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Lifting Code of Practice
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Published in September 2011 by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in collaboration with the Ministry of Manpower.
All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means in whole or in part, without prior written permission. The information provided in this publication is accurate as at time of printing. The Workplace Safety and Health Council does not accept any liability or responsibility to any party for losses or damage arising from following this publication. This publication is available on the Workplace Safety and Health Council Website: www.wshc.sg Email: contact@wshc.sg
Code of Practice on
Safe Lifting Operations in the Workplaces
As Singapore enhances the importance of Workplace Safety and Health (WSH), the management of lifting activities has been identified as a high risk operation which requires proper planning and execution. This Code of Practice (CP) has been developed to provide guidance on how to conduct such lifting operations safely. It highlights factors that need to be considered during the planning and execution of the operation, and introduces the Lifting Plan as a systematic approach towards planning a lift. The CP also outlines the roles and responsibilities of those who are involved in a lifting operation. This CP is aimed at practitioners who are involved in lifting operations, particularly those who plan these operations and the supervisors of the personnel in the lifting team. This CP was produced after extensive analysis of current practice in Singapore. Assembled by specialists in the field, the CP is intended to provide examples of good practices. It is not meant to be prescriptive or imply that there is only one way of doing the task, nor it is intended to replace or take precedence over recommendations, policies and procedures judged as safe as or safer than those given herein. Individuals and companies should use the CP as the preferred standard and that they should continue to find ways to exceed and improve upon the practices detailed within. There are many modes and methods of conducting a lifting operation. This CP is not intended to cover in detail, but provide guidance on the minimum expectations required during the planning and implementation of a lifting operation. The same principles can be applied to a large 500 tonne or a smaller lifting device. While this CP recognises that companies have adopted their in-house operational procedures, this CP has been developed to provide guidance in conducting safe lifting operations with a foundation in operational expectations and requirements. Note: This CP replaces the Technical Advisory for Safe Operation of Lifting Equipment published by the WSH Council in May 2009.
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6 6.1 6.2
Introduction Scope Purpose Regulatory Requirements Factors Affecting Safe Lifting Operations General Machine Material Medium Man Method Lifting Plan General Risk Assessments and Permit-To-Work Lifting Plan Harmonisation of the Lifting Plan vis--vis Risk Assessment and Permit-To-Work Changes to Lifting Plans Equipment General Selection of Equipment Equipment Positioning and Installation Identification of Lifting Equipment Lifting Equipment with Variable Safe Working Load (SWL) Pre-Use Checks Personnel Roles and Responsibilities General Contractor Lifting Team Erection and Maintenance of Lifting Equipment Emergency and Contingency Planning General Requirement Emergency Response Procedures
4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 14 14 16 17 17 17
List of References Sample Lifting Plan/ Permit-To-Work Sample Checklist for Mobile/ Crawler Crane Sample Checklist for Tower Crane Sample Checklist for Overhead Travelling Crane Sample Checklist for Lorry Crane
Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5
This Code of Practice (CP) shall apply to all work activities involving lifting equipments such as mobile, crawler, tower, overhead travelling, portal, jib cranes and lorry crane/ loader, etc (excluding specialised lifting operations on floating docks and barges). This CP provides guidance on safe lifting practices for personnel who are involved in the planning and execution of lifting operations. Specifically, it provides guidance on the following: identification of operational factors that may affect safe lifting operations; and development of a Lifting Plan to better manage safe lifting operations.
Lifting operation is an integral part of any construction, ship-building, ship-repairing or manufacturing process. Every lift carries a set of risks that needs to be managed in order to prevent an accident from occurring. Unsafe lifting operations can result in catastrophic outcomes involving multiple fatalities and serious injuries as well as extensive damage to properties and facilities. This CP has been prepared based on the collective experience from past accidents and good practices in safe lifting operation. It provides guidance for the practitioner in the planning and execution of a lifting operation. This CP is not intended to provide technical details on any specific lifting equipment; hence it is recommended to consult the manufacturer or supplier when more technical details are required.
The WSH Act imposes a duty on occupiers and employers to take reasonably practicable measures to ensure the safety and health of persons at work. In addition, the Act imposes duties on suppliers and erectors of equipments such as cranes to ensure that the equipments are safe when used properly. The imposition of such duties is in addition to the more prescriptive requirements that can be found in the subsidiary legislation such as the WSH (Construction) Regulations as well as the WSH (Operation of Cranes) Regulations. This CP is developed to help stakeholders fulfil their statutory obligations under the Act so as to achieve a higher objective of ensuring a safe lifting operation. It complements the existing Singapore Standards and Code of Practices that have been developed on safe use of lifting equipment.
2. Factors Affecting Safe Lifting Operations
There are many factors that can affect a lifting operation and it is important that personnel involved in lifting operations are aware of such factors. Broadly, they can be classified as: Machine: Selection of appropriate lifting equipment for the job as well as the integrity of the equipment to perform the job; Material: Load that is intended to be lifted; Medium: Environment in which the lifting operation is to be carried out and includes the setting up and stability of the equipment; Man: Competency, roles and responsibilities of personnel involved in the lifting operation; and Method: Planning and procedures to be adopted for the lifting operation. Routine versus Non-routine Lifts A lift can be categorised as a routine lift if it is repetitive in nature and involves loads that are similar in shape, size and weight, i.e., multiple lifts of similar items. The underlying principle is that the risks involved in a routine lift are already known and mitigated. A non-routine lift refers to lifting operation that is complex, carried out for the first time or lifting close to the lifting capacity of the crane. For example, a tandem tilt-up operation (i.e., lifting using two or more cranes to tilt a long structure from horizontal position to vertical) is a complex non-routine lift. It will require a detailed risk assessment and engineering method before the lift is carried out. Specific control measures to mitigate the risks involved in such a complex operation will need to be put in place. For example, in order to address the risk of a long structure buckling during a tilt-up operation, the numbers and location of lifting lugs will need to be considered in the design and built into the structure to be lifted. In short, a non-routine lift will require extensive planning. Notwithstanding the above, it is a misperception to assume that as long as the weight of the load is below a certain tonnage, it can be classified as a routine lift and therefore require less planning or supervision. Based on past experiences, most crane accidents happened during a routine lift rather than a non-routine lift. Hence, any lifting operation whether routine or non-routine requires the same level of safety considerations.
The following paragraphs outline the factors in greater detail and identify areas that must be considered before any lifting operation is carried out. It is important to note that the following areas are by no means exhaustive. Where more details are needed, users are advised to refer to the operating or maintenance manuals, or the supplier/ manufacturer of the equipment.
2.2.1 Sizing of the lifting equipment 2.2.1.1 One of the most critical factors in planning a lifting operation is to ensure that lifting equipment selected for the job has sufficient lifting capacity and reach to handle the intended load. In the case of a tower, mobile, crawler or lorry crane, the lifting capacity is dependent on the load radius of the crane boom. Hence, it is important in the selection of the crane that the distance from the load to the crane is known. The loading and uploading points within the worksite must be carefully considered in relation to the location of the crane. For lifting operations involving multiple loads of different shapes and sizes, the capacity of the crane should be selected based on the weight of the heaviest load to prevent overloading. 2.2.2 Maintenance of the lifting equipment 2.2.2.1 Another important aspect is the maintenance of the lifting equipment to ensure its structural integrity. Based on past incidents, attention needs to be focused on the following critical load bearing parts. Wire ropes There are many types of wire ropes for different usages and therefore, the correct type must be selected for the equipment. The wire ropes must be properly maintained (lubricated) to prevent the ropes from snapping during operation. Braking mechanism The ability of the lifting equipment to lift or suspend a load is dependent on the brakes connected to the hoisting mechanism. Any failure in the brakes will result in an unintended free-fall of the suspended load. Safety devices Most lifting equipments are equipped with safety devices such as limit switches or sensors. The safety devices will stop or prevent the lifting equipment from entering into an unsafe mode of operation. For example, an anti two-blocking device on a crawler crane prevents the hook block assembly from coming into contact with the boom sheave assembly. It is therefore critical to ensure that such safety devices are functioning properly. They should never be by-passed during a normal operation. 2.2.2.2 Further explanation is provided in Section 4 of this CP.
There are key factors to consider in lifting a load.
2.3.2 Weight 2.3.2.1 This is the most important parameter that must be determined to prevent overloading of the lifting equipment. When the load is part of an assembled item, the weight of each component can be determined from the engineering drawings. Other times, one must rely on the calculation of the density and volume of the load that is being carried such as the concrete or rebars. Special attention is essential when the load comprises different materials such as a rubbish bucket containing waste and debris. It is safer to be extra careful and estimate a heavier weight than assuming a lighter one. 2.3.3 Centre of gravity (CG) 2.3.3.1 During lifting operation, it is critical to maintain the CG of the load directly beneath the load-line, i.e., the hook. Otherwise when the load is lifted, it will swing towards the CG and can cause danger to anyone close-by to get hit by the swinging load. Depending on the shape and size of the load, the CG may or may not be obvious. If in doubt, it is advisable to consult an engineer. 2.3.4 Method of rigging 2.3.4.1 There are different methods of rigging that are well established in the industry. The objective of the rigging method is to ensure that the load is stable throughout the lifting operation. For loose items such as bricks and bags of concrete, it is critical that they are secured using an appropriate receptacle such as safety nets or metal cage to avoid any accidental dislodgement in mid-air.
Once the lifting equipment is selected and the load is determined, the planning must then focus on the environment in which the lifting equipment is operating in and how the lifting equipment is set up. Besides environmental weather conditions, every worksite will have to consider the specific localised hazards which have to be eliminated or mitigated to ensure a safe lifting operation. The following factors which must be considered in lifting a load are presented using an acronym GOLDEN for ease of reference.
