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socialnet International
Country Portrait Zimbabwe: The trajectory of Social Welfare and Social Work Systems
05.01.2022 Tatenda Nhapi
Country Portrait: Data on Zimbabwe
Geography, climate, population
Economy, Policies and Humanitarian Development
Historical and Cultural Influences
2. Land Reform and its impact on health care and social services
3. The Welfare System
4. Organisation and administration of social protection in Zimbabwe
5. Current issues and challenges
This chapter provides an overview of the Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ)'s social welfare framework and frontline social work systems. The purpose of the portrait is to critique trends and domains regarding the unrelenting dominance of informal social security mechanisms in Zimbabwe. Informal social security has increasingly now become the viable fall back for many Zimbabwean citizens. This has been driven by intractable poverty traps including deindustrialisation, structural regression and exponential informal economy growth alongside rudimentary and fragmented social protection mechanisms. Social work roles to overcome poverty and indigency are explored alongside analysing robustness of GoZ social protection mechanisms.
Basic data on the population, expenses and debts
Number of inhabitants 14.8 million
Gross Domestic Product US$ 20.563 billion
External debt US$ 10.4 billion
Gross Domestic Product per capita US$ 1,463.99 / ZW$529,817.98
Poverty rate 38.3%
Unemployment rate 11%
Social Expenditure US$ 117 million (in 2020) / ZW$4,234,230,000 billion
Share of Social Expenditure on youth welfare US$ 9.524.730 million / ZW$ 3.447 billion
Health Expenditure US$ 294,1 million / ZW$ 25 billion
Zimbabwe is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, and Mozambique. It has a tropical climate with high plateau and mountains in the east. Zimbabwe is a country of roughly 16 million people with Harare as the country's capital. 16 official languages are spoken in Zimbabwe with English, Shona and Ndebele being the most commonly used (British Council 2021). The 2012 census findings showed that two-thirds of Zimbabwe's population lived in rural areas and that 52 percent of the population were females. As many as 9% of the total population were living with at least one disability, which placed them at a disadvantage with respect to sustainable development (UN Zimbabwe Country Team, 2021).
There are 8 rural provinces and 2 metropolitan provinces, which are further divided into 63 districts and 1200 wards. The majority of Zimbabwe's economy comes from the service sector (65.8%), followed by industry (22.2%) and agriculture (12%) and informal economy is responsible for 60% of all income; the rate of formal unemployment is extremely high (WHO 2020).
Zimbabwe depends heavily on mining and agriculture jointly accounting for approximately 30% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Mining and agriculture are noted by UN (2021) as catalysts for growth in secondary sectors including manufacturing, tourism and service sectors. In the first decade of independence the economy recorded its strongest performance, anchored on policies that promoted large-scale investment in agriculture and manufacturing sector. However, between 2000 and 2008, the economy sustained a cumulative decline of nearly 50 percent in real GDP on the back of declining agriculture productivity and de-industrialisation following the Government's Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP), capital flight, and low investment (UN Zimbabwe Country Team, 2021). In his analysis of Zimbabwe's development trajectory Chitambara (2010) highlights that the economy inherited at the 1980 independence had been moulded on a white supremacy philosophy which had evolved into a relatively well-developed and modern formal sector, co-existing with an underdeveloped and backward rural economy. Thus, Chitambara (2010) argued the 'formal sector' was the enclave part of the economy developed on the basis of the ruthless dispossession of land- the livelihood source of the majority of blacks which forced them into wage employment.
According to Moore (2020) forms of Zimbabwe's crisis-ridden politics could be located in the context of the multiple transitions the new Zimbabwean state faced. These according, to Moore, have included decolonization; de-racialisation of the economy; economic liberalisation and the dismantling of the sanctions-related control measures of the settler colonial period; attempts at democratisation and agrarian transformation. Faced by these challenges and the repressive politics that accompanied them, Zimbabwe slipped into an eviscerating economic decline from the late 1990s.
As a result of persistent climatic and economic shocks Zimbabwe continues to experience a protracted humanitarian crisis. Key findings indicated that 3.4 million people were food insecure and in need of humanitarian assistance during the peak of the lean season, from January to April 2021 (World Food Programme 2021).
Zimbabwe's Human Development Index score in 2019 stood at 0.571— ranking at 150 out of 189 countries. The Gender Inequality Index score of Zimbabwe was 0.527, ranked at 129 out of 162 countries in 2019. Zimbabwe made remarkable progress in the first decade of independence with quantum improvements in social wellbeing. The latter decades recorded moderate improvements in key development areas. Regrettably, the country also registered a decline in some socio-economic indicators. These were largely due to prolonged periods of economic recession, political challenges and more regular climate-induced humanitarian crises. These disruptive shocks and crises continue to impede the country's progress in achieving the United Nations (UN) Agenda 2030, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (UN Zimbabwe Country Team, 2021).
In 2019, Zimbabwe was in a deep recession. The economy contracted by 8.1 percent in 2019, the deepest decline in a decade—even amid progress on several fronts including "Doing Business" reforms. A severe drought and Cyclone Idai significantly reduced economic activity and particularly affected the agriculture, water, and electricity sectors, while generating ripple effects on other economic sectors (World Bank, 2021) According to the World Bank Zimbabwe Economic Update in 2021, after a two-year recession, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in Zimbabwe is projected to significantly reach 3.9 percent led by agriculture's recovery. However, the World Bank (ZEU) highlights COVID 19 disruptions will continue to weigh on economic activity, limiting employment growth and improvements in living standards. Allocation of social protection to all vulnerable groups in Zimbabwe's 2021 national budget is ZW$6,9 billion (US$793 million) advanced to the Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Services. This is 1,64% of the budget, down from the 2020 percentage share of 4,3% (Mapungwana, 2020).As noted by UNICEF (2020) increased public sector financing was commendable to cover the gap created by declining donor support.
Henceforth the chapter's objective is to explore programmatic interventions by state and none state actors that galvanise social protection to build resilience to shocks and stressors. This chapter synthesises literature and provides insights for policy direction. Specifically, evidence on some of the social policies, are reviewed. The chapter aims to create a starting point for a research agenda and strong research questions with regard to dominant narratives to Zimbabwean social policy. This chapter is grounded on an extensive review of literature focusing on social policy dynamics within socio economic domains currently obtaining in Zimbabwe.
From time immemorial, African social problems were handled using local indigenous methods. Like many other Africans, Madzimbabwe (people of Zimbabwe) have several ways of preventing social ills and ensuring the social functionality of their families, villages and societies at large (Mugumbate & Bhohwasi, 2021). Before the inception of western social welfare and social services (and later social work) in Zimbabwe, the phenomenon could have been defined as services targeting the needy through the nuclear, extended family, community and nation at large for social challenges prevention and eradication and bring about social functioning and wellbeing. The indigenous Zimbabwean context had key providers of social services comprising the immediate family (parents and siblings), near-immediate family (vatete - father's sister, sekuru - mother's brother), extended family or clan structures such as sahwira - a family friend (Mugumbate & Bhohwasi, 2021). In the 1930s by hiring British probation officers the colonial government in Zimbabwe later imported this help from Britain.
The probation officers dealt with vagrancy, delinquency and destitution issues among white children and youths. Social work training was formally introduced in 1965 when the Jesuits missionaries' run School of Social Work begun its intake of social work students. When the school was first established, it offered a one-year Certificate Course in Group Work. Further expansion of the School of Social Work saw the introduction of the Bachelor of Social Work degree in 1975 for those holding the Diploma in Social Work; students were only required to study an additional year to be awarded the degree, which offered them an opportunity to specialise in such areas as residential and industrial social work, as well as the mainstream social work course (Chogugudza 2009). More black social welfare workers training resulted in extension of services to black urban communities for dealing with homelessness and unemployment issues. According to Mugumbate and Bhohwasi (2021) no proper social work definition existed at this time due to lack of official professional social work recognition in Zimbabwe.
However, social welfare officers of this period contended with the neglect of indigenous social services. These indigenous social services were pillars in promoting social functioning among most Zimbabweans and provided the contemporary Zimbabwean social work profession foundation (Mugumbate & Bhohwasi, 2021).This contemporary social work foundation has seen social workers working in the government run Department of Social Services, municipalities' housing and community services, NGOs amongst other employers.
The enduring ubuntu, the grounded Zimbabwean traditional practice of having Zunde raMambo (Chief's Granary), guaranteed feeding of vulnerable groups in times of drought or famine or when experiencing food insecurity. This was a particularly effective safety net for older persons, orphans and widows. Community members' contributions to the Zunde ra Mambo were under traditional chief's general supervision (Olivier, Kaseke, & Mpedi, 2008). Up to the present time due to erratic social assistance programmes due to Zimbabwean intractable socio-economic challenges, these ubuntu grounded approaches remain to robustly support the vulnerable.
Social services provision was according to custom thus indigenous due to lack of foreign influence. This phase consisted of customary, traditional or indigenous social support systems. Social problems were seen as a result of individual shortcomings, evil spells or family failure. Ubuntu was the guiding principle towards family and community, and theorised that an individual person becomes human only through working with, and contributing to their family and community (Mugumbate & Bhohwasi, 2021).
In contrast, during and post the colonial period individualistic remedial approaches have dominated as effective forms of social policy and administration since, during and after colonialism. Remedial approaches expect that an indigent or vulnerable individual relies on state administered social security interventions after undergoing robust means- testing by DSS social workers. Social workers are also involved in collaborating with other frontline professionals in implementing community and rural development interventions.
Frontline social work and training inception between 1936 and 1966 laid foundations for modern day Zimbabwean social work. Modern Zimbabwean social work would be encompassing targeted approaches to mitigate individual and social pathologies including being indigent due to illness and unemployment, juvenile delinquency and public assistance.
However, before the welfare funding cut backs onset, due to structural adjustment programmes and ensuing socio-economic turbulence, DSS administered Public Assistance grants reliance was traditionally a stigmatising safety net amongst Zimbabwean communities. Exceptions could have been if one assimilated in modern day Zimbabwean society after originally having been a migrant emigrated into the then Southern Rhodesia.
As asserted by Zeng Lannes, & Mutasa (2018) during the 1980s and most of the 1990s, Zimbabwe's economy was on the path to middle-income status. Primary and preventive health care investments was by primary health care services roll out within ten kilometres of at least 80% of the population. However, the 1990s economic situation deterioration and resultant government financing decline led to various forms of user fees' introduction by public and not for- profit health providers (Zeng, Lannes, & Mutasa, 2018).
This continued up to twenty years after Zimbabwe's independence to the current epoch. Of 15.8 million people making up Zimbabwe's population 52% female and 67% live in rural areas. At least 9% of the population has a disability while life expectancy in 2017 was estimated at 60 years. The population is young with about 67% being below the age of 25, and the 2017 Poverty, Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey, whose results were published in 2019, estimated that 71 % of the population are considered poor (Food and Agricultural Organisation Zimbabwe country programme, n.d). Over the past three decades, Zimbabwe has suffered 15 incidents of drought, six of which were severe to extreme having affected between 2.5 and 7 million people. The worst and most recent of these incidents saw the government spending USD 220 million more than its usual social safety net schemes to provide emergency food relief to vulnerable Zimbabweans (World Food Programme Zimbabwe, 2020).
Two decades after Zimbabwe's independence, in the year 2000, the country embarked on a contested Fast Track Land Reform Programme which has been acclaimed by academic proponents of the discipline of rural development studies like Ian Scoones.
Zimbabwe's Fast Track Land Reform Program (FTLRP) formally began with the Land Acquisition Act of 2002. FTLRP effectively co-opted the farm occupations since 1998, redistributed land from white-owned farms and estates, as well as state lands, to more than 150,000 farmers under two models, A1 and A2. As highlighted by Mkodzongi and Lawrence (2019), the A1 model allocated small plots for growing crops and grazing land to landless and poor farmers, while the A2 model allocated farms to new black commercial farmers who had the skills and resources to farm profitably, reinvest and raise agricultural productivity.
Around the same time, there was a marked exodus of a critical mass of skilled social workers who previously superintended over Zimbabwe's then robust social services. The social workers migrated to countries as South Africa, United Kingdom, Australia amongst others.
Staff attrition in social services is because of two factors: Zimbabwean social work training has an international appeal and poor conditions of service has been motivating social workers to explore greener pastures. Lack of resources, such as reliable modes of transport, basic equipment like computers and low salaries, to robustly target service users is to blame for this exodus.
It is laudable that Zimbabwe boasts of a well-oiled social security policy framework. The World Bank Zimbabwe country office (2016) notes since Zimbabwe's independence attainment in 1980, social protection has been part of all development policies and national poverty reduction strategies. Indeed, even in colonial times Zimbabwe had a social safety nets tradition, when the English Poor Laws influenced social welfare support particularly targeting the urban poor who were the visible face of poverty (World Bank, 2016). Zimbabwe's constitution founding provisions section 30 of Chapter 1 generally defines the right to social security and social protection (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, n.d). Sections 81, 82 and 83 of this constitution provide for children, older persons and persons with disabilities' rights. Zimbabwe's historical labour market setup and social security was such that the formal economy workers accessed contributory social protection schemes through their contributions to pensions (public and private) and medical aid schemes (Chakanya, 2019). This therefore meant that a formal (wage- and salary-earning) worker had a higher social protection coverage than an informal economy worker or those engaged in precarious work (contract or casual work) without traditional contributory national social protection schemes (Chakanya, 2019).
As for Zimbabwean social assistance provisions and for the advancement of the social protection agenda the Government developed a National Social Protection Policy Framework in 2015, but it is not yet operationalised. This policy framework recognises Zimbabwe's commitment to poverty eradication in the Constitution; the Sustainable Development Goals; and other international declarations that identify social protection as a basic human right (World Bank, 2016). The country's primary social protection programmes are the Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM) and the Harmonised Social Cash Transfer Programme (HSCT). The country's core social protection programmes include: the Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM); Children in difficult circumstances; the Strategic Grain Reserve; the Health Assistance; Support to older persons; the Food Deficit Mitigation Programme; Harmonised Social Cash Transfer (HSCT) programme and the Food for work programme. Under the BEAM which was introduced in 2000, the GoZ gives assistance to vulnerable children in the form of school fees, tuition, levies and examination fees. It covers all schools both primary and secondary as well as special schools for children with disabilities. BEAM only has a coverage of about 530 000 out of the about 1 300 000 million children in need, while the HSCT programme, which is implemented by government and supported by the United Nations, only covers about 55 509 very poor and labour-constrained households in 20 districts (Chitambara, 2020).
Currently, GoZ offers workers two mandatory social security schemes under NSSA: the National Pension Scheme (NPS), which supports retirees above the age of 60; and the Workers Compensation Insurance Fund (WCIF) for workers injured or killed in work-related accidents or suffer from work-related diseases (Towindo, 2020). Furthermore, National Building Society (NBS) a NSSA subsidiary has created a tailor-made loan facility for pensioners. Under the scheme the pensioners would receive loans amounting to ZW $100 000 (310.56 US Dollars) to fund income-generating projects. NBS acting managing director Mr Alfred Chaavure stated this is a loan facility designed for individuals who receive their NSSA pay-outs whether as pensioners or beneficiaries through an NBS bank account.
In November 2020, GoZ launched its latest economic blueprint, the National Development Strategy (NDS 1) 2021-2025.For social protection NDS stipulates that several programmes, projects and interventions will be implemented to reduce extreme poverty and improve access to basic social services across the life cycle of vulnerable groups as follows: -
Provision of food assistance, social cash transfers, health assistance, holistic education support including school feeding and provision of sanitary wear for female learners in schools;
Provision of discretionary assistance in funeral and transport assistance;
Support towards disaster preparedness and response programmes to build resilience in communities; and
Strengthen social protection delivery systems inclusive of shock responsiveness (Government of Zimbabwe, 2020).
The GoZ is transitioning from social protection to social development in view to enhance self-reliance of vulnerable groups through livelihoods support outside the conventional traditional social safety nets provided by the government. There are considerable women empowerment projects which help in poverty eradication such as the start-up capital projects provided for women in small to medium enterprises by the Women's Bank and Youth Empower bank alongside internal savings and lending schemes facilitated by NGOs and the Ministry of Women Affairs, Community, Small and Medium Enterprises (National Assocaition of Non Governmental Organisations(NANGO, 2021).
