text:
Lawmakers Revive Effort to Eliminate School Property Taxes.
HARRISBURG (April 2) – Albert Einstein once said that insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different result.
Given the less than positive outcomes in the past of efforts to replace school property taxes with other funding sources, some might question state Rep. Jim Cox's decision to revive the idea.
Referencing Einstein's observation, the Berks County Republican said the idea behind the soon-to-be-introduced House Bill 1776 is similar to past proposals, but "we have made changes, significant changes."
While he noted that his legislation "isn't perfect," Cox said he's worked with many lawmakers and organizations to craft a proposal that recognizes the flaws of past bills that resulted in their defeat and improves on those plans.
Between 2000 and 2008, several measures, seeking to eliminate the school property tax in favor of other funding sources, were introduced and ultimately defeated by the state House of Representatives in fairly lopsided votes.
In 2005, then state Rep. Sam Rohrer, R-Berks, pushed a plan that was defeated on a 128-74 vote. In 2006, a similar Rohrer plan, although this time in amendment form, also failed on a 128-74 vote. In 2008, another attempt by Rohrer to replace the property tax with income taxes and expanded sales levies fell on a 148-47 vote.
Those plans generally eliminated the school property tax, as well as school-related earned income taxes and nuisance taxes, replacing them with revenue from a lowered but expanded sales and use tax. Rohrer's original plan, introduced in 2004, lowered the sales tax rate from 6 percent to 4 percent, but expanded the tax to include most products and services. Later versions of Rohrer's plans altered the sales tax reduction to 5 percent and trimmed the expansion of taxable goods and services, but also added such things as personal income tax hikes and real estate transfer tax increases.
Republicans and Democrats criticized those proposals for imposing taxes on previously untaxed goods and services, questioning the impact on the state's economy and claiming many people would end up paying more taxes than the property tax reductions they'd realize.
Cox noted that his bill, which will be introduced this week, currently has more than 50 co-sponsors, with over half of them House Democrats.
"I'm proud to say today that this is not a Republican idea, this is not a Democrat idea, this is an idea for Pennsylvanians… both sides of the aisle, both parties, no parties – this is about the Pennsylvania property owner," Cox said.
State Rep. Thomas Caltagirone, D-Berks, said he was "100 percent behind" the Cox plan to eliminate what called a "regressive" property tax system. He added that he hoped many of his colleagues, particularly those in urban areas "would take a look at" the bill.
"This is not [Democrat or Republican], this is about people's issues and people's problems," said Caltagirone.
Offering a few details, Cox said his legislation would hike the personal income tax rate from its current level of 3.07 percent to 4.01 percent.
The state sales tax would increase from 6 percent to 7 percent on existing goods and services, and the bill would also expand taxable items, eliminating many of the exemptions contained within current law.
Cox did not supply any specifics about the exemptions, instead saying the list of goods and services to be subject to the state sales and use tax would be "extensive."
In a press release, Cox said the tax would be expanded to include clothing and footwear that cost $50 or more, non-prescription drugs and food items that are not part of the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program.
In addition, the press release indicated the Cox plan would close sales tax loopholes that currently exempt dry cleaning, funeral expenses, amusement parks and other services from the tax. It would close similar loopholes that also exempt newspapers, magazines, flags, gum, candy, and other goods from the sales tax.
"What we're doing is making this a more fair tax," said Cox of the plan to eliminate school property taxes.
He and others said, "the broader the tax base, the more fair [the tax] is and the more stable it is."
Cox, in his memo requesting co-sponsors, explained his legislation would also change the funding formula for school districts.
"Because the distribution of funding to our local schools has been a divisive issue during property tax discussions, this legislation will contain a baseline for distribution, based initially on ADM (Average Daily Membership) times Equalized Mills," wrote Cox in the memo. "Other components that are likely to become part of our discussion include socio-economic factors such as poverty, disabilities and language barriers."
Sen. David Argall, R-Schuylkill, who was a member of the House and a Rohrer-supporter when Rohrer attempted to eliminate school property taxes, said he plans to soon introduce in the Senate a companion bill – Senate Bill 1400 – to Cox's legislation.
"We've seen over the life of this hated tax many attempts to change it," said Argall.
"But we're still stuck with this same archaic, outmoded unfair property tax system … that's why we intend to push very hard to make this much needed change a reality," he said, noting Sens. Mike Folmer, R-Lebanon, and Jeff Piccola, R-Dauphin, have expressed a desire to advance the bill in the Senate.
Several legislators talked about the school property tax burdens of their constituents, but none compared to those cited by state Rep. Mario Scavello, R-Monroe.
"If you built [or bought] a brand new home in Monroe County five years ago you [on average] paid $250,000. That house today is worth $150,000 and your property taxes on that house are about $11,000 [a year]," said Scavello.
"We've got about 3,000 empty homes" because homeowner property taxes, in many cases, are more than mortgage payments and people have lost their homes for failure to pay their property taxes, Scavello said.
"More than 10,000 Pennsylvania families lose their homes to property tax sales each year, or are forced to sell to avoid having their homes seized for nonpayment of those taxes," said David Baldinger, a representative of the Pennsylvania Coalition of Taxpayer Associations, an alliance of 71 taxpayer advocacy groups from across the state.
"House Bill 1776 and Senate Bill 1400 provide the bold action that is required now if these problems are to be solved," said Baldinger, noting his organization fully supports the bills.
By Chris Comisac
Deputy Bureau Chief
Capitolwire


text:
Elachista mundula Kaila, 2011
ELACHISTIDAE, GELECHIOIDEA Don Herbison-Evans
Stella Crossley
(Photo: courtesy of Lauri Kaila, from Elachistine Moths of Australia)
The Caterpillars of this species are grey with a vague broad dark line along the back, and some pale spots on the thorax. The caterpillars are smooth, long, thin, and flattened, with a pointed head and tail.
dorsal view
The caterpillars have been found feeding on
Red-fruit Saw-sedge ( Gahnia sieberiana, CYPERACEAE ).
The caterpillars bore downwards into a leaf of their foodplant creating a translucent yellowish mine between the upper and lowers skins of the leaf. The mine is initially narrow, and broadens as the caterpillar matures, reaching a length of up to 12 cms.
(Photo: courtesy of CSIRO/BIO Photography Group, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, digitally repaired)
When mature: the caterpillar exits the mine and forms a naked pupa attached to an adjacent leaf by a silk girdle and some hooks on the underside of the pupa.
The adult moths have fawn forewings with scattered dark dots and dashes. The hindwings are plain fawn. The moths have a wingspan of about 1 cm.
The species has been found in
Tasmania, and
Lauri Kaila,
Elachistine Moths of Australia: (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Elachistidae),
Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera Vol. 11,
CSIRO Publishing, 2011, pp. 17, 20, 27, 38, 54, 61, 190-192, 268, 285, 355, 412,
including Plates 11.9, 11.10, 28.4; Figs. 86, 87, 256, 257, 406.
caterpillar Australian
moths next
(written 18 June 2017, updated 5 July 2017)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Engolasters-Refugi L'Illa-Refu D'Ensagents-Engolasters (Andorra)
Hiking TraIl nearby Tossa Plana de Lles-Puigpedrós natural area, in España and Encamp population.
The largest locality in the area is Andorra la Vella, with a population of 20,430 persons, at a distance of 4.187 kilometers	from the center of the map.
The nearest is Encamp (11,223 persons), at a distance of 2.465 kilometers.
Min height: 1,607 meters above sea level.
Max height: 2,821 meters above sea level.
Average height: 1,981 meters above sea level.
Average slope uphill: 15.609 %.
You can find around this zone pois of interest and places relates with Sports Stadiums, Populated areas, municipalities, cities and towns, what to see / tourism / religious buildings, churches and places of worship, what to see / tourism / architecture and monuments, Lakes, pools, damns and reservoirs, Parish (parroquias), Mountain passes
what to see / tourism / religious buildings, churches and places of worship
Lakes, pools, damns and reservoirs
Parish (parroquias)
Museo Casa de Areny-Plandolit
Encamp	( Population: 11,223 persons, At a distance of 2.465 kilometers from the center of the map)
les Escaldes	( Population: 15,853 persons, At a distance of 3.105 kilometers from the center of the map)
Andorra la Vella	( Population: 20,430 persons, At a distance of 4.187 kilometers from the center of the map)
Ordino	( Population: 3,066 persons, At a distance of 5.562 kilometers from the center of the map)
la Massana	( Population: 7,211 persons, At a distance of 5.679 kilometers from the center of the map)
Canillo	( Population: 3,292 persons, At a distance of 6.734 kilometers from the center of the map)
Sant Julià de Lòria	( Population: 8,022 persons, At a distance of 9.353 kilometers from the center of the map)
Arinsal	( Population: 1,419 persons, At a distance of 9.871 kilometers from the center of the map)
Engolaster (at a distance of 0.000 kilometers)
Volta al llac d'Engolasters (at a distance of 0.000 kilometers)
Engolasters (at a distance of 0.000 kilometers)
Engolasters y Coll de Jovell (at a distance of 0.000 kilometers)
Circuit de les Fonts (at a distance of 0.000 kilometers)
Estany Engolasters i Font Corralets (at a distance of 0.000 kilometers)
Ramio, Fontverd, Coll Jovell, Escaldes, Pic de Padern...20-ABR-13 (at a distance of 0.000 kilometers)
Bosc d'Engolasters (at a distance of 0.000 kilometers)
Riu Blanc (at a distance of 0.000 kilometers)
Valle Madriu- Estany D´Engolasters ANDORRA (at a distance of 0.000 kilometers)


