A nonprofit corporation is a type of corporation that donates the revenues generated to achieve a specific goal that is of public benefit. A nonprofit corporation is formed by filing articles of incorporation. Incorporating allows the organization to be treated as a corporation.
Nonprofit corporations are allowed to create profits however those profits must be used to preserve the existence and expansion of the corporation.
In order to be recognized as a nonprofit by the IRS the corporation must file and obtain the appropriate classification with the IRS, the majority of nonprofits must file a 501c3 with the IRS in order to receive the desired tax treatment.
In the United States nonprofit corporations is formed by filing articles of incorporation in the state in which it will operate. Incorporating the nonprofit creates a legal entity and enables the organization to be treated as a corporation by law granting it the same rights and privileges afforded to for-profit corporations.
Upon being recognized as a legal entity at the state level, the next step that the nonprofit must take for the nonprofit must take to obtain tax exempt status is to apply for exemption with the IRS. . That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service. This is an altogether separate process outside of the state filing and must be completed and obtained in order for the organization to receive tax exempt status from the IRS.
A Nonprofit Corporation is a Corporation whose principal purpose is public benefit and not for producing a profit. A Nonprofit Corporation may not distribute income to benefit its officers and/or directors. More importantly, a Nonprofit Corporation is not an ordinary business and should not be used as an alternative form for a business with the primary purpose of generating a profit.
You must incorporate the nonprofit organization in your particular state, which consists of filing your organization's articles of incorporation with the state. It is important that your organizing documents contain the required language and specific clauses, such as a detailed exempt purpose statement, to ensure that your nonprofit will meet the requirements to qualify for Federal 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status. If you choose to incorporate your nonprofit through QuickCorps, you only need to complete the online order form. QuickCorps will prepare and file your organizing documents.
Yes, a Nonprofit Corporation may generate a profit. Non-profit does not literally mean that a Corporation cannot make a profit. A Nonprofit Corporation can acquire more income that it spends on its exempt purpose. This profit can be utilized for operating expenses, including salaries. However, a Nonprofit Corporation may not utilize its income to profit any director or officer.
Almost every state requires a corporation or an LLC to have a Registered Agent (sometimes called a resident agent, statutory agent, or agent for service of process). The Registered Agent address is the address that will be used by the state for any official legal and tax correspondence. The Registered Agentaddress must be a physical, in-state street address; P.O. Boxes are not acceptable. If needed, QuickCorps can provide you with a Registered Agent for only $119.00 per year, and any official legal and tax correspondence from the state will be forwarded to your billing/shipping address.
NOTE: If you require us to provide a registered agent, the address cannot be used as a general business/mail forwarding address. Only official legal and tax correspondence from the state will be accepted and forwarded.
Absolutely not. Being formed as a Nonprofit Corporation does not automatically mean that the corporation is tax-exempt for federal and, in some instances, state income tax. A "tax-exempt" Corporation is a distinctive entity that has gained an exemption from income tax liability. A Nonprofit Corporation is not eligible for exemption from income tax liability until it applies for and has been approved by the IRS for tax-exempt status.
The majority of states require Nonprofit Corporations to have a minimum of three directors. However, some states allow for less than three directors. A small number of states require only one director.
Yes, a Nonprofit Corporation may pay a reasonable salary to its officers, directors and/or employees for services rendered to the Nonprofit Corporation and associated to its exempt purpose.
You are not required to form your nonprofit in the state where it will be physically located. However, practical matters in choosing a location to incorporate should be taken into consideration, such as the state fees and the taxation laws governing that state. If your nonprofit corporation will have only a few officers or directors and most of the activities will take place in one state, it is advisable to incorporate in that state. The disadvantages of not incorporating in your home state include the requirement of having to qualify to do business in a foreign state, being subjected to taxes in both your state of incorporation and the state in which you conduct business, and being susceptible to a law suit in your state of incorporation as well as the state in which you conduct business.
You should choose a name that represents the purpose of your nonprofit corporation. If you incorporate through QuickCorps, we will request a first and second name choice for your nonprofit and complete a name availability search to assure that your name is available and not deceptively similar to any other legal entity. Further, you must choose a name that clearly indicates that your nonprofit is incorporated, by including the words "Corporation", "Incorporated", "Corp.", or "Inc." in your name.
The following resources and links are helpful guides and links to the IRS website to help guide you through the maze of nonprofit corporations and tax-exempt corporations.
Federal law provides tax benefits to nonprofit organizations recognized as exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c)(3) of the IRC. The 501(c)(3) application with the IRS is a significant step in incorporating your nonprofit. Forming a nonprofit corporation does not automatically mean that the nonprofit corporation is tax-exempt for federal and, in some instances, state income tax. A "tax-exempt" organization is a distinctive entity that has gained an exemption from income tax liability from the IRS. A nonprofit corporation is not eligible for exemption from income tax liability until it applies for and has been approved by the IRS for 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status.
exemption from federal income tax and, in some instances, state income tax; eligibility to receive tax-deductible charitable contributions; eligibility for property tax exemptions; the ability to apply for grants and other public allocations; discounts on USPS bulk-mail rates; and reduced rates for radio and public service announcements. To be eligible for 501(c)(3) status, an organization must limit its purpose to an exempt purpose as described in section 501(c)(3) of the of the IRC and engage in activities that further its exempt purpose.
Charitable organizations include: organizations that conduct activities that promote the advancement of religion; education or science; the maintenance of public buildings; monuments or works; lessening the burdens of government; lessening neighborhood tensions; the elimination of prejudice and discrimination; and the defense of human and civil rights.
Education organizations include primary or secondary schools, colleges, trade schools, organizations that conduct public discussion groups, correspondence educational programs, museums, zoos, day-care centers, and youth sport organizations.
Religious organizations include churches, mosques, synagogues, temples, nondenominational ministries, mission organizations, and faith-based social agencies.
Organizations that want to be recognized as exempt from federal income tax under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code need to incorporate in their state, obtain an Employer Identification Number, file IRS Form 1023, The Application for Recognition of Exemption Under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, all applicable Schedules and supporting documents, and IRS Form 8821, Declaration of Representative.
*NOTE:* QUICKCORPS.COM does not prepare or file the 501(c)(3) application for federal tax exempt status. QUICKCORPS.COM can help you file your nonprofit corporation with the state, which is the first step in the process. The 501(c)(3) information on this page and this website is intended for informational purposes only and we hope you find it helpful.
The preparation and filing of the application for the 501(c)(3) or other federal exempt tax status is a separate process from the filing of the nonprofit corporation with the state, which is usually the first step in the process. Applying for federal tax exempt status is handled through the IRS, while the forming of the nonprofit corporation is handled with the state.


Oh how I am changing.
I am discovering that Integrative Process (IP) and Dynamic Governance (DG) have traction in the world of design and construction, and also positively affect every situation. My language is changing, my focus is strengthening, and my reflections are deeper.
It is amazing how the levels of respect increase and solidify when some traditional approaches change in simple ways. Beginning meetings on time, yet also allowing for friendly exchanges at the start of the meeting, alters the dynamic. Calling for full 'rounds, as is part of DG, ensures that everyone has the time and the right to share their thoughts, creating deeper involvement in the work. Expressing gratitude, especially for difficult meetings, by saying "I truly appreciate the time you've given to this matter, and I think our discussion has been valuable" blows people away, and helps them to realize we are not adversaries, but co-creators.
A recent change at work has seemingly created another silo organization within the whole. Earlier, this divide was palpable due to geographic distance, mostly, but it was not part of the organizational structure. Yet, with one of the key concepts of IP, we can look at this change to see how the new constraint can inform our next steps. In this case, making the division a structurally separate one means we can justly create structural ways to ensure connectivity and to increase capacity and knowledge sharing. We can plan info sharing meetings, create project teams in a way that can help bridge the gaps, and seek information deliberately from that organizational entity, while sharing information, deliberately, from the other longer-established units.
This is one of the most powerful examples. I am the Chair of the NESEA Building Energy NYC conference this year (wahoo NESEA!) and very glad I am working with such an amazing staff and planning team. We are beginning the planning of conference content, and forming the content committee. Typically we have held two in-person meetings to plan the content (along with some homework) and this is proving harder to do as so many of our deeply involved people are busy. Also, travel to NYC can be tough and expensive as we pull knowledge from all over New England and beyond. So we have opted for one remote session, and one in person meeting, and we are now tasked with deciding which meeting to hold in person, the first or the second? If the first is in-person, this is a great collaborative kick-off, yet we know we will have more robust info on the sessions by the advent of the second meeting, making that in-person exchange more dynamic and useful. How do we build community AND have robust discourse?
Using the idea that constraints can inform a greater solution, we have decided to hold the first meeting as a remote session, and to do so in a way that excites curiosity, almost as a teaser trailer of a film, about the participants. Perhaps we do a 'round with a question and people then know to link up at the F2F based on their answers. Maybe we create mini teams that will engage at the F2F. Maybe some of the homework is to call and then discover something fun about another committee member, to then share at the next meeting. In this way the second committee meeting will be that much more connective, as well as more informative.
Each spring, the DEC holds Green Your Commute Day (GYCD) to help people try out ways other than single occupancy vehicles to get to work. State employees were the first participants, and now the event is broader, intending to encourage greener travel by all. There is a service called 511 that helps to connect people for commuter travel carpooling and we want to link 511 with our GYCD outreach to increase awareness of the service and encourage more carpooling. One option is to automatically sign up to 511 everyone who signs up to GYCD. One is to ask people to opt-in for this, another to ask people to opt-out. Another is to just provide the information to encourage people to access the service themselves.
Behavior response experts have shown that the default should always be the choice you want people to make, such as listing the healthiest food first on the menu. This truly supports change. So we have decided we will provide the info on 511 and automatically sign people up, unless they opt out. This way they have control, and we are leading them to our preferred outcome. Additionally, those who prefer to do the activation themselves may do so. This empowers everyone in the process, and drives the change we seek.
Each of these examples illustrates a slight shift in action, created by a slow-down of thought process that helps in exploring the opportunities. Nothing here is hard, or out of the ordinary, yet each one can help us to reach our sustainability (and other goals) more effectively.


