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Cary, NC – After 27 years, Fiat is returning to the United States. The first dealership in North Carolina is in the Cary AutoMall.
Fiat sold vehicles in the United States until 1984. The two-seat Spider was a popular model.
In the intervening years, Fiat has continued to sell cars and commercial vehicles in Europe, Latin America and around the world. The company was founded in 1899 and is headquartered in Turin, Italy.
Fiat had a chance to re-enter the U.S. market as a partner of Chrysler Corporation during the auto industry restructuring of the last few years. It is on target to acquire a controlling stake in Chrysler and ahead of schedule for repaying debt to the U.S. Government.
So now Fiat returns to America with it's first model in 27 years: the Fiat 500.
The 500 is a very sporty and iconic four-seater. In appearance, it blends sleek and modern Italian design with frugality and fun. Call it Frugal Chic.
The two flavors of the new Fiat – 500 and 500c Cabrio (essentially a convertible) – fill a price range from $15,500 to $22,681 (excluding tax, title,license and destination). A "sport package" fills in between the two models.
The 500 has nice standard amenities including power windows, AM/FM/CD/MP3, tilt steering wheel, Blue-Tooth, cruise control, power-heated mirrors and more.
Accessories include a variety of sport racks (bike, skateboard, ski), aluminium wheels and Bose stereo.
The last few years have been tough on auto enthusiasts as car companies retrenched and regrouped.
Finally, we're beginning to see the fruits of the global restructuring on the lots at Cary AutoMall. The new entries really break from the past. Notable introductions started with the Ford Fusion and have continued with the Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt and now the Fiat 500.
Cookie-cutter design is out. Each of the cars mentioned above has its own bold look. Fuel efficiency is in (the "new" Dodge Charger, a muscle car, is nice but hardly a new introduction). High-tech gadgetry like GPS and Blue Tooth are becoming standard features. Many of the new introductions skew toward the lower end of the price scale.
In short, it's a good time to buy a new car. An exciting time. Try out all the new cars.
And if you're in the market for a stylish and economical ride, by all means check out the 500 at North Carolina's first Fiat dealership.


Deputy Fullmer died in a Bingham Canyon traffic crash. During a murder investigation, the 50-year-old victim and Hispanic civilian interpreter Paul Perea were descending the canyon in a vehicle at a high rate of speed. Deputy Fullmer failed to negotiate a curve near Black Rock Canyon. The vehicle plunged into a steep ravine and overturned several times, killing both men. Mr. Perea was married and the father of two young children. He is buried in Bingham Cemetery. Deputy Fullmer was married and the father of eight children. He is buried in Salt Lake City Cemetery. His bronze name plaque is sponsored by the citizens of Salt Lake County.
I am one of Oscar's grandchildren. I take care of his gravesite. I never new him but heard lots of stories about him.