GoZ continues to prioritise poverty reduction in pursuit of Vision 2030 which seeks to rebuild and transform Zimbabwe into an Upper-Middle Income Economy by 2030. Poverty alleviation and safety nets are considered as cross cutting issues and a key pillar in the implementation of the NDS1.
Zimbabwe's social protection is more concisely defined in the relevant Parliament Acts covering social insurance. The significant acts are Pension and Provident Fund Act, Insurance Act, State Services (Pensions) Act, National Social Security Authority Act. Older persons, the Zimbabwe Pension Rights Trust notes, are largely unlikely to be covered under these private provision schemes given the high unemployment in the country. The schemes have been publicly condemned for benefits entitlements below reasonable expectations (Zimbabwe Pension Rights Trust n.d).
Traditionally, the extended family system provided social support and care to its members. However, urbanisation, industrialisation and globalisation processes have gradually weakened extended family system cohesiveness, thereby undermining its capacity for social support provision and care. State and non-state actors are increasingly filling this void but are constrained by lack of adequate resources to provide meaningful social support and care.
Since 2017 Zimbabwe's social assistance programs coverage has increased, but GoZ and donor programs still left nearly three million of the extreme poor unprotected in 2019.Public spending has risen since 2017, including for repayment of arrears on socialassistance programs in 2019, such as the Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM), which fundsschool fees for poor children (World Bank, 2021). In addition, mobile payments for cash transfers introduction has solved some implementation challenges. In 2019, however, actual public spendingwas only 40 percent of the planned allocation, and coverage of public programs remained low,exacerbated by a more than doubling of poverty in the past decade (World Bank, 2021).
Under social protection, the NDS1 aims at extreme poverty reduction and improved basic social services access in all its forms and dimensions including narrowing inequalities. Effective social protection and safety nets, policies, systems and programmes play a major role in reducing poverty and vulnerability, redressing inequality, promoting inclusive growth and development of human capital.
Although poverty remains largely a rural phenomenon, in 2017 extreme poverty increased in urban areas from 4% to 10% in April–May 2019. As evidenced by the development and adoption of an Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper in 2016, poverty reduction has been a key GoZ policy priority (UN Zimbabwe Country Team, 2021). Despite high poverty levels the UN Zimbabwe Country Team (2021) further notes that social protection coverage remains very low with only 5% of the national population covered by at least one social protection system. Zimbabwe's social protection expenditure still falls far short of the expected coverage particularly of women and men in the informal sector. They are excluded from enjoying equal occupational safety, health care, pension benefits and maternity protection in the case of women. According to the Consumer Council of Zimbabwe (CCZ) as of 30 August 2021, a low-income earning urban family required approximately $41 235.93 (US$490 or a street value of US$317) to sustain their monetary needs per month (Matimaire 2021). The latest research conducted by the International Labour Organisations (ILO)(2021) shows some workers in the informal sector are earning less than $1 000 with the majority of jobs in the sector being described as "survivalist".
As most social protection support has been geared towards rural areas, the unmet need in urban areas, which was estimated at half a million households prior to COVID-19, has escalated. The country's growing reliance on donor funding limits the scope and sustainability of public programs and, combined with capacity issues, limits GoZ flexibility to be responsive to increased social protection needs (World Bank, 2021). The World Food Programme (2021) implemented Urban Food Security and Resilience Building programme is active in 24 urban domains across Zimbabwe. A total of 321,813 people currently receive USD 12 per person per month via value voucher or remittance exchange. The transfer value is priced to cover 62 percent of an individual's basic food needs.
As noted by Devereux & Kapingidza (2020), HSCT evolution and NSPPF development reflects external actors' financial leverage usage to influence Zimbabwe's social protection agenda. At inception, HSCT was 100% donor-funded and currently still almost is totally dependent on external funding. HSCT setting up, Devereux & Kapingidza (2020) argue is not reflective of genuine local ownership and broad participation as its initiation and donor funding was in parallel to government-run national programs like the Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM) and Public Assistance. MoLSS only provided implementation structures for the HSCT, while external agencies' funding of the program gave them unprecedented power to play an influencing and oversight role ( Devereux & Kapingidza, 2020). Presently, Zimbabwe lacks a comprehensive social insurance scheme and the vast majority of Zimbabweans work in the precarious and survivalist livelihoods of the informal economy. Informal economy workers are largely not covered by social insurance where Zimbabwe continually grapples with limited range of social insurance benefits and lack of portability of social security benefits.
Rudimentary and piecemeal social security interventions due to resource constraints are an intractable challenge for Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe's social protection system has insufficient financial resources and implementation capacity to reach the growing number of people in extreme poverty. It is currently estimated that almost 7.9 million people live below the food poverty line, and it will be important to carefully target humanitarian and social protection programs to reach those most in need with adequate levels of benefits (WB 2021).The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) in 20 countries and situations – called Zimbabwe as one of the "hotspots" due to Zimbabwe's complex food security crisis, driven by weather shocks and persistent macroeconomic instability that is worsened by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the possibility of weather shocks notably cyclones, along with migratory locust and other pests outbreaks continuing to pose risks which could cause shortfalls in production and disrupt livelihoods. On account of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic a significant number of households also remain highly vulnerable.
The 2019 Labour Force and Child Labour Survey revealed that employment in the informal economy grew from 859,060 in 2014 to 975,880 in 2019 representing a 14 percent increase (Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions(ZCTU), 2020). Furthermore, in May 2021 research conducted by the Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZIMVAC) led by the Food and Nutrition Council established that financial constraints, age and adolescence pregnancy were some of the notable reasons why about 23% of the children were not in school.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ZIMVAC, cited by Bulawayo 24 News website (2021), noted that there has been increased support from Treasury and reduction of assistance from the development partners. At least 54% of the households received support from government, with development partners complementing these efforts by supporting 25% of the households. Government claims average household monthly support for the vulnerable increased from US$33 in 2020 to US$75 in 2021. COVID-19 related expenditure has enabled Zimbabwe to finally meet the Abuja Declaration target of 15% of national budget for the health sector as a total of ZW$25 billion (US$294,1 million) was spent towards the sector in 2020. Since ratifying the declaration 20 years ago in 2001, Zimbabwe's public healthcare has been mostly donor funding reliant, never meeting the mandatory 15% of the national budget quota (Matimaire, 2021).
Although the vast majority of the people considered to be employed with the official unemployment rate pegged at 11 percent, many citizens are engaged in low paying temporary insecure work and petty trade in the informal sector (United Nations Development Programme Zimbabwe Country Programme, 2020). In the light of the COVID pandemic, the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) lamented in their situation analysis the informal economy markets over-congestion in Harare, Zimbabwe's capital. According to ZCTU, these informal markets include Fourth Street in Harare Central Business District, Mupedzanhamo Market, Mbare Siyaso home industries, Glenview Area 8 Furniture Complex and others in various parts of the country as posing high COVID 19 risks for informal workers (Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions(ZCTU), 2020).
In ILO's (2017) analysis the existence and role of the informal economy was triggered by the dual and enclave nature of the Zimbabwean economy inherited at independence. It was dual in that the formal economy had male dominance and was highly protected by national policies and co-existed with a largely ignored informal economy dominated by women.
The informal economy workers, including artisanal mining, contribute immensely to the country's economy, employment, household welfare and filling the social protection gaps created by the deteriorating economy. Jones terms Zimbabwe's informal sector the 'kukiya-kiya' economy, which is a new logic of economic action in post-2000 Zimbabwe. In local parlance 'kukiya-kiya' refers to multiple forms of 'making do' (Jones, 2010). According to Chirisa (2009) to those who are willing and able to work, job provision failures has been the incubatory determinant of African cities' informalisation.
Jones (2010, p. 286) further asserts the common refrain that 'kukiya-kiya' is a strategy for survival. 'We kiya-kiya in order to stay alive', people say, 'in order to eat'. Insofar as it is presented in this way as an adjunct to 'bare life', kukiya-kiya appears to be an instinctive response to circumstances".
On the same note Zimbabwe Chamber of Informal Economy Associations (ZCIEA) is the umbrella body for informal sector actors. Its members include street/market vendors, construction workers, waste pickers, and other informal economy workers.
As a trade union for informal works, ZCEIA has both self-employed and informal employees engaged in small, unregistered or un-incorporated enterprises and undeclared workers.
ZCIEA has 198,466 members (60% are women, 25% men and 15% youth) across 30 territories and 265 Chapters. Its five-pillar approach involves organising, educating, advocating, empowering and representing members, covering both rural and urban sectors.
The pandemic added 1.3 million Zimbabweans to the extreme poor reflecting job and income losses in urban areas, and a deterioration of social services in rural areas. The number of extreme poor reached 7.9 million in 2020—almost 49 percent of the population. The economic disruptions caused by COVID-19 reduced jobs in urban areas and limited job opportunities in rural areas. The scale of job losses reduced livelihoods of families, especially in urban areas. One of five respondents of the first round of a nationally representative telephone survey who had a job in March 2020 reported that they were not working in July 2020 (World Bank, 2021).
Because of lack of formal informal sector recognition it falls ultra vires the existing institutionalised organisations, the NSSA included (Chirisa, 2013). This means that a bulk of the population does not have a formal channel through which to make contributions or social security subscriptions towards mitigating risks after retirement, leaving them vulnerable in old age and their families at risk in the event of their death (Chirisa, 2013).
In addition to an increasing poverty rate and a growing informal economic sector which is often the only source for Zimbabweans to secure their livelihood but does not offer access to contribution-based social protection, Zimbabwe experiences a continuous brain drain. Due to the country's high literacy rates and quality of science, technology, engineering and maths education the Zimbabwean education system still has a level of international appeal (British Council 2020). According to British Council the combination of high skills, an absence of jobs and a lack of popular role models speaking up for education has contributed, and will continually contribute, to 'brain drain'. Moreover, the Zimbabwean education system also faces contemporary challenges in technical capacities such as digital learning and a legacy colonial infrastructural divide between urban and rural areas as well as other continuing infrastructure challenges.
The challenges faced by Zimbabwe are manifold. Henceforth, as suggested by the International Labour Organisation (2021), increasing living standards and promoting economic and social development requires to improve employment opportunities. Economies grow when more people work and when each job in the economy becomes more productive. At the same time, households escape poverty when labour income, the main source of income for most households, increases. This happens when more working-age household members are employed and when the quality of their jobs improves. Furthermore, public expenditure prioritising is required. The Constitutional principle of public revenue compels the State to equitably deploy its resources for the benefit of marginalised groups and areas. The Intermediated Money Transfer Tax (IMTT) on mobile money transfers that was introduced in 2019 to bolster investment in basic services provision now has infrastructure development projects like roads as dominant crowding out investment in health, education, and water (Action Aid 2021). Importantly Action Aid (2021) rightly point out that parliament and civic society actors must redouble efforts on budget tracking to hold more accountable the Treasury and ministries in charge of service delivery on huge unspent funds related to capital budgets. Conclusively, piecemeal and rudimentary social security programmes should be deconstructed and robust, pro poor social security programmes embedded in state and none state actors interventions.
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Available at: https://social.un.org/ageing-working-group/documents/eleventh/Inputs%20NGOs/Zimbabwe%20Pension&Insurance%20Rights%20Trust%20-%20Social%20Protection%20and%20Social%20Security%20fnl.pdf [Accessed 6 December 2020].
World Bank, 2016. Zimbabwe Public Expenditure Review, Washington: World Bank.
World Bank, 2021. Zimbabwe Economic Update Overcoming Economic Challenges, Natural Disasters, And The Pandemic: Social And Economic Impacts, Washington: The World Bank Group.
World Food Programme Zimbabwe, 2020. World Food Programme Zimbabwe: Country Strategic Plan, Harare: World Food Programme Zimbabwe.
World Food Programme Zimbabwe, 2020.Zimbabwe Country Brief April 2021 Harare: World Food Programme Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions(ZCTU), 2020. ZCTU response to the impact of Covid-19 (coronavirus) Pandemic on Workers and the Zimbabwean economy, march 31, 2020, Harare: ZCTU.
Zimbabwe Pensions Trust &Insurance Rights Trust(n.d) Social Protection and Social Security (including social protection floors) Online]
Available at: https://social.un.org/ageing-working-group/documents/eleventh/Inputs%20NGOs/Zimbabwe%20Pension&Insurance%20Rights%20Trust%20-%20Social%20Protection%20and%20Social%20Security%20fnl.pdf [Accessed 14/09/2021]
Devereux , S., & Kapingidza, S. (2020). External Donors and Social Protection in Africa: A Case Study of Zimbabwe. In C. Schmitt, From Colonialism to International Aid External Actors and Social Protection in the Global South (pp. 273-301). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan .
Tatenda Nhapi
nhapaz@yahoo.com
Tatenda holds a Bachelors' degree in Social Work (University of Zimbabwe) and Graduate, Erasmus Mundus MA Advanced Development in Social Work. a joint Programme between the University of Lincoln (England); Aalborg University (Denmark); Technical University of Lisbon (Portugal); University of Paris Ouest Nantere La Defense (France); Warsaw University (Poland).
Tatenda started his career in Zimbabwe (2008-2013) working in Relief and Development and Social Research; focusing on child welfare and gender issues. Whilst employed in Zimbabwe's Department of Social Services, Tatenda's work focused on policies and protocols implementation pertaining to care and protection of children, older persons, Persons with Disabilities, disadvantaged persons and households in distress. Tatenda is a Research Associate with University of Johannesburg, South Africa Department of Social Work and Community Development. Tatenda's research agenda revolves around social policy and implementation of developmental programmes in their attempt to address issues such as poverty, inequality, HIV/AIDS and poverty traps of vulnerable groups such as women, children, older people and youths. Tatenda has high academic standing with a growing reputation in research, evidenced by an emerging portfolio of internationally recognised publications.
Nhapi, Tatenda , 2022. Country Portrait Zimbabwe: The trajectory of Social Welfare and Social Work Systems. In: socialnet International [online]. 05.01.2022 [Date of citation: 22.01.2022]. ISSN 2627-6348. Available from Internet: https://www.socialnet.de/international/zimbabwe.html
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To do this, Sherry knew she needed her own individual property website, and went with Buuteeq (now known as BookingSuite) to build her one. However, she soon realized it wasn't driving the direct bookings she needed. "We couldn't create special offers or really showcase what we had to offer. It was also very expensive to make any changes," said Sherry.
As a result, most of Sherry's reservations were coming through Choice.com and OTAs, which created some additional challenges. "I was paying money for our brand to market for us, but there are 35 Choice Hotels in San Antonio. I want my advertising to go directly to my individual website, not to all the Choice properties in our area," explained Sherry.
Sherry also noticed a higher cancellation rate among bookings that came through these channels.
Sherry knew she needed to find a better way to drive more direct bookings on her own website.
With Vizlly, our Digital Marketing System for hotels, Sherry found the solution she was looking for, and more! Comfort Suites Alamo/ River Walk now has a stunning visual-first website that captures the relaxed atmosphere of the property and vibrancy of the local area. Designed with SEO best practices in mind, Sherry's website is now ranking in search results and getting found by online travel shoppers.
Sherry and her team have been creative in their SEO strategy, targeting long-tail keywords that are less competitive to rank for. Their special offers, for example, are geared toward local events that people are searching for, like the San Antonio Rodeo, as well as well-known local landmarks, like Trinity University, the Alamodome, and of course the famous River Walk. Setting up these special offers in Vizlly is so easy.
Sherry now has a visual, yet functional, mobile website as well. "When I first saw Vizlly, I was absolutely amazed at the product, especially its mobile offering. Given that 50-60% of last minute bookings are now made on mobile devices, this is so important," said Sherry. The Comfort Suites Alamo/ River Walk opted for a mobile responsive website from Vizlly, which ensures a consistent viewing experience across any device, whether that be desktop, tablet or smartphone.
A nice bonus to Sherry's Vizlly subscription was the inclusion of Facebook Apps. Now visitors to the property's Facebook page can view Guest Rooms, Special Offers, Features & Amenities and Things to Do in San Antonio all from within the Facebook platform. "Our Facebook page looks amazing and so professional. It integrates with our website, so people can cross-over between the two, or even make a direct booking with us right there on Facebook," explained Sherry.
In just 3 months since going live with Vizlly, Sherry has had over 5,000 visitors to her new website, one-third of which are using a smartphone or tablet to access her mobile site. And these visitors are highly engaged. Sherry's website has seen a 33% purchase intent rate, meaning that one-third of all website visitors are clicking through to her booking engine to check rates.


