Side view of the Moltke crater taken from Apollo 11.
The word crater was adopted by Galileo from the Greek word for vessel - (Κρατήρ a Greek vessel used to mix wine and water). Galileo built his first telescope in late 1609, and turned it to the Moon for the first time on November 30, 1609. He discovered that, contrary to general opinion at that time, the Moon was not a perfect sphere, but had both mountains and cup-like depressions, the latter of which he gave the name craters.
The formation of new craters is studied in the lunar impact monitoring program at NASA. The biggest recorded creation was caused by an impact recorded on March 17, 2013. The explosion, which was visible with the naked eye, is believed to be from an approximately 40 kg meteoroid hitting the moon with a speed of 90000 km/h.
Because of the Moon's lack of water, and atmosphere, or tectonic plates, there is little erosion, and craters are found that exceed two billion years in age. The age of large craters is determined by the number of smaller craters contained within it, older craters generally accumulating more small, contained craters.
Beginning in 2009 Dr. Nadine Barlow of Northern Arizona University began to convert the Wood and Andersson lunar impact-crater database into digital format. Dr. Barlow is also creating a new lunar impact crater database similar to Wood and Andersson's, except hers will include all impact craters greater than or equal to five kilometers in diameter and is based on Clementine (spacecraft) images of the lunar surface.
The moon zoo project within the Zooniverse program aims to use citizen scientists to map the size and shape of as many craters as possible using data from the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Craters constitute 95% of all named lunar features. Usually they are named after deceased scientists and other explorers. This tradition comes from Giovanni Battista Riccioli, who started it in 1651. Since 1919, assignment of these names is regulated by International Astronomical Union.
Majority of named lunar craters are satellite craters: their names consist of the name of nearby named crater and a capital letter (for example, Copernicus A, Copernicus B, Copernicus C and so on).
Lunar crater chains are usually named after nearby crater. Their Latin names contain the word Catena ("chain"). For example, Catena Davy is situated near crater Davy.
↑ This term was coined by Soviet explorers of the Moon after beginning of exploration of lunar farside. Later, in 1967, on XIII General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union this word was proposed to be included into the list of generic terms of nomenclature of lunar surface features, but this proposal was declined. So, this term remains only a characterization of the features, but not a part of their names.
↑ Pike, RJ (1977). "Size-dependence in the shape of fresh impact craters on the moon". 1: 489–509.
↑ Quaide, W.L. & Oberbeck, V.R. (1968). "Thickness determinations of the lunar surface layer from lunar impact craters". Journal of Geophysical Research. American Geophysical Union. 73 (16): 5247–5270. Bibcode:1968JGR....73.5247Q. doi:10.1029/JB073i016p05247.
↑ "Lunar Impacts". Marshall Space Flight Center. Retrieved 2013-05-18.
↑ Wood C. A.; Anderson L. (1978). "New morphometric data for fresh lunar craters" (PDF). Proceedings of the 9th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 13–17, 1978: 3669–3689. Bibcode:1978LPSC....9.3669W.
↑ "Proceedings of the Thirteenth General Assembly (Prague, 1967) – excerpts". The-Moon Wiki. Archived from the original on 2013-09-25. Retrieved 2014-09-01.
↑ J. A. Jackson; J. P. Mehl; K. K. E. Neuendorf (American Geological Institute), eds. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 665. ISBN 978-0-922-15276-6.
↑ Mosher J. (1970). Lunar Farside Cratering (submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor of science) (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 10.
↑ David T. W. Buckingham; Bitha Salimkumar & Nadine G. Barlow (2011). "Development of a New GIS Database of Lunar Impact Craters" (PDF). 42: 1428.
1 2 "Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Archived from the original on 2014-08-10. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
1 2 Greeley R.; Batson R. M. (1990). "4.2. Moon: 1640–1977". Planetary Mapping. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–103. ISBN 978-0-5210-3373-2.
↑ "Descriptor Terms (Feature Types)". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Archived from the original on 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2014-08-24.


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Nudge-u-cation: Can behavioural science boost education and social mobility?
Job vacancy (3)
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PBE welcomes David Halpern to The Royal Society
Wednesday 28th March 2018, 19:00
There are a limited number of free tickets for this event. Suggested donation to Pro Bono Economics is minimum £10.
We are pleased to announce that Nomura will be our headline sponsor again this year.
Please register via Eventbrite.
Over the last decade, governments across the world have begun to revise policy on the basis of more realistic and empirical models of human behaviour. This has led to improvements in employment, public health, tax collection, savings, energy conservation, giving, and reoffending outcomes. Often these improvements have been achieved at dramatically lower cost than through conventional policy levers.
Behavioural approaches have also helped encourage the much wider use of experimental methods – notably the randomised control trial – in routine policymaking. In the UK, this empiricism has found expression in the 'What Works' movement and network, including the creation of independent What Works centres covering education, crime, early intervention, local economic growth, well-being, better ageing and, most recently, youth social work.
This talk will explore the breadth, depth and potential of this movement. It will dig into the area of education and social mobility as an example of the power and cutting edge of this approach, as well as rehearsing some of the key barriers that remain to its even greater impact. We are delighted to feature David Halpern, CEO of the Behavioural Insights Team as well as prominent figures from the education sphere to discuss the rise of behavioural and experimental techniques in education policy.
David Halpern will be joined on the panel by:
Professor Sandra McNally from the London School of Economics
Chris Brown, Principal of The Bridge Academy, Hackney
The event will be followed by a drinks and canapés reception.
Pro Bono Economics is a registered charity, which relies on philanthropic donations (charity no.1130567). Learn more at: www.probonoeconomics.com/donate-now.
About David Halpern
David Halpern is the Chief Executive of the Behavioural Insights Team and Board Director. He has led the team since its inception in 2010. Prior to that, David was the founding Director of the Institute for Government and between 2001 and 2007 was the Chief Analyst at the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit. David was also appointed as the What Works National Advisor in July 2013. He supports the What Works Network and leads efforts to improve the use of evidence across government. Before entering government, David held tenure at Cambridge and posts at Oxford and Harvard. He has written several books and papers on areas relating to behavioural insights and wellbeing, including Social Capital (2005), the Hidden Wealth of Nations (2010), Inside the Nudge Unit (2015) and co-author of the MINDSPACE report.
Headline sponsor: Nomura
Nomura is an Asia-headquartered financial services group with an integrated global network spanning over 30 countries. By connecting markets East & West, Nomura services the needs of individuals, institutions, corporates and governments through its four business divisions: Retail, Asset Management, Wholesale (Global Markets and Investment Banking), and Merchant Banking. Founded in 1925, the firm is built on a tradition of disciplined entrepreneurship, serving clients with creative solutions and considered thought leadership. For further information about Nomura, visit www.nomura.com
For further information about Nomura, visit: www.nomura.com.
YouGov is a global market research and data company built on a simple idea: The more people participate in the decisions made by the institutions that serve them, the better those decisions will be. YouGov included questions on social mobility and education to provide content that will support discussions as part of PBE's Annual Lecture (www.yougov.com).
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BUA Cement to construct cement plants in Sokoto, Edo and Adamawa
Information Minister Commends NAF at premiere of the movie "EAGLE Wings" in Abuja
The Honourable Minister of Information and Culture, Alhaji Lai Mohammed, has commended the untiring...
The first meeting of the Federal Executive Council is currently ongoing at the Presidential Villa, Abuja with President Muhammadu Buhari presiding.
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Global shares were mostly higher ahead of Joe Biden's inauguration as U.S. president Wednesday. France's CAC 40 added 0.2%...
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BUA Cement has signed an agreement with Sinoma CBMI of China for the construction of three new cement plants of 3 million tons each per year in Edo, Sokoto and Adamawa states of Nigeria, to be completed by the end of 2022. Upon completion, this will bring BUA Cement's total capacity to 20 million metric t by 2022. At 9 million t combined capacity, this is the single largest contract ever awarded in the Nigerian Cement Industry for the construction of new cement plants at the same time and by a single company, in Nigeria.
These new plants are in addition to BUA Cement's existing 6 mmtpy plants in Edo State, 2 mmtpy plants in Sokoto State and another 3 mmtpy BUA Cement plant in Sokoto – which will be commissioned in Q2 2021.
Speaking at the ceremony held simultaneously at BUA HQ in Lagos and the CBMI HQ in China, Abdul Samad Rabiu, Chairman of BUA Cement said the expansion decision was to transform the manufacturing industry and increase Nigeria's cement production capacity, noting that "Nigeria and the surrounding region is still home to huge opportunities in construction, housing, infrastructure, and allied industries."
According to Abdul Samad Rabiu, "Despite these opportunities, there is no doubt that there is still a huge deficit in supply whilst demand continues to increase in Nigeria. This situation has led to an increase in the retail prices of cement despite ex-factory prices remaining partially unchanged. To bridge this huge deficit gap in Nigeria and in the absence of new major investments in the industry, we have taken this decision to invest and build these new plants at a total project cost of US$1.05 billion which will be completed by the end of 2022."
