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Cummins Presents Vision for Hydrogen Technology
Cummins sees opportunity in the use of hydrogen and fuel cell systems as part of the carbon neutral economy of the future.
Sara Jensen
The Cummins hydrogen fuel cell concept truck.
On November 16, 2020, Cummins Inc. held a Hydrogen Day virtual event during which it outlined its current and future initiatives focused on the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technology.
"There's an incredible opportunity for Cummins to continue to build a strong business in hydrogen production and fuel cell technology, contributing to the lowering [of] emissions and protecting our planet," said Tom Linebarger, Chairman and CEO of Cummins.
He said over the past 5 years the company has developed and acquired significant capabilities in electrified powertrains, battery design assembly, battery management, fuel cells and hydrogen generation. All of which had been done to meet the evolving needs of customers as well as the carbon reduction goals set out by the Paris climate accords. Linebarger said Cummins supports this accord and the many countries which have announced in recent years their goals of being carbon neutral by 2050.
The company has also set out its own science-based targets aligned with the Paris accord and target carbon neutrality by 2050. Linebarger said the company believes hydrogen will play a meaningful role in the transition toward decarbonization, which is why the company is dedicating much of its design efforts into this fuel option.
©sivvector – stock.adobe.com
Benefits of hydrogen
Linebarger said Cummins believes hydrogen will play a key role in decarbonizing the global economy because of the many benefits it provides. One of which is the fact that hydrogen is the most abundant element on earth. It is also light, storable, reactive and provides high energy per unit mass. He noted it is also a versatile fuel which can be transported as a liquid or a gas, and can be converted into electricity to power homes, transformed into methane for feedstock, or used as a fuel for transportation. "It offers ways to decarbonize energy-intensive industries like long haul transportation, shipping and industrial processes," he said.
Hydrogen is also energy dense and enables renewable energy as it can balance the variable supply and demand of solar, wind, and hydro power, and can carry renewable energy long distances to power different regions, explained Linebarger.
Thad Ewald, Vice President, Corporate Strategy at Cummins, said 1 kg of hydrogen has the general energy equivalent of roughly 3 kg, or 1 gal., of diesel fuel. "So, compared to diesel or natural gas, hydrogen will be able to power a vehicle, the same distance, using less fuel."
He added that the efficiency of a fuel cell system is approaching 60% today compared with about 50% for a diesel engine, and less for a natural gas one. "This means more of the energy put into a fuel cell is used to power the vehicle further reducing the amount of hydrogen needed to do the same amount of work, when compared to diesel or natural gas," said Ewald.
In addition, hydrogen is 'green' in that it can be used and produced without direct emissions of air pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHG). "Without hydrogen being green, it cannot be a meaningful part of the solution as we move toward carbon neutrality," said Linebarger. Cummins exhibited its hydrogen fuel cell powered concept truck at NACV 2019.S. Jensen
Hydrogen production can be categorized in many ways, but for the purposes of Cummins' discussion on the technology, Linebarger would refer to it in terms of being gray, blue or green. He said almost all of the approximately 70 million tons of hydrogen produced today is considered gray hydrogen. This means it is generally produced by steam methane reforming which uses significant amounts of power through the use of natural gas. "This produces over 830 million tons of CO2 a year, which equates to more emissions than all of Germany," he said.
Blue hydrogen represents about 1% of global production currently and is essentially gray hydrogen and the CO2 created in production is sequestered underground, generally in old gas fields. He said this reduces the CO2 emitted in the environment by 90%.
Green hydrogen, on the other hand, uses electrolysis to turn hydro, wind or solar power into hydrogen with zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Linebarger said only about 1% of hydrogen produced today is considered green. "This is the future of hydrogen production," he said. "Electrolyzers are the key technology that enables green hydrogen production and Cummins is a key manufacturer. To replace the gray hydrogen used today with green hydrogen, the world would need roughly 3.2 terawatt hours of renewable power, resulting in over 350,000 megawatts of electrolyzer built out."
READ MORE: Cummins to Open New Fuel Cell Systems Production Facility in Germany
According to Linebarger, the transition to a hydrogen economy will impact many industries—from power producers to transportation to other industries such as steel production. "The movement towards renewable power for electricity and green hydrogen for transportation and industrial applications will be key in helping us reduce CO2 emissions to achieve the Paris accord goals," he said.
Cummins technology
In recent years, Cummins has acquired or formed partnerships with various companies to aid its development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. Through these initiatives, along with its own R&D efforts, the company has created a portfolio of electrolyzer systems for production of green hydrogen as well as fuel cell systems which power buses, trucks and trains, said Amy Adams, Vice President, Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technologies at Cummins.
READ MORE: Cummins Closes Acquisition of Hydrogenics
Cummins' fuel cell systems consist of multiple technology platforms to mee the unique needs of different industries, said Adams. The two key technologies are solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and proton exchange membrane (PEM); PEM are utilized in zero-emission vehicles of all sizes.
She said PEM fuel cells are ideally suited to transport operations because they operate at relatively low temperatures, have a quick startup time and fast dynamic response. They also provide a favorable power to weight ratio which is particularly beneficial in applications like heavy-duty trucking.
SOFC run at higher operating temperatures which better suits stationary applications.
Adams said Cummins' PEM fuel cell products are already installed in more than 2,000 on- and off-highway applications across the globe. The fuel cell power modules have a low-pressure fuel cell stack design and integrated balance of plant. They also provide a flexible and reliable design for OEM customers and feature unlimited start-stop cycles.
Because PEM fuel cells must be humidified during operation, Cummins has made its fuel cells self-humidified using water produced during operation. This helps to ensure reliability of the system.
In addition, Adams said the fuel cells can be used in sub-zero conditions without the need to be plugged into heaters when vehicles are not in operation. Additional benefits she noted include the high energy density provided and flexible architecture of the fuel cells which can be combined in parallel to power larger vehicles.
Fuel cell power modules ranging from 8-45 kW of continuous power are available. Efficiency of the fuel cells is over 50% which she said outpaces diesel and natural gas engines, particularly in urban fleet duty cycles.
Applications in which the fuel cells have thus far been employed with customers include forklifts, garbage trucks, buses, drayage trucks and more. Standard and customized options are available, said Adams, as well as integrated fuel cell and electric powertrains. "This gives us the opportunity to work with a diverse customer base from OEMs to integrators," she said.
READ MORE: Cummins Collaborating with Navistar Class 8 Truck Powered by Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Cummins can supply as many of the components necessary for an application. For a Class 8 drayage truck in California, for instance, it supplied a fully integrated package which includes the fuel cell, hydrogen storage, battery system and electric drivetrain.
High-pressure hydrogen storage solutions is a recent addition to the company's offering which came about from its joint venture with NPROXX. "The joint venture will provide customers with hydrogen and compressed natural gas storage products for both on-highway, and rail applications," said Adams. "And NPROXX's advanced type four carbon fiber pressure vessel creates a superior strength and stiffness-to-weight ratio, resulting in a potential 450 kg weight reduction of gas containment systems in buses and trucks.
"Overall, Cummins is strategically investing in a range of technologies to be well positioned throughout the hydrogen supply chain, from alkaline and PEM electrolyzers for green hydrogen production to tanks and dispensing solutions to a suite of fuel cell power modules," she added.
Solid oxide fuel cells run at higher temperatures, which makes them better suited for stationary applications.©Gregory – stock.adobe.com
Production, cost and infrastructure remain challenges
While there are many benefits hydrogen can provide, there are still obstacles to be overcome before it can be a fully commercialized and widely adopted fuel. Ewald noted one challenge with hydrogen is that while it may be energy dense in terms of weight, it has low volumetric density. "Essentially, although it's very light, it takes up a lot of space," he explained. "This makes onboard storage a critical component of hydrogen powered vehicles.
"To store enough hydrogen on a vehicle to meet range requirements you have to shrink the hydrogen down into a tighter space through either compression or liquefaction. Both are technically challenging today and represent a significant input into the cost of fuel cell vehicles," he said. This is why the company is investing in advancing storage technology through its recently closed joint venture with NPROXX.
"We're really excited about hydrogen as a fuel source for transportation," said Ewald. "And we're continually learning from both our fuel cells in the field, and from our ongoing work to better the enabling technologies that make it a viable solution."
Cost is also a major concern, particularly for the green, renewable base hydrogen that Cummins and others would ideally like to use to aid decarbonization efforts. This version is more expensive than diesel or natural gas, and not much of it is currently available. Ewald said there are three key cost drivers that will reduce the price and increase availability of green hydrogen—energy prices, electrolyzer prices and distribution costs.
"The price of renewable power continues to decline, and we would expect that tend to continue as only around 25% of global electricity production is now renewable," he said. "So there is continued opportunity in this space."
The capital investment in electrolyzers is also a large cost input. However, as demand for them continues to increase their cost will come down as has been the case with other technologies.
Distribution costs will be dependent upon where the distance between where hydrogen is produced and where it will be used. As with any fuel, if locally produced there won't be as far for it to travel to reach customers, and therefore costs will be lower. Proper distribution channels will need to be developed, as well as the refueling infrastructure to enable increased uptake of hydrogen as a fuel option.
Fueling infrastructure will be a key component to enabling wider market adoption of hydrogen powered vehicles.©chesky – stock.adobe.com
Market adoption will take time
While Cummins sees hydrogen as a key component in the transition toward decarbonization, the company also understands this technology will take time to develop and that it is not the only solution. This is why the company continues developing a variety of powertrain options for its customers. "With advanced diesel, natural gas, mild and heavy hybrid battery-electric and fuel cells all playing a role in the transition to purely carbon neutral technologies, we are well positioned to help our customers navigate through this transition and are seizing the opportunity," said Amy Davis, Vice President & President, New Power at Cummins.
"Our goal is to have the right products to meet customers' needs at every point of the transition, which is why we've invested in multiple solutions upfront for the majority of Cummins' existing end markets," she added.
Davis went on to say the company expects fuel cells will be the best option due to their long list of advantages. Cummins plans to pair its fuel cell technology with its battery-electric systems and controls, and believes it can be used in battery-electric, hybrid, diesel and natural gas applications. This flexibility will help the company accelerate its knowledge on the technology as well as enable it to build to scale common drivetrain components. This will help to make the systems more easily introduced and accepted in the marketplace.
The pace of commercialization for hydrogen and fuel cell products will vary by market and region, said Davis. Three main factors will drive adoption rates:
Infrastructure – It will take time and resources to develop a system of fueling stations; adoption will likely begin first in markets where refueling can be done at a central location.
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) – Hydrogen solutions will need to have a TCO competitive with internal combustion engines.
Regulations – Early adoption of hydrogen technology will need some form of government support since it is not yet as cost effective as traditional power systems.
She said in regards to regulations, there is starting to be more interest to support less carbon intensive technologies and address infrastructure.
The cost of fuel cells and hydrogen is projected to remain above that of internal combustion engines for at least 10 years. "We anticipate the adoption of fuel cells to begin in markets where the cost of these items as a proportion of their total cost of ownership are the lowest," said Davis. "This is why we have focused on a market like trains, where the powertrain and the fuel costs represent 50% of the total operating cost, much lower than the heavy-duty truck market which is above 80%. There will be further considerations that end users will also have to make, which will vary by application."
Davis emphasized market adoption is expected to take time. "The hydrogen council estimates in 2030 that fuel cell adoption will remain modest as it's just not yet clear how the constraining factors will be addressed and over what timeframe. Specifically, they estimate fuel cell penetration and heavy-duty trucks, globally, will be 2.5% in 2030 while buses will reach 10%, and 10% of trains currently powered by diesel engines will transition to fuel cells."
READ MORE: Cummins Collaborating with Hyundai on Fuel Cells
She noted once again the hydrogen and fuel cell products Cummins currently has in the market which are providing real-world evidence of their capabilities while also offering information which can be used to improve upon the technologies. "Having all the rea- world products to learn from will ensure faster and better iterations of our technology to improve our products," said Davis. "As technology, infrastructure, regulations, and customer demand continue to evolve, Cummins is positioned to deliver quality hydrogen solutions now and in the future."
"All in all, hydrogen technologies, particularly electrolyzers, will be a fast growing and increasingly important part of our business over the next few years as momentum increases worldwide for the use of hydrogen solutions," concluded Linebarger.
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A few weeks later in September, Cameron reiterated his criticism in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter. He compared Gal Gadot's representation of the character to Raquel Welch films of the 1960s,[263] and reinforced a comparison with Linda Hamilton's portrayal of Sarah Connor. He argued that Connor was "if not ahead of its time, at least a breakthrough in its time" because though she "looked great", she "wasn't treated as a sex object".[263] He also stated that he while he "applaud[s] Patty directing the film and Hollywood, uh, 'letting' a woman direct a major action franchise, I didn't think there was anything groundbreaking in Wonder Woman. I thought it was a good film. Period."[263] Former Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter responded to Cameron's The Hollywood Reporter interview by asking him to "Stop dissing WW." Like Jenkins, she suggests that while Cameron does "not understand the character", she does. She also refers to Cameron's critiques as "thuggish jabs at a brilliant director" that are as "ill advised" as the "movie was spot on." Carter also states that she has the authority to make these observations because she has "embodied this character for more than 40 years".[264][265][266] A month later, Jenkins responded to Cameron's comments once again in an interview with Variety, stating that she "was not upset at all", as "everybody is entitled to their own opinion. But if you're going to debate something in a public way, I have to reply that I think it's incorrect."[267] Tricia Ennis was also critical of Cameron's statements, arguing that "while he may consider himself a feminist and an ally to women, [he] is not very good at it" as being an ally means using his position of privilege "without silencing the voices of those you're trying to help". She also states that it "is not enough to simply call yourself a feminist. It's not even enough to create a strong female character ... You have to bring women to the table. You have to let them speak. You cannot speak for them. But speaking for women is exactly what Cameron is doing through his comments ... Cameron is using his position of power as a respected producer and director to silence women."[268]
When she has matured into an adult, Menalippe, the Oracle of the Amazons sees a vision in which the Gods and humanity is in danger from Ares. Soon they are approached by the Gods and tasked with organizing a tournament in order to chose a champion, who will save them from impending Doom. Diana competes against her mother's wish and win. Athena then sends her a weapon, the Lasso of Truth forged by Hephaestus from the girdle of Gaea.
The "Lies" story arc runs parallel with and explores Diana's search. No longer able to get into Mount Olympus, Diana tracks down Barbara Ann Minerva, the Cheetah, to get help.[161][162] Cheetah agrees to help in exchange for Diana aiding her in killing the god Urzkartaga and ending Minerva's curse. The pair battle their way through Urzkartaga's minions, the Bouda, and defeat Andres Cadulo, a worshiper of Urzkartaga that planned to sacrifice Steve Trevor to the plant god. Once reverted to her human form, Minerva agreed to help Wonder Woman find her way back to Paradise Island. During this time, Wonder Woman reconnects with Steve. Minerva eventually realizes Paradise Island is an embodiment of emotion instead of a physical place, so Wonder Woman and Steve head out to find the island. They succeed and Wonder Woman is greeted by her mother and sisters, though Steve senses something is wrong. Wonder Woman comes to realize nothing is as she remembers and, upon using the Lasso of Truth, discovers everything she thought she knew was a lie: she never really returned to Themyscira after departing with Steve years earlier. The revelation shatters Diana's mind and she is left nearly insane. Veronica Cale, a businesswoman who has been desiring to find Themyscira and the leader of Godwatch, sends a military group called Poison after her, but Diana's state has left her vulnerable and oblivious to the danger she and Steve are in. Steve wards them off long enough for them to be rescued, and reluctantly places Diana in a mental hospital so she can get help. While there she comes to grasp the reality she thought she knew was false, eventually coming out of her stupor and able to rejoin the others in tracking down Veronica Cale, who is trying to find Themyscira.
The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad. Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman, whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad.[157] Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017, according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters, the biggest survey in company history.[158] Separately, Fandango also found that 92% of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero, and 87% wished Hollywood would make more women-led superhero films.[159] In May 2017, NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte.[160]
The arrival of the 2017 DCEU film Wonder Woman has kicked off a great moment for the character as fans can see her become the very first female superhero to headline a solo live-action movie. The film also opens the doors for children and adults who were unfamiliar with Wonder Woman to look back at some of her greatest stories in the comics and discover what makes this character so special not only to DC fans, but to the comic book landscape overall.
Divided in Volumes 1, 2, and 3, The Wonder Woman Chronicles are collections of every single one of the early Wonder Woman stories that were published in the 1940s, which can rarely be found in their original comic book editions. Besides her headlining series of early Wonder Woman books, other highlights are the All Star Comics, the Sensation Comics, and the Comic Cavalcade series.
In March 2005, Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures announced that Joss Whedon would write and direct the film.[74] Early drafts of his screenplay included Steve Trevor as the narrator, a fierce battle between Diana and her mother over Trevor's welfare, and after leaving Themyscira, his need to frequently rescue a Diana rendered helpless by the modern world.[75] Whedon was not able to complete a final version of his screenplay, and left the project in 2007.[76][77]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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HomeSubject Matter AreasCounterterrorism
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Military Defeat 'Will Not Eliminate' ISIS as a Force, Ambassador Warns Congress
By James Cullum
French soldiers assigned to Task Force Wagram fire a French Ceasar in support of Operation Roundup in Al Quim, Iraq, on May 16, 2018. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Zakia Gray)
While the Islamic State teeters on the brink of military defeat in Iraq and Syria, the terrorist group still poses significant threats around the world, according to former Ambassador Ryan Crocker and other experts who testified before the House Committee on Homeland Security on Thursday.
"ISIS may be on the verge of a military defeat, but that will not eliminate them as a future force," said Crocker, who served in Iraq, Afghanistan and other posts and is now a diplomat in residence at Princeton University. "We saw the same thing in Iraq a decade ago. In Syria as well as in Iraq, we can expect ISIS to go to ground and wait for more favorable circumstances. And in the chaos that is Syria there will be plenty of places to hide."
The Islamic State invaded Iraq in 2014 and over three years saw its forces grow to more than 40,000 fighters controlling 7.7 million people over a region spanning 40,000 square miles. The terrorist group has since lost 90 percent of its territorial gains, a result of offensive operations from the Iraqi security forces and Syrian Democratic Forces supported by Operation Inherent Resolve's 13,331 airstrikes in Iraq and 11,235 airstrikes in Syria since last August.
"Over the coming weeks… Operation Roundup will continue to build momentum against ISIS remnants remaining in the Iraq-Syria border region and the middle Euphrates River valley," said a May 25 Department of Defense news release.
Retired Gen. Jack Keane, former vice chief of staff of the U.S. Army, cautioned that there is the potential for an ISIS resurgence in Syria and Iraq if the U.S. pulls out its forces prematurely.
"The lesson learned from the premature withdrawal from Iraq in 2011 before political stability was achieved is we got ISIS," Keane said. "To wash our hands of this and walk away because, one, we've lost thousands of soldiers, two, we've spent a lot of money there and, three, there may be a lack of political will in the country would be a huge strategic mistake.
"The Middle East can not explode," he added. "If we let that explode, it will harm the United States in terms of our own security of our people and also those of our allies and our national interests as well."
Committee Chairman Michael McCaul (R-Texas) characterized the rising political tensions in Syria and Iraq as complex and challenging, and said a comprehensive strategy to mop up the remnants of ISIS in the Middle East, Africa and Europe is needed.
"This strategy should address the root causes that breed terrorists, including a lack of economic opportunity and good governance structures," McCaul said. "I do think that the threat does remain as they have retreated into the Euphrates River Valley, they are still in the Middle East and they're also in Northern Africa, places like Libya, Tunisia, Sinai in Egypt, and the Sahel in the middle of Africa and Southeast Asia."
Crocker, a Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient, has earned star status in diplomatic circles for serving as ambassador to Lebanon (1990-93), Kuwait (1994-97), Syria (1998-2001), Pakistan (2004-07), Iraq (2007-09) and Afghanistan (2011-12). He said that ISIS gained traction in Iraq after the U.S. withdrew in 2011, and that then-Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki lost the ability to broker deals among Iraqis without the backing of an American presence.
"If the Iraqis can get the politics right, with our help, the military-terrorist threat ISIS has posed can be contained. If the politics are not right, we will be facing new security challenges in the region and at home," the ambassador warned. "Ultimately, it is good governance in the region that will prevent the re-emergence of terrorist organizations that target Americans, whether at home or abroad. In the interim, doing what we can to ensure that the Iraqi government does not take actions that will further alienate its Sunni Arab population and give space to those who wish us harm is an imperative."
While the ISIS threat has waned in Syria, one expert testified that the terror group stays alive partly because the U.S. has lost the support of Syrian Kurds, who have been forced to turn their attention from battling the terrorist group to defending their brethren from airstrikes launched by the Turkish government.
Joshua A. Geltzer, a former senior director for counterterrorism at the National Security Council and Georgetown Law professor, told lawmakers that the Trump administration's inability to continue managing the tensions between Turkey and the Syrian Kurds is providing the Islamic State with the time and space to regroup.
"ISIS's ability to reach across national borders and into our country to attempt to recruit and radicalize followers is simply not going to disappear even as the group's physical foothold in Iraq and Syria shrinks," Geltzer said. "If anything, ISIS's virtual foothold may increase in importance to the group, leading it to devote more energy and effort to sustaining and augmenting the sense of belonging that ISIS has been able to cultivate among supporters worldwide."
Ranking member Rep. Bennie Thompson (D-Miss.) said that ISIS is at a critical juncture.
"As we have witnessed before, these groups do not disappear, but often morph into a new entity that poses new threats," Thompson said. "As the so-called caliphate has shrunk, you and I both know ISIS has turned to the virtual space and its affiliates and followers to radicalize new members around the world. Other than planning or directing sophisticated attacks carried out by individuals traveling overseas, ISIS can inspire lone wolves right here at home online with few resources and relatively little effort."
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James Cullum
Multimedia journalist James Cullum has reported for over a decade to newspapers, magazines and websites in the D.C. metro area. He excels at finding order in chaotic environments, from slave liberations in South Sudan to the halls of the power in Washington, D.C.


