text:
From wiki.gis.com
A workflow is a depiction of a sequence of operations, declared as work of a person, a group of persons,[1] an organization of staff, or one or more simple or complex mechanisms. Workflow may be seen as any abstraction of real work, segregated in workshare, work split or other types of ordering. For control purposes, workflow may be a view on real work under a chosen aspect,[2] thus serving as a virtual representation of actual work. The flow being described often refers to a document that is being transferred from one step to another.
A workflow is a model to represent real work for further assessment, e.g., for describing a reliably repeatable sequence of operations. More abstractly, a workflow is a pattern of activity enabled by a systematic organization of resources, defined roles and mass, energy and information flows, into a work process that can be documented and learned.[3][4] Workflows are designed to achieve processing intents of some sort, such as physical transformation, service provision, or information processing.
Workflow concepts are closely related to other concepts used to describe organizational structure, such as silos, functions, teams, projects, policies and hierarchies. Workflows may be viewed as one primitive building block of organizations. The relationships among these concepts are described later in this entry.
The term workflow is used in computer programming to capture and develop human-to-machine interaction. Workflow (management) software aims to provide end users with an easier way to orchestrate or describe complex processing of data in a visual form, much like flow charts but without the need to understand computers or programming.
1 Related concepts
1.1 Historical development
1.2 Beginnings in manufacturing
1.3 Maturation and growth
1.4 Quality era
3 Features and phenomenology
4 Workflow improvement theories
5 Workflow components
6 Workflow applications
The concept of workflow is closely related to several other fields in operations research and other fields that study the nature of work, either quantitatively or qualitatively, such as artificial intelligence (in particular, the sub-discipline of AI planning) and ethnography. The term workflow is more commonly used in particular industries, such as printing, and professional domains, where it may have particular specialized meanings.
Processes: A process is a more specific notion than workflow, and can apply to physical or biological processes, for instance. In the context of concepts surrounding work, a process may be distinguished from a workflow by the fact that it has well-defined inputs, outputs and purposes, while the notion of workflow may apply more generally to any systematic pattern of activity (such as all processes occurring in a machine shop).
Planning and scheduling: A plan is a description of the logically necessary, partially-ordered set of activities required to accomplish a specific goal given certain starting conditions. A plan, when augmented with a schedule and resource allocation calculations, completely defines a particular instance of systematic processing in pursuit of a goal. A workflow may be viewed as an (often optimal or near-optimal) realization of the mechanisms required to repeatedly execute the same plan.
Flow control is a control concept applied to workflows to divert from static control concepts applied to stock, that simply managed the buffers of material or orders, to a more dynamic concept of control, that manages the flow speed and flow volumes in motion and in process. Such orientation to dynamic aspects is the basic foundation to prepare for more advanced job shop controls, as just-in-time or just-in-sequence.
In transit visibility is a monitoring concept that applies to transported material as well as to work in process or work in progress, i.e., workflows.
See also: Organizational structure
In the 1980s, the term workflow was first used in its modern form in the software industry by FileNet vice president David Siegel.[citation needed] The company called its business process automation software "WorkFlo".
In 1995, the publishing industry studied how traditional publishing processes could be re-engineered and streamlined into digital processes in order to reduce lagtime, as well as substantial printing and shipping costs for delivering print copies of books and journals to warehouses and subscribers. The term electronic workflow was used to describe the publishing process, from online delivery of digital manuscripts to the posting of content on the web for online access.
The development of the concept of workflow occurred over a series of loosely defined, overlapping, eras.
Beginnings in manufacturing
The modern history of workflows can be traced to F. W. Taylor[5] and H. Gantt. Together they launched the study of the deliberate, rational organization of work in the context of manufacturing. The types of workflow of concern to Taylor and his contemporaries primarily involved mass and energy flows. These were studied and improved using time and motion studies. While the assembly line remains the most famous example of a workflow from this era, the early thinking around work was far more sophisticated than is commonly understood. The notion of flow was more than a sequential breakdown of processing. The common conceptual models of modern operations research, including flow shops, job shops, and queuing systems,[6] can be found in early forms in early 20th century industry.
Information based workflows began to grow during this era, although the concept of an information flow lacked flexibility. A particularly influential figure was Melvil Dewey (inventor of the eponymous Dewey Decimal System), who was responsible for the development of the hanging file folder. This era is thus identified with the simplest notions of workflow optimization: throughput and resource utilization.
The cultural impact of workflow optimization during this era can be understood through films such as Chaplin's classic Modern Times. These concepts did not stay confined to the shop floor. One magazine invited housewives to puzzle over the fastest way to toast three slices of bread on a one-side, two-slice grill. The book Cheaper by the Dozen introduced the emerging concepts to the context of family life.
Maturation and growth
The invention of the typewriter and the copier helped spread the study of the rational organization of labor from the manufacturing shop floor to the office. Filing systems and other sophisticated systems for managing physical information flows evolved. Two events provided a huge impetus to the development of formalized information workflows. First, the field of optimization theory matured and developed mathematical optimization techniques. Second, World War II and the Apollo program were unprecedented in their demands for the rational organization of work.
The classic management tome The Organization Man culturally captured the nature of work in this era.
Quality era
During the 1980s two aspects of workflow organization drew heavy criticism. First, the methods pioneered by Taylor modeled humans as simple automatons. The classical industrial-style organization of work was critiqued as being both dehumanizing and suboptimal in its use of the potential of human beings. Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which describes human needs for self-actualization and creative engagement in work, became a popular tool in this critique. This issue was acknowledged, but did not gain much traction otherwise.
The second critique had to do with quality. Workflows optimized for a particular time became inflexible as work conditions changed. Quality, in both analytic and synthetic manifestations, transformed the nature of work through a variety of movements, ranging from total quality management to Six Sigma to more qualitative notions of business process reengineering (Hammers and Champy, 1991). Under the influence of the quality movement, workflows became the subject of much scrutiny and optimization efforts. Acknowledgement of the dynamic and changing nature of the demands on workflows came in the form of recognition of the phenomena associated with critical paths and moving bottlenecks.[7]
The experiences with the quality movement made it clear that information flows are fundamentally different from the mass and energy flows which inspired the first forms of rational workflows. The low cost and adaptability of information flows were seen as enabling workflows that were at once highly rational in their organization and highly flexible, adaptable and responsive. These insights unleashed a whole range of information technology at workflows in manufacturing, services and pure information work. Flexible manufacturing systems, just-in-time inventory management, and other highly agile and adaptable systems of workflow are products of this era.
The following examples illustrate the variety of workflows seen in various contexts:
In military planning, a "concept of operations" is a workflow that defines particular mission types
In machine shops, particularly job shops and flow shops, the flow of a part through the various processing stations is a work flow
Insurance claims processing is an example of an information-intensive, document-driven workflow
wiki.gis.com editing is an example of a stochastic workflow
The Getting Things Done system is a model of personal workflow management for information workers
In global software development, the concept of follow-the-sun describes a process of passing unfinished work across time zones.
Features and phenomenology
Modeling: Workflow problems can be modeled and analyzed using graph-based formalisms like Petri nets.
Measurement: Many of the concepts used to measure scheduling systems in operations research are useful for measuring general workflows. These include throughput, processing time, and other regular metrics.
Specialized connotations: The term workflow has specialized connotations in information technology, document management and imaging. Since 1993, one trade consortium specifically focused on workflow management and the interoperability of workflow management systems has been the Workflow Management Coalition.
Scientific workflows: Found wide acceptance in the fields of bioinformatics and cheminformatics in the early 2000s, where they successfully met the need for multiple interconnected tools, handling of multiple data formats and large data quantities. Also, the paradigm of scientific workflows was close to the well-established tradition of Perl scripting in life-science research organizations, so this adoption represented a natural step forward towards a more structured infrastructure setup.
Human-machine interaction: Several conceptualizations of mixed-initiative workflows have been studied, particularly in the military, where automated agents play roles just as humans do. For innovative, adaptive, collaborative human work the techniques of human interaction management are required.
Workflow improvement theories
The key driver to gain benefit from the understanding of the workflow process in a business context is that the throughput of the workstream path is modelled in such a way as to evaluate the efficiency of the flow route through internal silos with a view to increasing discrete control of uniquely identified business attributes and rules and reducing potential low efficiency drivers. Evaluation of resources, both physical and human is essential to evaluate hand-off points and potential to create smoother transitions between tasks. Several workflow improvement theories have been proposed and implemented in the modern workplace. These include:
Lean systems
As a way of bridging the gap between the two, significant effort is being put into defining workflow patterns that can be used to compare and contrast different workflow engines across both of these domains.
Workflow components
A workflow can usually be described using formal or informal flow diagramming techniques, showing directed flows between processing steps. Single processing steps or components of a workflow can basically be defined by three parameters:
input description: the information, material and energy required to complete the step
transformation rules, algorithms, which may be carried out by associated human roles or machines, or a combination
output description: the information, material and energy produced by the step and provided as input to downstream steps.
Components can only be plugged together if the output of one previous (set of) component(s) is equal to the mandatory input requirements of the following component. Thus, the essential description of a component actually comprises only in- and output that are described fully in terms of data types and their meaning (semantics). The algorithms' or rules' description need only be included when there are several alternative ways to transform one type of input into one type of output – possibly with different accuracy, speed, etc.
When the components are non-local services that are invoked remotely via a computer network, such as Web services, additional descriptors (such as QoS and availability) also must be considered.
Workflow applications
Main article: Workflow application
Many software systems exist to support workflows in particular domains. Such systems manage tasks such as automatic routing, partially automated processing and integration between different functional software applications and hardware systems that contribute to the value-addition process underlying the workflow.
Bioinformatics workflow management systems
Business process modeling
Business-driven development
Computer-supported collaboration
Process architecture
Process-driven application
↑ See e.g., ISO 12052:2006, [1]
↑ See e.g., ISO/TR 16044:2004, [2]
↑ See e.g., on workflow patterns [3]
↑ See e.g., workflow pattern analysis [4]
↑ Taylor, 1919
↑ Pinedo, 2001
↑ Goldratt, E., 1996
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (April 2009)
Layna Fischer (ed.): 2007 BPM and Workflow Handbook, Future Strategies Inc., ISBN 978-0-9777527-1-3
Layna Fischer: Workflow Handbook 2005, Future Strategies, ISBN 0-9703509-8-8
Layna Fischer: Excellence in Practice, Volume V: Innovation and Excellence in Workflow and Business Process Management, ISBN 0-9703509-5-3
Keith Harrison-Broninski. Human Interactions: The Heart and Soul of Business Process Management. ISBN 0-929652-44-4
Holly Yu: Content and Work Flow Management for Library Websites: Case Studies, Information Science Publishing, ISBN 1-59140-534-3
Wil van der Aalst, Kees van Hee: Workflow Management: Models, Methods, and Systems, B&T, ISBN 0-262-72046-9
Marlon Dumas, Wil van der Aalst, Arthur ter Hofstede: Process-Aware Information Systems, Wiley, ISBN 0-471-66306-9
Setrag Khoshafian, Marek Buckiewicz: Introduction to Groupware, Workflow and Workgroup Computing, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-02946-7
Rashid N. Kahn: Understanding Workflow Automation: A Guide to Enhancing Customer Loyalty, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-061918-3
Dan C. Marinescu: Internet-Based Workflow Management: Towards a Semantic Web, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-43962-2
Frank Leymann, Dieter Roller: Production Workflow: Concepts and Techniques, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-021753-0
Michael Jackson, Graham Twaddle: Business Process Implementation: Building Workflow Systems, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-17768-4
Alec Sharp, Patrick McDermott: Workflow Modeling, Artech House Publishers, ISBN 1-58053-021-4
Toni Hupp: Designing Work Groups, Jobs, and Work Flow, Pfeiffer & Company, ISBN 0-7879-0063-X
Gary Poyssick, Steve Hannaford: Workflow Reengineering, Adobe, ISBN 1-56830-265-7
Dave Chaffey: Groupware, Workflow and Intranets: Reengineering the Enterprise with Collaborative Software, Digital Press, ISBN 1-55558-184-6
Wolfgang Gruber: Modeling and Transformation of Workflows With Temporal Constraints, IOS Press, ISBN 1-58603-416-2
Andrzej Cichocki, Marek Rusinkiewicz, Darrell Woelk: Workflow and Process Automation Concepts and Technology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0-7923-8099-1
Alan R. Simon, William Marion: Workgroup Computing: Workflow, Groupware, and Messaging, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-057628-9
Penny Ann Dolin: Exploring Digital Workflow, Delmar Thomson Learning, ISBN 1-4018-9654-5
Gary Poyssick: Managing Digital Workflow, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-010911-8
Frank J. Romano: PDF Printing & Workflow, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-020837-X
James G. Kobielus: Workflow Strategies, Hungry Minds, ISBN 0-7645-3012-7
Alan Rickayzen, Jocelyn Dart, Carsten Brennecke: Practical Workflow for SAP, Galileo, ISBN 1-59229-006-X
Alan Pelz-Sharpe, Angela Ashenden: E-process: Workflow for the E-business, Ovum, ISBN 1-902566-65-3
Stanislaw Wrycza: Systems Development Methods for Databases, Enterprise Modeling, and Workflow Management, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, ISBN 0-306-46299-0
Database Support for Workflow Management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0-7923-8414-8
Matthew Searle: Developing With Oracle Workflow
Look up workflow in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Workflow patterns
A Reference Architecture for Scientific Workflow Management Systems and the VIEW SOA Solution
Pattern-based analysis of workflows
"Knowledge Based Techniques to Increase the Flexibility of Workflow Management" by Barbara Dellen, Frank Maurer, Gerhard Pews
The State of Workflow May 2004 article by Tom Baeyens
Business Process Modelling vs. Workflow Management
Workflow Management Coalition
Simplifying Design of Complex Workflows
Maj. Dale Long, USAF (2000) (HTML). The Lazy Person's Guide to Workflow. CHIPS — the Department of the Navy Information Technology Magazine. http://www.chips.navy.mil/archives/00_apr/workflow.htm.
Retrieved from "http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php?title=Workflow&oldid=620735"
Managing GIS Operations and Infrastructure
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008
Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2009
GIS User Groups
GIS Blogs
GIS Podcasts
About Wiki.GIS
Terms of Use Feedback Copyright Policy
About wiki.gis.com