text:
HomeMovie
May 10, 2016 May 10, 2016 bryancyr Movie, Neo-Noir	Garrett Hedlund, Mark Wahlberg, Mojave, Neo-Noir, Oscar Isaac, Walton Goggins, William Monahan
William Monahan has stated that Mojave is definitely not a neo-noir film, which seems to be a strange thing to say. The reason this film came to my attention is because of most of the reviews I read on this film stated it was a modern L.A. noir or a neo noir. The other reason this seems strange is that Monahan has done nothing but neo noir and noirish work for the last 10 years!
This film is based around Tom played by Garrett Hedlund, who is a filmmaker from Hollywood. When he wrecks his vehicle out in the Mojave, he meets Jack, played by Oscar Isaac. Jack is a cold blooded serial killer and when Tom gets the upper hand a cat and mouse game of epic proportions begins.
As themes of murder, drug dealing movie producers, accidental murder, revenge and a dark look at the film industry are all themes that may appear in a neo noir and also appear in this film. With most all the film shot in low light areas and at night making it very neo noir in style as well. So why would Monahan say this is not a neo noir film?
After watching this film, I would say it falls solidly in the neo noir genre and feel Monahan was saying this film is more than a genre picture. With elements of a modern day western and dialog from a arthouse film, it is more than a neo noir film. I have enjoyed most everything Monahan has written and I like his eye for direction, even if some of the reviews and ratings are not that favorable for his work. I love the way he writes a conversation, though these conversations seem a little too smart for the characters that are speaking them, they are very entertaining and original. Though he is known more for his writing and this is only the second film he has directed, I liked the look of this film and look forward to seeing what he does next.
Mark Wahlberg and Walton Goggins shine in smaller roles.
Mojave has not really found an audience yet and some of those that have seen it have not been kind. I really enjoyed this film on many levels and think neo noir fans will enjoy it too, even if the writer/director was hoping for a wider fan base.
April 28, 2016 April 28, 2016 bryancyr article, Book, Movie, Television, Uncategorized	Nicholas Seeley
Nicholas Seeley over at Electric Lit has a great little article about the state of noir and some ideas on what direction it needs to go in the future. He has some interesting takes on the genre and brings up some great points about the state of the noir in today's media. Do you agree with Seeley that noir went away in the 60's and 70's? Is noir having a Renaissance? Read the full article here:
Noir Is Protest Literature: That's Why It's Having a Renaissance
And let me know your thoughts in the comments.
April 21, 2016 bryancyr blaxploitation, Movie, Neo-Noir	Across 110th Street, Anthony Franciosa, Anthony Quinn, Antonio Fargas, Barry Shear, blaxploitation, Burt Young, Neo-Noir, Wally Ferris, Yaphet Kotto
Across 110th Street is a neo noir film from 1972, directed by Barry Shear. Shear mostly worked in television, but did a few feature films, this one being his most well-known film. The film is based on a book by Wally Ferris by the same name.
The film is a mash up of blaxploitation, hardboiled detective, and Mafia films into a neo noir stew. The film starts with a bold heist by three black men who rob the Mafia who is counting money in an upstairs apartment. The robbery goes wrong when one of the men starts firing his machine gun and kills everybody in the room. They get away with the money, but the getaway driver played by Antonio Fargas maybe the worst getaway driver in cinema history. This very slow and bad timed drive causes a few cops to end up dead.
This is the springboard for three crossing story lines. The first is our three thieves trying to get away with $300,000 of the Mafia's money. The second is the two New York detectives who are trying to catch the thieves/cop killers. The third is the story of the Mafia trying to find the thieves and get their money back.
Anthony Quinn plays our veteran hardboiled detective, who is a bit of a racist. He is a throwback from a pre-1960's era. This role was turned down by such big names as John Wayne, Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas. The lead detective is played by Yaphet Kotto, a black man working his way up the ladder with skill and hard work. The two have an interesting dynamic of respect, even though race gets in the way of that respect.
Anthony Franciosa plays the man the Mafia put in charge of finding the thieves and getting their money back. He is a very violent man who gets results.
This movie from the early 1970's tackles topics that are still current today. The biggest one this film tackles is racism in the police force and the targeting of blacks. This film has language which may offend, and the violence is extreme, but both of these facts seem to make the film feel more real. This film feels like Quentin Tarantino went back in time and made it. In fact Tarantino used the Bobby Womack theme song from this film in his famous opening to Jackie Brown.
If you are a fan of gritty 1970's films, or blaxploitation films from the era, you need to seek this film out.
Favorite Tidbit: Look for Burt Young in one of his early roles as one of the mobsters in the opening scene.
April 18, 2016 bryancyr film-noir, Movie	Ann Sheridan, Lizabeth Scott, Too Late for Tears, Woman on the Run
The following essay contains spoilers for Too Late for Tears:
Flicker Alley is hosting a noir blog-a-thon for their new Blu-ray/DVD release of two classic films noir which have been recently restored. They have asked me to participate in this blog-a-thon by writing something about one of these classic films. Unfortunately I do not have copies of these two films so I'm writing this based on viewing them quite a while ago. I also have already reviewed both of these films in the past on this site.
The first film we are looking at is Woman on the Run which I have reviewed here:
https://everythingnoir.com/2015/06/24/review-women-on-the-run/
The second film is Too Late for Tears which I reviewed here:
https://everythingnoir.com/2016/01/14/review-too-late-for-tears/
So what is left to talk about? I would like to look at the two main stars and the characters that they play in these two films. It is interesting we have females as the main protagonists in both of these films, something we didn't see very much in 1949 and 1950. This maybe the only thing these two films have in common, the two females are very different from one another.
The two leads are played by Ann Sheridan in Woman on the Run
and Lizabeth Scott in Too Late for Tears .
Our two leads have very little in common other then they are both married at the beginning of our films. Liz is happy in her marriage and Ann is not sure after 4 years of marriage if she is happy or not. Ann wears heavy coats in most of her film partly to show her acting chops instead of relying on her figure. Liz's character uses her womanly charms to get what she wants from the men in her life, a classic femme fatale. Ann goes on a journey that seems to save her marriage; Liz has no problem getting rid of her husband for the chance at a bag full of money. Ann fights to find the truth while Liz does whatever it takes to cover up her trail.
As Ann's and Liz's characters in these two films seem like polar opposites their careers seem to be just as different. I was not that familiar with Ann's career but after watching Woman on the Run I became a fan and have watched many films with her in it over the last year. She may have been known for her figure and get her start in film by winning a beauty contest; she used that to have a very diverse career. Holding her own with the top male stars from the 1930's through the 1950's. She was in many great films noir, but also held her own in everything from slap stick comedies to serious dramas.
Liz on the other hand became a star after appearing in the classic film noir, The Strange Love of Martha Ivers, and seemed to be type cast. She appeared in mostly gritty films, often the femme fatale. With a sultry voice that gave Lauren Bacall a run for her money and a face that could cause any man to bend to her whim.
Though Liz and Ann where very different in career and character, they did have a few things in common. Both played strong females often and both had the talent to carry a film. If you are not familiar with either of these great actresses, these two films are a great place to start. If you are a fan, and have not seen these yet, go do it! I thank everybody involved in restoring these two films and can't wait to see what films they will restore next!
You can buy Woman on the Run
here:http://www.flickeralley.com/classic-movies/#!/Woman-on-the-Run/p/59318243
You can buy Too Late for Tears
here:http://www.flickeralley.com/classic-movies/#!/Too-Late-for-Tears/p/59318231
Also check out all the other Blog-a-Thon entries here:
Detectives and Dames:
A Flicker Alley Noir Blog-a-Thon!
April 10, 2016 bryancyr Italian Noir, Movie, Neo-Noir	Dario Argento, Fredric Brown, Suzy Kendall, The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, Tony Musante
The Bird with the Crystal Plumage is "The Italian Hitchcock" Dario Argento's very first film. This film was a big hit and put "Giallo" films on the map. I don't know much about these films, but find them simiular to America's classic film noir period. These films are called Giallo because many are based on the cheap pulp books, most translations of English mystery books. These books are called Giallo because of the yellow covers most of them had. The French called these books noir, The Italian's called them Giallo. In fact the first Giallo novel to be adapted was James M. Cain's The Postman Always Rings Twice, adapted in 1943 by Luchino Visconti as Ossessione. Giallo films became popular in the late 1960's and peaked in the early 1970's. They have a lot of the same tropes as noir, but add a few of there own. They seem to bridge the gap between film noir and horror.
