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Biography and publications on the page of the Association of Catalan Language Writers.
IV Trobada d'Escriptors del Camp de Tarragona (Fourth Camp de Tarragona Writers' Meeting) offers a very informative page on Montserrat Abelló.
Eva Piquer interviews Montserrat Abelló. In Catalan International View, n. 5.
By Montserrat Abelló, in Poesia Dibuixada.


To remember where and when did you travelled, is a good idea to add a sticker, so the important information would not be lost. These stickers are also fun memorabilia to be left on the road and to people you meet on the way.
We design a stickers just for you, the price depends from the quantity.


Home Counties Oil Tanks is an expanding, forward thinking heating engineering and supply company focused on delivering first class products and customer support.
Our team of fully trained engineers are qualified to install, service and repair most domestic heating and hot water systems. Our engineers can work with natural gas, lpg, oil and solid-fuel boilers.


text:
package org.apache.isis.core.metamodel.interactions;

import org.apache.isis.applib.events.VisibilityEvent;
import org.apache.isis.core.metamodel.facetapi.FacetAbstract.Hiding;

/**
 * Mix-in interface for facets that can advise as to whether a member should be
 * hidden.
 *
 * @see DisablingInteractionAdvisor
 * @see ValidatingInteractionAdvisor
 */
public interface HidingInteractionAdvisor extends InteractionAdvisorFacet, Hiding {

    /**
     * Whether the rule represented by this facet hides the member to which it
     * applies.
     *
     * <p>
     * Implementations should use the provided {@link InteractionContext} to
     * determine whether they declare the object/member is hidden. They must
     * however guard against a <tt>null</tt>
     * {@link InteractionContext#getTarget() target} and
     * {@link InteractionContext#getSession() session} - neither are guaranteed
     * to be populated.
     */
    String hides(final VisibilityContext<? extends VisibilityEvent> ic);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Check any recurrent subscriptions regularly for price. I eliminated $500/yr through random subscriptions to online services and/or streaming services earlier this year. Today I thought it was worth doing another once over and realized I had quite a bit more wiggle room.
My biggest recurrent cost was the cable TV I don't use that eliminating reduced my monthly bill by $64/mo. Cell phone insurance, Audible, magazine subscriptions, and gaming subscriptions also made a big difference to the tune of $150-$300/yr.
Subscription services frequently change prices after a promo period or with only email notification so it can be easy to miss. $15/mo also doesn't look too unreasonable until you realize it is $180/yr and that you have 4 of those services active because "meh, only $15, worth it".


text:
<?php

namespace Psalm\Type\Atomic;

use Psalm\Type\Atomic;

/**
 * Denotes the `no-return`/`never-return` type for functions that never return, either throwing an exception or
 * terminating (like the builtin `exit()`).
 * @psalm-immutable
 */
final class TNever extends Atomic
{
    public function getKey(bool $include_extra = true): string
    {
        return 'never';
    }

    /**
     * @param  array<lowercase-string, string> $aliased_classes
     */
    public function toPhpString(
        ?string $namespace,
        array $aliased_classes,
        ?string $this_class,
        int $analysis_php_version_id
    ): ?string {
        return null;
    }

    public function canBeFullyExpressedInPhp(int $analysis_php_version_id): bool
    {
        return false;
    }
}