Read the attached account of one young woman's experience of year 12 and how it eventually lead to her career in Psychology.
"So what do I dream to see in the future?
Well the good news and the bad news is I believe it starts with each and every one of us. I know for myself it has not been an easy thing and it continues to be something I work on but we need to work on dealing with our own shame, embracing our ability to be vulnerable and open with those close to us and communicating when things are hard. This takes courage, not the heroic movie type courage but the quiet everyday courage that is often not acknowledged.
We need to teach our children and young people how to effectively cope with their anxieties and stresses. That is okay to say "hey I am not okay" or "I'm having thoughts that are bothering me". We can show them through our own words, actions, and through education that it is okay to reach out for support and it is okay to struggle sometimes. I dream of the day when a young person can identify things are not going well and can reach out for the support they need. I am lucky enough in my work to often get to see this dream turned into reality, but we still have a lot of work to do.


text:
Sports Article
Schmidt Steps in as New Boys Basketball Coach
Written by Ernie Quatrani, Correspondent
Sophomore Matt Ruskey races for the basket on a break away during a scrimmage Tuesday night at Upper Perk.
Three wins in two years. Three head coaches in three years.
Three has not been a charmed number for the Upper Perkiomen boys basketball team.
So why would Bruce Schmidt take on the third variation of his Upper Perk career by stepping in as head coach?
"I thought it would be some kind of continuity from last year to this year. Plus I like the kids; they're great kids."
Schmidt followed former head coach Jeff Huddleston to Upper Perk from Upper Dublin and served as Huddleston's assistant for several years. Last year he helped first year coach Ed Lapinski. When Lapinski had to resign because of changes in his job, Schmidt applied and got the position.
Now the rebuilding work from a 2-20 season begins, and familiarity is a big plus in Schmidt's view.
"Ed and I had talked a lot, and he used some of the stuff we used before when he was here playing. Now we're going to change some things, do a couple things different, but basically it's the same, and they know, having me around last year, what I'm about."
What Schmidt's team is about is a lot of speed but not much height. The tallest guy in the projected starting lineup is Mike Winters at 6'2.
"We want to run. We want to be up tempo. We're small, so we have to have five guys working as a unit together at both ends of the court for us to be able to run out and score easy and turn people over," Schmidt said.
Junior Chandler Junk explained the strategy this way: "As soon as the ball goes in the hoop, we're getting and going, and if we don't have anything, pull it out and run the offense."
In addition to Winters and Junk, the coach projects Robbie Hinson, Josh Wynder and Joey Marinelli as his starters, or at least his first unit.
If all goes as planned, the hectic pace will be tiring for opponents as well as the Tribe, and Schmidt plans on using as many people as possible.
"Those guys know if they get a little winded, somebody's going to come off the bench and do the job for us."
Schmidt got his first look at his team in competition during a scrimmage with Christopher Dock last Saturday and was encouraged by what he saw, especially at the defensive end.
"We played man 'D' most of the time. There are areas that need some work, but overall I liked how hard we played defense.
"All our players saw what we need to work on as a team plus as individuals also."
What Schmidt likes most about his team is attitude.
"The kids want to win. They don't like that [losing] feeling. They're really working hard to get that feeling out of their system and win."
Junk, who is now playing under his third head coach, agreed. "We can't hang our heads. We have to move on and learn from it."
Schmidt, who is being assisted by Upper Perk grad Todd Swenk, expects the Tribe to be competitive in the Pac-10, but he knows his team has to set smaller goals first.
"We want to be better than we were last year. I want our kids, every day, to be better when they leave the court than when they walked on the court, whether it's practice or a game or a scrimmage. We get a little bit better each day, we'll be okay."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This are pictures from yesterday morning – well probably nearly mid-day if the truth is to be told. I had my breakfast 'al fresco' with Mr P – A a slice of organic bacon, home grown greens, ( Mr P. is the one with the growing skills, not me) mushrooms and tomatoes with basil and olive oil….. yum. Not many breakfasts in my life are so scenic and darn yummy. But I will be noting when they are as it is easy to let them pass you by and not mark them with a little thankful tug at the universal forelock. Thank You Universe. Praying for Rain.
this song was written by….Gerry Goffin and Carole King! who also wrote.."Up On the Roof" (the Drifters), "One Fine Day" (the Chiffons), "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" (the Shirelles), "Take Good Care of My Baby" (Bobby Vee), "Chains" (the Cookies), "Don't Bring Me Down" (the Animals), "Take a Giant Step" (the Monkees) and "Goin' Back" (the Byrds) and most of them they wrote while they were still in their teens/early twenties!
They must be altogether seriously loaded! I think there should be a publishing ceiling… when a song has earned a certain amount of millions it should automatically become Public Domain. Soon I am going to write a song a day myself…record it live in my office. Today's song would have been about eating broccoli for breakfast…ah just need a few more hours in the day…where can I steal them from?