text:
2022 Jeep Wagoneer Is Ready To Impress In Alberta
The 2022 Jeep Wagoneer in Calgary, AB: A New Spin on the Classic SUV
The 2022 Jeep Wagoneer is set to shake up the high-end SUV market with a blend of power, performance, and luxury. In addition to all-terrain capabilities, this vehicle offers an unparalleled level of comfort and classic design elements.
Alongside the Series II and III trims, Jeep will bring four Grand Wagoneer models to Calgary: the Obsidian and Series I, II, and III. These will serve as the perfect off-road complements to every adventure.
Designed for Both Road and Trail
The 2022 Wagoneer boasts 22-inch wheels, which can roll over any surface you may encounter in Alberta. Classic Jeep features (like Selec-Terrain Traction Management and a four-wheel-drive) ensure that the powertrain is ready for all situations. With these tools, no destination is off limits, and you will get there comfortably thanks to the available Quadra-Lift Air Suspension. This system gives passengers a smooth ride and ensures that the operator retains command of the SUV at all times.
A Meticulously Crafted Interior
The 2022 Jeep Wagoneer stands out on the trails, but it also shines on the inside. This eight-person SUV puts a premium on comfort and style. With 24-way adjustable seats and an available massage function, you can set millimetre-perfect positions and enjoy a bit of pampering while on the road. Meanwhile, the quilted leather upholstery is both welcoming and attractive, and those in the rear row can enjoy entertainment on two optional 10.1-inch video screens.
State-of-the-Art Screens for All Your Needs
The 2022 Jeep Wagoneer has up to 75 inches worth of interior LCDs. This includes a centre, full-featured Uconnect interface and a customisable vehicle information display. Two additional screens, for the driver and front passenger, ensure total access to the SUV's controls and connectivity tools. Also, available rear-row units provide time-passing entertainment options and comfort settings for family members. Keep synced on the trails.
A Capable Cargo Carrier
The 2022 Jeep Wagoneer stands out when it comes to luxury and performance, but it also has practical abilities. For example, this ride excels at hauling cargo. When properly equipped, it can pull a trailer weighing up to 4,536 kg (which is what you would expect from a work-oriented pickup truck, rather than a sport utility model). Furthermore, the rear rows retract to increase the already ample interior trunk space. With a split-folding bench design, you can choose the ideal passenger-material layout for your specific needs.
Peace of Mind for Families
With seating for up to eight, the 2022 Jeep Wagoneer is an excellent family vehicle - and it protects all riders with class-defining efficiency. It has both active and passive safety features to ensure that you have peace of mind on the road. Blind-spot monitoring and rear cross-path detection combine with 360 surround-view cameras to cover you from every possible angle. Other systems, such as lane departure warning and the unique Intersection Collision Assist, are also available.
Learn More about the 2022 Jeep Wagoneer in Calgary, AB
The 2022 Wagoneer blends the comfort and style of a luxury vehicle with the all-terrain capabilities you would expect from a Jeep. If you would like to learn more about this unique SUV and find out how to reserve your own model, contact our Calgary dealership today.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: In Haskell, how to fmap between distinct Traversables? As we know, fmap's signature is (a -> b) -> f a -> f b where f is a Functor.
It seems natural that to be as general as possible, and factor code better, one might want to map a "list of things" to another possibly distinct "list of things". Intuitively I do not see why it should not be possible, or not desirable.
What I'm looking for is a function gmap with same behavior as fmap but with that signature gmap :: (a -> b) -> (f a) -> (g b) where I'm allowing arrival and departure containers to differ.
I am not sure if this would make sense in the very general case where f and g are Functors, however the idea of a "list of things" sounds more essentially captured by the Traversable class, assuming I'm mostly interested in iterating over data.
So perhaps the signature should be gmap :: (Traversable f, Traversable g) => (a -> b) -> (f a) -> (g b).
Even if g is of different nature as f, it's still something one can traverse from left to right, so it still feels like one should be able to map the k-th visited element of f to the k-th visited element of g.
Assuming my thinking didn't go wrong,  is there such a function in Haskell?
Essentially, my question, is how would you convert from one list-like thing to another in Haskell, in the most factored and elegant way?

A: One trick we often use in Haskell to show that things are not possible is trying to produce "false" with it -- aka, produce a value of type
data Void

the type with no constructors.  If it is possible, using your type signature, to produce a value of type Void, then your type signature is not possible to be implemented.  This is also known as "reducto ad absurdum", or "disproof by contradiction".  If your type signature would allow us to produce a value of type Void...then "obviously" your type signature is bunk and cannot be implemented.
In this case we are "returning" a Traversable instance, so let's use a Traversable like (,) Void:
instance Traversable ((,) w) where
    traverse f (x, y) = (x,) <$> f y

Now let's use f as any old functor.  It could be anything...let's use Maybe because it seems like everyone already understands it.
Then, you could write:
gmap :: (a -> b) -> Maybe a -> (Void, b)

Oh no, that can't be right ... it looks like using gmap you can create a Void just by passing in any old thing:
gmap :: (() -> ()) -> Maybe () -> (Void, ())

So now my strategy for creating Void:
bad :: Void
bad = fst (gmap id Nothing)

Because Void has no constructors, a value of type bad :: Void shoudn't exist (disregarding something like an infinite loop or partial function).  So, if the mere existence if gmap can allow us to create a value of type Void...it must mean that gmap cannot exist in the form you gave.