In his comments, Mr. Tong Laigou, Chairman of SINOMA CBMI, praised the longstanding partnership between BUA and CBMI. SINOMA CBMI was pleased to work with BUA on this huge project and help BUA in its aspiration to be the best cement manufacturer in Africa. He further added that CBMI would bring their expertise and wealth of experience working in this environment to bring the project to completion on schedule.
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The Department of Petroleum Resources has said that its National Oil and Gas Excellence Centre would address critical challenges in the oil...
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Shares in internet giant Alibaba soared more than eight percent Wednesday after billionaire founder Jack Ma made his first public appearance since...
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Come join me on this unconventional tour of a lifetime to the heart of the Silk Road, Uzbekistan, to luxuriate in the dances, costumes and music of the Central Asia!
You'll see all the classic sites, such as Samarkand's UNESCO-listed Registan Square, but you'll also stop at performance halls, hidden workshops, madrassahs and pocket museums to soak up the vivid visual and performing arts that made their way along the Silk Road long ago.
Learn about the flowing silk finery that outlines the movements of traditional dancers, and about the musical instruments made from desert materials.
This specialized journey is handcrafted for people who are ready to learn the dances of the Silk Road and who love Central Asian arts and handicrafts.
Benefit from the knowledge that your host, Helene Eriksen, has accumulated throughout 36 years of researching, dancing and teaching the dances of Uzbekistan, Central Aisa and the Muslim World.
• Transportation per itinerary overland by private vehicle & driver, specifically all arrival and departure transfers, and full day services on most days. *4 days without transport March 22, 23, 24, & 25.
• International airfare to Uzbekistan; air taxes or fuel surcharges; pre- or post-tour services; gratuities to tour manager, local guides, drivers; visa or passport fees; medical and trip interruption insurance; evacuation costs; food or beverages not included in group meals; items of a personal nature such as laundry, alcohol, telephone expense, excess baggage fees, photo/video expenses inside museums (where allowed); other items not expressly listed as included.


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Pony Express Diamond Jubilee
April 10, 2010 - During the Great Depression, the celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Pony Express captivated public attention. Boy Scouts carried mail along the trail route and presented it to President Roosevelt, who said This is something fine to add to my stamp collection. This lecture includes photographs and film clips from the Howard R. Driggs Archive at Southern Utah University that capture the excitement of the historic rerun. Driggs, a historian, was president of the Oregon Trail Memorial Association, which sponsored the Diamond Jubilee. Today's speaker Camille Bradford, an attorney in Denver, Colorado, is the stepdaughter of Howard R. Driggs and founder of the Howard R. Driggs Memorial Foundation.
Erin Blasco, Program Coordinator: So hello, and welcome to the Smithsonian National Postal Museum. I'm Erin Blasco and I'm the public programs coordinator here at the Museum. And we're really glad that you could be here with us today. Camille's husband Phil told me to speak slowly. So I'm going to try to do that. Thank you for that tip.
For the next 18 months we'll be celebrating 150th anniversary of the Pony Express. And even though the pony express itself didn't last that long, it left a really big impact on the American memory and pop culture. And as you'll learn in today's talk, the 75th anniversary of the Pony Express during the Great Depression truly captivated the public.
Before I introduce our speaker today, I'd like to mention that today's talk is being broadcast live online to people around the world who are watching. So during the Q&A session that follows today's talk, we ask that you use this microphone so that everyone online can hear your question and be part of the conversation. And if they have a question, I'll be asking it here as well, so that Camille can answer it.
So Camille Bradford is an attorney in Denver, Colorado. She is the stepdaughter of Howard R Driggs and founder of Howard R. Driggs Memorial Foundation. She is a member of the National Pony Express Association and is also president the Colorado Cherokee Trail Chapter of the Oregon, California Trails Association. And I hope you enjoy her presentation today, The Pony Express Diamond Jubilee: Revisiting the Excitement of the 1935 Reride.
Camille Bradford: Thank you, Erin. It's a great pleasure to be here today, and a great honor to have the opportunity to speak at the National Postal Museum during the sesquicentennial of the Pony Express.
The Pony Express exhibit in this museum is a wonderful tribute to its dramatic role in postal history and to the history of America during the early 1860s. In addition, this exhibit captures the skill and the bravery of Pony Express riders and the station keepers in a very dramatic way. It also portrays the manner in which the Pony Express became part of our popular culture.
Last Saturday was the 150th anniversary of the first day of Pony Express service in 1860, when riders left both St. Joseph, Missouri and Sacramento, California to speed the mail and relays along a route of nearly 2,000 miles. Many celebrations will take place along the trail this year including the annual re-ride that's organized by the National Pony Express Association. This year's re-ride will be accompanied by particularly festive celebrations along the trail route.
The 75th anniversary of the Pony Express in 1935, was observed during the Great Depression. To gain a better understanding of an event or a period in our history, it's always relevant and interesting to look back at how it was remembered by a subsequent generation. How the public remembered the Pony Express in 1935 is the topic of my presentation today. I hope to convey both the excitement of the diamond jubilee to the public at that time and the passionate interest in preserving the story of this trail that inspired the Oregon Trail Memorial Association to organize the celebration.
[inaudible] The highlight of the Jubilee was the rerun of the trail route in August from Sacramento to St. Joseph, the beginning of which is shown in this film clip. The riders were members of the Boy Scouts. About five hundred thousand people, a very large percentage of the people in our country at that time, attended celebrations and communities along the route. Many state governors and other dignitaries also participated in these events. And the culmination of the rerun was the ceremony on the White House lawn in which President Franklin D Roosevelt participated.
The rerun even received corporate support from the Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford had been a friend of the founder of the Oregon Trail Memorial Association Ezra Meeker, who had died before the diamond jubilee but he remained as supportive of the organization and the Ford Motor Company provided this vehicle to accompany the Scouts along the route of the rerun.
To enhance our understanding of why the public was so captivated by the event in 1935, it's interesting to look back at the Depression era and see what other things lifted the spirits of the public. This museum currently has a fascinating exhibit, "Delivering Hope: FDR and Stamps of the Great Depression." This exhibit demonstrates how President Roosevelt used stamps to communicate with the American people. He was a stamp collector himself and understood the power of visual imagery and how stamps could be utilized to convey messages of hope and optimism. He became very involved in the design of some of the stamps to ensure that the visual images were consistent was the positive messages of hope and optimism that he wanted to convey. The museum has noted that he became involved in selection of colors for the stamps, feeling that softer colors on some of the stamps, might facilitate a more positive reception of the message of the stamp. "They breathed optimism into the nation's beleaguered sole," the exhibit notes.
Cheryl Ganz, the chief curator of philately at this museum, is also the author of a book on the 1933 Chicago World's Fair. The theme of the fair was "A Century of Progress." She noted how progress as the theme of the fair and the design of various exhibits, successfully conveyed a sense of optimism about the future. The final speaker at the closing ceremony concluded his remarks on a very upbeat note about the impact of the fair. "Were we to live a thousand years, we would never forget it, for it lifted our spirits, restored our souls, and brought us hope." The exhibit in this museum summarized it very well and noting that, "millions escaped their daily concerns by visiting the fair where forward-looking exhibits allowed them to believe in a better future."
The construction of major projects during the Depression, such as the Empire State Building and the Boulder Dam, which is now known as Hoover Dam, became symbols of progress and optimism about the future, during this time.
In a radio interview nearing the conclusion of the Pony Express Diamond Jubilee, Howard R. Driggs, the president of the Oregon Trail Memorial Association, was asked what some of the values were that came out of the celebration. He replied, "first of all it has helped us get the minds of a good many Americans off the Depression and it has given them a challenging example of the heroism of earlier days." He also noted that there had been an outpouring of support from communities and schools along the trail interested in saving landmarks and helping to monument the trail.
What else did the Pony Express symbolized the people in 1935? After all, it was a major financial failure for Russell, Majors, and Waddell, the partners in the firm that launched it. But it was a glorious chapter in postal history as well and financial failure was irrelevant to the enthusiastic crowds who participated in the celebrations.
To understand the significance of the Pony Express to the public in 1935, it's also important to recall the history of the period in which it operated. In the mid-1800s there had been a large migration to the west partly as a result of the Gold Rush. People in the West longed for communication from back home. One service delivered mail from coast to coast by ship via Panama, which took several weeks or longer. This was before the Panama Canal and mail had to be transported over the Isthmus and reloaded onto another ship to complete the voyage to California.
Cross-country delivery of mail within the United States could also take as long as a month. The telegraph was in its early years and not yet completed coast to coast. In 1860, the country was on the verge of the Civil War and the need was recognized for speedier service to keep communication with the West alive, and keep people there aware of what was going on and hope to maintain their allegiance with the Union.
In 1861 the Pony Express carried President Lincoln's inaugural address to the West in seven days and 17 hours, which was a record. News of the attack on Fort Sumter was carried in eight days and 14 hours. The Pony Express, by bringing the ends of the country into closer communication, did much to help save the Union. This was one of the central themes of the Diamond Jubilee that the Oregon Trail Memorial Association sought to convey, as this slide indicates.