2.4.2 Ground 2.4.2.1 The stability of the lifting equipment is highly dependent on the ground condition of the location where the lifting equipment will be set up. Special care must be taken to ensure that the ground is level and has sufficient bearing capacity. Cranes that are equipped with outriggers should be evenly and fully extended. In addition when using mobile or crawler cranes, it is recommended that steel plates with adequate strength and size are used to provide a firm ground support for the crane outriggers in order to prevent any crane toppling incidents. 2.4.3 Obstacles 2.4.3.1 Any fixed or temporary installations such as buildings, MRT tracks, overhead power lines, bridges or underground utilities/ pipelines that are within the proximity of the operation zone are considered as obstacles during a lifting operation. There is a risk of the lifting equipment or load coming into contact with the installations which can result in an accidental dislodgement of the load. Such obstacles can also refer to blind spots or entrapment points during manoeuvring of the load or lifting equipment, especially in congested areas. 2.4.4 Lighting condition 2.4.4.1 Adequate lighting particularly during a night operation is very crucial. Depending on the lift, the operator, rigger or signalman will need to see the suspended load clearly in order to guide it to its safe destination. 2.4.5 Demarcation 2.4.5.1 The zone of operation should be clearly demarcated to inform and prevent persons who are not involved in the lifting operation from entering into the zone unintentionally. In areas where tower, dockside and overhead travelling cranes are continuously in operation and span a wide area, it is important to designate the affected zone of operation. In addition to that, other measures should also be taken to prevent any person from walking under the suspended load. Such measures include deployment of more signalmen to guide the load or installing audible alarm to warn workers about the on-going lifting operation. 2.4.6 ENvironment 2.4.6.1 Weather conditions such as heavy rain, haze or glaze will impact the visibility of the lifting crew. Other weather conditions that can impact the stability and safety of the lifting operations include strong winds, thunderstorms or lightning situation. It is also important to remember that wind speed is stronger at higher ground. During the planning of any lifting operation, the anticipated wind speed at the site must be taken into consideration and refer to the crane manufacturer operation manual for the wind speed limit. It is advisable to stop all lifting operations when the weather condition deteriorates.
Investigations into past accidents showed that human error is the most common cause of accidents involving lifting operations. Therefore, it is important that every single member of the lifting crew (operator, rigger, signalman and lifting supervisor) is adequately trained and competent to carry out his duties properly. They must also be fully conversant with the actual lifting procedures applicable to the lifting operation and not just the generic procedures. Here are factors that should be considered.
2.5.2 Fit for duty 2.5.2.1 Besides the prerequisite for competency (i.e., ability to read load capacity charts), the fitness of the personnel, preexisting medical conditions or number of working hours that can adversely affect his ability to discharge his duties must also be considered. 2.5.3 2.5.3.1 Roles and responsibilities The roles and responsibilities of each individual involved in the lifting operations must be clear. There must be proper leadership within the lifting crew so that instructions are relayed appropriately. In addition, all personnel should be empowered to stop work if the operation is or has become unsafe.
2.5.4 Communications 2.5.4.1 Providing communication devices such as radio walkie-talkie or application of standard crane hand signals will ensure there is a common understanding between members of the lifting crew. Employers must take into consideration the local workforce which comprises workers from various countries with different languages when forming the lifting crew. 2.5.5 Further explanation is provided in Section 5 of this CP.
Most general type of lifting operations rely on established procedures after determining factors such as Machine, Medium and Man as discussed earlier. These types of lifts are categorised as routine lifting operations. Whether the lift is routine or not, there are other important factors in the life-cycle of a lifting operation that needs to be considered.
2.6.2 Knowing the weight of the load and the load radius 2.6.2.1 If the weight of the load is unknown, the general rule of thumb is not to lift the load as it could lead to overloading and toppling of the lifting equipment. 2.6.3 Securing the load using appropriate lifting gears such as slings, nets or receptacles 2.6.3.1 If the load is not properly rigged or loose, there is a risk that the load will be dislodged and dropped while being transferred from one location to another. 2.6.4 Conducting a test lift to ensure stability and no overloading 2.6.4.1 A test lift is simply lifting the load just slightly off the ground and stopping to observe for any abnormalities. This is a critical discipline that all operators must abide by. 2.6.5 Maintaining the centre of gravity (CG) of the load directly beneath the load-line i.e., the hook 2.6.5.1 If the CG is not directly beneath the load-line, the load will swing when it is lifted off the ground. In addition, it is dangerous and will destabilise the crane if the load is being pulled or dragged. 2.6.6 Stability of the suspended load during movement/ slewing of the crane 2.6.6.1 While moving or slewing the crane, the load should be jerk or swing at all times. 2.6.7 2.6.7.1 Lowering / releasing of the suspended load Towards the end of the lifting operation, the load must be placed on a stable ground. If the load is placed at a height, extra care must be taken to ensure there is no risk of the load falling off the edge. Often times, the load is lifted beyond the line of sight of the operator. Under such circumstances, the signalman and/ or lifting supervisor is responsible to ensure the stability of the suspended load. It is important to note that no lifting equipment or lifting gear shall be loaded beyond its safe working load except by an authorised examiner or inspector for the purpose of testing such items.
3. Lifting Plan
Under the law, it is mandatory to conduct a risk assessment1 on the safety and health risks posed to any person who may be affected by the lifting operation in the workplace. The contractor involved is also responsbile to take all reasonably practicable steps to eliminate any foreseeable risk to any person. In addition, there are legislative requirements for lifting operations involving tower, mobile or crawler crane in any workplaces to implement a Permit-To-Work system in order to effectively control lifting operations. In order to assist the contractor to designate their duties and implement a system to ensure safe lifting operation, a Lifting Plan that has the requirements for risk assessment and Permit-To-Work is recommended in this section.
3.2.1 3.2.1.1
Risk Assessments and Permit-To-Work
Risk Assessment By definition, Risk Assessment (RA) is the process of evaluating the probability and consequences of an injury or illness from exposure to an identified hazard and determining the appropriate measures for risk control. As such, there are three basic steps to RA. 3.2.1.2 Step 1 - Hazard Identification Identifying the hazards associated with each work activity and the type of potential accidents/ incidents that can result from the hazards is the first step to RA. Some of the hazards associated with lifting operations such as poorly maintained wire ropes have already been discussed in Section 2. 3.2.1.3 Step 2 - Risk Evaluation Risk evaluation is the process of estimating the severity of an injury or damage and the likelihood of the occurrence. For example, the risk level of workers working underneath a suspended pre-cast component should be assessed as a high risk hazard as the consequences of the load dropping can result in killing the workers underneath. 3.2.1.4 Step 3 - Risk Control This is a critical last step as it identifies appropriate risk control measures to reduce the risk level to an acceptable level. Following from the previous example of a suspended pre-cast component, an appropriate risk control measure will be to prohibit workers from working directly underneath a suspended load. The lifting zone should also be demarcated to prevent any unauthorised entry. 3.2.2 Permit-To-Work 3.2.2.1 A Permit-To-Work System (PTW) is a formalised system of controlling certain types of hazardous work (lifting operations included). A proper PTW involves the contractor applying for permission to carry out a certain work activity. In the application, he is required to state the scope and conditions in which the work will be carried out. An independent inspection is then conducted on-site to verify that appropriate control measures have been taken to mitigate any foreseeable risks. After confirming that the measures have been taken, the application will be approved by an authorised person (i.e., the project manager). The authorised person should have an oversight on the entire work process so as to avoid any conflicting or incompatible work that is carried out at the same time. The work can commence only after the permit has been approved.
Workplace Safety and Health (Risk Management) Regulations 2006 9
Lifting Plan
Section 2 highlights factors affecting a safe lifting operation and provides guidance to the personnel planning for a lifting operation. A Lifting Plan should be developed based on the consideration of the factors listed Machine, Material, Medium, Man and Method. Depending on the complexity of the lifting operation, details to be considered in a Lifting Plan will vary. The primary objective of the Lifting Plan is to facilitate common understanding amongst the lifting crew for a safe outcome. The underlying principle is that all foreseeable risks are assessed and eliminated/ mitigated. To provide guidance, a template of a Lifting Plan is provided in Appendix 1. The template lists the following key factors that will affect a safe lifting operation. Details of the load Details of the lifting equipment/ lifting gears used Means of communications Personnel involved in the lifting operation Physical and environmental considerations Sequence/ special precautions Sketch of the zone of operation Notwithstanding the above, it is important to note that the factors recommended in the Lifting Plan are by no means exhaustive and personnel involved in planning lifting operation must consider factors that are unique to the situation, particularly for complex lifting operations.
Harmonisation of the Lifting Plan vis--vis Risk Assessment and Permit-To-Work
A RA for lifting operation should specify control measures such as appointment of competent personnel, usage of appropriately maintained lifting gears, demarcation of the lifting zone, and taking into account the physical environment. These factors are necessary and useful for the RA. The Lifting Plan and the PTW are part of the Risk Control stage of the RA process. The purpose of a proper Lifting Plan/ PTW is to verify that the necessary control measures have been taken. They are complementary and should not be seen as mere paper exercises. If the sample Lifting Plan/ PTW template recommended in Appendix 1 is used properly, it would meet the legislative requirements for Lifting Plan and PTW.
Changes to Lifting Plans
As the Lifting Plan is developed based on a pre-determined set of parameters and considerations, any significant changes should result in a temporary stoppage of the lifting operation and a review of the Lifting Plan. The following scenarios should result in a review of the Lifting Plan. Changes to the type and capacity of lifting equipment used. Changes to the sequence of operations. Changes requiring reconfiguration of the crane (boom/ jib length, outrigger beam length reduction, parts of hoist line, etc). Changes in the rigging details which could result in a reduction in rigging strength or significant increase in rigging weight. Changes in surrounding environment such as sudden presence of a temporary structure obstructing the operation. Changes in the weather and environmental conditions which have an adverse impact to the lifting operation. Changes to safety-critical personnel.
This section provides guidance for the selection, maintenance and other aspect of the lifting equipment.
