text:
as rendered by Muhammad Taqi Usmani
Muhammad Taqi Usmani rendition of Surah Luqman, Lukman(Luqman)
31:1 Alif Lam Mim
31:2 These are verses of the Wise Book
31:3 a guidance and mercy for those who are good in their deed
31:4 who are steadfast in Salah and who pay Zakah and have faith in the Hereafter
31:5 It is these who are on guidance given by their Lord, and it is just these who are successful
31:6 There is a man among the people who buys discourses of distracting amusements, so that he may mislead (people) from the Way of Allah, and make a mockery of it. For such people there is a disgraceful punishment
31:7 And when Our verses are recited to him, he turns away in arrogance, as if he did not hear them, as if there is heaviness in his ears. So give him the 'good' news of a painful punishment
31:8 Surely, for those who believe and do righteous deeds there are gardens of blis
31:9 in which they will live forever - an absolute promise of Allah. He is the Mighty, the Wise
31:10 He has created the skies without the pillars that you may see, and placed mountains on the earth, lest it shakes with you, and spread over it all kinds of creatures. And We sent down water from the heavens, and caused to grow in it every noble pair
31:11 This is the creation of Allah. Now, show me what is created by those others, besides Him. Rather, the transgressors are in open error
31:12 We gave wisdom to Luqman, and said, .Be grateful to Allah;. and whoever is grateful is, in fact, grateful for his own benefit, and whoever is ungrateful, then Allah is free of all needs, worthy of all praise
31:13 (Remember) when Luqman said to his son, while he was advising him, .My dear son, do not ascribe partners to Allah. Indeed, ascribing partners to Allah (shirk) is grave transgression
31:14 We commanded man (to be good) in respect of his parents. His mother carried him (in her womb) despite weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is in two years. (We said to man,) .Be grateful to Me, and to your parents. To Me is the ultimate return
31:15 However, if they force you to ascribe partners to Me about whom you (can) have no (source of) knowledge, then do not obey them. Remain with them in this world with due fairness, but follow the way of the one who has turned himself towards Me. Then, towards Me is your return, so I shall tell you what you had been doing
31:16 (Luqman went on saying to his son,) .My dear son, in fact, if there be anything to the measure of a grain of rye, and it be (hidden) in a rock or in the heavens or in the earth, Allah will bring it forth. Surely, Allah is All-Fine, All-Aware
31:17 My dear son, establish Salah , and bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair, and observe patience on what befalls you. Surely, this is among the matters of determination
31:18 and do not turn your cheek away from people, and do not walk on the earth haughtily. Surely, Allah does not like anyone who is arrogant, proud
31:19 and be moderate in your walk, and lower your voice. Surely, the ugliest of voices is the voice of the donkeys
31:20 Have you not seen that Allah has subjugated for you what is in the heavens and what is on the earth, and has perfected His blessings on you, both outward and inward? But among people there are those who debate about Allah with no knowledge, no guidance and no book to enlighten
31:21 When it is said to them, .follow what Allah has sent down,. they say, .Instead, we would follow that on which we have found our fathers. Is it so, even though the Satan has been calling them to the punishment of the flaming Fire
31:22 And whoever submits his self to Allah and is good in deeds, he in fact holds on to the strongest ring. Towards Allah is the ultimate end of all matters
31:23 And whoever disbelieves, let not his disbelief grieve you. To Us is their return. Then We will tell them what they did. Surely, Allah is All Aware of what lies in the hearts
31:24 We let them enjoy a little, then We will drag them to a heavy punishment
31:25 And if you ask them as to who has created the heavens and the earth, they will certainly say, .Allah. Say, .AlHamdulillah . (Praise be to Allah). But most of them do not know
31:26 To Allah belongs what is in the heavens and the earth. Surely, it is Allah who is free of all needs, worthy of every praise
31:27 And if all trees that are on the earth were to be pens, and the ocean (converted into ink) is supported by seven seas following it, the words of Allah would not come to an end. Surely, Allah is Mighty, Wise
31:28 Creation and resurrection of all of you is no more (to Allah) than that of one single person. Surely, Allah is All-Hearing, All Seeing
31:29 Did you not see that Allah makes the night enter into the day, and makes the day enter into the night, and He has subjugated the sun and the moon, each running towards an appointed time, and that Allah is fully aware of what you do
31:30 That is because Allah is the only Real One and what they invoke other than Him is false and Allah is the High, the Great
31:31 Did you not see that the ships sail through the sea by the grace of Allah, so that He shows you some of His signs? In that, indeed, there are signs for every man of patience and gratitude
31:32 And when they are covered by waves like canopies, they pray to Allah, having faith exclusively in Him. Then, once He brings them safe to the land, some of them remain balanced, (while others turn ungrateful by denying Allah's signs.) And no one denies Our signs except every ungrateful traitor
31:33 O people, fear your Lord and fear a day when no father will help his son, nor will a son be helpful to his father at all. Surely, the promise of Allah is true. So, the worldly life must not deceive you, nor should you ever be deceived about Allah by the Deceiver
31:34 Surely, it is Allah with whom rests the knowledge of the Hour; and He sends down the rain, and He knows what is in the wombs. No one knows what he will earn tomorrow, and no one knows in which land he will die. Surely, Allah is All Knowing, All Aware


text:
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Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 20
"Beside Still Waters"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 20, Luke and Simon deal with the Seelie Queen, while Alec and Izzy fight a large mass of demons, and a traitor is revealed.
"Hail and Farewell"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 19, after centuries of being treated poorly, the Downworlders' choice to break with the Shadowhunters, could escalate to war.
"Awake, Arise, or Be Forever Fallen"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 18, the Seelie Queen demands an answer from Magnus and Luke, and everyone is on high alert after a devastating attack.
"A Dark Reflection"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 17, when it appears that Jonathan is hunting down the mortal mirror for Valentine's use, Clary worries her brother is evil.
"Day of Atonement"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 16, Maia helps Simon out at a Yom Kippur family dinner, while Clary and Jace head out on an unsanctioned mission.
"A Problem of Memory"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 15, Alec and the rest of the team make prepararations to transport Valentine, while Simon heads down a dark path.
"The Fair Folk"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 14, Clary and Jace end up being summoned by the Seelie Queen, while Alec tries to mend fences with the Downworlders.
"Those of Demon Blood"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 13, the Institute decides to try a controversial method of preventing a Downworlder uprising after Shadowhuters are killed.
"You Are Not Your Own"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 12, as the greater demon Azazil remains at large, everything is turned upside down, while Simon looks for help from Isabelle.
"Mea Maxima Culpa"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 11, after the Soul Sword attack at the Institute, everyone must find a way to deal with the aftermath and move forward.
"By the Light of Dawn"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 10, the Shadowhunters must act fast to rescue their loved one as Valentine's plan for the Soul Sword continues.
Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 9
"Bound by Blood"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 9, Clary has to worry about hiding from Valentine and the Downworlders, and Iris activating her blood oath.
"Love is a Devil"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 8, Alec uses his brother's Rune Ceremony as an opportunity to introduce Magnus to his family, and Simon makes a bold move.
"How Are Thou Fallen"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 7, Luke's sister claims she's innocent which causes trouble between Clary and Luke, while Simon gets unexpected dating advice.
"Iron Sisters"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 6, Isabelle and Clary are sent on a mission to visit the Iron Sisters, while Simon and Maia are determined to find Luke.
"Dust and Shadows"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 5, Simon moves home, but struggles to his new life, while the Shadowhunters regroup following the attack on the Institute.
"Day of Wrath"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 4, Clary assists Alec and Isabelle in finding a powerful demon but the consequences of the mission could change everything.
"Parabatai Lost"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 3, all of the shadownhunters are frantically searching for Jace but they all have their own reasons for wanting to find him.
"A Door Into the Dark"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 2, before the other Shadowhunters can locate and kill Jace, Alec and Isabelle frantically race to find him.
"This Guilty Blood"
On Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 1, following Jace's departure with Valentine, the Institute is left in disarray on the season 2 premiere.
Air Dates:
January 02, 2017 to August 14, 2017
Total Episodes:
Shadowhunters Season 2 Quotes
Jace: You experimented on me?
Valentine: I made you stronger, faster; more lethal than any other Shadowhunter.
Jace: Why?
Valentine: To create the perfect weapon, the ideal marriage of good and evil: A Shadowhunter with pure demon blood.
Permalink: You experimented on me?
Added: January 02, 2017
Isabelle: Any word from the Clave?
Lydia: Not yet. We've been trying for the past four hours. Something's up.
Magnus: Hmmm. The Clave being unhelpful? Who's shocked?! Show of hands.
Permalink: Hmmm. The Clave being unhelpful? Who's shocked?! Show of hands.
Watch Shadowhunters Online: Season 2 Episode 20
Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 20 Review: Beside Still Waters
Shadowhunters Season 2 Photos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Sept. 26, 1996 V4, #178
Four Palestinians Dead, 300 Injured
The hospital in the Palestinian town of Ramallah, just north of Jerusalem, reports four Palestinians have been killed and more than 300 injured Wednesday in clashes with Israeli security forces. The violence erupted during protests against an Israeli excavation project in Jerusalem's Old City.
In one incident, Israeli troops exchanged fire with Palestinian police officers just outside Ramallah and then pursued them into the city. Israel says several of its soldiers were slightly injured.
It was a day of rock throwing and rubber-bullet battles between protesters and security forces in both Jerusalem and several West Bank cities.
In an incident in Ramallah, which escalated to involve live ammunition. The director of the Ramallah hospital, Dr. Shawqi Harb, gave the toll. "We have lots of wounded and it's a mess. We are employing the disaster plan. Things are relatively organized. But, of course, the people are very emotional."
The Palestinian leader, Yasir Arafat, was described as grim and angry. "It is escalation from the Israeli government against our people. No one can accept what is going on."
In one incident, Israel says Palestinian police officers opened fire at Israeli soldiers at a checkpoint south of Ramallah. The Israelis returned the fire, and witnesses say they pursued their attackers into Ramallah. Israel denies those reports -- which, if true, would be the first Israeli incursion into autonomous Palestinian territory on the West Bank.
Demonstrators clashed with Israeli troops and police in Jerusalem for a second day, Wednesday.
It is an innocuous sound, from an innocent-looking revolving gate. But this gate is at the end of a tunnel Israeli archaeologists have excavated under Jerusalem's Old City, and its opening Tuesday sparked two days of Palestinian protests and many clashes with Israeli security forces -- some of them bloody.
Outside the Damascus Gate to the Old City, Israeli mounted police rode their horses into a group led by the senior Islamic mufti of Jerusalem and Palestinian Finance Minister Mohammed Nashashibi "They came here, with the horse, and with the stick they are beating me because I am demonstrating peacefully against a criminal act of Netanyahu."
Jerusalem Police Commander Ariyeh Amit defended the police tactics. "There is no question of a peace demonstration because this was not the intention of those who came here and we shall take all the measures to bring peace back to the streets. We cannot let any demonstration happen in Jerusalem without license of the police."
In another confrontation, Palestinian demonstrators formed a wedge and tried to break through Israeli police lines, in an effort to make a path to the Old City for Palestinian Council member Hanan Ashrawi. After a shoving match, the police allowed Ashrawi and a few associates to pass. She and other Palestinians are angry that Israel excavated an underground tunnel in the Old City, near Islam's third holiest shrine, Al-Aqsa mosque, and ending on the Via Dolorosa, where Christians believe Jesus carried the cross.
"The protest in Jerusalem is basically to point out Israeli unilateral measures attempting to annex east Jerusalem, to change its character, to claim exclusive possession, to destroy Palestinian, Christian and Muslim sites, and to impose and create facts that would undermine the whole peace process."
Standing at the controversial new tunnel exit Wednesday, Jerusalem's mayor, Ehud Olmert, disputed the charge. "We don't have to re-enforce our control. We don't have to take control. We are in control. And we make no secrets of it. We never did. This is our city."
The mayor says the new tunnel opening will make it easier for tourists to visit the excavations adjacent to Judaism's holiest site, the Western Wall, and will deliver large crowds to Arab-owned shops near the new tunnel exit. And he says the excavations are far from the Al-Aqsa mosque or any other Islamic sites.