The Pony Express operated for only 19 months. When the transcontinental telegraph was completed in October of 1861, the service became obsolete and it was forgotten by many people as the excitement shifted to the marvel of technology which allowed instantaneous communication from coast to coast.
Later in the 1800s, William Cody, who was popularly known as Buffalo Bill, started his Wild West shows. These shows included dramatizations of the Pony Express and revived public awareness. The shows continued into the early 1900s and drew large audiences both in the United States and overseas. They were a big factor in the introduction of the Pony Express into our popular culture.
In the 1920s, the movement to preserve the heritage of the Pony Express became intertwined with the activities of the Oregon Trail Memorial Association and its leaders. There was a physical connection between the two trails because the Pony Express followed the Oregon Trail for about a thousand miles which is about half of its distance. In southwest Wyoming, the Oregon Trail turned north and the Pony Express trail headed south into Utah and from there on into Nevada and California.
Three key figures in the Association where Ezra Meeker, Howard R. Driggs, and Liam Henry Jackson. Their diverse backgrounds help shape a successful vision and agenda for the organization which received a major financial support from a number of large donors. Ezra Meeker founded the Association in the 1920s. He was a well-known pioneer of the Oregon Trail himself. He had been successful earlier in the 20th century in attracting public attention financial support from marking the Oregon Trail. In the early 1900s, he feared that the trail would not be preserved and he set out on a cross-country trip to raise both public awareness and funds for a project to mark and save the trail. He traveled in the covered wagons shown in the photo at the top left. This was in 1906. And his trip ultimately took him to Washington where he was received by President Theodore Roosevelt.
In the late 1920s, Henry Ford provided the vehicle shown in the lower left photo because he wanted Ezra to have a more comfortable way to travel. This became known as the Ox Mobile. Unfortunately Ezra died in 1928 before he could make a trip in this vehicle. But as a tribute to Ezra, the Ox Mobil later became part of the celebration of the Pony Express Diamond Jubilee. He's shown here in 1913, in a picture with Buffalo Bill, at an event in the Midwest.
In 1924, he had a truly breathtaking opportunity. He was able to take a trip by airplane from west to east to retrace the route of the Oregon Trail that he had traveled in the 1850s as a pioneer. He then went on to Washington, where he was congratulated by President Coolidge on the White House lawn.
His project to raise funds for the preservation of the Oregon Trail received major support from Congress in 1926 when it passed legislation authorizing the issuance of a special commemorative half-dollar, which is shown here. These coins were issued to the Association. Legislation provided that only the Oregon Trail Memorial Association could purchase these coins. They paid fifty cents, which was the value of them, but they were allowed to sell them at a profit and retain the profit for the trail making project. And this was an extraordinary gesture of support from Congress to a private organization. These items still appear on eBay. They're high-value collectibles.
Howard R. Driggs, my stepfather, was well known as an author of books both on English education, his field is a professor at New York University, and on Western history which was a passionate lifelong interest that he had developed as a child growing up in Utah as the son and grandson of pioneers. He became acquainted with Ezra Meeker and helped Ezra write his book on the story of his life, Ox Team Days. He ultimately succeeded Ezra as the president of the Oregon Trail Memorial Association while continuing his career as a professor at NYU.
Radio was in its early years at this time, and my stepfather was frequently invited to appear on programs in New York to talk about Western history. He enjoyed talking about the development of the West and the stories of trail pioneers and Pony Express riders who had shared their experiences with him firsthand. These programs were very popular with the public. In the 1920s he also once took Ezra Meeker down to the studio with him to tell his story firsthand and Ezra wrote about it later as a very exciting event in his life.
In the 1930s, my stepfather had William Campbell who was one of the last known Pony Express riders at that time, appear on one of the programs with him. My stepfather and program originated in New York and Mr. Campbell participated by phone from California which was certainly an extraordinary leap and communication from Mr. Campbell's days as a Pony Express rider.
My stepfather also wrote a series of articles on Pony Express riders and their first-hand accounts. One of his major concerns as historian was the spread of misinformation about the Pony Express, and he was very focused on getting the real stories out. He wrote the series of articles which were syndicated in newspapers throughout the country and were very well received at the time.
William Henry Jackson, the third figure that I mentioned in the association, was renowned for his early photographs of the West and the late 1800s. My stepfather collaborated with Jackson and the publication of his biography, Pioneer Photographer. In later years, Mr. Jackson became famous for his paintings of the western scenes. A number of these paintings were used in books that my stepfather wrote including, Westward America, the Old West Speaks, and the Pony Express Goes Through. The Pony Express Goes Through was published in 1935 to coincide with the diamond jubilee.
Mr. Jackson is shown here in the photograph on the left in his favorite environment, the traveling around the West. As the rider, two of his most famous paintings, the one on top is the Pony Express Rider, and the one on the bottom, it shows a change of horses at a relay station. Most of his paintings today are at the Scotts Bluff National Monument in Nebraska. And a special wing of the monument which the Oregon Trail, excuse me, American Pioneer Trails Association, the successor organization, had a very generous donor who provided funds around the time of Mr. Jackson's death to create a special wing at Scotts Bluff to archive these paintings.
Jackson became the research association for the Oregon Trail Memorial Association in the late 1920s and later participated in the diamond jubilee. He enjoyed, in addition to paintings, he enjoyed preparing trail maps, one of which was a map of the Pony Express trail which an enlarged version of it is on display in this museum in the Pony Express exhibit. You also see this map in the slide, after it was created, and then a smaller version of it is on display in the room here today. This map was later reissued in 1960 in conjunction with the Pony Express centennial of the American, which the American pioneer Trails Association was the issuer of the map.
The decision of the organization to sponsor the diamond jubilee was actually conceived in 1930 when the country was celebrating the covered wagon centennial. The organization was the national sponsor of this event. This is the highlight of it, a celebration on July 4th at Independence Rock, Wyoming. Independence Rock was a famous landmark on the trails, that people that cross there as pioneers inscribed their names in the rock, and if you visit there today, you can still see these inscriptions. The significance of calling it Independence Rock was to pioneers, if they reach there by July 4th, they could be fairly certain that they would be able to reach the west before the bad weather set in later in the year.
At this event on July 4th there were seven thousand people in attendance and the Boy Scouts from all over the country came and participated in the ceremony pitched their tents on the grounds around the rock. Independence Rock is a little west of Casper, Wyoming and is a massive rock formation, that if you go there, it's a truly breathtaking experience. That's all that's out there and you see this massive rock which was a very important landmark to the pioneers.
At the time the organization held this event, the recognition arose that something should be done to commemorate the Pony Express 75th anniversary which was coming up in five years. And my stepfather wrote, "all of the Pony Express riders say very few had died before 1930. The story and it's true outline was becoming blurred and the records of the achievement were rapidly disappearing. The Pony Express is an epic fact, and influence of an American life was in danger of disappearing too, when the Oregon Trail Memorial Association issued a challenging appeal to the American people in 1930 to reclaim the precious traditions of the covered wagon period."
The publication continued, "America must again thrill to the hoofbeats of the Pony Express rider of 1860-61. He must again live as the symbol of adventure, and daring courage, skill, and patriotism. His individual feats of gallantry and self-sacrifice must again inspire and entertain us."
One of the association's very generous supporters was George Pratt who's shown in the photograph here in the center. He donated funds for the creation of beautiful bronze plaques by the sculptor Phimister Proctor. Mr. Proctor is shown here making a presentation of the design to Mr. Pratt and William Henry Jackson. These plaques became part of a program to create monuments along the trail in conjunction with other groups and individuals.
In 1931, this program gained further national attention in a ceremony on the White House lawn in which both this plaque and an Oregon Trail plaque were presented to President Hoover to thank him for his support. The Secretary of the Interior, Ray Lyman Wilbur, is also one of the people who participated in the ceremony. He was also a director of the Oregon Trail Association. The Boy Scouts in the picture were from a troop in Long Island who had dedicated a marker on the Oregon Trail in memory of the Scouts of Yesterday. The monument program continued in the years leading up to 1935.
In this picture, Arthur Proctor, who served as board member of the Jubilee is shown in the picture on the right with governor Frank Miriam, on the left in this photo, and William Henry Jackson at the beginning of the rerun in Sacramento. Mr. Proctor was an attorney in New York and a member of the board of the Association. As part of the diamond jubilee celebration, Western Union donated this building to the state of California to be a museum and library for the Pony Express. The Pony Express had originally used this building as its Western terminal and later it was used by Western Union as their headquarters of their Telegraph building in Sacramento.
The association also issued a commemorative medallion in conjunction with the diamond jubilee. The designs of this were based on paintings by William Henry Jackson, which you'll recall from one of the earlier slides, the picture on the right is the Pony Express rider and the one on the left shows the change of ponies at the relay station. This is now also an item which appears frequently on eBay as a collectible.