Selection of Equipment
An equipment assessment must be completed as part of the RA. The objective of the equipment assessment is to identify the hazards and assess the risks associated with the equipment for the foreseeable range of lifting operations. For example, the applications, loads and configurations of the equipment that will be used. Based on this assessment, the appropriate lifting equipment for the lifting operation may then be selected. The equipment assessment shall consider, but not necessarily be limited to the following. Is the equipment designed for the intended type of lifting operation? What is the age of the lifting equipment? Was there any authorised modifications made to the equipment? What are the dismantling and assembly process? How are components of the lifting equipment transported to site for assembly? What type of pre-erection examination or Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is required? How is the lifting equipment controlled e.g. , via pendant or within the operator cabin? What are the access and egress for the operator to reach the cabin? What are the dismantling and storage requirements? What transportation methods to use for continued integrity? Owners of lifting equipment must not install additional components that may affect the structural integrity of the lifting equipment e.g., adding counterweights beyond what is specified in the manual. In general, structural modification of a lifting equipment should not be undertaken except by a competent party. If the lifting equipment has to be modified, a detailed engineering design must be undertaken in consultation with the manufacturer or a professional body. The design must take into account prevailing design codes, standards and practices as well as compliance with all applicable regulations.
Equipment Positioning and Installation
For the purpose of this CP, the term positioning refers to mobile equipment being set up in a particular location to carry out lifting operations. The term installation refers to the assembling of lifting equipment at the selected location. A process shall be established to ensure that the contractor reviews the positioning/ installation of the lifting equipment to eliminate or mitigate the risks. All hazards identified in relation to the position/ installation of the equipment shall be addressed in the RA and Lifting Plan. Lifting equipment must be positioned or installed in order to: eliminate or reduce the risks to public or buildings in the immediate vicinity of the lifting operation; avoid having the load being manoeuvred over people; avoid striking, trapping or crushing persons; avoid striking any other structures such as buildings;
ensure that entrance and exit paths of existing passageways are not compromised by risks arising from the lifting operations; avoid collision with other lifting equipment being used simultaneously; and provide suitable gates/ barriers to prevent inappropriate/ unsafe access to any hoist area.
The above list is not exhaustive. Any lifting equipment must be positioned or installed such that the risks of injuring people or damaging assets are minimised during a lifting operation. In general, whenever lifting equipment are disassembled and reassembled, they shall be subjected to a thorough re-inspection and load tested as per legal requirements by an Authorised Examiner. This is to ensure the integrity and stability of the equipment during the reassembly process.
Identification of Lifting Equipment
Every lifting equipment and its component parts shall be identified with a visible marking including the safe working load (SWL). The markings serve the following purposes. Communicate clearly the maximum SWL of the equipment. Communicate clearly the maximum number of persons it can carry if it is used for lifting people. Facilitate the identification of the equipment and its component including whether it is genuine and compatible with the equipment. Where practicable, the SWL should be marked on the equipment prominently. However where this is not possible (i.e., a small lifting gear), a coding system can be used to provide the user with the required information. Examples of such systems include colour coding or attaching some form of label. Where a number of lifting accessories are assembled to form a single lifting equipment which is not dismantled after use, the assembly should be marked to indicate its safety characteristics to users. Where there are other characteristics which may cause a lifting accessory to become unsuitable for use in a particular application, this information should be marked or otherwise made available to the user.
Lifting Equipment with Variable Safe Working Load
Some lifting equipments are designed to operate with variable SWL. Examples of such lifting equipment include mobile crane equipped with a telescopic jib that can be raised or lowered. Tower cranes are also designed to have variable SWL. In principle, the closer the load is to the body of the crane, the higher will be the SWL of the equipment. For such lifting equipments, besides the mandatory load capacity chart, they must be equipped with a load radius indicator to indicate to the operator the SWL of the crane at that configuration (load radius). It should also provide a visual and audible warning to the operator if the load lifted is close to the SWL. Consequently, due to the variable SWL, the crane operator must exercise extreme care whenever he lowers the jib or telescope the boom outwards with a load. This will lead to a reduction of the SWL and will result in crane overloading. For lorry cranes, if the load radius indicator is not feasible, it must be equipped with fully hydraulic protection valves and pressure relief system to prevent crane overloading. Some modern cranes are designed such that a different load capacity chart will apply depending on whether the outriggers are fully or partially extended. Under such circumstances, the operator must be fully aware of the configurations and make the necessary adjustment to the parameter settings of the indicator. Information on how changes to the configuration can affect the SWL must be provided in the operators cabin. The information should be placed in the operator's cabin and not in the office as it needs to be easily retrieved by the operator while carrying out a lifting operation.
Pre-use Checks
Prior to use, the operators of lifting equipment and accessories shall perform a pre-use check in order to identify any faults in the equipment. This should be a daily check at the start of each shift. This daily inspection is not intended to replace the period preventive maintenance checks by the mechanics. Sample checklists for various cranes are provided in Appendix 2, 3, 4 and 5 for reference.
Useful tools As it is insufficient to solely rely on the crane electronic system, it is recommended that all mobile and crawler cranes be equipped with the following tools to allow the lifting team to use them during crane setup/ or pre-use checks: Measuring tape As the crane's rated capacity depends on the radius of the load which is the distance between the load to the crane, the simplest and most accurate means of determining a radius is a tape measure. Without a tape measure, a crane operator is force to guess the lifting radius or use a less accurate boom angle determination to verify the crane's capacity. Calculator The mathematics necessary to determine if a crane will be lifting 78% or 91% of its rating chart for a specific lift can be a challenging problem for many crane operators. A calculator circumvents this problem allowing the operator to focus on the details of the lifting rather than arithmetical errors. Spirit level gauge One cannot just rely on the spirit level gauge that is provided with the crane. At times, it may not even be accurate when the crane set up is level. The additional portable spirit level gauge that can be purchased from a do-it-yourself (DIY) shop will give additional verification and ensure level of balance from front and rear of crane. Calliper The crane operator uses the calliper to do daily crane checks to ensure that the crane wire rope provided is according to crane manufacturer specification. The checks include whether the wire rope has a reduction in diameter that can be caused by abrasion, corrosion or a local failure of the rope core due to its prolonged used.
5. Personnel Roles and Responsibilities
This section outlines the responsibilities of all personnel and entities that are involved in a lifting operation.
The overall responsibility to ensure the lifting operation is carried out safely and in accordance with legislative requirements rests with the contractor undertaking the lifting operation. The contractor (termed as a responsible person in the WSH (Operation of Cranes) Regulations) could be the employer or the principal of the operator under whose direction he operates the crane. The contractor shall: ensure a safe system of work is implemented, all foreseeable risks are identified and control measures are implemented to eliminate or mitigate the risks through the implementation of a Lifting Plan and PTW system; ensure that the worksite is physically safe for the lifting operation e.g., there is no physical obstruction in the path of the load; ensure that the lifting equipment to be used is properly maintained and certified in accordance with legislative requirements; ensure that the lifting operation has the necessary resources to carry out the lift safely e.g. , receptacle for lifting loose items; ensure that personnel deployed as part of the lifting team are suitably trained, competent and certified, and that they have been briefed on the lifting operation; ensure that only competent sub-contractors are used; and ensure that all accidents, near misses, equipment failure or damage are reported and recorded. The contractor may appoint a competent person such as a WSH Officer to assist in the identification of any hazards related to the lifting operation and recommend suitable actions to eliminate/ mitigate the risk.
Lifting Team
Selection of Lifting Team The Lifting Team refers to a group of personnel that are appointed to be directly involved in a lifting operation. For simple routine lifts, it typically includes the site supervisor, lifting supervisor, crane operator, riggers and signalmen. For more complex lifting operations, it should include other personnel such as the appointed person who had planned for the lift, banksmen who will serve to coordinate other equipment or personnel movement near the zone of operation. Key factors to consider in selecting a Lifting Team include: Competency Only suitably trained and competent personnel should be deployed as part of the Lifting Team. During the lifting operation, if any personnel in the team is not confident of carrying out the lift e.g., rigger may be unsure on how to rig up the odd-shaped item with the limited lifting gears that he has, he must stop the operation and request for assistance. Composition It is good practice to try to maintain the same group of individuals in a Lifting Team so that the trust and rapport among team members can be built up over time. Trust becomes very important when the operator does not have a line of sight to the load and has to rely on the instructions that he received from his teammates. There are many things that can go wrong in a lifting operation hence it is important that the Lifting Team is familiar with one another. This is especially critical in an emergency situation. Care should be taken to ensure that new members to a lifting team are appropriately inducted and briefed on the procedures. To facilitate identification, members of the Lifting Team should be clearly identifiable by use of reflective jackets or other conspicuous clothing or marking.
Communication The Lifting Team must use a common language that all members can understand. Any miscommunications can result in accidents. Hence care should be taken when forming a Lifting Team involving individuals from different countries and nationalities. Although it is important that the Lifting Team adopts the standard crane hand/ voice signals to facilitate the lifting operation, it is not possible to use crane hand signals when the operation involves lifting an item from the ground to the rooftop of a tall building.