The California Delta region of California offers experienced and novice anglers alike the opportunity for catching many varieties of fish. Most common are Stripers, Black Bass, Blue Gill, Catfish, Sturgeon and Salmon.
Winter: November through February you may catch the Salmon or the Sturgeon in large sizes, as well as Black Bass, Stripers and Cat Fish.
Fall months: September and October you can also catch the Salmon, Stripers and Black Bass. Catfish are biting, but we don't see the Blue Gills aren't. Sometimes we see a Flounder, which aren't even supposed to be in the delta! Pictured right is Buddy with a Buddy with a few stripers.
Spring: March through May the waters can be muddy, and its harder to catch that large striper. Fish seem to stay closer to the banks or deeper in the middle of the rivers and sloughs, so its the experienced anglers that have the best luck at this time of year. Catfish and Carp are along the banks...but who wants to eat a Carp?!
Summer: June through August the weather is hot but the fishing is not. Summer Anglers can still catch edible cat fish, stripers and blue gill right off the docks at Snug Harbor using live bait, such as worms.
For many regular Snug Harbor visitors and staff, fishing is not just a hobby but a passion. If you're a novice, you'll find others are happy to help you learn to put on a hook, bait, tie knots, cast correctly and other important procedures. Our motto at Snug Harbor is: "There's no strangers here...only family, old friends and newly-found friends". Come, catch the fishing bug with us!
Don't know how to cook or prepare that fish you just caught? Might want to check out our Snug Harbor recipe pages for great tasting ideas!