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In the Category of Not Practicing What You Preach: Republican Christian Married WHM Mark Souder's Affair with Female Aide with whom he made an Abstinance Video
[image of U.S. Republican House of Representatives member Mark Souder is from here]
This piece is from *here*.
Rep. Mark Souder Resigns Over Affair With Female Aide
Patricia Murphy
Rep. Mark Souder (R-Ind.) resigned from Congress on Tuesday after revelations that he had an affair with a part-time staff member. Souder is married and has three grown children.
The eight-term congressman, who is a well-known Christian conservative, spoke at length in a statement issued Tuesday about the honor and privilege of serving in Congress, and repeatedly spoke of God and his family before finally saying, "I sinned."
"I sinned against God, my wife and my family by having a mutual relationship with a part-time member of my staff. In the poisonous environment of Washington, D.C., any personal failing is seized upon, often twisted, for political gain," Souder said. "I am resigning rather than to put my family through that painful, drawn-out process."
He also spoke cryptically about the challenges of holding public office. "I do not have any sort of 'normal' life -- for family, for friends, for church, for community," he said. "To serve has been a blessing and a responsibility given from God. I wish I could have been a better example."
At a press conference Tuesday announcing his resignation, Souder added a comment not in his prepared statement. In a video posted by Talking Points Memo, the congressman said, "My family were more than willing to stand here with me -- we are a committed family. But the error is mine and I should bear the responsibility. And, quite frankly, I'm sick of politicians who drag their spouses up in front of the cameras, rather than confronting the problem that they have caused."
Souder has been married to his wife, Diane, since 1974. They have three adult children and two grandchildren.
Mediate.com reports that Souder, a proponent of abstinence education, once taped an interview on the subject with the woman he had the affair with.
Souder represents Indiana's third congressional district. In resigning, effective Friday, he set off a scramble for his seat in Congress, which may be filled by a special election. He won the Republican nomination in the Indiana primary two weeks ago.
Souder was first elected to Congress in 1994. He focused on homeland security issues and also led the fight to give federal funding to faith-based organizations. He was named "a conservative true believer" by Congressional Quarterly magazine. He was also one of four House Republicans to vote against impeaching President Clinton during the Monica Lewinsky affair.
Filed Under: The Capitolist
Posted by Julian Real at 10:31 PM No comments: Links to this post
Labels: abortion politics, accountability, heterosexism, manhood, media, Men's Wrongs, religious issues, reproductive rights, white Christian atrocity, WHM supremacy
Police Lies, Girl Dies: The Murder of 7-year-old Aiyana Jones: video tells what the police officer (terrorist) won't
TV crew may have captured shooting of Mich. girl
Events leading up to the shooting death of a seven-year-old girl at the hands of a Detroit officer may have been videotaped by a crime-reality series camera crew that was with police as they searched a family home for a homicide suspect.
[26 May 2010 Update which I found on La Reyna's Journal, here, on Aiyana's funeral.]
I remember when "the OJ case" broke, and white Amerikkka refused to believe--REFUSED TO BELIEVE--that white het male supremacist police forces across the country DO NOT serve the African American community. They assault and harass the African American community, with tremendous force, gun power, might, local and State protection. I was younger and, in some sense, whiter. There was no question in my mind that O.J. Simpson murdered two people: his wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and the man who, along with Nicole, fought to stop him, Ron Goldman. I also have no trouble at all believing any husband has the privacy and institutionalised, and sometimes religion-backed power to murder their wive, or rape her, or abuse her in any number of ways. I believe O.J. Simpson murdered two people, and was a man who abused a woman, to death. And I believe the LAPD and many other police departments across the U.R.A., are racist as hell, and Arizona is going to continue to prove it. So, tragically, does this case here, in which a police officer fired into the home of a girl, killing her.
I doubt, though, that in fifteen or twenty years, white Amerikkka will remember the name of Aiyana Jones. Maybe that's partly because there are too many names Black girls and women murdered men, including by WHM supremacist police forces across the U.R.A. But I hope we do remember her and don't let her death be "just one more casualty"--for there is nothing casual at all about killing a girl. Will white history books tell the story of this "noncombatant" child paying the price The White Man has placed and kept over the head of each and every person of color to be forced onto or off of this land? Will her name go down in history as the case that broke loose the grip of the bloody strangling hands of white people who, I fear, won't let go until every last person of color is either enslaved or dead. With regard to Arizona's newest racist policies, Jessica Yee asked on a feminist magazine website what constitutes a social justice or human rights issue being feminist. I'm not qualified to answer that question, but I can say this, to every profeminist man out there: the murder of Black girls by white male supremacist police officers counts as a profeminist issue. Genocide and gynocide are bound to each other in practices and policies supported by whites and men in "my" country. How, one might ask, is the murder by the police of Aiyana Jones NOT a profeminist issue? And in what reality are these police officers and the ones who supported the bombing of MOVE members, not terrorists endangering the lives of U.S. citizens? And why won't the U.S. government respond with force against "our" terrorists the way they do, increasingly indiscriminately, against Black, Brown, Indigenous, Asian, and Arab people anywhere?
Click on the title just below to link back to where I first read this story, which is where the video above was found also.
Aiyana Jones case, attorney says Video shows police fired into Detroit home
By COREY WILLIAMS and ED WHITE
Tuesday, May 18, 2010; 12:39 AM
DETROIT -- Police who carried out a raid on a family home that left a 7-year-old girl dead over the weekend were accompanied by a camera crew for a reality television show, and an attorney says video of the siege contradicts the police account of what happened.
Geoffrey Fieger, an attorney for the family of young Aiyana Jones, said he has seen three or four minutes of video of the raid, although he declined to say whether it was shot by the crew for the A&E series "The First 48," which has been shadowing Detroit homicide detectives for months.
Police have said officers threw a flash grenade through the first-floor window of the two-family home, and that an officer's gun discharged, killing the girl, during a struggle or after colliding with the girl's grandmother inside the home.
But Fieger said the video shows an officer lobbing the grenade and then shooting into the home from the porch.
"There is no question about what happened because it's in the videotape," Fieger said. "It's not an accident. It's not a mistake. There was no altercation."
"Aiyana Jones was shot from outside on the porch. The videotape shows clearly the officer throwing through the window a stun grenade-type explosive and then within milliseconds of throwing that, firing a shot from outside the home," he said.
A&E spokesman Dan Silberman said neither he nor anyone else from the network would comment about the case, and he denied a request by The Associated Press for the footage.
Detroit police were trying to obtain the film crew's footage, Assistant Chief Ralph Godbee said Monday.
Fieger said the investigation into what happened during the raid "needed to go no further than the videotape."
"The videotape shows clearly that the assistant police chief and the officers on the scene are engaging in an intentional cover up of the events," Fieger said. He said more than one camera was recording at the scene, and that the footage includes sound.
Police arrested the target of the raid, a 34-year-old man suspected of killing a 17-year-old boy, in the upstairs unit in the two-family home. Police had warrants to search both properties, and family members of the slain girl were seen going in and out of both on Monday. The suspect has not been charged, and it was not immediately clear what relationship he had to the slain girl.
The case has been handed over to the Michigan State Police to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest, Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy said Monday.
Labels: accountability, African American experience, classism, genocide, gynocide, media, racism, the CRIMINAL justice system, when cops are dicks and terrorists, WHM supremacy
In the Category of Not Practicing What You Preach:...
Police Lies, Girl Dies: The Murder of 7-year-old ...


text:
Meat is the second extended play by British rock band Idles. The extended play was released on 30 October 2015. The three-year gap between the EP and the previous release Welcome is, to date, the longest gap between two releases by the band.

The four track EP has been described as a departure of the band's original post-punk sound and an embracement of a more pub rock and punk-oriented sound. The orchestration of the band's first two albums, Brutalism and Joy as an Act of Resistance have been linked to the sound of Meat.

Background
In September 2014, the second track off the EP, "The Idles Chant", was premiered on BBC's Introducing the West session series. The track has been described as a departure from the band's original post-punk roots and contains a more pub rock and punk rock tone.

The first single off the EP, Queens was released a year prior to the EP release. The music video features a naked man wearing a wrestling mask while eating a bowl of hard boiled eggs. The staff of Crack described the music video as "confusing and disturbing". Laurence Day of The Line of Best Fit found the video to be entertaining and the track to be a more punk-oriented track compared to their work on Welcome. In a retrospective review, The Fat Angel Sings described the track as a cornerstone for Idles as a "brutal entity".

After touring in Spring 2015, the band re-recorded the tracks for their EP, which was announced on 2 October 2015. In describing the EP and its name, lead singer Joe Talbot said "we are lumps of imperfect meat".

In describing the album in contrast to Welcome, Talbot said in an interview with The Line of Best Fit that the members of IDLES are "better friends. Our music is more accomplished; in that we're more succinct with our message and sound, plus Bowen's not around to fuck around with pedals as he lives in London now. In short: we're much better and a shit-tonne heavier on record and live."

