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historyonhorseback
About History on Horseback
Book Review: "Deadly Equines: the Shocking True Story of Meat-Eating and Murderous Horses"
Book Review: The Horse is Good
Book Review: William Holt's "Trigger in Europe"
Historyonhorseback Profile: Zana and Karl Greenwood of the Centre of Horseback Combat
Review: Horse and Man in Early Modern England
Robert Burns, horseman
Posted on January 25, 2012 by horsebackhistorian
On the 25th January, all over the world people celebrate the life and work of Scotland's famous poet, Robert Burns. Over 200 years after his death in his 37th year, Burns has a mighty and devoted following. At Burns Night suppers, whisky will be drunk and the "Great Chieftain o' the puddin'-race", the haggis, will be addressed and subsequently devoured. There will be more toasts, recitation and songs. Poet, exciseman, lover of the lassies and drinking with his cronies, ploughman, toast of Edinburgh, politician, social commentator, creator of scurrilous jibes, observer of nature and animals, mocker of the haughty, collector and writer of songs; this goes a small way towards describing Robert Burns. Every aspect of his life is still open to dispute and discussion.
Of one thing I'm certain, though: Robert Burns was a horseman.
"His grey mare, Meg"
Horses are the subjects of several of his poems and they were a significant part of his life. To take Tam o'Shanter as a starting point for this theme, where would the poem be without Tam's grey mare Maggie? The poem opens with Tam enjoying an evening's drinking in Ayr, whilst the weather worsens
The storm without might rair and rustle,
Tam did na mind the storm a whistle..
It's time he left for home, but the company is good and so are the ales. Tam will drink along with anyone, the miller, his bosom buddy Souter (Cobbler) Johnnie, or the blacksmith, with whom on market days he matches a drink for every shoe:
That every naig was ca'd a shoe on,
The smith and thee gat roaring fou on.
But, finally, reluctantly, Tam has to leave. He goes out into a night of violent storm:
Weel mounted on his gray mare, Meg–
A better never lifted leg–
Tam skelpit on thro' dub and mire;
Despisin' wind and rain and fire.
When they pass Alloway Church, Maggie, like her rider, is astonished to see blazing lights and hear the sounds of a riotous party going on:
But Maggie stood, right sair astonish'd,
Till, by the heel and hand admonish'd,
She ventured forward on the light;
And, vow! Tam saw an unco sight…
"But Maggie stood, right sair astonish'd, Till, by the heel and hand admonish'd, She ventured forward on the light; And, vow! Tam saw an unco sight..." Tam and Maggie as imagined by Abraham Cooper
The church is full of witches and warlocks having a dance. "Nae cotillion brent-new frae France," comments Burns dryly, "But hornpipes, jigs, strathspeys, and reels, put life and mettle in their heels." When the witches strip down to their shifts, both Tam and the Devil (Deil), who is of course presiding over events, are most impressed by one of them, young Nannie. That's Tam's undoing. Full of whisky courage, he bawls out "Weel done, Cutty-sark!" as she dances about in a very short shift indeed.
Remember Tam's mare!
Luckily, his mare Maggie has some sense (and witches aside, the incidence of people getting home safely because of the intelligence of their horses is a regular theme in fact as well as in fiction and poetry). She takes off as though hell is at her heels, which it is, very shortly afterwards:
So Maggie runs, the witches follow,
Wi' mony an eldritch skriech and hollo.
"For Nannie, far before the rest, Hard upon noble Maggie prest"; as imagined by John Joseph Barker
Maggie and Tam are running for their lives towards a stream, which they both know no witch will cross. And with a last desperate bound, Maggie is just carrying her master to safety when the witch Nannie grabs at her tail and:
For Nannie, far before the rest,
Hard upon noble Maggie prest,
And flew at Tam wi' furious ettle;
But little wist she Maggie's mettle –
Ae spring brought off her master hale,
But left behind her ain gray tail;
The carlin claught her by the rump,
And left poor Maggie scarce a stump..
So, suggests Burns, the next time you're distracted by whisky, ale or short shifts: "Think! ye may buy joys o'er dear – Remember Tam o' Shanter's mare."
Burns was lauded in his own lifetime but financially he was constantly struggling. When working as an exciseman, for instance, he wrote to a close friend:
"I know not how the word exciseman, or still more opprobrious, gauger, will sound in your ears. I too have seen the day when my auditory nerves would have felt very delicately on this subject; but a wife and children are things which have a wonderful power in blunting these kind of sensations. Fifty pounds a year for life, and a provision for widows and orphans, you will allow is no bad settlement for a poet."
Poor jaded Pegasus
It was whilst working as an exciseman that Burns rode many a mile throughout south west Scotland, finding himself in the middle of a cold winter at remote Wanlockhead with his horse in need of calkins to improve the grip on the frosty road. When the local smith would not come out to shoe Burns' horse, which was his favourite, Pegasus, Burns hastily penned a poem to be presented to a local worthy who arranged to have the work done. The use of classical imagery is of course quite usual, but it's possible there's some deeper message in it:
With Pegasus upon a day
Apollo, weary flying,
(Thro' frosty hills the journey lay)
On foot the way was plying.
Poor, slipshod, giddy Pegasus
Was, but a sorry walker,
To Vulcan then Apollo gaes,
To get a frosty calker.
Obliging Vulcan fell to wark,
Threw by his coat and bonnet;
And did Sol's business in a crack,
Sol pay'd him with a sonnet.
Ye Vulcan's Sons of Wanlockhead,
Pity my sad disaster;
My Pegasus is poorly shod,
I'll pay you like my Master.
One another occasion, Burns and Pegasus were settled at "the only tolerable inn", Bailie Whigham's in Sanquhar whilst a "grim evening and howling wind were ushering in a night of snow and drift," as Burns wrote to a friend. In this letter it's clear how much he relates to the horse as a comrade, not just a convenience for carrying out his work:
My horse and I were much both fatigued by the labors of the day, and just as my friend the Bailie and I were bidding defiance over a smoking bowl, in wheels the funeral pageantry of the late great Mrs Oswald and poor I am forced to brave all the horrors of the tempestuous night, and jade my horse, my young favorite horse, whom I had just christened Pegasus, twelve miles further on, through the wildest moors and hills of Ayrshire, to New Cumnock…
Burns penned a bitter ode to the unpopular old woman whose corpse had caused him leave the comfortable inn and to "jade" his horse.
The Ploughman Poet
Much capital was – and is – made of Burns as the "Ploughman Poet". For many, this conjures up the classic image of the ploughman with his team, working the land steadily with, perhaps a flock of birds following on behind feasting on the worms turned up by the ploughshare. The reality was rather different.
Firstly, the literati of Edinburgh (and beyond) were fond of creating romantic images around creative talents coming from a rural background – as with James Hogg, "The Ettrick Shepherd". Hogg was a shepherd and Burns was a ploughman, but the use of these terms as a convenient marketing tag has to be separated from the reality of the sheer hard labour involved. During Burns' lifetime, there were major developments taking place in both agricultural equipment and methods. Scotland was at the forefront of these changes and the new two-horse plough was – apologies – cutting edge technology.
Whilst some Mediaeval and Renaissance images, particularly from Europe, show ploughs being drawn by a pair of horses, this still wasn't the norm in Britain. Ploughing using the "primitive plough" was mostly done by oxen – this continued in some very rural parts late into the 19th century – and it took four or more oxen, sometimes augmented by horses, to drag the plough through the earth. Sometimes four horses would be used instead of oxen. It was also a communal effort, requiring a family or a ploughman and several labourers. Stones and weeds had to be cleared as it went along and it usually took two men at least to manage the plough, one to hold the hilts, or stilts (handles) and the other to apply weight so it cut through the ground. Someone had to lead or goad the team as well.
All that changed when James Small designed a new type of plough in the second half of the 18th century. That, along with the development of the Clydesdale in Scotland and the Shire in England, resulted in a revolution in ploughing that would lead to the heavy horse becoming the centre of farming life – but that's a whole story on its own. What Burns understood by ploughing was the old form, not the new that was coming into being. Alistair Moffat, in his excellent book The Borders, writes:
"The most famous ploughman who ever lived, Robert Burns, owned a copy of James Small's treatise, but he never made use of it. Working alone in an outbye field with only his horses for company was not a prospect Burns ever relished. For him, the body warmth, the crack and the shared experience was a necessary part of the hard, hard work of farming."
The life of a ploughman
As I was a-wand'ring ae morning in spring,
I heard a young ploughman sae sweetly to sing;
And as he was singin', thir words he did say,—
There's nae life like the ploughman's in the month o' sweet May.
The lav'rock in the morning she'll rise frae her nest,
And mount i' the air wi' the dew on her breast,
And wi' the merry ploughman she'll whistle and sing,
And at night she'll return to her nest back again.
Robert Burns – The Ploughman's Life
Salutations to old mare Maggie
For me the best example of Burns as a horseman comes from a lesser known poem, The Auld Farmer's New-Year Morning Salutation to His Auld Mare Maggie, on Giving Her the Accustomed Ripp of Corn to Hansel in the New Year. A "hansel" is a payment, a gift, or hand grip, often used in betrothal. Here it's an agreement between the old farmer and his mare, now very old. As he gives her a New Year gift of corn, he reminisces about their lives together, how he inherited her from his father twenty-nine years earlier. Her coat is now white with age but he remembers her when she was young and beautifully dappled:
Tho' now thou's dowie, stiff, an' crazy,
An' thy auld hide as white's a daisy, I've seen thee dappl't, sleek and glaizie,
A bonny gray…
His mare brought home his young bride on her back:
That day ye pranc'd wi' muckle pride,
When ye bure hame my bonnie bride:
An' sweet an' gracefu' she did ride,
Wi' maiden air!
And Maggie has born him ten foals, some of which are in his plough team whilst others he has sold. In the poem, all his past, all his life is read in her and through her like a book. They have grown old together. Finally he assures her that she will always have a place with him and even of his last bundle of corn, she'd always have a portion, a "heapit stimpart" a generous quarter of a peck:
And think na, my auld, trusty servan',
That now perhaps thou's less deservin,
An' thy auld days may end in starvin,
For my last fow,
A heapit stimpart,
I'll reserve ane Laid by for you.
He promises to tether her out on a grassy ridge where she can "nobly rax her leather" – stretch her old body out – and rest. "Flit", which has amongst its meanings "to tether" can also mean to die, to pass over. The sense, the feeling, that I draw from this is that even in death her body will be nobly buried, not cast aside. If you want to read the whole poem, try the Gutenberg Project where you will find the complete version and, indeed, all Burns' works. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18500/18500-h/18500-h.htm
So, as you celebrate Burns Night remember Robert Burns the horseman too. Here's to you, Rabbie! Cheers!
Seeing how they run: horses in early photography and film
Being a historian – and that is anyone with an interest in history – is like being a time traveller. It's possible to go anywhere you'd like to go in the past and still be back in time for tea. Then you can go off on another journey, to the same place or a different one; and even the same place can be a new destination if you read a number of different interpretations of the past. It's astonishing how much diversity there is in historical writing and interesting to see how specialist historians choose to focus on different aspects of people, places and activities.
One thing recurs, though; and that is, just how ubiquitous horses, ponies and mules were before the arrival of the train and the car. That's obviously the major theme of historyonhorseback, but even I am surprised sometimes when I stumble on an unexpected connection to the horse in an area that I hadn't previously considered researching.
The start of this journey was a feature in Amateur Photographer, written by David Clark, about the man who formulated the first photographic process: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.
The oldest photograph in existence – includes a horse!
I had never heard of this man but then I'd never claim to be an expert on the history of photography. I certainly knew about Eadweard Muybridge and his contribution to photography and film and the role horses had played in that – which I'll discuss shortly. But Niépce? Who was he? As I turned the page, an image of a man leading a horse caught my eye. I read the caption: "Niépce's image of an engraving, depicting a man leading a horse, made in 1825…"
The oldest photograph still in existence: an image of a 17th engraving of horse and man
Yes, that's right – the earliest photograph still in existence is of a man leading a horse. The reproduction of the engraving, in the pages of AP, showed a warm yellowy-pink background with a faded looking image of horse and man. The man is looking anxiously up at the horse and is holding it tightly on a lead rope with his hand close to its jaw, whilst the horse shows its anxiety by throwing its head up and opening its mouth. Its back is tense and the hindlegs almost crouched in appearance. It looks as though it is jibbing, refusing to go on, possibly even about to rear up. The man is barefoot and gives the impression of being one of the many who hung about inns and houses in the hope of holding someone's horse for them in return for a tip. He looks as though he's taken on more than he expected here. Or is he leading up the horse at a horse fair? Or stealing it?
Equestrians will also note that one of the bare feet of the man is very close to the hoof of the horse. Has he perhaps been trodden on, yelped and surprised the horse? It's a scenario that most of us will have experienced at some point, though not with bare feet, perhaps.
It isn't a photograph of a real horse of course, it's an image of an image, a 17th century engraving. It would be years before photography was capable of capturing motion successfully and so there would never have been any question of Niépce trying out his new invention on a moving animal. This is one of the earliest photographic images ever made and in retrospect perhaps it's not surprising and also quite touching that it should include a horse.
A golden generation
Joseph Niépce was a remarkable character. Born in Chalon-sur-Saone in France in 1765, he later adopted the name Nicéphore after a Byzantine bishop and saint, Nicephorus. Niépce was one of a remarkable generation; the revolutionary and post-revolutionary Napoleonic generation that produced so many original scientific thinkers whose legacy still touches our lives on a daily basis, although we may not always be conscious of it.
Niépce began his experiments in producing fixed images using the existing technology of the camera obscura. It was quite usual to trace the images cast by this interesting invention, but Niépce wanted to find a way to fix the images in some sort of permanent medium in a way that didn't involve tracing. He experimented with silver nitrate but struggled to produce something that didn't fade until he did further experiments with bitumen and lavender oil.
His first known successes date from the late 18th century although these images deteriorated quickly and nothing remains of them. I do find it fascinating to think that if he had succeeded at this early date, we might have had photographs of Napoleon's 1798 expedition to Egypt and the "savants" who took part in the world's first multi-disciplinary scientific investigation. This date also marks the start of the study of ancient Egypt as a separate discipline which is also known as Egyptology. And there is, perhaps, a curious link to Egypt, or at least to the ancient world, in the name Niépce gave his process, which was "Heliography", or "sun writing", in recognition of the need for light exposure to produce the image. Helios is of course the name of a sun deity – often visualised as driving a chariot through the sky – and the ancient Egyptians had numerous forms and expressions for worshipping the manifestations of their own sun god.
In contrast to Niépce, the life of Eadweard Muybridge is generally better known and more widely documented. His life began and ended in Kingston-on-Thames in the UK, but in between those events, it was one hell of a hair-raising ride.
An old mystery resolved
Muybridge was born Edward James Muggeridge in 1830 and so into a world where photography was recently established, growing and evolving. He moved to the USA where he changed his name several times. A stagecoach accident caused him to return to the UK for a while and it was here that he studied photography. On recovery, he returned to America and worked as a successful photographer, using the name "Helios" for his business and the signature on his prints.
It's hard to tell how long the discussion about animal motion had been going on. It might have been for centuries. Certainly in the ancient world it was standard practice, when producing images of galloping animals such as horses, to show them in a strange pose called "the flying gallop": the front and back legs are stretched out somewhat like those of a rocking horse. This strange and inaccurate portrayal persisted right up until the 19th century, arguably reaching its height in the 17th century AD. Attempts to show other paces were slightly more successful, although in some of the ancient images of walking horses, the horses' feet appear to be stuck to the floor; not one hoof is raised although the legs are bent as though in motion. The correct leg sequence of each of the paces of a horse was strangely hard to portray although it could clearly be felt by any equestrian. And it was the new invention of photography that would finally resolve some very ancient issues regarding movement.
In 1877, Muybridge became involved in the debate when the Californian Governor, Stanford, argued that when a horse was trotting, a two-beat pace where the legs are on the diagonal (that is, the foreleg and hindleg on the same side are alternately together and apart) there was a moment of suspension when all four legs were off the ground. Previously, this had been impossible to prove one way or another.
A horse in the air: but not in the flying gallop (Source: Wikipedia.)
Muybridge managed to get a single photographic shot showing that there was indeed a moment of suspension and this led on to further investigations. He ingeniously came up with ways of recording a sequence of movements, firstly by using threads that triggered photographic shots as the horse broke through each one; these could then be copied and turned rapidly in sequence on a machine called the zoopraxiscope, to recreate the impression of movement. Then, secondly, he developed a more reliable clockwork version to replace the thread process. He was able to demonstrate that in gallop, there is also a point when all four legs are off the ground; this occurs when the legs are drawn together at their closest and the idea of the flying gallop was finally dispelled, in horses at least, although the debate was still alive and well in the 1930s with regard to other animals. The sequence, of one of Stanford's horses, entitled: "Sally Gardner at a gallop" is still breathtaking to watch.
Fortune's wheel
It would seem as though Muybridge was destined for fame as the founding father of cinematography with these very early versions of movies; and indeed, he did have a successful career as a lecturer and creator of moving and sequential images. His publication "Animal Location", with photographic sequences of both human and animal subjects in motion, is still a useful reference for artists, amongst others.
However, as with Niépce, who also had personal and financial issues to drain him, Muybridge's personal and professional life collapsed into ruin. Eventually he fell into dispute and litigation with Stanford – and lost – but prior to that there was a far greater scandal and tragedy. Muybridge's wife was having an affair with an army major, Harry Larkyns and in 1874 Muybridge approached him, spoke briefly to him and then shot him dead. Muybridge was acquitted on the basis of "justifiable homicide" rather than insanity as a result of his earlier head injury, a legal decision that does seem somewhat extraordinary nearly 150 years later.
Niépce and Muybridge; two totally diverse pioneers whose contributions to photography and, in the case of Muybridge, cinematography, are outstanding. And where those pioneers were, so too were horses.
Amateur Photographer, 24 – 31 December 2011, Icons of Photography: View from the Window at Le Gras pp 50 – 52. Feature by David Clark.
Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 56, No 2 June 1936, pp 178 – 188, Two Notes on the Flying Gallop by William F. Edgerton.
For more about Muybridge: http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upt/upt50/upt50m993/upt50m993.html
For more about Niepce, there is a museum devoted to his work: www.niepce.com