Lifting Supervisor The lifting supervisor should be appointed in writing by the contractor. This position is defined as the person who is in-charged with actively supervising the lifting operation on site. The person could be a foreman, shift supervisor or other similar capacity. 5.3.2.2 In general, all lifting operation must be supervised by the appointed lifting supervisor as he is the main person leading and coordinating the operation. A lifting supervisor may be allowed to supervise more than one lifting operation at any point in time provided that he is able to discharge his duties appropriately e.g., when the two operations are side by side within close proximity. If so requested by the contractor, the lifting supervisor should assist to develop the Lifting Plan and seek approval from the contractors management. 5.3.2.3 Thereafter, the appointed lifting supervisor shall: coordinate all lifting activities in accordance with the Lifting Plan; brief all lifting team members on the Lifting Plan, safe lifting procedure and RA; ensure that only registered crane operators, appointed riggers and appointed signalmen participate in any lifting operation involving the use of mobile and tower cranes; ensure that the ground conditions are safe for any lifting operation to be performed; be present during all lifting operations to ensure that the lift is carried out in accordance with the lifting plan; keep within his/her sight and view of all the lifting operations; and take suitable measures to rectify any unsafe conditions to ensure the lifting operation can be conducted safely.
Lifting Equipment Operator There are different types of lifting equipment and the operator is one of the most important personnel of the Lifting Team as he is in-charged of the lifting equipment. One of the key competencies of the crane operator of mobile, crawler or tower cranes is the ability to read and understand the load capacity chart, and to differentiate the Gross Capacity and Net Capacity of the lift. The operator needs to know the SWL of the crane relative to the radius in order to prevent overloading of the crane. 5.3.3.2 The appointed lifting equipment operator shall: carry out the lifting operation in accordance with the Lifting Plan; inspect the lifting equipment prior to use to check for abnormalities; check that load radius indicator and other safety devices are functioning properly; ensure that the ground is stable and the surrounding is free from any structures or materials that may obstruct the lifting operation; carry out lifting operation only when a lifting supervisor is present on site; disengage from any manoeuvre that is dangerous; monitor environmental effects such as thunderstorm and strong wind that will affect the safe operations of the lift; report any defects immediately to the lifting supervisor, and record such defects in maintenance log records; stop the lift whenever unsafe conditions occur; and check the crane wire rope to ensure it is still within safe use. Signalmen The appointed signalmen shall be attired in such a way that he/ she will be distinctively identified as the signalman.
5.3.4.2 The appointed signalmen shall: ensure the load is correctly rigged up prior to giving signals to commence the lift; give correct and clear hand signals to the lifting equipment operator to manoeuvre the load safely from the point of lift to the destination; ensure communication is maintained with the lifting equipment operator throughout the lift in accordance with the lifting plan; ensure the lift is controlled throughout the duration of the operation; ensure that the immediate areas within the lift (start point and final position) are clear of any hazards during the manoeuvre; maintain his/ her position so as to ensure line of sight during the controlled phase of the lift and to ensure this position is free of danger; and refrain from handling load/ rigging simultaneously when giving signal to the crane operator.
5.3.5 Riggers 5.3.5.1 The appointed rigger shall be attired in such a way that he/ she will be distinctively identified as the rigger. 5.3.5.2 The appointed riggers shall: ensure all slings, webbings, shackles and other lifting gears used to rig the load are within the SWL of the lift, in good condition and duly certified; ensure that the load is rigged up in a such a manner that it is stable, balanced (centre of gravity beneath the hook) and secured (i.e., no loose items); ensure that the lifting equipment operator has been informed of the weight of the load; establish tag lines to control the load as it is being manoeuvred; and report any defect in the lifting/ rigging and materials to the lifting supervisor.
Erection and Maintenance of Lifting Equipment
The integrity of the lifting equipment to perform its task is highly dependent on how well it is being erected and maintained. Therefore, it is important that the contractor appoints qualified and experienced mechanics to carry out the erection and maintenance of the lifting equipment, particularly if such activities are to be conducted in-house. Adherence to manufacturers specification It is critical that the lifting equipment is erected, altered or maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's specification as laid out in the operational and maintenance manual. This includes using all genuine components. As with all machines to ensure that it can function properly, the lifting equipment is subject to periodic preventive maintenance (i.e., daily, monthly or quarterly). It is essential that adequate downtime is built into the operation schedule to allow effective maintenance to be carried out and to ensure that maintenance personnel are not under pressure to complete the work. Competency of mechanics/ erectors Such personnel should be provided with training relevant to the type of lifting equipment that they are handling (preferably by the manufacturer or their agents).
5.4.3 5.4.3.1 5.4.4 5.4.4.1
Record keeping A record of all preventive or corrective maintenance shall be kept. This includes records of all testing and certification. Any defects reported should also be recorded into the log book. 5.4.4.2 For erection, alteration of mobile or tower cranes, only Approved Crane Contractors can undertake such activities.
6. Emergency and Contingency Planning
All lifting operations shall have a documented Emergency Response Procedure (ERP) that covers all aspects of the operations. The ERP identifies the requirements and actions to be carried out for any foreseeable emergency (with or without any casualty) in a clear and precise manner. These include: toppling of the lifting equipment; structural failure of the lifting equipment such as boom fracture; dislodgement of the suspended load; entanglement of load with nearby structures; and recovery of injured personnel in locations where access is limited such as within a tower crane. The ERP must include the emergency contact details of relevant persons and agencies. The contingency procedure should outline all possible emergency situations and identify the recovery actions to be taken if they occur. The documented procedures shall be tested by conducting ERP drills involving all lifting operation personnel. Such ERP drills must be documented and recorded as part of the safe system for work. The drills may be conducted as a desk top review which includes all relevant personnel in the table top exercise. However, a physical exercise and drill should be carried out whenever possible.
Emergency Response Procedures
The contractor shall develop and document an ERP for the lifting operation. This ERP must be communicated to all personnel involved in the lift and made available at prominent locations at the workplace. The ERP shall include but not be limited to: details of emergency personnel and their contacts including first-aiders; emergency communication flowchart; roles and responsibilities of the emergency management team; emergency services contact details; managing injured persons; and frequency of exercise and drill to be carried out. Lifting operations may be carried out from the ground level or at a high point such as on the top of a multi-storey building or in confined areas such as in a tunnel or factory. Each location provides specific challenges for the provision of medical and evacuation support. As such, the ERP should as much as possible identify access to the location so as to facilitate expeditious medical and evacuation support.
Workplace Safety and Health Act (Cap.354A) Workplace Safety and Health (Risk Management) Regulations 2006 Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006 Workplace Safety and Health (General Provisions) (Amendments) Regulations 2006 Workplace Safety and Health (Operation of Cranes) Regulations 2011 Workplace Safety and Health (Construction) Regulations 2007 Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height, 2009 Code of Practice for Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Risk Management, 2011 SS536 : 2008 Code of Practice for Safe Use of Mobile Cranes SS559 : 2010 Code of Practice for Safe Use of Tower Cranes CP 63 : 2005 Code of Practice for the Lifting of Persons in Work Platforms Suspended from Cranes SS 497 : 2011 Code of Practice for Design, Safe Use and Maintainance of Gantry, Overhead Travelling Cranes and Monorail Hoists CP 35 : 1996 The Selection, Care and Maintenance of Steel Wire Ropes for Hoisting SS 297 : 1996 Steel Wire Ropes for Hoisting SS 343-1 : 2001 Lifting Gears SS 343-2 : 1989 Hooks SS 343-3 : 1990 Shackles SS506 : Part 1 and 2 : 2009 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Management Systems SS531 : Part 1 : 2006, Part 2 : 2008 and Part 3 : 2008 Code of Practice for Lighting of Work Places Guidebook for Lifting Supervisors Workers Safety Handbook for Crane Operator Workers Safety Handbook for Rigger and Signalman
Appendix 1: Sample Lifting Plan/ Permit-To-Work
1. General Project Location of lifting operation Contractor carrying out the lifting operation Date/ time of lifting operation Validity period of lifting operation
2. Details of the Load/s Description of load/s Overall dimensions Weight of load Centre of gravity Kg / tonne Obvious Known weight Estimated Estimated weight Determined by drawing
3. Details of the Lifting Equipment/ Lifting Gears Type of lifting equipment Maximum SWL as certified on the LM cert Max boom / Jib length Intended load radius Type of lifting gears Combined weight of the lifting gears m
Distance between the load and the crane
Date of last certification Fly jib / offset SWL at this radius
Slings / webbing / chains / shackles / spreader beam / receptacle
Kg / tonne
Certification of lifting gears
4. Means of Communications Can the operator see the loading and unloading point for the load from his position? Yes No
What are the means of communication between the lifting crew? Standard hand signals Radio Others _________________
5. Personnel Involved In Lifting Operation Position Site Supervisor Lifting Supervisor Crane Operator/ Lifting Equipment Operator Rigger Signalman Others (please state) Name Qualification/ Experience
6. Physical and Environmental Consideration (please include any details in the space provided) Ground conditions Is the ground made safe (e.g., placing steel plate)? _________________________________________________________ Are the outriggers evenly extended? _________________________________________________________ Are there any overhead obstacles such as power lines? _________________________________________________________ Obstacles Are there nearby buildings or structure, equipment or stacked materials that may obstruct lifting operation from being carried out safely? _________________________________________________________ Is the lighting condition adequate? _________________________________________________________ Has the zone of operation been barricaded (with warning signs and barriers) to prevent unauthorised access? _________________________________________________________ Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
Lighting Demarcation
Do not proceed with the lifting operation under the following circumstances: Environment Thunderstorm and lightning strikes in the area. The ground condition must be checked after a thunderstorm. Strong winds that may sway the suspended load. Other circumstances (please specify).
7. Sequence / Special Precautions
8. Sketch of the Zone of Operation: (It is recommended that you include the initial location of the load, the final location and path of the load. It is also important to indicate any obstructions or equipment that may obstruct the lifting operation).
Applied by: Name: Prepared by: Name: Assessed by: Name: Approved by: Name:
Date: Time:
Signature: Signature: Signature:
Date: Time: Date: Time: Date: Time:
Note: 1. This is only a sample Lifting Plan/ PTW, the content is by no means comprehensive. Users would have to include key critical document and information such as load capacity chart, range diagram, rigging method, sling angle, etc to ensure safe lifting operations. 2. Further guidance can be obtained from the following collaterals: Guidebook for Lifting Supervisors Workers Safety Handbook for Crane Operator Workers Safety Handbook for Rigger and Signalman