Many applications still utilize older cryptographic technologies, even though security professionals warned that these are obsolete and unsafe to use. Some implementations can easily be upgraded to current encryption and contain a graceful fall-back for situations where it's required, such as when a remote party only supports legacy technologies (e.g., TLS downgraded connections). Other situations are more difficult and require dual-implementation paths for the upgrades over time (e.g., password hashes moving from MD5 to SHA-512). Unfortunately, even with decades of dire warnings about hacks and attacks, companies often won't invest in upgrades due to other priorities. How does an infosec professional force the issue? We are suggesting the use of regulatory and compliance mandates to drive the improvement.
In this whitepaper, we show how TLS v1.0, MD5, SHA-1, and others violate federal regulations and various industry compliance rules. Legislation like the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) does not explicitly state "MD5 is bad", instead they tend to reference other guidelines, rules, laws, or standards that require you to follow the trail of breadcrumbs to figure out if you're actually in compliance. We connect the dots and explicitly show that legacy cryptographic technologies do not meet the requirements. Armed with this information, it is far easier to build a case that management must accept and address.
This article was co-written by Josh Barons and Jay Ball.
Though we go into intricate detail below, this tl;dr decision table documents what standards and requirement frameworks allow which types of cryptography.
Most compliance requirements reference other standards or documents in a mathematically transitive manner. Sometimes the references are not as clear cut as we'd like them to be. For example, HIPAA says "follow the guidance by NIST" but that NIST document says "Government systems must do xyz." Does this mean that your HIPAA system needs to only follow NIST if you send medical information to the feds or some other government agency? No; it simply means that a HIPAA system must follow the same guidelines as if it were a government system.
Valid encryption processes for data in motion are those which comply, as appropriate, with NIST Special Publications 800-52, Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) Implementations; 800-77, Guide to IPsec VPNs; or 800-113, Guide to SSL VPNs, or others which are Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 140-2 validated.
While SSL 3.0 is the most secure of the SSL protocol versions, it is not approved for use in the protection of Federal information because it relies in part on the use of cryptographic algorithms that are not Approved. TLS versions 1.1 and 1.2 are approved for the protection of Federal information, when properly configured. TLS version 1.0 is approved only when it is required for interoperability with non-government systems and is configured according to these guidelines.
From the above, HIPAA systems must support TLS v1.1 or v1.2. SSL is forbidden and TLS v1.0 is allowed with specific configurations and in very limited circumstances.
Other organizations, such as LuxSci, have different interpretations on what is absolutely required, but they encourage TLS v1.2. Primarily, the interpretations revolve around non-governmental interoperability and lowering the security requirements. We feel this is not correct as a higher-level regulation like HIPAA applies to everyone. Thus, if your HIPAA system is talking to any other HIPAA system you must follow NIST completely.
As such, server-to-server applications dealing with Protected Health Information (PHI) must transmit data following NIST standards. Server-to-application transmissions, like from your company's infrastructure to a mobile health app must also follow these rules. Server-to-browser, however, is a different story. If the remote machine is a doctor's office, the doctor's machine should be HIPAA compliant anyway and thus connections must follow NIST. However, an end user patient does not necessarily have a HIPAA-compliant computer as their personal device. As such, this is where the "non-governmental interoperability" clause comes in and the necessity to support some outdated and legacy technologies.
Some of these TLS requirements will change when the final version of NIST 800-52 rev2 is published in mid-2019. TLS v1.3 will become required and TLS v1.1 will move down to the "non-governmental interoperability" list (see page iv of draft 2). Ergo, HIPAA systems must use TLS v1.2 or newer but may allow TLS v1.0 and v1.1 for end user browsers as discussed on page 8 of the draft of NIST 800-52 rev2.
Notice that the list of ciphers does not contain 3DES and RC4 – thus connections are effectively not allowed from Window XP systems (which should have been upgraded long ago).
Most would consider the above discussion on TLS and ciphers to be the realm of browsers, web servers, REST endpoints, and all things HTTP. However, the Internet operates using many other protocols and all must be compliant as above. This includes email which encompasses SMTP, IMAP, POP, and more. But the Internet is full of many other types of services and protocols – all must meet the requirements discussed here.
Yet, many popular email solutions, like Google's Gsuite, allow some unfortunate cipher choices, such as DES-CBC3-SHA which is not allowed by NIST 800-52 rev1, but happens to be supported by Windows XP (again with the XP, which happens to be common in the medical industry).
The HIPAA requirements above also make reference to Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 140-2 approved standards, which includes a list of Security Requirements for Cryptographic modules. MD5 is not listed as an approved technology in the document and thus cannot be used in a HIPAA-compliant system.
SHA-1 is mentioned in FIPS 140-2 as approved and the algorithm is defined by FIPS 180-4. But, in Appendix A of FIPS 180-4, it says to reference NIST 800-107 for updates on the effective security of SHA-1. Section 4.2 of NIST 800-107 states "The latest cryptanalytic results for SHA-1 indicate that it may have a collision resistance strength that is considerably less than its expected strength of 80 bits." On page 7, NIST 800-107 rev1 says "The security strengths of the approved hash functions for different applications can be found in SP 800-57 part 1.
On page 54 of NIST 800-57 part 1 rev4, SHA-1 is shown as less than 80 bits of effective security and is highlighted in orange which indicates it is "no longer approved for applying cryptographic protection". Moving forward to page 55, Table 4 says that using algorithms of less than 112 bits is disallowed, thus SHA-1 is not allowed.
However, there is a small exception for processing legacy ciphertext data, like SHA-1, in certain situations. It is allowed to validate something already hashed via SHA-1; but, when the hash is being computed, it must be updated to a more secure algorithm. As an example, if the system uses some form of SHA-1 password hashing, the password can be validated but then must be updated to an approved algorithm.
To prepare for the 2031 deprecation of SHA-224, SHA-512/224, and SHA3-224, it is wise to simply avoid those algorithms completely. As the hashes may protect data with a shelf life of say, seven years, then you must cease using these hashes before 2024. It would be an easier effort to simply move to something stronger now. The implementation difference between SHA-224 and SHA-256 is trivial and computational difference is negligible. However, the migration efforts would be great, ergo abstinence is the best choice for these three algorithms.
Which specifically excludes the older SSL and TLS v1.0 algorithms. It also says "See NIST SP800-52 Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) Implementation", which is the same technical definition as HIPAA.
As weak hashes can be reversed, the authenticity and integrity of the data protected with MD5 or SHA-1 is suspect. Thus, neither algorithm is permitted.
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards Council stipulated in PCI-DSS v3.1 that SSL and TLS v1.0 were to no longer be supported by 30 June 2016 but later pushed this date to 30 June 2018. Systems must use TLS v1.1, but TLS v1.2 or newer is highly recommended. Support for TLS v1.1 became required in June 2018. There is further text noting that any TLS v1.1 implementation must remove many types of ciphers, such as weak ones like DES. This requirement can be met by following the same cipher requirements shown in the latest revision of NIST 800-52.
Note that there is a very narrow exception carved out to use weak encryption for some Point of Sale (POS) terminals on closed networks, but this loophole does not apply to any browser-based or most PC-based technologies.
Starting in February 2018, weak ciphers or unapproved algorithms, like MD5 and SHA-1, were no longer allowed.
As technologies such as MD5, SHA1, TLS v1.0 and TLS v1.1 are known to be broken and cannot ensure confidentiality or integrity, they cannot be used. Additionally, the German Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (BSI) (Federal Office for Information Security) says only TLS v1.2 or newer should be used according to BSI TR 02102-2 (English version) in section 3.2. Since EU GDPR requires encryption via up-to-date technology, this infers that only TLS 1.2 or newer is acceptable. BSI TR 02102-2 goes deeper in allowed ciphers, but these are similar to NIST and not discussed in this whitepaper.
Another document, BSI TR 02102-1 (English version) states, "die folgenden Hashfunktionen als kryptographisch stark" (auf english: "the following hash functions are considered to be cryptographically strong") SHA-256, SHA-512/256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA3-256, SHA3-384, SHA3-512" on page 39 (auf english: 37). Page 40 (38) explicitly says SHA-1 "definitiv nicht mehr eingesetzt werden" (should "no longer be used").
The BSI documents dictates that SHA-224 (and the similar strength SHA-512/224 and SHA3-224) are legacy. These algorithms will not be considered secure in 2023 and there are no advantages of using them over SHA-256, SHA-512/256, or SHA3-256. This is similar logic to NIST's hesitation on these algorithms, but with a more paranoid expiration date.
Under GDPR regulations, if your company suffers a breach, you must prove that there was strong protection in place to protect the data or suffer greater penalties. Trying to convince an EU Data Protection Authority officer that TLS v1.0 is adequate after 15 years of dire warnings from security experts simply will not work.
Generally, meeting the well defined and more secure technical requirements of the German BSI should be sufficient to cover your organization for GDPR with respect to hashes, ciphers, and transmission algorithms.
Knowing when something is insecure and should be fixed can be easy; the ability to translate the vulnerability into a compliance violation can be difficult. The analyses shown in this whitepaper were created to help equip the infosec community with leverage to assist in getting issues corrected promptly. Sometimes management does not understand the underlying technical aspects, but if an argument is paired with how something is not compliant with existing government requirements, then issues are more likely to be addressed.
The authors have worked at and with different companies over the years and dealt with each of the regulations discussed. We hope that you can use our experiences to assist your team and company on your journey to become more secure.
Masthead Credit: Dennis van Zuijlekom from his photo stream // License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-SA 2.0) // Edits by Jay Ball under same license.
This blog post was co-written by Josh Barons and Jay Ball and co-published on Jay's blogs at veggiespam.com; it will be mirrored to Josh's blog in the future. Both Josh and Jay are #infosec professionals who protect companies, networks, and applications from both technical and regulatory aspects at a hip startup in SoHo. Both participate in local infosec organizations such as OWASP, 2600, HackNYC, and more. You can DM Josh on Linked-In, DM Jay on Linked-In or Twitter @veggiespam, or reach either via appropriate email.