The 7th Fastener Fair Stuttgart, the International Exhibition for the Fastener and Fixing Industry, ended after three very successful show days.
This year, a total of 895 exhibitors from 46 countries covered a net exhibition space of 20,800 m2; hence the exhibition was fully booked. Compared to the last exhibition this amounted to an increase in exhibition space of 11%. The range of exhibits at this year's show included industrial fasteners and fixings, construction fixings, assembly and installation systems, fastener manufacturing technology, storage, distribution and factory equipment as well as information, communication and services.
"Fastener Fair Stuttgart 2017 was once again a very international trade fair and attracted visitors from all over the world", says Liljana Goszdziewski, Exhibition Director of Fastener Fair Stuttgart, on behalf of the organisers Mack Brooks Exhibitions. "Almost two thirds of trade visitors travelled to Stuttgart from abroad to discover the latest industry trends, to build international trade networks and to source new products and systems", continues Liljana Goszdziewski.
Germany was the biggest visitor country followed by Italy and Great Britain. Other major European visitor countries were France, Poland, the Netherlands and Spain. Asian visitors mainly came from Taiwan and China. The most important industries, which visitors came from, were the construction industry, the automotive industry, distribution, mechanical engineering, hardware/ DIY retailing and electrical products/ domestic appliances. The majority of visitors were fastener and fixing wholesalers, manufacturers as well as distributors and suppliers. There was a large increase of visitors from the construction industry compared to the previous event.
The first seminar programme held during Fastener Fair Stuttgart 2017, in an auditorium within the exhibition halls, proved to be very successful. Here, visitors were able to hear about the latest trends, developments and technologies in the fastener and fixing industry.
The preliminary results of the exhibition survey show that both exhibitors and visitors at this year's Fastener Fair Stuttgart were highly satisfied. The quality of the visitors and the international flair as well as the large number of new contacts that were made were especially highlighted by many exhibitors. Therefore, a majority of this year's exhibitors intend to participate at the next Fastener Fair Stuttgart, which will be held from 19 – 21 March 2019 at the Trade Fair Centre in Stuttgart.
This year, Mack Brooks Exhibitions will again hold a series of Fastener Fairs in selected international target markets. Fastener Fair India will be held from 28 – 29 April 2017 in Mumbai. Fastener Fair Mexico will also take place this year, from 20 – Fastener Fair Indonesia, from 7 – 9 March 2018 in Jakarta and Fastener Fair USA, from 11 – 12 April 2018 in Cleveland, Ohio. In addition, the date for the second edition of Fastener Fair Italy was announced which will take place from 26 - 27 September 2018 in Milan.
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Home News Halal Butchery in Litigation
Halal Butchery in Litigation
Residents and businesses have sued to prevent Saba Live Poultry from opening.
by Beth Lawton
Update: Litigation has been dismissed in this case and the business is expected to open in the coming months.
The opening of a Halal poultry processor and live butchery has been tied up in Alexandria courts since shortly after the Alexandria Planning Commission recommended that the City Council approve a special use permit for it back in March.
The case is still in litigation, and there is no projected opening date for the shop.
What is Saba Live Poultry?
Saba Live Poultry applied to the City to open its establishment in Alexandria in late 2018. The company planned to open a slaughter-to-order and retail facility at 3225 Colvin St. in Alexandria, (see map below) just south of the Alexandria Commons shopping center in a commercial area.
According to the company's application to open in Alexandria, customers will be able to identify the live chicken they would like to purchase. The chicken will be weighed by a hanging scale before being moved to the slaughter room, where it would receive prayers before it is killed, plucked, cleaned and brought back to the customer, all in accordance with Halal standards.
According to the special use permit documents, the applicant explained early in 2019:
"Saba Live Poultry uses the Halal method of slaughter to process poultry. The question most usually asked about Halal concerns the method of slaughter. All meat and poultry we process will be slaughtered strictly in accordance with Islamic rites, where one of the most important prerequisites is the humane treatment of any animal intended for human food. Saba Live Poultry believes that concept of Halal involves the whole process of meat production from the wholesome food fed to the animals in their rearing right through until the meat reaches the consumer."
Concerns from Residents and Businesses
Before the City Council voted to allow the establishment to open, several residents expressed concern in writing about whether such a facility should be permitted in Alexandria.
Saba Live Poultry has 14 locations nationwide, including several in New York, where the company was founded in 1998. Other locations are in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, California and Florida.
Saba Live Poultry has been involved in several complaints in other states. The company was shut down in Connecticut after killing a calf in a Home Depot parking lot after the calf escaped. That incident led to scrutiny by town, state and federal officials, who found multiple violations in plumbing, ventilation, sanitation and multiple other areas.
The company's Philadelphia facility has been found in violation of sanitation standards. In New York, the company has been fined for labor violations, including failure to pay overtime to employees.
In California, the company petitioned to increase production at one facility from 20,000 chickens per year to 50,000 because the lower production level it initially applied for was causing economic hardship, according to the company. That request was denied.
After the City Council approved the special use permit in March, 10 residents and businesses jointly sued the City, serving Mayor Justin Wilson and City Attorney Joanna Anderson. (See the initial complaint here, which lists the plaintiffs.)
The initial complaint stated that the City's decision was unreasonable, arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of power and "predetermined and orchestrated by Defendants," among other things. The complaint also stated that the decision could reduce the plaintiff's property values, hurt local businesses and diminish the plaintiff's quality of life.
"Businesses and citizens in locations where Applicant has other slaughterhouses report that the smells emanating from those slaughterhouses are horrific, especially in warm weather months," according to the original complaint, which is more than 40 pages long.
The City has filed motions to dismiss aspects of the case for several reasons, including that some of the plaintiffs do not have sufficient standing to sue, that the harms listed in the complaint are too generalized, and that there are "no facts in support of their conclusory allegation that property values will be negatively impacted by the proposed use." (See the City's initial request to dismiss the suit here.)
Throughout the summer, the plaintiffs and defendants filed multiple motions with supporting documentation in response to each other's filings.
At this time, the public can see the documents with a paid online subscription after going through an application process, or people may visit the Clerk of the Court's office at the Alexandria Circuit Court to use one of the free public access computer terminals. (Links to the the documents above were provided by Alexandria resident Jol Silversmith, an attorney who says he has zero connection to this case.)
Correction: An earlier version of this story noted that the Planning Commission approved the application; they only sent their recommendation to approve the application to the City Council, which ultimately approved it.
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Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity ... - IPBES
on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Assessment Report on Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services in. Europe and Central Asia: A Primer. The world's ...
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Assessment Report on Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services in Europe and Central Asia: A Primer The world's biodiversity is being lost and nature's contributions to people are being degraded, which undermines human wellbeing. The success of humanity's efforts to reverse the current unsustainable use of our irreplaceable natural assets and heritage requires the best-available evidence, comprehensive relevant policy options and committed, well-informed decision makers. The IPBES assessment reports serve these ends, by providing the credible peer-reviewed information needed for informed decision-making. ▪ Forthcoming landmark assessment report on biodiversity & nature's contributions to people across Europe & Central Asia ▪ Best-available evidence for decision makers to make informed choices balancing the needs of people & nature ▪ Prepared by more than 120 leading international experts from 36 countries over 3 years ▪ Draws on almost 4,000 scientific papers, Government reports, indigenous and local knowledge & other sources ▪ Improved by over 7,700 comments from more than 150 external reviewers, including Governments ▪ 1 of 5 major new science-policy assessment reports due to be launched in March 2018 ➢ Hot Topics: Transboundary ecological footprints; Progress on Aichi Targets and SDGs; Policy mix options across sectors Parts of Europe and Central Asia – an enormous region stretching from Iceland to Russia's far east — are so developed and densely populated that much of their native biodiversity has been lost. Yet some of these States lead the world in policies that promote conservation and restoration, recognizing the fundamental links between biodiversity, nature's contributions to people and human well-being. Growing human-induced challenges and opportunities for people across the region are the focus of a major new scientific assessment report, one of five being prepared by inclusive teams of leading international experts working with the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). These evaluations of biodiversity and nature's contributions to people cover four world regions — the Americas, Asia and the Pacific, Africa, and Europe and Central Asia. They are scheduled to be launched in Medellín, Colombia at the 6th annual session of the IPBES Plenary (#IPBES6), in March 2018. A fifth IPBES assessment report, also due to be approved and launched at the same intergovernmental meeting, examines land degradation and restoration, both regionally and globally. The findings of these reports will also be key inputs to a new comprehensive IPBES global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services, due for release in 2019, the first such evaluation since the authoritative 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.
2 In addition, the assessment reports will evaluate lessons learned and progress (or the lack thereof) on the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the implications for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as well as other global environmental agreements. The reports will also provide vital information for setting biodiversity targets for the period after 2020. Often described as the IPCC for biodiversity, IPBES is the global science-policy platform tasked with providing the best-available evidence to inform better decisions affecting nature - by Governments, businesses and even individual households. Three years in development, at a total cost of about US$5 million, the four IPBES regional assessment reports have involved over 550 experts from more than 100 countries, who have reviewed several thousand scientific papers, Government and other information sources, including indigenous and local knowledge. The aim is to arrive at conclusions about each region's land-based, freshwater and coastal biodiversity, as well as the state of ecosystem functioning and
Capacity building for Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and ...
Global Biodiversity Outlook and Intergovernmental Science-Policy ...
biodiversity and ecosystem services for the americas - IPBES
Highlights Report - Belgian Biodiversity Platform
scenarios and models of biodiversity and ecosystem services - IPBES
InterGovernmental Authority on Development - IGAD
nations unies - IPBES
The success of humanity's efforts to reverse the current unsustainable use of our irreplaceable natural assets and heritage requires the best-available evidence, comprehensive relevant policy options and committed, well-informed decision makers. The
Drawing on about 3,000 scientific papers, Government reports, indigenous and local knowledge & other sources ... papers, Government and other information sources, including indigenous and local knowledge. The aim is .... Land Degradation and Restorat
sea-level rise, leading to severe loss of biodiversity, increasing vulnerability and rising levels of inequality. Growing ... ocean acidification and glacier melting).
urbanization and advances in information & communications technology; Ocean and .... Government and business leaders, civil society groups, indigenous peoples, ... Asia: www.ipbes.net/sites/default/files/downloads/eca_assessment_en.pdf.
A best-practice guide and other training resources derived from the training workshops that .... team will prepare the project work packages and make aligned time tables and budget. ..... Data hosting infrastructure for primary biodiversity data.
Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Progress ..... A best-practice guide and other training resources derived from the training workshops that can be reused by ..... Data hosting infrastructure for primary biodiversity data.
Website: www.ipbes.net ... IPBES (2016): The methodological assessment report on scenarios and models of biodiversity .... and encourage those best practices in regard to the use ... sincere thanks to the Government of Malaysia for hosting.
Website: www.ipbes.net. Photo credits ... Technical Support Unit on Scenarios and Models, at ... encourage those best practices in regard to the use of scenarios.
WHO PROVIDED GUIDANCE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF THIS ASSESSMENT: ... of the Parties at its thirteenth meeting later this year, and to ..... assessment model: modelling effects on direct drivers. GLOBIO: modelling consequences for biodiversity and ecosyst
Technical Support Unit on Scenarios and Models, at. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. This report in the form of a PDF can be viewed and.
Djibouti played host to the first conference of intellectuals from the Horn of .... and poverty reduction and in the promotion of low-cost and appropriate .... We have enhanced the capacity of our website (www.igad.org) so that it plays a crucial.
IGAD Services and Products . ...... Furthermore, the mailing list and database for information ...... Automated System for Customs Data Management. AU.
Mar 28, 2018 - The. Americas is also a highly culturally and socioeconomically diverse region, home to 15 per cent of global languages and a human population density that ranges from 2 per 100 km2 in Greenland to over. 9,000 per km2 in several urban
Report Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity ... - IPBES