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text:
eddiegirdner
Writer Traveler Leica Photographer
Afghanistan Follies
American Sahib
Chapter Four: Human Liberation
Chapter One: Invitation
Chapter Two: Escape
Assange: Political Prisoner
Autobiography of a Black Sheep
Chapter Seven: Old Time Religion
Bernie Sander's Town Hall
The Winds of Economic Change
Confessions of a Renegade
Cost of War (Who Cares?)
Broke America
Danger of Education
Earth's Melt Down
Climate Rogue State
Egypt Under El-Sisi
Ellsberg: Nuclear War Machine
Encounters With India
Chapter One: Temporary Insanity
Chapter Three: Brutality
Chapter Twenty-One: Incompatible
Chapter Two: The Redneck
Finkelstein: Gaza
Free Speech: Fracking
Fracking Update 2
Global Political Economy
Global Political Economy Chapters
Global Political Economy Glossary
Hallelujah, I'm a Bum
Iraq: 15 Years Failure
Target Bush
Joe Hill: Chris Buhalis
Utah Phillips: Preacher and Slave
John Bolton: War With Iran?
John Bolton's Madness
John Pilger: Media
Media and Israel
Mersin-10, Turkey
Chapter Five: Famagusta
Chapter Thirty-Two: Rules
Chapter Three: Three Thousand
Middle East Wars
Myth-Busting Books
New Dust Bowl Refugees
New York 1930: Workers Marching and Singing the Internationale
Chomsky, Feb. 2018
War Threat
Now Military Parades
Parade Coming
Parade of Defeat
Plan for Israel
Pictures India 1
Russell Interview 1959
American Baba
American Oligarchs: The Koch Brothers
Aristotle's Political Economy
Galtung: The End of the American Empire
Ibn Khaldhun
Nick Turse: Kill Anything That Moves
Piketty: Capital in the Twenty-First Century
Skocpol: The Tea Party
The Israel Lobby
The Phoenix Program
Timothy Leary: America Surrounded
Veblen: The Theory of Business Enterprise
William Blum: Democratizing the World
The Purpose of Corporations
Trump's Divide and Conquer Strategy
Trump's Tax Bill
Understanding Your Split Brain
Roots of CIA
Socialism, Sarvodaya and Democracy
Still in Iraq
Alternate Economic Systems
Jack Rasmus: Stock Markets 2
US Budget Deficit
Sweet Home Mississippi
Chapter Eleven: California Nirvana
Chapter Forty-Two: Chains
Chapter One: Descent into Hell
Chapter Thirty-One: Saving the South
Misinformation on Syria
Syria Strike 2018
US Press on Syria Strike
The Business Model
Chapter Nineteen: Mergers and Acquisitions
Chapter Ten: The CEO
Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Business Model
Chapter One: The Market
Chapter Thirty-Five: The Interview
Chapter Twenty-Six: Star Wars
The US Military's Drug
War Money
America Without Vision
Deconstruction of US Government
Shadow Banks
Trump's Dark Money
Trump's Speech
The USA 2
Fixing America?
Politics and Money
Trump's Economic Advisor
Trump's Tariffs
Trump's War Model
Trump's Wars
Destroying Syria
More War in Syria
Still About the Oil
Stuck in Syria
Trump Digging in In Syria
Trump's Wars Two
Bolton Coming?
Bolton Coming? Watch Out!
Getting History Wrong
Global "War on Terror"
The War in Syria
US in Syria
Cukurova Express
Doing it My Way
Guney Express to Diyarbakir
Train to Istanbul
United States Central Command
US Empire Down
US Global Empire
Lies About Iraq
The US Empire
Too Many Wars
Trump's Adults
US Increasingly Alone With Trump: China Wins
US Staying in Syria
US Global Empire 2
Afghanistan War: Cost
Empire Wars Forever
Money for War
Nuclear War: Ellsberg
Afghanistan: More Troops
Syria Update
Understanding Iran
War Money for Empire
Graveyard of Empires
Lies About the US
Occupying Syria
Privatized Intelligence
Recycling George
US Policy in Syria
Iraq Boondoggle
Iraq War and Occupation
US Wars
Limitations of the Empire
Taking America Down Again
The Empire's Crusades
War Fever
USA and the New Middle East
Walks in Izmir
Friday the Thirteenth: December 2016
Kadafekale: January 24, 2018
Sunday Walk in December 2017
Tuesday in December
American Empire
War and Poverty
War Spending
War Journalism
War on Professors
Firing at Drexel
Young Karl Marx
John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007.
The Arab Awakening has raised new questions about the U.S.- Israeli relationship. Local rulers upon which the U.S. has relied for stability in the Middle East region, such as former President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, are being toppled. This is creating a dilemma for the United States which undoubtedly is trying to restore the old regime in Egypt to the greatest extent possible and prevent other pro-US regimes from falling. It also raises security issues for Israel which had relied upon President Mubarak and has serious problems with its regional neighbors. At the same time, recent U.S. administrations have been unable to rein in Israel from its disastrous and illegal settlement policies in the West Bank. Israel continues to wage local wars against Arabs, such as the 2006 war against Lebanon and the 2008-2009 attack on Gaza and continues to occupy the Golan Heights.
Incredibly, however, there has been no substantive debate on the U.S.- Israeli relationship in the United States since the l950s. Unlike in Israel, where a daily debate and sharp criticism of Israel's foreign policy is aired daily in the local press, for all practical purposes, it is impossible to objectively evaluate Israeli policy toward the Palestinians in the United States. The American media is overwhelming pro-Israel and there are no prominent columnists in the American press who criticize Israel, such as Robert Fisk in Britain. Meanwhile, Israel has continued to use a portion of the huge amount of U.S. largess to build illegal settlements creating "facts on the ground" to preempt any effort to establish a viable Palestinian state. America is unique in this sense, unlike Europe where support for the Palestinian cause is approached in a more balanced way.
Any attempt to address this issue in the U.S. is political suicide for any politician or official. Mearsheimer and Walt have analyzed in great depth and detail why this is so. They have also massively documented the literature upon which their study is based.
The authors have done a commendable job explaining how lobbying by interest groups, particularly pro-Israel interest groups, works in the United States. Their analysis of this process is rock solid and their book is surely the best, probably the only, comprehensive analysis ever done. It should surely be required reading for every scholar, teacher, official, and interested person, who wishes to understand how the U.S. system of government works and how U.S. foreign policy toward Israel, in particular, can be accounted for. Apparently Yassir Arafat and many officials in Arab states have not understood how American politics actually works, to their loss, although even if they had, they would not have been able to overcome the inordinate power of the Israel lobby. The American political system also exploits the vast ignorance of the American public as to the process of making foreign policy as well as the history of the founding of the state of Israel.
This book cannot be recommended too highly along those dimensions, which it would indeed be difficult to credibly dispute, although the Israel lobby has bitterly attacked the authors to try to limit the damage. The main tactic of the Israel lobby is to accuse critics of Israel of "anti-Semitism," a standard ploy. Fortunately the charge carries less weight today than in the past as it has been used too widely and too often. It is generally a lie, as the authors point out, and it was false in their case.
In other respects, this book does have some weaknesses in its analysis. This is due to the authors' approach which lacks a broad theoretical framework for interpreting the role and thrust of U.S. imperial power in the world. While Israel's interests are paramount for the Israel lobby, Mearsheimer and Walt are interested in seeing a U.S. foreign policy which makes and keeps the U.S. strong in the world. That is, a policy which strengthens U.S. "national interests" around the globe. They believe that the U.S. policy of supporting everything that Israel does with no critical dimension actually damages U.S. national security interests and that this is counterproductive. They argue that Israel has become a strategic liability for the United States, not a strategic asset.
One reason for this is that a pro-Israeli U.S. foreign policy creates anti-American sentiment in the region and is also the root of terrorism toward the U.S. The authors are willing to recognize that it is indeed U.S. foreign policy toward Israel that drives most terrorism against the US. This is a refreshing improvement on the George W. Bush Administration party line, forwarded by the neo-conservatives, that the world hates American because of its "freedom and open society."
The other part of their argument that U.S. policy toward Israel hurts American national interests depends, to a large extent, upon how one chooses to define "national interest," a notoriously incoherent concept. The neo-conservatives do not care if the world loves America, but in their view nations must fear America's military might. In this realist vision, it makes sense to have an "ally" with several hundred nuclear bombs in the Middle East. Members of the Israel lobby community argue that Israel is a valuable asset in the "war on terrorism" and Israel has been viewed as a "regional stabilizer." (p. 56) It is a major thrust of the authors' argument, however, that Israeli military might does not, in fact, strengthen US national interests, because it cannot be utilized by the United States. It would enrage public opinion in the Arab world to include Israeli soldiers with American soldiers in a military operation. So the US has not been able to make use of Israeli assets, except for such tasks as the sharing of intelligence. To what extent the US needs Israel as a 'strategic ally" is part of this debate.
Mearsheimer and Walt also believe that the US was serious about wanting to establish democracy throughout the Middle East with George W. Bush's Greater Middle East Initiative (GMEI). Given their level-headed analysis of how domestic U.S. politics actually works, it is surprising to find the authors making this assertion. Clearly, U.S. policymakers had no such intention, and it is obvious that democracy would indeed be a problem to perceived U.S. national interests in almost every case. Indeed, this is why the US clings to its established dictators in the region until it is no longer possible. The GMEI was rather about establishing more modern neo-liberal regimes which could be dominated by U.S. and Israeli capital, yield profits for the corporations of both countries and co-opt these regimes into the global capitalist system. Dictators such as Hosni Mubarak were initially alarmed at the U.S. rhetoric about creating democratic regimes, but soon realized that it was largely a public relations exercise and that there was little to worry about. He was free to go on putting his political opponents in jail and the U.S. would look the other way.
Similarly, Mearsheimer and Walt argue that the Iraq War was not about oil. They claim that there is no evidence for this. In fact new documents are coming out which provide much evidence for the oil factor. Fuel on the Fire: Oil and Politics in Occupied Iraq by Greg Muttitt, about the role of British Petroleum is based on secret memos, and official documents from November 2002, just a few months before the U.S. invasion began. Pritish Petroleum (BP), Shell, and British Gas pushed former Prime Minister Tony Blair to invade Iraq for a share of the oil resources. A document from the British Foreign Office, dated November 6, 2002, notes that "Iraq is the big oil prospect. BP is desperate to get there." BP officials told the Foreign office that Iraq is "more important than anything we've seen in a long time. Were willing to take big risks to get a share of the Iraqi reserves, the second largest in the world." The point was not lost on former U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman, Alan Greenspan who noted in his book, The Age of Turbulence, "I am saddened that it is politically inconvenient to acknowledge what everybody knows: The Iraq War is largely about oil."
In other words, the political economy aspect of the book is weak, and indeed, misleading. The authors do not see the U.S. as a global hegemon and imperialist nation out to wage wars for oil. They are better at analyzing U.S. domestic politics and this is the real strength of the book.
In fact, the authors knew they were going to stir up enough of a hornet's nest just laying out the straight facts about how the Israel lobby works in the U.S. and of course were at once bitterly attacked as anti-Semitic. This was not at all surprising, given that even former President Jimmy Carter was bitterly attacked as anti-Semitic after his book Palestine: Peace not Apartheid was published.
Mearsheimer and Walt's book is quite comprehensive and extremely well documented. The authors take the American system of interest group activity to be perfectly normal politics and they stress that the activities of the Israel lobby do not work any different from any other interest group in the United States. I think they try to bend over backwards to avoid the charge that they are attacking the Jewish community and are thus anti-Semitic, at the expense of oversimplification to some extent. I am not sure that this argument is true given their account of many of the attacks of the Israel lobby upon honest and sincere people who have dissenting views.
Mearsheimer and Walt also point out that they do not question the right of Israel to exist but want the United States to treat Israel just as it treats any other country. This has not been the case since the l950s and U.S. bias has grown stronger since the l960s. From a secular standpoint, however, this approach could also be questioned as Israel can be seen as one of the two confessional states, which exist as religious states, along with Pakistan. It is questionable whether religious belief should be the fundamental basis for the existence of a state in the modern world. Of course it would not be possible to question the right of Israel to exist as a confessional state in the United States. This issue is, then, off the table.
Further, this means in practice that Muslim and Christian Arabs in Israel get treated as second-class citizens. A Jewish woman who marries a Palestinian cannot be a citizen of Israel. And to be a Jew, one must have a Jewish mother. Noam Chomsky has written about this, particularly in his earlier book, The Fateful Triangle, which is one of the best books ever written on the U.S. and Israel.
What about the issue of free speech, which is taken for granted as a right in the United States? Neither Israel nor the Israel lobby has shown themselves to be sensitive to observing this right. In June 2011, when an aid convoy of ships was preparing to embark for Gaza, the Israeli Government threatened to bar any journalist from entering Israel for a period of ten years who reported from one of the ships in the convoy. This is nothing but intimidation, the effort to prevent the world from learning what is happening on the ships as they approach Gaza. One should question the legitimacy of this type of intimidation of the press and repression of information today, when Arab regimes are being denounced for not allowing reporters to report the news. A few months ago, noted author and activist, Noam Chomsky, was questioned at the border of the West Bank and refused permission by Israel to enter the West Bank from Jordan and give a speech. This can only be denial on the basis of Chomsky's frequent criticism of Israel. Israel is looking more and more repressive in the eyes of the world with these actions. It is the same sort of authoritarian crushing of information that one would expect from a totalitarian state and at the same time, the United States of America massively underwrites the state of Israel to the tune of more than three billion U.S. dollars a year. Actually it is more.
How does the Israel lobby work? There are several major Israel lobby organizations which are at the heart of the community in the U.S, that one can call the Israel lobby community. These organizations operate effectively to keep massive U.S. aid and military weapons flowing to Israel and effectively crush any opposition to blind support for any and all Israel policies, with no domestic criticism. As of 2005, direct U.S. economic and military assistance to Israel reached 154 billion dollars (in 2005 dollars). (p. 24) It continues at more three billion dollars a year. Further, Israel is the only state in the world that is not required to account for how the money is spent. The US, of course, routinely vetoes UN Security Council Resolutions critical of Israel.