The hope of the association in the rerun was that mail which was bound for Washington could be postmarked as point of origin and then given to he Scouts participating in the rerun to carry in their "mochilla", as the saddle bag for the mail was called. However the post office would not permit an end run around their regulations. They said once the mail is postmarked, it has to stay within the postal system and it can't be given to anybody else. So, that's the way the plan evolved.
And this picture shows the postmaster of Sacramento placing the final piece of mail in the bag for the rider to leave with. And this picture shows, many of the, some of the dignitaries anyway, who participated in the opening ceremony. It was a tremendously exciting event. And in this movie clip, should be movie clip, Governor [inaudible] and William Henry Jackson, spoke to the, the newsreel cameras and off they went. And more dignitaries as the [inaudible] was used to carry Mr. Jackson, Mr. Proctor and a physician from Utah. Dr. [inaudible]. The need was recognized to have a physician accompany the rerun in case the need arose for Scouts to have medical attention. Mr. Jackson was 92 years old at that time and all reports were he did spectacularly well making this cross-country trip by car in the heat of summer.
There are many scenes like this of photographs of these celebrations along the route. This one took place in Folsom, California. And here's another another scene of Folsom. Another scene of a monument dedication of one of the bronze plaques provided by Mr. Proctor. And the rerun ultimately reached Carson City, Nevada, the capital of Nevada. And this picture shows the dignitaries awaiting the arrival of the rerun. And then this movie footage shows the progression of the rerun leading up to Carson City. In a few seconds you'll see the rider overtaking the car. [inaudible] graphs and somebody [inaudible].
The Boy Scouts who were selected to participate, and it was a big honor at the time to be selected to be one of the scouts on the rerun, at least some of them that I read about were descendants of original [inaudible]. So, there was the quick change and off again. [inaudible] were able to travel by truck. This picture was taken in Rock Springs, Wyoming. And it's always interesting to note the very formal dress of the men in those days even in the heat of summer. They wore their suits and ties. More excitement here. I'm not sure where this particular footage was taken. It's part of the archives.
Every rider in the original Pony Express had to sign an oath saying, "I do hereby swear, before the great and living God, that during my engagement and while I'm an employee of Russell, Majors and Waddell, I will, under no circumstances use profane language, I will not drink intoxicating liquors, I will not quarrel or fight with other employees of the firm, and that in every respect, I will conduct myself honestly, be faithful to my duties, and so direct all my actions to win the confidence of my employers. So help me God." And this even concluded with a brass band.
Then from there, the rerun across Nebraska which actually, of all the states in the Pony Express er route, had the longest mileage of the route, from there into Kansas, and this was a major ceremony in Marysville, Kansas in which governor Ralph Landen participated. And from there the rerun concluded in St. Joseph, Missouri, the original origin of the Pony Express.
From there, they had to get the mail to Washington for the ceremony with President Roosevelt. Originally my stepfather had asked for the post office to provide one of the planes that was used for airmail service to fly the mail from St. Joseph to Washington. For some reason they were unable to do so. But the War Department stepped in and said they would provide an Army airplane to take the mail. But as you will note, this had to comply with all the regular, had to have proper postage and never have been deposited with any post office along the route.
So this was the plane. That's my stepfather in the middle. And I'm not sure who the person on the left, perhaps the pilot, and I believe it was Mr. Proctor on the right. They flew from St. Joseph to Washington on August 21st. And then on August 22nd, the ceremony took place on the White House lawn. The ceremony had originally been planned to coincide with the first Boy Scout Jamboree that was to have taken place in Washington at that time, but because of an outbreak of polio they had to cancel the Jamboree which wasn't rescheduled until two years later.
But fortunately, members of the local Boy Scouts were able to come in, ride in on the horses with the mail, and as a tribute Ezra Meeker, they bought the Ox Mobile along in the procession. And this was a ceremony where President Roosevelt received the mail. He was reported in the news to have said he was delighted to have all this mail because it brought many new stamps for his stamp collection. And as the museum noted in the exhibit, he spent time each night, I believe about half an hour per night, going over his stamps which was, I guess, a distressing exercise for him at the end of the day. So this mochilla of mail for him, gave him a lot of new stamps to work with.
So that was the end of the rerun which takes us back to the original question, how was the Pony Express received and perceived by the public in 1935? And it was remembered for its role in history, and the bravery of the people involved in it. And that the obstacles they had to overcome in order to get the mail through.
There were several forces at work in the planning of the diamond jubilee which I believe contributed to its success. The Oregon Trail Memorial Association had an impressive background in gaining public attention and support for the preservation of the trails, and support of both the public and the presidents of the United States at that time in Congress. Mr. Jackson's paintings were very powerful visual images of the Pony Express environment and the bravery and skill of the riders. And just as President Roosevelt had recognized the importance of visual imagery as a vehicle for conveying powerful messages, Mr. Jackson did so in his paintings of the Pony Express.
My stepfather very effectively conveyed the drama of the Pony Express and the importance of its role in postal history and American history generally. In his books and articles, and in his radio programs and again radio was a very powerful medium at this time which made a tremendous impact upon people. He received many warm letters of enthusiasm and appreciation after his radio programs which is very nice lovely handwritten letters from listeners he didn't know. One of the letters I've often commented upon to people to appreciate the impact of the new medium of radio was the letter he received from his brother in North Dakota who said, I just can't believe that the voice of my brother is coming into my living room.
And similarly letters from other listeners conveyed the excitement of hearing these stories of the Pony Express over the radio. The organization also partnered very successfully with the Boy Scouts ing involving them in the various marketing programs and celebrations that they had.
And it's interesting to note, the people who were, the Boy Scouts who were teenagers in 1935, who were, all the riders were teenagers, were people that would have been born in the early 1920s or late teens. And this is the generation that went on to fight in World War II, which itself became remembered as the greatest generation by Tom Brokaw. And it seems very evident that the Boy Scouts who participated in the rerun really appreciated the opportunity to replicate the skill and bravery of the riders of the Pony Express. So that's just a brief summary of what the impact of the rerun was on the population in 1935.
The trail marking program of the organization did not stop there however. In 1938 they inaugurated a new program to mark the trail with plaques which were design by Perry Driggs, one of my stepfather's sons, my step-brother. Each state along the ridge of the trail received about one plaque for each mile. And various members of the organization delivered the plaques all over the West. In this photo Harold Dollinger and Harry Peterson, who were two very devoted members, went out on a trek to find these places and deliver the monuments.
There are many, many photographs in my stepfather's archive of the trail, of the trail marking ceremonies. This is one very poignant picture taken in Septo Valley, Nevada. Wayne Driggs, on the far left, was my stepfather's older son, my stepbrother, also. My stepfather was holding his plaque in his hand and John Ellenbecker, a member of the organization from Kansas and one of their colleagues.
The same design that Perry had used for the plaques was adapted into a memorial flag, and part of a separate program that the organization inaugurated to find all the graves of the Pony Express riders, the station keepers, and the promoters, and to decorate their graves with these memorial flags. And again, they partnered with the Boy Scouts in this program. And at each location where they identified a grave, they would have a local ceremony at which the local Boy Scouts would participate in the marking of the graves.
The legacy of the Pony Express lives on today. Later in the 1930s, 1940s, my stepfather wrote, "what has been a successful beginning towards marking every mile of the Pony Express trail and monumental every station along the route, is just the beginning." And they changed the name of the organization to the American Pioneer Trails Association and continued trail marking projects with other trails during the 1940s and 50s, and up until the time of my stepfather's death in 1963.
In a radio interview about his book, Pony Express Goes Through, my stepfather was asked what the lasting impact of his book would be on the preserving the heritage of the Pony Express. And he said books would just one element of this. That the legacy would live on through sculpture, and artwork, and many other forms of expression. And sculpture, many lovely sculptures to the Pony Express, that have been placed in the interim. The sculpture in the photo on the right is of the National Pony Express Monument at This Is The Place Heritage Park in Utah. This sculpture was designed by Avard Fairbanks, a very famous sculptor who was a close friend of my stepfather. And the miniature version of it, a replica of it, is on display here in the conference room today.
The sculptor's son, and one of his sons, David Fairbanks, is here with us today. We're honored to have him with us, and his nephew. And during the question-and-answer period I want to ask David just to comment a little bit about what the Pony Express meant to his father.
I feel a special kinship with David. David's father created a sculpture of my stepfather which is now in Salt Lake City. There was an elementary school in Salt Lake City named the Howard R. Driggs School and David's father's sculpture is there, a lovely, lovely tribute to him at the entrance to the school.
The Trail Today
In 1968, Congress passed the National Trail System. And in 1992 the Pony Express trail was added as a National Historic Trail. What that means is that the trail is administered by the National Park Service and it's managed by the Bureau of Land Management, the Forest Service, other federal and state agencies, and private and local landowners, There's a vast network of organizations involved in the preservation of the Pony Express trail today. If my stepfather were alive, he would be truly overwhelmed by the degree to which the legacy has been preserved. And the comment that he made, in the earlier slide. that this was just the beginning, I think he would regard today is just a wonderful tribute to the trail preservation movement that started way back many years ago.