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}

As part of the Finno-Ugric and the Internet project (SUKI), we have collected textual material for some of the more endangered Uralic languages from the internet \cite{jauhiainen5}. In this paper, we introduce the Wanca 2017 corpus which will be published in the Language Bank of Finland\footnote{\url{https://www.kielipankki.fi/language-bank/}} as a downloadable package as well as through the Korp\footnote{\url{https://korp.csc.fi}} concordance service. We used the earlier version of the corpus, Wanca 2016 \cite{Jauhiainen-Jauhiainen-JauhiainenRDHum19}, together with corpora available from the Leipzig corpora collection \cite{goldhahn2012building} to create a training dataset for the ULI 2020 shared task. The ULI 2020 shared task was organized as part of the VarDial 2020 Evaluation campaign. We also performed a baseline language identification experiment for the ULI dataset using the HeLI method described by \newcite{jauhiainen6}.

In this paper, we first introduce some related work and resources for language identification and the Uralic languages in Section 2. We then describe the Wanca 2017 corpus and its creation in Section 3. In Section 4, we give a detailed description of the creation of the dataset for the ULI 2020 shared task as well as the information about the baseline language identification experiments using the corpus, and provide some error analysis for the results of those experiments.

\section{Related work}

In this section, we first introduce some previous work on language identification of texts, then we give a short introduction to the Uralic languages and present some of the text corpora already available for those languages.

\subsection{Language identification in texts}

In this paper, we focus on language identification in texts as opposed to language identification in speech. By language identification, we mean the labeling of sentences or texts by language labels from a given label set, which is the test set-up in the ULI shared task. By defining the problem this way, we have ignored two challenges in language identification: detection of unknown languages and multilingual texts. In unknown language detection, the language identifier can be presented with texts that are written in a language that it has not been trained in. Multilingual texts are simply texts containing more than one written language. Actually, in the strict sense, some of the sentences in the training and test sets of the ULI task can be considered multilingual as they may include some words in languages other than the main language of the sentence. In the ULI task, the target is however, to simply label the main language for each sentence.

A recent survey concerning language identification in texts by \newcite{jauhiainen2019b} gives a thorough introduction to the subject.

\subsection{Uralic languages}

In this section we provide a general overview to the Uralic language family, with specific attention to development of the written standards and contemporary use, as this is closely connected to the resources available for the language identification task.
The Uralic language family contains 30-40 languages, and shows considerable diversity at all levels.
Handbooks about the family include \newcite{abondolo1998a} and \newcite{sinor1988a}, and new handbooks are currently under preparation \cite{laaksoEtAl2020a,abondolo2021}.
The Uralic language family is one of the most reliably established old language families in the world, and can be compared with the Indo-European language family in its time depth and variation, although the exact dating of the family is a matter of on-going research.

Geographically the Uralic languages are spoken in Northern Eurasia, with the Saami languages in the Scandinavia representing the westernmost extent, and the Nganasans at the Taimyr Peninsula are the easternmost Uralic language speakers.
In the south, Hungarian, a geographical outlier, is spoken in the Central European Carpathian Basin.
The majority of the Uralic languages are spoken within the Russian Federation.
The wide geographical area also has resulted in different subsistence strategies and livelihoods, historically, and also in various contemporary conditions.
Only three Uralic languages, Estonian, Finnish and Hungarian, are spoken as the majority language of a country.
These languages are not endangered, but they have closely related varieties that often are, as are all other Uralic languages.

Some Uralic languages are also already extinct.
This is the case with Kemi Saami, which ceased to be spoken in the 19th century, and Kamas, the last speaker of which died in 1989.
The former is represented in this shared task.
Still spoken Uralic languages form a continuum also in their number of speakers, as the smallest languages, such as Inari Saami and Skolt Saami, have only hundreds of speakers, and Nganasan maybe slightly more than one hundred \cite[17]{wagner2018grammar}.
In contrary, languages such as Mari or Udmurt have hundreds of thousands of speakers, and are used actively in various spheres of modern society.
They are also endangered due to interrupted intergenerational language transmission and disruption of the traditional speech communities.
When it comes to the online presence, or generally to available textual representations of these languages, historical developments in their standardization and language planning are in a very central role.
This was largely outlined by Soviet language policy, described in detail in \newcite{grenoble2003language}.
It has also been typical for the Uralic languages spoken in Russia that the orthographies have changed numerous times.
\newcite{siegl2015uneven} discuss four case studies about the possible variation in the degrees of contemporary literacy and development of the written standards.
There are numerous languages in the Wanca corpus for which the ortographies were developed in the late 19th or early 20th century.
This pertains especially to many languages spoken in the Soviet Union, including Ingrian, Karelian, Livvi-Karelian, Vepsian, Komi-Permyak, Komi-Zyrian, Udmurt, Khanty, Mansi and Tundra Nenets.
Even with very closely related languages, such as two Komi written standards, two Mari written standards or two Mordva written standards, the contemporary orthographies and the varieties themselves contain numerous differences in their phonology and spelling conventions that make distinguishing the language of a text almost always straightforward, at least to a specialist.
These differences are large enough that from the perspective of computational linguistics, distinct infrastructure usually has to be developed for each variety, even the actual linguistic differences would be minor.
For an example about challenges in creating Komi-Permyak and Komi-Zyrian infrastructure, see \newcite{rueter2020a}.

Some of these orthographies were more successful than others, and there is large variation in when exactly the currently used system was established, and what level of stability they have.
This was also the case for Nganasan, but the orthography created in 1986 was never widely used, and in the current orthography the conventions vary with author and editor \cite{wagner2018grammar}.
For languages such as Votic, the current orthography was developed only in the 2000s \cite[3]{ernits2006a}.
Another good example is Tundra Nenets, which has had the current orthography since the 1940s, and which has all in all 100 titles published.
The language is also partially used in local newspapers. \cite{nikolaeva2014grammar}.
The small number of sentences in this dataset probably indicates, however, that the online visibility is relatively small.
At the same time a relatively small Sami language, Skolt Sami with approximately 300 speakers, is represented in the dataset by thousands of sentences.
The Skolt Sami orthography was developed in the 1970s and the knowledge of the writing standard is not complete in the whole community \cite[26,37]{feist2015a}, but the language has been officially recognized in Finland and has received support, which may explain why it appears to have more online presence than some other languages of the same size.

Thereby the contemporary online presence of these languages is a complex combination of many historical factors.
However, we can generally say that those languages with more widely used and taught orthographies, and with a substantial speaker base, do have enough materials online that crawling up to several million tokens is possible.
With smaller languages the situation is different and much more varying.
There is also the aspect of time, as continuous use accumulates increasingly larger resources.
What it comes to extinct languages, their corpora have to be considered finite.