Mearsheimer and Walt define the Israel lobby as "the loose coalition of individuals and organizations that actively work to shape U.S. foreign policy in a pro-Israel direction." (p. 112) It is made up of organizations and individuals who do more than just lobby, of course. At the core is a group of organizations which ensure aid to Israel and the support of Israel's policies. These include first and foremost the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). Other important organizations in the lobby include the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINSA), the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), and Christians United for Israel (CUFI). The annual budget of AIPAC is between 40 and 60 million U.S. dollars.
The Israel lobby is closely aligned with prominent neo-conservatives, many of who served in the George W. Bush Administration, not all of whom are Jewish. Prominent neo-conservatives have helped move the lobby to the right in recent years and want to prevent any other country from competing with the U.S. for global power. These individuals are influential and usually have served in the U.S. Government in prominent positions. They include Elliot Abrams, Kenneth Adelman, William Bennett, John Bolton, Douglas Fieth, I. Lewis Libby, Richard Perle, Paul Wolfowitz, James Woolsey, and David Wurmser. These individuals are out of power presently, but not our of circulation and have great influence in conservative political circles.
Neo-conservatives also include prominent journalists such as Robert Bartley, David Brooks, Charles Krauthammer, William Kristal, Bret Stephens, and Norman Podhoretz. Neo-conservative academics include such well-known figures as Fouad Ajami, Eliot Cohen, Aaron Friedberg, and Bernard Lewis. They also fill up positions at neo-conservative think-tanks, which churn out policy ideas for the U.S. Government. Such persons include many names familiar from the George W. Bush Presidency and who are still very much in circulation, including Max Boot, David Frum, Reuel Marc Gerecht, Robert Kagan, Michael Leeden, Daniel Pipes and Meyrav Wurmser. The leading neo-conservative publications include Commentary, the New York Sun, the Wall Street Journal (op-ed page), and the Weekly Standard. Some influential neo-conservative think tanks include the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), the Center for Security Policy (CSP), The Hudson Institute, the Foundation for Defense of Democracy (FDD), the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), The Middle East Forum (MEF), the Project for a New American Century (PNAC), and the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP).
These are very right-wing individuals and groups and align with right-wing groups in Israel such as the Likud Party and Benjamin Netanyahu. The memberships of these groups overlap and form a network or web. But the authors carefully point out that this is not a "conspiracy." They just operate much like other policy networks in the United States, but more successfully. Another aspect of the issue is that the writings of these individuals get circulated and read by students in universities and shape attitudes for future scholars and policymakers.
Also an important part of the Israel lobby is Christian Zionists, such as Pat Robertson and the late Jerry Falwell. Such powerful Christian ministers can mobilize much support for Israel with their extensive TV networks. This Christian religious element is indeed very important and involves the rural and small-town masses across America without much education and unlike the Jews, without much money. Most Americans assume that Palestine belongs to the Jews, by God's command. Most of them probably learned it in a Sunday school in a small town. They believe that they are doing God's will when they support Israel and some believe that God will punish them if they don't. They believe that America's aid to Israel is part of the activity of America as a "Christian nation."
Mearsheimer and Walt provide a useful description of how the Israel lobby operates. They lay out the nuts and bolts of the operating of the American political system. And this has very significant implications for American democracy. For example, every candidate for a public office, such as for the Senate and House of Representatives, is thoroughly screened by AIPAC. Each individual is asked to write a position paper outlining their views and policies toward Israel for AIPAC, the most powerful of the lobby organizations. AIPAC is not a political action committee (PAC), although the name sounds like it is, but rather a lobby. If a candidate passes muster as a loyal supporter of Israel, then this information can be conveyed to various political action groups (PACS) who actually distribute political contributions to candidates. If one gets on the approved list, then he or she is on the gravy train and the money starts to flow into their campaign coffers and can come from anywhere in the U.S. Like magic! The floodgates open and the life-blood of American politics, dollars, flow in giving the candidate the money he or she needs to win the election. If not, the money will flow to his or her opponent. If there is even a slight hint that one might be a threat to the national interests of Israel, he is likely to be targeted by the lobby for defeat and lose the election.
Also voting records and statements are closely monitored. If the member of Congress is not in lock-step with supporting Israel, the lobby has the power to get him defeated, in almost every case. This is in spite of the fact that the lobby is far more right-wing on Israel and supportive of Israel than the general public opinion. This should raise serious questions as to whether this is in fact a democratic process. It is really a way of intimidating members of Congress and candidates, a form of coercion using the almighty dollar, the plasma of American Politics. Money is the fuel upon which American politics runs. As one disgusted congressman one time remarked, "the system is rotten, the system stinks." But Americans, of course, swear that it is the very best system in the world and the best system that money can buy. Maybe they are right.
This system surely undermines the whole notion of political representation, when the lobby is essentially buying candidates with donations of money from wealthy Jews and some Christians. Indeed, one can say buying votes. Is it not true that lobbying is a system of legalized bribery by capitalists and various lobbies, like the Israel lobby, with more than 35,000 lobbyists crawling through the streets of Washington, shilling for votes in exchange for campaign money? It is certainly not taught that way in American politics classes in American universities. Americans are generally blind to the faults of their own system and think that their system of democracy is the best in the world. Some of the more honest political scientists in the U.S. are willing to admit, however, that the lobbying system is the weakest side of American democracy. Surely lobbying raises the question of whether it is democratic at all.
Another element of the Israel lobby is the practice of harassing and intimidating academics in the U.S., attempting to get universities to deny them tenure if they criticize Israel in their teaching and writing. The lobby has attempted to prevent academics from receiving academic appointments. In the case of now well-known professor, Norman Finkelstein, the lobby attempted to get the University of California to cancel the publication of his noted book, Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History. There are several other cases which are mentioned by the authors. The lobby also tries to get students to spy on professors and report any criticism of Israel that they hear in their classes. A web site has been set up for this purpose. This surely goes beyond intimidation to being a sort of way of blackmailing professors who tell the truth about history and what is going on in Israel and the Middle East. It is, in fact, a way of trying to shut them up. And sometimes it gets them fired. Maybe this is normal interest group activity in the United States, but it seems to go way beyond normal procedure to practices that intimidate, insult, and harm individuals for speaking out about what is on the historical record. This is surely unacceptable activity in a democracy and in universities.
Mearsheimer and Walt have provided the reader with a very valuable service in revealing how this system works. I do not mean just for those in other countries around the world who may not be very much aware of how the American system of government works, and they may be shocked to understand just how crude those basic mechanisms actually are. But it is valuable to Americans in particular, most of whom do not understand how their own system works. Even those who teach American politics can learn quite a lot from this book if they are willing to admit the truth.
The second part of the book shows how the Israel lobby has influenced U.S. foreign policy in several cases. These chapters cover U.S. policies toward the Palestinians, toward the U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq in 2003, toward Syria, toward Iran, and toward the war against Hizbollah in Lebanon in 2006. Since the book was published, the Israeli invasion, destruction and killing in Gaza in 2008-2009 has taken place. This event further illustrates the points about Israeli repression of Palestinian rights made in the book.
As an illustration of the power of the Israel lobby, the authors claim that the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 would not have happened without the influence of the Israeli lobby. They make a good case for this argument. No one can know if it this true, but the lobby certainly provided a great groundswell of support for the Neo-conservatives' destruction of Iraq.
In general, the book is an extremely useful analysis of the functioning of the American political system and should be thoroughly digested for this, as well as other, reasons. It also outlines the principle new sources for the actual history of the founding of Israel, against the myths which have been perpetrated and are widely believed in America and around the world.
Indeed, there can be little criticism of the book on the level of the role of the lobby. Where the book is weak is in its broader vision. The book, of course, does not challenge the American political system. But beyond that, the authors want to show their true blue American patriotic colors. They clearly want to keep America strong in the world, but argue that lock-step support for Israel actually damages that objective. With this perspective, however, they fail to view the U.S. in its global hegemonic role. Indeed, they avoid the more radical perspectives of giant figures such as Noam Chomsky and the late Chalmers Johnson. From these writers they might have learned much. Essentially, Mearsheimer and Walt do see America as basically democratic and moral, but just not following a moral path in its support for the Israeli political repression of Palestinians. This leads them to make some rather foolish arguments about "…the Bush administration's grand scheme for transforming the Middle East into a sea of democracies." (pp. 202-203) They speak of a … "a bold effort to transform the Middle East by spreading democracy." This is, of course, ludicrous, as noted above. There was never any such scheme as U.S. policy toward the region today should make clear. Today, the US continues to support the rulers of Bahrain as they harshly repress protests, since it is the home port of the U.S. Fifth Fleet.
Mearsheim and Walt also claim that the George W. Bush administration radically reversed its policy to go to war against Saddam Hussein in 2003. But, in fact, there was never any sharp reversal of policies. The PNAC had been planning the invasion of Iraq since the l990s and the neo-conservatives were looking for a pretext for the invasion.
The authors' analysis of the role of oil is also weak as discussed above. Of course the war was not just about oil, but control of the oil as a basis for U.S. global hegemony and the neo-conservatives surely viewed the war as consolidating US strategic control. They authors say the U.S. goal was simply to prevent any one country from dominating the region. That way the oil would continue flowing. They argue that the oil companies did not have much influence, compared to the Israel lobby. Actually, the neo-conservatives did want one country to dominate the region, namely the United States. Mearsheimer and Walt take issue with more radical thinkers like Noam Chomsky in this context, but are better domestic policy analysts than analysts of international political economy.
Nevertheless, this is certainly a very important book and should be must reading and be on the shelf of anyone who wants to understand the dynamics of Middle East politics and the world today because Israel has such grave repercussions for the whole region, indeed for the entire world. This includes teachers, students and policy makers. The book should be required reading in every graduate seminar in American politics and courses on the Middle East. With the old Middle East order crumbling nowadays, the day of reckoning is drawing closer and the U.S. will be forced to come to terms with this issue. Chomsky has speculated that at some point Israel might break free from any U.S. restraints and become a loose canon, willing to use its hundreds of nuclear weapons in its own interests, disregarding warnings from the U.S. This would only be a step further from Israeli intransigence today in refusing the U.S. demand that Israel stop expanding settlements on the West Bank, which is illegal but still underwritten by U.S. funding. Finally, the question must be asked about the operation of the Israel lobby in the U.S. Is this indeed democracy?
Eddie J. Girdner, author of Confessions of a Renegade: Peace Corps Years. New Delhi: Gyan Publishers, 2014.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I admit that nothing sounds less appetizing than salmon cooked in a package. It arouses images of cardboard boxes bound with duct tape, spiders crawling all over it while it is left on the doorstep. Perhaps I should name this recipe Salmon a la Amazon?
But I assure you, no other process is as frugal with flavors as this method. If it makes you feel better think of it the French way: 'salmon en papillote' is what they call it. Whether or not the French make better food, they have certainly cornered the market on making it sound better.
One, since it is paper, one can wrap the thing being cooked rather tight, and the thing can be very snug indeed. Most vessels are going to have a rather large air space around the thing being cooked — which means, the aromas emanating from it, which one ideally wants to conserve as much as possible of — have a large air space in which to escape to. In contrast when you cook it in a package the aromas stay close to your food, deep inside the package, forming a sort of aroma bomb, waiting to explode when the package is unwrapped at the table. A good sort of bomb, that is.
Two — these are the type of stiff papers than one can crimp into a rough air seal. So not only are the aromas staying close by your food, they aren't leaking out either. The evidence of that? Most of the time when you have salmon or something baking in the oven, your kitchen gets quite suffused with the smells. Normally one swoons over this, but, as the 'package' method of cooking sternly reprimands us — the more suffusing into your kitchen that is going on, the less the aromas are sticking around where they belong — right by your food.
Three — it is not just the aromas, it is the natural steam that leaves the food as it cooks. Normally this creeps out into the aforementioned large air space, drying out the food stuff; but if you cook in a package, the steam is imprisoned inside, and perforce has to suffuse the food, which then remains moist.
Sorry about the analysis but it is nice to know why one does what one does. Or, we could just say 'en papillote' and consider the point made.
In this recipe, I allow the flavors of onion, garlic and basil to combine with that of salmon. These items are tightly wrapped together so they have nowhere to go except into each others' arms. This recipe makes enough for a dinner for two.
2 salmon fillets — total about 3/4 lb.
Lay out a piece of aluminium foil 18 inches wide and at least twice that long. Spread a teaspoon of oil on it, then place the fish fillets on, side by side. Spread the rest of the oil on the fillets evenly, then salt them both evenly. Now spread the onion, garlic and basil on the fillets evenly; and then the lemon juice.
Now make your pouch. I apologize I forgot to take pictures of this process but you basically fold the edges in, then take the long overhang of the foil over, to cover the salmon completely and fold it under to make a sealed package.
Put it in a 400 F oven. In 20 minutes the fish should be done to medium-rare, translucent inside but cooked to a safe 140 F. If you like it cooked more, leave it in for at most 5 more minutes. At this point the fish should be opaque through and through but still flaky.
You will know what I mean by 'aroma bomb' when you unwrap the package at the table. Here is our dinner with a side of wild rice and broccoli.


