HAVE THE FAT PACK AND I WILL NOT LET YOU BORROW EVEN ONE COLOR BECAUSE YOU ARE MEAN MEAN MEAN MEAN MEAN.
Ok, I might let you borrow one color. Because, I am way totally nicer than one.
THIS is a short short short dress, from Baiastice. And I LOVE it. It's heavy textured construction (looks like velvety goodness) contrasting with it's overall smallness makes me both cold and happy.
And then there is the other one!
Love love love my new hair!
This entry was posted in Second Life and tagged Adam N Eve, Baiastice, LeLutKa, savoir faire on December 18, 2010 by .


"What are James Gleick's Best Books?" We looked at all of Gleick's authored bibliography and ranked them against one another to answer that very question!
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"What are John Steinbeck's Best Books?" We looked at all of Steinbeck's authored bibliography and ranked them against one another to answer that very question!
"What are Jane Austen's Best Books?" We looked at all of Austen's authored bibliography and ranked them against one another to answer that very question!
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"What are John Green's Best Books?" We looked at all of Green's authored bibliography and ranked them against one another to answer that very question!
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MARCH 24, 2017--The Marine Debris Program presented about Abandoned and Derelict Vessels at the Maine Harbormasters Association Annual Training on March 9. Every year, the Association hosts 3 days of classes in Castine, ME at the Maine Maritime Academy. There are classes for both novice and experienced harbormasters, and it is an opportunity for members to meet one another as well as state and federal agency partners.
MARCH 24, 2017--The Third International Conference on Environmental Pollution, Restoration and Management, held recently in Quy Nhon, Vietnam, featured OR&R's Senior Scientist, Dr. Lisa DiPinto, as a plenary speaker and participant.
MARCH 24, 2017--The south shore of Raritan Bay supports small coastal communities exposed to coastal vulnerabilities.
MARCH 24, 2017--On March 16 and 17, the Weeks Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) hosted their annual "Teachers on the Estuary" (TOTE) workshop at the Weeks Bay NERR in Baldwin County, Alabama.
MARCH 24, 2017--The week of March 20, the OR&R Assessment and Restoration Division's (ARD) Spatial Data Branch held a three-day training to provide updates on tool development, NOAA General Counsel Natural Resources Section data requirements, and data management plans.
MARCH 24, 2017--A chemistry teacher at Capital City Public Charter School in Washington, DC contacted the OR&R Emergency Response Division in search of experts to talk to her students about oil spills and methods of clean up.
MARCH 24, 2017--The NOAA Gulf of Mexico Disaster Response Center will be providing a Science of Oil Spills class on March 27-31 in Mobile, AL.


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Home Home | News & Events | Culture
By U.S. Embassy pristina | 20 October, 2022 | Topics: Culture
Call for Applications: Ambassador's Fund for Cultural Preservation Small Grants Program
The U.S. Embassy Pristina and the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA) Cultural Heritage Center ("the Center") are pleased to announce the 2018 notice of funding opportunity for the Ambassador's Fund for Cultural Preservation (AFCP) 2018 Small Grants Program. Program Objective: The Center requests applications for funding in FY 2018 for projects to preserve …
By U.S. Embassy pristina | 22 December, 2017 | Topics: Ambassador's Fund, Culture, Grants
Call for Applications: Ambassador's Fund for Cultural Preservation Large Grants Program
The U.S. Embassy Pristina and the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA) Cultural Heritage Center ("the Center") are pleased to announce the 2018 notice of funding opportunity for the Ambassador's Fund for Cultural Preservation (AFCP) 2018 Large Grants Program. Program Objectives: The Center requests project abstracts and, if selected to advance to Round 2, …
2017 U.S. Department of State and espnW Global Sports Mentoring Program
The U.S. Department of State and espnW Global Sports Mentoring Program (GSMP) advances the foreign policy goals of empowering women and ensuring a more stable society worldwide. Building on its past five successful years, the flagship partnership with ESPN and espnW continues to pair international emerging leaders with female senior executives at top U.S. organizations …
By U.S. Embassy pristina | 27 March, 2017 | Topics: Culture, News, Scholarships and Exchanges | Tags: GSMP
U.S. Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation 2017 – Small Grants Opportunity!