\subsection{Corpora for Uralic languages}

For the Uralic languages that are the majority language of a country, that is Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian, many large text corpora already exist. For example, there is the Suomi 24 Corpus\footnote{\url{http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:lb-2017021506}} with over 250 million Finnish sentences from a social networking website available from the Language Bank of Finland, and the Europarl corpus\footnote{\url{https://www.statmt.org/europarl/}} with over 600,000 sentences of Hungarian and Estonian \cite{Koehn:2005}. The Leipzig Corpora Collection\footnote{\url{https://wortschatz.uni-leipzig.de/en/download}} has texts also for some of the more rare Uralic languages: Eastern Mari, Komi, Komi-Permyak, Northern Sami, Udmurt, Võro, and Western Mari. The Giellatekno research group has three Korp installations for Uralic languages: one\footnote{\url{http://gtweb.uit.no/korp/}} for Saami languages, one\footnote{\url{http://gtweb.uit.no/f_korp/}} for Kven, Meänkieli, Veps, and Võro, and one\footnote{\url{http://gtweb.uit.no/u_korp/}} for Komi-Zyrian, Komi-Permyak, Udmurt, Moksha, Erzya, Hill Mari, and Meadow Mari. The Wanca in Korp corpus contains texts in all the aforementioned languages as well as some additional Uralic languages.\footnote{\url{http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:lb-2019052402}}

\section{Wanca 2017 corpus}

The Wanca 2017 corpus is the product of a re-crawl performed by the SUKI project in October 2017. The target of the re-crawl was to download and check the availability of the then current version of the Wanca service of about 106,000 pages. The crawl managed to download over 70\% of the target urls. We processed the downloaded pages following the strategy presented by \newcite{jauhiainen2020building} as follows.

First, all the text from each of the 78,685 downloaded pages was sent to a language set identification service. We retained only the pages which had at least 2\% text in one of the minority Uralic languages and the one that was most prominent was set as the page language.
 The retained pages contained a total of 1,515,068 lines and along with the lines, the identified language of the original page was kept. The lines were checked for duplicates, which left 446,233 unique lines. If the duplicates came from pages with different identified language, all those languages were set as the previously known language of the line. Each line was then again sent to the language set identifier which was only allowed to consider the previously known minority languages of the line as well as all non-relevant languages. Again only such lines were retained which included at least one relevant language, leaving 356,637 lines. Next, a language independent sentence extraction algorithm was run on each line and 560,821 sentences were extracted with 477,109 unique sentences. After this, one more round of language set identification was performed. Of the minority Uralic languages, the service was again allowed to consider only those in the list of the previously known language of a sentence, but this time the absolute majority language of the identification was set as the language of the sentence. The resulting corpus contains 447,927 sentences in relevant languages divided as shown in the Wanca 2017 column of Table~\ref{UralicLanguages}.

\begin{table}[h]
\renewcommand{\tabcolsep}{1mm}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{.75}
\begin{tabular}{lrrrr}
\rowcolor[gray]{.8}  & \textbf{Wanca 2016} & \textbf{ULI 2020 training} & \textbf{Wanca 2017}  & \textbf{ULI 2020 test}        \\
\emph{Finnic}			\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} Estonian, Standard (\textbf{ekk}) & - & 10,000	& -	& 10,000\\
\hspace{3mm} Finnish (\textbf{fin}) & - & 1,000,000	& -	& 10,000\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Finnish, Kven (fkv)} & 2,156 & 2,156 & 1,499 & 23\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Finnish, Tornedalen (fit)} & 5,203 & 5,203 & 4,517 & 100\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Ingrian (izh)} & 81 & 81 & 80 & -\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Karelian (krl)} & 2,593 & 2,593 & 2,513 & 94\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Liv (liv)} & 705 & 705 & 343 & 68\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Livvi-Karelian (olo)} & 9,920 & 9,920 & 6,486 & 179\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Ludian (lud)} & 771 & 771 & 411 & 185\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Veps (vep)} & 13,461 & 13,461 & 9,122 & 2,453\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Vod (vot)} & 20 & 20 & 11 & -\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Võro (vro)} & 66,878 & 66,878 & 61,430 & 443\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Hungarian (\textbf{hun}) & - & 1,000,000 & - & 10,000			\\
\textbf{Khanty (kca)} & 1,006 & 1,006 & 940 & 24\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \textbf{Mansi (mns)} & 904 & 904 & 825 & 1\\
\emph{Mari}			\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Mari, Hill (mrj)} & 30,793 & 30,793 & 22,986 & 18\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Mari, Meadow (mhr)} & 110,216 & 110,216 & 38,278 & 3,768\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \emph{Mordvin} 	& & & &	\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Erzya (myv)} & 28,986 & 28,986 & 16,273 & 1,153\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Moksha (mdf)} & 21,571 & 21,571 & 15,170 & 724\\
\emph{Permian}			\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Komi-Permyak (koi)} & 8,162 & 8,162 & 6,104 & -\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Komi-Zyrian (kpv)} & 21,786 & 21,786 & 18,966 & 254\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Udmurt (udm)} & 56,552 & 56,552 & 42,545 & 3,562\\
\emph{Sami}	& & & &		\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Sami, Inari (smn)} & 15,469 & 15,469 & 14,405 &  228\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Sami, Kemi (sjk)} & 19 & 19 & - & - \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Sami, Kildin (sjd)} & 132 & 132 & 59 & 13\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Sami, Lule (smj)} & 10,605 & 10,605 & 5,644 & 400\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Sami, North (sme)} & 214,226 & 214,226 & 165,009 & 6,009\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Sami, Skolt (sms)} & 7,819 & 7,819 & 6,696 & 202\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Sami, South (sma)} & 15,380 & 15,380 & 7,204 & 355\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Sami, Ume (sju)} & 124 & 124 & 4 & 1\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \emph{Samoyed}		& & & &			\\
\hspace{3mm} \textbf{Nenets (yrk)} & 443 & 443 & 407 & 58\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \hspace{3mm} \textbf{Nganasan (nio)} & 62 & 62 & - & -\\
\end{tabular}
\caption{The number of sentences in Uralic languages for each dataset.}
\label{UralicLanguages}
\end{table}

\section{The ULI 2020 shared task}

The ULI 2020 shared task was organized as a part of the VarDial 2020 Evaluation Campaign.\footnote{\url{https://sites.google.com/view/vardial2020/evaluation-campaign}} The evaluation campaign is the 7th incarnation of a series of shared tasks concentrating on close languages which have always incorporated some form of language identification tasks \cite{zampieri6,zampieri8,malmasi9,zampieri9,zampieri12,zampieri13}.

\subsection{The dataset for the shared task}

We had decided to use the Wanca 2016 corpus \cite{Jauhiainen-Jauhiainen-JauhiainenRDHum19} as training material for the task and extract a test set of new sentences from the Wanca 2017 corpus. As Wanca 2017 was not a real web-crawl, but only included downloading links already existing in the Wanca portal, it was in doubt how many completely new sentences the test set would have. For the ULI 2020 test set, we compared the Wanca 2017 corpus with the Wanca 2016 corpus and kept such sentences that were only found on the 2017 edition. This set including 25,547 sentences was then checked by us and we manually removed all doubtful sentences from the test set, concentrating on improving precision over recall. We were left with a total of 20,315 sentences divided between the minority Uralic languages as seen in the "ULI 2020 test" column of the Table~\ref{UralicLanguages}.

In addition to the relevant languages, the test set includes sentences in 149 other languages from the Leipzig Corpora collection \cite{goldhahn2012building}. The three largest Uralic languages have been included in this category. The download links for the training data for these non-relevant languages were distributed by the task organizers only to participating teams. In total, the training data for the task consisted of 63,772,445 sentences in non-relevant and 646,043 sentences in relevant languages, totaling 64,418,488 sentences. The list of the non-relevant languages is available at the Evaluation campaign website.\footnote{\url{https://sites.google.com/view/vardial2020/evaluation-campaign/uli-shared-task}}

\subsection{Three tracks}

The ULI 2020 shared task included three tracks. The tracks were not just about distinguishing between Uralic languages themselves, but also distinguishing the Uralic languages from the 149 non-relevant languages. The training and the test data for each of the tracks was the same and in each track every line in the test set was to be identified. The difference between the tracks was how the resulting scores were calculated, which significantly affects how the used classifying algorithms should be trained.

The first track of the shared task considered all the relevant languages equal in value and the aim was to maximize their average F-score. This is important when one is interested to find also the very rare languages included in the set of relevant languages. The result was the average of the macro-F1-scores of all the 29 relevant languages present in the training set. If the correct number of true positives for a language was zero, then precision was 100\% if no false positives were predicted. If false positives were predicted, the precision was zero. So, for those five languages (Ingrian, Vod, Komi-Permyak, Kemi Sami, and Nganasan) that were part of the training set, but did not appear in the test set, the recall was always 100\% and precision was either 100\% (if no instances of these languages were predicted in the test set) or 0\% (if even one sentence was labeled as one of them).

The second track considered each sentence in the test set that is written in or is predicted to be in a relevant language as equals. When compared with the first track, this track gave less importance to the very rare languages as their precision was not so important when the resulting F-score was calculated due to their smaller number of sentences. The resulting F-score was calculated as a micro-F1 over the sentences in the test set for sentences in the relevant languages as well as those that were predicted to be in relevant languages.

In the first two tracks, there was no difference between the non-relevant languages when the F1-scores were calculated. The third track, however, did not concentrate on the 29 relevant languages, but instead the target was to maximize the average F-score over all the 178 languages present in the training set. This track was the language identification shared task with the largest number of languages to date (The ALTW 2010 shared task organized by \newcite{baldwin1} included 74 languages). The F-score was calculated as a macro-F1 score over all the languages in the training set.

\subsection{Baseline experiments}

The baseline experiments were conducted using a language identifier based on the HeLI method \cite{jauhiainen2}. In the HeLI method each word in the mystery text has equal weight when determining the language of a text. Each word is divided into character \emph{n}-grams, where the maximum length of the character sequences, \(n_{max}\), is determined using a training and development sets. Other tunable parameters include a cut-off, \(c\), for the frequency of features used as well as a penalty value, \(p\), for unseen features. Instead of tuning the parameters using the ULI 2020 training set, we used the parameters presented by \newcite{jauhiainen6}: \(n_{max}=6\), \(c=0.0000005\), and \(p=7\). As did \newcite{jauhiainen6}, we used the relative frequency of features as a cut-off instead of a raw frequency as the training corpora were of very different sizes. Only lowercased alphabetical characters were used in the language models. Due to HeLI using space character to separate words, there was a special 'sanity check' algorithm for texts including more than 50\% CJK (Chinese-Japanese-Korean) characters, which gave all non-CJK languages a high penalty. The HeLI implementation used is almost exactly the same as the "TunnistinPalveluFast" available from GitHub.\footnote{\url{https://github.com/tosaja/TunnistinPalveluFast}}

We did only one common run for all three tracks of the shared task. The results are listed in Table~\ref{ULIbaseline}.