Dario Argento maybe the most famous director of this kind of film and has transitioned to more films that would be considered horror over the years. In this film Argento seems to take noir films, add some Hitchcockian elements and throw in a more violent, horror element during the murder scenes and you have the bases for this film and Giallo films to come.
This film starts with an American writer in Italy, played by Tony Musante. He is about to go back to America with his beautiful girlfriend, played by Suzy Kendall. On his way home one night he witnesses an attempted murder in an art gallery. As he tries to enter the gallery he gets stuck between the two glass doors as the murderer locks him in as the murderer escapes out the back. He signals a man who calls the police, the police come and save the victim. The police question our American writer and take his passport so he cannot leave the country as planned. Soon he starts his own investigation and seems to be encouraged by the Italian police to do so. This leads him on a twisted trail of clues to find the killer. The killer has already struck before and seems to be targeting beautiful young women. Can our hero find the killer before they can get to his girlfriend? Will he get out of the country alive?
This film has some interesting smaller characters that are discovered along the investigation. Argento has always been one of those directors that has interested me. It seems like he can make some brilliant films along with some that are best watched by those that like cheap horror films.
This one is beautifully shot and makes for a good neo noir film. It is a good place to start for those that are curious about Argento's films. Suspiria is maybe his best known film and if you are a fan of good horror films, this is a must see. If you are not a fan of horror start with this film.
Favorite Tidbit: The Bird with the Crystal Plumage is an uncredited adaptation of Fredric Brown's novel The Screaming Mimi. There is a American classic film noir based on this book from 1958 called The Screaming Mimi. I have not seen this film yet, but would like to watch it and compare the two films.
Review: The Limey
April 5, 2016 bryancyr Movie, Neo-Noir	Amelia Heinle, Lesley Ann Warren, Luis Guzman, Neo-Noir, Nicky Katt, Peter Fonda, Steven Soderbergh, Terence Stamp, The Limey
"You tell him, tell him I'm coming"
Just watching Terence Stamp say these words are worth watching this film. Directed by Steven Soderbergh in 1999, The Limey is a neo noir film that may not be as popular as his other films around this time, but it should be.
The film revolves around Stamp's character Wilson, who has just got out of prison in Britain. Wilson's daughter has recently died in a horrible car accident in Los Angeles. Wilson has also received a letter from Eduardo Roel, played by Luis Guzmán, about his daughter's death. Wilson travels to Los Angeles to meet Roel and find out what really happened to his daughter.
Will Wilson get to the bottom of his daughter's death? Will he like what he finds if he does?
Look for Nicky Katt playing a hitman and Lesley Ann Warren playing a friend of Wilson's daughter. Also Amelia Heinle as the young trophy girlfriend and her creepy evil business mogul of a a boyfriend Peter Fonda are also interestingly great.
If your a fan of Fonda or Stamp it is a film you will really like. This may not be Soderbergh's best film, but it isn't his worst. I really enjoyed his cinematography and interesting editing for this film. The story is fairly simple with a conclusion that is not surprising, but a fun film to watch none the less.
Beyond the Golden Age: Film Noir Since the '50s – Bright Lights Film Journal
March 29, 2016 March 29, 2016 bryancyr article, film-noir, Movie, Neo-Noir	Film Noir, Neo-Noir, Noir
Here is an interesting look at the history of noir from writer C. Jerry Kutner. Though I don't agree with some of what he says, a lot of what he says does make sense. He also talks about some films I have not seen yet and will be taking a look at. Read the full article below and tell us some of your thoughts on his idea of noir:
"There is only Noir!" The Noir Vision To discuss the history of film noir since the '50s is to fly in the face of conventional studies, which assume the "genre"[…]
Source: Beyond the Golden Age: Film Noir Since the '50s – Bright Lights Film Journal
Review: Victoria
March 23, 2016 bryancyr German Noir, Movie, Neo-Noir	Laia Costa, Sebastian Schipper, Victoria
Victoria is a German neo noir from 2015 that has been getting rave reviews. The film takes place in real time and was shot in one take! This is amazing, and though I'm not a film student or know much about how things work behind the camera, I do appreciate the difficulty of doing this type of film. With all that said, does this make a good film?
The film starts out with Victoria, played by Laia Costa, having a night out at the dance club. When she is leaving, she meets four men trying to get into the club, but follow her outside. Victoria takes to one of the men and decides to join them for the rest of her night.
From there Victoria decides to help the gang when they need a driver for a small job. This is when this movie really takes off! I'll be honest, the first hour of this film is boring. It is a very slow burn, but stick with it. I understand to make this film in real time with one take, we have to build a foundation on why our protagonist would help these four strangers(even then you ask yourself "why is she doing this?") Once you get through the first hour of this film you are in for one hell of a ride!
I'm not going to lie, I was a bit disappointed in this film. Based on the reviews and articles I read on this film, I had very high expectations. If you take away the fact this is in real time and shot in one continues shot it is a average film. With that being said it is still worth watching for the fact it is one continues shot and well done with no edits, this boosts this film to a very good film. I give props to Sebastian Schipper for his direction and the cast for basically knowing where the story was going, but ad-libbing most of their lines along the way. This is an unique movie experience that you have to watch at least once. Enjoy the roller coaster ride, even if the pull to the top is a little slow, you will remember the ride for a long time.
Review: Dillinger
March 11, 2016 March 11, 2016 bryancyr film-noir, Movie, True Crime	Dillinger, Edmund Lowe, Elisha Cook Jr., Film Noir, John Dillinger, Lawrence Tierney, Marc Lawrence
Dillinger is a film noir from 1945 based on one of, if not the most famous gangster in American history. This film was released 11 years after John Dillinger's death and is the first film based on his exploits. Though Dillinger's likeness appeared as fictional characters a few times before this film, including Humphrey Bogart in High Sierra of which the book by the same name was loosely based on Dillinger. Here is a look at that film:
https://everythingnoir.com/2015/12/30/film-vs-film-high-sierra-vs-i-died-a-thousand-times/
This is a film that Robert Mitchum wanted to star in, but the studio thought it would be a perfect fit for their new talent, Lawrence Tierney. I'm not sure if this would have been a better film if it starred Mitchum, but it sure was a good fit for Tierney. In only his second credited role, Dillinger launched Tierney's star.
This film starts with Dillinger at a bar with a woman. When the bartender will not take his check, Dillinger excuses himself and holds up a store. He doesn't make it very far before he is arrested. In prison he soon befriends some criminals with a better track record than himself. He is soon released from prison and comes up with a plan to break his new friends out. Once he is successful at this, the gang goes on a bank robbing spree which would capture the American imagination.
This film is only 70 minutes long, so it has left out key elements of this story. Public Enemy from 2009 starring Johnny Depp is probably the film to watch to get a more accurate historical prospective. That said I would say Tierney's more brutal portrayal of Dillinger doesn't hint at any sympathy for this criminal.
Look for Edmund Lowe, Marc Lawrence and the always great Elisha Cook Jr. as members of Dillinger's gang.
This isn't the greatest film noir, but is worth watching for Tierney's performance. You can see a noir great in the making in this film. This was a successful B-noir at the box office as well as being a censored film at the time of its release. In fact it took two years before it was shown in Chicago.
Article: The 10 Best Neo Noir Films of The 2010's (So Far)
March 9, 2016 March 9, 2016 bryancyr article, Best of Lists, Movie, Neo-Noir
Taste of Cinema is at it again, this time with the best neo noir films of the current decade so far. Danilo Castro from Film Noir Archive created the list and I got to say he did a pretty good job. In fact his top two picks also made our Best of 2015 list. Many of these films have been covered here as well so you can look at his view as well as our review of many of these films.
10. Blue Ruin
https://everythingnoir.com/2015/02/10/review-blue-ruin/
9. Man from Reno
https://everythingnoir.com/2016/03/09/review-man-from-reno/
8. The Town
7. Black Coal, Thin Ice
https://everythingnoir.com/2015/11/22/review-black-coal-thin-ice-or-bai-ri-yan-huo/
6. Victoria
5. Looper
4. Drive
3. Nightcrawler
2. Glass Chin
https://everythingnoir.com/2015/08/24/review-glass-chin/
1. Inherent Vice
https://everythingnoir.com/2015/06/02/review-inherent-vice/
Read Castro's full look at these ten films here:
The 10 Best Neo-Noir Films of The 2010s (So Far)
Is there any films he missed you feel should be on this list? The two that come to mind right away for me are David Fincher's Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and Gone Girl.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text: .travis/test-template.sh $1 logLeveldb