> > I try to recompile Moil-View 10.1 in SGI O2 irix 6.5.13m.
> > this is CD image file and I can not have access to the individule files.
Next message: Ioana Cozmuta: "question"
Previous message: m.elizabeth sophia: "protein minimization"
Maybe in reply to: Jianhui Wu: "compile Moil-View, GL header files"


text:
Research Suggests New Mechanism at Play in Some Severe Asthma Cases
Home » Research Suggests New Mechanism at Play in Some Severe Asthma Cases
Editorial Staff Whealthnews
A newly published study offers a better understanding of the mechanisms at play in a subset of patients with severe asthma. Scientists hope the new insights will help direct the development of more tailored approaches to asthma therapy.
For the study, a team of investigators from several US academic research hospitals set out to better understand the pathogenesis of severe asthma, which does not respond to treatment with corticosteroids and which affects about 10% of the 24 million Americans with asthma.
Some of those patients with severe asthma have substantial neutrophilia, and the investigators hypothesized that the presence of neutrophilia is indicative of mechanisms distinct from other types of inflammation.
To test their hypothesis, the team mimicked allergic lung inflammation by exposing a mouse model to house dust mites and endotoxin. When exposed to both the allergen and endotoxin, the mice showed an increase in lung neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs help defend a host by immobilizing invading microorganisms; however, they can also cause inflammation and injure organs. NETs are activated and released through NETosis. During vital NETosis, neutrophils eject their nuclear material to form NETs, then re-seal themselves, forming cytoplasts.
The animal model findings suggest NETosis and cytoplasts play an important role in sparking and amplifying the allergen-initiated neutrophilic immune responses in lung inflammation. To confirm the insights, the investigators analyzed fluid samples from the lungs of human patients with severe asthma. Indeed, a group of those patients also had high neutrophil counts as well as NETs and cytoplasts.
Lead author Bruce Levy, MD, chief of the division of pulmonary and critical care medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital, told MD Magazine that the findings suggest potential therapeutic pathways for investigators working on asthma.
"There are many reasons why patients can develop an increased neutrophil count," he said. "If a patient has severe asthma with an increased lung neutrophil count, our findings have uncovered a new immunological mechanism for this type of inflammation that we hope will inform new (yet-to-be-developed) treatment."
The findings are important because current clinical trials for new moderate and severe asthma therapies don't distinguish between patients with high neutrophil counts.
Levy said these findings might also pave the way for existing therapies to be used to treat asthma.
"Anti-inflammatory therapies that target IL-17 are clinically approved for treatment of psoriasis," he said. "While this therapy is not likely to work for all patients with severe asthma, the results in this study help identify a subset of patients that could benefit from anti-IL-17 Ab therapy."
More broadly, Levy noted that although a number of asthma treatments are on the market, there is still considerable work to be done in order to better target and eventually cure the disease.
"We need new therapies that promote resolution of asthma," he explained. "Currently, there are no curative therapies available. This is a goal for ongoing research on severe asthma."
The study, "Neutrophil cytoplasts induce TH17 differentiation and skew inflammation toward neutrophilia in severe asthma," was published online in Science Immunology.