Appendix 2: Sample Checklist for Mobile/ Crawler Crane
This checklist provides an overview of the basic requirements to be checked which would help to ensure that a mobile/ crawler crane is safe for use. Mobile/ crawler crane users should consult manufacturers, suppliers and owners to check on minimum requirements and address any concerns before using the equipment. These items in this checklist are non-exhaustive and users are recommended to make the necessary modification and customisation to suit your work processes and conditions at the workplace. S/N Items Yes/ No Remarks
A. Mobile/ Crawler Crane Approved for Use 1. 2. The mobile/ crawler crane age is within limits set by MOM. The mobile/ crawler crane has a valid Lifting Machine (LM) certificate (issued less than 12 months ago). Yes No Yes No
B. General Requirements 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. The mobile/ crawler crane is provided with markings of the Safe Working Load, and LM number. Proper and safe access and egress (with proper foot and hand holds/ supports) are provided to the crane operator. A load capacity chart is displayed in the operator cabin. Operator crane cabin is provided with a locking mechanism so as to prevent unauthorised entry. An approved fire extinguisher is provided in the operator cabin. An Operation and Maintenance log book is available in the operator cabin. A Manufacturer Operating Manual and Maintenance Manual are made available. Crane hook is provided with a safety catch to prevent displacement of the sling or load from the hook. Main and auxiliary wire ropes are well lubricated and that there are no visible defects such as broken wires, kinks, excess wear, crushing etc. Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
C. Safety and Operational Devices 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. A load radius indicator with warning alarm is installed. An effective hoist and derricking braking mechanism are maintained. A swing lock or swing brake capable of preventing unintended rotation is functional. Limit switch to prevent over-hoisting of the hook (i.e., anti-two block device) is functional. Limit switch to prevent over-derricking of boom (for crawler crane) is functional. Load Moment Limiter to prevent over-turning moment is functional. Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
D. Maintenance 18. The mobile/ crawler crane has a regular maintenance programme that is in accordance with manufacturers specifications. Maintenance work on the mobile/ crawler crane is carried out by Competent Persons. Yes No
Inspected by: Crane Operator
Supervised by: Lifting Supervisor
Signature / Date
Appendix 3: Sample Checklist for Tower Crane
This checklist provides an overview of the basic requirements to be checked which would help to ensure that a tower crane is safe for use. Tower crane users should consult manufacturers, suppliers and owners to check on minimum requirements and address any concerns before using the equipment. These items in this checklist are non-exhaustive and users are recommended to make the necessary modification and customisation to suit your work processes and conditions at the workplace. S/N Items Yes/ No Remarks
A. Tower Crane Approved for Use 1. 2. The tower crane is of type-approved by MOM. The tower crane has a valid Lifting Machine (LM) certificate (issued less than 12 months ago). Yes No Yes No
B. General Requirements 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. The tower crane is provided with markings of the safe working load, tower crane serial number and LM number. Proper and safe access and egress (with proper foot and hand holds/ supports) are provided to the crane operator. A load capacity chart is displayed in the operator cabin. Operator crane cabin is provided with a locking mechanism so as to prevent unauthorised entry. A safety bar is fitted across the operators cabin window where there is likelihood of the operator falling through it. An approved fire extinguisher is provided in the operator cabin. An Operation and Maintenance log book is available in the operator cabin. A Manufacturer Operating Manual and Maintenance Manual are made available. Crane hook is provided with a safety catch to prevent displacement of the sling or load from the hook. Wire ropes are well lubricated and that there are no visible defects such as broken wires, kinks, excess wear, crushing etc. Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
C. Safety and Operational Devices 13. 14. 15. A load radius indicator with warning alarm is installed. A jib angle indicator is provided (for luffing jib tower crane). An emergency stop button, which will terminate the operation of the crane engine, is installed in the operator cabin and correctly identified. Yes No Yes No Yes No
Effective braking mechanisms for the following are maintained: (a) Hoisting (b) Derricking (c) Slewing (d) Trolley Travelling Hoisting limiter to prevent over-hoisting of the hook block is functional. Trolley travelling limiter to prevent over-travelling of trolley is functional. Limit switches to prevent over-derricking and over-lowering of jib (for luffing jib tower crane) is functional. Slewing limiter to restrict slewing of crane is functional. Overload limiter to prevent overloading of crane is functional. Load moment limiter to prevent over-turning moment is functional. Anti-collision devices are tested to stop the tower cranes operation such that the crane-to-crane interference must be maintained at not less than three metres. Wind anemometer is installed and is in good working condition. Adequate aircraft warning lights and/ or chequered white and red flags are provided.
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No Yes No Yes No
D. Maintenance 26. The tower crane has a regular maintenance programme that is in accordance with manufacturers specifications. Maintenance work on the tower crane is carried out by Competent Persons. Yes No
Appendix 4: Sample Checklist for Overhead Travelling Crane
This checklist provides an overview of the basic requirements to be checked which would help to ensure that a overhead travelling crane is safe for use. Overhead travelling crane users should consult manufacturers, suppliers and owners to check on minimum requirements and address any concerns before using the equipment. These items in this checklist are non-exhaustive and users are recommended to make the necessary modification and customisation to suit your work processes and conditions at the workplace. S/N 1. Items Power supply data: voltages, frequency is correct with the power source Bolted connections in particular high-tensile bolts on end carriage (high-tensile washers checked for correct fit: bevel facing bolt head/ nut) Guide roller spacing adjusted, screwed connection (torque) checked Crane, crab and runway end buffers installed and correctly positioned Crane and crab end approach dimensions checked (according to layout drawing) Hook height checked (according to layout drawing) and reset if necessary Gearbox checked for leaks, air vent screws fitted Chain/ rope reeving, rope mounting checked (rope wedge, rope clamp) Chain/ rope lightly oiled Chain/ rope and cable deflectors mounted (if part of crane equipment) Emergency and operating limit switches (for lifting and lowering) adjusted and operational Long and cross travel limit switches adjusted and operational Optical crane distancing adjusted (if applicable) Control pendant height and remote control strain relief (if applicable) checked Control panel symbols match actual crane travel movements Direction of movement symbols attached (for remote control units only) Accessibility, marking and availability of "mains connection switches" and "emergency-off switches" Yes/No Yes No Remarks
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
Check protective earth conductor along entire length for correct marking and connection checked Cable entry glands in terminal boxes correctly wired Control and regulating devices (if applicable) Overload cut-off devices (load measuring devices if applicable) Relay settings Resistor settings Check and tighten terminals (not clamp terminals, however) Safety distances to other parts of the building and machinery are maintained Smooth running over splices in the runway and of power supply lines Brake check carried out: lifting and lowering Brake check carried out: long and cross travel Speed checks: lifting, lowering, long and cross travel Paint coat checked and touched up where required Operation of wind drift safety device (for cranes operating outdoors) tested Cable drum (for cranes with load handling attachments) checked Warning devices (if available) A valid Lifting Machine (LM) certificate Manufacturer Operating & Maintenance Manual
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
Comments / Remarks
Appendix 5: Sample Checklist for Lorry Crane
This checklist provides an overview of the basic requirements to be checked which would help to ensure that a lorry crane is safe for use. Lorry crane users should consult manufacturers, suppliers and owners to check on minimum requirements and address any concerns before using the equipment. These items in this checklist are non-exhaustive and users are recommended to make the necessary modification and customisation to suit your work processes and conditions at the workplace. A. Equipment Approved For Use 1. 2. Lorry crane is registered with MOM. Lifting gear is registered with MOM. Suggested Evidence LM Certificate or equivalent LG Certificate or equivalent Suggested Evidence Completed risk assessment form for the various work processes Risk assessment form indicating the composition of risk assessment team Safe work procedures implementation plan Inspection to verify implementation of safe work procedures Yes No Yes/ No Yes No Yes No Yes/ No Yes No Remarks Remarks
B. Risk Requirements 3. Risk assessment is conducted for the various work processes (e.g., use, maintenance). Risk assessment team comprises of representatives from the occupier, equipment supplier, equipment operator etc.
Safe work procedures are developed and implemented before work is being carried out.
Safe work procedures are effectively communicated to all relevant parties (e.g., crane operator, lifting supervisor, signalman, rigger, etc).
Records of briefing / training to relevant parties Suggested Evidence Crane operator registration card, training records and certificate Lifting supervisor, signalman and riggers training records and certificates Written Lifting Plan and acknowledgement from persons involved in the lifting
C. Operation of crane
Yes/ No
Only trained and competent persons are to be involved in the lifting operation (i.e., crane operator, lifting supervisor, signalman and rigger).
Lifting Plan is developed and made available to all persons involved in the lifting.
Manufacturers operating manual and operation log book are made available to the crane operator. Crane operator to conduct preoperational checks at the start of the work shift. The checks should include but not limiting to the following areas Check all limit switches Check all warning devices Visually check, by inspecting relevant levels and/or components Check all hoses and pipes
Manufacturers operating manual Crane operator log book
Pre-operation inspection checklist based on manufacturers instruction Record of completed checklist by operators Yes No
D. Maintenance
Suggested Evidence Written maintenance programme by supplier / maintenance service provider Maintenance record and service report Training record or relevant document of competency
Lorry crane has a maintenance programme that is based on manufacturers instructions.
Maintenance is carried out by competent person.
This CP was developed by the following industry-led workgroup formed under the WSH Council-led National Crane Safety Taskforce. Members of the workgroup dedicated their time in their individual capacity to make this CP possible. Representatives from the Ministry of Manpower and WSH Council were actively involved and provided the necessary support in the development of the CP. Mr Yeo Kim Hock (Chairman) - Gammon Construction Limited, Singapore Branch Mr Jason Heng - Tiong Woon Crane & Transport Pte Ltd Mr Ong Yong Seng - Shimizu Corporation Mr Michael George Hoyle (Mick) - Consultant to Exxon Mobil Asia Pacific Pte Ltd Mr Ah Singh Gill - Hiap Tong Crane & Transport Pte Ltd Mr Jacques (Jack) Hansoul - Arcomet Asia Pte Ltd Mr Liew Chern Yean - Wong Fong Engineering Works (1988) Pte Ltd Mr K.C.Foong - MHE-Demag (S) Pte Ltd Mr Ishak Ahmad Rosdi - Jacobs Engineering Singapore Pte Ltd Er. Theresa Liew (Ministry of Manpower) Mr Chia Chee Yong (Ministry of Manpower) Mr Davian Chiew (Ministry of Manpower) Mr Ng Jui Yong (Ministry of Manpower) Mr Silas Sng (Workplace Safety and Health Council) Mr Han Kin Sew (Workplace Safety and Health Council)