Track listing

References

External links

2015 EPs
Idles (band) EPs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I'm doing a workshop this morning at our HSRM Conference in Green Lake, Wisconsin, Empowering Women for Ministry.
I am posting this for the attendees, on the two "problem passages" in the Bible - women should keep silent in the church assembly, and women should not teach men.
This is Part 2 of Ben Witherington's clear explanation of the cultural specificity of those verses.


text:
Pages with broken file links, Articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia,
Korean War orders of battle
United States Air Force units and formations in the Korean War
Four Digit Wings of the United States Air Force
USAF units and aircraft of the Korean War
Obverse image of the medal with a Korean gateway encircled by the inscription "Korean Service".
The USAF units and aircraft of the Korean War are significant because the Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was the first shooting war for the newly independent United States Air Force.
It was the first time U.S. jet aircraft entered into battle. Air Force F-86 Sabre jets took control of the skies, as American fighter pilots bested Soviet-built MiG-15 fighters in combat against aircraft, Soviet tactics, and, on some occasions, Soviet pilots.[1] World War II-era prop-driven F-51D Mustangs were pressed into the ground-air support role, and large formations of B-29 Superfortresses flew for the last time on strategic bombardment missions. The Korean War also saw the first large-scale use of rotary-wing helicopters
The USAF suffered 1,841 battle casualties, of which 1,180 were killed in action. It lost 1,466 aircraft to hostile action or other causes.
4 Aircraft of the Korean War
4.1 Fighters
4.1.1 Types employed
4.1.2 Fighter units
4.2 Bombers
4.2.2 Bombardment units
4.3 Reconnaissance
4.3.2 Reconnaissance units
4.4 Transport
4.4.2 Transport units
4.5 Tactical air control units
4.6 Other units
4.7 Temporary tactical support wings
5 Far East Air Force Korean airfields (K-sites)
Shaped in World War II by an increasing concentration on the strategic role of attacking an enemy's homeland, the Air Force now faced a conflict almost entirely tactical in character and limited as to how and where airpower could be applied.
The Far East Air Forces Fifth Air Force was the command and control organization for USAF forces engaged in combat. Its units were located in Korea and Japan. Fighter and troop carrier wings from Tactical Air Command and federalized Air National Guard units from the United States deployed to the Far East and reinforced FEAF units engaged in combat. These tactical units conducted interdiction strikes on supply lines, attacked dams that irrigated North Korea's rice crops and flew missions in close support of United Nations ground forces. AT-6 Mosquitoes, trainers used as airborne controllers, provided communication links between ground troops and supporting aircraft.
Although President Truman wasn't willing to risk extensive use of the U.S. bomber force, which was being used as a deterrent for possible Soviet aggression in Europe, a few groups of Strategic Air Command aging B-29 Superfortress bombers that were not part of the nuclear strike force were released for combat over the skies of Korea. Many of these B-29s were war-weary and brought out of five years of storage. These bombers wreaked havoc on North Korean military installations, government centers and transportation networks.
Like the rest of the American military establishment, the Air Force was in no way prepared for battle at the western rim of the Pacific. Yet despite these limitations, the Air Force responded quickly and effectively, proving in many ways the utility of airpower in modern war. With virtually no warning, the Air Force injected itself into the war in the first critical week. It transported troops and equipment from Japan to Korea, evacuated American nationals, provided significant intelligence through aerial reconnaissance, and most importantly helped to slow the North Korean advance so that the United Nations forces could construct a defensive position on the peninsula.
Effects[edit | edit source]
The Korean War was the last US major war without at least some space support.
Korea marked the end of the line for major use of prop-driven combat aircraft of the active-duty USAF and brought in the jet age in real terms. All F-82 Twin Mustangs had been removed from the theater by 1952 and F-51D Mustang strength had been cut in Korea from 190 to 65. First generation straight-winged F-80C Shooting Star and F-84E/G Thunderjet jet aircraft were shown inadequate against the Soviet MiG-15s. However, the swept-wing F-86 Sabre took control of the skies, bringing an entire new generation of swept-wing aircraft into the USAF arsenal in the 1950s.
The exception to the jet revolution was the specialized use of various counterinsurgency aircraft (A-1 Skyraider, A-26A Invader) by the 56th Special Operations Wing which were flown over Laos during the Vietnam War. (The F-51D/H Mustang was used by some ANG units in the Air Defense role, but by 1957 it was out of the inventory).
With the end of fighting in Korea, President Eisenhower, who had taken office in January 1953, called for a "new look" at national defense. The result: a greater reliance on nuclear weapons and air power to deter war. His administration chose to invest in the Air Force, especially Strategic Air Command. The nuclear arms race shifted into high gear. The Air Force retired nearly all of its propeller-driven B-29/B-50s and they were replaced by new Boeing B-47 Stratojet aircraft. By 1955 the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress would be entering the inventory in substantial numbers, as the prop-driven B-36s were phased out of heavy bombardment units rapidly.
Organization[edit | edit source]
During World War II, The Group, each with three or four flying squadrons, was the basic combat element of the Army Air Forces. This organization changed in 1947 when the new United State Air Forces. adopted the wing-base plan. Each combat group then active received a controlling parent wing of the same number and nomenclature. The new wing also controlled three additional groups with the same number to operate the airbase, maintain the aircraft and provide medical care at the base. When combat forces began to fight the war in Korea, the USAF units did so in various organizational forms. In some cases, the combat arm of the wing, plus a portion of the wing's supporting personal, deployed to the Korean theater,leaving the rest of the wing to operate the home base, to operate the home base, to which the group returned after its tour of combat ended.
Early in the war, some combat group deployed and operated under other wings, including temporary four-digit wings. In December 1950, those groups aligned (same number) parent wing moved on paper from their previous bases and replaced the temporary wing in combat. The personnel of the temporary wing's headquarter were reassigned to the headquarters of its replacement.
In 1951, the Strategic Air Command began to eliminate its combat group by reducing the group headquarters token strength and attaching the flying squadrons directly to the wing; therefore, wings replaced the medium bombardment groups attached to Far East Air Forces (FEAF) Bomber Command for combat. the groups were either inactivated or reduced in strength one officer and one enlisted.
In most case, the personnel assigned to the group headquarters were simply reassigned to the wing headquarters which had moved on paper to the location of the headquarters. Most other combat organization in-theater continued to operate with both wing and group headquarters or with group headquarters only. In a few cases, individual squadron, such as the 319th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, were directly controlled by an organization higher than either wing or group level.[2]
Aircraft of the Korean War[edit | edit source]
Fighters[edit | edit source]
Types employed[edit | edit source]
North American F-51D Mustang
F-51Ds, though obsolete as fighters, were better suited to the small airstrips of Korea than were the F-80s and F-82s based in Japan. Japan-based F-51Ds were immediately transferred to Korea and pressed into service in an attempt to halt the rapid North Korean advance. They were called on to carry the brunt of air support missions during these difficult early days of the war, since the jet aircraft of the day did not have enough endurance to permit sufficient loiter time over the target. Although their primary mission was close support, USAF Mustangs did manage to shoot down a few North Korean Yaks when these aircraft made their infrequent appearances. When Mustangs were jumped by Chinese-piloted MiG-15 jet fighters, however, they were faced with an opponent with a far superior performance. When this happened, there was little the Mustangs could do save to try to turn inside the MiGs, hit the deck, and run for home. When the Mustangs were used for ground attack, their performance was less of a concern than their ability to carry a load. A substantial number were fitted with rockets and bombs. The Mustangs were instrumental in halting the North Korean advance, giving United Nations forces enough time to build up sufficient strength to be able to go over onto the offensive. RF-51s were used for reconnaissance[3][4]
Lockhead F-80C Shooting Star
The Shooting Star was operated extensively in Korea with the F-80C being instrumental in quickly gaining and maintaining air superiority over the Korean battlefield, rapidly clearing the skies of any North Korean aircraft that dared to venture into the air. The first jet versus jet aircraft battle took place on 8 November 1950 in which an F-80 shot down a MiG-15. However, the straight-wing F-80s were inferior in performance to the MiGs and were soon replaced in the air superiority role by the swept-wing F-86 Sabre. When sufficient Sabres were in operation, the Shooting Star was assigned to ground attack missions, primarily for low-level rocket, bomb, and napalm attacks on fixed targets. The Shooting Stars were superseded by later types as the Korean War proceeded. By the time of the armistice agreement of 27 July 1953, the only Shooting Stars still flying combat missions in Korea were RF-80As being used for reconnaissance.[5][6]
Lockhead F-94B Starfire
Because it carried a highly secret airborne radar system, the F-94s were at first not permitted to fly deep into enemy territory. Ironically, the F-94 radar was not very effective on night missions against MiGs. However, mounting losses of B-29 bombers following the Chinese and North Korean development of night interception tactics finally led to the lifting of this restriction in January 1953.[7][8]
North American F-82F/G Twin Mustang
Based in Japan, the F-82s were among the first USAF aircraft to operate over Korea. They were the only fighter aircraft available with the range to cover the entire Korean peninsula from bases in Japan. The first three North Korean airplanes destroyed by US forces were shot down by F-82s on 27 June 1950. However, the F-82 played a secondary role in Korea as compared with its distinguished predecessor, the single-engined F-51. The Twin Mustang saw extensive service in Korea initially for counterair and ground attack work, but their importance as night fighters caused them to be used mostly for defense purposes. 1951 was the last full year of F-82 operations in Korea, as a shortage of spare parts limited their operations along with them being replaced by the jet-powered F-94 Starfire. Twin Mustangs destroyed 20 enemy aircraft, four in the air and 16 on the ground during the conflict. By summer 1952, the last surviving Korean War veteran F-82s were withdrawn from combat.[9][10]
Republic F-84E Thunderjet
The F-84 arrived in Korea in December 1950. Initially assigned to B-29 escort duties, however, the straight-winged F-84E was much too slow to match the swept-wing MiG-15, and MiGs were often able to slip through the escort screen and make successful attacks on B-29s. The F-84s soon gained fame in ground attack operations. F-84s were used to attack enemy airfields and even large targets like irrigation dams. The F-84 gained renown for daily attacks with bombs, rockets, and napalm on enemy railroads, bridges, supply depots, and troop concentrations. Perhaps the two most spectacular Thunderjet operations of the Korean War were the attacks on Toksan Dam about 20 miles (32 km) north of Pyongyang, and the Chasan Dam, a few miles to the east. The resulting floods extensively damaged rice fields, buildings, bridges, and roads. Most importantly, 2 main rail lines were disabled for several days. While unable to cope with the MiG-15 at high altitude, they were more effective at medium or low altitudes and scored several kills. RF-84s were used for reconnaissance.[11][12]
North American F-86A/E/F Sabre
The F-86 Sabre survived many initial teething problems to become the premier USAF fighter of the Korean War. By the end of hostilities, it had shot down 792 MiGs, with a loss of only 76 Sabres-a victory ratio of 10-to-1. Later models of the F-86 were more powerful and used both for air-to-air and ground support. The RF-86 was used for reconnaissance.[13][14]
Lockheed F-80C-10-LO Shooting Star 49-8708 of the 8th Fighter-Bomber Group, Korea, 1950
North American F-86F-30-NA Sabres of the 8th Fighter-Bomber Group, Korea, 1953. Serial 52-4877 in front in Wing Commander's colors, 52-4473 alongside
North American F-51D-25-NT Mustangs of the 67th Fighter-Bomber Squadron. Serials 44-84916 and 44-75000 identifiable
49fbg-f-80-c-49-689.jpg
Lockheed F-80C-10-LO Shooting Star serial 49-689 of the 49th Fighter-Bomber Group at Taegu AB (K-2) South Korea, 1950
49th FBW Republic F-84E-25-RE Thunderjets taking off in Korea. Serial 51–221 in foreground.
North American F-86F-25-NH Sabres of the 4th FIW over Korea. Serial 52-5346 identifiable
North American F-82G Twin Mustang Serial 46-394 of the 68th FIS in flight over the night skies of Korea
North American F-51D-25-NA Mustang Serial 44-73000 in Korea
Fighter units[edit | edit source]
4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing (Deployed) (F-86 Sabre)
Attached to Fifth Air Force, 28 November 1950 – 7 March 1955
Further attached to 314th Air Division 22 December 1950 – 7 May 1951
Further attached to 39th Air Division, 1–7 March 1955
Stationed at: Johnson AB, Japan, 28 November 1950; Suwon AB, South Korea, 7 May 1951; Kimpo AB, South Korea, 23 August 1951 – 1 October 1954
8th Fighter-Bomber Wing (F-80 Shooting Star, F-82 Twin Mustang, F-86 Sabre)
Fifth Air Force, 1 March 1950 – 1 March 1955
Attached to 6131 Fighter [later, 6131 Tactical Support] Wing, 14 August-1 December 1950
Stationed at: Itazuke Air Field, Japan, 1 March 1950; Pyongyang, North Korea, 1 December 1950; Seoul AB, South Korea, 9 December 1950; Itazuke AB, Japan, 10 December 1950; Kimpo AB, South Korea, 25 June 1951; Suwon AB, South Korea, 23 August 1951 – 10 October 1954
18th Fighter-Bomber Wing (F-51 Mustang, F-80 Shooting Star, F-86 Sabre)
Thirteenth Air Force, 1 June 1950
Attached to: Fifth Air Force, 28 July-3 August 1950
Attached to: 6002 Fighter [later, 6002 Tactical Support] Wing, 4 August-30 November 1950
Attached to: Fifth Air Force, 1 December 1950 – 31 October 1954
Stationed at: Pusan AB, South Korea, 1 December 1950; Pyongyang East, North Korea, 1 December 1950; Suwon AB, South Korea, 4 December 1950; Chinhae, South Korea, 10 December 1950; Osan-ni, South Korea, 26 December 1952 – 1 November 1954
27th Fighter-Escort Wing (Deployed) (F-84 Thunderjet)
Attached to Far East Air Forces, 19–29 November 1950