text:
Critical acclaim for Red Revival documentary <i>China Concerto</i> by Bo Wang
Find out more about China Concerto at Bo Wang's website.
"It is absolutely fascinating to watch Concerto apply the techniques of deconstruction to official state propaganda… It also offers trenchant analysis of the capitalism promoted by the state, a mutation described as "collective capitalism," in contrast to the western individualistic variety. The implications for the individual in Chinese society are obvious. That is one reason the correspondent always focuses on a single individual when watching sprawling propaganda pageants."
LFM Reviews China Concerto @ MoMA's 2013 Documentary Fortnight Joe Bendel, Feb 2013, Libertas Film Magazine
"One of my favorites in the [MoMA Doc Fortnight] series is"China Concerto," a study of contemporary China. Based on the fictional letter of a traveler in China, and accompanied by a series of striking, often paradoxical images, the film compactly and sensitively offers a Debordian analysis of spectacle and shows the complexity of China's transition into capitalism (as well as a great gunshot montage made from Chinese propaganda films that seems to be inspired by Christian Marclay)."
MoMA's Documentary Fortnight Tynan Kogane, Feb 2013, Cinespect
"The remarkable collage and found footage editing, the insightful commentary on the absurdity of the power construction, and the allure of the spectacle, greatly facilitated by the female voiceover reading out a letter in undefined accented English, have earmarked Bo Wang as an exciting documentary filmmaker approaching sociopolitical subjects in contemporary China."
Truth, Myths and Clichés: The 9th Beijing Independent Film Festival Ma Ran, Issue 65, Dec 2012, Senses of Cinema
Video: Three Closings and Four Highlights – The Beijing Independent Film Festival 2012 Kevin Lee, Aug 2012, BFI.org.uk
Fragile Independence Kevin Lee, Oct 2012, Sight & Sound Magazine (print edition)
The Three-times-closed Beijing Independent Film Festival Cui Weiping, Sep 2012, the New York Times Chinese-language Site
"Back in the summer of 2010 when I first saw the spectacles created in the red campaign, I felt both intrigued and surprised, particularly when seeing resonances to the old doctrines and various gestures that I'd expect to belong to a long-gone past. The red campaign was a peculiar circumstance that discloses the persistence of the communist past underneath today's capitalist surface. It seems that the past is always there. A big part of what Bo Xilai did in the campaign was simply to bring back to the table some issues that used to be fundamental for the socialist state. Those issues, for instance social equality, for quite a period of time have been intentionally ignored under the name of the state's economic pursuit."
Interview: Bo Wang's 'China Concerto' Turns Camera on Bo Xilai's 'Red' Chongqing Liz Flora, Feb 2013, Asia Blog