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text:
Paradox Lost
Paul Tissier argues that Russell's Paradox isn't really a paradox.
Bev and Ali are deep in discussion.
Ali: There can't be real paradoxes, can there? Those that purport to be paradoxes actually contain ambiguities in meaning, neglected information, hidden assumptions… In short, it's all smoke and mirrors.
Bev: You might think so. However, Russell's Paradox in set theory has attracted a lot of serious attention in the literature. In fact, Gottlob Frege, a leading logician and mathematician at the time, felt that this paradox devastated his fundamental work on set theory and the foundations of mathematics.
Bertrand Russell by Stephen Lahey
Ali: So if Russell's Paradox holds up, it would, rather worryingly, shake the foundations of mathematics?
Bev: Right. So let's see what is involved. We all know – or think we know – what a 'set' is: a collection of all those and only those entities with a defined property. A set's members can be simple objects, or can be sets themselves. It's the last possibility we're interested in here. Sets can also be non-self-membered, or self-membered: they can belong to themselves, or not. Examples of the former would include the set of all finite sets, which is infinite and hence non-self-membered. On the other hand, the set of all infinite sets is itself infinite and so must be included in itself, so it is self-membered. All sets either are non-self-membered or self-membered.
Ali: OK… But I feel like I'm about to be trapped, or perhaps conned.
Bev: Well consider the set of all non-self-membered sets, which for the sake of argument, let's call 'N'.
Ali: Hang on! Does such a set even exist?
Bev: Why not? Just as with all other sets, membership in the set is clearly defined, and a set is defined by its members.
Ali: OK. Fine…
Bev: So we can ask – as Bertrand Russell himself did, no doubt with an impish grin – is the set N self-membered or non-self-membered? Is the set of all non-self-membered sets a member of itself, or not? If the set of all non-self-membered sets is self-membered then it is non-self-membered; yet if it is non-self-membered then it is self-membered! See? A blatant paradox.
Ali: (after a long pause) So what's to be done about it?
Bev: There have been various suggestions. For example, that set N simply doesn't exist; or is too large, too unruly to be called a set, so we should call it something else, perhaps a 'class'; or, members of a set are a different kind of thing to the set containing them, so that no set can be self-membered.
Ali: The last alternative seems to me to be nearest the mark. After all, if we imagine a set to be constructed from members of the set, this suggests that these members are somehow logically prior to the set to which they belong. If so, then it makes no sense to say one of the members of the set is the set itself – the very set which is in the process of being constructed! This lack of sense shows itself if we ask, ''If a set 'S' is a member of itself, what exactly is 'itself' referring to?'' S without S included would mean S is non-self-membered, which is contrary to our definition. Yet S with S included is not just S, but S with an addition. In neither case do we have S being self-membered. Thus no set can be self-membered. Russell's paradox disappears.
Bev: But against that, one could argue that there is no logical priority necessary for the construction of a set, since there is no 'construction'. A set either exists as defined, or it does not. So if set S is a member of itself, then as we go through the members of S, we find S itself included. It has not had to be added in. It is simply there by the same token that all the other members of the set are there.
Ali: So the set of all non-self-membered sets might be self-membered, or it might not be?
Bev: I think we can make a more telling argument. Two points need to be stressed concerning the properties 'self-membered' and 'non-self-membered'. Firstly, the properties are derivative – they cannot stand alone, as 'being finite' or 'being infinite' can. They come into existence solely due to prior existent set properties. Secondly, and encompassing the first point, being 'self-membered' or 'non-self-membered' must be the result of a definite decision procedure: the ascription must be true or false, be logically possible, ascertainable. In light of this, how could the question 'Is N self-membered or non-self-membered?' have an answer? It couldn't. To give an answer is to answer an unanswerable question, and that's a contradiction. And of course, it would be quite absurd to suggest that N is self-membered because it is non-self-membered – and vice versa.
Ali: The same seems to apply to N* – the set of all self-membered sets, a kind of symmetrical partner to N. So in the case of N*, if we say that N* is self-membered, or indeed non-self-membered, for no other reason than it is self-membered, or non-self-membered, then we are saying nothing at all. The same goes for N, despite the fact that it appears paradoxical.
Bev: Right. Russell's Paradox is not a paradox. The apparent paradox is merely the result of following through a form of words which purport to describe an actuality; but actually nothing is picked out from mathematical reality by the phrase 'the set of all sets that are not members of themselves being self-membered or non-self-membered'.
Ali: The statement then that all sets are self-membered or non-self-membered is clearly wrong in the case of N and N*. Both are neither non-self-membered nor self-membered.
Bev: And this should not be surprising. Perhaps we have a parallel with the square root of -1. It is a perfectly serviceable number, yet neither greater than or equal to zero, or less than zero.
© Paul Tissier 2022
Paul Tissier is a Physics and Maths tutor at Brighton College, East Sussex.
Mummy, Mummy, what's Russell's Paradox?
Logicomix by Apostolos Doxiadis et al
Can We Be Happy?
Bertrand Russell Stalks The Nazis
Russell Revels Rock Rochester
One Law to Rule Them All
News: June/July 2018
The Paradox of Empathy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Canada rolls out the "unwelcome" mat
Thanks to reader "Truth Serum" we see that Canada is indeed planning to revamp its asylum program by listing countries from which asylum seekers will have little luck proving they were persecuted. I mentioned the proposal here recently.
From the Ottawa Sun:
OTTAWA — The Conservative government is set to roll out the unwelcome mat to the annual stampede of bogus refugee claimants trying to jump the immigration line.
Immigration Minister Jason Kenney is expected to unveil plans Tuesday aimed at identifying fake claimants and giving them the boot a lot more efficiently than at present.
A senior federal official confirms Kenney will announce a new list of "safe" countries least likely to be persecuting anyone.
Anyone claiming refugee status from one of those countries would be put into a kind of immigration express lane — faster decisions, quicker evictions.
I can see a looming problem with this approach. I'll tell you about it in my next post.
Meanwhile they do have a problem in Canada! (I'm not saying we don't!)
The latest immigration statistics show that last year, just over 33,000 people made refugee claims in this country.
The vast majority of those either claimed refugee status at the border, or were already in the country on visas as students, temporary workers or visitors.
Statistically, over 19,000 of those claims — roughly 58% — will be deemed bogus, and the claimants ordered out of the country.
The problem is, all that could take years, and even then there is no guarantee those turfed out of Canada actually leave.
Over 40,000 deportees are currently missing.
Read it all. By the way, the same thing happened here with Obama's Aunt Zeituni who had been ordered deported but had melted back into a Boston neighborhood where she was found by some AP reporter in 2008.
Update: Garden City, KS and meatpacking giant Tysons Fresh Meats
This is an update (see one of our previous posts here in July 2009) of the ongoing efforts in Garden City, KS, a meatpacking town, to try to head off in advance clashes between ethnic groups lured to a midwestern city by the promise of meatpacking jobs. See also our category on Greeley, CO and Grand Island, NE (chaotic anarchy!) both towns that experienced conflicts between the various immigrant groups in recent years.
I had to laugh that Tysons Food is involved in setting up the nice sounding Coalition of Ethnic Minority Leaders ( a group Kansas taxpayers are likely funding while it's Tysons that lured them to Garden City in the first place). It is in their best interests to avoid a multicultural squabble.
From the Garden City Telegram:
Coined the Coalition of Ethnic Minority Leaders, the group consists of a board representing groups such as USD 457, the Garden City Police Department, Center for Families and Children, Kansas State University Extension services and more as a council of ethnic leaders. The board has outlined a vision to "create and maintain an environment of mutual respect, understanding and cooperation among ethnic minority groups and empower them to responsibly participate in building a healthier Garden City."
The effort was spearheaded by Jonathan Galia, chaplain at the Tyson Fresh Meats beef plant, who has been actively encouraging ethnic minority groups in Finney County to organize and identify community leaders so they can effectively communicate among themselves, across communities and with local government leaders and social service agencies.
Ever since I saw this account of the Clinton Administration supplying cheap labor to the big meatpacking giants, I've wondered what is in it for the resettlement agencies that line up the refugee labor. Do they somehow get a cut? Or, are the resettlement agencies affiliated with 'head hunter' businesses in some way? It is just curious don't you think that resettlement agencies are in close proximity to meatpackers whether it's Kansas, Nebraska, Tennessee, Colorado, Texas, or Kentucky (those are 6 states right off the top of my head)?
Or, could it be a twofer? The agencies get their refugee clients a job and the grateful meatpackers help the political powers that be with contributions. Where are the investigative reporters of old?
National Immigrant integration conference scheduled for Boston this fall
Check it out here. If you are in the New England area this fall you might want to consider attending. Looking at the list of sponsors, here, it looks like some of the same old gang we saw organizing the March on America here. Readers should know that you are funding many of these groups with your tax dollars.
Did the Catholic Church cover up abuse of refugee boys by Cuban priest?
More bad news for the Catholic Church during this holy week. The Miami Herald has published a detailed account of how the church heirarchy may have not acted fast enough to defrock a priest accused of molesting refugee boys in the 1980's.
The Archdiocese of Miami, along with top Vatican authorities, knew as far back as 1968 that the Rev. Ernesto Garcia-Rubio, a priest later defrocked amid child sex-abuse allegations, had a troubled past in Cuba before transferring to South Florida, lawyers representing victims claimed Monday.
Garcia-Rubio, now 73, was celebrated as the Archdiocese of Miami's "patron saint" of young Central American and Cuban refugee boys who flocked to his Our Lady of Divine Providence in Sweetwater in the 1980s. He served there from 1975-88.
The complaints against Garcia-Rubio — first lodged at the Sweetwater church — eventually surfaced in The Herald story, which highlighted four sex-abuse allegations by teenage Nicaraguan and Salvadoran refugees from 1983 to 1988.
Read the whole sordid tale, here.
For me, this news comes in the wake of other disappointing news we have reported at RRW in the last few weeks. First, we saw the US Conference of Catholic Bishops help organize that Marxist March on Washington earlier this month, here. We've had two reports this week alone where Catholic refugee resettlement agencies have not fulfilled their obligations to properly care for refugees in Fredericksburg, VA, here, and San Antonio, TX here. And, adding insult to injury, the USCCB could not function at all if they weren't funded by us—the taxpayer!
Arizona rancher shot to death, illegal immigrant believed to be responsible
Update April 2nd: Good editorial on this tragic case, here.
Michelle Malkin has the whole sad story here, plus updates.