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{.75}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\rowcolor[gray]{.8}  \textbf{Language} & \textbf{F-score} \\
ULI subtask 1, relevant macro F1 & 0.8004\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  ULI subtask 2, relevant micro F1 & 0.9632\\
ULI subtask 3, macro F1 & 0.9252\\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{The number of sentences in Uralic languages for each dataset.}
\label{ULIbaseline}
\end{table}

Table~\ref{ConfusionOne} displays a confusion matrix showing two of the worst performing languages on Track 1: Ingrian and Votic. There were no real instances of Ingrian in the test set, but our baseline-identifier had identified three sentences of Ludian and one sentence of Karelian as Ingrian. These three languages are all closely related, but also one sentence of Sundanese was identified as Ingrian. The sentence in question is "Unggal lempir kawengku ku tilu padalisan." Both words "ku" and "tilu" are found in the Wanca 2016 corpus for Ingrian, which gives a hint of the reason for the mistake. Another language with an F-score of zero was Votic. Two Ludian sentences were identified as Votic, which is again understandable due to the languages being relatives, but also one sentence in Southern Sotho was identified as Votic: "Madinayne a ja dikokwanyana." As it happens, "a" is the most common word in the Wanca 2016 corpus for Votic and "ja" the sixth most common.

\begin{table}[h]
\small
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{.75}
\begin{tabular}{lllllllllllll}
\rowcolor[gray]{.8}  \textbf{Language} & fin  & fit  & fkv  & hat & \textbf{izh}  & kpv & krl   & lud  & sot   & sun  & swe & \textbf{vot} \\
Finnish (fin) & \emph{9,931} & 53 & 7 & & & & 3 & 1 & & & 1 & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Tornedalen Finnish (fit) & 5 & \emph{91} & 2 & 1 & & & & & & & 1 & \\
Kven (fkv) & & 3 & \emph{19} & & & & & & & & & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Haitian (hat) & & & & \emph{9,924} & & & & & & & & \\
\textbf{Ingrian (izh)} & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Komi-Zyrian (kpv) & & 1 & & & & \emph{246} & & & & & & \\
Karelian (krl) & 1 & & & & \textbf{1} & & \emph{80}& & & & & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Ludian (lud) & 2 & & & & \textbf{3} & & & \emph{144} & & & & \textbf{2} \\
Southern Sotho (sot) & & & & & & & & & \emph{9,962} & & & \textbf{1} \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Sundanese (sun) & & & & 1 & \textbf{1} & & & & 1 & \emph{5,451} & & \\
Swedish (swe) & 1 & & & & & & & & & & \emph{9,981} & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  \textbf{Votic (vot)} & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Confusion matrix of some of the worst performing languages on Track 1.}
\label{ConfusionOne}
\end{table}

Table~\ref{ConfusionTwo} shows the languages which were confused with Võro, the worst performing language on Track 2. Võro is an extremely close language to Standard Estonian, both spoken in modern Estonia. None of the sentences in Võro were identified as Standard Estonian, however over a thousand sentences (out of 10,000) in Standard Estonian were identified as Võro. Actually the only mistake identifying sentences in Võro was when the sentence ""Õdaguhe" (film) ; 20:35 . " was identified as Northern Azerbaijani.

\begin{table}[h]
\small
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{.75}
\begin{tabular}{lllllllllllll}
\rowcolor[gray]{.8}  \textbf{Language} & azj  & ekk  & fin  & gsw & hif  & ita & lud & sun & tso & vec & \textbf{vro} & wuu \\
N. Azerbaijani (azj) & \emph{9,896} & & & & & & & & & & & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Std. Estonian (ekk) & 3 & \emph{8,717} & 16 & 3 & 4 & 6 & 3 & & & 5 & \textbf{1,052} & \\
Finnish (fin) & & & \emph{9,931} & & & & 1 & & & & \textbf{1} & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Swiss German (gsw) & & & & \emph{9,409} & 1 & 6 & 1 & & & 5 & \textbf{1} & \\
Fiji Hindi (hif) & & &  1 & 2 & \emph{9,246} & 4 & & & 1 & & \textbf{1} & 1\\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Italian (ita) & & & & 1 & 2 & \emph{8,723} & & & 1 & 1,026 & \textbf{1} & \\
Ludian (lud) & & & 2 & 1 & & & \emph{144} & & & & \textbf{1} & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Sundanese (sun) & & & & & 2 & 1 & & \emph{5,451} & 4 & & \textbf{1} & \\
Tsonga (tso) & & & & & & & & & \emph{9,991} & & \textbf{1} & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Venetian (vec) & & & & 3 & & 1,296 & & & & \emph{747} & \textbf{1} & \\
\textbf{Võro (vro)} & \textbf{1} & & & & & & & & & & \emph{\textbf{442}} & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Wu Chinese (wuu) & 1 & & & 2 & 9 & & & 8 & & & \textbf{1} & \emph{6,103} \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Confusion matrix for Võro, the worst performing language on Track 2.}
\label{ConfusionTwo}
\end{table}

To illustrate the identification errors in Track 3, we selected some of the worst performing languages and created a confusion matrix which is presented in the Table~\ref{ConfusionThree}. Bashkir and Tatar are closely related Turkic languages spoken in Russia. According to \newcite{tyers2012prototype}, their orthographical system are fairly different, which might indicate that the corpora used could be noisier than average. The extremely closely related languages Bosnian and Croatian have always been a problem for the non-discriminative HeLI method as is evidenced by the poor results in the DSL shared tasks of 2015, 2016, and 2017 \cite{jauhiainen2019c}. Wu Chinese was identified as Mandarin Chinese over 30\% of the time. Character-based methods should be used instead of word-based methods when word-tokenization is a problem and the simple CJK algorithm included in the baseline-identifier just helps to correct some of the problems between CJK and non-CJK languages, but does not help in distinguishing between CJK languages. The trio of close languages Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese got confused to the point of Indonesian being more often identified as Sundanese than Indonesian. Low German (nds-nl\_wikipedia\_2016\_10K) was almost never identified as such (nds\_wikipedia\_2010\_100K), but mostly as Limburgan (lim-nl\_web\_2015\_300K). This seems to be due to the writing system of Low German being in flux and the nds.wikipedia\footnote{\url{https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattdüütsch}} and nds-nl.wikipedia\footnote{\url{https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedersaksisch}} being different entities.

\begin{table}[h]
\small
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{llllllllllll}
\rowcolor[gray]{.8}  \textbf{Language} & \textbf{bak}  & \textbf{bos}  & \textbf{cmn}  & \textbf{hrv} & \textbf{ind}  & \textbf{jav}  & \textbf{lim}  & \textbf{nds}   & \textbf{sun}  & \textbf{tat} & \textbf{wuu} \\
Bashkir (bak) & \emph{6,961} & & & & & & & & & 3,037 & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Bosnian (bos) & & \emph{4,403} & & 5,593 & & & & & & & \\
Mandarin Chinese (cmn) & & & \emph{9,562} & & & & & & & & 273 \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Croatian (hrv) & & 1,134 & & \emph{8,864} & & & & & & & \\
Indonesian (ind) & & & & & \emph{3,102} & 14 & & & 4,858 & & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Javanese (jav) & & & & & 1,451 & \emph{4,626} & & & 3,619 & & \\
Limburgan (lim) & & & & & & & \emph{9,540} & 10 & & & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Low German (nds) & & & & & & & 5,625 & \emph{182} & & & \\
Sundanese (sun) & & & & & 87 & 4,330 & 1 & & \emph{5,451} & & \\
\rowcolor[gray]{.9}  Tatar (tat) & 3,784 & & & & & & & & & \emph{6,215} & \\
Wu Chinese (wuu) & & 1 & 3,610 & & 1 & 2 & 1 & & 8 & 1 & \emph{6,103} \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Confusion matrix of some of the worst performing languages by absolute numbers.}
\label{ConfusionThree}
\end{table}

\section{Conclusions and future work}

In the beginning, we were worried about not getting enough new sentences from a simple re-crawl of the old addresses. In the end, the new sentences created an interesting setting for a language identification shared task. The three tracks highlighted different aspects of the problem of language identification.