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
from requests_oauthlib import OAuth2Session

from .oauth_login import OAuthLogin

class Google(OAuthLogin):
	'''OAuthLogin Google.

	'''
	def __init__(self, config):
		self.config = config

	def authorization_url(self):

		try:

			redirect_uri = ''.join(('http://', IN.APP.config.app_domain, '/', 'social/callback/!', self.__type__))

			google = OAuth2Session(self.config['client_id'], scope = self.config['scope'], redirect_uri = redirect_uri)

			authorization_url, state = google.authorization_url(self.config['authorization_url'], access_type = "offline", approval_prompt = "force")

			return authorization_url

		except Exception as e:
			IN.logger.debug()
			#db.connection.rollback()

	def fetch_token(self, key, authorization_response):

		try:

			client_id = self.config['client_id']
			token_url = self.config['token_url']
			client_secret = self.config['client_secret']

			redirect_uri = ''.join(('http://', IN.APP.config.app_domain, '/', 'social/callback/!', self.__type__))

			self.session = OAuth2Session(client_id, state = key, redirect_uri=redirect_uri)

			token = self.session.fetch_token(token_url, client_secret = client_secret, authorization_response = authorization_response)

			return token

		except Exception as e:
			IN.logger.debug()

	def get_user_info(self):

		''' {\n "id": "107422018847720368553",\n
				"email": "vinoth.3v@gmail.com",\n
				"verified_email": true,\n
				"name": "Vinoth Kanyakumari",\n
				"given_name": "Vinoth",\n
				"family_name": "Kanyakumari",\n
				"link": "https://plus.google.com/+VinothKanyakumari",\n
				"picture": "https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-IlUWdWKhMZ8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAE9E/oGncCYSq-MQ/photo.jpg",\n
				"gender": "male",\n
				"locale": "en"\n}
			'''

		response = self.session.get('https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/userinfo')

		info = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))

		if not info['verified_email']:
			return None

		return info


text:
Mark Teixeira to have season-ending wrist surgery
Gabe Lacques
Mark Teixeira will have season-ending wrist surgery
He attempted to play through a tendon sheath injury
In his absence%2C Lyle Overbay will be the primary first baseman
Doctors have recommended that New York Yankees first baseman Mark Teixeira undergo surgery to repair the sheath tendon in his right wrist, which would end his season and deal another injury blow to the second-place club.
Teixeira, 33, expects to have surgery sometime next week and would require six months to fully recover.
"It's very tough," Teixeira said at a press conference at Yankee Stadium, "especially in a season where the team could probably use me. ... I really would have loved to be a part of this."
The team released a statement Wednesday that Teixeira underwent a contrast MRI that revealed the sheath tendon "had not adequately healed."
Teixeira said he has "no regrets at all" about the course he took in rehab.
Teixeira attempted to rehabilitate the injury, suffered during spring training, and returned for 15 games. But he suffered a setback during the team's recent West Coast trip and hasn't played since June 15.
The Yankees, already missing Kevin Youkilis due to back injury, will have to get by with retread Lyle Overbay at first base. The club would figure to seek a right-handed hitting complement to Overbay at first given the permanent absence of the switch-hitting Teixeira.


Is it the responsibility of fashion brands to recycle clothing?
This week, top fashion brands, academics and experts will come together with parliamentarians in Westminster to discuss if and how clothing take-back schemes can help to solve the problem of textile over-consumption.
But why should fashion brands consider investing time and resource into recycling clothing? Should they be collaborating? What market opportunity exists? And what knock-on effects do they have on secondary markets?
So many questions. Well, let's start with the need: why should anyone recycle textiles at all?
WRAP recently published a report that 1.4million tonnes of textiles end up in landfill in the UK every year. With the increased availability of cheap, low quality clothing, Western consumers have become accustomed to buying lots of clothes and throwing them away after a short period. According to the Local Government Association the UK will run out of landfill space by 2018; we simply cannot carry on burying things in the ground.
But why can't brands just produce less stuff – would this not solve the problem?
Well yes, it would from an environmental and ethical labour point of view. But the flip side of this is the reality that the enormous growth of the fashion industry over the last twenty years has led to many people and economies becoming dependent on the income and jobs it generates.
A lot of fast fashion issues are symptomatic of the way our economies currently work. Whether we like it or not, we're all part of a globalised consumerist culture.
So with so much overconsumption – what can we do?
Most old clothes have traditionally gone to charity shops, but charities have become overwhelmed with too many clothes. Ever-cheaper prices from fast fashion retailers mean charity shops cannot compete. Most are sold on to secondary markets in Africa. However, the East African Community is considering an import ban on old clothing, which will put enormous pressure on European landfills. Dr Wheeler, of WRAP, has also warned that charity shop quality garments are worth half the price they were three years ago. This has led to collection points being withdrawn.
Fashion brands, with their global logistics and capital are well placed to take responsibility to help solve this problem but currently, there are not enough textile collections. According to Dr Wheeler, a supportive policy is needed in the UK like the one introduced in France, which imposes a legally binding 'producer responsibility levy'. This has incentivised brands to create collection points; take-back rates have soared and new research projects have been implemented.
The most environmentally friendly way to get rid of old clothes is not to recycle them (which is energy intensive) but to reuse them. Although the traditional method of donating to charity shops has become saturated there are other creative ways to repurpose clothing. For example, Fast Retailing (owner of Uniqlo) has teamed up with UNHCR to collect old clothing in their stores in 16 countries and hand it out to refugees all over the world as part of the '10 Million Ways to Help' project.
Many charities collect, redistribute and recycle clothing around the world, but only large fashion brands have the capacity to collect old clothes for reuse and recycling at scale, enabling them to provide the potential to really make a serious difference to the amount of textiles ending up in landfill. If this goes hand in hand with new technologies which will allow more types of textiles to be recycled into new garments, there could be an exciting fashion future ahead which does not degrade the environment to the same extent as the current model.
Do you think fashion brands should be made to provide clothing take-back schemes to customers? Tell us what you think below.