News stories from around the world featuring the College of Engineering faculty and students.
Silicon Valley philanthropy project revives some grants rejected by a mainstream US biomedical funder.
Are Face Scans Resurrecting the False Science of Physiognomy?
Many researchers fear the consequences of training computers to identify a person's sexual orientation and criminality based solely on physical appearance.
Anfiro, which has licensed Purdue and Notre Dame research, aims to complete a prototype of its polymer-based water treatment system by 2018.
Using biological materials as flame retardants, defining the characteristics of soil liquefaction during earthquakes and collecting disaster data with aerial drones are among the 12 disaster resilience research projects awarded just over $6 million today by the U.S. Commerce Department's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The grants support NIST's efforts to strengthen the ability of communities to prepare for anticipated hazards, adapt to changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions.
Startup social venture plans to bring talent to South Bend.
A new study published in the journal Scientific Reports, reveals that a team of chemical and biomolecular engineers from the University of Notre Dame, has developed a new test to accurately detect and identify the presence and strength of peanut allergies, without having to expose the patients to the allergen.
Damage to infrastructure stemming from natural hazards [i.e., windstorms, storm surge, earthquakes and tsunamis] is a focus of the Computational Modeling and Simulation Center (SimCenter), a new center co-led by the University of Notre Dame's Ahsan Kareem, the Robert M. Moran Professor of Engineering in the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences.
Artificial soils that mimic the surfaces of the Moon, Mars and asteroids are hard to make — and often miss the mark.
The bachelor's degree programs in aerospace, chemical, civil, computer, electrical, environmental, and mechanical engineering are accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET, Inc. The bachelor's degree program in computer science is accredited by the Computing Accreditation Commission of ABET, Inc.