text:
Hauser & Wirth to Show Controversial Philip Guston Klan Paintings
New York gallery Hauser & Wirth will this fall exhibit a group of paintings by Philip Guston that led to the two-year postponement of the artist's hotly anticipated four-institution retrospective, Artnet News reports. Concerns regarding presentation of the late works, which depict hooded Klansmen, arose last summer in the wake of the killing by Minneapolis police of George Floyd and the subsequent global rise of the Black Lives Matter movement. Curators at the four hosting institutions—the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; the Museum of Fine Arts Boston; the Museum of Fine Arts Houston; and London's Tate Modern—made the contentious decision to push the exhibition forward by four years, citing a need to provide proper context for the paintings. The show was ultimately postponed to 2022, after hundreds of art world luminaries signed an open letter protesting its delay.The exhibition at Hauser & Wirth, which has represented the artist's estate since 2015, will open September 9; titled "Philip Guston, 1969–1979," it will feature works from the last decade of Guston's career, a period marked by his return from Abstract Expressionism, a style he helped establish, to figuration. Citing the timing of the show as "urgent" owing to its relevance to the current cultural moment, gallery president Marc Payot noted that "the racial reckoning and widespread calls for social justice that have rightly brought so many Americans into the streets over the past couple years—particularly since the murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and too many others—echo the context in which Guston made these late works."Many of the works in the show are coming to the gallery via loans from museums and private collections; a number of them have never been publicly exhibited. Payot says that the exhibition is not a response to the show's postponement but rather part of the gallery's larger plan, which to date has seen it mount shows of Guston's work attuned to different periods of his career."Yes, these are challenging works with painful imagery that calls to mind deep traumas," he said. "But at the gallery, the paintings will speak for themselves. Guston's take on the human condition and his voice for social justice are by now manifest." The show will be accompanied by public programs and critical writings.
Suzanne Weaver to Leave San Antonio Museum of Art
M+ Bows to Government Censors, Will Not Show Ai Weiwei Work


Apple's first scanner was a flatbed 16 level grayscale scanner. It was capable of resolutions between 75 and 300 DPI. The scanning area was that of an A4 page, 8.5" x 14." It took about 20 seconds to scan a page.
The Apple Scanner formed an important piece of the "Macintosh Office," giving users the ability to scan documents at home. Although it was a big advancement, the Apple OneScanner would soon replace it.
Introduced in 1988, the Apple Scanner was in production until 1991.