text:
Cyril Ramaphosa's Beautiful Niece & Her Boyfriend Spotted At The Mall With Bodyguards | See This
A very popular South African entrepreneur called Tebogo Ditshego took to Twitter to post a picture of himself walking in what looks like a mall with a young lady and two people that look like 'bodyguards', and his post quickly led to people asking why he has bodyguards, and some were even worried that maybe his life was in danger.
Menlyn Mall on lockdown after a shooting incident.
Dr Daniel Marven (PhD) @danielmarven Apparently Menlyn Mall in asecurity lockdown after a shooting incident. There were robbers at Menlyn Mall. One eyewitness at Menlyn Mall, said that there were guns blazing , and gun shots . The Mall was in chaos as everyone wanted to leave the Mall and go home.
Watch:2 girls caught fighting for a boyfriend at Mall this got social media talking
Here Is The Trending Video Of Two Ladies Fighting Over A Man At The Mall In this contemporary world, a few ladies still fight over one man and this video that's trending saw girls performing the act in a public region. For the man they were fighting about is not regarded to Slay out but but we are guessing the person will be wealthy and good-looking. Despite, masses humans have been gift at the mall, they determined to leave the ladies to revel in their moment due to the fact they induced it theirselves.
1 year ago ago
If A Woman Ask For A Pad At The Mall Please Runaway
There's a trending post on Facebook that's warning females about a certain woman, the post urge women to be on the lookout when at the mall. Females have been taught from a very young age the importance of sisterhood, looking out for another female even if they might be a stranger is a norm. This teachings have been practiced throughout the years, the importance of giving another female a pad whenever it's that time of the month has saved a number of women from leakage. Well it seems there are people who are
Watch as Police Have Made an arrest at Rustenburg Mall After man Found Steeling A Car at The mall
Source: MzansiNews.com, News24.com, RustenburgA Man Has Been Arrested By The Police Of Rustenburg, after They where Caled for a man Stealing a Car.Apparently The Security Guards Who Work at The Mall Where The Ones Who Did The Hero Work Here, as They Called the Police as The Saw the Man in Question Trying to Steal A Car.
Drama At The Mall: Two Women Fight For A Man - Watch The Video
When a women is angry, she would do anything and fight with whatever she has, especially if she Catches her man with another woman, she would fight tooth and nail to protect her relationship or marriage. A woman who caught her partner walking in the mall with another woman decided to put a stop to all the non-sense by beating up the other woman. A video share by FlyingNews Live Updates on Facebook shows a man struck in between two women who who in some sort of a wrestling. The other woman who seem to be the
Watch : A Woman Attempts To Kidnap A Child At The Mall
The video footage shows an incident where a woman is seen stealing a child right from under the nose of her mother and thus has since garnered social media speculation that there are people out there who are not to be trusted, and whose intentions are very bad that we wouldn't understand why they do such things.
"They Must Be Punished", See What Two Ladies Were Caught Doing at The Mall, South Africa [Opinion]
Source: https://news.phxfeeds.com/share?docId=9076765804581469450&source=phx Several time have I wondered why some Ladies will stoop so low to commit wine shameful acts. Some of these ladies are not bothered to know if they are in the Public Place. No matter whatsoever your fellow Woman did to you it is uncultured, and immature for you to engage in an unending quarrel with the person, especially when the person is a Lady. I was strolling down the internet just this evening, when I came across some disheartening
Opinion : Why Do We Spend So Much Time At The Mall? The Psychology Behind The Design
I don't like malls/ shopping centers, I prefer shopping complexes, the difference (for me) is that shopping complexes are open, no roof, you can directly go into the different stores. Malls on the other hand are enclosed and have a few designated entrances that don't directly usher you into a specific store.
Live AMMUNITION At The Mall To DISPERSE Looting Crowd Is FRIGHTENING, Listen To The BULLETS Sounds.
Source: https://fb.watch/v/Aj33pTyZ/ Exactly when you thought you been however everything, then, at that point you discover that there more are coming towards, a they have been raising the webs. There have been a lot of recordings, that was shared on the web of late a they have commanded such countless people groups notice, as they were connecting with to them.
Watch : A Woman Deal With The Baby Daddy At The Mall While Everyone Watches.
Video link : https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=3387420141355913&id=100002638823875&sfnsn=scwspmo The video shows an incident where a mam is on the receiving end of a beating from his baby momma, apparently he had done something that she does not approve of and she has taken it up to deal with the man accordingly. The incident cause a stir as many people came to observed the smack down that was going on at the mall, the man nearly even stepped on the child in his pathetic defense tactic. This has also
Pictures Of People Running Away From Bomb Scare At Johannesburg Mall !
Killarney Mall found in Johannesburg got to be evacuated due to the scare bomb that was found. The Bomb squad had to rush people out of the building while they are still trying to stop it. According to the Mall's initial advisory said that safety protocols and Bomb squad was contracted for making sure that everyone is safe. The Mall reported later yesterday after saving people from a horrifying scene that it is all cleared and it's safe for people to come and do shopping again.The Bomb squad also confirmed that
Watch : A Woman Teach A Man A Lesson While At The Mall.
Video link : https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=3387420141355913&id=100002638823875&sfnsn=scwspmo Can the women be arrested, the one for beating the man and the others for endangering the life of a child. The poor baby seems like the male in this instance is having a more maternal or nurturing instinct than the mother, let us appreciate the male gender and not make domestic violence a one sided blame in theory. This is a perfect depiction of how we should redress humanity and not always become dogmatic
Video: White Guy Moered Three Security Guards At The Mall
Drama ensues as three security guards fail to arrest a white man at a mall. The man fought for his life as security officers attempt to nab him failed. A video that has raised eyebrows to many as a white man who was about to be arrested by three security guards went wrong as he fought back to get his freedom.
Brookside Mall On FIRE in Pietermartzburg
Click link to watch : https://fb.watch/v/1cvViRR7Z/ Brookside Mall in Pietermartzburg has been set alight by protesters. 95%, almost all the shops are looted. The video shows a mall on fire in KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, it seems like the protesters or perpetrators of crime broken into the mall and then started looting anything that they could get their hands on.
Where and how to meet a women
Think there are no women in your town, your state, your country? You are single because there just are not any women, right? I don't think so. One of the most common hurdles guys tell me that they face is that they don't know where to find women! I want to give you an insight into how to overcome this so that you know that not meetinYou may not live on Broadway, NYC, or South Beach, MIA, or Hollywood, CA, but here are my top places to meet women in your local area: 1 The Mall: Without making any jokes
"If I Can Go To The Mall, I'm Going To Church" - Says Pastor As He Opens Church
In response to president Cyril Ramaphosa's decision to open churches in South Africa during level 3 of the lockdown, many churches have decided not to resume services. Several churches, including one of the biggest churches in the country, said they choose to put the lives of their congregants first. But a certain pastor has sparked controversy by saying that there's nothing stopping people from going to church because people are going ahead with their normal lives regardless of the Covid-19 scare. "If I ca
Kolonnade Shopping Centre has been evacuated due to the bomb threat
(Gauteng Province Pretoria) Police and emergency services are currently on the scene.
We're all at home, but this mall stock is in huge demand
When Canadian actor Cobie Smulders sang the covid-19 version of the hit, Let's Go To The Mall, it was glumly titled, Let's All Stay At Home. It was just another reminder that mall visits will be the last thing on anyone's mind for a long time. Indeed, a survey by KPMG in India to analyse the change in consumer sentiment owing to the pandemic showed that preference for online shopping has increased materially. Within the set of customers willing to brave physical stores, 67% of those surveyed said they