text:
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Sixth President of Pakistan
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (August 12, 1924–August 17, 1988) ruled Pakistan from 1977 to 1988. His rule over the country, which lasted eleven years, is the longest to date in the history of Pakistan. Appointed Chief of Army Staff in 1976, General Zia-ul-Haq came to power after he overthrew ruling Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, after widespread civil disorder, in a bloodless military coup d'état on July 5, 1977 and imposed Martial Law. He assumed the post of President of Pakistan in 1978 which he held till his death on August 17, 1988.
And saw his rule on the application of Islamic law in the country, and to achieve the political stability of the separation of threatening Balochistan after setting him up from a military regime separately within the province, the death of Amendment 8 to the debate in constitutional law, as well as the gradual privatization and the renewal of a subsequent deterioration of the economy previously.
He had also fought a proxy war in Afghanistan and help the mujahideen against the Soviet Union's superpower, the Soviet war in Afghanistan. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and until the end of détente, he was instrumental in providing the United States-backed military aid to the Afghan resistance against Soviet occupation and then convert at a later time for them in the Kashmir issue in the late 1980s. His significant contributions to the Mujahideen greatly aided them in, which led to a full withdrawal by the Soviet Union in 1988.History and Background
Having become President in 1978, he secured his position as head of state through a referendum in 1984 which successfully ensured his rule as President for another five years. He lifted Martial Law and held partyless elections in 1985, and handpicked Muhammad Khan Junejo to be the Prime Minister of Pakistan. He dismissed Junejo's government in May 1988 on several charges. He was assassinated in a planned aircraft crash on August 17, 1988 under mysterious circumstances, and the perpetrators of the highly sophisticated air sabotage have not been proven. His death ended his unprecedentedly long eleven-year military dictatorship over Pakistan.
General Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
On December 2, 1978, on the occasion of the first day of the Hijra calendar to enforce the Islamic system in Pakistan in a nationwide address, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq accused politicians of exploiting the name of Islam saying: "Many a ruler did what they pleased in the name of Islam."
After assuming power, the task that the government set to was its public commitment to enforce Nizam-e-Islam (Islamic System), a 180 degree turn from Pakistan's predominantly Anglo-Saxon Law. As a preliminary measure to establish an Islamic society in Pakistan, General Zia announced the establishment of Shariah Benches.
Under Offenses Against Property (Enforcement of Hudood Ordinance 1979), the punishment of imprisonment or fine, or both, as provided in the existing Pakistan Penal Code for theft, was substituted by the amputation of the right hand of the offender from the joint of the wrist by a surgeon. For robbery, the right hand of the offender from the wrist and his left foot from the ankle should be amputated by a surgeon. Hudood ( Arabic حدود, also transliterated Hadud, Hudud; plural for Hadh,, limit, or restriction) is the word often used in Islamic social and legal literature for the bounds of acceptable behaviour.
In legal terms, (Islamic law being usually referred to as Sharia, the term is used to describe laws that define a level of crime classification. Crimes classified under Hudud are the most severe of crimes, such as murder, theft, and adultery. There are minor differences in views between the four major Sunni madhhabs about sentencing and specifications for these laws. It is often argued that, since Sharia is God's law and states certain punishments for each crime, they are immutable. However, with liberal movements in Islam expressing concerns about hadith validity, a major component of how Islamic law is created, questions have arisen about administering certain punishments. Incompatibilities with human rights in the way Islamic law is practised in many countries has led many to call for an international moratorium on the punishments of Hudud laws until greater scholarly consensus can be reached. It has also been argued by some, that the Hudud portion of Sharia is incompatible with humanism or human rights.
Drinking of wine (i.e. all alcoholic drinks) was not a crime at all under the Pakistan Penal Code. In 1977, however, the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims was banned in Pakistan and the sentence of imprisonment of six months or a fine of Rs. 5000/-, or both, was provided in that law.
Under the Zina Ordinance, the provisions relating to adultery were replaced as that the women and the man guilty will be flogged, each of them, with one hundred lashes, if unmarried. And if they are married they shall be stoned to death.
General Zia-ul-Haq's most enduring legacy was his fighting the Soviet-Afghan War by proxy, in an alliance with the Afghan resistance, the Mujahideen, against the invading USSR. His open accepting of financial aid from the United States of America to fight the Soviet Union helped in ending an already struggling Détente. He was then instrumental in providing military aid to Mujahideen fighting in Afghanistan against Soviet occupation and then later diverting them to the Kashmir cause in the late 1980s. His major contributions to the resistance movement greatly aided in complete Soviet withdrawal by 1988, which perhaps stopped a direct military invasion of Pakistan.
Another enduring legacy of his is the political system he left behind. After the partyless elections of February 1985, the Pakistan Constitution of 1973 was pulled out of cold storage, and on its back, a series of amendments giving absolute powers to the president were grafted to dismantle any future democratic set up at will. Since then the presidential powers have been used three times to disband elected assemblies. In May 1988 he himself sacked Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo and dissolved the elected assemblies while President Ghulam Ishaq Khan sacked Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and disbanded the national and provincial assemblies, later doing the same again with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was again sacked by President Farooq Leghari using the same powers.
Zia's era also marked the most stable period for Pakistan's largest province, Balochistan, in the history of the country. This was mostly due to his appointing General Rahimuddin Khan as Martial Law Governor of Balochistan. Rahimuddin's efficient and iron-fisted rule completely subdued the militancy, and also prevented an influx of drugs and weaponry in the Balochistan from Afghanistan. Calls for secession, which were in excess during the rule of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, were brought under control, and civil disobedience was also put down by indirect military action under the authoritarian Rahimuddin.
His reign also witnessed the rise to prominence of several conservative politicians who would later rule the country, including Nawaz Sharif, Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, and Zafarullah Khan Jamali (all of whom would later hold the post of Prime Minister of Pakistan). General Zia also revived and endorsed Pakistan's current ruling political party, Pakistan Muslim League. By 2002, the party broke into several splinter factions, the majority of which became structurally united again in 2003 under Pakistan Muslim League (Q), including Pakistan Muslim League (Z), which was named after Zia.
General Zia also militarized the bureaucracy systematically. By his government's orders, 5 % of all new posts in the higher civil civil service were to be filled by army officers who, consequently, occupied important civilian positions. Successive democratically elected governments did not rescind this order due to the power wielded by Pakistan Army. Under Pakistan's current military government, militarizing the bureaucracy is again pursued.
Zia's rule witnessed heightened tensions with neighbouring states. He was instrumental in providing military assistance to Mujahideen fighting in Afghanistan against Soviet Occupation and then later diverting them to the Kashmir cause in the late 1980s. During his time as President, Zia was also accused several times by Indian premier Indira Gandhi (and later Rajiv Gandhi) of training Sikh insurgents and sending them to destabilize India. The completion of the construction of the Karakoram Highway from Pakistan to China, the highest paved international road in the world, took place during his rule in 1978.
Zia (more appropriate Arabic transliteration: Dhia) (an Arain) was born in Jalandhar (in India) in 1924 as the second child of a school teacher named Muhammad Akbar. He completed his initial education in Simla and then at St. Stephen's College, Delhi. He was commissioned in the British Army in 1943 and served during World War II. At Pakistan's independence, Zia joined the Pakistani Army as a major. He got trained in the United States 1962–1964 at the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Zia was stationed in Jordan from 1967 to 1970, helping in the training of Jordanian soldiers, as well as leading the training mission into battle during the Black September in Jordan operations. On 1 April 1976, Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto appointed Zia-ul-Haq as Chief of Army Staff, ahead of a number of more senior officers.
Reign as Chief Martial Law Administrator
The Doctrine of Necessity
Nusrat Bhutto, the wife of the deposed Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, filed a suit against General Zia's military regime, challenging the validity of the July 1977 military coup. The Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled, in what would later be known as the Doctrine of Necessity, that, given the dangerously unstable political situation of the time, General Zia's overthrowing of the Bhutto government was legal on the grounds of necessity. The judgment tightened the general's hold on the government.
Assumption of the Post of President of Pakistan
Despite the dismissal of most of the Bhutto government, the President of Pakistan, Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, was persuaded to continue in office. After completing his term, and despite General Zia's insistence to accept an extension as President, Mr Chaudhry resigned, and General Zia also assumed the office of President of Pakistan on September 16, 1978. As acting Chief Martial Law Administrator and President of Pakistan, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq cemented his position as the undisputed ruler of the country.
The Hanging of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
On April 4, 1979, the former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged, after the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence as passed by the Lahore High Court. The High Court had given him the death sentence on charges of the murder of the father of Ahmed Raza Kasuri, a dissident PPP politician. Despite many clemency appeals from foreign leaders requesting Zia to commute Bhutto's death sentence, Zia dismissed the appeals as "trade union activity" and upheld the death sentence.
As Bhutto's autocratic government became increasingly violent with its detractors and opponents, its popularity greatly fell. Eventually, Bhutto's ruling Pakistan People's Party faced a bloody deadlock with the opposing Pakistan National Alliance. On July 5, 1977, Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq led a bloodless coup against Bhutto's government. The military coup, named Operation Fairplay, was successful, and Zia enforced Martial Law, effectively putting an end to the deteriorating law-and-order situation. Shortly after, Zia promised to hold elections in October and restore power to civilian representatives. He thus became the third person in the history of Pakistan to impose Martial Law.
Postponement of Elections and Call for Accountability
After assuming power as Chief Martial Law Administrator, General Zia promised to hold National and Provincial Assembly elections in the next 90 days and to hand over power to the representatives of the nation. He also stated that the constitution had not been abrogated whatsoever, but had been temporarily suspended. However, in October 1977, he announced the postponement of the electoral plan and decided to start an accountability process of the politicians. Zia said that he changed his decision due to the strong public demand for the scrutiny of political leaders who had indulged in malpractice in the past (a large number of both PNA and PPP members had asked General Zia to postpone the elections). Thus the "retribution first, elections later," PNA policy was adopted. A Disqualification Tribunal was formed and several individuals who were once Members of Parliament were charged with malpractice and disqualified from participating in politics at any level for the next seven years. A White Paper document was issued, incriminating the deposed Bhutto government on several counts.
Stabilization of Balochistan
Declaration of an Amnesty
On assuming power, General Zia inherited armed secessionist uprisings in Pakistan's largest province, Balochistan, from the Bhutto era. Tribal unrest and feudal clashes were moving the province towards a precarious position. The general acted quicky, offering a general amnesty to those who gave up arms and moving for the appeasement of the tribals. When this had little effect on the prevailing situation there, Zia withdrew troops from the province, ending much of the civil disobedience movements.
Appointment of Rahimuddin Khan as Martial Law Governor
Zia then appointed General Rahimuddin Khan, whose previously distinguished career made him stand out among his peers, to the post of Martial Law Governor of Balochistan (and later Governor of Sindh). General Rahimuddin then embarked on a provincial policy that completely isolated feudal families from the government. His authoritarian rule crushed any remaining civil unrest within Balochistan.
This garnered controversy over Zia's appointing of the dictatorial Rahimuddin, as the latter would go on to concentrate power solely with the provincial military regime and mostly act independently of the central government. The controversy eventually dissipated after the impressive progress Balochistan went through during Rahimuddin's lengthy rule (1978-1984), which was to remain characterized by the isolation of feudal families from provincial policy.
Reign as President of Pakistan
Formation of Majlis-e-Shoora
In the absence of Parliament, General Zia decided to establish an alternative system. The Council-E-Shura in 1980. Most of the members of the Shura intellectuals, scientists, scholars, journalists, economists and professionals who belong to different spheres of life. The Shura Council to serve as advisors to the President. The idea of establishing this institution is not bad, but the main problem is that all members of 284 of the Shura had to be nominated by the president, and thus there was no room for opposition
Referendum of 1984
General Zia eventually decided to hold elections in the country. But before handing over the power to the public representatives, he decided to secure his position as the head of state. A referendum was held in December 1984, and the option was to elect or reject the General as the future President. The question asked in the referendum was whether the people of Pakistan wanted Islamic Sharia law enforced in the country. According to the official result, more than 95% of the votes were cast in favor of Zia-ul-Haq, thus he was elected as President for the next five years. However, they were marred by allegations of widespread irregularities and techinical violations of the laws and ethics of democratic elections.
The Eighth Amendment and Elections of 1985
Under Zia, the previous ruler Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's nationalization policies were slowly reversed, and gradual privatization took place. General Zia greatly favored egalitarianism and industrialization. His reign saw, between 1980 and 1988, the increase of industrial production by nine percent, as well as an annual growth in Gross Domestic Product by six percent, among the highest in the world.
Consolidation of Pakistan's Nuclear Programme
President Zia sought and substantially contributed to the attaining of nuclear capability for Pakistan. Accordingly, the country was made a subject of attack on platforms of international organizations for not signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Zia deftly neutralized international pressure by tagging Pakistan's nuclear programme to the nuclear designs of neighbouring India. The President then drew a five-point proposal as a practical rejoinder to world pressure on Pakistan to sign the NPT, the points including the renouncing of the use of nuclear weapons. Despite this, he also openly funded a uranium-enrichment plant based in Kahuta under Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan of Nowshera Cantt..
Involvement in the Soviet-Afghan War
The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
On December 25, 1979, the Soviet Union, a superpower at the time, invaded Afghanistan. General Zia, as President of neighboring Pakistan, was asked by several cabinet members to not interfere in the war, owing to the military power of the USSR at the time. The Islamist General Zia, however, was ideologically opposed to Communism taking over a neighboring country, and made no secret about his intentions of monetarily and militarily aiding the Afghan resistance, or Mujahideen.
International Standing Enhancement and Resumption of Aid
President Zia's international standing greatly rose after his declaration to fight the Soviet invaders, as he went from being portrayed as just another military dictator to a champion of the free world by the Western media. Indeed, Pakistan-United States relations, which had hit a low-point after the burning down of a Pakistan-based US Embassy by fundamentalists in 1979, took a much more positive turn. U.S. President Jimmy Carter and his Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance, cut off U.S. aid to Pakistan on the grounds that Pakistan had not made sufficient progress on the nuclear issue. Then, on December 27, 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, and Carter offered Pakistan $325 million in aid over three years. Zia rejected this as "peanuts." Carter also signed the finding in 1980 that allowed less than $50 million a year to go to the Mujahideen. After Ronald Reagan came to office, defeating Carter for the US Presidency in 1980, all this changed. Aid to the Afghan resistance, and to Pakistan, increased substantially. The United States, faced with a rival superpower looking as if it were to create another Communist bloc, now engaged Zia to fight a US-aided war by proxy in Afghanistan against the Soviets.
Fighting the War by Proxy
President Zia now found himself in a position to demand billions of dollars in aid for the Mujahideen from the Western states, famously dismissing a United States proposed 325 million dollar aid package as "peanuts". Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence and Special Service Group now became actively involved in the conflict, and in cooperation with the CIA and the United States Army Special Forces supported the armed struggle against the Soviets.
After succeeding Jimmy Carter in 1980, Ronald Reagan became the new President of the United States of America. Reagan was completely against the Soviet Union and its Communist satellites, dubbing it "the Evil Empire". Reagan now increased financial aid heading for Pakistan. Then, in 1981, the Reagan Administration sent the first of forty F-16 jet fighters to the Pakistanis. But the Soviets kept control of the Afghan skies until the Mujahideen received Stinger missiles in 1986. From that moment on, the Mujahideen's strategic position steadily improved.
Accordingly, the Soviets declared a policy of national reconciliation. In January they announced that a Soviet withdrawal was no longer linked to the makeup of the Afghan government remaining behind. Pakistan, therefore, played a large part in the eventual withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1988.
Dismissal of the Junejo Government and Call for Fresh Elections
As time passed, the Parliamentarians wanted to have more freedom and power. By the beginning of 1988, rumors about the differences between Prime Minister Junejo and President Zia were rife. On May 29, 1988, President Zia dissolved the National Assembly and removed the Prime Minister under article 58(2) b of the amended Constitution. Apart from many other reasons, Junejo's decision to sign the Geneva Accord against the wishes of General Zia, and his open declarations of removing any military personnel found responsible for an explosion at a munitions dump at Ojhri earlier in the year, proved to be some of the major factors responsible for his removal.
After eleven years, General Zia-ul-Haq once again promised the nation that he would hold fresh elections within the next ninety days. The late Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's daughter Benazir Bhutto had returned from exile earlier in 1986, and had announced contesting the elections. With Benazir's popularity growing, and a decrease in international aid following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, Zia was trapped in a difficult political situation.
The August 17th Air-Crash
As he was grappling with these problems, however, General Zia-ul-Haq died in a plane crash on August 17, 1988. After witnessing a tank inspection in Bahawalpur, Zia had left the small town in Punjab province by C-130 Hercules aircraft. Shortly after a smooth take-off, the control tower lost contact with the aircraft. Witnesses who saw the plane in the air afterwards claim it was flying erratically. Directly afterwards, the aircraft nosedived before exploding in mid-air, killing General Zia and several other senior army generals, as well as American Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Raphael.
General Zia's funeral was held on 19 August in Islamabad, the country's capital. A large number of Pakistanis attended the funeral to pay their last respects to the late general, as well as many foreign dignitaries. Also in attendance was his successor as President of Pakistan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, who had earlier officially announced Zia's death via national address. His remains were housed in a small tomb outside the King Faisal Mosque.
Controversial Reasons Behind the Crash
The atmosphere was tragic incident, politically and militarily, the worst in Pakistan's history and unprecedented in military aircraft. His death is still a subject of controversy in Pakistan. Many people do not think it was a simple accident, and hold either the U.S. or the Soviet Union responsible for the death of Zia ul-Haq. But had come there is no evidence so far to light to prove either hypothesis. Recently, he accused John Gunther Dean, the former U.S. ambassador to India, the Mossad, the Israeli intelligence agency, accused of planning to assassinate Zia ul-Haq, although he offered no proof that his claims, made to the magazine of global politics. General Hamid Gul, who will become Director General of the ISI after the death of General Zia ul-Haq, said that the CIA was behind the plane crash. I went to some theories say that they did so in coordination with the Soviet KGB and the CIA. Offenders, however, has not been proven yet. Some people believe that the ISI itself was behind the crash.
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Pictures
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Чилі кон кесо () — соус-дип з розплавленого сиру, перцю чилі, томатів та різних спецій, поширений в мексиканській кухні і кухні текс-мекс, а також в США. Часто вживається з кукурудзяними чипсами (начос) — в сукупності ці страви є досить популярною закускою.