text:
Est. $573/mo savings
2 Beds1 Bath1,430 Sqft
729 Pearl St, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 729 Pearl St, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 89,799, approximately $62.80 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1900. 729 Pearl St is within the school district Easton Area School District with nearby schools including Paxinosa Elementary School, Easton Area Middle School 7-8, and Easton Area High School.
Samantha Wilson
Estimate Range$72,001 - $89,799
$9,199 (10.24%)
Pearl St
West Ward
$81$77$74$71$68
Neighborhood: West Ward
Exterior Wall: Aluminum/vinyl
Paxinosa Elementary School
Easton Area Middle School 7-8
Easton Area High School
Est: $89,799
39 North Delaware Drive
Recently Sold In Easton, PA
103 Vista Dr, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 103 Vista Dr, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 188,788, approximately $91.11 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1977. 103 Vista Dr is within the school district Easton Area School District with nearby schools including Ada B. Cheston Elementary School, Easton Area Middle School 7-8, and Easton Area High School.
325 N 9th St, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 325 N 9Th St, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 147,888, approximately $115.54 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1900. 325 N 9Th St is within the school district Easton Area School District with nearby schools including Paxinosa Elementary School, Easton Area Middle School 7-8, and Easton Area High School.
182 Oakmont Ct, Easton, PA 18042
This Condominium is located at 182 Oakmont Ct, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 440,840, approximately $189.28 per square foot. This property was originally built in 2003. 182 Oakmont Ct is within the school district Wilson Area School District with nearby schools including Wilson Area Intermediate School, Wilson Area Intermediate School, and Wilson Area High School.
1223 Ferry St, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 1223 Ferry St, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 177,016, approximately $81.95 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1900. 1223 Ferry St is within the school district Easton Area School District with nearby schools including Paxinosa Elementary School, Easton Area Middle School 7-8, and Easton Area High School.
90 Springfield Rd, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 90 Springfield Rd, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 273,350, approximately $115.29 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1963. 90 Springfield Rd is within the school district Wilson Area School District with nearby schools including Wilson Area Intermediate School, Wilson Area Intermediate School, and Wilson Area High School.
30 Jeanette St, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 30 Jeanette St, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 289,080, approximately $141.57 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1973. 30 Jeanette St is within the school district Wilson Area School District with nearby schools including Wilson Area Intermediate School, Wilson Area Intermediate School, and Wilson Area High School.
650 Pine St, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 650 Pine St, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 127,116, approximately $124.14 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1900. 650 Pine St is within the school district Easton Area School District with nearby schools including F.A. March Elementary School, Easton Area Middle School 7-8, and Easton Area High School.
1225 Spring Garden St, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 1225 Spring Garden St, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 91,300, approximately $59.29 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1900. 1225 Spring Garden St is within the school district Easton Area School District with nearby schools including Paxinosa Elementary School, Easton Area Middle School 7-8, and Easton Area High School.
2445 Hay St, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 2445 Hay St, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 111,387, approximately $107.93 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1900. 2445 Hay St is within the school district Wilson Area School District with nearby schools including Wilson Area Intermediate School, Wilson Area Intermediate School, and Wilson Area High School.
638 W Nesquehoning St, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 638 W Nesquehoning St, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 175,587, approximately $156.49 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1997. 638 W Nesquehoning St is within the school district Easton Area School District with nearby schools including Ada B. Cheston Elementary School, Easton Area Middle School 7-8, and Easton Area High School.
1259 Washington St, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 1259 Washington St, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 188,484, approximately $108.45 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1900. 1259 Washington St is within the school district Easton Area School District with nearby schools including Paxinosa Elementary School, Easton Area Middle School 7-8, and Easton Area High School.
379 W Berwick St, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 379 W Berwick St, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 145,306, approximately $76.64 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1900. 379 W Berwick St is within the school district Easton Area School District with nearby schools including Ada B. Cheston Elementary School, Easton Area Middle School 7-8, and Easton Area High School.
819 Lehigh St, Easton, PA 18042
This Single Family Residence is located at 819 Lehigh St, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 141,680, approximately $61.28 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1900. 819 Lehigh St is within the school district Easton Area School District with nearby schools including Paxinosa Elementary School, Easton Area Middle School 7-8, and Easton Area High School.
This Single Family Residence is located at 172 Vista Dr, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 191,851, approximately $118.57 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1977. 172 Vista Dr is within the school district Easton Area School District with nearby schools including Ada B. Cheston Elementary School, Easton Area Middle School 7-8, and Easton Area High School.
This Single Family Residence is located at 2204 Ferry St, Easton, PA. The estimated value of this home is currently priced at 182,756, approximately $110.90 per square foot. This property was originally built in 1930. 2204 Ferry St is within the school district Wilson Area School District with nearby schools including Wilson Area Intermediate School, Wilson Area Intermediate School, and Wilson Area High School.
39 North Delaware Drive, Easton, PA 18042
Come see this 3 bedrooms 1.5 baths with a backyard view that is overlooking the Delaware River! The main floor offers a spacious living room nice sized kitchen, laundry room, and half bathroom. The second and third floor offers three large bedrooms and a full bathroom. Conveniently located near Lafayette College, downtown dining & shopping as well as easy access to Rt 22 and Interstate 78. Affordable and conveniently located at the edge of town and the base of college hill. Please take NOTE: You can park on the Bushkill Bridge ( next to the auto-body shop) and walk over. No parking on Delaware Dr. Pictures were taken before the tenant moved in and Tennant occupied until April 01, 2021.
203 North 11th Street, Easton, PA 18042
Huge Townhouse with five bedrooms in the heart of Easton, a Large Living Room, Dining Room, Large Kitchen and one Full Bathroom. Large Backyard for entertaining. Large basement that adds additional room. Close to downtown shopping & dining, this home offers quality of life and the convenience of city living. Previous owners started renovation process. Will Be sold "AS IS". Buyer is responsible for obtaining Certificate of Occupancy from City of Easton. This can also be a wonderful rental unit to add to anyone's portfolio! Will not last long! Owner is related to the Listing Agent.
919 Ferry Street, Easton, PA 18042
MOVE IN CONDITION! Very nice 3 bedroom home with large eat-in kitchen, master bedroom on 2nd floor and 2 bedrooms on 3rd floor. Fenced rear yard
$1,275Est. Payment
1840 Fairview Avenue, Wilson Borough, PA 18042
Bright & Spacious 3 Bedroom Apt. 2nd & 3rd fl. Freshly Painted, Hardwood Floors, Brand New Area Rugs, Updated Bathroom, washer & dryer hook up. Glass sliding doors to a small deck. Section 8 Accepted , No Pets, Heat included. Tenant responsible for water, sewer, trash & electric. Minutes from Historical Downtown Easton, schools, shopping , 22,33 & 78.
2 Beds | 1 Bath | -- Sqft
Great starter or or investment home that you can purchase for less than renting in up and coming downtown Easton. Property features 2 bedrooms and a large finished attic with skylight, nice outside deck and 1 bathroom. Low taxes and economical gas heat. Convenient to restaurants, schools and transportation. Seller to provide Certificate of Occupancy.
1238 Lehigh Street, Easton, PA 18042
Updated 3 bedrooms semi-detached twin for rent in Easton. This spacious home has new carpets in all bedrooms and 2 full bath bathrooms. The home also features a nice size kitchen with an island, fenced-in backyard with two parking pad at the back of the property. Garbage and Snow removal included with rent. Tenants to pay all other utilities. Credit & background check required.
3 bedroom row home available to add to your investment portfolio. This spacious home has high ceilings, large kitchen, and potential to finish the 3rd floor. Great investment for a handy person. This home is tenant occupied. Make your appointment today.
208 N 8th Street, Easton, PA 18042
Investors! Check out this 3 bedroom twin in Easton. The home has over 1300 square feet of living space, and a fenced yard. The main floor has a living room, dining room, kitchen, and mud room. Upstairs are two large bedrooms with ample closet space, and the third floor features a large third bedroom. Currently rented for $1025/month. Conveniently located near major Rts for easy commuting to NJ/NY.
$875Est. Payment
1320 Washington Street, Easton, PA 18042
This 2 bedroom first floor Apartment is ready for 2-1-2021 occupancy. The unit features a new high efficiency heat pump and central A/C, gorgeous hardwood floors, There is off-street parking for 1 car, a covered porch, refrigerator is included. Tenants pay all utilities which include: Electric/Water/Sewer/Trash. Please provide A full credit report, rental application and proof of income Absolutely No Pets & No Smoking! One months rent 1.5 month security.
814 Spruce St, Easton, PA 18042
A fixer-upper is a big undertaking, but many folks are interested to try. The recent spike in popular home renovation has made fixing up homes seem easy and fun. While a fixer-upper can offer a decent return on investment, its not as easy as seen on TV. The first thing to do is to get in there and see if this is the real opportunity for success. If yes, .."opportunity knocks but once" . Accept the challenge .or. live with the regret ? Youll want to talk to a contractor to help you with a genuine estimate to get you started down the right track to renovation. Problems will arise. Be ready to roll with the punches. You can quite possibly create your dream home for less than it would have cost any other way. Because youve renovated your home youve most likely replaced windows, doors and flooring all of which can drastically reduce your energy consumption and energy bills. Not one person I know, ever regretted their decision to buy and renovate a fixer-upper. Owing home is being Rich
Pennsylvania Real Estate
Easton, PA Real Estate
Home Values in Easton, PA
There are currently 30 properties with a median home value on Pearl St of $56,300, $33,499 less than this home. The median list price per square foot on Pearl St is $87, $19 more than this home. Of the total homes on Pearl St, 87% are For Sale, 13% are For Rent, and 70% are Single Family Homes. Interested in knowing how much your home on Pearl St is worth? The Homes.com Automated Valuation Model (AVM) provides an estimate of the home value of every on and off market property in the US.
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As a result of increasing specialization and changes in the working environment, new tasks have developed. It need recruiters who know the requirements of these positions in detail, who can compare them with the professional and personal skills of candidates and who are able to attract the best possible employees. To be successful a recruiter needs deep market knowledge and excellent analytical skills.
For all interested parties, we are hosting a XING Group on clinical research. You are cordially invited to the group.
At Constares, Annemarie Selbenbacher is the specialist for all vacancies in the field of clinical research.
In Drug Safety, teams have to combine high numbers of cases, strict legal requirements and extensive medical expertise in a well-structured process in order to meet the requirements.