It was a fact that clearly hasn't been lost on Cahill, who spoke to talkSPORT about his frustrations with the current lack of squad depth.
Add in fractious negotiations over his new contract and a bitter feud with Chelsea striker Diego Costa and it's easy to understand why the former Juventus boss rates the challenge ahead as the most daunting of his glittering career.
The opening game of the season comes at a bad time for Chelsea considering that the Premier League champions have yet to properly reinforce the squad.
"I think in the moments where they were moving more the ball, of course it was difficult for us in the midfield. The first season we came second and got to the Champions League semifinal, and I knew I needed to come back and win with Chelsea".
I think he's next in the line of progression, after Alex Iwobi, to actually get in there and stake a claim for an Arsenal berth.
Having re-signed for the Blues while Mourinho was still at the helm, the 29-year-old became a pivotal player as Chelsea won their 4th Premier League title in 2014. The disparity has caused tension to grow between Conte and Abramovich.
However, the arrival of Alvaro Morata from Real Madrid has all but ended Costa's tenure with Chelsea, with a move back to Atletico being complicated due to the La Liga side's transfer ban.
Reports said the Portuguese manager would like to work with the player again, but as nothing happened during that transfer window, the rumours ended up disappearing. It's new territory and brings new pressure for Chelsea's record signing. 'The importance for me about this player, as I repeat he's a really real good player, he's a really strong player, very important for our team. It's not ideal to be actively chasing three players with less than a week to go before the new Premier League starts.
Conte said his squad is small despite the Blues loaning out up to 20 players this summer to other clubs.
"As you know the Premier League is the main target". In England the pressure is high.
Souness feels the attacking midfielder is likely to leave Anfield, but cannot see Jurgen Klopp's side challenging for one of this season's biggest two trophies even if they keep the 25-year-old.
"We have shown progress in that area, which shows the kids have ability".