Див. також
 Халапеньйо

Посилання
 Глосарій мексиканської кухні

Соуси
Мексиканська кухня

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Being the owner of business, you may have to carry out all the daily tasks by yourself including the finances, accounting, and organizing other annoying things. That's the reason it is strongly suggested that you should make use of the services of a bookkeeper and hire a professional.
But before hiring any expert, you need to consider the best companies which provide an excellent bookkeeping service and know exactly what they can do for you.
What does bookkeepers Melbourne do?
You can complete detail of each one of them at www.Bookkeeperco.au.com.
Whatever service you required, you need a bookkeeper who knows your accounting software, the objective of your business, and the personal preferences.
Other than the above-mentioned services provided by the bookkeepers, following are few other things which they can do for you.
All the data files and accounting reports provided by your bookkeeper should meet the industry standards. Bookkeepers Melbourne performs the most accurate and concise records which will help you in saving money, particularly on accounting costs.
Bookkeepers Melbourne has well-trained professionals who have experience of using both well-known software MYOB and XERO. Even if your company has not selected any software, they can help you in it, depending upon that which will provide the more benefit to you.
The bookkeepers at Melbourne are registered with BAS and have the ability to handle the quarterly based BAS submissions through specialized BAS agent portal. Thus, by using the FigureIt, they submit you BAS which can save a lot of your money.
The bookkeepers Melbourne often gets so many requests to do the training of new staff to handle the business accounts. In many ways, they share roles with many professional bookkeepers and teach them that how to manage the various financial activities.
By providing the complete support to the staff members and help them at different points, they train their workers. You can visit www.Bookkeeperco.au.com to get more information regarding the certifications which their workers hold.


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Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein (Somali: Sheekh Mukhtaar Maxamed Xuseen, ; * 1912; gest. 12. Juni 2012, Nairobi, Kenia) war ein somalischer Politiker. Er war Sprecher des Parlaments und 1969 kurzzeitig der Interims-Präsident von Somalia.

Leben
Hussein wurde in Huddur in der Region Bakool geboren und gehörte zum Teil-Clan der Hadame, einer Untergruppierung der Rahanweyn (Digil-Mirifle).

Er studierte, wie es damals üblich war den Koran, indem er ganze Suren memorierte. Später studierte er ergänzend Islamische Geschichte.

Hussein arbeitete zunächst als Händler und baute einen Laden in Huddur auf, den er später erweitern und sogar ein Geschäft in der Stadt Baidoa eröffnen konnte. Erst später ging er in die Politik.

Politische Karriere
In den 1940ern schloss sich Hussein der damals aufstrebenden nationalistischen Partei des Somali Youth Club (später Somalische Jugendliga, Xisbiga Midowga Dhalinyarada Soomaaliyeed, SYL). Er arbeitete im Hauptquartier der SYL in der damaligen Region Upper Jubba -heute aufgeteilt in mehrere Regionen in Südwest-Somalia.
Er gewann Einfluss und 1956 wurde er zur ersten Nationalversammlung des Somalischen Volkes, der Gesetzgebenden Versammlung, gewählt, die noch unter der Schirmherrschaft der  Italiener stand. Hussein wurde in die erste, wenn auch nur beschränkte Regierung unter Premierminister Abdullahi Issa aufgenommen. Zunächst diente er als  stellvertretender Justizminister und dann selbst als Justizminister.

Hussein wurde 1959 wiedergewählt, kurz bevor der Staat endgültig seine Unabhängigkeit erlangte. Er war dann Mitglied der Verfassungsgebenden Versammlung und wurde auch 1964 wiedergewählt. Hussein war 1965 bis 1969 Parlamentssprecher. Kurzzeitig wurde er Präsident, als am 15. Oktober 1969 Präsident Abdirashid Ali Shermarke ermordet wurde. Diese Amtszeit dauerte jedoch nur eine Woche, weil dann ein Staatsstreich das parlament entmachtete.

Zusammen mit anderen Prominenten wurde Hussein vom neuen Präsidenten Mohamed Siad Barre unter Hausarrest gestellt. Mehrere Jahre lebte er unter starken Einschränkungen,  erst nach einigen Jahren wurden seine Haftbedingungen erleichtert und später erlangte er auch seine Freiheit wieder. Damit verschwand er allerdings auch aus der Politik. Er widmete seine Zeit seiner Farm in Afgooye und dem Islamstudium.

Er starb am 12. Juni in Nairobi, Kenia als Hundertjähriger. Er erhielt ein Staatsbegräbnis in Mogadischu, Somalia und wurde dort am 15. Juni 2012 beigesetzt.

Einzelnachweise

Präsident (Somalia)
Somalier
Geboren 1912
Gestorben 2012
Mann


Boot bags are more than just bags for boots.
If it were simply a matter of transporting your boots to the car and driving to the resort, you wouldn't need a bag. You could throw you boots in the back of the car with your coat, your helmet, your gloves, your glove liners, your hand warmers, your goggles…you get the idea.
That's why you need a boot bag: to conveniently carry your boots and all the rest of this stuff.
In general, good boot bags share the same features. A water-resistant and breathable compartment for ski or snowboard boots, space for a helmet, gloves and spare clothing, a goggle compartment and pockets for all the necessary odds and ends like sunscreen and lip balm.
What distinguishes one bag from another is size, how it's meant to be carried, and whether or not it's airplane worthy.
When it comes to boot bags, we've tried a lot of them. We each have our favorite and they each serve different needs.
Transpack Ski Boot Backpacks. Probably the most versatile bag we own is the TRV Pro. Marketed for "the world traveler," it's a roomy backpack large enough for my 14 year-old son to pack everything he needs for a day or week of skiing, including his coat, ski pants, socks and base layers. And, although the bag is large at 3300 cubic inches, the backpack straps are easy to get on and even I find it comfortable when fully loaded.
Like all Transpack bags, two side pockets hold the boots next to a large central compartment for your helmet and gear. This Isosceles Storage System puts the weight of your boots on your sides and is designed to relieve stress on your back.
Transpack boot bags come in a variety of sizes, including the smaller Compact Pro (with 2400 cubic inches), and the Women's XTW, which has most of the features of the other bags, but with groovier fabrics. The one drawback to the XTW is that it doesn't close at the top with a zipper, but rather with a drawstring and buckle – a potential drawback if you're flying and checking your bag. Transpack also makes an external boot and helmet bag (the Sidekick Pro) and junior models of their bags.
The brainchild of Aussie skier Caroline Graham, the SkBoot Ski Boot Bag is an efficient wheeled bag for those who don't like backpacks or who want to travel in style and ease.
The SkBoot bag comes in two sizes, both of which are large enough to hold a pair of ski boots and a helmet in the main compartment. There is also a removable padded laptop sleeve (when packing space is at a premium on a ski vacation), a fur lined goggle pouch, two side pockets for smaller items and a removable and roomy wet storage bag (think of putting your wet gear in here at the end of the day or before boarding a plane).
In addition to inline skate wheels and a retractable handle, which make rolling a breeze, there are straps on the back so that you can slide one SkBoot onto another. Or, slide the SkBoot onto your rolling luggage and only pull one bag.
I've tried the medium SkBoot Boot Bag and found that with some clever packing I could fit my boots, extra socks, helmet and gloves into the main compartment. Still, I think I'd go for the large SkBoot Boot Bag, to have surplus room for all the unexpected extras I seem to need.
While the SkBoot Boot Bag is designed with the traveler in mind, it is also useful from the car to the lodge and is easy for children to pull.
Looking for a bag that carries ski or snowboard boots, full stop? Check out the Bucket Boot Bag from High Sierra. A simple 18" x 14" x 9" bag with a top loading compartment, this bag meets airline carry-on requirements and has just enough room to fit a hat and gloves inside. A small pocket on the front holds your phone and car keys. The bag can be carried with a padded handle on top, or with adjustable backpack straps.
At the other end of the spectrum is the High Sierra 28" Wheeled Cargo Duffel. When our kids were young, these were our go-to bags. Why? Because with boot compartments on each end, a very roomy center compartment and an easy-to-pull design, we could pack one adult and one child per bag and the child could wheel everything to the lodge.
If you're just packing for an adult, the boot pockets hold up to a men's size 13 and there is enough room in the bag to pack for a long ski weekend.
Which boot bags are your faves? Everyone has different needs and opinions, so let us know and add to the list!