I LOVE these pads for applying a wax or sealant. I used them to jewel my Sky with the Rotary as well. (usually I use crimson to jewel with my 3401). Anyway for a rookie to the rotary I was more than impressed with the results.


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radical change is possible one story at a time
Elinor Predota
storytelling ~ coaching ~ facilitation
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Civil liberties — UK and USA
June 3, 2019 April 16, 2017 by admin
Liberty (the National Council for Civil Liberties in the UK) and the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) are important organisations to know about if you're in the UK or the USA respectively, especially if you're engaging in civil disobedience, or want to support those who do.
Liberty was founded in 1934. Its work involves campaigning for civil liberties and human rights in the UK. It is independent of any other organisation, political or otherwise. At the date of writing (update on 16th June 2018), their priority campaigns are: pushing the UK government to end indefinite detention for immigrants; and #keepbritainkind, a campaign to put human rights at the heart of British politics. You can join Liberty as a member, take part in petitions and campaigns, or donate.
The ACLU was formed in the years following WWI in response to draconian, unlawful action against 'radicals', as the US government feared a revolution similar to that which formed the USSR in 1917. Its work now is focused around upholding the US constitution against the constant attacks it currently faces. The ACLU accepts donations and has various campaigns which individuals can take part in.
Categories Personal and political, Resources Tags ACLU, civil liberties, human rights, Liberty Post navigation
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


despite all the big changes, they are still trying to resolve.
Concerns such as abortion, childbirth, sexually transmitted diseases and so on.
Issues that deprive women of the right to be equal to men.
Golmaryam Masood Ansari was born in Tehran in 1981. She studied painting at Tehran Art Azad University.
Learned drawing, theory of the critique of art works, the history of World's Art and the history of Feminist World's Art.
Participated in group and biennal exhibitions. She has been living in Kanagawa prefecture since 2009.
Since then she continues her solo exhibition at the annual pace.


Getting a good and even burn is integral to the enjoyment of a fine cigar, and this starts with a proper light. There are many different lighting methods from which to choose, all of which have to do with personal preference. The only lighting implements to avoid for sure are candles and lighters that use liquid lighter fluid, such as Zippos, because they can impart unwanted flavors to your cigar. The most common lighting implement you will see in a cigar lounge is a butane torch, but wooden matches, cedar spills, and even cool flame butane lighters will all work to give you a clean and even burn.
Your surroundings matter when lighting a cigar. Using wooden cigar matches (don't use the strike anywhere matches, only wooden matches made specifically for cigars) leaves you at the mercy of the wind or even a strong ceiling fan.
Outside of that, personal preference is the only thing that should dictate your lighting implement.
Some people might tell you that using a cool flame lighter, such as a Djeep or Bic, is wrong, but that cool flame is much more gentle than a torch lighter, especially in the hands of newer cigar smokers.
In other words, easy does it. The purpose of toasting the foot is to marry the wrapper to the binder and filler tobaccos so they burn evenly on their final voyage. Take your time and pay attention to what you are doing so you will stand the best chance of getting a good, even burn.
Once you make that initial toast, take a few gentle puffs of your cigar and enjoy.
To the victor goes El Triunfador, which literally means triumph. This particular line is blended to appeal to those who like more traditional, old world flavor profiles. This cigar is medium bodied and made in Nicaragua at Tabacalera Cubana S.A., more commonly known as My Father, and consists of Nicaraguan binder and filler tobaccos with a Connecticut broadleaf wrapper. When paired with the Port Finished Virginia Highland Whiskey from The Virginia Distillery Co. the whiskey brings forth cocoa and espresso in the smoke, while the smoke highlights the sherry cask influence by bringing forward ripe berry notes. The creaminess of the smoke also compliments the smokiness of this unique marriage of both American malt and Scotch whiskies finished in port wine casks.
RoMa Craft Tobac is based in Texas. The creative branding sets this newer brand apart from its old school counterparts – rather than ornate metallic labels like you see on many legacy brands, the paper is matte and embossed with the name in such a way you wouldn't see it if you didn't know where to look. The wrapper on this CroMagnon Mode5 Maduro, which is made in Nicaragua at the Nica Sueño factory, is Connecticut Broadleaf, while the binder is Cameroon, and the filler is Nicaraguan. Alone the cigar is nicely balanced with notes of black coffee and earth with a hint of pepper and sweetness at the end. When paired with the Barton 1792 Single Barrel the smoke brings out sweet corn and spice in the bourbon, while the bourbon brings out earthiness and cedar in the smoke.
Liga Privada, and especially this T52 Flying Pig, is a highly sought-after line from Drew Estate. The wrapper is a Connecticut River Valley stalk cut and cured sun grown Habano leaf, which is rare enough to be mentioned expressly on the label. There is a very curly pig tail on the cap, and the binder is Brazilian while the fillers are both Nicaraguan and Honduran. The blend took about two years to perfect, according to Founder Jonathan Drew. It is made in Esteli, Nicaragua at La Gran Fabrica Drew Estate. First notes are of chocolate, coffee, earth, and just a hint of pepper spice.
Together with the Old Forester 130th Anniversary Small Batch the smoke brings out delightful honey and apples in the Bourbon, while the Bourbon brings out rich espresso notes in the smoke.
Daniel Marshall cigars are known for their age, not only is the tobacco itself aged for several years and the wrapper leaf fermented multiple times, but many of the cigars are also aged after construction for one year in a humidor before being sent for sale to the public. Marshall is also known for finely crafted humidors, for which there is a 'cash for clunkers' trade-in program. This cigar has a Connecticut shade wrapper, Mexican binder, and Dominican filler, and it is made at the Quesada factory in the Dominican Republic. On first light there are notes of nuts, earth, cedar, and pepper. When paired with the Old Forester 2018 Birthday Bourbon the smoke brings out caramel and baking spices in the Bourbon, while the Bourbon highlights the nuttiness in the smoke.