Small Grants Opportunity! Call for Proposals: The U.S. Embassy Pristina and the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the U.S. Department of State (ECA) are pleased to announce the 2017 call for proposals for the Ambassador's Fund for Cultural Preservation. Program Objectives: The Embassy and ECA's Cultural Heritage Center ("the Center") request proposals for …
By U.S. Embassy pristina | 17 November, 2016 | Topics: Ambassador's Fund, Culture, Grants, News | Tags: #AFCP, AFCP2017
U.S. Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation 2017 – Large Grants Opportunity!
Call for Proposals: The U.S. Embassy Pristina and the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the U.S. Department of State (ECA) are pleased to announce the 2017 call for proposals for the Ambassador's Fund for Cultural Preservation. Program Objectives: The Embassy and ECA's Cultural Heritage Center ("the Center") request project abstracts and, if selected …
By U.S. Embassy pristina | 17 November, 2016 | Topics: Ambassador's Fund, Culture, Grants | Tags: #AFCP, AFCP2017


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Brain Washing Becoming a Scary Reality: Scientists Erase Specific Memories in Mice Now Testing Humans
April 27, 2012 By Michael London
All of a sudden the old book the Manchurian Candidate doesn't seem so far fetched. Phillip K. Dick's the famous Sci-Fi author of many mind control stories would be in his glory. This is because the stuff of science fiction is slowely becoming Science fact.
Scientists now report it might one day be possible to erase undesirable memories from the brain, selectively and safely.
Using a complex genetic approach, U.S. and Chinese researchers believe they have done just that in mice, but the feat is far from being tested on humans.
Study co-author Joe Z. Tsien, co-director of the Brain & Behavior Discovery Institute at the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, says the "work reveals a molecular mechanism of how [memory deletion] can be done quickly and without doing damage to brain cells."
The finding is published in the Oct. 23 issue of Neuron.
Humans plagued by painful memories have long wished for a way to eject them from the brain. The concept was the premise of the popular 2004 film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, in which two former lovers pay a "memory-erasure" service to expunge the unhappy affair from their minds.
The subject of selective memory deletion was also covered in the film version of Philip K Dicks' famous SciFi thriller PayCheck which starred Ben Affleck, who played the principal character Michael Jennings a reverse engineer who routinely has his recent memories erased after working on sensitive high-tech projects.
To explore the possibility of safely carving away bits of memory, the study authors first focused on the activity of a common protein found only in the brain, called CaMKII.
In both mice and people, this enzyme is often referred to as the "memory molecule" because of its key role in facilitating brain cell communication — especially people's ability to learn and retain information.
To hone in on the specific workings of CaMKII, Tsien and his team first developed a "chemical-genetic method" that enabled them to instantly turn the protein "on" or "off" among mice intentionally bred to overproduce the molecule.
After exposing the mice to emotionally powerful stimulations, such as a mild shock to their paws, the scientists then observed how well or poorly the animals subsequently recalled the particular trauma as their brain's expression of CaMKII was manipulated up and down.
When the brain was made to overproduce CaMKII at the exact moment the mouse was prodded to retrieve the traumatic memory, the memory wasn't just blocked, it appeared to be fully erased.
This occurred without impacting the animal's ability to recall any other memories, the scientists say.
A similar observation was made in experiments involving the mice's recognition of specific objects. In those cases, overexpression of CaMKII appeared to eliminate all memory of toys with which the mice had previously been exposed.
According to Tsien, the animal study illustrates how the targeted erasure of specific memories might be genetically triggered in a controlled and harmless manner.
The authors stressed that their work is in its infancy, but they believe it opens up the theoretical possibility of therapeutic applications for humans down the road. Memory erasure might help relieve trauma among people plagued by fearful memories, such as those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for example.
"While memories are great teachers and obviously crucial for survival and adaptation, selectively removing incapacitating memories, such as traumatic war memories or an unwanted fear, could help many people live better lives," Tsien said.
However, Dr. Joe Verghese, an associate professor of neurology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City, cautioned that the animal work described in the study remains preliminary.
"I think the idea of selectively targeting memory processes is very interesting," he said, "because it not only opens up a whole area of possible intervention but also reveals something about the neurobiology that goes into creating memory in the brain."
"But memory in a human is much more complex than a memory in a mouse," Verghese added. "So, this experimental model, while it brings to mind all sorts of possible applications, is many steps removed from any human application.