The next edition of the ULI shared task will incorporate new sentences from the 2018 crawl performed by the SUKI project. Unlike the 2017 edition, the 2018 was a real crawl and much more new material was found.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

\bibliographystyle{coling}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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You might find that the interpolation package (splrep and splint) is faster and more robust than the integration package (quad or romberg) for doing integration, too! If you have a reasonably smooth function (such that the piece-wise polynomial spline is a good model) you can evaluate it at a reasonably small number of points and do the (very fast) spline integration. This can improve speed for a single integration because the number of function evaluations needed to get an accurate spline model may be small compared to the number of evaluations for quad(), but it is particularly useful if you will be integrating the same curve lots of times (i.e., if only the limits of the integration change) or for surface and volume integrals.
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text:
Celebrity Miitomo
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate – Game of the Month
Tetris Effect – Game of the Month
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TSG Asks
in TSG Asks
The industry's biggest night and the year's best games. It's time for the 2018 Game Awards.
by TSG Staff November 19, 2018, 12:00 pm
Awards season is upon us yet again. For gamers everywhere that means it's time to reflect on another bountiful year and there's no better way to kick of this special season than with the gaming industry's biggest celebration: The Game Awards. 2018 brought us incredible indie games, massive open worlds, inventive interactive narratives, and much, much more. This year's Game Awards nominees are a great representation of the vast array of titles released this year with some intense competition for the coveted Game of the Year crown in particular. This week we discussed our predictions for the night's big award and shared the winners that would make us happiest when posed the question: Who will win The Game Awards?
Most of the contenders this year are very deserving and it's hard to go wrong either way, but I think the frontrunners are God of War and Red Dead. It's hard to call it because they are both spectacular achievements for entirely different reasons. However, God of War is an easier game to wrap your head around. It has a broader mass appeal which may work in its favor. Still, after recently revisiting Celeste, I would be so happy if that game won. I'm not holding my breath, but I think its just as deserving as God of War or Red Dead Redemption 2.
There are at least four games nominated that all deserve Game of the Year, but I feel like the competition really comes down to Red Dead Redemption 2 and God of War. When it comes down to it, I think God of War will take the night. Red Dead is undeniably impressive but I think there's enough polarization around its deliberate obtuseness and difficulty to give God of War the edge given its incredible narrative and immediately satisfying gameplay. The award I most want to see, however, is Yuri Lowenthal winning Best Performance for Marvel's Spider-Man. Lowenthal absolutely embodied Peter Parker, bringing both lighthearted friendliness and dramatic pathos in appropriate measure. His performance simply had a range that others didn't this year, but I have a feeling it'll go to either Roger Clark (Arthur Morgan) or Christopher Judge (Kratos).
For the first time since the Game Awards began, I have played every game of the year nominee! These are all truly fantastic games in their own right, but I feel pretty confident that God of War will take it. However, I agree with Marcus that seeing Celeste steal the show would be wonderful, and it's not like it wouldn't deserve it. To mix things up a bit more though, I'm going to throw my support for Soul Calibur to win Best Fighting Game. This game's existence is a Hail Mary for the franchise,, and taking the award against Street Fighter 5 and Dragon Ball Fighterz would all but secure the series' future. SC6 proved the game still has some soul (pun absolutely intended), but there's still so much untapped potential.
Written by TSG Staff
Top Shelf Gaming is a platform where gamers can share their unique stories and perspectives in a welcoming environment. If you would like to submit an article to us or join our staff, please send an email to submit@topshelfgaming.net.
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"A Rollicking Band of Adventurers We"
I'm a married forty-something Texan fella who received the D&D Basic red box for my 10th birthday, and I've never been the same. Now I live on a little farm and play RPGs via chat software.
D&D was my favorite RPG, until Pathfinder took up its torch and ran in the direction I preferred. Fate is my master now, though; I helped playtest Young Centurions. I also dig games like Fiasco (I playtested the Camp Death playset) and Dungeon World.
My online D&D v.3.5 Planescape campaign, Cold Blood, was Obsidian Portal's Featured Campaign in January 2008.
When Jennifer stepped down from running Silent Winter, OP's Featured Campaign from December 2009, I took over GM duties for that game, bringing the story to an end.
And The Threshold included members of, and was frequently discussed on, the TrapCast gaming podcast.
I won second-place prizes in contests for Jennisodes and the Warlock's Journal.
You can listen to me talk about online gaming on this episode of the Jennisodes podcast.
View my DM's Guild creations here.


In your apps for Office, you may sometimes have unexpected behavior.
Your picture or clip does not display properly, or a red X appears instead.
Make sure you have the latest Office Updates installed.
Try going to File > Save As and save your file to a different location. Close PowerPoint and reopen the file to see if your pictures display properly.
When you insert or drag a picture or motion clip into your document, and you do not have a graphics filter installed for that clip, you may see an image of a red X instead of your picture or motion clip.
See the information in the dialog box that appears for information about how to resolve the issue. For example, you may be prompted to install a graphics filter to view the picture or clip.
You may also receive an error message if the existing graphics import filter is missing, corrupted, or incompatible.
If you sent your document through e-mail or copied it to a network file server, and your picture or clip is linked and not embedded, send the picture or clip files through e-mail with your document, or copy the picture or clip files to the same network file folder that contains your document.
Tip: In PowerPoint, you can use the Package for CD feature to update the links and bundle the associated files.


text:
It Was a Ruthless, Professional Hit, and It Was the Cops Doing the Shooting
Michael E. Miller May 24, 2012 4:00AM
"He's coming," shouted one of Hill's students, bursting through the dojo's doors. "And he's got a gun."
But Hill was packing too. He walked out of the dojo and, he says, fired a single shot into the air. Twin ran off, and Hill thought the incident was over. Then he noticed a boy crumpled on the blacktop, a bloody halo forming on the basketball court. A bullet had struck Andrew in the back of his head.
"I'm not going to say I accidentally shot Antonio," Hill says now, 24 years later. "They don't know who shot him. But I was the only one who turned myself in." Twin wasn't caught. A judge withheld adjudication on negligence charges against Hill and he kept his job at the post office, but he never went back to Sherbondy Park. "That was a dark day," he says.
Andrew never really recovered from that day in the park. The scar left on his skull only hinted at the true damage the bullet had done, and he never received the six-figure settlement he won from Opa-locka. Screwed over by luck and the legal system, Andrew would only make things worse for himself.
"He was a good child until he got shot," says his great-aunt, Johnnie Mae Witherspoon, whose living room wall in Miami Gardens is a patchwork quilt of family photos, including many of Andrew. "That's when his problems started."
After the shooting, Andrew spent a week in Jackson Memorial Hospital. His mother, a pretty woman with pigtails named Carolyn Hill — no relation to Stacey — sat next to him, holding his hand as tubes kept her oldest son alive. The bullet had torn open the side of his head. Doctors told her he might never walk again. Andrew quickly proved them wrong. But his family nonetheless noticed a difference.
"He'd snap real quick," younger sister Jennifer Benbow says. "All of a sudden, he had an anger problem." He would go from laughing to shouting in seconds. And he suffered from terrible headaches after the accident.
"Sometimes he'd call me and say, 'Auntie, my head hurts so bad I can't hardly lift it off the pillow," Johnnie Mae remembers. She helped raise Andrew, who was living with Carolyn and four other kids in a tiny Opa-locka apartment and surviving off food stamps and welfare. Andrew's father, Oscar Andrew, was locked up repeatedly in the '70s and '80s on drug and weapons charges and spent most of Andrew's youth behind bars.
As a teenager, Andrew began disappearing after school. Johnnie Mae and Carolyn began fighting a losing battle to keep him out of trouble. "We would try to talk to him and tell him what to do and what not to do," Johnnie Mae says. "He was so easily impressionable. He would tell me: 'Auntie, I was there, but I didn't do that.' I told him: 'Honey, if you're with the crowd, you're going to get in trouble too.' "
That's what happened January 25, 1992, when 16-year-old Andrew was hanging out with Calvin Dorsett, a 22-year-old who had already been arrested eight times, for car theft and cocaine possession. Dorsett accosted a 69-year-old woman in a parking lot and tore the purse out of her hands. Then he jumped into Andrew's car. Dorsett made off with only $9 but received three years of probation. Charges against Andrew were dismissed.
Andrew was behind the wheel again four months later when an Opa-locka cop clocked his white Chevy at 100 mph on NW 17th Avenue. When officers stopped him, Andrew stepped out of his car but then jumped back in and sped away. A police dog later found him after he ditched the car a few blocks away. The vehicle was stolen. This time, Andrew — still only 17 years old — was sentenced to a year and a day in jail.
When he got out, he met Ladonna Florence, a sassy 15-year-old high school student. The two made an odd couple: Andrew was tall and handsome, while Ladonna was short and curvy, with a sharp wit and sharper tongue. "He was childlike in some ways," she remembers. "He loved playing videogames and basketball. And he would eat cookies and milk for breakfast, lunch, and dinner."
Within a year, Ladonna was pregnant with their first child. But Andrew wasn't ready for the responsibility. Instead of getting an honest job, he stole more cars. In August 1994, he was caught stripping a Jeep Cherokee near Opa-locka Executive Airport. While he was awaiting trial, cops pulled him over for driving a black Chevy without a tag and discovered it too was stolen. Andrew went back to jail for another two years. He missed the birth of his first son, A.J., in 1994. "All he knew how to do was steal cars," Ladonna sighs.
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text:
Pro Arte et Natura
For Values serving the Future
Honorary Chairman & Board of Trustees
Miklós Szentkirályi
Gábor Bellák
Lajos Cséri
György Ürmössy
Artist Village
Pro Arte et Natura Foundation (PAN) established the Gyula Benczúr Art Academy in 2000, the millennium anniversary year of the foundation of the Hungarian State.
The focus of the Art Academy of Pro Arte et Natura Foundation is to enhance awareness on Gyula Benczúr's heritage as a value of Hungarian art performing in favor of cultural continuity.
The intention of PAN is to communicate to the new generations of artists on the excellence of Hungarian painting, building on the importance of Gyula Benczúr, marking the 19th century. Benczúr's art is a distinctive example of talent, dedication and work, reaching the highest achievement levels and recognitions during his lifetime.
Besides providing support to the development of art and creativity in Hungary, the objective of PAN is to contribute to making art more accessible to the general public. The Art Academy is to act as a meeting place where researchers, scholars, students, artists and the general public can interact.
The whole concept of the Art Academy resides in the interrelation between art and nature, the latter providing the perfect environment for creativity and for learning. It is among the missions of the Art Academy to promote the protection of the environment and respect for environmental values, nation and region-wide.
As part of the initial awareness phase, the Gyula Benczúr Art Academy organized the regional symposium Historical Painting of the 19th Century in Central and Eastern Europe. Cultural Heritage, a Common Responsibility in September 2001. The initiative supported by the private sector and the state was the first conference held in Budapest on the topic after fading-out of communism, having wide regional participation.
Genuine concern for traditions, cultural values, history, arts and nature can secure success of intentions helping to achieve a better future for the generations to come.
Court Registry no.: Balassagyarmat 12/1995
Tax no.: 18631933-1-12
Budapest Bank: 10103719-11707733-00000009
pan@proarte.hu
http://proarteetnatura.worldpress.com
Contact: Antal Lipthay
"The Hungarian Academy of Arts supported the implementation of the 2019 Drawing Camp."
Friends of Hungary Foundation
Hungarian National Gallery
Hungarian National Museum
Our Lady of Sorrows Chapel
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text:
Q: In TinyMCE the upload image name is different depending on whether you use drag-and-drop or file upload. Can we retain the original name? I implemented a backend to upload images and save them on a server with unique names that are based on the original name with an appended ms timestamp to keep them unique.
When I use the drag-and-drop interface it retains the original filename, like this:
hands-1614581114338.jpeg