The National Park Service published this wonderful brochure. It's called Auto Tour Route Interpretive Guides. And there's one for each state along the historic trail routes. And it provides mile-by-mile, if you're going along a certain highway, what you'll see on that highway that pertains to the historic trails. These are a wonderful resource for anybody who has time and ability to travel the West and take in everything along the way. This is just one of them, this if for Nebraska and Colorado. In there, as I said, there's one for each segment of the route.
The Pony Express legacy also lives on today in the collectibles market. There's just tremendous number of items, just on eBay alone, of collectible items. In addition, there was a major auction in December of Pony Express items at a gallery in New York. The letter that's shown in this slide is one of three known, still existing envelopes that were carried on the first day of the Pony Express. This letter sold for $460,000. So, in today's troubled economic times, maybe there is a greater return to be made on Pony Express collectibles than the stock market.
My stepfather's papers are archived at Southern Utah University in Cedar City. He was on the first faculty of this institution when it opened originally as a branch of the University of Utah. His correspondence, thousands of photographs that he and others took, rare documents, files of the organization's memorabilia, notes of his firsthand research with trail pioneers and riders, it's all there, including a very extensive collection of items related to Ezra Meeker and William Henry Jackson with whom he had worked so closely. This is a wonderful resource for anybody interested in researching the early years of the trail preservation movement. And I want to thank the Gerald R. Sherratt Library at Southern Utah University for the use of the photographs and other material and the Howard R. Driggs Archive.
I seem to have gone backwards here.
This is the Sherratt Library at Southern Utah.
So, I thank them very much for their help in organizing this presentation, and all the time that they spent helping me find the needles in a haystack that I knew were there, and photographs.
So thank you very much, I've certainly enjoyed having the opportunity to talk today.
[applause]
Blasco: So if you have a question for Camille, if you can just raise your hand and give me a few seconds to run over to you with the microphone, so we can make sure that's recorded.
Audience member: I was wondering, who kind of had the idea originally of starting the Pony Express? Was there any means of getting letters backwards and forwards even to a small degree in that area, or was this like a major start to cover all those states?
Bradford: Well, there had been other companies that had contracts from the government to deliver the mail but they took a long time. And there was a gap in the telegraph service. The telegraph that started West to East, part of the way in East to West, another part of the way. But there was a big gap in between that wasn't served by the telegraph. So when the need arose for, or the desire arose to have speedier service, the Russell, Majors and Waddell firm stepped in and started the Pony Express to fill that gap. But yes, there were other ways to get mail around it's just that they took longer.
Audience member: The pictures always show the horses galloping. How far did a one horse travel?
Bradford: The horses would travel 12 to 15 miles and then they would change.
Audience member: Did the Boy Scouts have to go that same 12 to 15 miles or did they go a shorter distance?
Bradford: I think they did about that.
Audience member: The involvement of the Boy Scout seems like a natural thing but I don't think you ever touched on how that happened. How did the Boy Scouts get so involved in the Pony Express remembrance?
Bradford: Through personal relationships between the head of the organization, the head of the Boy Scouts and my stepfather, and other members of the Oregon Trail Association. And they had a long series of partnerships on these various projects. And they were very effective in getting public attention, public interest and it's always a human interest element to have young young people involved. And it also had for the Scouts involved, the corollary effect of, they were trying to imitate the bravery of the original riders, and their skill.
Audience member: I'm just curious, did your stepfather ever, Howard, did he ever say anything at home? I mean when you were sitting around, did he ever bring it up and talk about it passionately, about the Pony Express? And, I mean, I'm just curious, in his personal life, obviously he was dedicated it at the time in 1935, but how that carried on throughout the rest of his life?
Bradford: Yes, he did. I guess, I developed my interest in all things postal, as a child. And, my grandparents and other family members lived a long way from us in New York. And I always awaited the arrival of mail. That was an exciting event to me, since the late 40s and 50s when that was the only way to communicate. And if we placed a long-distance call to my grandmother that was like once a month. And, letters in the interim, I was very excited to get mail. And then reading about, reading his books about the Pony Express and the accounts of people, and it was just very exciting to me.
Audience member: It was obviously a tremendous investment of money and resources to set this up. And I'm just wondering what the business plan of company who would try to make money by doing this. Must been very expensive to send a letter by this system. Can you say anything about the nature of the letters that were sent?
Bradford: Well, I don't know specifically. News from home, I guess, was the main letters that went back and forth.
Audience member: [inaudible]
Bradford: Both, yeah both. The original cost of sending a letter was five dollars for half an ounce which is a mind-boggling figure translated into today's currency. However, it did go down, you had varying rates after that. But for people who are in California, who I guess had had a boom in the gold rush, maybe five dollars was not a big deal. But people valued communication enough to spend that money.
Blasco: Any other questions?
Bradford: If there are no other questions I wanted to ask David Fairbanks just to comment briefly on what the Pony Express meant to his father.
David Fairbanks: Thank you. I enjoyed you talk very much.
Bradford: Thank you.
Fairbanks: My father came under the influence of Howard R. Driggs as young sculptor. Even before that, as the young sculptor, he came under the influence of Ezra Meeker. So between the two of them, the influence, honoring the great moments and a great people of the West. And in fact of America. Father did a Poney Express statue in Reno and Tahoe, for the centennial of the Pony Express. And it's the more traditional view that people see of the single horse and rider. But his favorite artistic creation was the change of the horses. And Daniel is my nephew, he's the grandson of Avard Fairbanks. Would you pick that up and bring it up here so people can see it? When my father returned to the West for the Utah [inaudible] Centennial, he created this moment of the Pony Express, originally is a parade float for the Centennial, and you can see it here in white plaster. It was a very exciting piece of artwork for the Centennial parade and it was intended to become a monument to honor the Pony Express. And this is the artistic creation I love the most because it shows what artists love to show, balance, [inaudibel], excitement, anatomy. He also [inaudible] honored not just the Pony Express riders, by the way they were teenagers so Boy Scouts who are appropriate to rerun it, they were teenagers, not only just these these brave riders but also the station keepers, many of them lost their lives. Maybe [inaudible] of the Poney Express riders may have lost their lives, history doesn't tell. But many of the station keepers lost their lives. And so, it shows the contrast of the [inaudible] by the old man. In contrast, [inaudible] and vigor of the rider, and the excitement of the fresh horse. Turn it around, show besides of it. So it's a very exciting piece. And father also loved the symbolism of it because it shows the interaction, the interdependence of the generations. The young rider counts on the old man to be there. And the old man gives Godspeed to the young rider to go on. An exciting concept. This monument which was originally in plaster deteriorated over the years. And then fifty one years later, my nephew here, started recreating this piece, he and his father. And then from this model and theoriginal diagrams and photographs we recreated my father's statue on now in nine foot high figures in Salt Lake City and also Casper, Wyoming. So this is the exciting moment, a change of the riders. They had to do this in less than three minutes. The boy would come in, the saddlebags would come off, tossed on the new horse that the station keeper had ready and waiting, and the boy would jump on the horse and off they'd go. Nothing to slow them down. You imagine this event, this exciting event occurring at what 200 times going across the plains, 200 times. How exciting that would have been for each city or station as they see that boy come in, the new horse, off they go in less than three minutes. That was an exciting time.
Thank you. Daniel is a sculptor in his own right as well as being a professor in Utah.
Blasco: So thanks so much for joining us today, we really appreciate it. You have got a little evaluation for you to fill out, it's the bright yellow thing in your program. And if you could just drop it into the dropbox that would be wonderful. And thank you so much, Camille, and to both of you for being here.
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Massaging your dog sounds a little crazy, sure—but if you want to pamper your pet, there may be real benefits to giving your dog the spa treatment.
If your dog likes being petted, then they'll probably enjoy a massage. The two main benefits are stress relief (being a dog is hard!) and building a stronger connection with your pup. Massage sessions relax both of you and give you special time to bond together in a calm environment.
Some of the other benefits that are commonly believed to come from dog massages (but that haven't been studied by science) include pain relief, improving circulation and healing, reducing tension in muscles, and dealing with illnesses like arthritis. If you decide to use dog massage for medical reasons, check with your vet first to make sure your dog doesn't have issues that could be exacerbated by massage.
Get comfortable. Lay down a towel, blanket, yoga mat, or pillows so your dog has a comfortable place to stretch out. You also want to make sure your back and legs are supported, so you might want to put your dog on a table or other raised surface so that you're not kneeling or sitting on the ground. Set up a relaxing environment that's free of noise distractions, including other pets or family members.
Go slowly and maintain an even pace. Aim for about one stroke a second, which is likely much slower than when you just pet your dog. Keep the pace and pressure even and get into a rhythm. Use lighter pressure than you would when massaging a human to avoid injuring your dog or making them feel uncomfortable.
Learn palpation techniques. These will help you find any questionable lumps, bumps, or overly sensitive areas that you might want to consult your vet about.