Ben Joravsky discusses local politics weekly with journalist Dave Glowacz at mrradio.org/theworks.
"And yes, I am related to Ferris, but the question elevates beyond relationships to one of good old rational thinking."
Did Rey Colon get a real power workout from political rival Vilma Colom?
State representative Edgar Lopez has the support of everyone from Michael Madigan to George Ryan. So why is a challenge from Cynthia Soto making him sweat?


The Rabbit poster will pep and give a cute touch to the room of your children!
The BB collection brings in the pixel a series of tender super design animals. And you, which of these five animals are you going to crack?


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Italy Main Page · World Factbook Main Page
Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy was a charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC). It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include illegal immigration, organized crime, corruption, high unemployment, sluggish economic growth, and the low incomes and technical standards of southern Italy... See More
Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy was a charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC). It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include illegal immigration, organized crime, corruption, high unemployment, sluggish economic growth, and the low incomes and technical standards of southern Italy compared with the prosperous north. (Show Less)
Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia
42 50 N, 12 50 E
Total: 301,340 sq km
Land: 294,140 sq km
Water: 7,200 sq km
Note: includes Sardinia and Sicily
Area - Comparative:
Slightly larger than Arizona
Total: 1,899.2 km
Border countries: Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 199 km, Switzerland 740 km
Coastline:
7,600 km (Rank: 16)
Maritime Claims:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
Mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands
Elevation Extremes:
Lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
Highest point: Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur 4,748 m (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc)
Coal, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land
Land Use:
Arable land: 26.41%
Permanent crops: 9.09%
Other: 64.5% (2005)
Irrigated Land:
39,500 sq km (2008)
Total Renewable Water Resources:
175 cu km (2005)
Freshwater Withdrawal:
Total: 41.98 cu km/yr (18%/37%/45%)
Per capita: 723 cu m/yr (1998)
Natural Hazards:
Regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice
Volcanism: Italy experiences significant volcanic activity; Etna (elev. 3,330 m), which is in eruption as of 2010, is Europe's most active volcano; flank eruptions pose a threat to nearby Sicilian villages; Etna, along with the famous Vesuvius, which remains a threat to the millions of nearby residents in the Bay of Naples area, have both been deemed "Decade Volcanoes" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Stromboli, on its namesake island, has also been continuously active with moderate volcanic activity; other historically active volcanoes include Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Larderello, Pantelleria, Vulcano, and Vulsini
Environment - Current Issues:
Air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities
Environment - International Agreements:
Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - Note:
Strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe
Noun: Italian(s)
Adjective: Italian
Ethnic Groups:
Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south)
Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)
Roman Catholic 90% (approximately; about one-third practicing), other 10% (includes mature Protestant and Jewish communities and a growing Muslim immigrant community)
61,016,804 (July 2011 est.)
Age Structure:
0-14 years: 13.8% (male 4,315,292/female 4,124,624)
15-64 years: 65.9% (male 19,888,901/female 20,330,495)
65 years and over: 20.3% (male 5,248,418/female 7,109,074) (2011 est.)
Total: 43.5 years
Male: 42.4 years
Female: 44.7 years (2011 est.)
Population Growth Rate:
0.42% (2011 est.)
Birth Rate:
9.18 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)
Death Rate:
9.84 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)
Net Migration Rate:
4.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)
Urbanization:
Urban population: 68% of total population (2010)
Rate of urbanization: 0.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major Cities - Population:
ROME (capital) 3.357 million; Milan 2.962 million; Naples 2.27 million; Turin 1.662 million; Palermo 872,000 (2009)
Sex Ratio:
At birth: 1.059 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Maternal Mortality Rate:
5 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)
Infant Mortality Rate:
Total: 3.38 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 3.59 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 3.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)
Life Expectancy At Birth:
Total population: 81.77 years
Male: 79.16 years
Female: 84.53 years (2011 est.)
Total Fertility Rate:
1.39 children born/woman (2011 est.)
Health Expenditures:
5.1% of GDP (2009)
Physicians Density:
4.242 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
Hospital Bed Density:
3.7 beds/1,000 population (2008)
Drinking Water Source:
Urban: 100% of population
Rural: 100% of population
Total: 100% of population (2008)
HIV/AIDS - Adult Prevalence Rate:
0.3% (2009 est.)