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Schools in Islamabad, Rawalpindi to remain closed, intermediate exams postponed
Online classes may start on Friday
Farah Rabbani | Umar Asif May 25, 2022
This undated file photo, from Islamabad, shows children dressed in school uniform with Covid precautionary measures (Photo: Online)
The Private School Association on Wednesday decided to keep the educational institutes in Rawalpindi and Islamabad remain closed tomorrow (Thursday).
The move came after Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) convoys led by party chief Imran Khan started reaching Islamabad with clashes breaking out between police and protesters in parts of the country.
According to Private Schools Secretary Abdul Waheed Khan, the management has been planning for online classes if the situation remains disturbed in the twin cities till Friday.
Meanwhile, Rawalpindi Intermediate Board has postponed inter examinations for which the next date will be announced soon.
Persian, Geometrical and Technical, Drawing, Military Science, Civics and Nazra papers have been canceled by the board due to the uncertain situation in the federal capital.
The British Council, on the other hand, has also announced the cancellation of O and A levels examinations in Islamabad and Rawalpindi.
Azadi March
Supreme Court allows PTI to hold rally in Islamabad's H-9


"The release of Quantum of Solace is set to boost interest in Bond movie posters as a collectors look for nostalgia and returns.
Specialist high net worth insurance broker Stackhouse Poland predicts that collectors buying original posters could see the value of such memorabilia soar over the coming five years.
Keith Hester at Stackhouse Poland, explains many movie posters have multiplied in value by up to ten times over the past five years, with poster prices typically depending on film title, rarity, condition and nationality.


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Abdulkareem Elemosho (born August 10, 1977 in Ilorin) is a Nigerian football (soccer) player currently with Kwara United F.C. of Nigeria.

Trivia
His favourite jersey number is 22 and his boot size is 10, his ambition is to become a coach.

He played for Kwara United F.C. of Ilorin (1998–1999), Shooting Stars Sports Club (3SC) of Ibadan (2000–2001), Sunshine Stars F.C. of Akure (2003–2004) Kwara United F.C. of Ilorin 2001–2003, 2004 to date). He is a National Challenge Cup champion in 2000.

References

1977 births
Living people
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Kwara United F.C. players
Sunshine Stars F.C. players
People from Ilorin


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San Diego Padres' Fernando Tatis Jr. hits home run out of Dodger Stadium
Jim Reineking
It's been a tremendously disappointing season for the San Diego Padres, but Fernando Tatis Jr. continues to deliver thrills.
In Thursday night's 8-3 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers, Tatis demolished a hanging breaking ball from pitcher Tony Gonsolin and hit it out of Dodger Stadium. The ball landed on the roof of the left-field pavilion and bounced into the stadium's north concourse. It was Tatis' 42nd home run of the season, which leads the National League and is the second-highest single-season home run total in Padres history (Greg Vaughn hit 50 in 1998).
According to Statcast, Tatis' shot out of Dodger Stadium had an exit velocity of 116.6 mph and traveled 467 feet, which makes it the second-longest home run of his career (the longest: 477 feet, in Coors Field on June 16 of this season).
This is the sixth home run to be hit out of Dodger Stadium, and first since Giancarlo Stanton – then of the Miami Marlins – belted one out on May 12, 2015. Previous to that, the St. Louis Cardinals' Mark McGwire (May 22, 1999), the Dodgers' Mike Piazza (Sept. 21, 1997), and the Pittsburgh Pirates' Willie Stargell (twice, Aug. 5, 1969 and May 8, 1973) hit balls out of Dodger Stadium.
BASEBALL'S BIGGEST SURPRISE? Crashing AL wild-card race, Seattle Mariners can snap MLB's longest drought
MLB PLAYOFF SCHEDULE:Postseason march to World Series starts Oct. 5
Tatis is vying to become the first Padres player since Fred McGriff in 1992 to lead the National League in home runs. The Atlanta Braves' Adam Duvall is second with 38 homers.


Women who keep an open mind can always find polygamy as a solution for what they are interested in. If you are looking for a family and you do not care how many members it already has, this may be the answer you are looking for. Becoming a sister wife can offer you a chance for a new life, but you have to take the time to look at the journey you have to go through. Becoming a sister wife is not like you apply for a job and you sign up for certain duties. You have to get along with the other members and you must take the time to get to know them before you can make a decision about them and the other way around. You have to go through all the steps and thus you will be able to make a choice that will lead to great results in the end.


text:
Clarion Reviews
Juvenile Nonfiction / Young Adult Nonfiction
Buy Locally via Bookshop
Richard and the Boyz
The Puberty Experience
Nadine Pierre-Louis
Jason A. Caffey
Andre D. Burke (Illustrator)
Doc N Jock (Jun 21, 2019)
Softcover $15.99 (88pp)
Clarion Rating: 3 out of 5
Richard and the Boyz is a puberty guide for boys, men, and parents that's filled with information and humor.
In Nadine Pierre-Louis and Jason A. Caffey's helpful coming-of-age guide Richard and the Boyz, a friendly doctor guides two boys through the challenges of puberty.
Knowing that puberty is a sensitive and awkward topic, Pierre-Louis and Caffey devised an entertaining guide to assuage related concerns. In it, a cartoon doctor who is a sentient penis, Dr. David Richard, begins his puberty seminar by using the illustrations of two characters, Preeb and Pube (also talking penises).
Preeb and Pube have a series of realistic conversations and encounters, expressing fears about puberty, sexuality, bodily changes, and individuality; Dr. Richard pauses the story to expand upon these topics, and to educate both the boys and the audience about them. Dr. Richard is respectful and uses slang, science, and humor to reinforce straightforward concepts that real men talk about, making the discussions feel normal and natural.
The lecture format is engaging and eschews dry textbook tendencies, delivering talks to an unnamed audience seen from the back. It cycles through Preeb and Pube's episodic adventures, punctuated by returns to Dr. Richard at his lectern and the responsive audience. This method allows for a fun balance between humor and information.
Illustrations accompany the text, including of Preeb and Pube. When Dr. Richard mentions a slide or specific illustration, that material is shown as a distant screen with Dr. Richard and the audience in the foreground. However, there are too few of these slide illustrations, and they are too small, to be truly helpful.
The text is geared toward an audience of prepubescent boys, but is also designed to be accessible to males of any age, with special attention given to parents. It normalizes topics and conversations that some are hesitant to discuss. This normalization also promotes reaching out to a trusted adult when curious or scared, approves of valid information gleaned from the internet, and encourages turning to medical professionals for expert opinions.
The book's tone is formal and accessible, and the bulk of its material is shared in Dr. Richard's friendly, professional voice. He employs medically appropriate terms; Preeb and Pube use slang and widely accepted terms, guaranteeing that the book is accessible to its audience. The result is a sympathetic and attentive guide.
Reviewed by John M. Murray
Disclosure: This article is not an endorsement, but a review. The author of this book provided free copies of the book and paid a small fee to have their book reviewed by a professional reviewer. Foreword Reviews and Clarion Reviews make no guarantee that the author will receive a positive review. Foreword Magazine, Inc. is disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission's 16 CFR, Part 255.
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Whether we're serving an individual or a company, the goal of our civil litigation lawyers is to help clients achieve successful resolutions in a way that's cost-effective and timely. No matter how complex the challenge, Gurevitch Burnham Law Office anticipates the problems, concerns or needs that our clients may encounter, allowing us to provide tailored advice that's in line with their overall goals.
If you have questions about Civil Litigation please Contact Us to learn more.
If you have questions about civil litigation or you would like to schedule a consultation, please contact us.


Dr. Nishit Dhoka is a Ophthalmologist/ Eye Surgeon in Sodala, Jaipur and is affiliated with multiple hospitals/clinics in the area, including Dr. Nishit Dhoka Clinic. He received his medical degree in MBBS, MS | Ophthalmology and has been in practice for 7 Years. He'll be available on MON|SAT11:00AM|2:00PM, 4:00PM|5:30PM.


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Sun and clouds mixed. High 96F. Winds WSW at 5 to 10 mph..
Partly cloudy. Low 74F. Winds SW at 5 to 10 mph.
Herbert H. Williams
Herbert H. Williams, 79, died Tuesday afternoon, April 30, 2019, at Memorial Satilla Health in Waycross, following a brief illness.
He was a native of Pierce County, but had lived most of his life in Jacksonville, FL. He and his family moved to Patterson in 1987 and made their home there until moving to Ware County in 2007. He was a son of the late Howard P. Williams and Sarah Anderson Williams. He was also preceded in death by a brother, Earnest James Williams.
He served with the United States Army from 1957 until 1959. He formerly was employed with the Chrysler Corporation in Jacksonville and Orlando, FL and Southeast Toyota in Jacksonville for many years. He was also an ordained minister and had served as Associate Pastor of the Church of Jesus in Jacksonville, FL, Word of Truth Deliverance Tabernacle in Savannah, and World Wide Deliverance Church in Patterson. He attended New Life Church.
"He played the role of prayer warrior, mentor and friend to so many. He was everything to everyone he knew. He will be truly missed," said his family.
Survivors include his wife of 58 years, Gracie Purvis Williams, Waycross, a daughter, Lisa Williams, Waycross and a son, Dwayne Williams, Jacksonville, FL; five grandchildren, Kimberly Williams, Jacksonville, FL, Kelly Duncan (husband Sean), Waycross, Timothy Williams, Jacksonville, FL, Christina Boyett and Holly Boyett, both of Waycross; three great-grandchildren Maddox White, Lacy Grace Duncan and Daxton Duncan; a brother, Daniel Mack Williams (wife Martha), Jacksonville, FL and numerous nieces, nephews and other relatives.
Visitation will be held from 6-8 p.m. Thursday, May 2, at New Life Church, 2191 Golf Course Road, Blackshear.
A celebration of life service will be held at 2 p.m. Friday, May 3, from the New Life Church.
Sympathy can be expressed by signing the online registry at www.musicfuneralhome.com.
Music Funeral Home of Waycross is in charge of arrangements.
Edgar Lee Clark Sr.