Attached to Fifth Air Force, 30 November 1950 – 15 July 1951
42d Air Division, 6 August 1951
Attached to Far East Air Forces, 6–13 October 1952
Attached to 39th Air Division [Defense], 13 October 1952-c. 13 February 1953
Stationed at: Taegu AB, South Korea, 5 December 1950; Itazuke AB, Japan, 31 January-2 July 1951; Bergstrom AFB, TX, 6 July 1951 – 16 June 1952. Misawa AB, Japan during 6 October 1952 – 13 February 1953
35th Fighter-Interceptor Wing (F-51 Mustang, F-80 Shooting Star, F-82 Twin Mustang, F-94 Starfire)
Fifth Air Force, 1 March 1950
314th Air Division, 25 May 1951
Japan Air Defense Force, 1 March 1952
Fifth Air Force, 1 September 1954
Stationed at: Yokoto AB, Japan, 1 April 1950; Johnson AB, Japan, 14 August 1950; Yongho, North Korea, 1 December 1950; Pusan AB, South Korea, c. 7 December 1950; Johnson AB, Japan, 25 May 1951 – 1 October 1954
49th Fighter-Bomber Wing (F-51 Mustang, F-80 Shooting Star, F-84 Thunderjet)
Attached to 58 Fighter-Bomber Wing, 16–31 March 1953
Japan Air Defense Force, 1 April 1953
Attached to Fifth Air Force, 1 April-7 November 1953
Stationed at: Misawa AB, Japan, 18 August 1948; Taegu AB, South Korea, 1 December 1950; Tsuki AB, Japan, 26 January 1951; Taegu AB, South Korea, 24 February 1951; Kunsan AB, South Korea, 1 April 1953 – 7 November 1953
51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing (F-80 Shooting Star, F-82 Twin Mustang, F-86 Sabre)
Twentieth Air Force, 16 May 1949
Attached to Fifth Air Force, 25 September 1950 – 1 August 1954
Further attached to 8 Fighter-Bomber Wing, 25 September-12 October 1950
Stationed at: Naha Afld (later, AB), Okinawa, 18 August 1948; Itazuke AB, Japan, 22 September 1950; Kimpo AB, South Korea, 10 October 1950; Itazuke AB, Japan, 10 December 1950; Tsuiki AB, Japan, 15 January 1951; Suwon AB, South Korea, 1 October 1951 – 26 July 1954
58th Fighter-Bomber Wing (Deployed) (F-84 Thunderjet)
Tactical Air Command, 10 July 1952
Attached to Fifth Air Force, 10 July 1952 – 28 February 1955
Stationed at: Itazuke AB, Japan, 10 July 1952; Taegu AB, South Korea, August 1952– 15 March 1955
116th Fighter-Bomber Wing (Deployed) (F-84 Thunderjet)
Fedearlized Georgia Air National Guard
Assigned to Tactical Air Command, October 1950
Attached to Far East Air Forces, July 1951
Further Attached to Fifth Air Force, July 1951 – 10 July 1952
Released from Active Service 10 July 1952
Stationed at: Itazuke AB, Japan
Federalized Texas Air National Guard
Consisted of:
111th Fighter-Bomber Squadron (Ellington Field, Houston)
182nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron (Brooks Air Force Base)
154th Fighter-Bomber Squadron (Little Rock Airport)
Assigned to Tactical Air Command 27 June 1950
Attached to Far East Air Forces, 1951
Further Attached to Fifth Air Force, 1951 – 1952
Released from Active Service 1952
Activated 10 July 1952, assigned to Tactical Air Command
Attached to Far East Air Forces,
Further Attached to Fifth Air Force, August 1952 – November 1954
Stationed at: Misawa, Japan, 10 July 1952; Kunsan, Korea, 10 July 1952; Taegu, Korea, 1 April 1953 – 22 November 1954
319th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (Deployed) (F-94 Starfire)
Assigned to Strategic Air Command, 90th Bombardment Wing
Further Attached to Fifth Air Force, February 1952 – June 1953
Stationed at: Suwon AB, South Korea, (March 1952 – June 1953)
Source for unit history: [15][16][17]
8th Fighter-Bomber Wing
18th Fighter-Bomber Wing
116th Fighter-Bomber Wing
27th Fighter-Escort Wing
4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing
35th Fighter-Interceptor Wing
51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing
319th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron
Bombers[edit | edit source]
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
By 1950, the B-29s had been reclassified as "medium" bombers, their long-range strategic mission having been taken over by the B-36 and B-50. Many aircraft were retrieved from postwar storage and refurbished. At least 16 B-29s were shot down over North Korea, and as many as 48 were lost in crash landings or written off because of heavy damage after returning to base. When the Korean War ended on 27 July 1953, the B-29s had flown over 21,000 sorties, nearly 167,000 tons of bombs had been dropped, and 34 B-29s had been lost in combat (16 to fighters, four to flak, and fourteen to other causes). B-29 gunners had accounted for 34 Communist fighters (16 of these being MiG-15s) probably destroyed another 17 (all MiG-15s) and damaged 11 (all MiG-15s). Losses were less than 1 per 1000 sorties. The bombers were also used as reconnaissance (RB-29), weather (WB-29), and rescue aircraft (SB-29).[18][19]
Douglas B-26 Invader
When the North Korean army invaded the South on 25 June 1950, the USAF was critically short of light bombers. The B-26 Invaders in Japan proved to be invaluable in the night interdiction role, and it fell to the B-26 to fly the first and the last bombing missions of the Korean War. Their first mission was on 28 June 1950 when they attacked railroads supplying enemy forces. Their first attack against North Korea was on 29 June, when they bombed the main airfield in Pyongyang. The Invaders flew some 60,000 sorties and were credited with the destruction of 38,500 vehicles, 3,700 railway cars, and 406 locomotives. The B-26 had the honor of flying the last combat sortie of the Korean War, when, 24 minutes before the Armistice Agreement went into effect on 27 July 1953 a B-26 of the 3rd BW dropped the last bombs of the Korean war. The bombers were also used for reconnaissance, as RB-26s.[20][21]
Formation of B-29s over the daytime skies of North Korea.
3d Bomb Wing B-26B Invaders during the Korean War. Serial 44-34306 identifiable.
Bombardment units[edit | edit source]
Far East Air Forces (FEAF)
Far East Air Force Bomber Command
Twentieth Air Force
Kadena Air Base, Okinawa
19th Bombardment Group (B-29) (June 1950 – May 1954)
28th Bombardment Squadron
93d Bombardment Squadron
Inactivated 19th BW assigned to SAC, June 1954
Strategic Air Command (SAC)
Attached to: Far East Air Force Bomber Command
22d Bombardment Group (B-29), (Jul–October 1950)
2d Bombardment Squadron
307th Bombardment Group (B-29), (August 1950 – November 1954)
371st Bombardment Squadron
372d Bombardment Squadron
Yokota Air Base, Japan
92d Bombardment Group (B-29), (July–October 1950)
98th Bombardment Group (B-29), (August 1950 – July 1954)
3d Bombardment Wing (B-26 Invader) 1 March 1950 – 1 March 1955
Stationed at: Johnson AB, Japan, 1 April 1950; Yokota AB, Japan, 14 August 1950; Iwakuni AB, Japan, 1 December 1950; Kunsan AB, South Korea, 22 August 1951 – 1 October 1954
17th Bombardment Wing (B-26 Invader) 10 May 1952 – 16 March 1955
Stationed at: Pusan-East AB, South Korea, 10 May 1952 – 10 October 1954
452d Bombardment Wing (B-26 Invader) 15 November 1950 – 10 May 1952
Attached to: 8 Fighter-Bomber Wing, 15–30 November 1950
Attached to: 314th Air Division, 1 December 1950 – 10 May 1952
Stationed at: Itazuke AB, Japan, 26 October 1950; Miho AB, Japan, c. 10 December 1950 ;Pusan-East AB, South Korea, 23 May 1951 – 10 May 1952
3d Bombardment Wing (Light)
17th Bombardment Wing (Light)
452d Bombardment Wing (Light)
19th Bombardment Wing, Medium
22nd Bombardment Group, Medium
92nd Bombardment Wing, Medium
307th Bombardment Wing, Medium
Reconnaissance[edit | edit source]
RF-51D Mustang
The RF-51D was the photo-reconnaissance version of the P-51D, known as the F-6A in World War II. During the advance and later the retreat of U.N. forces into and out of North Korea that fall and winter of 1950, the RF-51 performed many deep penetrations for armed reconnaissance far north of the battle zone into what would become known as "MiG Alley." They were among the first Mustangs to be hunted by MiG-15s; it was only the fact that the unit pilots were experienced Second World War combat veterans that they were able to avoid losses in those combats. The Air Force began exchanging their RF-51Ds for RF-80As in the fall of 1952. By the end of the Korean War all had been taken out of the inventory.[4][22]
RF-80 Shooting Star
66 production P-80A fighters were converted by Lockheed into reconnaissance aircraft and given the designation RF-80A-15-LO. The RF-80A proved itself in combat during the Korean War and took part in numerous sorties over North Korea as well as sorties along the border with North Korea and China, near the Yalu River.[6][22]
RF-86 Sabre
In 1953, several F-86Fs were fitted a suite of photo-reconnaissance cameras at the Tsuiki REMCO facility in Japan, in a project code-named *Haymaker*. All armament, radars, and gunsights were removed, and a camera suite fitted. In spite of the success of the RF-86 in combat, the USAF opted for the Republic RF-84F Thunderflash as its next-generation tactical reconnaissance aircraft.[14][22]
Boeing RB/SB-17G Flying Fortress
The Boeing B-17 was adapted for photographic mapping by having its bombing equipment deleted and replaced by photographic equipment. Some cameras were installed in the nose and in the aft fuselage as well. The RB-17G was operated in the Korean theater by the 6204th Photo Mapping Flight for three months in 1950 before being replaced. The 3rd Air Rescue Group used the SB-17G which was a B-17 modified to carry a lifeboat under the fuselage for air/sea rescue. SB-17s operating in Korean waters were refitted with cheek, waist, and tail guns for defensive purposes.[23]
RB-29 Superfortress
Nearly 120 B-29s were converted to the reconnaissance configuration and redesignated as RB-29s. The RB-29s were assigned to the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, which like other SAC units played a crucial role during the Korean War.[19][22][24]
Boeing RB-50A Superfortress
In November 1950, MiG-15s jumped a flak-damaged 91st SRS RB-29 near the Yalu river. In the ensuing aerial battle, the RB-29 rear gunner shot down one of the MiGs – the first MiG-15 shot down by a B-29 gunner. The RB-29 limped back to Johnson AB, Japan and five crewmen were killed when it crashed during landing. The immediate answer to the vulnerabilities of the RB-29's was the modified RB-50A, being an uprated version of the B-29. The RB-50As operated out of Yokota AB, Japan, and was assigned to USAF's 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron.[22]
North American RB-45 Tornado
The Tornado was the first USAF four-jet bomber, and although the B-45 was available for combat in Korea, it was the RB-45 reconnaissance version that was used. First flown in April 1950, the Tornados managed to outrun and outmaneuver MiG's on numerous occasions, however they too eventually became targets. Many of these early missions were escorted by fighter aircraft and an eventual shift was made to night operations. The RB-45 operated out of Yokota AB Japan with the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron along with the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing in Korea.[22][25]
Convair RB-36D Peacemaker
The Peacemaker was used for strategic reconnaissance. In late 1952, six RB-36's were sent to Yokota Air Base, Japan with the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadronto fly high altitude reconnaissance over Manchuria. In addition to bomb damage assessment, targeting and aerial photography for Far East Air Forces, the 91st conducted ELINT (Electronic Signals Intelligence) and "ferret" missions to probe Soviet air defenses in theater and give an indication of just where the holes were in Soviet radar coverage. The 91st SRS conducted the first ferret missions ever conducted by the USAF.
RF-80A in Korea about 1952
RF-86F over Korea about 1953
RB-45C Tornadoes
RB-29 of the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
RB-50K reconnaissance version of the USAF B-50 Bomber
Boeing SB-17G of the 5th Rescue Squadron.
Formation of three 91st SRS RB-36s on a PSYOP mission over Korea
Reconnaissance units[edit | edit source]
543d Tactical Support Group (RB-26 Invader, RF-80A Shooting Star, RF-51D Mustang)
Temporary Wartime Unit Consisted of:
8th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Photographic
45th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron
162nd Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Night Photographic
6166th Air Weather Reconnaissance Flight
Stationed at: Itazuke AB, Japan, September – October 1950; Taegu AB, South Korea (K-37), October 1950 – January 1951; Komaki AB, Japan, January – 25 February 1951
Unit inactivated 25 February 1951 – replaced by 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing
67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing (RB-26 Invader, RF-80A Shooting Star, RF-51D Mustang, RF-86A/F Sabre)
Fifth Air Force, 25 February 1951 – 6 December 1954
Stationed at: Komaki AB, Japan February–March 1951; Taegu AB, South Korea March–August 1951; Kimpo AB, South Korea August 1951 – December 1954
31st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (RB-29 Superfortress)
Far East Air Forces 29 June – 15 November 1950,
Reassigned to Japan from Kadena AB, Okinawa
Stationed at: Johnson AB, Japan 29 June – 15 November 1950
Unit reassigned to 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, Beale AFB, California. Replaced by 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (RB-29/RB-50 Superfortress, RB-45 Tornado, WB-26 Invader, KB-29 Superfortress (Tanker) and RB-36 Peacekeeper)
Far East Air Forces 15 November 1950 – 1954
Activated in Japan
Stationed at: Johnson AB, Japan November 1950, Yokota AB, Japan November 1950 – 1954
512th Reconnaissance Squadron (RB/WB–29 Superfortress)
Far East Air Forces 27 January 1950 – 20 February 1951
Performed weather reconnaissance
Stationed at: Yokota AB, Japan, 27 January 1950; Misawa AB, Japan, 11 August 1950 – 20 February 1951.
Replaced by 56th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
56th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (RB/WB–29 Superfortress)
Far East Air Forces 20 February 1951 – June 1952
Stationed at: Misawa AB, Japan, 20 February–September 1951; Yokota AB, Japan, September 1951 – June 1952
6204th Photo Mapping Flight Detachment 1 (RB-17G Flying Fortress)
Far East Air Forces
Stationed at: Johnson AB, Japan July – November 1950
67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing
31st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
512th Reconnaissance Squadron
Transport[edit | edit source]
Douglas C-47/C-53 Skytrain
Officially known as Skytrain but affectionately referred to as "Gooney Bird," the C-47 served in Korea as it had during World War II. During the Korean War, the C-47s hauled supplies, dropped paratroopers, evacuated the wounded, and pumped out flares to light the way for night bombing attacks.[27][28]
Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar
The C-119 Flying Boxcar (officially called C-119 Packet) was used extensively in the Korean War. Despite logistics problems that kept monthly flying time averages low, the C-119 worked well in Korea, In addition to airlifting supplies, the C-119s performed other tasks. For example, during Operation SNOWBALL in the fall of 1951, the 315th Air Division used the aircraft to drop napalm-filled 55-gallon drums on enemy troops. The C-119's greatest feat during the Korean War, however, was a mission to aid the retreat of United States Marine Corps and Army troops from Chosin in December 1950. Air Force C-119 "Flying Boxcars" dropped supplies to the US Marines, but on 7 and 8 December the Chinese closed the sack by blowing the bridge across an otherwise impassible 1,500-foot (460 m)-wide gorge south of Koto-ri. Without help, the Marines would be forced to leave behind their heavy equipment and make it out on foot, a trek many of the wounded and frostbitten would not survive. Air Force C-119s again answered the call and dropped eight two-ton spans of a treadway bridge for Marine engineers, who kept the column moving by bridging the gap under intense fire.[28]