transmutation or transforming it into its opposite quality.
reference point for quickly viewing our state of astral equilibrium.
soul, there is no possible progress or rise."
At the beginning of Chapter 2, Bardon discusses autosuggestion.
graphic way what it wishes to be or to accomplish.
respect when it makes its requests.
enthusiasm" if your problem is apathy or being phlegmatic.
`I am full of enthusiasm.'"
new set of behaviors, beliefs, and emotions.
comes to communicating what you want to your subconscious.
at least during the practice, is absolutely real in the here and now.
to take over some of its functions.
extremely useful, you might try Jose Silva's exercise in mind control.
you visualize your problem on a white screen in front of you.
screen also off to the left side.
Finally, you visualize yourself on another screen in front of you.
make them into a deep contemplative exercise.
imagine myself being 100% within the picture I am visualizing.
generating or creating within ourselves during the practice.
subconscious on a deep level.
major arcana of the Tarot cards every day for about four months.
at your wish with a lot of concentration and persistence.
jumping ahead, I would like to explain a little more about this.
light shines outward from you penetrating through space and time.
penetrating through space and time with your consciousness.
Nothing limits what you can feel, observe, think, and experience.
certainty about your purposes, dynamic, and courageous.
influenced or infiltrated by outside energies.
those who work more with the tactile or kinesthetic sense.
monitoring and reframing your thoughts.
available to those who pass this way.
present when you interact with others.
carry excess emotional baggage from the past.
If you find a leak in the hull of a wooden boat, you can patch it.
case, a much larger area needs to be replaced.
junk you have been accumulating over the past year.
wood supporting the shingles of the roof.
an entire dungeon of memories, pain, and unresolved conflicts.
conceal areas of great darkness in their foundations.
seems at first impossible to bear.
yourself you do not know how or where to begin working on them.
self-confidence and strengthens the individual's will.
exploring the depths of himself lacks well-being and inner peace.
feelings he must never awaken, and dreams he must never dream.
of your psyche and history which you can not accept and transform.
is unresolved.  The topic evokes anxiety and denial.
months but often years before basic exercises are mastered.
fire of spirit dwelling within you is unleashed and finally freed.
superior and indulge him or herself in feeling he is above others.
culture, civilization, philosophy, religion, or occult tradition.
themselves they are without merit or interest.
single exercise before going on to the next.
those stones as a legacy to be passed down to future generations.
energy--dazzling, bright, self-radiant, and eternal light.
invites you to discuss whatever is on your heart and in your mind.
expect and that  require you be fully alert and forceful in reply.
are invisible to the people around him.
easily overwhelm and overshadow everything else you are doing.
confront new and unexpected aspects of myself.
having a life long relationship with an extremely seductive mistress.
to live my life without her.
transcendent guardian spirit appears visible to my eyes in the room.
sometimes happen when you practice magick.
and affection, everything else is pale by comparison.
This of course is also a powerful assault on magical equilibrium.
dramatic you fall again under her spell.
psychic perception would be fabulous.
students who practiced Bardon and they provided very little support.
no magicians or esoteric lodges.  I proceeded on my own.
could reflect its beauty, majesty, and wonder within my astral body.
love.  It fills in for something which is missing in myself.
fulfillment and also the oneness which sustains the whole."