For your more general problem, the "why" in how Traversable works is that it can only ever modify structures.  It cannot create them.  Here, you want to create a value of g b, but Traversable cannot "create" it, it can only "transform" it.  Your misunderstanding might be coming from you thinking that Traversable is a "list-like" typeclass: it's not, quite.  Using [] as a archetype might be leading you astray.
My "typical" Traversable to imagine properties of the typeclass for is Map k, from containers's Data.Map: a Map isn't a, but rather values associated with keys.  Any operations on it would have to be able to respect this association property...and not treat it as a big list with no extra structure.
So what would be possible is something like:
replace :: (Foldable f, Traversable g) => f a -> g b -> g a

Where all of the values of the g b are replaced by all the values of the f a.  This one is actually sort of fun to write, if you are looking for an exercise.  Basically, replace would keep the same structure that the g a had, but just replace the values.  So you can "create" a g a from an f a as long as you had an "example g b", so to speak.  If you used something like:
replace :: [a] -> Map k b -> Map k a

then replace would replace all the values in the second map with the items in the list, replacing them at the proper key values.
Then you can write:
gmap :: (Traversable a, Traversable g) => (a -> b) -> f a -> g c -> g b

Where you take an "example" g a of the structure you want to copy.
The closest thing to being able to "construct" a structure in Haskell's common typeclasses is IsList, from https://hackage.haskell.org/package/base-4.12.0.0/docs/GHC-Exts.html#t:IsList
This typeclass gives you two functions, fromList and toList, so you could write:
throughIsList :: (IsList l, IsList m, Item l ~ Item m) => l -> m
throughIsList = fromList . toList

And making it work over Functors:
gmap :: (IsList (f a), IsList (g b), Item (f a) ~ a, Item (g b) ~ b) => (a -> b) -> f a -> g b
gmap f = fromList . map f . toList

The problem is now that most Functors are not instances of IsList...and many of the actual instances aren't total.  So it's not quite usable for most Functors.

So in the end I don't think there is any satisfying answer.  If something you were doing relies on the fact that there is a good answer (other than an answer of "no")...maybe can I ask what your "final goal" is?  What are you planning on using this type for?
(For example, in 90% of situations where people ask questions like "is there a way I can convert monads" or something like that, usually they don't want to do something in general, but rather they had specific types they had in mind.)

A: You can create your own type class, and a way to go from one functor to another, this is one example of one way to convert list to Tree, but you can use whatever you consider correct to fit your problem.
{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}

class (Functor f, Functor g) => GFunctor f g where
  toG :: f a -> g a
  gmap :: (a -> b) -> (f a) -> (g b)
  gmap fn functor = toG $ fmap fn functor

data Tree a = Leaf | Node (Tree a) a (Tree a) deriving Show

instance Functor Tree where
  fmap f Leaf = Leaf
  fmap f (Node t1 x t2) = Node (fmap f t1) (f x) (fmap f t2)

instance GFunctor [] Tree  where
  toG [] = Leaf
  toG [x] = Node Leaf x Leaf
  toG (x:xs) = Node (toG $ (takeHalf xs)) x ((toG $ dropHald xs))

takeHalf xs = take ((length xs) `div` 2) xs
dropHald xs = drop ((length xs) `div` 2) xs

res :: Tree Int
res = gmap (+1) [1,2,3,4,5]

output:
   res
=> Node (Node Leaf 3 (Node Leaf 4 Leaf)) 2 (Node Leaf 5 (Node Leaf 6 Leaf))

A: I think that you can do this with fmap and a natural transformation. Here's an example using the natural-transformations package, just to demonstrate the idea.
The first natural transformation that comes into my mind is safeHead:
safeHead :: [a] -> Maybe a
safeHead [] = Nothing
safeHead (x:_) = Just x

Running GHCi with the natural-transformations package:
Prelude Control.Natural> t = wrapNT safeHead
Prelude Control.Natural> t # [1..3]
Just 1
Prelude Control.Natural> t # []
Nothing
Prelude Control.Natural> fmap show (t # [1..3])
Just "1"
Prelude Control.Natural> fmap show (t # [])
Nothing

So, for a natural transformation t, would something like fmap f . (t #) do what you want?
(Here, I'm imagining that f is a normal function a -> b.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


THE Christmas anti- drinking and driving campaign began in West Yorkshire today.
Police will also be targeting drivers who are thought to have taken drugs before getting behind the wheel.
Sgt Danny Groiser, of Huddersfield traffic police, said: "We are on the lookout all year round for drivers who drink and drive or take drugs and then drive.
"But at Christmas, people may be tempted to go to parties and then drive. "Sometimes common sense goes out of the window.
"When drivers are caught it will have huge consequences on all aspects of their lives."
People who spot drink- drivers or know if one is about to set off after drinking should phone 999.
Anyone with information about habitual drink- drivers should phone Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111 with as much information as they can.
This should include, if possible, the driver's name, make, model, colour and number of the vehicle, where the person drinks and the time they usually leave.


Our teams have the expertise and technology to enact the most creative, efficient solution possible for meeting Dot Foods' needs now and into the future as the food industry evolves to meet digital challenges.
Dot Foods, the largest food industry redistributor in North America, has selected Tenzing to be the hosting and managed services provider in conjunction with the implementation of the EnterWorks Enable Product Information Management (PIM) platform. Dot Foods delivers to distributors in the challenging less-than-truckload (LTL) sector in every state and over 35 countries and is a founding member of the GS1 US Foodservice Initiative.
Dot Foods' mission is to develop innovative solutions to help their food industry partners increase sales and profits. The decision to invest in a PIM/MDM platform and in the new hosting capabilities is rooted in the desire to strengthen content and supply chain capabilities as well as further their ecommerce growth across their extensive trading network. As part of extending the company's leadership in an increasingly complex and digital food industry, the company leadership chose EnterWorks' Enable, an enterprise-wide application and GS1-certified solution to provide trusted product content for the 127,000 products Dot Foods carries.
Dot Foods understands the importance of updating its product content system as it operates in the B2B sector that now must match the vibrant, customized user experiences expected in consumer-driven B2C commerce. EnterWorks' Enable platform will allow Dot Foods to provide improve customer experiences by centralizing product information, syncing product content with product inventory, and improving connectivity with industry data pools and networks. Not only does it stand to improve customer experience, it will give them an informational advantage over the competition. The project parallels other cutting-edge initiatives throughout Dot Foods.
Upon its selection, EnterWorks referred Dot Foods to their #1 hosting provider and strategic partner, Tenzing. Last year the two companies agreed on a partnership to build a collaboration network for more powerful, flexible commerce solutions. Tenzing responded to the challenge by crafting a unique solution to leverage the full power of EnterWorks' PIM/MDM system by hosting it on Amazon Web Services.
Dot Foods ultimately selected Tenzing due to their expertise with the EnterWorks application and their proven trackrecord of managing ecommerce environments in the public cloud. Tenzing will provide strategic consulting and hosting services to Dot Foods, allowing them to devote attention and resources on innovating their redistribution networks.
Tenzing is one of the few cloud-based managed service providers that offers customers an end- to-end process and solution from data onboarding through data visualization in their ecommerce systems. Tenzing deploys, manages and optimizes software and infrastructure for leading omnichannel and commerce platforms from partners such as Oracle Commerce, SAP Hybris, Intershop, Magento, and others. Tenzing provides solutions that enhance performance, maintain security and simplify compliance for leading retailers and manufacturers. Tenzing has offices and customers in the Americas, EMEA, and APAC, and is widely recognized as a high-growth company and industry leader. For more information, please visit: http://www.tenzing.com.
Dot Foods Inc. carries 127,000 products from 930 food industry manufacturers making it the largest food industry redistributor in North America. Through Dot Transportation Inc., an affiliate of Dot Foods, the company distributes foodservice, convenience, retail and vending products to distributors in all 50 states and more than 35 countries. Dot Foods operates ten U. S. distribution centers, which are located in Modesto, California; Vidalia, Georgia; Burley, Idaho; Mt. Sterling, Illinois; Cambridge City, Indiana; Williamsport, Maryland; Liverpool, New York; Ardmore, Oklahoma; Dyersburg, Tennessee; and University Park, Illinois. An eleventh distribution center is currently under construction in Bullhead City, Arizona. Dot Foods' Canadian operations are located in Toronto, Ontario and Calgary, Alberta. For information, visit DotFoods.com.


Every moustache is a hairy ribbon in the fight for men's health. Here are a few grooming tips to kick off your first week of Movember.
Burpees for Bros: Mo Bro Pete Tulumba turns the challenging exercise into a vigorous fundraiser for men's health.
It started back in 2012 with a 100km run, and each year I have tried to set myself a challenge that was bigger, braver and more outrageous.
Let's take a moment and appreciate what's been achieved to date, not only in America but around the world. Check out some of the places the Mo has turned up and turned heads.
History has shown that great sporting achievements and moustaches go hand in hand.
Check out the famous faces, like Mo Bro Christoph Waltz, participating in Movember.
The creative street artist Mo Bros at Rabithole Promotions have painted some great Murals around Dublin. Check them out here.
We get it. We understand the love of facial hair more than most; how it becomes an identity, an extension of your soul, a safe place. Giving it up is unthinkable – it's not worth it. But… what if it was?


text:
Q: Android: Auto fill edittext box data in WebView using Javascript In my application I require that kind of functionality in which when I pass particular url,email and password to webview,And when given url load in webview,its edittext box must be fill with email,password.
But In my case I passed "http://www.facebook.com" url and want to fill facebook email address block  with abc@gmail.com,but facebook email address edittext box shows always blank when url load in webview.
For this, I have used following code:
web=(WebView)findViewById(R.id.webredirect);
web.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
web.loadUrl("http://www.facebook.com");

webView.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient() {

 @Override
 public void onPageFinished(WebView view, String url)
    {
            web.loadUrl("javascript: (function(){javascript:document.forms[0].elements[0].value = 'abc@gmail.com';}) ();" );
    }
});