The summer is just about over and the fall is upon us, so now is a good time to take a look around at your home and assess the situation. The first thing that you should do to get your home cleaned up and ready for the change in seasons is to put away all of the summer materials. Close your pool, put away all of the outdoor furniture that you may have, and put away all of the other summer toys and tools that you may have in your yard. Then, you can start to clean the rest of the house.
Tackle the really big projects first. Don't be afraid to hire a pro to help you get the job done quickly and correctly the first time. For example, think about hiring a window cleaning hinsdale il service to help you get that done right. This will save you time and money in the long run because you won't have to do a lower quality job yourself. You should also clean up your driveway, wash the walls of your home if they are dirty, and powerwash your deck, patio, or walkways.
Then, you should clean the inside of your home. Get rid of any junk that you have accumulated over the course of the past year. After all, you will soon need to make room for holiday guests as well as decorations and other things that you use during the holiday festivities like Thanksgiving, Halloween, and harvest festivals. Clean every room in your home from the top to the bottom. Try to get to everything but don't stress yourself out. This is also a good time to donate items that you know longer want or need so that people will be able to buy them in time for Christmas this year. The fall is a wonderful time of the year, and having a clean home will make you feel better. There's nothing more relaxing than being able to enjoy your own home when it is clean, cozy, and comfortable.