Achieving a 1st in economics has no magic formula, there is no single way to get a 1st. What our researcher will share with you below is his advice on how to get a 1st in economics based on his own university experience. Achieving a 1st requires plenty of revision, practise, hard work, commitment and sacrifice. Even if you feel you are not that smart there is no reason why you cannot achieve a 1st. Academic success does not hinge on intelligence, it depends mostly on hard work.
⦁ Motivate yourself, picture yourself getting a 1st, maybe put a poster of a giant '1st' on your wall, that is your goal.
⦁ Things will go wrong throughout your degree. Maybe you will get a low grade in an essay that you feel you did not deserve. You must be resilient and persevere when you get setbacks, just move on to the next essay or exam.
⦁ Buy a diary to keep track of deadlines. Make a to-do list to see what needs to be done and when it needs to be done by. A calendar may also be helpful, you could stick it on your wall and visualize your deadlines.
⦁ Books = success. It is so basic, the more you read, the more knowledge you gain, the better you understand. Read all the recommended books and all the extra readings for each economics essay or exam answer you are preparing.
⦁ Buy important books, maybe one for each module, and then rely on borrowing from the library for other books. Amazon and eBay are a great place to find cheap second-hand books, aswell as students from the year(s) above you.
⦁ Skim read. Nobody can read every word on every page of every book for an essay. You must learn to skim read, that is, eyeball a page and look for key terms or read the first sentence of each paragraph and see if the paragraph will be helpful to you. Maximize your time reading important material rather than irrelevant material.
⦁ Your university's library may not have enough books for all their students, but other libraries may have. Check to see if you have access to other universities' libraries.
⦁ Check what resources your university library has. At SOAS, for example, the library's online resources included past exam papers.
⦁ Make friends with students who are motivated to succeed, then you can swap essays and revision notes and help each other prepare. It is almost impossible for any one student to work on their own and get a 1st because no one person has the time or energy to do enough readings and prepare enough revision notes.
⦁ Avoid making friends with people who want to take your revision notes and give you nothing or give you poor quality notes in return.
⦁ Form a study group with your friends, discuss topics and questions with each other, give each other constructive criticism, your friends may come up with something that you missed. Presenting to each other is a good way to learn because you retain more information if you present it to others rather than just read on your own.
⦁ Ask your friends (maybe students in the year above you) if they have revision notes and essays from students who done the course before you.
⦁ Maybe you could set up an essay bank and invite all your fellow students to swap essays and revision notes.
⦁ You may want to buy a dictaphone and record lectures (with the lecturer's permission of course) in case they speak to quick and you miss something important.
⦁ Use your lectures as practise for writing quickly as you will need to write super quick in your exams.
⦁ Lecturers are a resource, just like a book, and you must use them. Ask them questions about things you do not understand. Make appointments to see them, they are there to help you.
⦁ Email lecturers and ask them which past papers they set and if these are the style of questions to expect in your exams.
⦁ A basic structure for an economics essay is: introduction, assumptions, model, empirical evidence, critique, conclusion. Another basic structure is: introduction, benefits (theory plus evidence), costs (theory plus evidence), conclusion. Another basic structure is: introduction, first model (school of thought), second model (school of thought), similarities, differences, conclusion.
⦁ Write your introduction after you finish the rest of your essay (main body and conclusion). Introductions can be short and simply state the structure of your essay, that is, section A does this, section B does that etc.
⦁ Conclusions should summarize the main points of your essay. Maybe you can add some 'policy recommendations' into your conclusion.
⦁ Keep your answers clear and simple. Use subtitles to separate out the different sections of your work. Make each key point and explanation a separate paragraph.
⦁ Ask your faculty office for a 'subject handbook' (this may be a paper copy or available online). This handbook should tell you the criteria for achieving a 1st, 2.1, 2.2 etc.
⦁ Cover all the books/articles in your reading list for each essay. Try and reference every book/article at least once.
⦁ Provide plenty of references and examples to back up your points.
⦁ Reference properly. Most economists use the Harvard style of referencing. Also, compile your bibliography correctly.
⦁ Ask your faculty office or student support office about 1-to-1 sessions with PhD students. Most universities let you book a session with a PhD student to look at your essay and advize you on structure and referencing (but not economic theory).
⦁ Try and include a little point relevant to your tutor/lecturer's research interests. For example, for an essay for my favourite lecturer (who's PhD was on social discounting) I included a little point about social discounting.
⦁ Ask your tutor/lecturer for extra feedback for your essays. Ask what they thought you did good and what they thought you did bad.
⦁ A basic structure for an economics exam essay is: introduction, assumptions, model, empirical evidence, critique, conclusion. Another basic structure is: introduction, benefits (theory plus evidence), costs (theory plus evidence), conclusion. Another basic structure is: introduction, first model (school of thought), second model (school of thought), similarities, differences, conclusion.
⦁ Print all the past exam papers.
⦁ Revision notes should be clear and maybe colour coded to help you remember. Spider diagrams are a good way to visualize and revise a topic.
⦁ Do not gamble on certain topics coming up in an exam. If your best topic does not come up then you need to answer a question on another topic. You must prepare revision notes on enough topics to guarantee that you are not left in the exam being unable to answer enough questions properly. Your entire degree grade may come down to the decision of revising for an extra topic, do not take any risks.
⦁ Make sure you can answer different variants of questions on the same topic. Maybe past papers will give you some examples of how a question on just one topic can be asked in different ways.
⦁ Ask your lecturer if you need to prove equations or if it is sufficient to write down the final equation and explain it.
⦁ Make a revision timetable. My revision timetable looked like this: 4 modules per year, revise each module for roughly 1 and a half hours per day (so a total of 6 hours revision per day) for 6 days a week. The 7th day can be spent relaxing. Some students may need to revise more hours than I did per day, others may be able to revise left, find what is best for you.
⦁ Make sure you give yourself regular breaks when revising. For example, I would revise for an hour, have a break for 30 minutes and keep repeating.
⦁ Begin your revision at least 3 weeks before your first exam. Have all your revision notes prepared so that all you need to do is just revise and read them over and over.
⦁ Practise past papers under timed conditions.
⦁ The night before an exam watch a movie or play a game. If you have revised properly then there is nothing left for you to do but relax and then be ready on time for the exam the next day. On the day of an exam you can revise one more time.
⦁ Avoid pulling an 'all-nighter' (staying up all night to revise for an exam the next day) because you need to be awake and alert for your exam, no one can concentrate properly when they are tired.
⦁ Eat almonds and drink some water before an exam to help you concentrate.
⦁ Keep looking at the clock (or you own watch) to make sure you time yourself properly in exams.
⦁ It is important to remember that students have their own idiosyncrasies. For example, some students can read something once and fully understand it whilst others may need to read something over and over again until they fully understand it. Another example, some students can listen to music or watch movies and revise at the same time whilst others cannot. You must find your own idiosyncrasies and discover what things work for you and what things do not.


I've spent several hours going through each location, but every one of them is just empty space with what looks like a planet down below in some of them, I'm not that impressed since this has been in alpha for at least a year. It doesn't look like networking has been implemented at all as after checking my network logs it's only sending & receiving on login authentication.
I figured from the screenshots and videos I've seen that you could have some very basic level of interaction with other users or visit places people have built.
In some locations I see the odd mesh, but I don't see other avatars although I can hear voice and other avatars can see me. Most places are just empty space with stars though. Looks like this needs quite a lot more work before I can offer my input.
Chaoss, i think the linden world where already past this stage you see in high fidelity when you could visit linden world and use it. Still intressting information to know why its not working right for you, this is valuable information to fix problem.
On login today on two separate machines with two different usernames I was on some weird IP domain and it said NOT CONNECTED. All I saw was the star background and the white glow of the base below. No content at all.
I had to manually transport back to my usual domain and a given location to see everything again. Just worth noting in case others get "lost in space" after an Interface upgrade.
You may want to pop along to the Friday meet up to get a better idea of what's going on here, you'll definitely see other people there as well as getting some good information on progress of the Alpha stage.
I have seen this too on the last few builds on Mac (currently on 1121). Al's fix does seem to work; manually transporting to a stored Location (even the same one you were last on) clears the (NOT CURRENTLY ONLINE) and allows the content to rez. If I were to guess, I'd say theres something in the initialization code that is not restoring last location IP vectors.