text:
The Library of Classical Design: Compendium 1 - A Foundation for the Student & Practitioner
References for the study and practical application of the classical language
Via Michael Mesko and Stephen Chrisman
This compendium, curated by instructors Michael Mesko, ICAA Board Member and Education Chair, and Stephen Chrisman, ICAA Fellow and Principal at Ferguson & Shamamian Architects, serves as a guide to building a library of foundational texts for the student, practitioner, and anyone interested in classical and traditional architecture as a contemporary discipline. The mix of older and recent resources is an excellent starting point for deeper study.
Texts are sorted by subject area. The most current English-language edition of each work is given where possible. Additionally, whenever possible, links to public domain online editions are provided.
For additional texts, we invite you to explore the ICAA's digital rare books archive, as well as to peruse the ICAA Research Library's online catalog.
Elements of Classical Architecture: Treatises
Alberti, Leon Battista. The Ten Books of Architecture.
Current Edition: Alberti, Leon Battista. The Ten Books of Architecture. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1986.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Alberti, Leon Battista. The Architecture of Leon Battista Alberti in Ten Books of Painting. Translated by Cosimo Bartoli (Italian and English). London: Thomas Edlin, 1739. Getty Research Institute. Archive.org. Volume I: https://archive.org/details/gri33125011115496; Volume II: https://archive.org/details/gri33125011115561.
Palladio, Andrea. The Four Books on Architecture.
Current Edition: Palladio, Andrea. The Four Books on Architecture. Translated by Robert Tavernor and Richard Schofield. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997.
Online Edition in the Public Domain:
- Leoni Translation: Palladio, Andrea. The Architecture of A. Palladio in Four Books. Translated by Giacomo Leoni. London: Printed for A. Ward, 1742. ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Rar 2443. e-rara. https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-4821
-Ware Translation: Palladio, Andrea. The Four Books on Architecture. Translated by Isaac Ware. London: Printed for R. Ware, 1738. ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Rar 1103 fol. e-rara. https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-13021
Serlio, Sebastiano. A Treatise on Architecture.
Current Edition: Serlio, Sebastiano. Sebastiano Serlio on Architecture, Volume 1: Books I-V of "Tutte l'opere d'architettura et prospetiva." Translated by Vaughan Hart and Peter Hicks. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Serlio, Sebastiano. Five Bookes of Architecture: Translated out of Italian into Dutch, and out of Dutch into English. London: Printed for Robert Peake, 1611. Glasgow School of Art. Archive.org. https://archive.org/details/firstbookeofarch00serl
Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da. Canon of the Five Orders of Architecture.
Current Edition: Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da. Canon of the Five Orders of Architecture. Translated by Branko Mitrovic. New York: Acanthus Press, 1999.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da. The Five Orders of Architecture According to Giacomo Barozzio of Vignola; to Which are Added the Greek Orders; for the Use of the Art Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Translated by Arthur Lyman Tuckerman. New York: W.T. Comstock, 1891. Hathi Trust. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101067664175
Vitruvius. The Ten Books of Architecture.
Current Edition: Vitruvius. The Ten Books of Architecture. Translated by Morris Hicky Morgan. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1960.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Vitruvius. The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, In Ten Books. Translated by Joseph Gwilt. London: Priestley and Weale, 1826. Stiftung Bibliothek Werner Oechslin, A04a ; app. 851. e-rara. https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-19442.
The Classical Orders and Elements: Drawing and Application
Chambers, William. A Treatise on the Decorative Part of Civil Architecture. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2003.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Chambers, William. A Treatise on the Decorative Parts of Civil Architecture. London: J. Haberkorn, 1759. ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Rar 1218. e-rara. https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-13406.
Reprint of 1759 original. One of the standard English texts on classical architecture with a focus on the application of the orders and smaller architectural features such as doors, windows, balustrades, chimney-pieces and ceilings.
Cordingley, R. A. Orders of Architecture. New York: Dover Publications, 2015.
An unabridged republication of the first English edition of Charles Normand's Parallel of the Orders – a parallel of examples of the orders from Antiquity through the Renaissance. The modern introduction provides a useful overview of the orders and fundamental arrangements.
Gibbs, James. Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture. Gale Ecco, 2010.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Gibbs, James. Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture. London: W. Boyer, 1736. ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, RAR 1661: ED.2 GF. e-rara. https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-4105.
An explanation of how to draw the classical orders and related motifs and details by one of Britain's most influential architects. Originally published in 1732, the book was one of the principal resources for American architecture in the 18th century and remains a useful guide to drawing the orders.
ICAA. Classical Architecture: A Handbook to the Tradition - the ICAA Classical Primer.
An ever-expanding handbook created by ICAA instructors which brings together much of the introductory content taught in ICAA core curriculum classes in one easy-to-reference manual. The Primer includes instructional material on the classical orders and elements, proportion, and composition. The handbook distills material available in a number of architectural treatises and supplements the large body of literature dealing with the theory and practice of classical design.
Rattner, Donald M. (1993). "Moldings: The Atomic Units of Classical Architecture". Traditional Building 6, vol. 4 (1993): 72-3.
A brief summary of the fundamental tectonic and aesthetic principles to be considered when deploying mouldings in an architectural composition. The article provides an essential distillation of many of the ideas presented in the book, The Theory of Moldings.
Walker, C. H. Theory of Mouldings. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2007.
Reprint of 1926 original. An overview of mouldings from an historical, practical, aesthetic, and perceptual perspective and a practical orientation to the most frequently used elements in the vocabulary of classical forms.
Ware, William. R. The American Vignola: A Guide to the Making of Classical Architecture. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1994.
Reprint of the 1902 original. Plates and text describing a simple method of drawing the Five Roman orders in accordance with a proportional system determined by Vignola and the employment of the orders and related classical elements in composition.
Composition: Architecture
Adam, Robert. Classical Architecture. New York: Abrams, 1991.
An overview of the language and its practical application. Each subject is covered with a brief description alongside drawings that show at a glance the ways in which different features of classicism have been interpreted through time in different places.
Curtis, Nathaniel C. The Secrets of Architectural Composition. New York: Dover Publications, 2011.
Reprint of 1923 original. An index of elemental architectural forms and arrangements in plan, section and elevation.
Cusato, Marianne. Get Your House Right: Architectural Elements to Use & Avoid. New York: Sterling, 2007.
A catalog of design principles, good practices, common mistakes, and solutions for traditional residential design.
D'Espouy, Hector. Fragments from Greek and Roman Architecture. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1981.
A compendium of examples of architectural detail from ancient Rome and Greece executed in the technique of India ink and water color rendering by students of the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Illustrations include the Parthenon, Pantheon, Colosseum, Roman temples and many others.
Gromort, Georges. The Elements of Classical Architecture. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2001.
A reprint of two books by a professor of architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, including plates on the orders and measured drawings and photographs of important models of classical design, from the Parthenon to the Petit Trianon.
Harbeson, John F. The Study of Architectural Design. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2008.
Reprint of 1926 original. The only text in English that describes the system of architectural education developed in France and commonly known as the Beaux-Arts method, as adapted to suit the structure and demands of American schools of architecture. Used to train architects in America until the late 1940's.
Semes, Steven. Architecture of the Classical Interior. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2004.
The principles of classical architecture applied to the design of interiors, both residential and public. A practicing architect shows how the elements that constitute the classical interior-wall and ceiling treatments, doors and windows, fireplaces, and stairs-can be composed into rooms satisfying both aesthetic and practical criteria. Historic and contemporary examples illustrate both generic and specific solutions for designers working in the classical tradition today.
Stratton, Arthur. Form and Design in Classic Architecture. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004.
Reprint of 1925 original. An index of elemental architectural arrangements in diagrammatic plan, section, and elevation line illustrations, showing the relationship of exterior forms and the disposition of interior elements. Examples include buildings of varying geometry, treatments of vestibules, corridors, domed and vaulted spaces, pavilions, loggias, interior and exterior staircases, porticoes, and colonnades.
Composition: The Civic Realm
Congress for the New Urbanism. Charter of the New Urbanism. 2nd edition. Edited by Emily Talen. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.
A guide to restore urban centers, reconfigure sprawling suburbs, conserve environmental assets, and preserve our built legacy. It examines communities at three interdependent levels: The region: metropolis, city, and town; the neighborhood, district, and corridor; the block, street, and building.
Hegemann, Werner, and Elbert Peets. The American Vitruvius: An Architects' Handbook of Civic Art. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2010.
Reprint of 1922 original. The most complete single-volume survey of American and European urban and planning exemplars from antiquity to the 20th century. The precedents presented underscore the idea "...that to conceive a building in connection with its surroundings and to mold both so that each determines the other is architecture in the full sense of the word; it is civic art."
Krier, Léon. The Architecture of Community. 2nd edition. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2019.
A contemporary road map for designing or completing today's fragmented communities; the making of sustainable, humane, and attractive villages, towns, and cities; theories on classical and vernacular urbanism and architecture; and practical design guidelines for creating livable towns.
Composition: Landscape
Shepherd, J.C., and G.A. Jellicoe. Italian Gardens of the Renaissance. Fifth Edition. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1997.
Reprint of 1925 original. Seminal work on the compositional principals and strategies of Italian gardens. Numerous precedents shown in plan, section, elevation and perspective demonstrate the interrelation of architecture and nature, and the use of the ordered landscape as a mediator between the formal and informal.
Jones, Owen. The Grammar of Ornament: A Visual Reference of Form and Color in Architecture and the Decorative Arts. New York: Princeton University Press, 2016.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Jones, Owen. The Grammar of Ornament. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1868. Getty Research Institute. Archive.org. https://archive.org/details/gri_c00033125008700094
Reprint of 1856 original.
Meyer, Franz Sales. Handbook of Ornament. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1957.
Speltz, Alexander. The Styles of Ornament. Translated by David O'Connor. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1959.
Proportion & Geometry
Bass, Steve. Beauty Memory Unity: A Theory of Proportion in Architecture and Design. Great Barrington, MA: Lindisfarne Books, 2019.
An exploration of the orders, proportion, harmony and beauty in architecture. Topics include: the concept of symbolic or qualitative number; Pythagorean and Platonic numerical philosophy; the nature of beauty and its relation to number; the derivation of the ancient musical octave; the Golden section,; and the connection of these ideas to the numerical - geometrical canons of classical architecture. Concepts are illustrated step by step as applied to the elements and archetypal composition of classical architecture using arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic ratio methods. The proportional ideas are illustrated with reconstructions of exemplary buildings based on the methods described.
Fletcher, Rachel. Infinite Measure: Learning to Design in Geometric Harmony with Art, Architecture, and Nature. Staunton, VA: George F. Thompson Publishing, 2013.
An introduction to geometry and proportion including: practical techniques for design applications; for producing proportional schemes with a compass and rule; commentaries on geometric symbols and useful theorems; definitions and etymologies of essential mathematical terms; and original analyses of harmonious proportions found in art, architecture, landscape design, and other compositions.
History & Precedents
Curl, James Stevens. Classical Architecture: An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms. Second Edition. Chrysalis, 2001.
A succinct history of the use of the classical language with an essential glossary of terms.
Curl, James Stevens, and Susan Wilson. The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture. Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Porphyrios, Demetri. Classical Architecture. Second Edition. London: Andreas Papadakis Publisher, 2007.
An exploration of architecture as the art of building, and the relationship of traditional architecture with the contemporary world. Themes include the role of imitation, tectonics, ornament and originality and the relevance of traditional building forms and techiniques.
Summerson, John. The Classical Language of Architecture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1966.
Watkin, David. A History of Western Architecture. Sixth edition. London: Laurence King Publishing, 2015.
Architectural Monographs: Masters of the Classical Tradition
Butler, A. S. The Architecture of Sir Edwin Lutyens, Vols. 1, 2 and 3. Mulgrave: Antique Collectors Club, 1989.
Text, photographs, and scale drawings documenting the major works of a 20th century master.
McKim, Charles Follen, William Rutherford Mead, Stanford White, and Richard Guy Wilson. McKim, Mead & White: Selected Works 1879 to 1915. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2018.
A monograph on the work of a firm that adapted the classical tradition for every conceivable contemporary building type and function. Images and scale drawings.
Platt, Charles. The Architecture of Charles A. Platt. Introductions by Royal Cortissoz and Charles D. Warren. New York: Acanthus Press, 1998.
Scamozzi, Ottavio Bertotti. The Buildings and Designs of Andrea Palladio. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2014.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Not available in English; copies in Italian may be found here.
Reprint of 1776 original. Documentation of Palladio's oeuvre showcasing his designs for villas, churches, and civic buildings in highly detailed engravings of plans, sections, and elevations.
Schinkel, Karl Friedrich. Sammlung architektonischer Entwürfe. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. 1989.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Schinkel, Karl Friedrich. Sammlung architektonischer Entwürfe. Berlin: Wittich, 1820-1840. ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Rar 10007. https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-8961.
Reprint of 1729 original. A reprint of Schinkel's architectural designs shown in scale plans, elevations, sections, and perspectives.
Architectural Monographs: Regional
Letarouilly, Paul. Edifices de Rome Moderne. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2016.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Multiple editions in French are available here.
A compendium of architectural precedents from Renaissance Rome in perspective view and scale drawings of plans, elevations, sections, and details.
Stuart, James and Nicholas Revett. Antiquities of Athens. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Stuart, James and Nicholas Revett. The Antiquities of Athens. London: John Haberkorn, 1762. Smithsonian Libraries. Archive.org. Vol. I: https://archive.org/details/antiqvitiesAthe1Stua
The first accurate survey of ancient Greek architecture based on precise measured drawings done between 1751 and 1754. An essential resource for understanding the elements of Greek classical architecture.
Drawing & Rendering
Guptill, Arthur. Drawing and Sketching in Pencil. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2007.
Reprint of 1922 original. Techniques for studying precedents and presentation drawings using the medium of pencil.
Magonigle, H. Van Buren. Architectural Rendering in Wash. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1921.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Magonigle, H. Van Buren. Architectural Rendering in Wash. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1921. Hathi Trust. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t0rr21b6r.
A guide to the making of formal architectural renderings using ink and watercolor.
McGoodwin, Henry. Architectural Shades and Shadows. Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1989.
A guide to constructing and casting shades and shadows for typical architectural forms and classical elements.
Varon, David Jacob. Indication in Architectural Design: A Natural Method of Studying Architectural Design with the Help of Indication as a Means of Analysis. New York: The William T. Comstock Company, 1916.
Online Edition in the Public Domain: Varon, David Jacob. Indication in Architectural Design: A Natural Method of Studying Architectural Design with the Help of Indication as a Means of Analysis. New York: The William T. Comstock Company, 1916. https://archive.org/details/cu31924015416278/mode/2up.
Techniques for the analytical study of precedents through freehand drawing.
The Art of Building
Knobloch, Philip. Architectural Details from the Early Twentieth Century. Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1991.
Reprint of 1923 original. 52 plates of drawings of representative details of good practice in construction from actual buildings.
Ramsey, Charles George and Harold Reeve Sleeper. Traditional Details for Building Restoration, Renovation, and Rehabilitation: From the 1932-1951 Editions of Architectural Graphic Standards. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, 1998.
A compilation of traditional architectural details from the first four editions of Architectural Graphic Standards published between 1932 and 1951. Architects, designers, and others involved in new construction rebuilding and renovating structures will find here many of the details and information used by the original architects and builders.
Snyder, Frank M. Building Details. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2007.
A reprint of a serial produced originally between 1906 and 1914 showing details of houses, civic buildings, banks, churches, clubs, and other structures designed by some of the period's leading architects, including McKim, Mead & White,; John Russell Pope; Grosvenor Atterbury; and Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson. Redrawn to scale from architects' working drawings. The plates offer inspiration for details that continue to confront architects today.
2020 Summer Studio Retrospective
This reading list is presented as part of the 2020 Summer Studio Retrospective, a four-week series of daily online content inspired by the ICAA's Summer Studio in Classical Architecture program and the many students who have been impacted through its unique course of study. You can find additional programs in this series here.
Tags: reading list, education, the library of classical design
The Grand Tour: Crafting Classical New York with Mather Building Arts and Craftsmanship High School
Learning from a Living City: New Heights 7.0 with Marymount School of New York
New Heights program with Marymount School
The Spirit of the Scene: Sketching Subjects on Site, with Martin Burns
Architectural Design Considerations for Limestone Cavity Wall Construction, with Craig Williams