I found another multi-use bag on Etsy: they're made by Elena Berlo, and you can check out her shop here. These are bigger than the flipflap sacks, and can be used for any snacks-- they have a velcro closure so you can keep little foods in. As an aside, they also work wonderfully for a kindle, Eug's Christmas/anniversary gift this year. They're durable and compact enough that they can stay with you for the long haul.
I've been learning more about social marketing (the marketing that makes you really crave chocolate right when you're checking out at the grocery) and I'm convinced you're trying to reduce your waste, it's good to have a lot of easy alternatives to ziplocs. You may have to trick yourself.
Elena is offering a set of three snack bags to one lucky reader. I wanted to use this opportunity to hear how you motivate yourself to make changes-- To be included in the draw, leave comments about how you deal with choices: How do you make the good choice the easy choice in your life-- whether in reducing waste, cooking from scratch, or stopping your home from having stacks of stuff? How do you make the choice stick?
An Update: Keep commenting until this Thursday, January 13th, at 5pm. That's when we'll do the draw. Your chances are good!
oh my gosh i love the gift bags. I am trying to think how i make changes stick. I think I basically have a plug your nose and jump in approach usually. for instance we eat a lot of peanut butter. I wanted to buy an all natural kind, this would cause a little stir because those also tend to not have sugar and also is not the brand my husband prefers. I don't recall if I gave him warning (opps) but I did find that a brand sold at Bj's would work as being natural, able to be bought in quantities in keeping with our massive consumption of PB and, happily came in glass jars which I then reuse for homemade stock, giving food gifts and keeping my homemade cleaning supplies in. All healthy food is more expensive so I just had to start buying it and take pride that i choose a brand cheaper than other healthy brands and not compare it to less healthy brands cost.
I unfortunatley don't always have a plan for how i will make changes work, i sometimes backwards engineer them, like ok I need to buy healthier PB especially because of the amount we eat, now I buy it, hmmmm what should I cut out. This does tend to inform me about what i think is more important, we used to buy gads of soda, but then when I cut out fake sugar subs and HFCS that went by the wayside, and made easier by the fact that I needed the soda money for other healthier foods. in that case it just lost out to other healthier foods because it violated too many new trends i was making and didn't provide enough enjoyment. we moved on to beer/wine ha ha. ahem. anyway I am working on making some changes right now that will require more planning so this question is timely.
When I was trying to get into the habit of bringing my own bag to the grocery store I would make myself buy one of the reusable ones every time I forgot to bring my own. I figured if I wound up with a few extras it wasn't a biggie and money talks!
Looking at the real costs of things is often a big motivator.
It's not a very committed way to make change, but I make changes based on what will overall add to the quality my life as well as the lives of those involved.
That means not just asking, "Will this be beneficial to me somehow," but also, "Will it be beneficial or considerate to others/another?"
I take the primary cooking responsibilities in the house, mostly because I'm better at it than my spouse and because I enjoy it...it relaxes me. As such, making things from scratch--bread, sauces, cookies, juice, etc.--increases my quality of life, and it happens to be better for the health of my self, spouse, and friends whom I cook for.
However, on the days when spouse offers to cook and I'm really tired or have to do something else, I don't complain when spouse makes something like instant ramen because, although healthy food is important to me, I also realize that being ungrateful when cooking-impaired spouse tries spouse's best and insisting that spouse have an interest and skill in preparing food as I do, is not considerate to spouse.
I think that context and significance should play a large part in change-making...that it's a day-to-day deliberation based on an overarching principle, not a constant pre-made and inflexible decision for every situation.
A huge help to me is finding others who have made the changes that I am currently trying to make, and have succeeded. I find inspiration and comfort in others success stories, and often times this is enough to give me the courage to try making the change myself. At a fundamental level I love change because it's adventurous and new and different, and it's almost like a challenge to your creativity and probelm solving skills. And I like rising to the challenge. Sometimes I face the problem of maintaining my changes once they have become routine and "boring". But then it's mostly just a matter of advancing the change another notch, to make it newer and better again. I'm not a big fan of stagnation. If I'm not moving forwards towards a goal I get restless.
Don't compare the cost of organic/sustainable foods with their cheaper counterparts, compare with other organic/sustainable foods. I feel like in a way you're making the decision for yourself ahead of time, also.
I totally agree that context is so important in change-making: even from our geography to our finances to family circumstances. I'm just repeating what you already said, but I really believe, to make change stick for the long haul, you have to stay in step with your family or the people you live with, and not make life miserable for them because a joy for you is drudgery for your spouse.


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LONG WALK TO FREEDOM: MANDELA'S IMPORTANCE TO FUTURE GENERATIONS
Therefore, due to the life that he sacrificed, the struggle that he endured, the time that he lost and seemed to be owed, it seems almost failing to simply label Nelson Mandela as a "historical figure".
Ron Grant — December 6, 2013
On December 5, 2013, we lost, at least in the physical, one of the world's greatest and most heroic historical figures with the passing of Nelson Mandela. However, that's the funny thing about history and labeling a person a historical figure: history always seems to have the potential to paint a brighter, more vivid picture of the past and to bring the present into context, but also has the potential to deceive us, make us complacent and turn us indifferent.
Therefore, due to the life that he sacrificed, the struggle that he endured, the time that he lost and seemed to be owed, it seems almost failing to simply label Nelson Mandela as a "historical figure". From the many books that were written on his life (Madiba A to Z: The Many Faces of Nelson Mandela; Mandela: A Biography; Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela), to the Hollywood actors that have portrayed him on the big screen (Morgan Freeman, Clarke Peters, Danny Glover, and Idris Elba most recently), to the many roles that he played throughout his long life (descendent of royalty, professional lawyer, boxer, freedom fighter, activist, president, peacemaker, humble servant), it is more important than ever, especially for the sake of teaching future generations, that Nelson Mandela be seen as much more than just a historical figure that we read about in text books, articles, websites and Wikipedia pages. He was a man that, even with all of his flaws, frustrations and failings, gave of himself to improve the dire situation of his people.
My generation as well as millennials mainly knows of Mandela as the white-haired, suit-wearing statesman released from prison after mounting pressure from politicians, businessmen and students worldwide finally resulted in Mandela walking free in 1990. We know him as the man that appeared on screen at the end of Spike Lee's 1992 film Malcolm X speaking in his signature South African accent to a room of youthfully militant African students shouting "I Am Malcolm X!" We know him as the first ever black president of South Africa, taking the oath of office in Pretoria in May of 1994, looking to dismantle the last vestiges of Apartheid and set his country on the course of democracy, self sufficiency and economic empowerment.
We know him as the old yet unshaken warrior that visited Detroit on June 28, 1990, giving a speech at Tiger Stadium, requesting to meet Rosa Parks and referring to Detroit as "the industrial heartland of the United States." We know him as the fatherly figure that celebrated South Africa's Rugby World Cup victory in 1995, and that used his larger-than-life influence to bring the FIFA World Cup to South African soil in 2010.
But many times, it's very easy and convenient for us to remember Nelson Mandela in these says and at these moments in his life, while forgetting the struggle, hardships and loss that he endured to get to those places later in his life. Many of us may not know of Mandela and his fellow African National Congress members using the term "comrade" as a preferred term of address to build solidarity between themselves while imprisoned on Robben Island. We may not know of the label "The Black Pimpernel" that Mandela gained as a result of having to go into exile on the run from the South African Government for a year and a half of his life. We may not be aware of the man that served as Mandela's mentor in prison, Walter Sisulu, who recruited Mandela into the African National Congress and was one of the prisoners that served time along side him. Or that Mandela lost his eldest son, Thembekile, in 1969 to a car accident while the elder Mandela was imprisoned. Or that he helped to found the African National Congress Youth League in 1944 at age 26.
And in 2013, there is a danger in not knowing of Mandela's previous struggles and sacrifices. With so many social issues dominating news headlines, social media outlets and blogs, including police brutality and the senseless murder of young men and women of color across the U.S., voter suppression, and the effects of the prison industrial complex among them, Nelson Mandela's life and example should have a special place in both history as well as in our overall consciousness. And for future generations of teachers and educators, learners and students, activists and community organizers, leaders and followers, it is vital that we not fall into the trap of mourning Nelson Mandela for the moment, then moving on to the next news story that dominates the mainstream media. If we do, we run the risk of allowing the history of the struggle that Mandela and so many others endured, to repeat itself.
Upon his release from prison at a speech in Capetown, South Africa on February 11, 1990, Mandela referred to himself "a humble servant of the people." He also reiterated one of his most famous and repeated quotes, stating, " I have fought against white domination and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and achieve. But if need be, it is an ideal which I am prepared to die for." Now that this warrior, activist and champion for justice has passed on into the next life, it's imperative that we remember the man and his life, the legacy of the tireless work that he and many of his dear comrades did for our benefit, and work towards his goal for the present and for the future.
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Yeshi Douglas says:
Love Live Madiba!
Justin Hunte says:
Moving, Ron. A beautiful tribute. Thank you for writing this.


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Thoughtworks Named a Leader in Recent Cloud Services Report by Independent Research Firm
Thoughtworks cited as a Leader in Cloud Migration and Managed Services Reports for China and Asia Pacific in Q4 2022
Thoughtworks (NASDAQ: TWKS), a global technology consultancy that integrates strategy, design and engineering, today announced that leading global research and advisory firm Forrester recognized it as a Leader in Cloud Migration and Managed Service Partners in China and Asia Pacific.
Thoughtworks was among the select companies invited to participate in two 27-criterion evaluation, The Forrester Wave™: Cloud Migration and Managed Service Partners in China, Q4 2022 and The Forrester Wave™: Cloud Migration and Managed Service Partners in Asia Pacific, Q4 2022. Findings include:
In the China report, Thoughtworks received the highest possible scores across the following criteria: AWS support, cloud build services, cloud modernization services, additional software assets, organizational structure, service development and innovation, vision, and supporting products and services.
In the APAC report, Thoughtworks received the highest possible scores across the following criteria: cloud advisory, cloud build services, cloud modernization services, cloud management tools, organizational structure, vision, execution roadmap and supporting products and services.
According to The Forrester Wave™ Asia Pacific report, "[Thoughtworks'] software engineering expertise, created by hiring technical specialists and talented developers, gives it some of the market's strongest modernization capabilities."
"We are incredibly proud to be named a Leader in The Forrester Wave™: Cloud Migration and Managed Service Partners in China and Asia Pacific, Q4 2022," said Dr. Rebecca Parsons, chief technology officer of Thoughtworks. "Leading agile, DevOps and software product transformations globally for nearly 30 years, we have also been supporting cloud migration as a core element of enterprise modernization. We believe Forrester's evaluation further validates our commitment to delivering differentiated cloud migration and managed services that create an extraordinary impact for our clients."
To read The Forrester Wave™: Cloud Migration and Managed Service Partners in China, Q4 2022, please visit here (available to Forrester subscribers and for purchase), and for a copy of The Forrester Wave™: Cloud Migration and Managed Service Partners in Asia Pacific, Q4 2022 please visit here.
Read more about Thoughtworks Enterprise Modernization, Platforms and Cloud.