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Michigan psychic Sherrie Ellen has been studying Kabbalah for many years with her teachers at the California Kabbalah Center, and also studies with a group in Detroit. She loves and scans her Zohar. She does call herself a Kabbalist. Sherrie Ellen is an Oakland County psychic, medium, clairvoyant, numerologist, and astrologer, founder of The Traveling Psychics Entertainment Company, and a Realtor in a lakes area Michigan real estate office. Let her share the light with you.
Aries is the first month of the zodiac, and effects each and every one of us because we have a little bid or sometimes a lot more of all twelve of the zodiac signs within our DNA depending up on our birth date, time and place. This is a very important time because this is when we plant seeds for the rest of the year. This gives us the opportunity to transform our lives and create a new destiny. We can initiate new beginnings. But first we must look at the reality of what is negative in our lives. We must take responsibility of all the confusion that has been and is around us so we can transform this energy into a higher vibration of consciousness and light. We cannot walk through this process blindfold if we want to avoid chaos.
The month of Aries parents the following astrological, zodiac cycles for the whole year. This gives us insight into how our future will look and how any impending arguments will work out. Aries are very selfish by nature. They are known to be one of the most selfish signs in the astrological wheel. We are all here in our earthly existence working on our individual short comings so we can rid ourselves of negative karma and to attract more light into our souls. We want to attract all the blessings that come with each positive change.
The interesting thing that I want each and every one of you to know is that we all choose what our birthday will be before we enter this physical existence we call earth. This will help us work on our particular short comings with the aid of our already achieved assets that we have acquired from all our past life reincarnations. This month of Aries gives us the opportunity to flee and be free from chaos in our lives. It gives us the opportunity to plant happy seeds that will create positive influences in our lives. This gives us an opportunity to break free from the clutches of the environment that has seemed to keep us captive.
Every circumstance that happens in our daily lives is subject to cosmic influences. There is information within each sign to give us clues on how to use these tools to create positive change. These patterns have been sketched out into the universe. We can achieve control over these signs so that their energy better serves us in a positive way. With the energy of Aries we can choose what kind of year we want to have. In the Kabbalist calendar Aries is the New Year. And we celebrate it in spring. In Hebrew you do not say happy New Years. The Kabbalist say "Shana Tova" which means Good Year. Abraham from the first testament designated the month of Aries as the real New Years.
On this powerful month of Aries which is also referred to the month of springing forth it gives us an opportunity to spring out of the life that we live. This gives us the opportunity to change the course of our destiny. Many people who we can call naysayers would find this hard to believe. We can change all of our suffering and problems that we have been dealing with. We can change the entire chaotic situation of our life and move out of our struggles. This occurs with the assistance of the cosmic influences.
Each and every one of us has a patter that is from past incarnations, and our present actions, thoughts and words. We are all tailored like a suite of clothes called chaos which has caused great suffering. To re-brand our suite into a new style which only draws blessings it has to be accomplished in the month of Aries. Each month we struggle with how to change the influences. But in this month of Aries it gives us the opportunity to change the pattern. We can initiate freedom without effort.
There are three of each, water signs, fires signs, air signs and earth signs. Aries is a fire sign. All three fire signs are known for passion, and they can be difficult. They are Aries, Leo and Sagittarius. First six signs of zodiac are male energy and the last six signs are female energy.
Oakland County, Michigan psychic medium Sherrie Ellen is available for private readings.
We can choose our path/spiritual way, teacher/spiritual path, environment, where we live, friends. These are the only freedom of choice that we have. The rest of the choices we have already signed up for in the beginning before we were born. To connect to our mission there is work involved. There is work involved in everything we do including creating a business, raising our children, in making money, in keeping your body in shape, in maintaining our relationships. Freedom of choice is going against our nature. And if it comes free and there is not work involved then there is not blessings that come to us from it.
One thing Michigan psychic Sherrie Ellen knows for certain is that the spiritual reality is bigger then what we can see with out psychical eyes. Within everyone one of us there is a pattern, a challenge that is called tukun (ego, Satan, the opponent). This is where you need to make a correction. There are three parts to the tukin. There is either a challenge to go through, a goal to achieve, or a specific individual in my life that you will need to help, or all of these three combined. There is an internal and sometimes external energy force that challenges us toward connecting to the light.
One of the questions that Oakland County psychic, clairvoyant, and medium Sherrie Ellen suggests to her clients to ask themselves that also applys to the reader is that you can ask yourself so you can locate a challenge is "are you aware of your action, Are you really in control of your actions? From the day we are born there is this battle within us. Throughout our life time we meet many people who will challenge us. This gives us a chance to grow and earn the light from above. The more intense the challenge the greater the opportunity to earn the more light. Many call this the game of life. Kabbalist believe that one of the biggest tricks of the devil is to convince you that they do not exist.
Remember they refer to the devil as part of your ego and not a red monster with a pitch fork. It's like the opponent keeping us from our mission by procrastination. They are talking about the opponent distracting ourselves. Other examples are that some people have Satan to save money and some people have Satan to spend money. This all has to do with our spiritual work. Ask yourself where is the force they also call the opponent that wants to take us away from our mission. Satan makes us stop doing what we are supposed to do. He can freeze us in fear so we won't work on our mission. He challenges each of us in different ways. This is external and not internal. Our souls wants us to do what is best. Being spiritual is to identify how often you see the opponent. Unexplained fears come from past lives. Kabbalah is like a gym to the soul. You got to work it.
On the 15th day of Aries, it gives this gives us the opportunity to free ourselves against chaos. It gives us a chance to have mastery over our lives and destiny. It is a war against the forces that have created our prison. This happens on the night of Passover. On this date the angel of death will have to pass over without creating destruction in our lives. This is the month of freedom.
Michigan psychic Sherrie Ellen is founder of The Traveling Psychics Entertainment company. She is available for parties and private psychic readings, and mediumship.


text:
Six Arrested in Relation to Bye-Elections
Wednesday, 24 September 2008 15:59 PM
Yesterday, Police arrested six people for election related offences during the East Honiara By-Election.
The first arrest occurred at the Waterfront Polling Station in East Honiara when a male was discovered trying to use his name to vote for a second time.
An 18-year-old male, 20-year-old male, 22-year-old male and 23-year-old male were arrested at different polling stations after they were caught trying to impersonate another person and vote in that name.
One female was also arrested for impersonating another person at St Nicholas polling station.
All six offenders are expected to appear before the Honiara Magistrates Court today.
Press Release (Police Media Unit)


text:
Q: How can I generate bar code for a product with information in android? I used ZXing library for generating the bar code.
Currently I can pass String value for converting string content to bar code image.
But I need to generate bar code with product information.
Like Product name, description, manufactured date and so on..
How can I do that in android?
Please help!

A: You're going to have to go with a 2D barcode if you want to go any longer than 60 or so characters, especially on a device like a smartphone.
You can pack a maximum of around 4k of alphanumeric data in the largest QR Code and about 1.5K in a single PDF417, but unless your screen surface area is large and fixed in space, you are going to have trouble scanning a symbol that dense.
2D barcodes are a pain to work with on the generation and scanning side. Not to mention the code you would have to write to validate and parse. Scanning and printing one small barcode lets you focus on application logic.
I recommend what the others are telling you to do. Put the product information in a persistent key-value store and put the key in a 1D barcode. The key, when scanned, can retrieve a JSON or CSV string telling you all you want to know about the product. That's how EAN/UPC encodings work, and they have a pretty good track record.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Расстоя́ние Чебышёва — метрика на векторном пространстве, задаваемая как максимум модуля разности компонент векторов.

Названа в честь русского математика Пафнутия Чебышёва. Также называется метрикой Чебышёва, равномерной метрикой, -метрикой и бокс-метрикой; на  называется метрикой решётки, метрикой шахматной доски, метрикой хода короля и 8-метрикой.
Стандартное обозначение — , поскольку является частным случаем метрик  пространств :
.

Шар в этой метрике имеет форму куба, рёбра которого параллельны осям координат. Среди метрик  метрика Чебышёва имеет шар наибольшего объёма при фиксированном радиусе. Единичный шар имеет объём .