text:
People of ACM - Eric Allman
Eric Allman developed sendmail and its precursor delivermail in the late 1970s and early 1980s at the University of California, Berkeley. The program was designed to deliver email over the still relatively small ARPANET network, and supports a variety of mail transfer protocols, including SMTP, ESMTP, and DECnet's Mail-11. In 1998, he founded Sendmail, Inc.
He serves on the editorial board of ACM Queue magazine, the ACM Council, and the Board of Trustees for Cal Performances. Previously, he was Vice President and Treasurer of USENIX. He was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in 2006 in Telluride, Colorado, and in 2009 he was recognized as a Distinguished Engineer by ACM. The University of California, Berkeley named Allman a Distinguished Alumnus in Computer Science in 2013.
Allman co-wrote the O'Reilly book Sendmail with Bryan Costales, and contributed a chapter to The Architecture of Open Source Applications. He frequently speaks and writes about issues relating to email, open source, and the Internet.
Since Sendmail Inc. with its core technology for Internet email, which you developed as an open source project, was recently acquired by Proofpoint, how do you see this technology evolving?
The open source sendmail code is an MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) with a plugin architecture (which sendmail calls "milter," a portmanteau of "mail filter") to allow on-the-fly processing of messages, for example, for spam filtering. Sendmail itself doesn't handle these higher level services. For the most part, development is happening in these milters. Although some new MTA extensions may be necessary, most of the evolution will happen in milters.
As an original member of the ACM Queue Advisory Board, what in your view is the most significant impact of this publication on the computing practitioner community?
Our goal in creating Queue was to fill the gap between the research journals (where ACM is a clear leader) and the trade publications, which are all too often little more than collections of press releases and have their editorial policy influenced by advertisers. We try to cover the technologies that are upcoming but still haven't hit the general consciousness. Also, our independence permits us to question assumptions. Given our strong readership, Queue is succeeding in meeting our goal.
What influence did your early exposure at Berkeley to computing legends like Ken Thompson, Bill Joy, and Eric Schmidt have on your career trajectory?
If you throw in the UNIX operating system, it had almost everything to do with my career trajectory. I consider myself extraordinarily fortunate to have entered Berkeley at the same time as UNIX. Folks like Bill, in particular, encouraged a "get your hands dirty" attitude, which enabled me to learn an immense amount. Bill's work on UNIX must have been part of Ken Thompson's decision to take his sabbatical at Berkeley. While he was there he led an unofficial night class as a guided read through of the 6th Edition kernel. The group was small enough to fit in a tiny classroom. I originally wrote delivermail (the predecessor to sendmail) as a tool to join the Arpanet with BerkNET, which by the way was written by Eric Schmidt, but Bill was the one who encouraged me to make the (quite large) leap to do sendmail, which was needed for the Internet transition; without him I probably wouldn't have done it.
As an accomplished computer practitioner, what advice would you give to young people just getting started in the open source world?
That's hard to answer, because so much depends on your circumstances. Realistically, it's hard to create a project from scratch and have it take off, so it's a good idea to get involved with an existing project that is looking for volunteers. Some projects (FreeBSD comes to mind) have a mentoring program to help teach new people the ropes. Others won't have an official program set up, but I still recommend finding a mentor if possible. I recommend working on something you really care about, something you want to use yourself if possible, because in most cases you aren't being paid. If you're writing code, plan on coding more cleanly than you would for a class or even a paid job. Remember, your reputation is going to be on the line, and open source hackers tend to have a very low tolerance for poorly written, undocumented code. And remember, you don't have to be writing code — most projects have a serious need for people to write documentation, do build engineering, and test the code.
One thing that too often goes unnoticed is what kind of software you want to work on, which generally falls into three classes: code that interfaces directly with end users, usually with a graphical user interface; library and framework code, that needs to be very portable, run in a generalized environment, and will be used by other programmers; and non-interface code such as some command line programs and pretty much all system daemons.
If it's important to you to be able to point to something and say "I wrote that," then the first class may work best for you. Either of the second two requires a very different attitude: if your code is working properly, people will forget that it exists. For example, in addition to sendmail, I wrote syslog, and although pretty much every system supports it now (including things like HP printers), it just kind of disappears into the woodwork to everyone except people trying to debug or monitor some service. Pick a project that matches your personality — if you work on something that doesn't suit you, you're unlikely to do a good job.


Demand for Jeddah's real estate market is forecast to rise on the back of the kingdom's plans to increase home ownership among local residents, JLL said in a report.
As part of Saudi Vision 2030, the government seeks to slash the average waiting period for local residents to obtain housing financing to 5 years from 15 years, along with rising household ownership ratio to 70% by 2030 from the current 47%, the commercial property services provider added.
Dana Salbak, associate, JLL MENA, said that there is an indication that Jeddah's real estate market may be headed towards the bottom of its cycle due to the slowdown in the rate of decline in sales and rental prices on a quarterly basis.
In the same vein, Saudi Arabia plans to boost the real estate sector's contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP) to 10%, from 5% by 2020, the According to Q1 Jeddah's Real Estate Market Overview report.
Dana Salbak added that to stimulate demand in the residential market the Kingdom is making rapid progress by introducing various residential schemes to increase local investors. The government has launched large-scale and world-class projects, implementing urban development and regeneration schemes.
The Saudi Arabian government is also at pains to raise the private sector's role in developing cities by spurring private and public partnerships (PPPs).
While the PPP model is already in practice as the government announced new housing schemes consisting of 48 projects last year, we expect to see the announcement of further PPP agreements over the coming years particularly in the housing, healthcare and education sectors of the real estate market.


text:
Live Spanish to learn it! Learn Spanish in Guatemala
To learn Spanish you are best to live and breathe Spanish for a concentrated period. Learn Spanish in Guatemala.
Total immersion, which is practice of living in a totally Hispanic country to learn the language, is a wonderful way to quickly learn conversational Spanish, well that is, to learn real spoken Spanish . . . but it needs a good plan with some key elements.
You need to combine:
a good comprehensive, effective and preferably concentrated course, with a good Spanish language teacher with whom you can converse and interact. There are many language schools for the student wanting to learn Spanish in Guatemala, and they are generally very reasonably priced.
have an effective accelerated Spanish vocabulary learning system, and with modern methods you can learn Spanish words at 200 words a day.
Lots of vocab gives you a big load of weaponry and ammunition in the language armoury. Learning at this rate or better is possible with modern techniques and software.
Spend more effort initially on vocab rather than grammar. . .
learn some basic grammar and understand how to form verbs in Spanish.
There are very few rapid, accelerated VERB TEACHING courses available.
Click here for one that uses modern memory techniques to teach you all the main verb patterns of Spanish in a really, easy and fun way. Spanish verbs are harder than English, much harder, and what is worse is that the Hispanics drop the pronouns (the words I, you, he, she, we etc) so you really have to know your Spanish verb endings!
Initially however, do not get too hung up on perfecting grammar,
learn phrases . . . ., use them and make mistakes.
The more errors you make, the more you will improve, by getting the errors corrected. It makes you think about what you said, remembering the reaction and learning the correction (this is where having a teacher is good...)
then put it all in to practice, by talking to locals. Only talk Spanish. Old people and little kids are good to talk to when learning Spanish.
Avoid anyone who speaks your native tongue, unless they too only speak Spanish (no matter what level)to you.
Why learn Spanish in Guatemala?
What makes Guatemala so ideal as a place to learn Spanish and for language study? Because of some happy accidents of history and geography – is known forthe high quality of its Spanish. With less English influence than Mexico, and so less Spanglish, Guatemala holds more closely to proper grammar.
In general, the Guatemalan pronunciation of Spanish is slow, well-enunciated, and easy to understand. Guatemalans tend not to chop off syllables as in many other countries.
Advanced students will enjoy practicing the 'vos' form of the personal pronoun, which is commonly used in colloquial speech here to achieve a a more informal register than thestandard 'tú' form allows.
As the epicenter of Mayan culture and with a higher percentage of the population of indigenous heritage than almost any other Latin American country, Guatemala is a pluricultural and plurilingual nation.
Anthropologists, ethnomusicologists, and others coming to learn Spanish in Guatemala will discover that indigenous languages remain strongly embedded in the culturehere, especially in rural communities where Spanish is generally a second language.
For this reason, school such as CELAS MAYA offer both K'iche and Mam language tuition as well as Spanish in its language course offerings. -Christopher Curran, Coordinator, CELAS MAYA, Guatemala. www.celasmaya.edu.gt
Live and Learn Spanish in Guatemala
Academia de Español - Antigua
http://acad.conexion.com/
Learn Spanish in Guatemala in Antigua.
Academia Latinoamericana Mayense - Antigua, El Remate, Monterrico Beach, Atitlan and Quetzaltenango
Atitlan School - Panajachel - Panajachel
Atitlan Spanish School - San Pedro la Laguna
Casa Rosario - San Pedro la Laguna
http://www.casarosario.com/
Casa Xelaju - Centro Colonial, Quetzaltenango
http://www.casaxelaju.com
Learn Spanish in Guatemala.
Celas Maya - Centro Colonial, Quetzaltenango
http://www.celasmaya.edu.gt/
One-on-one instruction with certified, experiencedteachers. Daily cultural activities, weekly conferences, weekend trips, homestays, free access to Internet Café, which also functions in support of alternative solutions to the education problems of the highlands Maya. The difference is quality, professionalism, and community.
Centro Bilingue Amerindia - Centro Colonial, Quetzaltenango
http://www.xelapages.com/cba/ Learn Spanish in Guatemala.
Centro Linguistico de la Fuente - Antigua
Approved by the Guatemalan Ministry of Education as well as by Inguat. Courses may be accredited through La Universidad Rural de Guatemala and the Ministerio de Relaciones Internacionales. Learn Spanish in Guatemala in Antigua.
Centro Linguistico Internacional - Antigua
http://www.spanishcontact.com
Centro Linguistico Maya - Antigua
http://www.travellog.com/guatemala/antigua/clmaya/school.html
Centro Maya de Idiomas - Quetzaltenango
http://www.centromaya.org
Centroamerica - Antigua
Christian Spanish Academy - Antigua
http://www.learncsa.com/
Corazón Maya - San Pedro la Laguna
http://www.corazonmaya.com/
Eco-Escuela de Español - San Andrés, Petén
http://www.ecoescuelaespanol.org/
Eco-Escuela de Español is a community project focused on the conservation of natural resources and protected areas of Petén, as opposed to the degrading of the tropical forest. It benefits 60+ families year round who host its students.
Eco-Escuela offers a full immersion Spanish program with one on one instruction, 4 hours a day, 5 days a week with a home-stay from Monday through Friday, 3 meals a day for US$ 175.00 per week. Services for beginners, intermediate and advanced students. Located in San Andrés, Petén right on the shores of Lake Petén, Itzá. San Andrés is a lively town, friendly and welcoming to tourists. You can not only learn Spanish in Guatemala with this school but gain insight into conservation and ecological issues.
Educación para Todos - Quetzaltenango
http://www.spanishschools.biz/
Here's what they said about their school:
"Our program provides the most effective learning experience by immersing the student in the language and culture of Guatemala. This is achieved through an intensive one-on-one study program, living with a Guatemalan family, the opportunity to volunteer in local organizations, and weekly organized cultural, social and political events. You can study in a classroom or on our terrace where you will enjoy one of the best views in Xela."
Escuela de Español Bio-Itzá - San Jose, Petén
A community project of the people of San José, Petén, organized through Asociación Bio-Itzá for the conservation of customs, traditions and language of the Maya Itzá people, the last remaining Maya group in Petén, along with the conservation of vast natural resources and protected areas, such as the Bio-Itzá Reserve in San José.
In charge of the organization, Escuela de Español Bio-Itzá is a project which benefits 50+ families in the peaceful town of San José on the northern shores of Lake Petén Itzá.
The Bio-Itzá school offers a total immersion Spanish program for beginners, intermediate and advanced students, four hours a day, 20 hours a week, from Monday through Friday, with home stay with a local family with three meals a day from Monday through Sunday, for US$ 175.00 per week. Volunteer opportunities are available. Learn Spanish in Guatemala,learn about Mayan culture and about conservation and ecological issues.
Guatemalensis - Centro Colonial, Quetzaltenango
Institute of Spanish Language and Social Aid Programs - Quetzaltenango
http://www.inepas.orgLearn Spanish in Guatemala.
Ixchel Spanish School - Antigua
http://www.ixchelschool.com
Ixchel Spanish School offers intensive one-on-one Spanish courses for students of all levels. Homestay with local families, activities, excursions and airport pickup available. Learn Spanish in Guatemala in Antigua.
Jabel Tinamit Spanish School - Panajachel
http://www.jabeltinamit.com/
Juan Sisay Spanish School - Centro Colonial, Quetzaltenango
http://www.xelapages.com/juansisay/A non-profit collective of university educated and trained teachers founded in 1989. Offer one-on-one instruction, daily activities, homestay with a Guatemalan family and volunteer work. Located in the heart of Guatemala's second largest city, Quetzaltenango.
Los Capitanes Generales Academia Espanol - Antigua
Madre Tierra - Centro Colonial, Quetzaltenango
http://www.madre-tierra.org/
Learn Spanish in Guatemala in Quetzaltenango.
Mayab Spanish School - San Pedro la Laguna
http://www.mayabspanishschool.com/
Learn Spanish in Guatemala in San Pedro la Laguna.
Miguel Angel Asturias - Centro Colonial, Quetzaltenango
http://www.spanishschool.com/
Minerva - Colonia Minerva, Quetzaltenango
http://www.xelapages.com/minerva/
Mundo Maya Spanish School - Peten
http://www.mundomaya.edu.gt/sanjose.html
Orbita Spanish School - San Pedro la Laguna
http://orbitaspanishschool.com/
Patzite Spanish School - Momostenago, Totonicapàn
http://www.patzite.20m.com/
The Patzite Spanish School
An atmosphere that includes direct contact with natureand the K'ichè Mayan Culture. A number of specialpackages are available in both Spanish and K'ichèMayan. Volunteer positions are available if you sodesire. Learn Spanish in Guatemala in Momostenago.
Probigua - Antigua
http://www.probigua.conexion.com/
Proyecto Linguistico Quetzalteco - Quetzaltenango
http://www.hermandad.com/
Sakribal - Centro Colonial, Quetzaltenango
http://www.sakribal.com/
Their statement: "We are a professional school with a social outlook, acredited to University Rural of Guatemala, Inguat, Guatemalan Ministry of Education. All of our teachers have obtained the highest possible qualification inGuatemala for teaching Spanish as a second language. Part of your tuition goes directly to fund scolarships for indigenous girls. Activities are programmed every day.Learn Spanish in Guatemala in Quetzaltenango.
Spanish Academy Sevilla - Antigua
http://www.sevillantigua.com
A quote from their website: "....most of our professional instructors have worked with the director for over 14 years. Your course is not only designed to suit your academic needs, we make certain that you are comfortable with your surroundings."
Tecún Umán - Centro Colonial, Antigua
http://www.tecunuman.centroamerica.com/Learn Spanish in Guatemala in Antigua.
Utatlan - Quetzaltenango
http://www.xelapages.com/utatlan
Xinabajul Spanish Academy - Centro Colonial, Huehuetenango
http://www.worldwide.edu/guatemala/xinabaj/index.html
Zamora Academia - Antigua http://www.learnspanish-guatemala.com - Learn Spanish in Guatemala
Enjoy learning Spanish by living Spanish. Learn Spanish in Guatemala.
More info and links if you want to learn Spanish in Guatemala
Hundreds of Facts on Guatemala.
Map of Guatemala.
Flag of Guatemala.
Contact us for more info if you want to learn Spanish in Guatemala!
Contact Us by filling in this form
Learn Spanish in Guatemala
Learn Spanish Help 2004-2011.