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Sri Lanka tour of Pakistan to go ahead as planned
Sri Lanka news
Sri Lanka's upcoming tour of Pakistan, which is set to feature the first Tests played in the country since a terrorist attack on Sri Lanka's team bus in 2009, is set to go ahead as planned.
Whether the tour would happen had been called into question after Sri Lanka Cricket called for a reassessment of the situation situation in Pakistan, but following assurances from the Pakistan governement, SLC have said they are happy for the tour to proceed.
The calls for a reassessment came soon after Sri Lanka announced their ODI and T20I squads to tour Pakistan, which excluded 10 players who refused to tour the country due to concerns over their safety. International cricket has been played in Pakistan only intermittently since 2009, with the United Arab Emirates serving as their adopted home.
Karachi will host the first ODI between the sides
SLC had also received a warning from the Prime Minister's Office, saying they had received "reliable information of a possible terrorist threat on the Sri Lankan team". However, the Major General J.R. Kulathunga, Sri Lanka's national intelligence head, confirmed that no information had been received by the Ministry of Defence or Sri Lanka's High Commission in Pakistan indicating a threat.
The assurances from the Pakistan government include that the Pakistan army will coordinate the security the arrangements, and that the level of protection will be equivalent to that received by a head of state.
The ODI series will commence on 27 September at Karachi.


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Time Warner Cable Plans To Drop Ovation
December 18, 2012 8:44am
UPDATED: This seems to be what Time Warner Cable CEO Glenn Britt was talking about this month when he threatened to drop some channels as a way to control costs. The cable company has informed Ovation that it will be dumped at the end of the year, when its contract expires. "Ovation is among the poorest performing networks, and is viewed by less than 1% of our customers on any given day," the No. 2 cable operator says. "We've paid more than $10 million in carriage fees to Ovation over the past several years. They've had ample opportunity to improve the ratings and the content, and have failed to deliver." It adds that Ovation's not as arts-oriented as it claims: "One 7-day period in November 2012 shows that 70% of their schedule was old movies that are repeated, numerous repeats of the PBS show Antique Road Show, Infomercials that are unrelated to the arts, and repeats of TV shows from broadcast networks….Just as broadcast and cable networks make decisions to cancel or move shows that fail to perform, we are obliged to make the same decisions with networks." Ovation doesn't buy Time Warner Cable's cost-control argument. "While they are investing huge amounts in sports programming, they've chosen to limit their customers' viewing options by cutting the only arts network in their lineup," Ovation's EVP Content Distribution Brad Samuels says. "Ultimately, we hope that Time Warner Cable will see the value our other Affiliate partners see in Ovation and will reconsider their decision."
Cable and satellite companies pay about 7 cents per subscriber per month for the channel, SNL Kagan estimates. It's expected to generate about $81M in revenue this year, about 57% from pay TV affiliate fees. The channel is an easy target: It's owned by a group that includes Sparkler Entertainment, Ovation CEO Charles Segars, and Hubbard Media Group — not a major media company that has several channels that Time Warner Cable wants. Ovation says that its growth plans could be derailed by the No. 2 cable operator's decision. Ovation reaches 51M homes, up from 5M six years ago. The channel adds that it has been a potent advocate for arts funding, and since 2007 has donated more than $14M to projects — including several in areas served by Time Warner Cable such as New York and Los Angeles.


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Q: "Serial potential drop" or "series of potential drops" I would like to use the word serial in the sense that it denotes a sequential arrangement of objects. In that regard, is it better to say "serial potential drop" instead of "a series of potential drops"?

A: If you are speaking of a set of voltage drops across resistors arranged in series, use the latter phrasing: "a series of potential drops" or perhaps better,  "a series of voltage drops".   "Serial potential drop" probably is technically ok, ie is not wrong, but because of being rarely used may jar the reader.   However, if you want to emphasize that there is a descending scale of voltages along a resistor chain, as found for example in 256-resistor or 1024-resistor flash ADC parts, serial potential drop might be an appropriate phrase to use.

A:
This series of potential drops...

Talking about the series.

These serial potential drops...

Talking about the individual drops, and noting (or reiterating) that they are part of a series.
As such, they're not quite the same, and one could very well make use of both.
The latter is awkward though. It would be fine if you'd already introduced the series, so the reader's mind has that series as a fresh concept in mind and so won't have to do too much mental work to piece the phrase together.
It would not be so good to introduce the concept as "serial potential drops", unless rewording to use the former was itself awkward.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In this installation, I examine my place in the world of Gabon through a reflection on experiences that have changed my life. The sound piece, in a diary-esque format, questions the ethics of my trip to Gabon as well as highlights the way that Google maps and the internet can create a feeling of connection from great distances. Visually manic, obsessive, and unorganized, this mixed media snapshot of my experiences in Gabon provides a window into my disturbed thoughts. In this work, I hope to create a classroom that emulates my personal journal entries where I wrote about the things I was taught on my trip and the questions that arose from my interactions.


Once you visit the Danish-founded Solvang, California, in the beautiful Santa Ynez Valley, the pastoral beauty will draw you back again and again.
The colorful background, customs, and annual events of Solvang and the Santa Ynez Valley, come to life in this documentary video Solvang- A Little Bit Of Denmark.
Located in the Santa Ynez Valley north of Santa Barbara, California, the picturesque community of Solvang was settled in 1911 by Danes. Solvang's history, attractions, sites, and annual festivals are highlighted in this production, as are nearby thoroughbred horse ranches, wineries, flower fields, and missions.
The beloved late Danish humorist, Victor Borge, is the grand marshall during the Memorial Day parade celebration. Mr. Borge is shown riding in the parade and having fun with some of his local fans.


Whether you cannot overdose cannabis oil, or whether you can – that is the question. If things are done following the right protocols, you cannot overdose cannabis oil. At Cannabis Network News we can show you how – how to take your cannabis oil and how much is too much. First time users of cannabis need to educate themselves about the right dosage amounts, the types of oils they can use and which oils are best for their conditions or illnesses.
We know that cannabis is made up of numerous different cannabinoids, two of which are used as ingredients in medical cannabis products. These are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) and both cannabinoids are known for their health-generating qualities and their amazing ability to treat common ailments and chronic diseases. THC is psychoactive and can have side effects such as paranoia, anxiety, perspiration and mental confusion. The trick is to mix your THC with CBD, which is non-psychoactive, and reduce the effects of the cannabinoid on your brain.
Remember that you cannot really overdose cannabis oil if you take it in safe ways. If, by chance, you have too much THC, you need to take steps to let it work its way out of your system. You cannot kill yourself with cannabis, but you do need to know what to do if you have too much. Don't panic. Be aware that if you ingest a concentrated cannabis oil, you will take in much more THC than if you inhale a measured dosage in a vape pen. Or if you eat a cannabis cookie made from fresh cannabis flowers, you may take in more THC than if you simply pop a cannabis oil capsule at the recommended time of day in the recommended dose. Eating cannabis takes longer to have an effect, then it has a powerful effect. If you have a lot of THC, it is a very powerful natural medication and people are using it for chronic pain, cancer and depression, among many other illnesses. Some cannabis growers are even cultivating a type of cannabis that is very high in THC so when you buy your products you need to check that you use a reputable and organic supplier.
There are plentiful cannabinoids you can take to ensure you cannot overdose cannabis oil. CBD is the best choice for healing disorders that range from insomnia, anxiety, inflammation and lack of appetite to arthritis, cancer, depression, epilepsy, Parkinson's Disease and more. CBD is a calming cannabinoid that you can also take of you have had too much THC. The human body is an amazing organism – we have our own endocannabinoid system and a chemical compound called Anandamide which gives us that sense of euphoria when we exercise or feel happy. THC acts in a similar way when it interacts with the cannabinoid receptors in your brain, making you feel high. Taking too much THC, or what we can call an overdose, makes you feel more than high – you feel dizzy, very tired and not connected to life.
Try to do exercise to increase blood flow to the brain and exercises such as yoga where breathwork will assist you to calm down and reduce the effects of the THC on your brain. Make sure you drink lots of water, not alcohol, and eat foods rich in fats which force the THC to work its way out of your body faster. Do something to take your mind off the fact that you have overdosed on THC – watch TV, play with your dog, go out with friends, do some crafts or simply go to sleep.
You cannot overdose cannabis oil if you follow simple steps when you are taking it – choose a quality CBD-infused cannabis oil which will calm your mind and go straight to the place where it is needed. Take less cannabis oil if you are of a small build, and if you have never tried it before. Take notes every time you take your cannabis oil and you cannot overdose – record your dosage and whether it had a healthy effect or not. The CBD calms the stress signals in your brain's endocannabinoid system allowing you to relax and allowing the cannabis oil to heal your condition.
The body's endocannabinoid system is there to maintain a balanced system of homeostasis and involves your moods, metabolism, reproductive organs, energy levels and general immunity. It has a system of receptors throughout the body, to which cannabis cannabinoids can bind. The body's own endocannabinoids also bind to these receptors to keep a healthy balance in the body. When there are imbalances, you get sick. For example, people who produce too little anandamide do get post-traumatic stress disorder. CBD can also regulate too much cannabinoid action in the brain when we get anxious – which is why you can take it for stress, or if you have overdosed on THC!
Choose the right method of intake and you cannot overdose cannabis oil – take capsules for instant, easy relief from pain or whatever it is that ails you. Stoke your vape pen with CBD oil and have a puff whenever you need it – this is not the same as smoking cannabis as the cannabis oil does not combust. You simply get an instant hit of relief from your condition. Tinctures are also very easy to take when you drop a few drops several times a day on your tongue. Eating cannabis and smoking it will more than likely make you high and uncomfortable but people do this if they have cancer or another severe disease.
Contact us today to find out more about overdosing cannabis oil – or not. We have the right cannabis oil for your needs.