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June 4, 2019 by Jason Barr 2 Comments
The Economics of Skyscraper Height (Part IV): Construction Costs Around the World
Jason M. Barr June 4, 2019
Note this is Part IV of a series on the economics of skyscrapers. The rest of the series can be read here.
Rise of the Skylines
As we look around planet Earth, we can't help but notice that skyscrapers are getting taller. In 2000, for example, the average height of the tallest 100 completed buildings was around 285 meters (935 feet). In 2018, that number was about 385 meters (1263 feet), for an average annual growth rate of 1.8%. What is causing this rise in building height?
The Demand for Height
First and foremost, skyscraper construction is demand driven. Tall buildings are built to satisfy our need and desire to be together in dense urban areas. The more humans base their economies on services and intangible products, they more they are drawn to cities. The masters of finance, marketing, business services, and high-tech need to cluster together in order to make their products. Also, the great wealth generated by this productivity fuels the growth of the consumer-oriented city, and its concomitant suite of cultural and entertainment-based amenities. The quest for a better life draws people to the same place at the same time. The skyscraper is thus a solution to the problem—it is a machine that converts air to land.
The Supply of Height
But here I want to argue that to really understand skyscraper heights, we need to investigate not only the demand for tall buildings, but also the forces that create their supply. If we want to understand building patterns around the world in places like China or the United Arab Emirates, we need to study the costs of construction in these places. The rise of skylines in Asia is as much as due to the cost side as it is to urbanization and the increasing importance of global cities.
Source: CTBUH (2018).
The Economic Theory of Skyscraper Height
But, before we dive more deeply into the costs of building a shiny new skyscraper, we first pause to discuss the economic theory of skyscraper height. The economic height of a structure is the one that makes the most sense in terms of best balancing the demand for height with the costs of providing it. If we did some economic modeling, what pops out is an equation for the optimal building height (based on some simplifying assumptions). Though one can find a more detailed treatment here, the bottom line is that this equation can be given in a simplified form:
Economic Height = (Market Price Per Floor)/(Construction Costs Index Value)
Or for simplicity:
H=P/C.
That is, the economic height is given by the market price per floor, P, relative to a measure of construction costs, C, which includes the prices of materials and labor, and the efficiency of the construction operation.[1] We can observe from the equation that, all else equal, the lower the value of C, the taller a building will be in a given city at a given time.
If you want to understand the near-universal pattern of why there are tall buildings in the city center and low-rise building further away, then just look at the nature of the market prices per floor (or per square foot or meter), and you will see they drop off rather steeply as one moves further away from the center. That is to say, within a city, at a given time, we can assume that C is about the same for all builders. It's P then that measures what building occupants are willing to pay at various locations.
And P can be broken down into, roughly speaking, two parts. Part I is the quality of what's inside the building (does it have fast elevators, great views, marble floors, etc.?). Part II is the quality of what's outside the building—its location. This is the key reason why buildings are so tall at the center—the location (or land) value is so high. Wall Street firms need to cluster together to earn greater profits and they pay for the right to do it. Developers respond to the high willingness to pay by going taller. The desire to pay falls rapidly as one moves away from the center. This has been strongly documented around the world and over time.
3D Visualizations of Land Values in Chicago. Each of these graphs shows the relative value of land in the Chicago at different points in time. The peak is in the Loop and falls steeply from there. Source: Ahlfeldt and McMillen (2014).
A Moving Target
Skyscraper height is thus determined by the ratio of the benefits to the costs. If we want to understand height at a given time in a given city, then using the prices at various locations is a decent indicator of about how tall a building should be. But if we want to compare this economic height over time and/or across cities then things get more complicated—both P and C become moving targets.
Compare New York to Shanghai, for example. The average height of the two cities' completed skyscrapers since 1988 have been similar. But the question we cannot decipher is what are the relative prices to costs? In New York, both prices and costs are higher than in Shanghai; and yet the ratio is about the same. Asking rents in the new 67-story One Vanderbilt tower adjacent to Grand Central Station are up to $160 per square foot ($1,722 per square meter). The 128-story Shanghai Tower, evidently, has asking rents of half that amount (and now you get a sense of the relative costs of building in these two cities that generates the same average heights).
This equation can also help us understand the building boom in New York during the Roaring Twenties. P was rising because of the growing economy, and C was falling due to technological innovations and learning-by-doing. When you put the two things together you can a rapid rise in the heights of buildings.
The Average Heights of Completed Skyscrapers in New York and Shanghai, 1988-2017. Here a skyscraper is a building of at least 150 meters. Source: The Skyscraper Center, CTBUH.
Global Costs
One of the key drivers of costs around the world are wages. An unskilled construction worker in New York, for example, is paid $17.57 per hour. In India, laborers get paid $0.63 dollars per hour. While the same type of workers in China receive about $3.36 dollar per hour. Since labor costs represent a substantial fraction of total costs (in the U.S. they can be as high as half the costs), the less developers must pay for labor, the lower the costs, and thus the more likely they are to build taller.
Consider some examples (in non-inflation adjusted U.S. dollars). One World Trade Center cost nearly $4 billion, as compared to the Shanghai Tower, which cost $2.4 building to construct. On a per-floor basis, that's nearly double the costs. The Burj Khalifa, is almost 300 meters taller than One World Trade Center, yet the total costs were 61% less! The idea of getting a 163-story building in New York for $1.5 billion is laughable.
Construction Costs for Some Supertall Skyscrapers Around the World. Source: Emporis.
A Skyscraper Cost Index
To investigate this issue in more detail, I created an index of skyscraper construction costs around the world. The website, Emporis.com, lists the costs of 200 large high-rise buildings. (Details about how I created the index can be found here). It is, admittedly, a first attempt to measure skyscraper construction costs. A more detailed analysis is made difficult by the fact that developers (or their general contractors) generally do not release the cost of construction and so I need to use the limited publicly available data.
But what the exercise shows is that, relative to the U.S., mainland China and the Arabian countries can get skyscrapers for a substantial discount relative to the United States (and even more so compared to New York City).
A Skyscraper Construction Cost Index. Underlying data is from Emporis. Index details are in Barr and Luo (2017).
Costnomics
But an index value doesn't tell how total costs change with building heights, it only gives a measure of the average costs of construction. To better understand the economics of building height, we need to dive a little deeper. Let's take the point of view of a developer. Say we own a large lot in an office district in downtown Barropolis. We know (approximately) the average rents we can expect to earn once the building is filled, since we can observe the rents being paid in similar towers. This means that in order to maximize the profit, we need to determine how our total costs change as we go higher, in order to find the sweet spot.
It's generally believed that average costs per square foot or meter are u-shaped with respect to floor height. For smaller buildings, going taller means that the per floor costs are falling, and then, at some height, they begin to rise. At that point, the costs of providing an additional floor becomes greater. For example, the cost of adding the 51st floor is more than the cost of adding the 41st floor. Where that turning point is remains an open question, and, as I will show below, it seems to be different in different cities.
The economic theory of skyscrapers says that the profit maximizing developer keeps adding floors until the revenue of the last floor just equals the cost of providing it. One floor less means leaving money on the table since the revenue from another floor will be greater than the cost. Building one floor above the profit maximizing height means losing money since the cost of the last floor was greater than the revenue is generates.