But if I use the file upload dialog a "blob" based name, with its own unique timestamp name, is created instead, like this:
blobid1614589991819-1614590017686.jpg

Is there a way of having the file upload dialog work name files the same way as the drag-and-drop interface?
I tried
images_reuse_filename: true

but apparently that is for something else.
Thanks.

A: Custom upload handler:
images_upload_handler: function (blobInfo, success, failure) {
    let xhr, formData;
    xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
    xhr.withCredentials = false;
    xhr.open('POST', 'upladhandler.php');
    xhr.onload = function() {
        let json;

        if (xhr.status != 200) {
            failure('HTTP Error: ' + xhr.status);
            return;
        }

        json = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);

        if (!json || typeof json.location != 'string') {
            failure('Invalid JSON: ' + xhr.responseText);
            return;
        }
        success(json.location);
    };
    formData = new FormData();
    formData.append('file', blobInfo.blob(), blobInfo.blob().name);
    xhr.send(formData);
}

Server side:
$original_filename = $_FILES['file']['name'];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Miss Haigh hasn't seemed to have aged at all in this photo from when I went into Prep B in 1958 !!
Perhaps she had a portrait in the attic?
pierre wrote: The one abiding memory I have of Miss Haigh in Prep A days, was the occasion (1962) when a family friend sent me a fruit cake for my birthday.
I was summoned to Matrons room, allowed to open said parcel and eat one small slice. The parcel was then rewrapped and returned to sender!! Cruelty or What??
Why, that's both sadistic and borderline-insane. Was any explanation offered? Was Miss Haigh worried that if you ate fruitcake you'd grow up to be one? Or that you'd grow up to be a fruit?
Whatever, it's appallingly Dickensian. Was Wackford Squeers your housemaster at the time?
Last edited by Chrissie Boy on Tue Sep 13, 2016 4:03 pm, edited 1 time in total.
Why, that's both sadistic and borderline-insane. Was any explanation offered? Was Miss Haigh worried that if you ate fruitcake you'd grow up to be one?
Or that you'd grow up to be a fruit?
The Rules and Regs were somewhat severe in those days.
Things changed after the departure of C.M.E.S, and a new incoming HM. After my time, though.
Thanks Stan for posting that picture of Leigh-Hunt A in the summer of 1969. It is priceless! It has had a somehwat unsettling effect on me, seeing myself and other contemporaries as we were more than 40 years ago. I vaguely remember signing your copy of it. Like you memories flood back--some happy, some sad, and a few too many that are downright disturbing.
A house photo from back in the days when we "went into flannels" in the summer term.
Wow, what a blast from the past, had a great cricketing summer that year, feels like yesterday.
Killer's LHB bootcamp - no whiff of the ashram there, less freedom-and-growth, more carrot-and-stick. Plenty of stick.
A man of his generation I think you could say, there was nothing yogic about Killer, no attempts to walk the hot coals in the Dayroom, or levitate during Morning Parade. However, he did manage his fair share of snake-charming and displayed an uncanny tea-brewing ability whereby the spoon almost stood to attention in the middle of the cup as witnessed during monitors' meetings in his study. A 'wet' of the muddiest manufacture.
I recall running away from CH during his first year as housemaster, got about 5oo yards out the maingate when his car pulled up and whisked me back, deeply irritated ( him, not the car ). Far as I know though, he never told a soul. Our little secret, as it were. Hats off.
Last conversation I had with him, must have been not long after this photo was taken, he seemed genuinely concerned that my preferred hairlength was going to get me into trouble in the Senior School. He was right. It was the time of The Hair Wars.
A strong ego-busting influence, he also had a pleasant family of his own, Dominic who was on our year, Verity and of course Mrs Killer - I think the title of 'Lady Killer' went to him .
And the two dogs, regularly seen after lunch belting past The Copse towards Big Side.
Fond memories - that period coincided with my last carefree time at CH - though happily there have been many since - so thanks for sending it in.
Strange you should mention the 'hair' issue.
Looking at this photo again only re-inforces my view how much difference half a decade can make.
I seem to remember that juniors were expected to 'Get A Hair-Cut' AT LEAST once a fortnight.
Well, at the best of times, hair has great talismanic qualities as documented from the Bible onwards - Rev. Rob even took us to Brighton to see the 'Hair' musical around about that time.
I think you could dedicate an entire thread to 'Hair at CH in the late 20th Century'.
Given the 1970's cultural landscape, no surprise to see plenty of hirsuite figures but I think it went a bit beyond the usual 'crowning glory' at CH - one of the few ways to express your individualism when encased in that parent-pleasing garb. It felt good to be a 'Hair Rebel'. And it annoyed Newsome enormously.
There was a senior called David Bowie (!) who left when I was a 2nd former who became a cause celebre due to his flaming orange hair and his determination that it remain unshorn - Newsome finally relented and let him back to attend the leaving service after a few adjustments to his mane. A small blow for mankind.
I still wonder whether I shouldn't become a Sikh....you know, for old times' sake.
Why are some unfortunates still in Housey? Is it punishment or did they feel the cold?
Yes, this photo brings back memories of long happy summer days. I'd actually just gone up to Thorn B so was a year above this lot but many names come flooding back. Phil Hughes, Harry Wooldridge, the Donaldsons, Johnny Walker, Ben Ramos, Sizer, McCurdie, Mckay, Hutchinson, Ward, the Sandys twins,our very own Don Simone of course. Any one remember the name of the other tutor (the Morrissey lookalike). Bob Hailey used to take his favourites out for cream teas to a nearby village. I was lucky enough to go once but only because I was a friend of Ray Pratley (later on to be Senior Grecian) who got invited every other week!
Yes the choice of flannels and blazer or Housey was always optional as I recall. Most chose that option too but there were always a few who did not for whatever reason.
Off topic (Can't get the smiley up I'm afraid) I'm delighted that the Portsmouth Supporters' Trust have finally gained control.
Hopefully this will mean some much needed stability even if you do have to drop to division 4 in old money.
Yes Andy, I can't believe we're finally rid of all the shysters, gunrunners, mafiosos and false sheikhs. Play up Pompey, in whatever division they happen to be. We've been in Div 4 before and had fun, I remember travelling to see them play at outbacks like York, Donny, Brentford, Charlton ( your lot), Burnley, Darlington etc and most of those teams are higher than us now but at least we've got our team back.
dsmg wrote: Any one remember the name of the other tutor (the Morrissey lookalike).
Alan Durden. Rather shy, not alltogether comfortable in his role, presumably placed there to learn the ropes under Killer's prodigious wing. I never spotted any Morrissey-style gladioli wilting out of his back pocket, you could say he never really blossomed that year . I confess I was guilty of depositing my fair share of teen angst on him, absolutely unfairly but I guess that went with the territory back then. Killer always stood up for him but there again he was the epitome of fairness.
Not known as 'Fuzz' for nothing.


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text:
Emilia Unda, auch Emilie Unda (* 29. Januar 1879 in Riga, Gouvernement Livland; † 7. Dezember 1939 in Berlin), war eine deutsch-baltische Schauspielerin bei Bühne und Film.

Am Theater
Die Künstlerin, die aus dem damals zum Russischen Kaiserreich gehörenden Livland stammte, trat ihr erstes deutsches Festengagement 1904 am Stadttheater von Metz (Lothringen) an. 1906 ging Emilie Unda zum Bernarts-Theater nach Aachen, im Jahr darauf folgte sie einer Verpflichtung für fünf Spielzeiten an das Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus (1907–1912). Ihr erster Berliner Auftritt brachte sie 1912 an das Komödienhaus, doch verließ die stämmige Schauspielerin bereits im Jahr darauf wieder die Hauptstadt und schloss sich für vier Spielzeiten (1913–1917) den Münchner Kammerspiele an. Nach einer erneuten Stippvisite in Berlin 1917/1918 – in dieser Zeit gab sie auch ihr Filmdebüt – ging Emilia Unda für eine Saison an die Hamburger Kammerspiele, ehe sie sich 1919 endgültig in Berlin niederließ, einer Verpflichtung an die Tribüne folgend. Unda war verheiratet mit Hugo Häring. Emilie Unda feierte ihre größten Erfolge unter Victor Barnowsky, meist übernahm sie gewichtige Charakterparts.