Примечания

Литература

Метрическая геометрия

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Full Statute Name: West's Hawai'i Revised Statutes Annotated. Division 1. Government. Title 11. Agriculture and Animals. Chapter 143. Animals: Licenses and Regulations; Title 12. Conservation and Resources. Subtitle 4. Forestry and Wildlife; Recreation Areas; Fire Protection. Chapter 183D. Wildlife. Part V. Wild Birds and Other Wildlife.
Link to § 663-9 Liability of animal owners.
"Unlicensed dog" means any dog for which the license for the current year has not been paid or to which the tag provided for in this chapter is not attached.
§ 143-2.5. Regulation of other animals.
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as a limitation on the authority of the counties to regulate, including by licensure, animals other than dogs.
It shall be unlawful for the owner of any animal or any person in possession of an animal that belongs to another person to leave the animal without the intention of returning to it.
Any person who violates this section shall be guilty of a petty misdemeanor.
§ 143-3. License fee controlled by ordinance.
Except where licenses are dispensed with pursuant to section 143-2, each county council shall have the power to fix the license fee for dogs on a biennial basis. Until and unless otherwise provided by ordinance the biennial license fee for each dog shall be $4. Any person owning or having the custody or control of any dog shall pay the license fee to the director of finance of the county in which the dog is owned, kept, or controlled. The license fee shall be due and payable on January 2 of every second year and shall be paid before March 11 of every second year, or within thirty days after the exemption ceases in the case of dogs becoming subject to this chapter.
The full amount of the fee shall be paid for any fraction of the license period for which a license is issued.
All moneys received by the director of finance under this chapter shall be paid into the general fund of such county.
§ 143-4. Issuance of license and tags.
§ 143-5. Removal and imitation of dog tags.
It shall be unlawful for any person to remove any tag from any dog not owned by the person or under the person's control, or to place on any dog any license tag not issued as herein provided, or to make or have in possession or to place on a dog any counterfeit or imitation of any license tag provided for in this chapter.
§ 143-6. Lost dog tags.
If any license tag is lost or stolen, the person to whom the tag was issued shall be entitled to receive a duplicate thereof by presenting to the director of finance who issued the license the original license and satisfactory proof that the tag was lost or stolen.
§ 143-7. Pounds and animal control officers.
The council of each county may establish and maintain pounds for the impounding of dogs under this chapter, and may provide for the appointment and compensation of animal control officers who shall have all the powers of a sheriff or police officer in carrying out this chapter.
§ 143-8. Seizure and redemption of unlicensed dogs.
§ 143-9. Redemption of dog after sale.
The owner of any dog which has been seized and sold as provided in this chapter, at any time within thirty days after the sale, may redeem the dog from the purchaser by paying to the purchaser the amount of the purchase price paid by the purchaser and an impoundment fee per day as provided in section 143-8, for the number of days from the date of sale to and including the date of the redemption. If the dog has been neutered in the manner provided in section 143- 8, the owner shall pay to the purchaser the amount of the neutering charge.
Every person who takes into the person's possession any stray dog shall immediately notify the animal control officer and release the dog to the animal control officer upon demand. If there is attached to the dog a license tag for the then current year, the animal control officer shall notify in writing the person to whom the license was issued, at the address given in the license certificate, and, upon demand made within twenty-four hours thereafter and without charge, shall release the dog to the person. If no person lawfully entitled to the dog, within nine days after the date of giving the notice, shall claim the dog, the dog may be sold or destroyed by the animal control officer in the manner provided in section 143-8 for unlicensed dogs.
§ 143-11. Redemption of stray licensed dogs.
The owner of any licensed dog impounded and not claimed within twenty-four hours as provided in section 143-10, may redeem the dog at any time before the sale or destruction of the dog by paying to the animal control officer an impoundment fee per day as provided in section 143-8, for the number of days the dog was impounded.
§ 143-12. Seizure and disposal of diseased dogs; penalty.
Any police officer or animal control officer may seize and, after notice to the owner if the owner can be found, may kill any dog running at large which is so obviously diseased as to be a menace to the health of persons or animals.
Any owner of any dog so diseased, who recovers the dog from the police officer or animal control officer, after notice as aforesaid, and does not furnish forthwith suitable medical treatment and care for, or destroy, the diseased dog, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
§ 143-13. Destruction of diseased or unfit dogs.
All dogs taken into the custody of the animal control officer which by reason of age, disease, or other causes, are unfit for further use or are dangerous to keep impounded, may be forthwith humanely destroyed by the animal control officer.
It shall be unlawful for the owner of any female dog, licensed or unlicensed, to permit it to run at large while the dog is in the copulating season.
§ 143-15. Contracts for seizing and impounding dogs.
Any county may contract with any society or organization formed for the prevention of cruelty to animals, or similar dog protective organization, for the seizure and impounding of all unlicensed dogs, and for the maintenance of a shelter or pound for unlicensed dogs, and for lost, strayed, and homeless dogs, and for the destruction or other disposition of seized dogs not redeemed as provided in this chapter. The county may prescribe in the contract the manner in which the work is to be done by the society or organization and it may also direct the disposition to be made of all dogs seized pursuant to this chapter.
§ 143-16. Contract between county of Kauai and Kauai Humane Society.
Pursuant to the authorization provided in section 143-15 the county council of the county of Kauai shall contract with the Kauai Humane Society, an incorporated nonprofit association organized under the laws of the State for the prevention of cruelty to animals, upon the subject matters contained in section 143-15 and shall appropriate the moneys collected by the director of finance of the county of Kauai under section 143-3 for use by the Kauai Humane Society.
In addition to the matter contained in section 143-15 the Kauai Humane Society may expend funds turned over by the county to construct a dog pound on Kauai; provided that the county council shall first approve the plans for the construction and location of the dog pound.
§ 143-17. Wrongful interference with officers.
It shall be unlawful for any person to resist or obstruct any officer in the exercise of the officer's duties as provided in this chapter.
§ 143-18. Unlawful disposition of impounded dogs.
It shall be unlawful for any officer to knowingly sell or give any impounded dog to any person, firm, corporation, association, medical college, or university for the purpose of animal experimentation.
Any person violating any of the provisions of this chapter for which no special penalty is provided shall be fined not more than $50.
Any dog or cat captured or killed in any steel-jawed leg-hold trap, snare, conibear trap, or foot- or leg-hold trap, as those terms are defined in section 711-1109.37, in an area zoned as residential shall immediately be checked for identification and reported to a county animal control officer and, upon request, shall be turned over to the animal control officer.
Laws 2013, ch. 208, § 2, eff. June 26, 2013.
DIVISION 1. GOVERNMENT. TITLE 12. CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES. SUBTITLE 4. FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE; RECREATION AREAS; FIRE PROTECTION. CHAPTER 183D. WILDLIFE. PART V. WILD BIRDS AND OTHER WILDLIFE.
§ 183D-65. Posting; destruction of predators.
(a) On any game management area, public hunting area, or forest reserve or other lands under the jurisdiction of the department, predators deemed harmful to wildlife by the department may be destroyed by any means deemed necessary by the department.
(b) Where the predators are dogs and the methods of destruction may endanger pets or hunting dogs, all major points of entrance into the area where the predators are to be destroyed shall be posted with signs indicating that a program of predator destruction in the area is in progress. Any predator may be destroyed in a posted area without claim or penalty whether or not the predator is the property of some person.


We stopped by a few stores on our way home yesterday. "Do you have any bug spray left, or After Bite?" I asked.
It's okay, I thought to myself. We had just stopped by the grocery store and I grabbed another bottle of vanilla.
I'm simply writing to relay the two totally old school solutions everyone seems to swear by, because nothing else seems to be working.
One of the neighbors says he knows quite a few famers in the area that put a dryer sheet under their hat each day before they hit the fields. Do either of them work? Far fewer bites last night after working for a few moments in the garden and being out all night with company and the horses. Our little neighbor said she loved it, no bites and she couldn't believe how good it smelled. The smile on her face was priceless as she talked about it.
No guarantees, but perhaps the next time you're under attack, one or the other might be worth a try. And both seem to smell much better than the alternative.
This entry was posted in Bug Spray, Gnats, South Dakota, Uncategorized and tagged Bug spray, Cowboy, Dryer Sheets for bug control, Gnats, Mosquitos, Vanilla by Carleen Wild. Bookmark the permalink.
The gnats are terrible in Wisconsin as well. I've tried the vanilla, dryer sheets, and bug spray with no luck. Absorbine Jr. does work to keep the buggers away but lots of places have been sold out around here. I did find it at a Walgreens but the price tag for a bottle was 10.99. I asked someone working there if there was anything else that would work, and she told me that the gnats don't like the menthol, so Icy Hot or Vicks Vapor Rub should work.
Hey, omg your post makes me laugh. I think when it's bad enough we'll try anything! Worth a shot! Thank you for stopping in and passing along more hopefully valuable info!