text:
Las relaciones entre México y Sierra Leona son las relaciones internacionales entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y la República de Sierra Leona. Ambas naciones son miembros de las Naciones Unidas.

Historia
México y Sierra Leona establecieron relaciones diplomáticas en 1976. Los vínculos se han desarrollado principalmente en el marco de foros multilaterales.

En noviembre de 2010, el gobierno de Sierra Leona envió una delegación de 19 miembros para asistir a la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático de 2010 en Cancún, México.

El 19 de abril de 2013, el Embajador de México acreditado ante Sierra Leona concurrente (en ese entonces desde Nigeria), Marco Antonio García Blanco, llevó a cabo una visita de trabajo a la capital sierraleonés de Freetown, con el objetivo de promover la candidatura del Dr. Herminio Blanco a la Dirección General de la OMC. En esa ocasión, el Embajador de México se reunió con el Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores y Cooperación Internacional, Dr. Samura M. W. Kamara, y con el Ministro de Comercio e Industria, Dr. Alhaji Usman Boie Kamara.

Misiones Diplomáticas
  está acreditado ante Sierra Leona a través de su embajada en Acra, Ghana.
  está acreditado ante México a través de su embajada en Washington, D.C., Estados Unidos.

Referencias

Sierra Leona
México

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


At The Dance Company Conservatory, we are committed to providing excellent dance education in a positive learning environment. We have been serving the Port Huron area for over 30 years. We provide dance training primarily to students ages 3-21 in ballet, pointe, contemporary, jazz, tap and hip-hop.


text:
Home » Q-Park and Chargemaster extend partnership with rollout of London Rapid Chargers(You are here)
New Installations Working Partnerships |
Q-Park and Chargemaster extend partnership with rollout of London Rapid Chargers
Mon 7th November 2016
The operator of the UK's largest electric vehicle (EV) charging network, Chargemaster, is working with Q-Park, the UK's premier car parking operator, to introduce a number of Ultracharger rapid charging points in its busiest car parks across London.
The first Ultracharger is now available at Q-Park Soho in the heart of the West End, with new units being commissioned later this month at Q-Park's Chinatown and Park Lane locations. The new rapid chargers will become part of Chargemaster's POLAR network, which is the largest network of charging points across the UK, with members having access to more than 5,500 chargers.Chargemaster already operates more than 100 charging points at Q-Park locations across London, with many more set to be installed to meet growing demand. The number of electric vehicles on UK roads has now surpassed 80,000 and this is expected to quadruple over the next five years. Exciting new models are expected from manufacturers including Audi, Jaguar, Mercedes and Volkswagen to add to the models already available from Mitsubishi, BMW, Nissan, Renault and Tesla.The Ultracharger can charge most electric cars up to 80% capacity in just 20 minutes. The charger has been designed and built in the UK. It has a 12-inch touch screen user interface and many other advanced features. Chargemaster is rolling out around 200 Ultrachargers across the UK over the next 12 months. Visitors to Q-Park can use an Ultracharger for just 9p per kW, which equates to approximately £2.50 for a full charge in a Nissan Leaf or BMW i3.Head of Sales and Marketing from Q-Park, John Denton from Q-Park commented: "We are excited about providing this additional service to our customers in London in partnership with Chargemaster. We have a growing number of electric vehicle customers and this is an important part of the Q-Park total service proposition."David Martell, Chief Executive of Chargemaster, said: "This is a major step forward for electric vehicle owners in London. Until now there have been very few rapid chargers in the capital, with those available costing around £6 to charge a typical EV. We are delighted to work with Q-Park to provide these facilities and help the move towards a low emission London with improved air quality."Media contacts
Hannah Burgess: hburgess@torqueagencygroup.com or 020 7952 1092
Alex Michaelides: amichaelides@torqueagencygroup.com or 020 7952 1078For further Q-Park information please contact:
Kiran Bachra: kiran.bachra@q-park.co.uk or 0113 238 4232
www.q-park.co.uk


Published: March 31, 2011 at 04:13 p.m.
Alabama's Mark Ingram has been the running back most linked to the Miami Dolphins, who own the 15th overall pick in the NFL draft.
However, Illinois running back Mikel Leshoure seems to have piqued Miami's interest. Leshoure has a visit scheduled with the Dolphins, along with five other teams, a source with knowledge of the situation said Thursday.
Dolphins running backs Ricky Williams and Ronnie Brown are free agents, and the team seemingly is in the market for a potential workhorse back.
Leshoure visited the Detroit Lions on Tuesday, the team's official website reported.
Leshoure, a second-team All-American, rushed for a school-record 1,697 yards and 17 touchdowns last season for Illinois.
"I think I can bring versatility and leadership to an offense, especially for my position," Leshoure, who's 6-foot and 227 pounds, told the Lions' website. "I feel like I can run in between the tackles, but I can also run outside of the tackles and hit the perimeters at times to make guys miss.
"I think the thing that sets me apart from the other running backs is my ability to catch the ball. Whether it's swing routes, or five- (to) 10-yard routes or even downfield, I'm very confident with my hands."


text:
Briefinghawaiian airlines
Hawaiian Airlines Flight Set for Maui Returned to LAX 3 Times
Veronica Neto
Hawaiian Airlines A330 at Los Angeles International Airport on June 28, 2017 in Los Angeles, California. FG/Bauer-Griffin/GC Images
Hawaiian Airlines Flight 33 headed to Maui's Kahului Airport on Saturday made it way back to Los Angeles International Airport three times before finally being canceled.
Alex Da Silva, the airline's senior manager said to CNN that each turn around was "due to separate and unrelated faults with different systems." The more than 200 passengers aboard the flight experienced the plane take off twice before the third return meant a cancellation.
CNN reports that all of the passengers onboard received a refund and a $100 credit for a future flight. Along with hotel rooms and meal vouchers, passengers were also being accommodated on other flights.
"Safety is our top priority, and we apologize for the inconvenience to all our guests who were aboard Flight 33 from Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) to Maui's Kahului Airport today," Hawaiian Airlines said. "We understand our guests' disappointment and deeply regret their travel plans were disrupted."
The airline says Flight 33 is categorized as an "extended-range operation" (ETOPS) because of the distance between both of the airports and requires more safety precautions.
Many passengers took to twitter to expressed their frustrations. The Hawaiian Airlines Twitter account is asking them to direct message their correct info for refunds.