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Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti la Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Unione Sportiva Ancona 1905 nelle competizioni ufficiali della stagione 2013-2014.

Stagione

Organigramma societario

Area direttiva
 Presidente: Andrea Marinelli
 Vice Presidente: Francesco Baldini
 Amministratore delegato: Gilberto Mancini
 Segretario generale: Michele Di Bari
 Segretario sportivo: Remo Raggetti
 Segretario amministrativo: Angelo Bonfitto
 Ufficio amministrativo: Daniele Mancini
 Addetto all'arbitro: Bruno Fossatelli
 Responsabile area comunicazione: Mauro Anconetani
 Direttore comunicazione: Mauro Anconetani
 Responsabile area marketing: Vittorio Romagnoli

Area tecnica
 Direttore sportivo: Sandro Marcaccio
 Allenatore: Giovanni Cornacchini
 Allenatore in seconda: Renzo Tasso
 Preparatore dei portieri: Giancarlo Tagliati
 Collaboratore tecnico: Giammarco Malavenda
 Team Manager: Daniele Gianfelici
 Preparatori atletici: Stefano Valentini e Fabio Zecca
 Magazzinieri: Marco Osimani e Fausto Venatori

Settore giovanile
 Responsabile: Loris Servadio
 Allenatore Berretti: Davide Finocchi

Rosa

Risultati

Serie D

Girone di andata

Girone di ritorno

Poule scudetto

Coppa Italia Serie D

2013-2014


We are still on people three weeks in a row.
This week we were trying out Low Key photography using the dark side to create an image.
Nothing is more exciting than testing new light concepts for the first time.
Next we tried high key photography the total opposite of low key this is the method of using highlight to create an image.
some colour splash was in order.
For bookings talk to us via email.


A fun design from the hit TV series Once Upon a Time, inspired by Mr. Gold's pawn shop. The design reads, Mr. Gold, Pawnbroker & Antiquities. Mr. Gold, Rumpelstiltskin, or Rumple, he is pure evil. A Mr. Gold T-shirt, hoodie, mug, or other fun merchandise makes a great gift for fans of Once Upon a Time.
Shop for unique Mr. Gold Pawnbroker men's t-shirts in a variety of colors and styles including football shirts, 3/4 sleeve baseball jerseys, and long sleeve styles.
We've got a great selection of Mr. Gold Pawnbroker gifts. Whether you're looking for Mr. Gold Pawnbroker t-shirts, hoodies, stickers or other Mr. Gold Pawnbroker merchandise, Whee! Design and Whee! TV has a large collection of fun, unique gifts to choose from. You can shop with confidence because all our products from CafePress are backed with a 100% satisfaction guarantee.


What are the causes ofIntellectual and Developmental Disabilities?
What are the characteristics of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities?
What are the statistics concerning Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities?
As definitions still exist in law and doctrine these two terms Intellectual Impairment and Developmental Disability are not synonymous. We are including these two together under one concept until more changes are made.
Affects one's ability to reason and understand.
Delayed development, difficulty in adapting to new situations or problems with learning and remembering.
An intellectual disability is a disability that involves significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. The term "Intellectual" disability is synonymous with the term "mental retardation" and is beginning to be considered the preferable term.
Intellectual impairment is a developmental disability.
(VII) reflects the person's need for combination and sequence of special interdisciplinary, or generic services, individualized supports, or other forms of services which are of lifelong or extended duration and are individually planned and coordinated.
(B) INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN-- individual from birth to age 9, inclusive who has substantial developmental delay or specific congenital or acquired condition, may be considered to have developmental disability without meeting (3) or more of the criteria described in clauses (I) through (v) of subparagraph (A) If the individual, without services and supports, has a high probability of meeting those criteria later in life.
What are the causes of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities?
Intellectual disability originates before the age of 18 and encompasses a wide range of conditions, types, and levels.
Congenital: most cases fall into this group, some causes are metabolic disturbance (phenylketonuria (PKU), galactosemia, and congenital hypothyroidism, or kernicterus from jaundice), hormone deficiencies, abnormal chromosome count, maternal infections, protozoal infection (Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and fragile X syndrome, genetic conditions (such as Cri-du-chat syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome), infections (such as congenital cytomegalovirus), or birth defects that affect the brain (such as hydrocephalus or cortical atrophy) and (asphyxia happens while a baby is being born or soon after birth.
Acquired: damage to the brain, or from the environment, serious head injury, stroke, or certain infections such as meningitis.
Intellectual Functioning is measured by IQ.
Intellectual disability cannot be determined by an IQ test, but the IQ test is a major tool in measuring intellectual functioning, that is, mental capacity for learning, reasoning, problem solving, and so on. A test score of around 70—or as high as 75—indicates a limitation in intellectual functioning.
1. Ability to accomplish tasks demanded by the community.
2. Personal responsibility and willingness to undertake such tasks.
3. Social responsibility and ability to behave appropriately in terms of cultural expectations.
Education - Academic Development - "Students with mild intellectual disabilities tend to have more general, delayed development in academic, social, and adaptive skills. This delayed development is reflected in low achievement across content and skill areas as well as significantly lower scores on measures of intelligence and adaptive behavior when compared with students who are not identified with intellectual disabilities." A delay in foundational skills in reading and math, coupled with delays in language skills, then results in delays in other academic areas that require the use of these skills (e.g., writing, spelling, science). Students with intellectual disabilities continue to lag behind age-level peers in academic achievement throughout their school years. However, many students with mild intellectual disabilities develop basic literacy skills and functional mathematics skills. For example, most students with mild intellectual disabilities learn basic computational skills and functional arithmetic skills related to money, time, and measurement. However, most of these students continue to have difficulty with more advanced skills related to content, such as mathematical reasoning and applying concepts to solve problems (Beirne-Smith et al., 2006). Students with intellectualy disabilities and delayed language development who are poor readers often have poor phonological language skills. Teachers need to address phonological training and vocabulary development. (Rosenber et al., 2008) Eventually students with intellectual disabilities can develop basic literacy and functional arithmetic skills, although they may continue to have difficulty with more advanced skills.
Cognitive - Difficulty with Attention, Memory and Generalization, Problem Solving, Concrete to Abstract or miss literal and figurative language, delays in speech development, difficulty with auditory perception, and difficulty with visual perception.
Social Skills Performance - behavior problems, immature, miss verbal/non-verbal clues, obsessive/compulsive behaviors, difficulty learning social rules.
Adaptive Skills may have trouble with hygiene skills, organization and simple language.
What are the statistics regarding Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities?
According to the President's Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities,and the 1990 census an estimated six to eight million Americans of all ages experience intellectual and developmental disability.
Intellectual disabilities affect about one in ten families in the United States.
Intellectual disability is 12 times more common than cerebral palsy and affects 100 times as many people as total blindness.
Approximately 2% of the U.S. population are intellectual impaired.
A woman can prevent FAS Fetal alcohol syndrome by not drinking when she is pregnant.
Test your newborn soon after birth by a simple blood test for certain metabolic conditions, such as phenylketonuria (PKU), galactosemia, and congenital hypothyroidism. Women with PKU could follow a special diet when they are pregnant. If they do not follow their diets, their babies are very likely to be affected by intellectual disability and other birth defects. Children that do have these conditions are usually treated with medicine or put on a special diet, started soon enough after the child is born and continues as long as needed.
Visit our NHU Community Forum on Developmental/Intellectual Disabilities for more insight, awareness, viewpoints, experiences, needs and solutions.
This article is no longer available but it explored the idea and a personal experience of a man with intellectual disability that medical advances have increased the life spans of people with intellectual disabilities such as Down syndrome, and that means that there is a new population of seniors who will need specialized care. New evidence of a link between Alzheimer's and Down syndrome, combined with early aging, another characteristic of Down, means that even residents under 60 may need what may have been considered senior care.
Provide an encouraging, supportive learning environment that will capitalize on student success and self esteem.
Use behavior contracts and reinforce positive behavior if necessary.
There is still no cure for Intellectual/Developmental Disability. There are however various treatment options that can modify the course, treat exacerbations, and manage symptoms.
Organizations and websites that provide information about Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provide information on Developmental Disabilities, which are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that are due to mental and/or physical impairments. Developmental Disabilities include 5 specific diseases: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Cerebral Palsy, Hearing Loss, Intellectual Disability and Vision Impairment. The CDC offers information on monitoring the disability, research, prevention, and education materials. CDC monitoring provides reliable, population-based estimates of the number of school-aged children with developmental disabilities. Disability monitor information gathered through CDC can be used by policy makers to assess current public health programs, regulations and authorizations for individuals with developmental disabilities. The CDC lists research, offers information on prevention, education materials which include materials for teachers, lesson plans and monitoring, research and disability fact sheets.
National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities: Intellectual Disability page offers information on intellectual disability, causes, how it is diagnosed, what signs parents should look for, tips for parents, and tips for teachers.
National Library of Medicine's Genetics Home Reference Website. Information on each genetic condition; includes symptoms, how common it is, related genes, treatments, and links to resources where you can learn more about the condition. The Genetics Home Reference also can help you learn more about genetics, including genetic testing, genetic counseling, and gene therapy.
Goldenson, Robert, Disability and Rehabilitation Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, 1978.
For more on the topic of Intellectual/Developmental Disability.
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