text:
Celebs Subhash Ghai
Subhash Ghai
Director/Producer/Lyricst
Birth Place : Nagpur, Maharashtra
Subhash Ghai is an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter. His most notable films include Kalicharan (1976), Karz (1980), Hero (1983), Meri Jung (1985), Karma (1986), Ram Lakhan (1989), Saudagar (1991), Khalnayak (1993), Pardes (1997) and Taal (1999). He... ReadMore
Nagesh Kukunoor
Paritosh Painter
Subhash Ghai is an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter. His most notable films include Kalicharan (1976), Karz (1980), Hero (1983), Meri Jung (1985), Karma (1986), Ram Lakhan (1989), Saudagar (1991), Khalnayak (1993), Pardes (1997) and Taal (1999). He launched 'Mukta Arts', a film production company in 1982, and is known as the "showman" of Bollywood, for making epic films that portray grandeur and a very rich theme.
Mr. Ghai has written and directed 16 motion pictures out of which 13 have been declared as the biggest blockbusters of its time. He started his production company in 1978 as a partnership concern to begin with, then formed a private limited company known as Mukta Arts Pvt. Ltd. in 1982 and produced many blockbusters under the company which is, till date, one of the leading...
Filimography
Directed by Nikkhil Advani
Kaanchi
Directed by Subhash Ghai
Release Date 25 Apr 2014
Nimbehulli
Directed by Hemant Hegde
Kashmakash
Directed by Rituparno Ghosh
Release Date 20 May 2011
Muthu Movie Songs | Oruvan Oruva..
Chumma Kizhi Lyric Video From Da..
Sanju Celebs REVIEW: Fatima Sana..
Subhash Ghai Doesn't Think Nepotism Has Survived In The Film Industry
Subhash Ghai On Nepotism Debate: The Public Decides, They Don't Care If You're..
Aishwarya Rai Was The Reason Why Mahima Chaudhry Was Cut Up With Me, Says Subh..
Subhash Ghai Responds To Mahima Chaudhrys Bullying Claims: I Am Amused Reading..
Mahima Chaudhry Says She Was Bullied By Subhash Ghai, Reveals Salman Khan &..
Rishi Kapoor Was Hospitalized For Depression After Karz Flopped, Reveals Direc..
Subhash Ghai Comments
Premiere Date : May 24 2020
Genre : Action & Adventure
Muthu Movie Songs | Oruvan Oruvan Video Song
Chumma Kizhi Lyric Video From Darbar
Sanju Celebs REVIEW: Fatima Sana Sheikh, Shabana Azmi who CRY after watching the film


text:
Turkish Foreign Ministry summons Belgian ambassador
March 11 2019 17:21:42
Turkey's Foreign Ministry summoned Belgian Ambassador to Ankara Michel Malherbe on March 11 over a Belgian judicial decision it said had blocked the prosecution of people with alleged links to the illegal PKK, a ministry official said.
The ministry last week described the decision by the Belgian Chamber of Indictment as unacceptable and said Belgium was expected "to act in line with [its] counter-terrorism responsibilities".
In a statement on March 8, the Turkish Foreign Ministry said: "Despite evidence submitted by the Federal Prosecutor of Belgium on the PKK's terrorist nature, this decision, as it stands, provides the terrorist organization with a very dangerous area of exploitation."
Foreign Ministry spokesman Hami Aksoy said it was possible to appeal the decision in the Belgium Court of Appeals. "Turkey will continue its legal fight determinedly," he added.
"We expect our ally Belgium to act in line with counter-terrorism responsibilities and take the necessary steps in the fight against the PKK terrorist organization in an effective manner," he said.
The PKK, which is listed as a terrorist organization by Turkey, the U.S. and the EU, waged a terror campaign against Turkey for more than 30 years and has been responsible for the death of nearly 40,000 people, including women and children.
Belgium, Turkey, summon
Turkey to send fourth ship to East Med, despite EU sanctions decision
Turkey condemns EU decision to suspend high-level talks
World leaders express solidarity with Turkey over coup attempt
Turkey, EU discuss Eastern Mediterranean
Russian S-400 hardware deployment in Turkey continues
Turkey delivers $4.5M worth military aid to Afghanistan


In afterschool programs there exists a belief that the most beneficial activities for school age children resemble the activities they participate in at school. Scheduled and prescribed activities may be beneficial, but with so much structure there is less time for children in afterschool programs to create a learning community. A community that encourages children to practice social skills, nurture friendships, and give back to other children.
Children are watching as their parents, aunts, uncles, and grandparents are interacting within the community. Children would benefit greatly by witnessing the actions we are practicing everyday more than the actions we are asking them to practice.
We all contribute to our community through our actions, which have a ripple effect, influence others, and our own future actions. It is a continuous stream of positive and negative effects flowing from our actions that shape our daily experience.
I attended a professional development weekend in Portland recently. One breakout session featured documentation and discussion about children in two different classes and age groups. The session shared a story about children of different ages coming together and discovering each other. The presentation provoked and ignited my thinking.


Throughout the NHL, young players are making a major impact for their franchises as teams are relying upon youth to lead their teams into the playoffs. In this week's Prospect Impressions, Rickard Rakell, Joel Armia, and Robby Fabbri are featured with highlight-reel goals. Nashville Predators forward Craig Smith has his shot blocked and you won't believe who did it. Plenty more highlights including a fun look at Dan Girardi's pirate impression, and one SHL goalie who likes to have some fun post-game.
Would you be surprised to know that Rickard Rakell currently sits fourth in team scoring for the Anaheim Ducks? Ahead of a number of powerhouse veterans, Rakell has quietly elevated his game, something the Ducks desperately needed to turn their season around after an abysmal start. You could consider Rakell as somewhat of a saving grace for the team, as his ability to play up-and-down the lineup has been a critical element to the Ducks' recent eight-game win streak. With the game on the line against the Edmonton Oilers, Rakell danced through the defense and dramatically notched his 16th goal and fifth game-winner of the year.
Ever since Evander Kane was traded one year ago, Winnipeg Jets fans have clamored for a playmaking forward capable of making a flashy play when called upon. Enter Joel Armia, who is looking more comfortable in the NHL by the game. He certainly wasn't the biggest name in the deal, but Armia has been a steady influence on the Jets roster since he earned a spot in mid-December. With three goals to his name this year, Armia's fourth was a thing of beauty and perhaps a glimpse at what to expect in the near future.
Is Joel Armia about to unleash the fury? His second goal of the night and the Jets have a 5-3 lead. What a goal by Armia.
At the beginning of the season, there was an impression out there that the St. Louis Blues were going to send Robby Fabbri back to junior hockey. In this case, Fabbri's play stood out and he simply forced his way into the lineup, where he has been a consistent threat for a team blessed with a deep group of forwards. Fabbri recently cracked the top 10 in NHL rookie scoring, and with 15 goals and 13 assists, he has added his name into the equation for a Blues team expecting to make a long playoff run.
Ah, Robby Fabbri. True high-end talent for the Blues. A big reason why the competitive window will remain open for some time here.
It was the worst of times, then it was the best of times for Nashville Predators forward Craig Smith. With the game all square late in the third period, Smith found himself wide open at the side of the net and took a hack at the puck. Then, amazingly, Smith made the save on himself in one of the most unlikely plays you will ever see. Luckily for Smith – who is no stranger to epic whiffs – he was presented with an immediate opportunity for redemption in the shootout, and he wasted little time cashing in.
Can't count the amount of hours I've watched hockey in my life. I've never seen what Craig Smith just did before. Likely never will again.
If Dylan Strome (ARI) is a hot knife, the Niagara IceDogs played the role of butter as Strome carved up the Dogs defense in spectacular one-on-four fashion. The Erie Otters captain opened the scoring against Niagara by doing it all himself, one of the finest goals of his OHL career. Strome currently sits fifth in OHL scoring with 92 points, and is trying to catch Barrie Colts forward Kevin Labanc (SJS) as he chases his second scoring title.
Dylan Strome (ARIZ) just went through 4 guys to score.
In the hockey hotbed of Minnesota, they take their high school hockey seriously. With a final spot in the Minnesota Boy's Class AA State Hockey Championship on the line, 3,400 fans filled the Aldrich Arena in Minnesota Stillwater take on Hill-Murray. With the game knotted up in overtime, Stillwater junior forward Noah Cates sent his team into hysteria with a spin-o-rama goal that will be remembered in Minnesota hockey lore for a long time.
Noah Cates' OT goal for Stillwater last night vs. Hill was a thing of beauty but that outlet pass from Gavin Holland was Kevin Love like.
Somewhere in Welland, Ontario, there is a minor hockey coach smiling as Dan Girardi did exactly what he was taught growing up: keep an eye on the puck at all times. Channeling his inner pirate, Girardi got a puck stuck in his visor in a hilarious play that will be etched in the minds of fans for a while.
Hockey can often be a tough business, but for three-time Slovakian Extraliga champion Julius Hudacek, life on ice is more than just a song and dance. The grind of a long season often wears on goaltenders, but Hudacek's postgame antics in Orebro, Sweden has become one of the most popular sights to see in the SHL. Some teams wouldn't be keen to let him relax and show off after games, but Hudacek's performance last year as SHL Goaltender of the Year and Most Valuable Player suggests Orebro is just fine letting Hudacek take a load off.