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Brexit, Conservative, News In Brief
Weekly Wrap-Up : LIES, DAMNED LIES, AND LOGISTICS
Don't let the smoke and mirrors fool you. This has been yet another terrible week for Boris Johnson.
Despite his swashbuckling display at the Tory party conference, and praise for a toned-down rhetoric in Parliament yesterday, he's still playing the same old game.
Bluster hard enough and maybe the idiots will actually believe me.
The truth is that all of Johnson's power is gone. He is entirely reliant upon Parliament to support his new deal, which is, unbelievably, looking possible.
But his "deal" isn't actually a deal. It's an offer to the EU, and the offer basically amounts to a fart in a jar.
The EU has given Johnson an extra week to find extra concessions that don't create not one, but two borders on the island of Ireland. They have rejected his offer, politely but firmly, and that is the real lay of the land.
Johnson will not be able to find a revised deal in the space of a week. And so he will push on with no-deal, even though it is illegal.
As in, to pursue it would be to commit a crime. Quite how he will get out of that little hell of his own making is, currently, anyone's guess.
But that's for next week. Let's have a quick review of this past one then drink ourselves to oblivion.
Links, as ever, in the subheadings.
The Tory conference was in full swing, and Sajid Javid announced plans to raise the minimum wage. This policy, like the entire Conservative Party Conference, is irrelevant in the immediate future, because the Tories have no majority, and so cannot enact it.
If, as per the other parties' conferences, this is merely a policy designed to win a future election, it is also irrelevant. A General Election will be dominated by Brexit, and nothing more.
So that, like most politics of this current era, was an utter waste of time.
Meanwhile, the PM was in the midst of yet another scandal after Times journalist Charlotte Edwardes alleged he groped her under a table.
These allegations have fallen by the wayside since Boris announced his new proposals for Brexit.
Who could have possibly foreseen that?
Priti Patel, the Home Secretary, looking every part the Bond-girl who actually turns out to be working for the baddies, announced to the CPC that the UK would be turning to a points-based immigration model, like Australia.
See above for why this is, at its core, irrelevant and pointless.
She also warned criminals that "We are coming after you."
One can only assume that upon hearing this, Boris Johnson quietly shat himself somewhere.
Anyway, Boris vowed to give the EU a "Final Offer," which made the Conference irrelevant again.
Sorry. More irrelevant.
Boris gave his keynote speech to the Tory Party Conference, and was much more like himself. He made a joke about the Speaker of the House eating a kangaroo testicle, however, which is a rather unfortunate mental image.
He was rightly praised on his delivery, but the speech was also entirely lacking in anything remotely close to substance. No policy announcements, nothing definitive over Brexit – just the repetitive, meaningless mantra of "Get Brexit Done."
To be fair to him, he then tried to do just that. Boris sent a proposal to the EU which included customs checks across the Irish border, as-yet uninvented technology, and giving the DUP, the Northern Irish hard-right party, full control over the entire system.
Which, as I'm sure anyone with a passing knowledge of Brexit will know, is almost offensively crap.
The EU didn't reject it outright, but gave overtures about dissatisfaction with parts of it.
By the EU's standards, this is the equivalent of flipping Boris the bird and screaming "TA MERE" at him.
Boris gave a statement to the House of Commons about his new proposals. He struck a conciliatory tone, a stark contrast to last week's balls-to-the-wall, borderline offensive rhetoric.
He was praised by morons for trying to be kinder. People who aren't morons quickly saw through his new tone as being a ploy to try and entice support from Leave-supporting Labour MPs.
It has, to some extent, worked. The rebels in the ERG who rejected May's deal have all come on board, and at least five Labour MPs have openly stated that they will support the deal.
So, the big question – is this it? Is this what will, finally, break the Brexit logjam and smash us through into the reservoir of national harmony, drowning a few major cities of reasonable, fact-based dissent along the way?
No, it's absolutely not.
Because it's not a deal.
A deal requires two sides to accept it. The EU will not accept this paltry attempt at a deal. While Johnson may have whipped up support within Parliament to try and force the EU's hand, they absolutely will not accept anything that could threaten the Good Friday Agreement or damage the EU's trade customs.
So for all the optimistic rhetoric you will see on the front covers of the newspapers today, do not be fooled for one second – Brexit is not even remotely over.
The EU has given Boris an extra week to try and make his deal more appetising than vomit-glazed roadkill. The kind of concessions they are asking him to achieve, however, are almost certainly not going to be palatable for the ERG and Labour supporters he has just managed to convince.
If he fails to do so, then the EU summit on the 17th of October, where Johnson hoped to finalise a deal, will be moot. It will be case of extension, or, somehow, no-deal, despite it being illegal.
This is the infuriating thing about our politics – despite it being clearly illegal, by virtue of the fact that we passed a sodding law saying it was, Johnson has ignored it and has just kept waffling on about it.
However, a Scottish court is currently considering whether or not Boris could be literally jailed for enacting a no-deal Brexit.
Boris might go to prison, you guys.
We will, almost certainly, delay Brexit again. If Boris refuses to do it, the EU has said it will listen to another representative of our democracy, possibly the head of the Civil Service, Sir Mark Sedwill.
And what of Boris? Will he be forced to stand down through his inability to "GET BREXIT DONE"? Or will he use his failure as a strength, pitting himself against "the anti-Brexit establishment"?
We shall have to wait and see. But it's going to be a vicious, snarling couple of weeks.
Also, Rory Stewart is running for London Mayor as an independent candidate, having been kicked out of the Tory party. Quite a strange decision, given that he could easily have joined a different party or stood as an independent MP, but it might prove to be a good one for his career.
Just think. A few weeks ago, he was competing against Boris Johnson to be our Prime Minister. Imagine, just imagine, what things could have been like if he'd succeeded.
…Still shit, probably. But most likely considerably less so.
October 4, 2019 Matt
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Print Page - What Presentation Projector?
I'm the proverbial fish out of water when it comes to projectors so I was hoping I could tell you what I need and what I need it to do, and you guys could make some recommendations?
4. I'm not sure how many lumens I need for a lights on presentation?
7. What other features should I be looking for?
Title: Re: What Presentation Projector?
There are LCD projectors and LED projectors. LED bulbs last 10-20,000 hours. LCD bulbs wear out. You need to check the number of lumens, both for 'white' and 'colour'.
Oh, and automatic keystone correction is nice. And zoom. And check the 'default' resolution. Many SVGA projectors can project WXGA but won't give you the detail in the resolution.


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Q: ServletContext getRealPath method - what is a virtual path? I am reading the documentation for the getRealPath(String s) and I became confused when I read this statement

Returns a String containing the real path for a given virtual path. For example, the path /index.html returns the absolute file path on the server's filesystem would be served by a request for http://host/contextPath/index.html, where contextPath is the context path of this ServletContext..

What is a virtual path? let's say I am inside in my deployment environment and when I say getRealPath("index.html") does this usually points to the WEB-INF directory? or does getRealPath() starts reading the root directory(inside the folder name of the web app)?

A: The paths of resources you access from within the web container are all virtual paths. Their virtual root is the base folder of the web application. But in the actual operating system where they reside, they will be in a "concrete" location for sure. getRealPath gives you that path.
Say you have a jsp named index.jsp:

Take note that whenever you use this, you're creating cracks on the portability of your web application.

A: ServletContext.getRealPath(String s) returns the real file system path. The input string is interpreted relative your Web Applications' Context Path.
In e.g. eclipse this is typically the folder WebContent inside your Web Application project (it is possible to customize that). After building a WAR file out of the project, you'll realize that the WebContent folder disappeared, so on the server the input string is interpreted relative to the WAR files' folder (or the .war library - this depends whether you explode the WAR during deployment or not).
A note on security
This method should (not must) only be used in case you want to access a file on the serverside. Typical scenario is parsing a configuration file during startup. Just keep in mind to never let the caller of your application know the real file system path of a given resource.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Darby dazzles on final day of NFL Combine
FSU junior posts second-fastest 40 time, also vertical jumps 41.5 inches
Darby dazzles on final day of NFL Combine FSU junior posts second-fastest 40 time, also vertical jumps 41.5 inches Check out this story on tallahassee.com: http://on.tdo.com/1EohaMo
Corey Clark, Democrat senior writer Published 2:59 p.m. ET Feb. 23, 2015 | Updated 6:51 p.m. ET Feb. 23, 2015
Florida State's Ronald Darby was one of the top performers on the final day of the NFL Scouting Combine on Monday, with a 4.38 time in the 40-yard dash and a vertical jump of 41.5 inches.(Photo: Tallahassee Democrat)Buy Photo
There's no way to truly know how much Ronald Darby helped his draft on Monday at the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis.
But safe to say he didn't hurt it at all.
The Florida State cornerback ran a blistering official time of 4.38 in the 40-yard dash and also vertical jumped 41.5 inches during the final day of the combine at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. The 40-yard time was the second fastest of the day and his vertical jump was the third highest of all the defensive backs.
On Saturday, Darby was asked what his goal for the 40-yard dash was.
"As fast as I can is my goal," he said with a smile.
And seeing as he was one of the fastest high school sprinters in the country coming out of Potomac High (Maryland) did he think he could break 4.4?
"Yeah," Darby said. "4.4 at worst."He wasn't lying.
FSU's Ronald Darby, P.J. Williams shine in 40, jump drills at NFL Combine
The 5-foot-11, 193-pound Darby ran a 4.37 in his first attempt on Monday and then followed that up with a time of 4.32 according to the NFL Network. The official time was changed to 4.38 later in the day, but either way Darby was moving really, really fast.
He also caught every pass thrown to him during the famed "gauntlet" drill.
So, yeah, pretty solid week for the All-ACC performer, who was asked what he was hoping to show teams during his time in Indianapolis.
"My ability, my testing, my knowledge for the game and my love for the game," he said. "Just make sure every coach that I talk to, every team I get the honor to talk to, knows me as a person."
Fellow Florida State cornerback P.J. Williams, who many NFL Draft analysts feel is a potential first-round pick, ran a 4.57 in the 40-yard dash and had a vertical jump of 40 inches.
The 6-foot, 194-pound Williams also had a broad jump of 11 feet, which was the second-best of any of the defensive backs on Monday. The player that finished first, UConn's Byron Jones, set the world record with a leap of 12 feet, 3 inches.
So it would appear both Williams and Darby had impressive showings in Indianapolis, which should lead to both their names being called in the early rounds of the 2015 NFL Draft.
"We pushed each other a lot," Darby said of his relationship with Williams. "That's also like one of my closest friends other than Jameis (Winston). Like every day, if he makes a pass break-up, I want to make a pass break-up. If he makes a big hit or big tackle, I want to make a big hit or big tackle. And if I do the same, he wants to do it.
"We just pushed each other."
FSU's James Blackman will open camp with the 1's
FSU QB Travis eligibility still up in the air
'Bowden Dynasty' to be aired on ACC Network
FSU freshmen numbers, measurables released
FSU's Waxman set to retire after 45 years
Simmons misses boat; but not on FAMU football