STEPHEN G. B. CHESTER1, JONATHAN I. BLOCH2 and WILLIAM A. CLEMENS3.
Earliest Paleocene Purgatorius has traditionally been considered the most primitive known primate based on its age, dental morphology, and plesiomorphic lower dental formula (3.1.4.3). However, its primate (or even placental) affinities have been questioned based on results from recent phylogenetic analyses that suggest a relationship with primitive condylarths including contemporary Protungulatum. The fossil record of Purgatorius has been limited to isolated teeth and fragmentary dentitions, with little data relevant to hypotheses of relationships or primitive primate ecology. Isolated tarsals found in the same deposits as hundreds of dental specimens of Purgatorius from the earliest Paleocene (~65MYA) of the Garbani Channel fauna localities, Garfield County, Montana, are referred to Purgatorius based on size, abundance, diagnostic similarities to dentally-associated tarsals of euarchontans (generally) and plesiadapiforms (specifically). Purgatorius differs from Protungulatum in having astragali with a longer, narrower trochlea that extends distally onto the neck, confluent sustentacular and navicular facets, and a more pronounced medial side of the head; and calcanea with a more proximodistally aligned ectal facet, a helical sustentacular facet that extends distally onto the body, a circular and concave cuboid facet, and no fibular facet. These characteristics are consistent with a mobile ankle capable of pedal inversion to adjust to an uneven substrate in Purgatorius, whereas Protungulatum is better suited for a more level substrate. We suggest that tarsals of Purgatorius are most similar to those of micromomyid plesiadapiforms, reconstructed as arboreal based on fairly complete skeletons, and that Purgatorius lies near the ancestry of all primates within Euarchonta.
This study was funded by a National Science Foundation Dissertation Improvement Grant (SBE-1028505 to Eric Sargis and S.G.B.C.), a Leakey Foundation Research Grant (S.G.B.C.), and by the Doris O. and Samuel P. Welles Research Fund, University of California Museum of Paleontology.


Many times the use of a trust is an important part of your estate plan. A trust can be created under your Will (Testamentary Trust) or during your lifetime (inter vivos trust). A trust can be revocable or irrevocable, and understanding the difference is crucial to your planning. Historically people adopted revocable trusts to avoid probate, but with the simplification and many options available through probate alternatives, these instruments are no longer required and can be more expensive to administer during your lifetime. Let us help you evaluate your situation if you have or are considering a trust for the sole purpose of avoiding probate.


This is often cited as an example of when "decompressed storytelling" wwnt out of control, but Origin, the first six issues of Ultimate Spider-Man told the definitive origin story of Peter Parker, and set up the next 160 issues (culminating in the death of the Ultimate Universe Spider-Man). Peter doesn't even don the costume for the first few issues. The series is as much about the supporting cast, unencumbered by decades of continuity. Here characters like Mary Jane and Aunt May are fleshed out and given more to do than just be window dressing or convenient plot devices.
Geoff Johns brought Green Lantern to greatness with Rebirth, but then really hit his stride with The Sinestro Wars. Green Lantern became about more than one guy in a costume, it became about brotherhood. The Green Lanterns transformed in this series from police officers to a peacekeeping force…more military in nature than simple cops, and more nuanced as well. This was the beginning of the "Corps War", where the entire light spectrum got lanterns.
After this series, Green Lantern became the focus of the entire DC Universe for a few years. Blackest Night, an entire line-wide event was teased as coming a year later, and it was followed up by Brightest Day. One knock on this run is that it was the beginning of Johns' long line of event after event after event. From here on every Green Lantern comic would be part of a larger overarching event.
This series changed so much about the comics I loved. Supergirl, The Flash, and Wonder Woman all died during this series. The various earths in the multiverse merged, and brand new heroes and villains were introduced. It was all densely written and plotted by the Teen Titans creative team of Marv Wolfman and George Perez.
This does not hold up today without the benefit of nostalgia. Everything about comics has changed, from the sophistication of the writing, to the process of creating them, to the very structure of comics themselves. That said, this was the beginning of "My" DC Universe. The tag line was "Worlds will live, Worlds will die, and nothing will be the same again", and it was true. After this series, the universe was "rebooted", we got new heroes in old identities, and radically different origins for some of the biggest heroes such as Superman and Wonder Woman.
Kingdom Come is the closest thing we will ever get to Alan Moore's pitch for Twilight of the Super-Heroes. Written by Mark Waid, in what is a love letter to the DC Comics of his child hood and a reaction to the "grim and gritty" 90's. The painted art by Alex Ross may be his best work ever (better than Marvels, and even better than most of his subsequent work). I also think that the Absolute Kingdom Come is the best absolute edition that DC has put out. It has a ton of really cool extra info stuff, with about 60 pages of script, sketches, and photos that show how much work Waid and Ross put into this.
Imagine if a comic company cancelled all of their best selling titles for four months. Imagine if the replacements were part of a larger event. Imagine if those replacement titles ended up being better than the individual series that they replaced. Now imagine you're a poor college student who ends up taking a couple of extra shifts at the movie theatre he's working at so he can afford to pick up all of the titles (admittedly, only about three extra comics a month, back when comics were $2.35 / issue).
This was a great event. For four months, you had no idea who would live, who would die, who would be a good guy, who would be a bad guy. Magneto lead the X-Men. The Beast was an evil, sadistic freak. Some characters who had no more than bit parts in the "real" Marvel Universe ("Morph", and "Blink" in particular), had key roles in the Age of Apocalypse. In the end, a few characters crossed over to the regular Marvel Universe, but this world was popular enough that even today, nearly two decades later, Marvel makes regular trips back to a world where Mutants win, and really everybody loses.


text:
Greek Coast Guard: We have sealed our country's maritime borders
by Paul Antonopoulos
Illegal migratory flows to the Greek islands is down 83% compared to 2019.
Turkey's escalating aggression against Greece culminates at this stage in the decision to turn Hagia Sophia into a mosque from Friday, in conjunction with the communication war against the Greek Coast Guard that has been going on for the last four months and has created a deplorable situations in the eastern Aegean.
In this context, the arrival in Greece of Fabrice Lezeri, head of the European Border Agency, FRONTEX, sends a message of EU unity regarding the defence of the maritime borders of the eastern Aegean, which are also European borders.
The new doctrine applied by the Greek government since last March for closed borders and the increase of the surveillance force of the sea borders from the Coast Guard, Navy, land army and also the presence of FRONTEX, has significantly reduced migratory flows to the Greek islands.
From March 1, the official words of the Turkish government is that 'the Greek land and sea borders were opened', and that 'migrants will be able to cross into Europe.'
The measures taken by the Greek government were immediate.
"The instructions given to the security forces as well as to the army were" we seal the borders of the country "in every way possible," officers of the Coast Guard said to Proto Thema. "The sea field has peculiarities, more difficulties than the land borders."
The 18,000 kilometres of coastline and the hundreds of islands, especially in the eastern Aegean, are monitored 24/7. The first actions that took place were the following:
Immediate reinforcement with 20 additional vessels and 200 officers of the Coast Guard in the entire sea area of the eastern Aegean, from Alexandroupolis to Kastellorizo.
In mid-March, reinforcement reached a total of more than 65 vessels of the Greek Navy and more than 2,500 executives who deal exclusively with issues of surveillance and guarding of the sea borders. And because the Greek maritime borders are also European, the EU assistance through the organization FRONTEX was requested.
The Agency sent Community operational instruments to Greece . To date, a total of 20 vessels have arrived by land, land and air and are assisting in the national effort to guard the borders.
In the new doctrine applied by Greece on the eastern maritime borders, the interdisciplinary cooperation is of key importance.
The method of surveillance is very clear and specific. Patrols are now on the border using all appropriate means in order to achieve the timely detection of boats transporting migrants located in Turkish territorial waters.
"In many cases, they are located even when the migrants are on the Turkish shores before they even board the boats," the Greek Coast Guard emphasised, adding that "from the first moment of the application of the new doctrine, it seemed that the Turkish authorities were surprised and did not expect such a reaction from Greece."
The continuous interceptions and the timely location of boats throughout the wider sea area of the eastern Aegean resulted in a large reduction of disembarked migrants heading for the Greek islands.
The Turkish coastguards have initially taken on the role of collecting the boats with the migrants. After mid-March, the behaviour of the Turkish Coast Guard changed drastically.
"Having lost the maritime communication game, they have now unofficially taken on the role of trafficker and started escorting boats with migrants, thus facilitating organised criminal networks in Turkey," the Greek Coast Guard said.
"We are accepting a dirty communication war in which the official site of the Turkish Coast Guard is used and by NGOs that have been hit by the recent deterrent action of the Hellenic Coast Guard. They use false information, photos as well as audio-visual material in order to accuse the Hellenic Coast Guard of applying illegal procedures. There is no hint that in these 100 incidents that have been recorded by the Greek Coast Guard and concern thousands of immigrants, there is no human loss."
"The borders are closed and we accept a hybrid threat. The vast majority of immigrants have coronavirus. We have such samples," the Coast Guard explained.
Tags: AEGEAN, EU, european borders, Frontex, greece, Greek coast guard, greek islands, Hagia Sophia, illegal migratory flows, immigrants, migrants, refugees, Turkey
Tourists flee from Kastellorizo after Turkey provoked war with Greece yesterday
July 23- Feast Day of Agia Pelagia tis Tinou
Paul Antonopoulos July 23, 2020
NOYNOY, a household name in Greece
With Djokovic deported, Australian Open announce new schedule; Maria Sakkari plays today
Kosta Papadopoulos January 17, 2022