This is a bit of a rejoinder to Boris 'Mugwump' Johnson. Johnson, as a public schoolboy steeped in the Classics, believes that everything great and good began with ancient Greece and Rome. But a few years ago I put up a blog post about a book, The Origins of the Democracy in the Ancient Near East, which argued that the roots of democracy went further back, and further east, than ancient Greece. It began instead in the popular assemblies, which governed ancient mesopotamian civilisations such as the city state of Mari.
The pattern of society in early Mesopotamia has been described as "primitive democracy". There was an assembly (Sumerian ukkin, Akkadian puhrum) of the elders and young men with whom they chieftain or leader (antecedant of the later king) must consult. All major decisions were put to a vote. In addition, the cheiftain was obliged to give to his tutelary deity an annual account of his conduct of authority during the previous year. No doubt here also, as in the case of Egypt, there was drastic modification in practice especially in later years when, for example, such strong men as Sargon of Akkad, Hammurabi of Babylon or Sennacherib of Assyria ruled. But the principle remained in daily life as a unique characteristic of Mesopotamian civilization and spread into Syria and Anatolia as well. 356.
I don't doubt that in the half century since the book was published, this view of ancient near eastern society as democratic has been revised. I think the book that came out about it a few years ago said that these states weren't democratic. However, popular assemblies did exist.
Mesopotamia was the old name for the area that is now Iraq, and I wonder how much of its ancient history and precious archaeology has survived the western invasion by Bush and Blair, sectarian conflict and the destructive fury of ISIS. Nicholas Wood in his book, The Case Against Blair, describes how the Americans trashed Babylon when they chose to make it into one of the bases. And the barbarians of ISIS released a vide of them levelling Nineveh and destroying priceless antiquities in one of Iraq's museums.
And their fury against anything they judge to be un-Islamic isn't confined to the ancient past. They've also desecrated and destroyed Christian churches and the country's Muslim shrines and mosques. And this is besides the horrific carnage and destruction which the war and its aftermatch have unleashed on the region and its people.
Iraq was one of the major centres of world civilisation, and the destruction of its ancient monuments and artefacts is a massive loss. And all because Bush, Blair and the Saudis wanted to steal the country's oil and other state-owned industries for American big business.
Watching the videos here of Islamic State fighters taking sledgehammers and drills to Assyrian reliefs in Nimrud – then blowing up the whole site – is hard. Similar attacks in Mosul, Nineveh and Hatra have brought global condemnation, and now the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra lies under IS control.
The programme's on BBC 4 at 9.00 pm, if you can bear to watch the footage of this gratuitous vandalism.
Cruikshank is an architectural historian with a deep appreciation of the glories of the world's architectural heritage, not just that of Britain. A few years ago he presented a series, in which he toured the globe's great buildings and monuments, including those of Iraq and Afghanistan. These included either Babylon or Nineveh, where he was horrified to find how botched and tawdry the 'restoration' performed by Saddam Hussein had been. The monument had been partly restored using modern brick stamped with the late dictator's own name. I've got a feeling this was slightly before the West's invasion of Iraq, as he stated his own, real fears about the threat a war in the country posed to the survival of these precious antiquities. He also talked to one of the leaders of the Christian community in Iraq about the deterioration in relationships between them and their Muslim compatriots. The interview was quite strained, with ominous pauses where the bishop appeared to be thinking very carefully indeed about how to explain his people's embattled situation. He explained that relations between Christians and Muslims had previously been quite harmonious. Tensions had increased, with members of the Christian church physically assaulted, with the threat of invasion from the West.
Alas, Cruikshank's fears have been borne out. Christian communities throughout Iraq and the Middle East have been attacked and expelled by ISIS as part of their radical Islamisation of the territories they capture. And it's not just been Christians that have suffered. They've also attacked, brutalised and enslaved the Yezidis, and have killed Muslims, whose religious views differ from and are opposed to their own. I've blogged before about how many Islamic clergy have been murdered and mosques demolished by ISIS, simply because they dared to have a different conception of Islam.
And in addition to destroying churches, and ancient Assyrian monuments, they've also destroyed historic Islamic shrines, again because they are 'un-Islamic', according to their twisted ideology.
All this is a deliberate attack on an ancient heritage that belongs to the world and specifically to the peoples of the countries ISIS have conquered and brutalised. These monuments are a threat, as they show just how ancient the history and culture of these peoples are. Archaeologists and historians of the ancient Near East, such as Georges Roux in his Ancient Iraq have noted, for example, that the style of housing used by the ancient Babylonians is very much the same as that traditionally used in Iraq. The forensic scientist and Egyptologist, Dr Jo-Anne Fletcher, made the same point about the type of houses built and used by modern Egyptians. This is also very similar to those built by their ancient predecessors thousands of years previously.
In language, too, there is considerable similarity and some remarkable survivals from the ancient cultures. Akkadian, the language of the Assyrian Empire, was, like Arabic and Hebrew, a Semitic language. And there are still words in modern Arabic, which are clearly derived from, if not exactly the same, as those uttered by the Assyrians. Certain customs and cultural practices have also survived down the centuries from the ancient past. In the programme about Palmyra, Cruikshank pointed to a relief, which showed a group of veiled women riding camels or mules. This, he pointed out, showed how ancient the veiling of women was in the Middle East. It certainly does. Respectable married women were required by law in ancient Assyria to veil themselves in public.
ISIS' destruction of these monuments is a deliberate attempt to erase the history and cultural identity of Iraq and Syria. It's the same totalitarian strategy pursued by Hitler and Stalin, in their brutal campaigns to remodel Nazi Germany and the Communist Soviet Union, so that no trace of their former cultures could survive to challenge the regime. And the cultural vandalism didn't stop there, but was also imposed on the nations they conquered. Hitler, for example, had the Paris metro destroyed, as he had claimed that Berlin was the only city in the world that had such an underground railway system. This was clearly belied by the existence of the French system, and so it had to be destroyed. And as Orwell stated in 1984, that classic SF dystopia, if you want to control the future, you have to control the past. Hence the Ministry of Truth, which existed to rewrite history in order to satisfy the ideological and propaganda needs of Big Brother's tyranny.
Orwell based his book on Stalin's Russia. Since then, Communism has fallen, although Putin seems determined to revive some of Stalin's reputation and his brutal methods. And ISIS have now succeeded the Nazi and Stalinist regimes as destroyers of culture and history in the pursuit of totalitarian power.
They haven't always been able to get their own way, however. There has been the odd case where the local people have protested so strongly against their attempts to destroy one of their country's monuments, that ISIS have been forced to retreat. One of these cases was when the locals gathered round to protect an historic minaret.
Their actions stand in stark contrast to far more enlightened approach of the early caliphs. What made medieval Islam such a powerful cultural and scientific force in global society, was its willingness to seek out, absorb, and assimilate the learning of the peoples they had conquered. This was then synthesized and built on, with the result that Muslim scholars made astonishing advances in astronomy, medicine, physics, mathematics, philosophy, chemistry, historiography – the philosophy of history – and even in areas ISIS utterly detest, such as musical theory.
ISIS, by contrast, are destroyers, and their deliberate and calculated attack on these ancient monuments has left the culture of the world and the Muslim and Arab peoples themselves badly impoverished.
The other day I put up a post about a book arguing that the roots of Western democracy go back beyond ancient Greece to Mari in ancient Mesopotamia, now Iraq. I also mentioned Sasan I. Samiei's book criticising the belief that there has always been a conflict between a freedom-loving, democratic West, and a despotic East. It's been extremely well received, and I thank everyone who's read, reblogged or commented on the post. It seems to me that there are an immense number of people out there, who are heartily sick of war-mongering and the demonization of the Middle East and its peoples. It shows that there are many out there, who have had enough of the big multinationals and their wars to exploit these nations on the one hand, and religious bigots and extremists like ISIS on the other. Many wish to stand with them in establishing a far more just, fair and peaceful international order, which promotes the respect and dignity of all nations and their citizens.
I mentioned in my original post that there was a story from ancient Assyria that suggested that there was something like a democratic mentality there thousands of years ago. The story was about a poor man, who gave a gift to the local mayor expecting him to do something for him in return. The mayor didn't, and so the poor man arranged to have the living daylights beaten out of his nominal ruler.
So the moral of this story is: Politicians, don't short-change the voters. And especially not poor ones, with nothing to lose. You don't know who they're friends with.