text:
Q: FMPy statuses modifications(?) I was working with an old version of FMPy (from about 2 years ago) and found that after updating (on 25/02/2023) that the statuses returned by doStep are not working in the same way.
previously I had:
fmu = fmpy.fmi2.FMU2Slave(guid=model_description.guid,
                unzipDirectory=unzipdir,
                modelIdentifier=model_description.coSimulation.modelIdentifier,
                instanceName='instance1')
status = 0
...
status = fmu.doStep(...)

This would simulate and status would be set accordingly:
# status
# 0 - OK
# 1 - warning
# 2 - discard (status information could not be returned)
# 3 - error (can restart using fmi2SetFMUstate)
# 4 - fatal (re-run program)
# 5 - pending (still busy)

However after the last update status is not updated a all it is like the return value has been removed as when I put my cursor on status it shows:

How do I get access to the status value?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
namespace media {

const int kVp9MaxProfile = 4;
const int kVp9NumRefFramesLog2 = 3;
const size_t kVp9NumRefFrames = 1 << kVp9NumRefFramesLog2;
const uint8_t kVp9MaxProb = 255;
const size_t kVp9NumRefsPerFrame = 3;
const size_t kVp9NumFrameContextsLog2 = 2;
const size_t kVp9NumFrameContexts = 1 << kVp9NumFrameContextsLog2;

using Vp9Prob = uint8_t;

enum class Vp9ColorSpace {
  UNKNOWN = 0,
  BT_601 = 1,
  BT_709 = 2,
  SMPTE_170 = 3,
  SMPTE_240 = 4,
  BT_2020 = 5,
  RESERVED = 6,
  SRGB = 7,
};

enum Vp9InterpolationFilter {
  EIGHTTAP = 0,
  EIGHTTAP_SMOOTH = 1,
  EIGHTTAP_SHARP = 2,
  BILINEAR = 3,
  SWITCHABLE = 4,
};

enum Vp9RefType {
  VP9_FRAME_INTRA = 0,
  VP9_FRAME_LAST = 1,
  VP9_FRAME_GOLDEN = 2,
  VP9_FRAME_ALTREF = 3,
  VP9_FRAME_MAX = 4,
};

enum Vp9ReferenceMode {
  SINGLE_REFERENCE = 0,
  COMPOUND_REFERENCE = 1,
  REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT = 2,
};

struct MEDIA_EXPORT Vp9SegmentationParams {
  static const size_t kNumSegments = 8;
  static const size_t kNumTreeProbs = kNumSegments - 1;
  static const size_t kNumPredictionProbs = 3;
  enum SegmentLevelFeature {
    SEG_LVL_ALT_Q = 0,
    SEG_LVL_ALT_LF = 1,
    SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME = 2,
    SEG_LVL_SKIP = 3,
    SEG_LVL_MAX
  };

  bool enabled;

  bool update_map;
  uint8_t tree_probs[kNumTreeProbs];
  bool temporal_update;
  uint8_t pred_probs[kNumPredictionProbs];

  bool update_data;
  bool abs_or_delta_update;
  bool feature_enabled[kNumSegments][SEG_LVL_MAX];
  int16_t feature_data[kNumSegments][SEG_LVL_MAX];

  int16_t y_dequant[kNumSegments][2];
  int16_t uv_dequant[kNumSegments][2];

  bool FeatureEnabled(size_t seg_id, SegmentLevelFeature feature) const {
    return feature_enabled[seg_id][feature];
  }

  int16_t FeatureData(size_t seg_id, SegmentLevelFeature feature) const {
    return feature_data[seg_id][feature];
  }
};

struct MEDIA_EXPORT Vp9LoopFilterParams {
  static const size_t kNumModeDeltas = 2;

  uint8_t level;
  uint8_t sharpness;

  bool delta_enabled;
  bool delta_update;
  bool update_ref_deltas[VP9_FRAME_MAX];
  int8_t ref_deltas[VP9_FRAME_MAX];
  bool update_mode_deltas[kNumModeDeltas];
  int8_t mode_deltas[kNumModeDeltas];

  // Calculated from above fields.
  uint8_t lvl[Vp9SegmentationParams::kNumSegments][VP9_FRAME_MAX]
             [kNumModeDeltas];
};

// Members of Vp9FrameHeader will be 0-initialized by Vp9Parser::ParseNextFrame.
struct MEDIA_EXPORT Vp9QuantizationParams {
  bool IsLossless() const {
    return base_q_idx == 0 && delta_q_y_dc == 0 && delta_q_uv_dc == 0 &&
           delta_q_uv_ac == 0;
  }

  uint8_t base_q_idx;
  int8_t delta_q_y_dc;
  int8_t delta_q_uv_dc;
  int8_t delta_q_uv_ac;
};

// Entropy context for frame parsing
struct MEDIA_EXPORT Vp9FrameContext {
  bool IsValid() const;

  Vp9Prob tx_probs_8x8[2][1];
  Vp9Prob tx_probs_16x16[2][2];
  Vp9Prob tx_probs_32x32[2][3];

  Vp9Prob coef_probs[4][2][2][6][6][3];
  Vp9Prob skip_prob[3];
  Vp9Prob inter_mode_probs[7][3];
  Vp9Prob interp_filter_probs[4][2];
  Vp9Prob is_inter_prob[4];

  Vp9Prob comp_mode_prob[5];
  Vp9Prob single_ref_prob[5][2];
  Vp9Prob comp_ref_prob[5];

  Vp9Prob y_mode_probs[4][9];
  Vp9Prob uv_mode_probs[10][9];
  Vp9Prob partition_probs[16][3];

  Vp9Prob mv_joint_probs[3];
  Vp9Prob mv_sign_prob[2];
  Vp9Prob mv_class_probs[2][10];
  Vp9Prob mv_class0_bit_prob[2];
  Vp9Prob mv_bits_prob[2][10];
  Vp9Prob mv_class0_fr_probs[2][2][3];
  Vp9Prob mv_fr_probs[2][3];
  Vp9Prob mv_class0_hp_prob[2];
  Vp9Prob mv_hp_prob[2];
};

struct MEDIA_EXPORT Vp9CompressedHeader {
  enum Vp9TxMode {
    ONLY_4X4 = 0,
    ALLOW_8X8 = 1,
    ALLOW_16X16 = 2,
    ALLOW_32X32 = 3,
    TX_MODE_SELECT = 4,
    TX_MODES = 5,
  };