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Books & Calendars/
History/
740 Park: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building By Michael Gross
Code: 978-0385512091
For seventy-five years, it's been Manhattan's richest apartment building, and one of the most lusted-after addresses in the world. One apartment had 37 rooms, 14 bathrooms, 43 closets, 11 working fireplaces, a private elevator, and his-and-hers saunas; another at one time had a live-in service staff of 16. To this day, it is steeped in the purest luxury, the kind most of us could only imagine, until now.
The last great building to go up along New York's Gold Coast, construction on 740 Park finished in 1930. Since then, 740 has been home to an ever-evolving cadre of our wealthiest and most powerful families, some of America's (and the world's) oldest money—the kind attached to names like Vanderbilt, Rockefeller, Bouvier, Chrysler, Niarchos, Houghton, and Harkness—and some whose names evoke the excesses of today's monied elite: Kravis, Koch, Bronfman, Perelman, Steinberg, and Schwarzman. All along, the building has housed titans of industry, political power brokers, international royalty, fabulous scam-artists, and even the lowest scoundrels.
The book begins with the tumultuous story of the building's construction. Conceived in the bubbling financial, artistic, and social cauldron of 1920's Manhattan, 740 Park rose to its dizzying heights as the stock market plunged in 1929—the building was in dire financial straits before the first apartments were sold. The builders include the architectural genius Rosario Candela, the scheming businessman James T. Lee (Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's grandfather), and a raft of financiers, many of whom were little more than white-collar crooks and grand-scale hustlers.
Once finished, 740 became a magnet for the richest, oldest families in the country: the Brewsters, descendents of the leader of the Plymouth Colony; the socially-registered Bordens, Hoppins, Scovilles, Thornes, and Schermerhorns; and top executives of the Chase Bank, American Express, and U.S. Rubber. Outside the walls of 740 Park, these were the people shaping America culturally and economically. Within those walls, they were indulging in all of the Seven Deadly Sins.
As the social climate evolved throughout the last century, so did 740 Park: after World War II, the building's rulers eased their more restrictive policies and began allowing Jews (though not to this day African Americans) to reside within their hallowed walls. Nowadays, it is full to bursting with new money, people whose fortunes, though freshly-made, are large enough to buy their way in.
At its core this book is a social history of the American rich, and how the locus of power and influence has shifted haltingly from old bloodlines to new money. But it's also much more than that: filled with meaty, startling, often tragic stories of the people who lived behind 740's walls, the book gives us an unprecedented access to worlds of wealth, privilege, and extraordinary folly that are usually hidden behind a scrim of money and influence. This is, truly, how the other half—or at least the other one hundredth of one percent—lives.
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Carter G. Woodson: Father of Black History, Native Huntingtonian
Written by Aaron-Michael Fox.
Dr. Carter Godwin Woodson is known as the "Father of Black History" for his role in founding what is now Black History Month and the seeds for many of his later-life insights would be sewn right here in the Jewel City of Huntington, West Virginia. There is a statue of the gentleman scholar on Hal Greer Boulevard year Ninth Avenue.
Dr. Woodson was born December 19, 1875 in New Canton, Virginia, to parents who had been slaves before Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. His father, James Woodson, had worked diligently for the Union during the Civil War. The elder Woodson moved his family to West Virginia when he heard that Huntington was building a high school for black students.
The Woodson family was large and had very limited resources, so Carter could only attend school very infrequently. But that didn't stop the young Woodson. Through self-instruction, he managed to master all of the fundamentals of the "common school subjects" by the age of 17.
Photo courtesy West Virginia State Archives.
Unable to afford the luxury of a full-time education, in 1892, Woodson moved to Fayette County, W. Va. where he would spend the next three years working as a coal miner. This time spent underground in the West Virginia hills would prove to be influential on the young Woodson, who for the rest of his life would advocate for vocational education alongside classroom education.
In 1895, at the age of 20, Woodson moved back to Huntington and enrolled full time at Douglass High School, completing his curriculum in just two years and graduating at the top of his class in 1897. From there, he moved back to Fayette County to work as a teacher for the children of the coal camps.
In 1900, Woodson was selected as the new principal at Douglass High, so he returned once again to Huntington and began taking classes part-time at Berea College in Kentucky. He would ultimately earn a Bachelor of Literature degree from the college in 1903. Amazingly, Berea would have been forced to deny entry to Woodson the very next year after the State of Kentucky passed the Day Law, which prohibited students of color from enrolling at historically white colleges.
After his graduation from Berea, Woodson enrolled at the University of Chicago and, in 1908, earned his Bachelor's and Master's of Arts degrees. Woodson would go on to be the second African-American in history (after W.E.B. Dubois) to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1912.
The newly titled Dr. Woodson strongly believed that racism was the result of what we would now call "white washed" history, the promoted accomplishments of Europeans and downplayed or even ignored accomplishments of Africans.
"[African-American contributions] were overlooked, ignored, and even suppressed by the writers of history textbooks and the teachers who use them. [Race prejudice] is merely the logical result of tradition, the inevitable outcome of thorough instruction to the effect that the Negro has never contributed anything to the progress of mankind." –Dr. Carter G. Woodson.
To balance this obviously Euro-centric view of American history, in 1915, Dr. Woodson founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. That same year Woodson published his first book: The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. This would be followed by A Century of Negro Migration in 1918, The Negro in Our History in 1922, and The History of the Negro Church in 1927. His 1933 work The Mis-Education of the Negro is still a popular read on American history and is available through Barnes & Noble HERE.
Historical photo colorized by Aaron-Michael Fox.
Dr. Woodson believed that increasing educational opportunities along with social and professional contacts between blacks and whites would reduce racism and he promoted the study of African-American history partly for this purpose.
"What we need is not a history of selected races or nations, but the history of the world void of national bias, race hate, and religious prejudice." –Dr. Carter G. Woodson.
Dr. Woodson would take his message to the nation with the first Negro History Week in Washington D.C. in 1926. The original Negro History Week coincided with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. However, while the educational holiday would continue to be celebrated yearly across the country, it would not be until 1976 that President Gerald Ford would formally recognize Black History Month.
Dr. Woodson continued his quest for historical knowledge and racial equality up until his sudden death from a hearth attack in 1950. Thankfully, his message lives on in the form of his written words and those he has inspired with them.
"When you control a man's thinking you do not have to worry about his actions. You do not have to tell him not to stand here or go yonder. He will find his 'proper place' and will stay in it. You do not need to send him to the back door. He will go without being told. In fact, if there is no back door, he will cut one for his special benefit. His education makes it necessary."
"History shows that it does not matter who is in power or what revolutionary forces take over the government, those who have not learned to do for themselves and have to depend solely on others never obtain any more rights or privileges in the end than they had in the beginning." –Dr. Carter G. Woodson.
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Avant-garde cinema began in the silent era (particularly in Europe) while a fair amount of subsequent experimental work in the United States and elsewhere has remained an entirely sound-free zone. Even today, they often still do (and every film herein is absent of any sound whatsoever).
POPULAR FILM
Bygone Brooklyn is richly evoked in the everyday life of the street: the elevated train, Lithuanian storefronts and especially in the fac...
Meshes of the Afternoon
In a seemingly ordinary Los Angeles home, the film's protagonist, played by the filmmaker herself, gets caught in a eerie loop of symbols...
A cinematic magic act, AT LAND showcases legendary experimental filmmaker Maya Deren's technical skill and boundless imagination.
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Popularity Title Rating Year Duration Added to Fandor
A pocket-sized city symphony, WILLIAMSBURG collects some of the first images Jonas Mekas shot with a film camera in 1950 (along with footage from 1972 when he was returning to his old neighborhood as a visitor). Bygone Brooklyn is richly evoked in the everyday life of the street: the elevated...
A pocket-sized city symphony, WILLIAMSBURG collects some of the first images Jonas Mekas shot with a film...
One of the most important films in the history of American avant-garde cinema, Maya Deren's MESHES OF THE AFTERNOON is captivating and dream-like, filled with tinges of psychodrama, murder mystery, and film noir. In a seemingly ordinary Los Angeles home, the film's...
Maya Deren, Alexander Hammid
One of the most important films in the history of American avant-garde cinema,...
AT LAND begins at sea. In the film's stunning opening sequence, a woman (played by filmmaker Maya Deren) emerges on shore, climbs up a pile of driftwood... and finds herself in the middle of a formal banquet. She then moves from lush, verdant jungles to seaweed-strewn beaches, stealing chess...
AT LAND begins at sea. In the film's stunning opening sequence, a woman (played by filmmaker Maya Deren)...
Ritual in Transfigured Time
Elusive and enigmatic, RITUAL IN TRANSFIGURED TIME begins with its director, the avant-garde pioneer filmmaker Maya Deren, winding a seemingly endless skein of yarn. She is joined by a young woman (the Trinidadian dancer Rita Christiani, one of Deren's closest friends) who is...
Elusive and enigmatic, RITUAL IN TRANSFIGURED TIME begins with its director,...
Our Lady of the Sphere
Of all my films, this is the most popular to date. Unfortunately, it is also the most cartoon-like and has an almost visible storyline: the young boy's travels through terror, death and the Underworld. My own conception of the circus sequence in the film connotes the world's...
Lawrence Jordan
The young boy's travels through terror, death and the Underworld.
THE QUARRY is a silent document of four minutes in the presence of the sublime. This small, quiet 16mm film serves as a testament both to cinema's failure to reproduce the lived moment and to its success in replacing that moment with one that is equally wondrous.
Rapa Nuian Short
THE QUARRY is a silent document of five minutes in the presence of the sublime.
Travel Songs
Drawn together from two decades of itinerant shooting in Europe, TRAVEL SONGS evokes Jonas Mekas' improvisatory approach to sightseeing, with Assisi, Moscow and Stockholm all filtered through his singularly animated lens. Though tuned to fine-grained particularities of landscape and culture,...
Drawn together from two decades of itinerant shooting in Europe, TRAVEL SONGS evokes Jonas Mekas'...
Rhythmus 21
Hans Richter's position in the art world was unique. As one of the earliest exponents of Dada, he was also one of the first to recognize the new possibilities cinematography offered the artist. He participated in the first avant-garde film movement alongside Fernand Leger, Marcel Duchamp, Man...
German Avant-garde
Hans Richter
Hans Richter's position in the art world was unique. As one of the earliest exponents of Dada, he was also...
A Study in Choreography for Camera
"If I did not live in a time when film was accessible to me as a medium, I would have been a dancer, perhaps, or a singer," the filmmaker Maya Deren once said. "But this is a much more marvelous dance. In film, I can make the world dance!" After college, Deren landed her first...
"If I did not live in a time when film was accessible to me as a medium, I...
BLUSHES is an exploration of the body. It contrasts gentle imagery of the female form with stark geometrics and powerful rushes of color. Self-depiction and tangible manipulation of the filmstrip establish a new agency for the filmmaker. Through its confrontational nature it subverts the gaze...
Kyle Beechey
An exploration of the body, contrasting gentle imagery of the female form with stark geometrics and...
Meditation on Violence
Haunting Chinese flute and Haitian drums accompany a graceful, elegant dance performance by Chao-Li Chi in Maya Deren's MEDITATION ON VIOLENCE. The film was released following the publication of her book, "An Anagram of Ideas on Art, Form and Film", and her winning the Grand...
Haunting Chinese flute and Haitian drums accompany a graceful, elegant dance...
The 16mm test roll for James Benning's feature-length film TEN SKIES. 74.78 is part of Mike Plante's Lunchfilm series of commissioned shorts (made for the cost of a lunch between Plante and filmmaker James Benning).
James Benning
From the Lunchfilm series, a short constructed out of the 16mm test roll for James Benning's...
Black and White Trypps #1
A psychedelic op-art film that references the traditions of hand-painted avant-garde cinema by replacing it with something entirely different. Hypnosis is imminent.
A psychedelic op-art film that references the traditions of hand-painted...
Letters, Notes
Conceptually, Stephanie Barber's short film LETTERS, NOTES is simplicity itself: found photographs hold the screen as animated texts transcribe brief notes and letters unmoored from context. And yet the elusive poignancy that emerges of this exquisite corpse structure is richly suggestive of the...
Found photographs hold the screen as animated texts transcribe brief notes and letters unmoored from...
Gently Down the Stream
GENTLY DOWN THE STREAM can be described about as easily as you can hold on to a handful of water.
Su Friedrich
GENTLY DOWN THE STREAM can be described about as easily as you can hold on to a...
Fog Line
Called "a small but perfect film" by no less than American avant-garde cinema's patron saint Jonas Mekas, Larry Gottheim's groundbreaking early work is a silent single-shot short in which the camera remains stationary but nature provides magical action. A landscape framed by the stretch of...
Larry Gottheim
Called "a small but perfect film" by no less than American avant-garde cinema's patron saint Jonas Mekas,...
Immer Zu
IMMER ZU is an elliptical, experimental animated film which evokes a mysterious undercover world of secret messages, cryptic language and indecipherable codes. Shot in luminous black and white, IMMER ZU uses miniature two and three dimensional figures and sets, as well as shadow puppetry, to...
Janie Geiser
IMMER ZU is an elliptical, experimental animated film which evokes a mysterious undercover world of secret...
Friday Mosque
A silent meditation on the Islamic prayer ritual through motion (water is the core, but light is the cause) in FRIDAY MOSQUE. Shot on high-contrast black and white 16mm film, Navai hand processed the negative and painstakingly contact- printed the strips of celluloid. The resulting image quivers...
Azadeh Navai
A silent meditation on the Islamic prayer ritual through motion (water is the core, but light is the cause).