Douglas C-54 Skymaster
A C-54 was the first USAF aircraft destroyed in the Korean War; one of the transports on the ground at Kimpo Airfield was strafed by North Korean aircraft on 25 June 1950. It was a Military Air Transport Service workhorse throughout the war.[28]
The World War II C-46 saw additional service during the Korean War being designed to carry troops or equipment and filled an airlift role in Korea, supplying everything from aircraft engines, ammunition, medical supplies, rations, and fresh fruit. The outbreak of the Korean War caught the US unprepared and scrambling for resources. C-46s were pulled out of mothballs or even bought back from commercial operators, and put into round-the-clock use with the USAF Combat Cargo Command. The C-46 was also used to spray insecticide over some parts of South Korea and to drop psychological warfare leaflets over North Korea.[28][29]
Douglas C-124 Globemaster II
Performed heavy lift cargo operations to and from Korea. On 27 September 1951, a C-124A began FEAF-hosted service tests labeled Operation PELICAN. In a little over one month, the aircraft flew 26 missions between Japan and Korea, carrying an average load of 34,000 pounds, double the amount carried on the C-54. In one mission in 1951, a C-124 airlifted a record 167 patients from Pusan in South Korea. Unfortunately, because of the weight of the aircraft, it was limited to only four airstrips in Korea. A heavy-duty runway was constructed at Seoul Municipal Airport in October 1952, but logistical difficulties kept the C-124 from fulfilling its airlift potential. C-124s were used by the 374th Troop Carrier Wing and the 801st Medical Air Evacuation Squadron .
C-47 taking off
C-119 airlifting cargo from Japan to Korea.
C-124 delivering F-84s to Japan, 1952
Transport units[edit | edit source]
1st Troop Carrier Group (Provisional) (C-46 Commando, C-47 Skytrain)
Temporary unit assembled from
46th Troop Carrier Squadron (P)
Stationed at: Ashiya AB, Japan, August 1950 – January 1951
61st Troop Carrier Group, Heavy (C-54 Skymaster)
Far East Air Force Combat Cargo Command, Provisional, 10 December 1950 – 1 January 1951)
1705 Air Transport Wing, 1 January 1951
Attached to: Far East Air Forces Combat Cargo Command, Provisional, 1–25 January 1951
Attached to: 315th Air Division, 25 January-1 October 1951
Eighteenth Air Force, 1 October 1951
Attached to: 315th Air Division, 1 October-5 November 1951
Attached to: 6122 Air Base Wing, 5 November 1951 – 26 March 1952
Attached to: 374th Troop Carrier Wing, 26 March-21 November 1952
Stationed at: Ashiya AB, Japan, 10 December 1950; Tachikawa AB, Japan, 26 March-15 November 1952
314th Troop Carrier Group, Medium (C-82/C-119 Flying Boxcar)
Attached to: Far East Air Forces [FEAF], 7–9 September 1950
Attached to: FEAF Combat Cargo Command, 10 September-30 November 1950
Attached to: 314th Air Division, 1 December 1950 – 25 January 1951
Attached to: 315th Air Division [Combat Cargo], 25 January 1951-c. 1 November 1952
Attached to: 483rd Troop Carrier Wing, 1 January 1953 – 15 November 1954.
Stationed at: Ashiya AB, Japan, 7 September 1950 – 15 November 1954
315th Troop Carrier Wing, Medium (C-46 Commando)
315th Air Division, 10 June 1952 – 18 January 1955.
Stationed at: Brady AB, Japan, 10 June 1952 – 18 January 1955
374th Troop Carrier Wing, Heavy (C-54 Skymaster)
Attached to: 1 Troop Carrier Task Force [Provisional], 5–9 September 1950
Attached to: Far East Air Forces Combat Cargo Command, Provisional, 10 September 1950 – 1 December 1950
314th Air Division, 1 December 1950
Remained attached to Far East Air Forces Combat Cargo Command, Provisional, to 25 January 1951
315th Air Division (Combat Cargo), 25 January 1951 – 1 July 1957.
Stationed at: Tachikawa (later, Tachikawa AB), Japan, 5 March 1949 – 1 July 1957
403d Troop Carrier Wing, Medium (C-54 Skymaster, C-46 Commando)
Eighteenth Air Force, 1 June 1951 – 1 January 1953
Attached to 315th Air Division, 14 April 1952 – 1 January 1953
Stationed at: Ashiya AB, Japan, 14 April 1952 – 1 January 1953
Fifth Air Force, 8 November 1950
Attached to FEAF Combat Cargo Command, Provisional, 8 November 1950 – 1 December 1950
Remained attached to FEAF Combat Cargo Command, Provisional, through 24 January 1951
315th Air Division (Combat Cargo), 25 January 1951 – 10 June 1952
Stationed at: Brady Field, Japan, 8 November 1950 – 10 June 1952
483d Troop Carrier Wing, Medium (C-119 Flying Boxcar)
Tactical Air Command, 1 January 1953
Attached to 315th Air Division (Combat Cargo), 1 January 1953 – 30 June 1954
Stationed at: Ashiya AB, Japan, 1 January 1953 – 30 June 1954
61st Troop carrier Group
314th Troop Carrier Group
403d Troop Carrier Group
483rd Troop Carrier Wing, Medium
Tactical air control units[edit | edit source]
North American AT-6 Texan
502nd Tactical Control Group
6147th Tactical Control Group
The Texan trainer found a new life in Korea as a forward air control aircraft. To meet an urgent operational need for close air support of ground forces, the Texans flew "mosquito" missions, spotting enemy troops and guns and marking them with smoke rockets for USAF fighter attack. The T-6s of the 6147th Tactical Control Group performed invaluable work.[28]
Units that flew the AT-6 in Korea were:
Temporary unit composed of:
605th Tactical Control Squadron: duration.
606th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron: duration.
608th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron: 2 November 1951–.
6132d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron: 9 October 1950 – 2 November 1951.
1st Shoran Beacon Unit (later, Squadron): attached 27 September – 1 December 1950 and 6 September 1952–.
Stationed at: Pusan, South Korea, September – October 1950; Taegu, South Korea, October 1950; Seoul, South Korea, October 1950 – July 1953
942nd Forward Air Control Squadron
6148th Tactical Control Squadron
Stationed at: Taegu AB, South Korea, August – October 1950; Kimpo AB, South Korea October 1950; Seoul Afld, South Korea, October 1950; Pyongyang East Adrm, North Korea, October – November 1950; Taegu AB, South Korea, November 1950 – March 1951; Pyongtaek Adrm, South Korea, March 1951 – April 1952; Chunchon, South Korea, April 1952 – July 1953
Other units[edit | edit source]
3rd Air Rescue Group
1st Shoran Beacon Squadron
5th Communications Group
10th Liaison Squadron
20th Weather Squadron Detachments
30th Weather Squadron
75th Air Depot Wing
417th Engineer Aviation Brigade
581st Air Resupply and Communications Wing
801st Medical Air Evacuation Squadron
3903rd Radar Bomb Scoring Group Detachments C (11), K (5), and N (22)
6004th Air Intelligence Service Squadron Detachments 1, 2, 3, and 5
6146th Air Force Advisory Group
6167th Air Base Group
6405th Korea Air Material Unit
Source for unit history: [17][28]
Temporary tactical support wings[edit | edit source]
In July 1950 United States Department of Defense planners did not foresee that the Korean campaign would be of long duration. Consequently, the Fifth Air Force modified its command structure only to meet immediate needs. When the time came to move tactical air units to Korean airfields, Fifth Air Force did not deploy its permanent wings because they were heavily committed to the air defense of Japan. Instead, it utilized temporary air base squadrons and air base units to support tactical units in Korea. By August, the situation called for larger organizations with greater allotments of personnel and equipment, and Fifth Air Force set up five temporary tactical support wings to support the combat groups.
Formed to assist in the projection of force to Korea, these temporary wings provided facilities, administration, services, and operational control for assigned and attached combat units. The task was formidable, for the installations the wings controlled were usually "bare base" operations with no amenities and only marginally serviceable airfields.
Logistically, poor roads and rail lines, limited port facilities, and overextended airlift hampered the wings. Organizationally, they were without regular status, such as authorization for personnel and equipment or for promotions. Even with these handicaps and hardships, the tactical support wings performed valiantly. They worked hard to make combat airfields operable and to provide the support and control combat units needed. They struggled to keep pace with the dynamically changing battle lines, opening new bases and forward operating locations as needed.
Their success bought time for the Fifth Air Force to reorganize, and on 1 December 1950, regular wings replaced them.
6002d Tactical Support Wing
Organized effective 1 August 1950, at Taegu #1 AB (K-2), to support the 18th Fighter-Bomber Group. Forced to withdraw with its tactical units to Ashiya AB, Japan, on 8 August, it returned to Korea on 5 September and advanced to Pyongyang on 22 November. It retreated to Suwon AB (K-13) on 30 November, where it was replaced on 1 December 1950, by the 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing.
6131st Tactical Support Wing
Organized effective 8 August 1950, at Pohang AB (K-3), to support the 8th Fighter-Bomber Group, the wing moved to Suwon AB on 7 October and to Kimpo AB (K-14) on 28 October. On 25 November, it advanced to Pyongyang AB (K-23), where it was replaced by the 8th Fighter-Bomber Wing effective 1 December 1950.
This wing organized 12 August 1950 at Iwakuni AB, Japan, to support the 3d Bombardment Group and was replaced by the 3d Bombardment Wing on 1 December.
6149th Tactical Support Wing
Organized 5 September 1950 at Taegu AB (K-2) to support the 49th Fighter-Bomber Group, this wing was replaced by the 49th Fighter-Bomber Wing effective 1 December.
Organized 5 September 1950 at Tsuiki AB, Japan, to support the 35th Fighter-Interceptor Group, the wing moved to Pohang AB (K-3) on 5 October and to Yonpo AB (K-27) on 27 November, where it was replaced by the 35th Fighter-Interceptor Wing on 1 December.
Far East Air Force Korean airfields (K-sites)[edit | edit source]
During the Korean War, the large number of locations used for bases and the similarity of some geographical names prompted the Air Force to use alphanumeric identifiers for bases in addition to their proper designations. Under this system, each base in Korea received a "K number," simplifying positive identification when referring to the various bases.[28]
File:Korean war ksites.jpg
USAF airfields in Korea 1950–53.
These are the known bases that the U.S. Far East Air Forces operated during the Korean War. The place name spellings used are those found in Fifth Air Force general orders designating the K-Sites and other official Fifth Air Force documents.[28]
K-1 Pusan-West
K-2 Taegu (Taegu #1)
K-3 Pohang
K-4 Sachon
K-5 Taejon
K-6 Pyongtaek
K-7 Kwangju
K-8 Kunsan
K-9 Pusan-East
K-10 Chinhae
K-11 Urusan (Ulsan)
K-12 Mangun
K-13 Suwon
K-14 Kimpo
K-15 Mokpo
K-16 Seoul
K-17 Ongjin (Oshin)
K-18 Kangnung (Koryo)
K-19 Haeju (Kaishu)
K-20 Sinmak
K-21 Pyonggang
K-22 Onjong-ni
K-23 Pyongyang
K-24 Pyongyang East
K-25 Wonsan
K-26 Sondok
K-27 Yonpo
K-28 Hamhung West
K-29 Sinanju
K-30 Sinuiju
K-31 Kilchu (Kisshu)
K-32 Oesichon-dong
K-33 Hoemun (Kaibun)
K-34 Chongjin (Seishin)
K-35 Hoeryong (Kainsei)
K-36 Kanggye
K-37 Taegu No. 2
K-38 Wonju
K-39 Cheju-do No. 1
K-41 Chungju
K-42 Andong No. 2
K-43 Kyongju
K-44 Changhowon-ni
K-45 Yoju
K-46 Hoengsong
K-47 Chunchon
K-48 Iri
K-49 Yangsu-ri
K-50 Sokcho-ri
K-51 Inje
K-52 Yanggu
K-53 Paengyong-do
K-54 Cho-do
K-55 Osan-ni
K-57 Kwangju
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.
Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to present
↑ Zaloga, Steven J. "The Russians in MiG Alley: The nationality of the "honcho" pilots is no longer a mystery. The Soviets now admit their part in the Korean War" Air Force Magazine, volume 74, issue 2, February 1991. [1]
↑ Judy G Endicott (29 November 2001). The USAF in Korea Campaigns, Units, and Stations, 1950–1953 (U.S. Air Force in Korea). Government Printing Office. p. V. ISBN 0-16-050901-7.
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (P-51 Mustang)
↑ 4.0 4.1 American Military Aircraft (North American P-51D/K Mustang)
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (F-80C Shooting Star)
↑ 6.0 6.1 American Military Aircraft (F-80 Shooting Star Service History)
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (F-94B Starfire)
↑ American Military Aircraft (F-94B Service History)
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (F-82 Twin Mustang)
↑ American Military Aircraft (Service Record of the North American P/F-82 Twin Mustang)
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (F-84E Thunderjet)
↑ American Military Aircraft (Republic F-84E Thunderjet)
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (F-86A/E/F Sabre)
↑ 14.0 14.1 American Military Aircraft (F-86 in Korea)
↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 USAF Organizations in Korea 1950–1953 United States Air Force Office of Historical Research, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (B-29 Superfortress)
↑ 19.0 19.1 American Military Aircraft (B-29 in Korean War)
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (B-26K (A-26) Counter Invader)
↑ American Military Aircraft (A-26/B-26 Invader in USAAF/USAF Service)
↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 History of the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
↑ Final Cut: The Postwar B-17 Flying Fortress: The Survivors, Scott A. Thompson, Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1993.
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (RB-29J Superfortress)
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (RB-45C Tornado)
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (RB-36 Peacemaker)
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (C-47/C-53 Skytrain)
↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 Futrell, Robert Frank (1983) The United States Air Force in Korea, 1950–1953, Maxwell AFB, Alabama Office of Air Force History, ISBN 0-912799-71-4
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (C-46 Commando)
↑ National Museum of the USAF – Fact Sheet Media (C-124 Globemaster)
36th Fighter-Bomber Squadron in Korea, 1953
USAF Pacific Air Forces (PACAF)
Eielson
Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (Elmendorf Air Force Base)
Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam (Hickam Field)
Kunsan
8th Fighter
35th Fighter
51st Fighter
354th Fighter
374th Airlift
United States Air Force In South Korea
United States Forces Korea
Pacific Air Forces
Seventh Air Force
8th Fighter Wing
51st Fighter Wing
(wartime)
314th Air Division
Far East Air Forces Bomber Command
Far East Air Forces Combat Cargo Command
Far East Air Forces Materiel Command
116th Fighter-Bomber Wing (ANG)
3rd Bombardment Wing
17th Bombardment Wing
22d Bombardment Group
92d Bombardment Wing
307th Bombardment Wing
452d Bombardment Wing
56th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
543d Tactical Support Group
1st Troop Carrier Group (Provisional)
315th Troop Carrier Wing
403d Troop Carrier Wing
483rd Troop Carrier Wing
Arkansas Army National Guard
Medical (non-combat) participants
Korean War reenactments
United Nations Contingents
United States Eighth Army
United States Seventh Fleet
Allegations of biological warfare
American and British defectors
Flying aces
Impact on the economy of the United States
MiG Alley
Operation Blacklist Forty
Operation Glory
United Nations Memorial Cemetery
Retrieved from "https://military.wikia.org/wiki/USAF_units_and_aircraft_of_the_Korean_War?oldid=2598057"
Articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency


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Over 18,300 Apply to Become NASA Astronauts, Smashing Record
By Sarah Lewin 2016-02-19T20:57:40Z
NASA astronaut Terry Virts (selected in 2000) took this spectacular spacewalk in 2015. A record-breaking 18,300 people have applied to be in NASA's 2017 astronaut class.
(Image: © NASA)
More than 18,300 people have applied for 14 or fewer spots in NASA's next astronaut class, shattering the 1978 record of 8,000 applicants.
(In 1978, it had been nine years since the previous chance to apply to be an astronaut, and the space shuttle had recently been announced. Plus, it was the first official call for female applicants.)
The prospective astronauts all submitted their applications between Dec.14 and when the application period closed yesterday (Feb. 18) — and the total number is close to triple the applicants for NASA's most recent astronaut class, in 2012. (At the time, the 2012 application pool was the second largest ever at more than 6,300.) [Related: How To Become An Astronaut]
"It's not at all surprising to me that so many Americans from diverse backgrounds want to personally contribute to blazing the trail on our journey to Mars," NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said in a statement. "A few exceptionally talented men and women will become the astronauts chosen in this group who will once again launch to space from U.S. soil on American-made spacecraft."
Bolden himself is a former astronaut, selected as one of a class of 19 in 1980.
Over the next 18 months, NASA's astronaut-selection board will narrow the applicants down, and the top applicants will interview at Johnson Space Center in Houston — ultimately, NASA will select a final set of eight to 14 astronaut candidates to begin training.
The training process will take about two years, and will include "training on spacecraft systems, spacewalking skills and teamwork, Russian language and other requisite skills," NASA officials said in the statement.
Ultimately, those who make it through the training will be assigned to either the International Space Station, NASA's Orion spacecraft, the Boeing CST-100 Starliner or the SpaceX Crew Dragon. Orion, currently in development to launch in the early 2020s on the new Space Launch System megarocket, will be able to support a crew of four for up to 21 days — habitat modules will be added for longer journeys, such as visiting Mars or deep space. Both the Starliner and Crew Dragon are in development aided by NASA's commercial crew program to bring four astronauts to the space station at a time.
But first, NASA's astronaut-selection board has its hands full choosing the most qualified candidates from the enormous pool of astronaut hopefuls for the 2017 astronaut class.
"We have our work cut out for us with this many applications," Brian Kelly, director of Flight Operations at Johnson Space Center, said in the statement. "But it's heartening to know so many people recognize what a great opportunity this is to be part of NASA's exciting mission. I look forward to meeting the men and women talented enough to rise to the top of what is always a pool of incredible applicants."
Email Sarah Lewin at slewin@space.com or follow her @SarahExplains. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.