Spennymoor born Adam Welsh transforms from sound artist to theatre maker in 'There but for the grace of God (Go I)' developed in Camden People's Theatre London and becoming his first solo show.
Titled after a quote often attributed to devout deacon for the Church of England, John Bradford, Welsh's hour long performance incorporates Lego, a webcam, an inflatable lilo and the nostalgic bleeps of 2-D platformer games. Leaning on his experience as a sound artist to the biggest theatre companies in the world, the show creates an audiovisual experience dripping with substance. Immediately engaging from the outset, the audience at Stockton's ARC theatre were treated to a smattering of casual jokes and audience participation as Welsh set out to demonstrate the act of ego-surfing. After googling his own name, Welsh quips; 'That's not me', as the image of a six year old boy sporting a cap and a baseball bat is projected onto a set of string curtains in front of us. Instead, he reveals, that is the face of a six-year-old boy who became a national news story in America, as the most famous missing persons case in recent history.
Adam Walsh, born 1974, was in fact kidnapped in 1981 from a Sear's department store in Florida and quickly became the centre of national outcry and fame. It's this fame then, that has affected the theatre maker performing infront of a packed crowd at ARC, making him question: if my name is corrected to that of a six year old boy, not even alive, what does that say about my success?
What follows is a deeply personal reflection on a parent-child dynamic that so many can relate to. Candid video clips sprinkled throughout 'Grace of God' show an aloof father and a panicked mother telling the story of Welsh's childhood, paralleling young Adam's kidnapping, and questioning what lasting impact this had on everyone involved. So often theatre shows can focus on the lowest of lows as they consider life in it's darkest places, becoming macabre without giving you the high to contrast it. Welsh makes no such mistake. As a result, emotional sequences like the jarring physical rage with which Welsh breaks his own set and his haunting rendition of Johnny Flynn's 'Time Unremembered' give such an emotional payoff that – when Welsh fell uncomfortably silent to ponder his father's teenage poetry – pounding hearts and muffled sobs were the only things left to hear.
With a deeply affecting twist ending, the sporadic reenactment of true crime and personal memories throughout 'Grace of God' amalgamate into a truly moving theatre show that is nuanced, funny, and sophisticated. Whether it means loved, or simply famous, I think Adam Welsh is going to be successful for a long time to come.


text:
Q: Manage ASP.NET Windows Service from a Web Application (browser) I have number of windows service (around 10) all are developed in ASP.NET C#. And are installed on Windows Web Server 2008. If I wanted to start or stop the service I have to log in to the Windows Web Server and then Start/Stop the service.

I wanted to manage this activity through a Web Portal which I wants to create in ASP.NET C#.
Does anybody any idea or have any reference that how it can be done?

A: You can create a web service that controls the service via rest calls and run that web service on the server. Then use jquery to make rest calls from a web page ( on that server) using $.post() or $.ajax() or JavaScript native xmlhttprequest
Visual studio web has project templates for web services that can get you started. The service start stop can be using this example
http://www.csharp-examples.net/restart-windows-service/

A: If your web portal will be published on the same machine with services than you can use ServiceController class https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.serviceprocess.servicecontroller(v=vs.110).aspx


text:
Diok RealEstate expands German office portfolio
Diok RealEstate has signed sale and purchase agreements for three office buildings in Cologne, Gelsenkirchen and Magdeburg, thus resuming the company's brisk growth and bringing its portfolio total up to €150m.
The two office buildings in North Rhine-Westphalia are located in Cologne and Gelsenkirchen and are let on long-term leases to an occupier from the technology sector (Cologne) and from the public sector (Gelsenkirchen), respectively. The property in Magdeburg still shows vacancies, which is to be rolled back through its active asset management by Diok RealEstate in the near future. The WALT at the properties currently equals 4.3 years, the average rent being €9.49 per square metre and month.
Markus Drews, Member of the Board of Diok, commented: "We are consistently implementing our growth strategy. The accelerated transaction frequency has made us more prominent in the public eye. The increased visibility has helped us both with acquisitions in secondary locations and with the awareness of us as a company or of our corporate bond on the capital market. Our strategy of buying high-quality property on a scale of €5m to €25m in secondary locations has enabled us to build up a risk-diversified and high-yield portfolio that is both a robust basis for our noteholders and will be highly interesting for potential buyers."
ParagonandBond Davidsonhave merged to create a €25.1m (£22m) turnover building and project consultancy employing almost 200 people with offices in London, Eshe ...


Read the Aqimero - Restaurant at the Ritz Carlton Philadelphia discussion from the Chowhound Restaurants, Philadelphia food community.Contact information, map and directions, contact form, opening hours, services, ratings, photos, videos and announcements from The Ritz-Carlton Residences.
The Ritz-Carlton Philadelphia is a luxury hotel and residential complex in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
People talk about great experience at the lobby bar, champagne and comfortable and luxurious guest rooms. See...For those who live at The Residences at The Ritz-Carlton, Philadelphia, luxurious amenities and prestigious hallmark services start at home. Get The Ritz-Carlton, Philadelphia locations, rates, amenities: expert Philadelphia research, only at Hotel and Travel Index.Beneath the striking marble dome of a former bank building, The Ritz-Carlton, Philadelphia welcomes guests to a place.The Residences at The Ritz-Carlton, Philadelphia are not owned, developed or sold by The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. AGC Partners, L.P. uses The Ritz Carlton marks under license from The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C.
Located on the Avenue of the Arts in Center City, within walking distance of the Convention Center, Independence Hall, and world-famous art museums, The Ritz-Carlton, Philadelphia features 299 luxurious guest rooms and suites and a stunning penthouse with spectacular views of historic City Hall and the.Every day brings you moments to savor, enhanced by the world-renowned hospitality and celebrated service of Ritz-Carlton.Hotel The Ritz-Carlton, Philadelphia This is a Preferred Partner property.
The project is located in the former banking hall of the Girard Trust Company, designed by McKim Mead and White in 1908.A big thank you to the Ritz-Carlton Philadelphia for hosting me. The parking locations listed above offer guaranteed discounted rates with a web coupon.
Some family members and I went to Philadelphia to see an O.A.R concert on Friday night.
The Ritz-Carlton, Philadelphia is ranked by U.S. News as one of the Best Hotels in Philadelphia for 2018. The Philly Ritz-Carlton wins, hands-down, best hotel entrance in the city: an imposing Greek temple portico that leads into a simply stunning colonnaded lounge and reception area modeled loosely after the Pantheon in Rome.The Ritz-Carlton, Philadelphia is a luxury hotel in downtown.THE RITZ CARLTON PHILADELPHIA in Philadelphia PA at Ten Ave. of The Arts 19102 US. There is no request that is too difficult to implement and always done with a smile.
Orlando hotels Philadelphia hotels Scottsdale hotels Tampa hotels Marriott For: Careers Travel Agents Group Partners Hotel Developers.
The location is fantastic, within walking distance of great restaurants, bars and attractions.
This iconic hotel located on Broad Street across from City Hall has much to offer.We at The Ritz-Carlton, Philadelphia wish to share this tradition of excellent service and. magical wedding memories with you and your families.
Coscia Moos Architecture teamed with LW Design Group and Wimberly Interiors to renovate the lobby and restaurant of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Philadelphia.


text:
Why are punitive damages not awarded to the government in a civil litigation
In a civil litigation generally a person versus a company, when a person wins against a big company we often see a huge sum of punitive damages being imposed on the company and that sum goes to the person. In my understanding the total figure of the punitive damages is based loosely on the revenue of the company, and not the loss of the person so as to punish the company for its unethical practices. That sum may grossly exceed the losses incurred by that party. This might cause people to file frivolous lawsuits against companies.
If instead the government collected the punitive damages, it would serve as a deterrent for the company to pursue unethical practices, the litigator would be compensated as per his loss incurred, and it would also prevent frivolous cases from being filed just for greedy motives.
Why can't punitive damages be awarded to the government instead?
qstackqstack
Trial lawyers give very generously to political parties. They would obviously oppose a system like loser pays, or no punitive damages, etc. That would affect their bottom line.
But then trial lawyers cannot match the payments of big corporations who would seek to end such a system?
– qstack
Punitive damages are not awarded to the government, because they would be unconstitutional under the 8th Amendment.
The Supreme Court decided that punitive damages were not unconstitutional under the 8th Amendment when the USA government is not a party.
The first major case in which the Supreme Court ruled on the constitutionality of punitive damages was in 1989, in Browning-Ferris v. Kelco. In that case, the Court held that the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution (which is most commonly known for its Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause, but which also contains a clause prohibiting "excessive fines") does not apply to punitive damages awards in civil lawsuits to which the United States is not a party.
Clearly, if you allow the government to collect the punitive damages instead of the private party, the 8th Amendment protection against "excessive fines" would apply and would no longer act as a deterrent for companies performing unethical practices.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged law .
What are the consequences of not following a gag order?
Can I sue the government for not enforcing criminal laws?
Why does the US government not enforce federal laws against Colorado's legalization of marijuana?
Can someone explain the difference between Civil Rights, Civil Liberties and Freedoms?
Why not to make law by demand by commitee of experts
Why hasn't legislation corrected the ambiguity of 'civil law'?
What arguments are there for not passing anti-SLAPP laws?
Are there countries where the legislative body is not allowed to issue laws that touch upon unrelated subjects?
Does the Japanese government not have the authority to cancel the Olympics?
Why are there juries in the patent litigation cases in the U.S.?