HIV/AIDS - People Living With HIV/AIDS:
140,000 (2009 est.)
HIV/AIDS - Deaths:
Fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)
Obesity - Adult Prevalence Rate:
Education Expenditures:
Literacy:
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 98.4%
Male: 98.8%
Female: 98% (2001 census)
Average Years of Schooling:
Total: 16 years
Male: 16 years
Female: 17 years (2008)
Unemployment, Youth Ages 15-24:
Total: 25.4%
Female: 28.7% (2009)
Conventional long form: Italian Republic
Conventional short form: Italy
Local long form: Repubblica Italiana
Local short form: Italia
Former: Kingdom of Italy
Government Type:
Name: Rome
Geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 29 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative Divisions:
15 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 5 autonomous regions (regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma)
Regions: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio (Latium), Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte (Piedmont), Puglia (Apulia), Toscana (Tuscany), Umbria, Veneto (Venetia)
Autonomous regions: Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Sardegna (Sardinia); Sicilia (Sicily); Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) or Trentino-Suedtirol (German); Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley) or Vallee d'Aoste (French)
Independence:
17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1870)
National Holiday:
Republic Day, 2 June (1946)
Constitution:
Passed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amended many times
Legal System:
Civil law system; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court
International Law Organization Participation:
Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25)
Executive Branch:
Chief of state: President Giorgio NAPOLITANO (since 15 May 2006)
Head of government: Interim Prime Minister Mario MONTI (since 16 November 2011); note - in Italy the prime minister is referred to as the president of the Council of Ministers
Cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and nominated by the president
Elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of parliament and 58 regional representatives for a seven-year term (no term limits); election last held on 10 May 2006 (next to be held in May 2013); prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by parliament
Election results: Giorgio NAPOLITANO elected president on the fourth round of voting; electoral college vote - 543
Legislative Branch:
Bicameral Parliament or Parlamento consists of the Senate or Senato della Repubblica (315 seats; members elected by proportional vote with the winning coalition in each region receiving 55% of seats from that region; members to serve five-year terms; and up to 5 senators for life appointed by the president of the Republic) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei Deputati (630 seats; members elected by popular vote with the winning national coalition receiving 54% of chamber seats; members to serve five-year terms); note - it has not been clarified if each president has the power to designate up to five senators or if five is the number of senators for life who might sit in the Senate
Elections: Senate - last held on 13-14 April 2008 (next to be held in April 2013); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 13-14 April 2008 (next to be held in April 2013)
Election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - S. BERLUSCONI coalition 174 (PdL 147, LN 25, MpA 2), W. VELTRONI coalition 132 (PD 118, IdV 3), UdC 3, other 6; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - S. BERLUSCONI coalition 344 (PdL 276, LN 60, MpA 8), W. VELTRONI coalition 246 (PD 217, IdV 29), UdC 36, other 4
Judicial Branch:
Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (composed of 15 judges: one-third appointed by the president, one-third elected by parliament, one-third elected by the ordinary and administrative Supreme Courts); Supreme Court of Cassation or Corte Suprema di Cassazione
Political Parties and Leaders:
Center-Right coalition: Lega Nord or LN [Umberto BOSSI]; Movement for Autonomy or MpA [Raffaele LOMBARDO]; People of Freedom or PdL [Silvio BERLUSCONI]
Center-Left coalition: Democratic Party or PD [Pier Luigi BERSANI]; Italy of Values or IdV [Antonio DI PIETRO]
Other non-allied parties: Future and Liberty Party or FLI [Gianfranco FINI]; Union of the Center or UdC [Pier Ferdinando CASINI]
Political Pressure Groups and Leaders:
Manufacturers and merchants associations - Confcommercio; Confindustria; organized farm groups - Confcoltivatori; Confagricoltura; Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations - Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro or CGIL [Susanna CAMUSSO] which is left wing; Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL [Raffaele BONANNI], which is Roman Catholic centrist; Unione Italiana del Lavoro or UIL [Luigi ANGELETTI] which is lay centrist)
International Organization Participation:
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CDB, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic Representation in the US:
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
Chancery: 3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
Telephone: [1] (202) 612-4400
FAX: [1] (202) 518-2151
Consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco
Consulate(s): Detroit
Diplomatic Representation From the US:
Chief of mission: Ambassador David THORNE
Embassy: Via Vittorio Veneto 121, 00187-Rome
Mailing address: PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624
Telephone: [39] (06) 46741
FAX: [39] (06) 488-2672, 4674-2356
Consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan, Naples
Flag Description:
Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard
Note: similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of red and green, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green
National Symbols:
White, five-pointed star (Stella d'Italia)
National Anthem:
Name: "Il Canto degli Italiani" (The Song of the Italians)
Lyrics/music: Goffredo MAMELI/Michele NOVARO
Note: adopted 1946; the anthem, originally written in 1847, is also known as "L'Inno di Mameli" (Mameli's Hymn), and "Fratelli D'Italia" (Brothers of Italy)
Economy - Overview:
Italy has a diversified industrial economy, which is divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, welfare-dependent, agricultural south, with high unemployment. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them family owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 15% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture, construction, and service sectors. Italy has moved slowly on implementing needed structural reforms, such as reducing graft, overhauling costly entitlement programs, and increasing employment opportunities for young workers, particularly women. The international financial crisis worsened conditions in Italy's labor market, with unemployment rising from 6.2% in 2007 to 8.4% in 2010, but in the longer-term Italy's low fertility rate and quota-driven immigration policies will increasingly strain its economy. A rise in exports and investment driven by the global economic recovery nevertheless helped the economy grow by about 1% in 2010 following a 5% contraction in 2009. The Italian government has struggled to limit government spending, but Italy's exceedingly high public debt remains above 115% of GDP, and its fiscal deficit - just 1.5% of GDP in 2007 - exceeded 5% in 2009 and 4% in 2010, as the costs of servicing the country's debt rose.
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity):
$1.774 trillion (2010 est.)
Note: data are in 2010 US dollars
GDP (Official Exchange Rate):
GDP - Real Growth Rate:
-5.2% (2009 est.)
GDP - Per Capita (PPP):
$30,500 (2010 est.)
GDP - Composition By Sector:
Agriculture: 1.9%
Industry: 25.3%
Services: 72.8% (2010 est.)
Labor Force:
24.99 million (2010 est.)
Labor Force - By Occupation:
Services: 65.1% (2005)
Unemployment Rate:
Population Below Poverty Line:
NA%
Household Income / Consumption By Share:
Lowest 10%: 2.3%
Highest 10%: 26.8% (2000)
Distribution of Family Income - Gini Index:
27.3 (1995)
Investment (Gross Fixed):
19.4% of GDP (2010 est.)
Revenues: $958.9 billion
Expenditures: $1.053 trillion (2010 est.)
Taxes and Other Revenues:
Budget Surplus / Deficit:
-4.6% of GDP (2010 est.)
Public Debt:
119.1% of GDP (2010 est.)
Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices):
Central Bank Discount Rate:
1.75% (31 December 2010)
Note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area
Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate:
4.032% (31 December 2010 est.)
Stock of Narrow Money:
$1.205 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)
Note: see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders
Stock of Broad Money:
Stock of Domestic Credit:
Market Value of Publicly Traded Shares:
$318.1 billion (31 December 2010)
Agriculture - Products:
Fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; beef, dairy products; fish
Tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics
Industrial Production Growth Rate:
Electricity - Production:
269.6 billion kWh (2009 est.)
Electricity - Production By Source:
Fossil fuel: 78.6%
Hydro: 18.4%
Nuclear: 0%
Other: 3% (2001)
Electricity - Consumption:
Electricity - Exports:
2.121 billion kWh (2009 est.)
Electricity - Imports:
44.45 billion kWh (2009 est.)
Oil - Production:
151,800 bbl/day (2010 est.)
Oil - Consumption:
1.528 million bbl/day (2010 est.)
Oil - Exports:
Oil - Imports:
1.8 million bbl/day (2009 est.)
Oil - Proven Reserves:
476.5 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.)
Natural Gas - Production:
8.298 billion cu m (2010 est.)
Natural Gas - Consumption:
82.98 billion cu m (2010 est.)
Natural Gas - Exports:
139 million cu m (2010 est.)
Natural Gas - Imports:
Natural Gas - Proven Reserves:
63.57 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)
Current Account Balance:
-$67.94 billion (2010 est.)
Exports:
$448.4 billion (2010 est.)