  Vp9TxMode tx_mode;
  Vp9ReferenceMode reference_mode;
};

// VP9 frame header.
struct MEDIA_EXPORT Vp9FrameHeader {
  enum FrameType {
    KEYFRAME = 0,
    INTERFRAME = 1,
  };

  bool IsKeyframe() const;
  bool IsIntra() const;
  bool RefreshFlag(size_t i) const {
    return !!(refresh_frame_flags & (1u << i));
  }
  VideoColorSpace GetColorSpace() const;

  uint8_t profile;

  bool show_existing_frame;
  uint8_t frame_to_show_map_idx;

  FrameType frame_type;

  bool show_frame;
  bool error_resilient_mode;

  uint8_t bit_depth;
  Vp9ColorSpace color_space;
  bool color_range;
  uint8_t subsampling_x;
  uint8_t subsampling_y;

  // The range of frame_width and frame_height is 1..2^16.
  uint32_t frame_width;
  uint32_t frame_height;
  uint32_t render_width;
  uint32_t render_height;

  bool intra_only;
  uint8_t reset_frame_context;
  uint8_t refresh_frame_flags;
  uint8_t ref_frame_idx[kVp9NumRefsPerFrame];
  bool ref_frame_sign_bias[Vp9RefType::VP9_FRAME_MAX];
  bool allow_high_precision_mv;
  Vp9InterpolationFilter interpolation_filter;

  bool refresh_frame_context;
  bool frame_parallel_decoding_mode;
  uint8_t frame_context_idx;
  // |frame_context_idx_to_save_probs| is to be used by save_probs() only, and
  // |frame_context_idx| otherwise.
  uint8_t frame_context_idx_to_save_probs;

  Vp9QuantizationParams quant_params;

  uint8_t tile_cols_log2;
  uint8_t tile_rows_log2;

  // Pointer to the beginning of frame data. It is a responsibility of the
  // client of the Vp9Parser to maintain validity of this data while it is
  // being used outside of that class.
  const uint8_t* data;

  // Size of |data| in bytes.
  size_t frame_size;

  // Size of compressed header in bytes.
  size_t header_size_in_bytes;

  // Size of uncompressed header in bytes.
  size_t uncompressed_header_size;

  Vp9CompressedHeader compressed_header;
  // Initial frame entropy context after load_probs2(frame_context_idx).
  Vp9FrameContext initial_frame_context;
  // Current frame entropy context after header parsing.
  Vp9FrameContext frame_context;

  // Segmentation and loop filter params from uncompressed header
  Vp9SegmentationParams segmentation;
  Vp9LoopFilterParams loop_filter;
};

// A parser for VP9 bitstream.
class MEDIA_EXPORT Vp9Parser {
 public:
  // If context update is needed after decoding a frame, the client must
  // execute this callback, passing the updated context state.
  using ContextRefreshCallback =
      base::OnceCallback<void(const Vp9FrameContext&)>;

  // ParseNextFrame() return values. See documentation for ParseNextFrame().
  enum Result {
    kOk,
    kInvalidStream,
    kEOStream,
    kAwaitingRefresh,
  };

  // The parsing context to keep track of references.
  struct ReferenceSlot {
    bool initialized;
    uint32_t frame_width;
    uint32_t frame_height;
    uint8_t subsampling_x;
    uint8_t subsampling_y;
    uint8_t bit_depth;

    // More fields for consistency checking.
    uint8_t profile;
    Vp9ColorSpace color_space;
  };

  // The parsing context that persists across frames.
  class Context {
   public:
    class MEDIA_EXPORT Vp9FrameContextManager {
     public:
      Vp9FrameContextManager();
      ~Vp9FrameContextManager();
      bool initialized() const { return initialized_; }
      bool needs_client_update() const { return needs_client_update_; }
      const Vp9FrameContext& frame_context() const;

      // Resets to uninitialized state.
      void Reset();

      // Marks this context as requiring an update from parser's client.
      void SetNeedsClientUpdate();

      // Updates frame context.
      void Update(const Vp9FrameContext& frame_context);

      // Returns a callback to update frame context at a later time with.
      ContextRefreshCallback GetUpdateCb();

     private:
      // Updates frame context from parser's client.
      void UpdateFromClient(const Vp9FrameContext& frame_context);

      bool initialized_ = false;
      bool needs_client_update_ = false;
      Vp9FrameContext frame_context_;

      base::WeakPtrFactory<Vp9FrameContextManager> weak_ptr_factory_{this};
    };

    void Reset();

    // Mark |frame_context_idx| as requiring update from the client.
    void MarkFrameContextForUpdate(size_t frame_context_idx);

    // Update frame context at |frame_context_idx| with the contents of
    // |frame_context|.
    void UpdateFrameContext(size_t frame_context_idx,
                            const Vp9FrameContext& frame_context);

    // Return ReferenceSlot for frame at |ref_idx|.
    const ReferenceSlot& GetRefSlot(size_t ref_idx) const;

    // Update contents of ReferenceSlot at |ref_idx| with the contents of
    // |ref_slot|.
    void UpdateRefSlot(size_t ref_idx, const ReferenceSlot& ref_slot);

    const Vp9SegmentationParams& segmentation() const { return segmentation_; }

    const Vp9LoopFilterParams& loop_filter() const { return loop_filter_; }

   private:
    friend class Vp9UncompressedHeaderParser;
    friend class Vp9Parser;

    // Segmentation and loop filter state.
    Vp9SegmentationParams segmentation_;
    Vp9LoopFilterParams loop_filter_;

    // Frame references.
    ReferenceSlot ref_slots_[kVp9NumRefFrames];

    Vp9FrameContextManager frame_context_managers_[kVp9NumFrameContexts];
  };

  // The constructor. See ParseNextFrame() for comments for
  // |parsing_compressed_header|.
  explicit Vp9Parser(bool parsing_compressed_header);
  ~Vp9Parser();

  // Set a new stream buffer to read from, starting at |stream| and of size
  // |stream_size| in bytes. |stream| must point to the beginning of a single
  // frame or a single superframe, is owned by caller and must remain valid
  // until the next call to SetStream(). |spatial_layer_frame_size| may be
  // filled if the parsed stream is VP9 SVC. It stands for frame sizes of
  // spatial layers. SVC frame might have multiple frames without superframe
  // index. The info helps Vp9Parser detecting the beginning of each frame.
  void SetStream(const uint8_t* stream,
                 off_t stream_size,
                 const std::vector<uint32_t>& spatial_layer_frame_size,
                 std::unique_ptr<DecryptConfig> stream_config);

  void SetStream(const uint8_t* stream,
                 off_t stream_size,
                 std::unique_ptr<DecryptConfig> stream_config);

  // Parse the next frame in the current stream buffer, filling |fhdr| with
  // the parsed frame header and updating current segmentation and loop filter
  // state. The necessary frame size to decode |fhdr| fills in |allocate_size|.
  // The size can be larger than frame size of |fhdr| in the case of SVC stream.
  // Also fills |frame_decrypt_config| _if_ the parser was set to use a super
  // frame decrypt config.
  // Return kOk if a frame has successfully been parsed,
  //        kEOStream if there is no more data in the current stream buffer,
  //        kAwaitingRefresh if this frame awaiting frame context update, or
  //        kInvalidStream on error.
  Result ParseNextFrame(Vp9FrameHeader* fhdr,
                        gfx::Size* allocate_size,
                        std::unique_ptr<DecryptConfig>* frame_decrypt_config);

  // Perform the same superframe parsing logic, but don't attempt to parse
  // the normal frame headers afterwards, and then only return the decrypt
  // config, since the frame itself isn't useful for the testing.
  // Returns |true| if a frame would have been sent to |ParseUncompressedHeader|
  //         |false| if there was an error parsing the superframe.
  std::unique_ptr<DecryptConfig> NextFrameDecryptContextForTesting();
  std::string IncrementIVForTesting(const std::string& iv, uint32_t by);

  // Return current parsing context.
  const Context& context() const { return context_; }

  // Return a ContextRefreshCallback, which, if not null, has to be called with
  // the new context state after the frame associated with |frame_context_idx|
  // is decoded.
  ContextRefreshCallback GetContextRefreshCb(size_t frame_context_idx);

  // Clear parser state and return to an initialized state.
  void Reset();

 private:
  // Stores start pointer and size of each frame within the current superframe.
  struct FrameInfo {
    FrameInfo();
    FrameInfo(const FrameInfo& copy_from);
    FrameInfo(const uint8_t* ptr, off_t size);
    ~FrameInfo();