Boston, MA (UroToday.com) The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of stress urinary incontinence in patients with radiation-induced urethral strictures who underwent EPA. These patients were compared to those undergoing urethroplasty for pelvic fracture. Seventy-five patients were evaluated and inclusion criteria included intact bladder neck and a successful EPA urethroplasty. Radiation patients were older. The majority of radiation patients had either brachytherapy or brachytherapy and EBRT. Radiation patients had longer strictures and strictures that were located in the prostatic urethra. Thirty-three percent of radiation patients reported SUI versus 12% of pelvic fracture patients. Eighty-seven percent of radiation patients required the use of pads, but only two patients (17%) underwent AUS placement. Location of the stricture is likely a contributing factor to the development of stress urinary incontinence in this population.


The MIT Media Lab Open Agriculture ("OpenAG") Initiative is on a mission to bring out the farmer in everyone by creating healthier, more engaging, and more inventive food systems. The OpenAG Food Computer is a controlled environment agriculture system that allow users to grow food inside of specialized chamber that can be programmed, modified, manipulated, upgraded, and hacked as users experiment to find the perfect growing recipes for their favorite fresh foods. To get this project started, they are recruiting the world's most curious, innovative, and enthusiastic scientists out there – kids. Today's students have grown up in a world of rapidly evolving technology and they are natural born experimenters, programmers, and tinkerers.
After connecting with the OpenAG team this past summer (introduced by indigenous peoples scholars and national geographic explorers mary and jon waterhousentroduced by indigenous peoples scholars and national geographic explorers mary and jon waterhouse), the Young Chefs team was inspired by the possibility of using the Food Computer to teach the science of food growing in engaging and accessible ways. In July we had the opportunity to visit and meet with the founder, Caleb Harper, exploring how to integrate their portable growing devices into the Young Chefs curriculum, eventually giving students the opportunity to learn about the science of food as it develops from the seed to the plate.
From meeting Caleb Harper and connecting with the team, it became clear that we had a shared mission: to develop resources that are both open access and center on a shared commitment to build food and science literacy in the next generation.
Today, we are excited to announce an official collaboration with the team. This involves cooperation on curriculum development for their ongoing efforts, but more importantly, invites Young Chefs to use and experiment with the food computer to integrate its gardening powers into our hands-on cooking science lesson plans. From the summer and on, we will use it to develop lesson plans that focus on scientific concepts relevant to food growing, such as environmental science, nutrition, organismal biology, plant metabolism, physics of energy. But the most innovative aspect of the partnership is that the food computer invites students to learn basic programming languages such as Raspberry Pi, thus integrating computer science into the Young Chefs model. In other words, the food computer expands both the scientific and culinary component of our curriculum; from botany, to engineering, and programming to nutrition, the Food Computer offers many new edible experiments for students worldwide.
We are extremely excited about this collaboration and are looking forward to not only developing the materials and working closely with the OpenAG team, but also to bring food computers to our workshops with educators and students in NYC (funded by NYC Department of Education), in Native American communities, Boston, and beyond. We are eternally grateful to the OpenAG team for making this happen!!


While a few clear, well-placed signs serve to help improve traffic flow and safety, once drivers have to contend with multiple signs involving speed limits, turn restrictions, time of day regulations and other road rules, distracted driving becomes a serious issue. Drivers are simply unable to navigate safely while simultaneously locating and reading numerous traffic signs – this sign-induced form of distracted driving has been blamed for numerous crashes, particularly at busy urban and suburban intersections.
In areas where there are simply too many signs, drivers are at risk of simply "tuning out" the signs altogether – the result of information overload. According to British transportation secretary Patrick McLoughlin, excessive roadside signage can actually make driving more dangerous in the UK, a feeling shared by the numerous lobby groups in that country that are working to eliminate confusing, redundant and unnecessary signs.
Another major problem with traffic signs is trust; most drivers comply with signs directing them to yield, stop, turn left from the left turn lane and merge when told to, however, not all drivers follow the rules of the road. Traffic signs can cause drivers to let down their guard and drive less defensively than they should be, based on the unrealistic belief that all drivers will comply with the rules expressed through traffic signs. Many serious crashes involving drivers running red lights could be avoided if all drivers checked the intersection before entering it, regardless of the color of the light.
According to the Wyoming Department of Transportation, installing a single traffic light costs between $200,000 and $500,000, a cost which is ultimately passed along to drivers in the form of increased taxes on gas and vehicle registration fees.


Dan is founder of WOMBA Group. He spent twenty-seven years of his career in financial services, where he rose to the level of Managing Director at Barclays Bank plc. In 2014 he made the decision to take a break from corporate life to spend time at home with his six month old son, Jesse. That experience led Dan to found WOMBA - an equality and diversity training consultancy with particular emphasis on making the world of work a better place for working parents. Dan also coaches senior leaders and executives.
Maternity discrimination: why do we continue to stereotype returning mothers?


Heading East on I26, take exit 40, turn right on Hwy 280, take a right after about 8 miles onto Snyder lane.
279 Snyder Lane is a 2,225 (*estimated) square foot home with 4 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms located in Mills River NC, Henderson County. This property is listed for sale at $599,000 and is currently active and accepting offers.


If you want a relaxing vacation away from the crowds and an authentic experience without all the holiday-goer cheese, here are 16 places where you can blend in with the locals on your next vacation.
We all know that a big smile and hand gestures can go a long way, but when you try to speak the local language, that's when the magic happens! Here are 20 phrases you should learn in your destination's local language before you head off on your next adventure.