Exports - Commodities:
Engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; food, beverages and tobacco; minerals, and nonferrous metals
Exports - Partners:
Germany 13.2%, France 11.7%, Spain 5.9%, US 5.8%, UK 5.4%, Switzerland 4.6% (2010)
Imports:
$406 billion (2009 est.)
Imports - Commodities:
Engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing; food, beverages, and tobacco
Imports - Partners:
Germany 16.2%, France 8.5%, China 7.9%, Netherlands 5.4%, Spain 4.5% (2010)
Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold:
$158.9 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
Debt - External:
$2.684 trillion (30 June 2011 est.)
Stock of Direct Foreign Investment - Abroad:
Stock of Direct Foreign Investment - At Home:
$403 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
Exchange Rates:
Convert Euro to Any Currency
Euros (EUR) per US dollar -
0.7715 (2010)
Telephones - Main Lines In Use:
21.6 million (2010)
Telephones - Cellular:
82 million (2010)
Telephone System:
General assessment: modern, well developed, fast; fully automated telephone, telex, and data services
Domestic: high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks
International: country code - 39; a series of submarine cables provide links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, North Africa, and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NA Eutelsat
Broadcast Media:
Two Italian media giants - the publicly-owned Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) with 3 national terrestrial stations and privately-owned Mediaset with 3 national terrestrial stations - dominate; additional broadcasts by a large number of private stations and Sky Italia - a satellite TV network; RAI operates 3 AM/FM nationwide radio stations; some 1,300 commercial radio stations (2007)
Radio Broadcast Stations:
AM about 100, FM about 4,600, shortwave 9 (1998)
Television Broadcast Stations:
358 (plus 4,728 repeaters) (1995)
Internet Country Code:
Internet Hosts:
23.16 million (2010)
Internet Users:
29.235 million (2009)
Airports - With Paved Runways:
Over 3,047 m: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 30
914 to 1,523 m: 31
Under 914 m: 13 (2010)
Airports - With Unpaved Runways:
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
Heliports:
Pipelines:
Gas 18,348 km; oil 1,241 km (2010)
Railways:
Total: 20,254 km
Standard gauge: 18,611 km 1.435-m gauge (12,662 km electrified)
Narrow gauge: 123 km 1.000-m gauge (123 km electrified); 1,290 km 0.950-m gauge (151 km electrified); 231 km 0.850-m gauge (2010)
Total: 487,700 km
Paved: 487,700 km (includes 6,700 km of expressways) (2007)
Waterways:
2,400 km (used for commercial traffic; of limited overall value compared to road and rail) (2009)
Merchant Marine:
By type: bulk carrier 81, cargo 47, carrier 1, chemical tanker 169, container 22, liquefied gas 25, passenger 23, passenger/cargo 160, petroleum tanker 56, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 34, specialized tanker 11, vehicle carrier 34
Foreign-owned: 78 (Denmark 4, France 2, Germany 1, Greece 8, Luxembourg 12, Nigeria 1, Norway 6, Sweden 1, Switzerland 6, Taiwan 11, Turkey 3, UK 2, US 21)
Registered in other countries: 213 (Bahamas 5, Belize 3, Cayman Islands 6, Cyprus 6, Georgia 2, Gibraltar 4, Greece 5, Kiribati 1, Liberia 48, Malta 52, Marshall Islands 1, Netherlands 9, Norway 3, Panama 23, Portugal 10, Russia 9, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5, Singapore 3, Slovakia 2, Spain 1, Sweden 5, Turkey 2, UK 4, unknown 3) (2010)
Ports and Terminals:
Augusta, Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Taranto, Trieste, Venice
Oil terminals: Melilli (Santa Panagia) oil terminal, Sarroch oil terminal
Military Branches:
Italian Armed Forces: Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI), Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC) (2011)
Military Service Age and Obligation:
18-27 year of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished January 2005; women may serve in any military branch; 10-month service obligation, with a reserve obligation to age 45 (Army and Air Force) or 39 (Navy) (2006)
Manpower Available For Military Service:
Males age 16-49: 13,865,688
Females age 16-49: 14,003,755 (2010 est.)
Manpower Fit For Military Service:
Manpower Reaching Militarily Significant Age Annually:
Male: 288,188
Female: 281,671 (2010 est.)
Military Expenditures:
1.8% of GDP (2005 est.)
Disputes - International:
Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa
Illicit Drugs:
Important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money laundering by organized crime and from smuggling
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