Beim Film
Als Emilia Unda nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg in Berlin zum Film kam, spielte sie bereits im Matronenfach. Zu den filmhistorisch wichtigsten Stummfilmen, in denen sie in Nebenrollen mitgewirkt hat, zählt Friedrich Wilhelm Murnaus Bauerndrama Der brennende Acker (1921/22, mit Werner Krauß, Eugen Klöpfer und Lya de Putti). Ihre erste größere Rolle spielte Emilia Unda als Schustersfrau in Wilhelm Dieterles Tolstoi-Verfilmung Der Mensch am Wege (1923). Den Höhepunkt ihrer Filmkarriere erreichte sie in der frühen Tonfilmzeit durch Rollen in Robert Siodmaks Liebesfilm Abschied (1930, mit Brigitte Horney und Aribert Mog) und in Eugen Schüfftans Lustspiel Das Ekel (1931, mit Max Adalbert). Am nachhaltigsten hat Emilia Unda sich dem Publikum jedoch als Darstellerin der Oberin in Leontine Sagans Internatsfilm Mädchen in Uniform (1931, mit Hertha Thiele und Dorothea Wieck) ins Gedächtnis geprägt. Hier überzeugte Emilia Unda als herrisch-kalte, Ordnung und Drill als oberste Erziehungsprinzipien preisende Heimleiterin, ohne diese, Gefühle nicht zulassende preußische Zuchtmeisterin zu denunzieren. Mitte der 30er Jahre zog sich Emilie Unda ins Privatleben zurück.

Filmografie
Sündige Mütter (Strafgesetz § 218). Es werde Licht! 4. Teil (Richard Oswald, 1918) – Therese Kallenbach
Freie Liebe (Max Mack, 1919)
Der Tod und die Liebe (Paul Otto, 1919) – die alte Tekki - Vera-Filmwerke
Der brennende Acker (Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, 1921/22) – die alte Magd
Am Rande der Großstadt (Hanns Kobe, 1922)
Der steinerne Reiter (Fritz Wendhausen, 1922/23) - Schaffnerin
Der Mensch am Wege (Wilhelm Dieterle, 1923) – die Frau des Schusters
Abschied (Robert Siodmak, 1930), Frau Weber, Pensionsinhaberin
Voruntersuchung (Robert Siodmak, 1931)
Mädchen in Uniform (Leontine Sagan, 1931) – Fräulein von Nordeck zur Nidden, Oberin
Das Ekel (Eugen Schüfftan, Franz Wenzler, 1931) – Hermine Bulcke
Gehetzte Menschen (Friedrich Fehér, 1932) – Frau des Bürgermeisters
Der weiße Dämon (Kurt Gerron, 1932)
Scherben bringen Glück (Kurz-Spielfilm; Curt Bois, 1932)
Das erste Recht des Kindes (Fritz Wendhausen, 1932)
Baby (Karel Lamač, 1932) – Fräulein Fitz
Manolescu, der Fürst der Diebe (Willi Wolff, 1932/33)
Der alte und der junge König (Hans Steinhoff, 1934/35) – Frau von Ramen
Barcarole (Gerhard Lamprecht, 1934/35) - Wirtin

Hörspiele
 1932: Hermann Kasack: Der Ruf (Mutter) – Regie: Edlef Köppen  (Hörspiel - RRG)

Weblinks

Filmschauspieler
Stummfilmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Hörspielsprecher
Geboren 1879
Gestorben 1939
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Obama endorses Macron for French presidency in campaign video
French presidential candidate Emmanuel Macron has been endorsed by former US president Barack Obama in a video message.
Former US President Barack Obama has endorsed centrist candidate Emmanuel Macron for France's presidential election in a video message in which he praised Macron for appealing "to people's hopes and not their fears".
"The French election is very important to the future of France and the values that we care so much about," Obama said in the message, distributed by Macron's camp on Thursday.
Macron "has stood up for liberal values ... He is committed to a better future for the French people. He appeals to people's hopes and not their fears," the former president said.
"I am supporting Emmanuel Macron to lead you forward," Obama said, concluding his statement with the French title of Macron's party "En Marche!" (Onwards!) and "Vive la France!".
Macron is widely seen as the favourite to beat the National Front's Marine Le Pen in Sunday's runoff vote.
WATCH: Who is Emmanuel Macron?
Source AAP
9 mins ago Asia-Pacific
3 mins ago Immigration
8 hours ago Middle East


All of the wood and branches were brought from Aspen trees in Logan's home state of Colorado.
The hats, scarves, and gloves were definitely a hit!
I even scored these killer arm-warmers and snagged a quick photo with the designer . They really came in handy for the last shot!


I do not like that the websearch options does not allow you to customize jnformation about it. The images do not show up, i have a list of things and no images. It only works if u make a list from the limited in app search options. Its very disappointing.


text:
WHTZ, auch bekannt als Z100, ist eine kommerzielle Top-40-Radiostation in Newark, New Jersey und sendet für die New York Metropolitan Area. Die Station gehört zu einer der einflussreichsten Top-40-Stationen in den USA.

Die Studios von WHTZ befinden sich im AT&T Building im New Yorker Stadtteil TriBeCa. Gesendet wird auf UKW 100,3 MHz (6 kW ERP) vom Empire State Building. Neben der normalen analogen Ausstrahlung sendet WHTZ auf seinen HD-Radiokanälen weitere Programme. Zudem ist der Sender US-weit über Internetstream und Kanal 12 auf SiriusXM Satellite Radio zu hören. Das Präfix des Rufzeichens bezieht sich auf "hits".

Unternehmen
Ein relativ großer Teil jeder Sendestunde der Station besteht aus Radiowerbung. 2013 verdiente WHTZ beziehungsweise iHeart Media rund 51 Millionen US-Dollar mit Werbung.

Programm
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WHTZ
Sendestart 1942
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text:
No One Knows Their Legal Rights at Work
American workers have both fewer and more rights than they think.
By Alison Green
Sept 14, 20205:55 AM
Photo illustration by Slate. Photos by John Howard/iStock/Getty Images Plus and Weedezign/iStock/Getty Images Plus.
Few people are as knee-deep in our work-related anxieties and sticky office politics as Alison Green, who has been fielding workplace questions for a decade now on her website Ask a Manager. In Direct Report, she spotlights themes from her inbox that help explain the modern workplace and how we could be navigating it better.
When I started a workplace advice column 13 years ago, I didn't realize how often the questions I'd receive would be rooted in a widespread lack of knowledge about the legal rights Americans do and don't have at work. Every week—probably every day—I receive questions from people who either don't realize something their employer is doing is flagrantly illegal or who think they have way more rights than American labor law actually gives them.
I've been asked whether it's legal for an employer to ban gambling in the office, require overtime, make you pick up your boss's lunch, insist you use your vacation days, fire someone via email, require you to come to work if you skip the company cruise, ban fish from being microwaved in the office kitchen, cross-train someone else in your work, make you feel guilty about not coming in on the weekend, and much, much more. (All these things are legal, although the overtime might have to be paid.)
One of the biggest areas of confusion is around whether it's legal for your manager or a colleague to be, basically, a jerk. If you've heard the legal term hostile workplace, you might assume that means you don't have to be subjected to a hostile environment at work. But the words are slightly misleading; to be illegal, the hostile conduct must be based on your race, religion, sex, national origin, age (40 or older), disability, or genetic information, and it must be "severe or pervasive." If your boss is just a jerk to you because he's a jerk to everyone, or because he hates your tie, that's legal. It's unwise and unkind, and it's bad management, but it's not against the law.
I suspect the root of the disconnect is that people assume employment laws are there to hold employers to a bar of reasonable behavior. But in fact, the employment laws we have are more of a bare minimum. When you expect labor law to do more than that, you'll usually come away disappointed. (In fact, I wouldn't be surprised if the reason anti-union sentiment is so strong in the U.S. is at least partly because people assume they're protected by far more laws than actually exist.)
And yet, at the same time, American workers are often largely unaware of the rights they do have. One of the biggest is the right to discuss your salary and working conditions with your co-workers—a right given to (most) employees under the National Labor Relations Act, the same law that protects unionizing. But an astounding number of employers have policies prohibiting salary discussions with co-workers, and they get away with it because their employees don't realize such policies are flagrantly illegal.
Employees also often don't realize that their employer can't delay their paychecks (state laws usually set out a specific time period in which wages must be received after work was performed), or that they can't be retaliated against for making a good-faith report of discrimination or harassment, or that it's not up to their employer's discretion whether they receive overtime pay when they work more than 40 hours a week (it depends on how the government classifies the type of work an employee does), and plenty more.
More on Direct Report
The Very Worst Kind of Bad Boss Just Won't Go Away
My Boss Loves Planning an Elaborate Holiday Extravaganza. We All Hate It.
All This Talk About "Quiet Quitting" Is Absurd
The Incentives to Get Workers Back to the Office Aren't Working. Here's What Would.
In fairness to employees, employers frequently break these laws, and employees don't always have much recourse when that happens. Lawsuits are expensive and time-consuming. But much of the time, simply knowing the law and calmly asserting it can get a company to change course. Not always, but enough of the time that it's worth it to know your rights.
Of course, many people don't know their legal rights in other areas of life too—they don't know that they aren't obligated to consent to a police search or even that they can request a private pat-down at the airport. It's not a problem that's just confined to work.
But when people know so little about laws that have an enormous impact on their experiences and quality of life, we've failed them in a fundamental way. And sure, this information is out there for people who think to go looking for it. But even then, it's rare to find it all compiled in one place. There have been some efforts to address this in small ways (think of those labor law posters employers are required to hang on their walls) or through, you know, unions, but at the end of the day, we're still a nation of workers who think our companies can't ban fish in the office microwave and who don't realize we have recourse when a paycheck is late.
Direct Report