Let your dog take the lead. Listen to your dog's body language and behavior. If he gets up and wanders off, then the session is over. If he looks uncomfortable, try using less pressure or testing if he has a sore spot that should get checked out.
All the benefits of dog massage aren't yet confirmed, but at the very least you'll have a stronger relationship with them and you'll both be more relaxed. You can try this technique with cats as well...but if they lose their patience, they're more likely to try and kill you.


Joseph Willis' life is a story of triumph over tragedy and victory over adversity!
. He was born into slavery. His mother was Cherokee and his father a wealthy English plantation owner.
. His family took him to court to deprive him of his inheritance (which would have made him the wealthiest plantation owner in all of Bladen County, North Carolina in 1776).
. He fought as a Patriot in the Revolutionary War under the most colorful of all the American generals, Francis Marion, The Swamp Fox.
. His first wife died in childbirth, and his second wife died only six years later, leaving him with five small children.
. He crossed the mighty Mississippi River at Natchez at the peril of his own life, riding a mule!
. He entered hostile Spanish-controlled Louisiana Territory, when the dreaded Code Noir (Black Code) was in effect. It forbade any Protestant ministers who came into the territory from preaching.
. His life was threatened because of the message he brought to Spanish-controlled Louisiana!
. His own denomination refused to ordain him because of his race.
. Joseph Willis preached the first Gospel sermon by an Evangelical west of the Mississippi River.
. On November 13, 1812, Joseph Willis constituted Calvary Baptist Church at Bayou Chicot, Louisiana. He went on to plant over twenty churches in Louisiana.
. October 31, 1818, Joseph Willis (and others that had followed him from the Carolinas) founded the Louisiana Baptist Association, at Beulah Baptist in Cheneyville. Joseph had founded all five charter member churches.
. After overcoming insurmountable obstacles, he blazed a trail for others for another half-century that changed American history.
. His accomplishments are still felt today.
Randy Willis is a fourth great-grandson of Joseph Willis and his foremost historian.


But God has chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise, and God has chosen the weak things of the world to confound those who are mighty.
Few taunts are sharper than those that call into question someone's sanity — he's crazy, he's a fool, he's an idiot, he's out of touch, he's missing a few nuts and bolts, he isn't playing with a full deck, there are bats in his belfry. Yet there are saints whose way of life and acts of witness to the Gospel fly in the face of what most of us regard as sanity. The Russian Church has a special word for such saints, yurodivi, meaning Holy Fools or Fools for Christ's sake. These are people in whom Christ wears the disguise of madness.
While there is much variety among them, Holy Fools are in every case ascetic Christians living well outside the borders of conventional social behavior, including in many cases conventional religious behavior. They are people who in most parts of the developed world would be locked away in asylums or simply ignored until the elements silenced them, after which they would be thrown into unmarked graves.
While this type of saint is chiefly associated with eastern Christianity, the western Church also has its Holy Fools. Perhaps Francis of Assisi is chief among them. Think of him stripping off his clothes and standing naked before the bishop in Assisi's main square, or preaching to birds, or taming a wolf, or — during the Crusades — walking unarmed across the Egyptian desert into the Sultan's camp. What at a distance may seem like charming scenes, when placed on the rough surface of actual life, become mad moments indeed.
Perhaps there is a sense in which each and every saint, even those who were towering intellectuals, would be regarded as insane by many in the modern world because of their devotion to a way of life that, apart from the Gospel, was completely senseless. Every saint is troubling. Every saint reveals some of our fears and makes us question our fear-driven choices.
Grisha, Lizaveta and Sonya represent the rank-and-file of Russia's yurodivi, and one still finds them in Russia today. Few such men and women will be canonized, but nonetheless they help save those around them. They are reminders of God's presence.
The most famous of Russia's Holy Fools is Saint Basil the Blessed, after whom the colorful cathedral on Red Square takes its name. In an icon housed in that church, Basil is shown clothed only in his beard and a loin cloth. In the background is the Savior Tower and the churches packed within Moscow's Kremlin walls. Basil's hands are raised in prayer toward a small image of Jesus revealed in an opening in the sky. The fool has a meek quality, but a single-minded, intelligent face.
It is hard to find the actual man beneath the thicket of tales and legends that grew up around his memory, but according to tradition Basil was clairvoyant from an early age. Thus, while a cobbler's apprentice, he first laughed and then wept when a certain merchant ordered a pair of boots, for Basil saw that the man would be wearing a coffin before his new boots were ready. We can imagine that the merchant was not amused at the boy's behavior. Soon after, Basil became a vagrant. Dressing as if for the Garden of Eden, Basil's survival of many bitter Russian winters must be reckoned among the miracles associated with his life.
A naked man wandering the streets — it isn't surprising that he became famous in the capital city. Especially for the wealthy, he was not a comfort either to eye or ear. In the eyes of some, he was a trouble-maker. There are tales of him destroying the merchandise of dishonest tradesmen at the market on Red Square. At times he hurled stones at the houses of the wealthy — yet, as if reverencing icons, he sometimes kissed the stones on the outside of houses in which evil had been committed, as if to say that no matter what happens within these walls, there is still hope of conversion.
Basil was one of the few who dared warn Ivan the Terrible that his violent deeds were dooming him to hell.
According to one story, in the midst of Lent, when Orthodox Russians keep a rigorous vegetarian fast, Basil presented the czar with a slab of raw beef, telling him that there was no reason in his case not to eat meat. "Why abstain from meat when you murder men?" Basil asked. Ivan, whose irritated glance was a death sentence to others, is said to have lived in dread of Basil and would allow no harm to be done to him and occasionally even sent gifts to the naked prophet of the streets, but Basil kept none of these for himself. Most that he received he gave to beggars, though in one surprising case a gift of gold from the czar was passed on to a merchant. Others imagined the man was well off, but Basil discerned the man had been ruined and was actually starving, but was too proud to beg.
Once Basil poured vodka on the street, another royal gift; he wanted, he said, to put out the fires of sin.
Basil was so revered by Muscovites that, when he died, his thin body was buried, not in a pauper's grave on the city's edge, but next to the newly erected Cathedral of the Protection of the Mother of God. The people began to call the church Saint Basil's, for to go there meant to pray at Basil's grave. Not many years passed before Basil was formally canonized by the Russian Church. A chapel built over his grave became an integral part of the great building, adding a ninth dome to the eight already there.
In June 1988, I was present at a Church Council for the canonization at the Holy Trinity-Saint Sergius Lavra north of Moscow of someone very like Basil and Theodore: Saint Xenia of Saint Petersburg.
Early in her long life Xenia had been married to an army colonel who drank himself to death and who may have been an abusive, violent husband. Soon after his funeral, she began giving away the family fortune to the poor, a simple act of obedience to Christ's teaching: "If you would be perfect, go, sell what you have and give it to the poor . . . and come, follow me." In order to prevent Xenia from impoverishing herself, relatives sought to have her declared insane. However the doctor who examined her concluded Xenia was the sanest person he had ever met.
Having given away her wealth, for some years Xenia disappeared, becoming one of Russia's many pilgrims walking from shrine to shrine while reciting the Jesus Prayer. Somewhere along the way during those hidden years, she became a Fool for Christ. When Xenia finally returned to Saint Petersburg, she was wearing the threadbare remnants of her late husband's military uniform — these are usually shown in the icons of her — and would answer only to his name, not her own. One can only guess her motives. In taking upon herself his name and clothing, she may have been attempting to do penance for his sins. Her home became the Smolensk cemetery on the city's edge where she slept rough year-round and where finally she was buried.
Xenia became known for her clairvoyant gift of telling people what to expect and what they should do, though what she said often made sense only in the light of later events. She might say to certain persons she singled out, "Go home and make blini [Russian pancakes]." As blini are served after funerals, the person she addressed would understand that a member of the family would soon die.
Xenia never begged. Money was given to her but she kept only an occasional kopek for herself; everything else was passed on to others.
When she died at the end of the 18th century, age 71, her grave became a place of prayer and pilgrimage and remained so even through the Soviet period, though for several decades the political authorities closed the chapel at her grave site. The official canonization of this Fool for Christ and the re-opening of the chapel over her grave were vivid gestures in the Gorbachev years that the war against religion was truly over in Russia.
Why does the Church occasionally canonize people whose lives are not only at odds with civil society but who often hardly fit ecclesiastical society either? The answer must be that Holy Fools dramatize something about God that most Christians find embarrassing but which we vaguely recognize is crucial information.
It is the special vocation of Holy Fools to live out in a rough, literal, breath-taking way the "hard sayings" of Jesus. Like the Son of Man, they have no place to lay their heads, and, again like him, they live without money in their pockets — thus Jesus, in responding to a question about paying taxes, had no coin of his own with which to display Caesar's image.
While never harming anyone, Holy Fools often raise their voices against those who lie and cheat and do violence to others, but at the same time they are always ready to embrace these same greedy and ruthless people.