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Home/Conflicts & War/Hundreds protest against Cuban government in Havana, other towns
Hundreds protest against Cuban government in Havana, other towns
Online News EditorJuly 11, 2021
Havana, Jul 11 (EFE).- Hundreds of Cubans took to the streets on Sunday to protest against the Havana government in the western town of San Antonio de los Baños shouting "Down with the dictatorship," "Freedom" and "Homeland and life."
The unprecedented demonstration, which was being joined by more protesters during the afternoon, was broadcast live by Facebook users and is taking place amid the serious economic and health crisis besetting the communist island, where the populace is dealing with a worrying lack of food, medicine and other basic products.
"The people started shouting. There are terrible blackouts, of six hours. This isn't ending, and it's every day. They started marching, very peacefully. The only thing they were doing was shouting. There were many young people," a local woman told EFE via telephone observing the demonstration from inside a store.
There is a heavy police presence in San Antonio de los Baños, and members of the public complained that there have been acts of violence by security forces against peaceful demonstrators, these reports being relayed to EFE from local residents from the town located 37 kilometers (23 miles) west of Havana.
In addition, EFE was able to verify the presence of Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel in the park beside the San Antonio Church, where he held a conversation with the group of government sympathizers.
Another source located in the area told EFE that Internet service for cellphones in the area had been cut off.
In Havana, calls have been circulating on the social networks for demonstrations at spots along the seaside Malecon avenue, and hundreds of demonstrators turned out on Sunday to shout anti-government slogans.
The protesters were intercepted by security forces and brigades of pro-government supporters, resulting in violent clashes and a number of arrests.
The clashes came at downtown Brotherhood Park in front of the capitol, where more than 1,000 people congregated amid a heavy deployment of soldiers and police, who began arresting the demonstrators.
However, several hundred of the protesters managed to evade the police cordon and headed en masse for the Paseo del Prado avenue leading to the Malecon, shouting slogans.
On Sunday afternoon about 20 young people also gathered – including playwright Yunior Aguilera – at the entrance to the Cuban Institute of Radio and Television (ICRT), where they called for a protest shouting "Cuba is suffering!" and "Tell the truth and you can be our parents!" amid a heavy presence of state security agents.
In addition, the demonstrators asked the authorities to reestablish Internet service in Havana, which has been cut off for the moment.
On the social networks, videos have begun circulating from other places, including the eastern town of Palma Soriano, where hundreds of people have also taken to the streets chanting slogans like "No more lies" and "We're not afraid."
Also, similar protests have been reported in the towns of Guira de Melena and Alquizar, both in western Artemisa province, where San Antonio de los Baños is located.
This is the largest anti-government protest noted on the island since the so-called "maleconazo" on Havana's Malecon, when in August 1994 hundreds of people took to the capital's streets and did not stand down until then-Cuban leader Fidel Castro arrived to speak to them.
Meanwhile, Diaz-Canel urged government supporters to also turn out to "combat" the anti-government protesters.
"The order for combat is given. Revolutionaries to the streets," the president said in a special television appearance.
CUBA PROTESTS EFE
Australia evacuates 26 people from Afghanistan on first flight


I'm getting around, at last, to looking at my notes from Don Reichert's Nature Morph, a show of his work at the Gallery of the Canadian Embassy in D.C. I was there at the end of March for a bit of a Canadian-Culture blow out (represent, prairie provinces, represent!), and was glad to see both work that I recognized (Reichert's wonderful, large, abstract expressionist canvases) and work that looked like a new direction (computer-manipulated images of the bridge and riverbank near Reichert's studio). Reichert's always been a very painterly painter at heart, with exquisite brush-stokes and a mastery of those drip and pour techniques we all know about from Jackson Pollack. There's even something calligraphic about him. But while he's grounded in that abstract expressionist tradition, he's always been curious about other things, and willing to tackle them seriously. I remember listenig as a kid in the 1970s to his haunting electronic music, for example, and I remember, too, a large exhibit which opened after the first Gulf War. That show came out of Reichert's travels in Mexico, where he's seen pre-Columbian art drenched in the imagery of human sacrifice. He picked this imagery up in some very powerful and disturbing pieces like Fuel for the Sun, which consisted of 100,000 individual sketches of skulls arranged into a giant wall. It looked Mayan, but represented the more conservative estimate of the number of Iraqis killed in that war (the title had to do with the Mayan belief that human sacrifices fueled the sun, but there was also something lurking in there about oil, and the connection of all those deaths to our deep addiction to fossil fuels). So he's always exploring different media, techniques and effects.
--Some of Reichert's early paintings look like a strange cross between abstract expressionism and color field paintings, with canvasses divided geometrically between beautiful brush-stoked areas and flat colored sections. This work came out of some time spent in Spain, looking at the elegant abstract tilework and architectural ornamentation left by the Moors, but the fascination for Reichert really seems to have been in the juxtaposition of a very controlled, cool element and a more open, warmer, more organic element.
--Many of Reichert's large canvas works, the kind for which he is best known, include beautiful, warm, organic, layered elements that look like the moss-patterns that grow over decades on the granite outcroppings of the Canadian Shield. (If you ever watch Painter in the Landscape the CBC documentary about him, you'll see Reichert painting on canvasses spread over these rocks, and you'll see how he invites happenstance into his compositons, dousing areas with water, for example, to soften the effect. You'll also see one of my favorite art-documentary moments, in which Reichert, standing near an enourmous painting of his on a museum wall, is asked by a curator how far away he stands from these while he paints them. "Oh," says Reichert, "about five foot nine.") Anyway -- along with the layered organic elements you often find a hard edge or line, something straight or with a ninety-degree angle to it, something utterly unlike the natural forms that seem to have almost grown on the canvas. These come from folding the canvas over in the process of composition, but the effect is very strange, like a specifically human or technological intrusion.
--The newest work at the Canadian Embassy combines natural imagery (photos of a the foliage along a riverbank) with very industrial imagery (big steel girders from a bridge), and it does so in a digitally-manipulated format that pulls it into almost crystaline patterns that, in their angles and symmetries, seem both geological-organic and technological.
In all of these things we see a continued obsession with edges and growing things, with the mechanical form and the organic. You know, Reichert grew up in a little farm town on the prairies, and I'm willing to bet that the place he grew up in had something to do with these obsessions. What's a farm but the combination of machines and nature? Or, to put it another way, the meshing together of that which evolves naturally and that which we impose on nature? And farm guys have a combination we don't see in the sentimental suburbs: they know about nature but they also really, really like machines.
There was more to enjoy besides the paictures at the embassy event that night, too. I ran into the art critic Robert Enright, for example, and tried to pitch an article to him about one of my favorite artists in Chicago, Jason Salavon (whose work you can see at his website) for his magazine, Border Crossings. Enright was all kinds of enthusiastic about this, and said many encouraging things to me about the article, about me being a poet, and so forth. Then he sent me over to talk to his partner and co-editor Meeka Walsh, who gave me a stern editorial look and a hundred (entirely worthwhile and defensible) criteria the article would have to meet to be right for the magazine. I saw right away why Border Crossings has been such a successful art magazine (check it out at bordercrossingsmag.com sometime) -- the Enright-Walsh dynamic of enthusiasm and judgment is exactly right for the Quixotic enterprise of art publishing.
The night ended with a bunch of us rolling out of the embassy after too much wine, holding hands in a circle beneath the big postmodern rotunda, and discovering that it had exceptional echo-chamber acoustics when we sang an off-key and intermittently lyrically-challanged version of "Oh, Canada." Even without the paintings that would have been worthwhile.


So what exactly happens when the beam hits the sun or a planet? According to the ex-Illuminati member, "This beam of radiation penetrates through the planet creating a very large cylinder in the exact middle of it. The radiation that is left behind begins to eat at the star or planet, and the effects spread like wildfire." It's said when they tested the beam on stars that it was "very effective." Scared yet?
Since the Illuminati allegedly exists all over the world, it's a wonder how their hierarchy actually works, in terms of their leaders. Of course, nothing has been publicized until now, so there wasn't talk of the structure of their ranks. It's said that there are three major leaders in each major region. According to the ex-member, in the case where regions are without leaders, a new leader is brought into the region.
Some people believe that most viruses were created by governments for population control. To others, it seems like a bogus theory, but in the case of SARS, this is one outbreak that may have been designed. According to the anonymous former member, "The Illuminati has been testing these viruses for years and they're finally unlocking the keys to creating a virus that will spread across the globe very, very fast killing select people." He advises people not to get vaccines for this reason.
Is there a link between Stalin and the Illuminati? You bet. It's believed that after Stalin defeated Leon Trotsky, he was then moved to a bunker in Switzerland for protection from Stalin. It's said that Stalin was politically influenced by the Illuminati, and if he didn't follow the orders from the higher ups then he would be replaced, and Trotsky would be the leader of the Soviet Union. Think that's wild? Wait until you get to the next slide.
Everyone knows the story of Abraham Lincoln's murder, or do they? As far as history goes, President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in a theater in Washington, D.C. According to the former Illuminati member, this never happened. "The Civil War made the North very, very rich. If the Illuminati had not seen the opportunity to become rich off of the war, then slavery would still be an American institution. Lincoln was placed in office just to start the war." It's said after the war ended he was "removed" from office via a fake assassination, and lived in a bunker in Mexico for the rest of his life.
Think that's nuts? Wait until you click on slide 1!
If the Illuminati can supposedly fake one national leader's death, then they sure can do it for Saddam Hussein. According to the former Illuminati member, Saddam's widely publicized hanging was not real. In fact, it's said that a dummy was used. The member then went on to say that Hussein is currently in a bunker in Argentina.
Israel, according to the former member, is the "grand puppet" of the Illuminati, which means that anything the Illuminati asks it to do, it will. So what does this mean for the Middle East? Well, it's said that Israel has been given permission to fire away at Iran when they feel like it.
When it comes to the Illuminati, nothing is as it seems. According to the former member, filmmaker, writer, and conspiracy theorist Alex Jones isn't who he says he is. While he's known as a conspiracy theorist, it was revealed that he's a plant by the Illuminati to feed false information. In fact, he's been a member for many years and will be one for years to come.
So there you have it. Those were the 22 shocking truths revealed by a former Illuminati insider about one of the most powerful alleged organizations known to mankind. From influencers like Vladimir Putin to Warren Buffett, the supposed death of Abraham Lincoln, "natural" disasters created by the HAARP machine, and scandals that have been covered up for decades, the secrets revealed shed a whole new light on the Illuminati and the power the society and its members possess in the world. Next time you hear about a disaster or another big monumental event, you might find yourself pausing wondering if it's indeed the all-powerful Illuminati.


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Q: Explanation for the "nonew" rule in JSHint There's a rule/option in JSHint that I've never clearly understood: the nonew rule:

This option prohibits the use of constructor functions for
  side-effects. Some people like to call constructor functions without
  assigning its result to any variable:
new MyConstructor();
There is no advantage in this approach over
  simply calling MyConstructor since the object that the operator new
  creates isn't used anywhere so you should generally avoid constructors
  like this one.

Here's what I don't understand:

*

*What's an example of a "side effect" that would result from invoking an object constructor?

*What's the proper way to invoke an object constructor if you have no need to reference the instance as a variable?

*What is meant by saying there is no advantage over calling MyConstructor() without new? Obviously that wouldn't create an object as intended.

To help elicit helpful responses, how should the code below be refactored to instantiate the object when there is no further need for referencing the instance after invoking the constructor?
var Module = require('./module');

(function (Module) {

  new Module({
    el: '#module',
    tpl: '#tpl-module',
    status: false
  });

})(Module);

A:
What's the proper way to invoke an object constructor if you have no need to reference the instance as a variable?

Don't invoke the constructor if you don't need an instance.

What is meant by saying there is no advantage over calling MyConstructor() without new? Obviously that wouldn't create an object as intended.

If the purpose of the call is to execute side effects, you don't need to create an object. You should use a plain function (I'm tempted to call it "procedure"), instead of a constructor, if you need such.
In case the constructor does use the instance (and binds it somewhere), this is considered a bad practise. The constructor should only create and initialise the object. Everything else should be done in a separate method.

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