    FrameInfo& operator=(const FrameInfo& copy_from);
    bool IsValid() const { return ptr != nullptr; }
    void Reset() { ptr = nullptr; }

    // Starting address of the frame.
    const uint8_t* ptr = nullptr;

    // Size of the frame in bytes.
    off_t size = 0;

    // Necessary height and width to decode the frame.
    // This is filled only if the stream is SVC.
    gfx::Size allocate_size;

    std::unique_ptr<DecryptConfig> decrypt_config;
  };

  base::circular_deque<FrameInfo> ParseSuperframe();
  // Parses a frame in SVC stream with |spatial_layer_frame_size_|.
  base::circular_deque<FrameInfo> ParseSVCFrame();

  // Returns true and populates |result| with the parsing result if parsing of
  // current frame is finished (possibly unsuccessfully). |fhdr| will only be
  // populated and valid if |result| is kOk. Otherwise return false, indicating
  // that the compressed header must be parsed next.
  bool ParseUncompressedHeader(const FrameInfo& frame_info,
                               Vp9FrameHeader* fhdr,
                               Result* result,
                               Vp9Parser::Context* context);

  // Returns true if parsing of current frame is finished and |result| will be
  // populated with value of parsing result. Otherwise, needs to continue setup
  // current frame.
  bool ParseCompressedHeader(const FrameInfo& frame_info, Result* result);

  int64_t GetQIndex(const Vp9QuantizationParams& quant, size_t segid) const;
  // Returns true if the setup to |context_| succeeded.
  bool SetupSegmentationDequant();
  void SetupLoopFilter();
  // Returns true if the setup to |context| succeeded.
  void UpdateSlots(Vp9Parser::Context* context);

  // Current address in the bitstream buffer.
  const uint8_t* stream_;

  // Remaining bytes in stream_.
  off_t bytes_left_;

  const bool parsing_compressed_header_;

  // FrameInfo for the remaining frames in the current superframe to be parsed.
  base::circular_deque<FrameInfo> frames_;

  Context context_;

  // Encrypted stream info.
  std::unique_ptr<DecryptConfig> stream_decrypt_config_;

  // The frame size of each spatial layer.
  std::vector<uint32_t> spatial_layer_frame_size_;

  FrameInfo curr_frame_info_;
  Vp9FrameHeader curr_frame_header_;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Vp9Parser);
};

}  // namespace media

#endif  // MEDIA_FILTERS_VP9_PARSER_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Berkowitz has the best value furniture, lounges, sofas, dining and bedroom furniture in Melbourne, Blackburn, Essendon, Geelong, Moorabbin, Preston and Springvale. You won't find better value furniture in Australia - that's our promise. Create your desires choice perfect sofa from our wide range of styles, configurations, designer fabrics or 100% genuine leather options. Berkowitz Furniture is a Melbourne based family business committed to supplying furniture of the highest standard and providing excellence in service. Our design team and skilled craftsmen have created this exciting range to meet the any kind of needs of customers.While utilising sustainable materials and long-lasting products that have minimal impact on our environment.


KSI Swiss has been rated by customers to be one of the area's number one Swiss lathe manufacturers because of their low prices, large variety of items offered, and of course the high quality and durability of their machines. KSI Swiss sells a variety of lathes, CNCs, turning centers, and much more; call (952)-562-3290.
When it comes to professional wafer dicing in California, few companies can deliver precision work equal to our team from Laserod. We know our clients rely on us to deliver precise work at a reasonable cost- which is what you can count on when you hire us. To learn about our services, reach out to a Laserod specialist.


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This was one of the first books that I picked up on Marilyn and it is an interesting read. Even better than the text though is the beautiful full-page photos. Some of the best photos of Marilyn ever taken throughout her entire life.
Author Norman Mailer
Publisher Grosset & Dunlap
Cover Type Hardcover
Dimensions 9.5 x 10.75 inches
Publish Date 1973
Signed No
BOOK REVIEW BY DAVID MARSHALL
Norman Mailer is an acquired taste. Like broccoli, some folks love him while others canít stand him. Personally, I fall somewhere in the middle. While his ìdaring breakthroughî WWII novel, The Naked and the Dead now reads as a tame imitation of James Jones and paled against the background of nightly TV coverage of Vietnam, many consider it the very best war novel ever written. And although the promise of Advertisements For Myself or The Presidential Papers come up short when measured against the ìnew journalismî of Tom Wolfe, it can not be denied that Mailer was right there on the frontlines trying to report on all the whacked decisions that led this country into the Vietnam morass. As a respected author, Mailer hit his zenith with the publication of The Executionerís Song, a work that many say was a blatant rip-off of territory already claimed by Truman Capote. Still, there is no denying that Mailer is an American original, a forceful and fanciful writer who has tracked ìThe American Dreamî all the way from the doldrums of the Eisenhower years right on through to the current inanity of American politics. And like it or not, I really do feel that a great deal of Marilynís current popularity can be credited to none other than the very man she considered too much of a bore to meet in person.
Let me back up a little bit. Marilyn Monroe would be the internationally recognized symbol of Hollywood regardless if Norman Mailer had ever been born. But in 1973 when his biography of Monroe was first published, Marilyn Monroe was not the face that stared back from fifty greeting cards on the Hallmark shelves, the figure that appears on everything from key chains to shower curtains, the Queen of the T Shirt she is today. When she died in 1962 it was international news. Her career and life were re-evaluated and grudgingly given the respect she had so yearned for while alive. But she was a favorite movie star, the first of so many sudden deaths in a decade that has come to be known for the tragic ending of promising lives. In 1969 Fred Lawrence Guilesí Norma Jean was released to universal good reviews and there was a resurgence of memory for the woman most had begun to think of as part of an era that had been long erased by the stream of assassinations, war and social upheaval that had overtaken the world. Then in the summer of 1973 Marilyn hit the bookstores and suddenly everywhere you looked that stunning face was smiling right back at you.
To be truthful, it wasnít Mailerís prose that did the trick but his collaboration with the many class act photographers who had first brought images of Monroe to the public. And in the end, that is what places Marilyn so far above the other biographies that have followed. It has little to do with ìtruthî or the ìfactsî that Mailer presents. It has to do with his book suddenly reminding the public that this woman was absolutely stunning, a part of Americaís more innocent years, a reminder of the laughter and the love that she effortlessly evoked. 270 pages of some of the finest works of such artists as Greene, Arnold, Barris, Beaton, de Dienes, Halsman, Kelly, Kirkland, Shaw, and Stern can do that.
Marilyn was once given the opportunity to meet Norman Mailer and passed. She considered him a bore, a man who was full of himself and really, she pretty much had him pegged. Mailer is full of himself. He is a bore. ButÖ
ìSo we think of Marilyn who was every manís love affair with America, Marilyn Monroe who was blonde and beautiful and had a sweet little rinky-dink of a voice and all the cleanliness of the clean American backyards. She was our angel, the sweet angel of sex, the sugar of sex came up from her like a resonance of sound in the clearest grain of a violinÖ She was not the dark contract of those passionate brunette depths that speak of blood, vows taken for life, and the furies of vengeance if you are untrue to the depth of passion, no, Marilyn suggested sex might be difficult and dangerous with others but ice cream with her. If your taste combined with her taste, how nice, how sweet would be that tender dream of flesh to share.î
Say what? Well, thatís Mailer. Like I say, you either love him or you find yourself scratching your head and wondering just what the hell heís talking about. And like I say, I find myself pretty much in the middle. I enjoy reading Mailer primarily because what is most evident in his Marilyn is that the author, Mailer himself, is absolutely besotted with Monroe, a feeling I admit I share. The guy will go on and on and on some more and really all he is saying is this woman has gotten under his skin and he is slowly going mad. He rambles and shudders and pontificates and after youíve read every word you can sit back and simply nod to yourself, Norman Mailer is whacked.
Ah, but the aftertaste. Thatís when it hits you just how good Mailer really can be. The words seem like a pretentious jumble as you read him but then the minute you put the book down, all that tangled up nonsense begins to come clear. Like poetry, Mailer weaves words that at first seem an awfully convoluted way of saying something but after you step away you realize that it could not have been worded any better.
Take him or leave him, Norman Mailer is a man deeply in love. After the publication of Marilyn, he tried putting his point across a second time with Of Women and Their Elegance, his attempt at channeling Monroeís thoughts and presenting them as an autobiography. And when even that second book couldnít rid him of Marilynís ghost, he tried it one more time as a play -- Strawhead, written and directed by Mailer at Marilynís alma mater, the Actors Studio -- starring none other than his own daughter, Kate Mailer. The success Elegance and Strawhead came no where near the still-in-print original, Marilyn. And again, the endurance of Marilyn has more to do with the page after page of incredible photos presented in full page format with full color and quality paper. The book, regardless of your opinions of Mailer himself, is a treasure.
However, no write up of the book could possibly be worth anything without some mention of the hot water Mailer got himself into when it first hit the book stores. For Mailer, an established author named names. While 1966ís Valley of the Dolls had ìthe Senatorî and Guilesí Norma Jean referred to ìthe gentleman from the East,î Mailer was the first author with a national reputation to say ìKennedy.î Hoopla ensued, let me tell you. Suddenly Eunice Murray was back in the news with her exclusive interview with the Ladies Home Journal. Earl Wilson popped up and said yep, with his L.A. Times front page scoop. From that moment on the names of Kennedy and Monroe would forever be linked and it didnít matter a bit when Mailer later admitted that the only reason heíd included Kennedy in his book was because he needed the money. Seems he had been told the very same thing a guy named Robert Slatzer once had been told -- if you want it to sell maybe youíd best spice it up a bit. Slatzer invented a marriage. Mailer added in a murder. And weíre still talking about these topics to this very day.
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A recently published book gives an insight into some of Apple's earliest designs, including the 'Bashful' concept tablet.
Contrary to what it would have you believe, Apple didn't invent the tablet -- but it did have some promising concept designs sketched up as early as 1982.
The snap above, which shows an Apple tablet design decades before the introduction of the iPad, is one prototype gadget detailed in a recently published book of design written by Hartmut Esslinger.
Esslinger founded design company Frog Design, which worked with Apple in the 80s and is credited as strongly influencing the Californian company's design ethos, including a unified look across all gadgets that Apple still employs today.
The tablet above doesn't look particularly slick by today's cruel standards, but in the early 80s you'd likely have sold a kidney to fondle that concept touchscreen machine, which is adorably nicknamed 'Bashful'. It even comes with a stylus, like its descendant the Newton.
A passage from Design Forward: Creative Strategies for Sustainable Change, which was provided to our sister site CNET News, describes how Esslinger advised Steve Jobs to use companies like Sony, Samsung and other Asian firms as manufacturing partners, something that's standard practise with Apple today.
"Most importantly," Esslinger recalls, "I explained, Apple needed one design team that directly reported to him, and that design had to be involved far ahead of any actual product development in Apple's strategic planning."
Head over to CNET News now, where you can ogle a vast array of other concept Apple goodies, including the 'Baby Mac' above, which Esslinger calls his "best design never to be produced", and was due to feature a wireless keyboard and mouse.
What's your favourite old computer? Are you a fan of tablets, or would you rather stick with a good old-fashioned laptop? Let me know in the comments, or on our Facebook wall.