Tomorrow is Mothering Sunday in the UK, often called Mothers' Day now. We usually celebrate our mother and give her a gift. My boys have been excited all week and I kind of know where they have been hiding the special card they made at school as keeping a secret is a difficult thing. The youngest found it really hard not to open it himself on bringing it home, but we managed to stop him and hide it for him until the day has arrived.
In most of the world Mothers' Day is not celebrated tomorrow, but on the second Sunday of May, this year the 12thof May. You probably know why we have a different day altogether, but for the Dutchies reading my blog: Our Mothering Sunday in the UK is on the fourth Sunday of Lent and was actually to visit your 'Mother' Church, but as that became less popular, it has transformed towards a celebration of Mothers' Day as most of us know it now.
The school celebrated it with a church service yesterday morning. All the kids did really well and they sung their hearts out. What I found particularly touching was how Mothering Sunday was explained. According to the vicar it was not just about the mothers, it was actually about all the mothering people in your life! So, this could be your dad, your grandma or grandfather, your neighbour…. Anyone who was caring for you, was mothering towards you. Much better, especially for those who do not have their mum in their life any more.
So, to all of you I hope you have a wonderful Mothering Sunday tomorrow; a celebration of love really for all the people that are there for you!


Distribution: Southwestern Montana, central Idaho, western Wyoming, northeastern Nevada, and northern Utah.
Size: 14-16 cm in length with a 31-35 cm wingspan.
Plumage: Adults are black on the head, back, and breast with pink on the undersides and wings. There is a patch of gray at the back of the head. They have short black legs and a long forked tail. The beak is yellow and the eyes are black.