stop looking at the creeds!!!!!
No it would appear not. People in the team seem to have a lot of other commitments / holidays, etc. and we can't field a team on that day.
Good luck to both of your teams. It looks like me and Andy will prob hit a walk-on that day, so at least we can shoot some paint and have a bit of a larf.


text:
/ROYALS
Prince Harry says he's 'been a silent witness' to Meghan Markle's suffering, taking legal action
The Duke of Sussex compared his 'victim' wife's media treatment to his late mother Princess Diana's
October 1, 2019 - 19:48 UTC By Alexandra Hurtado
Prince Harry has had enough of the negative attention surrounding his wife Meghan Markle. On the penultimate day of the Sussexes' royal tour of Africa, the Duke released a stern statement condemning his wife's treatment in the British tabloid press, revealing that they are taking legal action. "As a couple, we believe in media freedom and objective, truthful reporting. We regard it as a cornerstone of democracy and in the current state of the world – on every level – we have never needed responsible media more," Harry said in his statement.
©Getty Images
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle are taking legal action following months of negative press attention
"Unfortunately, my wife has become one of the latest victims of a British tabloid press that wages campaigns against individuals with no thought to the consequences – a ruthless campaign that has escalated over the past year, throughout her pregnancy and while raising our newborn son," he continued.
Dancing Duchess Meghan says she is visiting Africa as a "woman of color"
Harry noted that he and Meghan have put on a "brave face" amid the "relentless propaganda." "I cannot begin to describe how painful it has been. Because in today's digital age, press fabrications are repurposed as truth across the globe. One day's coverage is no longer tomorrow's chip-paper," he said.
The Duke, who first issued a statement regarding Meghan while they were dating back in 2016, revealed that this lawsuit has been several months in the making. "The positive coverage of the past week from these same publications exposes the double standards of this specific press pack that has vilified her almost daily for the past nine months; they have been able to create lie after lie at her expense simply because she has not been visible while on maternity leave. She is the same woman she was a year ago on our wedding day, just as she is the same woman you've seen on this Africa tour," he said.
Depending on the court ruling, the royal couple plans on donating damages to an anti-bullying charity
Prince Harry admitted that he has "been a silent witness" to Meghan's "private suffering for too long." "To stand back and do nothing would be contrary to everything we believe in," he declared. "There comes a point when the only thing to do is to stand up to this behaviour, because it destroys people and destroys lives. Put simply, it is bullying, which scares and silences people. We all know this isn't acceptable, at any level. We won't and can't believe in a world where there is no accountability for this."
Prince Harry says 'no one is perfect' following his and Meghan Markle's private plane backlash
The Duke then refrenced his late mother Princess Diana, comparing her media treatment to Meghan's. He said, "Though this action may not be the safe one, it is the right one. Because my deepest fear is history repeating itself. I've seen what happens when someone I love is commoditised to the point that they are no longer treated or seen as a real person. I lost my mother and now I watch my wife falling victim to the same powerful forces."
Harry concluded the statement thanking the public for their "continued support." He added, "It is hugely appreciated. Although it may not seem like it, we really need it."
©WireImage
Harry released the statement on the second to last day of his family's royal tour of Africa
Meghan filed a claim against Associated Newspapers over the misuse of private information, infringement of copyright and breach of the Data Protection Act 2018. The proceedings in the Chancery Division of the High Court relate to the unlawful publication of a private letter. The couple's case is being funded privately funded by Harry and Meghan. Any damages won in the court ruling will be donated to an anti-bullying charity.
Meghan Markle's nickname for son Archie revealed
A legal spokesperson for the Duchess said in a statement: "We have initiated legal proceedings against the Mail on Sunday, and its parent company Associated Newspapers, over the intrusive and unlawful publication of a private letter written by the Duchess of Sussex, which is part of a campaign by this media group to publish false and deliberately derogatory stories about her, as well as her husband. Given the refusal of Associated Newspapers to resolve this issue satisfactorily, we have issued proceedings to redress this breach of privacy, infringement of copyright and the aforementioned media agenda".
Does Prince Harry actually have a ponytail?
Will this be Meghan Markle and Prince Harry's first royal family reunion since their royal exit?
Birthday Duchess
Kate Middleton celebrates 'very different' birthday with kids in lockdown
Meghan Markle and Prince Harry mark one year since bombshell announcement
Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip receive COVID-19 vaccines: breaking royal news
What Kate Middleton and Prince William have said about homeschooling