They take everyone seriously. No one, absolutely no one, is unimportant. In fact the only thing always important for them, apart from God and angels, are the people around them, whoever they are, no matter how limited they are. Their dramatic gestures, however shocking, always have to do with revealing the person of Christ and his mercy.
For most people, clothing serves as a message of how high they have risen and how secure — or insecure — they are. Holy Fools wear the wrong clothes, or rags, or even nothing at all. This is a witness that they have nothing to lose. There is nothing to cling to and nothing for anyone to steal.
The rag-dressed (or undressed) Holy Fool is like Issa, the wandering Japanese poet, who enjoyed possessing only what could not be taken away: "The thief left it behind! The moon in the window." Inevitably, the voluntary destitution and absolute vulnerability of the Holy Fool challenges us with our locks and keys and schemes to outwit destitution, suffering and death.
In their outlandish behavior, Holy Fools pose the question: are we keeping heaven at a distance by clinging to the good regard of others, prudence, and what those around us regard as "sanity"? The Holy Fools shout out with their mad words and deeds that to seek God is not necessarily the same thing as to seek sanity.
We need to think long and hard about sanity, a word most of us cling to with a steel grip. Does fear of being regarded by others as insane confine me in a cage of "responsible" behavior that limits my freedom and cripples my ability to love? And is it in fact such a wonderful thing to be regarded as sane? After all, the chief administrator of the Holocaust, Adolph Eichmann, was declared "quite sane" by the psychiatrists who examined him before his trial in Jerusalem. Surely the same psychiatrists would have found Saint Basil, Saint Theodore and Saint Xenia all insane — and Saint Francis, and that most revered of all mad men, the Son of Man, the Savior, Jesus of Nazareth.
Henry David Thoreau, by no means the most conventional man of his time, lamented on his death bed, "What demon possessed me that I behaved so well." He would have taken comfort in Holy Fools. They remind us of a deeper sanity that is sometimes hidden beneath apparent lunacy: the treasure of a God-centered life.
Holy Fools like Saint Xenia are God-obsessed people who throw into the bonfire anything that gets in the way or leads them down blind alleys. But where does their path actually lead them? It is easier to say where they are not headed and what they are not taking with them than to describe where they are going. One can use a phrase like "the kingdom of God" but this reveals no more about what it is to live in the Holy Spirit than a dictionary entry on oranges reveals about the taste of an orange.


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Eric Nam Congratulates BLACKPINK's Rosé On Her Solo Debut And Invites Her To Guest On His Podcast
"I'm a huge fan!"
In the latest episode of DIVE Studios' K-Pop Daebak, Eric Nam gave a shoutout to BLACKPINK's Rosé as he reacted to her solo debut. Eric revealed his inner fanboy and expressed his excitement for Rosé. He said, "Obviously, you guys know that I'm a huge fan and that I love her voice…"
The DIVE Studios staff shared with him that, four days after pre-orders began for Rosé's solo album R, it was recorded that there were 400,000 pre-orders. He was stunned but impressed by this accomplishment! Genuinely happy for Rosé, he extended congratulations towards her, along with an invite to be on the podcast.
That's wild! Oh my gosh. Holy smokes! Anyways, congrats, congrats, congrats. I hope you will join us on the show one day, but congrats on everything and on your solo debut.
— Eric Nam
After inviting Rosé to guest on K-Pop Daebak, he added some additional love for the group as well. It's definitely safe to say Eric Nam is a proud BLINK!
Who doesn't love BLACKPINK? I mean, honestly, if you don't like BLACKPINK, we gotta talk about some things.
You can watch the full clip below.
Source: DIVE Studios and BLACKPINK


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— Hamtramck Stadium — Historic Negro League ballpark
Donate or Contact us
Historic Marker
Civil Rights Grant
Hamtramck Stadium
Historic Hamtramck Stadium is one of only five Negro League home ballparks still in existence. The grandstand and field are in Veterans Memorial Park on the south side of Hamtramck. The Stadium was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. In 2014, a State of Michigan Historic Marker was dedicated at the site. On January 12, 2017, Hamtramck Stadium was the recipient of a National Park Service African American Civil Rights Grant for pre-development planning.
FHHS launched its first online fundraiser on March 4, 2019, via the Patronicity.com platform. Video and details below.
Contact Us or Make a Donation!
To make a donation using PayPal or your credit card, please use the button below. Bless you.
Your donation is tax-deductible and will be processed by the Piast Institute, a nonprofit, tax-exempt fiduciary for the Friends of Historic Hamtramck Stadium.
To connect online, visit our Facebook page by clicking here.
If you would like more information, or want to volunteer to help, please fill out the form below and we'll get back to you.
Media inquiries: Contact Gary Gillette at GGillette(at)HiddenGameSports.com.
A Short History of Hamtramck Stadium
Hamtramck Stadium was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in July 2012 by the National Park Service. Hamtramck Stadium is one the few surviving home ballparks of the fabled Negro Leagues era from 1920-1950 along with Rickwood Field in Birmingham, Alabama; Hinchliffe Stadium in Paterson, New Jersey; and Bush Stadium in Indianapolis.
"The City of Hamtramck is delighted to be a part of the proud history of Negro League baseball, and we look forward to a new future for our Stadium that honors this important legacy and recognizes its continued relevance to new generations," Hamtramck Mayor Karen Majewski said. "We always knew we had a gem in this city. It's a special pleasure to share that gem through this official recognition of its historic significance."
At least 17 members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame once played in Hamtramck Stadium, including baseball immortals like Satchel Paige, Josh Gibson, Oscar Charleston, and Cool Papa Bell. Dozens of other great Black Baseball players also took the field at Hamtramck Stadium, including at least 43 of the top 100 Negro League & Black Baseball players of all-time (as selected by James A. Riley for Gary Gillette's and Pete Palmer's ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia). Riley, author of the landmark Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues, is a historical consultant to the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in Kansas City.
Hamtramck Stadium's resident superstar was Norman "Turkey" Stearnes, a stellar left-handed slugger and one of the greatest home run hitters in baseball history. Posthumously inducted into the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown in 2000, Stearnes patrolled center field while pounding opposing pitchers during his two decade-long career in baseball's segregated era. The fearsome power hitter played for the Detroit Stars from 1923-1931 and in 1937. Stearnes hit .344 and led the Negro National League in extra base hits during the Stars' pennant drive in 1930, Hamtramck Stadium's inaugural season. In 1931, Detroit's superstar led the league in runs, hits, extra base hits, and home runs.
"My family and I are elated to hear the news about Hamtramck Stadium," said Joyce Stearnes Thompson, daughter of Turkey Stearnes, whose family remains in the Detroit area. "Hopefully, now steps will be taken to restore this wonderful field with a wealth of historic value and memories."
Hamtramck Stadium is a brick, steel, and concrete structure built in 1930 by Detroit Stars owner John Roesink, a local businessman and promoter of semi-pro baseball. It was the home field of the Negro National League Detroit Stars in 1930-1931 and in 1933. The Stadium was also home to the Detroit Wolves of the short-lived Negro East-West League in 1932 and to the Negro American League Detroit Stars in 1937. The deciding games of the 1930 Negro National League Championship Series were played in Hamtramck, with Detroit losing in seven exciting games to the St. Louis Stars.
The Stadium was acquired by the City of Hamtramck in 1940 and renovated in 1941 by the Wayne County Road Commission using WPA funds. Its current configuration dates to the 1970s. The grandstand has not been used since the 1990s, but remains in good shape while awaiting renovation.
The application for historic designation for Hamtramck Stadium was prepared by a three-person team led by Rebecca Binno Savage, historic preservation lead at Kraemer Design Group, PLC, in Detroit. Ms. Binno Savage is a resident of Hamtramck and was a member of the Mayor's Committee to Save Hamtramck Stadium, created by Mayor Karen Majewski in 2010. The other volunteers on the team who worked for more than a year to prepare the application were Ian Perrotta and Gary Gillette, both also members of the Mayor's Committee. Hamtramck resident Perrotta, then a reporter for the Hamtramck Review newspaper, served as the PR director for the campaign and created the original Hamtramck Stadium Web site. Perrotta is now a Hamtramck business owner and was re-elected to City Council in November 2017. Gillette, a nationally known baseball historian and a Detroit resident, sparked the effort to save the historic stadium with his presentation to Hamtramck City Council in 2010. Gillette also researched the Stadium's historical significance for the Mayor's Committee and made the successful presentation to the Michigan State Historic Preservation Review Board in Lansing in January 2012.
Mr. Gillette, Mr. Perrotta, and Ms. Binno Savage co-founded the nonprofit Friends of Historic Hamtramck Stadium (FHHS) in 2012 and spearheaded the effort to get approval of a State of Michigan Historic Marker for Hamtramck Stadium in 2014. On August 14, 2014, the marker, newly installed by Perrotta, was unveiled in a ceremony in Veterans Park. FHHS continues its work to document the historical significance of Hamtramck Stadium, to publicize its history, and to raise funds for the restoration of Hamtramck's own Field of Dreams.