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Watch Gregg Popovich do defensive shuffles after gold medal win
Gregg Popovich was vintage Gregg Popovich through all of this.
Which can be cantankerous when his team is struggling and celebratory when they get a big win.
Few wins can compare to winning a gold medal, and Popovich celebrated that by doing some defensive shuffles and slapping the floor.
Before you say that looks like your dad after a few drinks showing you how they used to play in his day, remember that Pop could play — he was the defensive-minded scrapper out of the Air Force Academy who was the final cut from the 1972 Olympic team. Pop could ball.
Through this entire Olympic run, Popovich was vintage Popovich. He had a plan for how he wanted Team USA to come together, and when that didn't go well at points he sounded like a curmudgeon (something familiar to anyone who has covered him over the years). He also knew his vision would work, it was just going to take time, a focus on the defensive end (and some shuffles), and a healthy dose of Kevin Durant — who Popovich recruited hard. Popovich's plan worked. Team USA eventually came together and won their fourth straight Olympic gold.
"We're thrilled and honored to be able to represent the country the way we did," Popovich said, via the AP. "The team progressed very rapidly in a very short period of time under some difficult circumstances, which I think made this win all the sweeter. We're glad it's over."
Check out more from the Tokyo games
Behind 42 from Patty Mills, Australia earns bronze, nation's first… Damian Lillard played through abdominal injury during Olympics Kevin Durant sparks USA to gold medal win against France
Watch Gregg Popovich do defensive shuffles after gold medal win originally appeared on NBCSports.com


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Q: Query to get 3rd largest amount and 2nd largest amount from table How to find 2nd and 3rd largest amount from a table

A: SELECT ... FROM ... ORDER BY column DESC LIMIT 2 OFFSET 1;

Depending on your SQL dialect there's a different way of specifying LIMIT and OFFSET.

A: SQL Server 2000+
SELECT TOP 2
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FROM
   (
   SELECT TOP 3 * FROM table ORDER BY Something DESC
   ) T
ORDER BY Something

A: If you are using SQL Server 2005+ you can use the ROW_NUMBER construct.

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