When Brian Fletcher, chief winemaker at Calatrasi in Sicily, found out I was writing this feature, he couriered me a bottle of red wine. Labelled simply as 'Brettanomyces', it was a sample from Puglia that Brian had recently been sent by a producer there. So I opened it and poured a glass. Immediately, I got a whiff of animal sheds with some savoury, cheesy character. The palate was similarly animal-like, with a thin metallic edge. Very rustic. Not undrinkable, but getting there, and a textbook example of a Brettanomyces-infected wine.
For those scratching their head wondering what on earth Brettanomyces is, let me explain. It's a yeast – that is a unicellular type of fungus, not a bacterium – that is a common spoilage organism in winemaking. The goal of this article is to assess how much of a problem it is, what its effects are and how it can be prevented. Finally, I'll look at the controversial issue of whether low levels of 'brett', as it is widely known, can ever be a good thing, adding complexity to certain sorts of wines.
First, a dull but necessary paragraph to clear up a potential confusion. The name Dekkera is often used interchangeably with Brettanomyces. They are actually the same genus (this is the taxonomic group just above 'species'), with Dekkera being used for the ascospore-forming (sporogenous) form of this yeast, and Brettanomyces used for the non-spore forming type. There are currently five recognized species of Brettanomyces/Dekkera: B. nanus, B. bruxellensis, B. anomalus, B. custersianus and B. naardenensis, with a range of synonyms in common use. Of these, research indicates that B. bruxellensis is the most relevant to wine.
The microbiology of wine production is a complex business, and it is beyond the scope of this feature to go into too much detail. But let me try to give you a feel for the concepts involved. Think of the plants growing on the slopes up the side of a mountain. At the bottom there are hundreds of different types, with the pattern of vegetation changing and progressively decreasing in diversity with altitude (and a corresponding drop in temperature). It's a bit like that with fermenting wine, except that here the variation is temporal and not spatial -- it is a gradually changing environment for yeasts. In freshly crushed grape must there are many different yeast species present, including those normally found on grapes. These rapidly disappear as fermentation starts and alcohol rises. The environment becomes more and more inhospitable, and after a while the only significant yeast species present is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As alcoholic fermentation finishes, the S. cerevisiae population decreases significantly. If by this stage the sugar and nutrient supplies are exhausted, that's the end of things and the wine is stable. But if they aren't, this leaves the way open for spoilage bugs to develop; brett is one of the worst culprits here.
What does bretty wine taste and smell like?
As with other volatile odorants, people differ widely in their sensitivity to these molecules, and each individual shows a range of different thresholds (for example, the threshold for detecting an odorant differs from the threshold for recognition of the same odorant). Godden suggests that a useful sensory threshold to use for 4-ethyl-phenol is 420 micrograms/litre. At this concentration and beyond, a wine will typically be noticeably bretty. Below this concentration, the character of the wine may be changed but people won't, on average, recognize that this is due to 4-ethyl-phenol. Because the threshold for 4-ethyl-phenol drops when 4-ethyl guiacol is also present -- and in brett-infected wine they always occur together in a ratio of about 10:1 -- this threshold is calculated for a 10:1 mixture of 4-ethyl-phenol and 4-ethyl-guiacol.
Although brett can and does occur with whites, it is predominantly a red wine problem. This is because red wines are far higher in polyphenol content, and generally have a higher pH, both factors which encourage brett development for reasons which outlined below.
With rising standards of winemaking worldwide, I was a little surprised to hear that brett is on the increase. There seem to be two contributing factors to this rise. First, there is the current trend for 'natural' wines. 'Minimalist winemaking is a perfect recipe for bretty wine', says Godden. 'It's probable that the increase in brett in the 1990s can be traced back to the winemaking fad to stop adding sulphur at crushing'. Indeed, the most effective way of preventing brett is to maintain an adequate concentration of free sulphur dioxide (SO2). Randall Grahm of California's Bonny Doon comments, 'If one is ideologically committed to no sulfitage at the crusher, this increases one's chances of brett dramatically. Likewise, if one uses low or no SO2 in the elevage of the wines, this greatly increases the risk of brett'. Preliminary studies by the AWRI show that there is a lot of genetic variability among Brettanomyces strains. This makes the correct use of sulphur even more important. If it is added in small, regular doses, winemakers might unintentionally be selecting for SO2-resistant strains of brettanomyces, or to put it another way super-brett strains that are then even harder to eliminate. So timing and magnitude of SO2 additions are important as well as the actual concentrations: the best way to get rid of brett seems to be large SO2 additions at strategic intervals.
Second, there is the move towards 'international' styles of red wine, made in an extracted style from super-ripe grapes. 'These are higher in pH and are richer in polyphenols', explains Grahm. pH is important, likely through its role in modulating the effectiveness of SO2 additions. The higher the pH, the less effective SO2 is and the more likely that brettanomyces will grow. Polyphenol content is important because these compounds are the precursors for the volatile phenols largely responsible for bretty odours.
A vital risk factor is the presence of residual sugars and nitrogen sources left over at the end of fermentation. With the gradual rise in alcohol levels over the last 20 years, the last bit of sugar commonly isn't being metabolised by the yeast. Godden suggests that one solution is to try to keep the wines warm while they are being pressed. As well as sugar, a nitrogen source is needed for brett to grow. In fermenting wine, S. cerevisiae uses amino acids as a nitrogen source. A recent winemaking trend has been to add diammonium phosphate (DAP) as a supplementary nitrogen source for yeasts, to reduce the risk of stuck fermentations. However, fewer than half of musts need actually use this additive, and DAP has been described as 'junk food' for yeasts – they'll use this in preference to amino acids, leaving them in the wine as a nitrogen source that encourages the growth of brett.
Old barrels are frequently touted as the main culprits of brett, but Randall Grahm adds, 'The received wisdom about old barrels, old foudres being the great repository of brett I think is somewhat mythical and simplistic: dirty barrels, dirty wines, q.e.d.' Grahm adds that, 'Since brett is largely ubiquitous, a rampant brett infection is often more of a function of a large inoculum coming in on the grapes.
Before the 1990s, brett was common in Bordeaux. The wines of several well known classed growths were well known for their distinctive 'stink'. This was almost certainly because of brett infections, but without the data – and most properties would understandably be reluctant to own up to this – I can't name any names. Since the early 1990s, however, brett has become much rarer, and this is mainly due to the groundbreaking work of Dr Pascal Chatonnet. In 1993 Chatonnet carried out a survey of 100 French wines, and showed that a staggering third of those tested had levels of volatile phenols above the perception threshold.
The conclusion seems to be that brettanomyces is widespread, and virtually every barrel of red wine has the potential to go bretty. Create the right environment for it, and you'll have a brett infection. Thus the key objective for winemakers isn't to create a sterile winery, which will never happen, but to make sure that their barrels aren't a receptive environment for brett to grow in.
Brettanomyces is a favoured discussion topic among wine geeks, who'll often enter into lengthy discussions about whether a certain wine is bretty or not. One wine that keeps cropping up in this context is Château de Beaucastel, the highly regarded Châteauneuf du Pape estate. To some, the distinctive earthy, slightly animal-like characteristics of many past vintages of Beaucastel have reflected an expression of terroir, or even the higher than average Mourvèdre content of this wine. Others think it's because of brett infection. Who is right?
Back in early 1998, Charles Collins, an American wine collector, became so frustrated with the endless wine geek discussions about Beaucastel and brett that he decided to find out for himself. He got hold of some scientific papers on the subject and read up about the subject. 'I realised that the presence of the compound 4-ethyl-phenol is a virtually certain indicator of the presence of a brett infection', recalls Collins. He contacted a lab who does testing for 4-ethyl-phenol and sent them some Beaucastel from his cellar. 'I opted to test two of the most famous vintages, the 1989 and 1990', Collins told me. 'These wines are supposed to represent what great Beaucastel is all about.' He prepared the samples for shipment in sterilized glass 375 ml bottles and used fresh corks to seal them. The wines were labelled so that the lab had no clue as to their identity.
The results? According to Collins, 'they showed indisputable evidence that significant brett infections occurred in both the 1989 and 1990 vintages of Beaucastel.' Microscan and plating tests showed only small amounts of mostly dead brett cells, but the 4-ethyl-phenol levels were 897 micrograms/litre for the 1989 and a whopping 3330 micrograms/litre for the 1990. Collins concludes, 'if you personally like the smell of brett, then none of this should you dissuade you from buying and cellaring Beaucastel. You should, however, give up the myth that the odd flavours are due to terroir—they aren't.' I would add that while I've detected what I've always assumed, in the absence of data, to be high levels of brett in some vintages of Beaucastel—the 1991 springs to mind as one of the brettiest wines I've ever encountered—in vintages since the mid-1990s I haven't encountered any. But, of course, unlike Collins, I haven't done the lab tests that would be needed to verify this.
Beaucastel has been widely acknowledged as one of the world's great wines over recent decades. Yet from Collins' limited sampling coupled with individual tasters' experiences, it seems likely that some of the most successful past vintages of this wines have been marked by high levels of brett. This leads us to a critical—and fascinating—question: is brett ever a good thing? In small quantities, can it have a positive influence on certain styles of red wines?
If surveys such as those of Chatonnet and Godden are to be extrapolated across all wines, it is likely that many wines with above-threshold levels of brett have received critical acclaim and have been enjoyed by countless consumers. This leads to the conclusion that while most people won't enjoy a really stinky wine, low levels of brett might not be a problem—indeed, a bit of brett might even add complexity to certain robust styles of wines.
Bob Cartwright, senior winemaker of Leeuwin Estate in Western Australia's Margaret River region, acknowledges that 'a lot of winemakers like to have some as a complexing character—the question is how much is too much?'. Randall Grahm is undecided. 'I suppose this could theoretically add some complexity to a wine. The problem is that for now, this is not easily controllable'.
Pascal Chatonnet is opposed. He sees the problem of brett as a lack of fruit and loss of typicity. 'If brett is able to grow in all the red wines of the planet—and this is the case—then all the wines will have the same odour, which is a pity'.
Randall Grahm has an novel suggestion, though: 'It would be very interesting if we could isolate a strain of brett that worked in wine, depleting nutrients but producing very low levels of 4-ethyl phenol. In this way, one could inoculate one's wine with brett, much the same way as one inoculates one's wine with malolactic bacteria, thus depleting nutrients and rendering the wine safe from further microbial degradation.' Now there's a project for the microbiologists. Any takers?