text:
Los Alamitos ("The Little Cottonwoods" in Spanish) can mean:

 Los Alamitos, California, a city in Orange County, California
Los Alamitos High School
Los Alamitos Army Airfield
 Los Alamitos Race Course
Los Alamitos Circle, the roundabout at the intersection of Pacific Coast Highway and Lakewood Blvd. in Long Beach, California
 Los Alamitos Creek in San Jose, California
 Los Alamitos Formation in Río Negro Province, Patagonia, Argentina, known for its Late Cretaceous fossils

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I just spent the last couple of days fighting with my computer to figure out why the internet worked for everyone in the house but me. And we finally got the problem at least sort of solved, just in time for me to write this post. So hooray for that! Geez, that kind of computer problems are so horrible and stressful. At least I got to wind down a little by staring at some street style. Hope you had a happy holiday weekend!


Blue Sky Bio 1-piece angle correction abutments have increased fracture resistance and require intraoral preparation with a carbide bur and copious irrigation. Blue Sky Bio angle correction abutments are not a 2-piece design like ITI-Straumann® angled abutments.
Angle Correction Abutments will fit narrow and regular platform implants.
Must be inserted with a .048 screwdriver head. (See Prosthetic Kits).
For 2-piece angle correction abutments click here.


Today I hiked the trail to Devil's Head Lookout. The trip to the trailhead was half of the fun. I drove from Colorado Springs up to Woodland Park, and then took Rampart Range Road north for about 90 minutes. I had never taken Rampart Range Road that far before.
The trail was quite busy with people. It is a good, well-maintained trail. The friendly ranger at the lookout tower was handing out these souvenir cards. It bugs me a little that I still don't know how the peak got its name. I could not recognize any rock or perspective that reminded me of a devil's head.
The Gunnison Gorge National Conservation Area and Wilderness is located northwest of the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, near Montrose, Colorado. We spent the weekend in Montrose, and this hike was part of our exploration of the area. It started out with a $20 boat-shuttle across the Gunnison River, courtesy of the Gunnison River Pleasure Park, a private business at the north entrance of the gorge. The shuttle fee included a rowboat rental, which they left us to get back across.
The river is shallow enough that it appears possible to wade across, but in order to do so one should be prepared with appropriate clothing and extra shoes. The trail we took follows the east bank of the Gunnison for about 3 miles, in and back. We completed a little less than 1/2 of the distance. The trail on the west bank probably would have been easier, but less adventurous. The west bank trailhead is accessible by car, and the trail appears wider and less rugged than the east bank trail.
This area looks popular for fly-fishing. We saw our first wildflowers of the year on this hike–Globe Mallow. Michelle really liked the colorful rocks near the river.
This weekend, we met some new friends: Trish, Richard and Sam. Trish and Richard are musicians of The River's Voice, and Sam is their son. They stayed with us for the weekend, while in Colorado Springs for a concert. We really enjoyed the weekend with them, as well as the concert!
On Sunday morning, we got to show our visitors around North Cheyenne Canyon Park. We started with Helen Hunt Falls. Then, hiked the popular Mt. Cutler hiking trail. The ladies did not go out to the overlook because the approach was a little too steep and gravelly. Everyone did reach the top of Mt. Cutler. The weather was great, and it was a very pleasant hike.
Sam, Chris, Richard, Michelle, Trish, Sammy, on Mt. Cutler. St. Peter's Dome in background.


An environmental group that previously filed litigation to remove grizzly bears from state management and return them to federal protection, now intends to sue the federal government with a goal of vastly expanding grizzly bear recovery.
The Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) filed a formal notice of intent to sue citing what it deems as 110,000 square miles of potential grizzly habitat across Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Specific locations mentioned include California's Sierra Nevada, the Selway-Bitteroot in Idaho and Montana, and the Grand Canyon.
CBD is well known for filing lawsuits and using the Equal Access to Justice Act as a way to raise funding by receiving attorney reimbursements. A 2012 report by the House Natural Resources Committee Republican Press Office shows environmental groups made more than $15 million in taxpayer money by filing 570 Endangered Species Act-related lawsuits from 2009 to 2012. Of that group, CBD had the highest number of cases by far with 117.
The Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation maintains that grizzly bears should be managed by state wildlife agencies just as they manage elk, mountain lions, deer, black bears and other species.
What eats elk antlers and why?


#Trending: Barbie Feet On Instagram!
Remember when everyone on Instagram was posting pictures with duck lips? While that may not have actually gone away, a new trend is taking over the social media site, and it's centered on the feet.
It seems these days more and more celebs and social media influencers are posting pictures with what is being called "Barbie Feet." It has folks standing on their tip toes or pointing their feet, in order to make their legs appear longer.
And while it may seem easy, Yahoo Style warns that not everyone can master the "Barbie Feet." "Though some experienced "Barbie Feet' posers are able to master the trick with both feet in imaginary heels, beginners wanting to try out the position should probably start with having just one foot in the pointed heel position," the site claims, suggesting beginners could actually injure themselves. Check out examples of "Barbie Feet" here and here.


Single Touch Payroll is a change to the way employers report their employees' tax and super information to us.
Using payroll or accounting software that offers STP, employers send their employees' tax and super information to us each time they run their payroll and pay their employees. The information is sent to us either directly from the software, or through a third party – such as a sending service provider.
Software providers can tell you more about how they offer STP reporting.
STP reporting started gradually on 1 July 2018 for substantial employers (those with 20 or more employees).
If you have not started reporting through STP, we have information to help you get ready. If you need more time, you can apply for a deferral.
Find out if your software is STP-ready by talking to your software provider. Your tax professional can also help.
Legislation to extend Single Touch Payroll to include employers with 19 or less employees is currently before parliament. The Bill has been passed by the Senate with a number of proposed amendments. It has been referred to the House of Representatives to consider the amendments put forward.
For now, you can choose to report through STP. Talk to your software provider to find out what you need to do to update your software and start reporting.
We won't force employers with 19 or less employees to purchase payroll software if they don't currently use it. Different STP reporting options will be available by 1 July 2019 to help smaller employers.
We have asked software developers to build low-cost STP solutions at or below $10 per month for micro employers – including simple payroll software, mobile phone apps and portals.
We have received over 20 expressions of interest (EOI) from software developers and will publish a register of the successful EOIs we have received by 30 November 2018.
Micro employers (1–4 employees) will also have a number of alternate options that are not available to employers with 20 or more employees – such as initially allowing your registered tax or BAS agent to report quarterly, rather than each time you run your payroll.
Exemptions to STP reporting will also be available if you have no internet or an unreliable connection.
To find out how you can automatically report payments such as salaries, wages, and tax withheld and superannuation from your payroll solution each time you pay, attend our Single Touch Payroll webinar.
If you do not have a Payroll System and if you need any assistance in any of the above, please do not hesitate to call me or the Aspire Now team on 07-38998062 for assistance.


text:
Q: Why keeps the "modal-backdrop fade show" exist when the concerning component is un-mounted and how should i "remove/disable" this div Situation
I have a vue component which contains a child component that should show a modal.
When i toggle the isShowModal bool (via button or Vue devtools) the modal is shown. When i click the close button in the modal (or toggle the isShowModal in devtools),
the modal is closed. So this works like expected so far.
When i try to open the modal again by clicking on the button to open the modal, it doesn't work. I noticed that the modal-backdrop is still "exists" (as an invisible overlay).
I don't understand why this happens as the modal-component is unmounted.
When i close the modal via devtools console with the command $("#"+ idHere).modal("hide"); the modal, including the backdrop is hided.
Note: i have some reasons why i want to mount/unmount the component to show/close the modal. For this reason is it not an option to fire evens to call the $("#" + "idHere").modal("show/hide");
I tried the same with events, just for test purposes and than the modal incl. backdrop was hided perfectly.
The code bellow is not the real code as it contains more logic than required for this question. The example code fits my code very well when it comes the parent/model toggle functionality.
The template of the modal component is almost completely copied from my code.
Questions

*

*How can i close/remove/disable (whatever the correct term is) the backdrop when i unmount my modal component.

*Is the approach i use to mount/unmount components the way to go?

*Is it best practice to toggle modals like i do in Vue ?

Example code
Parent component example:
<template>

      <modal-component
        title = "Zone"
        v-if = "isShowModal"
                :closeCallback = "() => { isShowModal = false }" />

        // Some button that toggles the isShowModal bool

</template>

Modal component example:
<template>

                  <button type="button" class="close" v-on:click="closeCallback()" aria-label="Close">
            ×
                  </button>

{{ title }}

            // some header content

          // some body content

</template>

UPDATE
This line "spawns" the backdrop div. When i remove all other code from the template of the modal-component the issue is still there.
<template>

</template>

UPDATE 2
I noticed that, for some reason 2 divs are spawned when the modal-component is mounted. no 1 looks like this in dev-tools:

no 2 looks like this in dev-tools. This is also the one that stays "active/alive". I cant find a div with modal-backdrop class in one of my 2 components. (also cant find anything with grep).

A: As I responded in previous question - put v-if on div wrapper and you will be fine (probably).
As any other HTML tag in <template>, this backdrop div is a part of component and will be removed when component removed.
Also, do not use #id, Vue doesn't need this and there is no reason to do so, if you want to target specific element, you can use $ref.
And last one - prefer not to use anonymous functions in templates, since Vue will reallocate memory for it every time, that template is rendered. You can always use method instead.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


1. Material to process: aluminum, stainless steel, carbon steel, brass, lucite, bakelite.
5. We are able to supply sheet metal, mechanical parts machining, surface treatment such as anodize and plating according to our customers' requirement.
6. Our products have been exported to Japan, America, Canada, England and Belgium, and we can assure the quality.
7. We have the ability to communicate with English, Japanese and Chinese.