Hamtramck Stadium is located at 3201 Dan Street, a block east of Jos. Campau Street in Veterans Memorial Park on the south side of Hamtramck.
History of the Detroit Stars
Detroit was one of the most important markets for black baseball in the first half of the twentieth century, playing a key role by fielding clubs in four separate major Negro Leagues. After the onset of the Great Depression, however, all of those teams struggled to survive, despite Detroit's growing population of African-Americans.
The Detroit Stars were formed in 1919 as an independent black baseball club by pioneering future Hall of Fame executive Rube Foster of Chicago. The Stars played other professional black ballclubs along with black and white semipro teams. A year later, Foster founded the first major black league, the Negro National League, with the Detroit Stars as one of its eight charter members. Foster installed Detroiter Tenny Blount as the new team's president, and the Stars finished second in the NNL's inaugural campaign of 1920. Detroit finished second in 1923 and 1926, as well, while generally staying in the NNL's first division for most of the decade. The Stars also continued to compete very successfully in semi-pro baseball tournaments.
White Detroit haberdasher John Roesink bought the Stars in 1925. (Roesink is frequently described as Jewish in both contemporary and historical newspaper articles and books, although recent scholarship has confirmed that he was not, in fact, Jewish.) A sports promoter very involved with semi-pro baseball, Roesink owned Mack Park on Detroit's East Side, where the Stars played from 1919 until 1929. Although a fire at Mack Park on July 7, 1929, destroyed the main grandstand, the Stars played the rest of the 1929 season there before moving to their new facility in Hamtramck.
No source has yet been found that documents why Roesink chose to relocate the Stars to Hamtramck. Many factors could have played a role in his decision, including the deteriorated condition of Mack Park even before the fire. Numerous references of the time comment on Mack Park's dilapidation, which, for a 15-year-old wooden structure, wouldn't have been unusual. One source even says that Mack Park had been condemned a year before the relocation.
A major influence on the site choice was the proximity of Hamtramck to Paradise Valley, the heart of Detroit's growing African-American community located east and north of downtown. The Detroit Street Railway's lengthy Baker Streetcar Line ran along Jos. Campau Street through Hamtramck, Paradise Valley, and downtown Detroit on its way to and from Ford's enormous Rouge Complex, carrying thousands of Polish and African-American workers to their factory jobs. Those same streetcars provided quick and convenient access to the new ballpark site for many fans of the Stars, who wouldn't have to pay for a transfer like many would have had to do to get to old Mack Park.
Roesink leased a parcel of land on the closed Hamtramck yard of the Detroit Lumber company instead of purchasing it, which must have been extremely inexpensive during the Depression. Another possible financial incentive was avoiding Detroit taxes: While Mack Park was located in Detroit in 1929, it had been built by Roesink in Grosse Pointe Township just outside of Detroit years before the land was annexed by the expanding city.
Finally, as historian Dr. Thaddeus Radzilowski has noted, relations between Detroit's African-American and Polish communities ? while not perfect ? were reasonably good in 1930 and lacked much of the friction between African-Americans and other white ethnic groups. Roesink, a friend of Hamtramck mayor Rudy Tenerowicz, likely had that in mind in selecting his new location.
Playing in newly built Hamtramck Stadium in 1930, Detroit won the NNL second-half title before losing the League Championship Series in seven games to St. Louis. Roesink lost control of the Stars after the 1930 season. Under new ownership, the Stars, along with the NNL, fell victim to the Depression during the 1931 season.
In 1932, Detroit saw the birth of a new franchise in a new league: the Detroit Wolves of the East-West League, whose roster included five future Hall of Famers. As ranked by noted black baseball historian James A. Riley, center fielder "Cool Papa" Bell, shortstop Willie "The Devil" Wells, and pitcher "Smokey Joe" Williams were three of the 10?greatest black ballplayers of the segregated era. The Wolves also featured premier slugger/first baseman Mule Suttles and star pitcher Ray Brown. They posted the best record in the NEWL before both Detroit and the league collapsed in midseason.
The following year, a new incarnation of the Detroit Stars would take the field, along with a new Negro National League. While the new NNL would last until 1948, these Stars went out of business after the 1933 season. For the next three years, Detroit was without a Negro League home team.
Detroit became a charter member of the new Negro American League in 1937, again invoking the storied?Stars?name. That club would last but one summer, and Detroit would have no hometown Negro League team until 1954 when yet another Detroit Stars club appeared in the NAL, a league barely clinging to existence after integration of the formerly white major and minor leagues.
Unquestionably, the greatest player who spent the majority of his career in Detroit was Norman "Turkey" Stearnes. A power-hitting center fielder, Stearnes was one of the best home run hitters in the Negro Leagues. Stearnes was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fall in 2000, 21 years after his death. Stearnes made his Negro League debut in 1923 with Detroit, playing for the Stars until 1930. After a brief absence, he rejoined the team in 1931. He also played for the successor Stars in 1937.
Other Hall of Famers who played for the Stars in the 1920s or 1930s included third baseman Ray Dandridge (enshrined in Cooperstown in 1987), pitcher Andy Cooper, and outfielders Pete Hill and Cristobal Torriente (all enshrined in 2006). Stars like Bruce Petway, Bingo DeMoss, Bill Holland, Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe, and Candy Jim Taylor also wore a Detroit uniform during the Negro Leagues era.
Existing Negro League Home Ballparks
Negro League Hall of Famers who played in Hamtramck
Negro League Hall of Famers who played on the Detroit Stars/Detroit Wolves
National Park Service announcement detailing Hamtramck Stadium
Copyright © 2019 — Hamtramck Stadium —. All Rights Reserved. Designed by bavotasan.com.


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Will Nomination of Site Evaluation Committee Chair to the Superior Court Impact Northern Pass?
by Free State
Two decisions this summer may determine the fate of the 192-mile Northern Pass transmission line. The Supreme Court is expected to issue its ruling on Northern Pass and Eversource's appeal of the Site Evaluation Committee's ("SEC") unanimous vote last year to deny Northern Pass a site certificate, and the Executive Council is expected to approve Gov. Chris Sununu's surprise nomination of SEC chair Martin Honigberg to the Superior Court. Each of these could have a profound impact on the future of Northern Pass.
Under New Hampshire law the chair of the Public Utilities Commission ("PUC") automatically also serves as the chair of the SEC. Honigberg was appointed chair of the PUC in December 2013 and his term expired at the end of June. No one expected Gov. Sununu to nominate Honigberg to another term as chair of the PUC and SEC, not because Honigberg hadn't done a good job as chair, but because Gov. Sununu was believed to want a new chair who would be friendlier to utility interests.
That Gov. Sununu chose to nominate Honigberg to the Superior Court is proof that even the governor, the most prominent cheerleader for Northern Pass, recognized that Honigberg had done an outstanding job presiding over the complicated and controversial Northern Pass proceedings.
The SEC is a quasi-judicial body, with procedures much like those of a trial court and the duty to objectively evaluate facts and make legal conclusions based on the evidence.
Presiding over the Northern Pass case Honigberg demonstrated all of the qualities you want in a trial judge. He was patient and respectful to all the parties, including the dozens of citizen intervenors who were not represented by attorneys. His rulings on procedural issues were fair. I attended many of the 70 days of adjudicatory hearings and at the time thought he bent over backwards to accommodate the attorneys for Northern Pass and Eversource, ruling in their favor more often than not. In retrospect, given that the SEC ultimately denied Northern Pass a site certificate, Honigberg's procedural rulings for Northern Pass and Eversource gave the companies little valid grounds for appeal. He clearly mastered both the complicated procedural issues and dense subject matter, demonstrating his impressive intellect.
Besides recognizing Honigberg's judicial qualities, Gov. Sununu no doubt had an ulterior motive for nominating Honigberg to the Superior Court. In the event the Supreme Court this summer rules in favor of Northern Pass and Eversource and sends the case back to the SEC for further review, the governor wants someone more friendly to the companies running the SEC. Even if he was not nominated to for a second term as chair the PUC and SEC, Honigberg could have remained in holdover status for six months if a new chair was not approved by the Executive Council. Opponents of Northern Pass already had plans to mobilize the grassroots to urge Council members to keep Honigberg in holdover as chair. By nominating Honigberg to the Superior Court, Gov. Sununu eliminated that possibility.
Of course, if the Supreme Court affirms the SEC's denial of a site certificate our long Northern Pass nightmare will be over, and Honigberg's absence from the SEC won't affect Northern Pass.
The consensus of Supreme Court watchers was that the May 15th oral arguments went well for the Northern Pass opposition. With the usual caveat that you shouldn't read too much into the questions Justices ask during oral arguments, it appeared that at least three of the five Justices were very skeptical of the arguments the attorney for Northern Pass and Eversource was making.
So knock on wood that the Supreme Court gets it right. But don't get too giddy if it does. Eversource executives already have hinted they might file a revised application for a transmission line from Canada if they don't get their way on Northern Pass.


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