Not sure what the 17 rear crossbar looks like. I utilized the slot in the back of the rear crossbar on my getaway as a support. I'm sure you could modify my design to make it work for you.
Updated my old post, just wanted folks to see the final product which I am very happy with.
I am trying a different approach for an electric motor mount for my Hobie Getaway. I was determined not to drill any holes in the rear cross beam and not interfere with the sliding truck of the rear winch. I used a piece of 1x4 by eight foot six inch long wood to provide support and to counteract downward/forward thrust from the motor. The wood goes all the way to the front beam and fits under some tramp lashings. It all tucks nicely under the tiller bar which provides about one foot space between it and the rear beam when the rudders are down. When the rudders are up, there is less space but the tiller bar is higher and does not interfere with the motor. The electric motor I have bought has a head that is about 8" wide and will fit onto the 1 x 4. That way the motor will hang parallel to the back beam when not in use and swing down when needed. With the rudders up it goes about 10 kph on max, faster than walking speed. See attached pictures.
Last edited by PJW on Thu Aug 31, 2017 9:55 am, edited 1 time in total.
Here's my motor mount with a Home Depot fence rail for a cross brace. I shimmed it so the cross brace didn't interfere with the rudders.
I am assembling Keith's motor mount for use with my Torqeedo 1003 on the Getaway. I guessed wrong on the hardware for the mount, and thought I'd add the list of bolts, nuts, and washers I finally ended up with to save somebody else a couple of trips back to the hardware store. All bolts, nuts, and washers are 5/16 inch diameter by 18 threads per inch. Dimensions listed below are length, except for the set screw.
* Our local hardware stores here around Cleveland, Ohio do not carry stainless steel carriage bolts shorter than 1". I ordered the 3/4" bolts from BoltDepot.com.
It looks like Keith only used flat washers in a few locations. I bought more because washers spread the loads, and lock washers slow down or stop loosening due to vibrations. Also, they are cheap. Use your own judgement on where and how many.
Last edited by dpalac on Thu Oct 05, 2017 9:25 am, edited 1 time in total.
Thanks dpalac. Good luck with your new motor mount. Hope it works as well for you as it has so far (2 seasons) for me. I am adding your hardware count into my original post.
A public thanks to Keith! My mount is on, and I sailed with it just once so far in moderate Lake Erie chop. Sturdy and steady. It's great to see the Torqeedo sitting nice and vertically up out of the water, with the prop just at the right depth to get a good dig into the water. It cavitated only once when a 4 foot wake came up under the stern, but dug right back in in less than a second. Thank you, thank you, thank you!
I had a Cheata mount previously on the port side, and I attempted to install Keith's mount on the same side, but changed my mind when I fitted Keith's mount onto the crossbar and saw that the holes for it would overlap the Cheata holes. So I moved Keith's mount to the starboard size and plugged the Cheata holes in the crossbar with the epoxy putty. One of these days I'll sand down the putty and paint - too busy sailing now.
Oh the wood mount idea attached to the tramp is great for the lighter electrics!
I like the earlier mount that the Honda is on as well, these are really good.
Any body have a mount for sale for the Honda level weight?
I have a 3.5 hp tohotsu 4 stroke outboard from another sailboat. Looks like it is 41 pounds which seems to be too heavy for the cheata mount. (BTW Honda 2HP is about 30 lbs.) However, I found a used cheata mount for the getaway and have an idea to use it in conjunction with the new rear crossbar support that dorienc and wanderoo222 are using. By adding that extra support, maybe 41 pounds will work?
I see the u strap screwed into the plastic to anchor the new crossbar to each pontoon. How thick is that plastic? Any tips for screws to use here?
I had the Cheeta mount, but replaced it with the homebuilt mount; it holds the motor higher and you get less splashing than the Cheeta creates. It cost about $100 to make the homebuilt mount that Keith designed. But if you've already got the Cheeta mount, they do the job.
I used "toprail galvanized painted fence rail from home depot, with 2 conduit clamps. I used 1-1/2" sheet metal screws to hold the clamps down. Make sure to mount them with your rudders and tiller in place so the rudder arms don't interfere.
My Torqeedo weighs 29#, so with the crossbar you should be OK with the heavier motor. I put short sheet metal screws through the conduit clamps into the cross rail, because it shifted sideways.
thanks Bob, I see those extra sheet metal screws now through the pipe and the clamp, I will add that detail as well, that's a great tip.
I wound up getting the chaeta in a package, maybe I paid 125 -150 for the chaeta itself, and I would probably procrastinate forever building the whole thing, so it seemed to be the way to go.
However, I think I can handle that new crosspiece, that is a great idea. I guess that will be my design then. And I will take your advice to put the rudders and all pieces in place before I finalize the locations.
Do you put any sealant in the holes when you install the 1 1/2" screws?
No, I didn't seal the holes. I drilled pilot holes, and used self-tapping screws. I think any in-leakage will be trivial, particularly in that location. I pull the drains out at the end of every season, and so far, I've not gotten even a drop of water out of them.
looks very straight forward, thanks Bob!
1) I couldn't get over the piece that sticks into the cross bar. The torsional force on this load is high given the short distance from the fulcrum point (i'm not a physics expert but I intuitively sensed this) And since we have to drill the cross bar anyway, I put through bolts all the way and used a stacked sandwich of plates to get the spacing right.
2) I also specifically designed mine to minimize the length of the extension bar to also reduce torsional (rotational) force on the cross bar.
3) I am using the Torqeedo motor which hangs down a lot even when in the up mode. I liked the fact that the cheetah mount raised up as I often take out several adults and so the hulls are loaded down in the water. I didn't want the motor splashing and draggging, so I designed a hinge mechanism to raise the motor up.
BTW, I like the torqeedo as i mount just the motor and have a battery extension cable to keep both the tiller and the battery on the boat (further reducing weight from the motor mount and the forces on the cross bar).