More Concrete
So why do the costs of adding more and more floors rise after some point? The answer has to do with the nature of building tall. Going taller and taller requires thicker materials, such as concrete or steel, on the lower floors to support the superstructure (as do the internal elements such as plumbing and electricity). Similarly, the cost of the foundation rises as the building gets taller because the it needs to support more weight.
Swaying in the Wind
Next is the additional costs of wind bracing. Tall buildings are constantly being bombarded by the wind. The taller the building, the greater the wind pressure, and the greater the possible sway. Nobody wants to be inside a building that feels like being on a 19th century whaling boat. Thus, the structure needs to have extra materials to make it more rigid, so any movement is imperceptible to human senses. (The current trick for supertalls is not to make the building perfectly rigid, but rather to use massive pendulums to slow down the swaying to a rate that can't be detected.)
The Elevator Problem
Then there's the elevator problem. Going taller means that, as some point, an additional elevator shaft needs to be created and filled with more elevators to move people to the higher floors. The developer must consider whether the lost rentable space and extra costs are less than the extra revenue from going taller. But, in general, taller building require more elevator equipment.
What does the evidence say about the structure of these costs? To look this, I have collected data for recently constructed buildings in New York, Chicago, and Shanghai (details here). The data set contains, for each building, the total cost of the structure and the number of floors; and from this we can look at how the average cost per floor changes as buildings go taller. In this way, we can infer something about the economics of skyscraper height. One caveat though; the sample sizes for each of these cities are very small, and they contain various types of structures, from public housing in Shanghai to supertall offices and luxury apartments. For this analysis, I only present the per floor costs without controlling for these other things. Please consider the findings as preliminary.
Costs in Three Cities
The first fact that pops out of this analysis is that it is much cheaper to build in Shanghai and Chicago than in New York City. The average price per floor for Chicago is about $6.2 million; for Shanghai it's about $3.7 million per floor. For New York, on average, it costs about $15 million per floor. Or in other words, for a cost of $20 million per floor (on average), you can get a 65-story skyscraper in New York, while in Shanghai you can one that's 120 stories. In Chicago, at that price, you can get a 100-story structure.
Second, the minimum point for each of these cities is different. The lowest per floor costs in New York about 32 floors. For Chicago, it's at 55 floors. Shanghai doesn't seem to have a turning point based on the data—with per floor costs rising at all levels. (Why this is requires further work.)
Skyscraper Costs versus Building Height for New York, Chicago, and Shanghai. Costs are given in millions of 2018USD. Each dot is data for a particular building. The curves are trend lines (polynomial of order 2). Sources: see here.
The Future of Height
It's clear that the future of height is upward. Though we tend to focus on particular thresholds, like the first one-kilometer or one-mile high tower, these will eventually be achieved as long as two conditions hold. First is continued economic growth, which will bid up the value of central locations in cities around the world. And second is the on-going process of technological innovation which will lower the cost of providing height.
The fact that countries like the U.A.E, Saudi Arabia, and China could enter the skyscraper race in such short order is because they are able to tap into the global skyscraper complex of architects, engineers, banks, and other related institutions. These players rapidly spread information and know-how to newly developed countries that are aiming to grow their cities. The experiences with skyscraper building there then becomes part of the global knowledge base, further increasing the rate of technological change, and lowering the cost of construction. One of the reasons why New York City will never be able to compete anymore for the world's tallest building (which it invented over a century ago) is because the rapid escalation in construction costs tend to erode any savings from technological improvements.
Ever Upwards
The rate and direction of technological change is difficult to measure, but I hope to measure and discuss it in a future post. Suffice it to say, however, that as long as the there's the desire to go tall, humankind will find a way to get there. The economics of skyscraper height show this to be true.
Continue reading. The rest of the series can be read here.
[1] Normally, prices are quoted in dollars per square foot or meters. But for this analysis, I use per floor costs to illustrate the economics. So, for simplicity, assume that each floor in a skyscraper is fixed at 200' x 100'=20,000 square feet (or about 1858 square meters), which is about the average floor size for a modern high rise in the U.S.
Filed Under: Skynomics Blog Tagged With: building height, Burj Khalifa, Chicago, China, cities, construction costs, CTBUH, economics, land values, marginal costs, New York City, One Vanderbilt, One World Trade Center, real estate prices, Shanghai, Shanghai Tower, skyscraper economics, skyscraper height, skyscrapers, total costs, United Arab Emirates
February 5, 2019 by Jason Barr 5 Comments
Book Review: Order without Design: How Markets Shape Cities by Alain Bertaud. The MIT Press, 2018
Jason M. Barr February 5, 2019
Today, just over half of the world's population lives in cities. By the middle of the 21st century this figure will likely be near 75%. The future is decidedly urban. Those who care about the well-being of humanity must naturally be concerned with how cities work; for when they function well, people are happier and healthier (and other species as well).
The Dream of Urban Utopia
At least since the early days of the Industrial Revolution, when the skies were black with coal dust, and poor factory workers huddled together in squalid housing, city planners and utopians dreamt of manufacturing the well-ordered city. They envisioned a place where each worker has access to clean air, open space, and roads laid out in a rational manner. They advocated for better living through planning—the imposition of top-down solutions to urban problems.
At the national level, the planning of entire economies has come and gone. Experiments with socialism in the Soviet Union and China, for example, have ended in failure. Yet, the urge to impose plans and rules on cities remains strong—an urge deeply rooted in the DNA of local government, be it through zoning, strict building regulations, or detailed glossy planning documents that seek to dictate the future city form.
Order without Design
But those who study the economics of cities remain skeptical that order can be imposed from above. As Alain Bertaud argues in his masterful book, Order without Design, it doesn't work for nations, and it doesn't work cities. But, to this day, the planners of the world just don't trust the marketplace. They observe disorder and conclude it must be bad. Bertaud sees otherwise. The market does create order, but only if we let it.[1]
For over a half-century, Bertaud was a city planner. His first job, in 1965, was as an "Urban Inspector," charged with issuing (or denying) housing permits in Tlemcen, Algeria. Over the years, he rose to the position of Principal Urban Planner at the World Bank. Throughout his long career he has helped plan or consult on numerous projects in cities of all stripes and sizes from those in socialist Russia and China to Haiti and India. He has observed much about the way cities work, or not.
3D Rendering of Population Density in Jakarta and London. Source: Alain Bertaud.
The Blind and the Paralytic
During his professional journeys, he also attempted to gain deeper insights about cities by studying economics. As he chronicles in his book, this was an unusual route; most planners know very little economics and they remain uninterested in the subject. For him, however, it was a chance encounter with an urban economist while working in Port-au-Prince that set him on the path. Even so, his research also led him to conclude that while economists have generated deep insights in the into the nature of cities, they are not engaged with the daily problems of running a bustling metropolis:
We are facing a strangely paradoxical situation in the way cities are managed: the professionals in charge of modifying market outcomes through regulations (planners) know very little about markets, and the professionals who understand markets (urban economists) are seldom involved in the design of regulations aimed at restraining these markets. It is not surprising that the lack of interaction between the two professions causes serious dysfunction in the development of cities. It is the story of the blind and the paralytic going their owns ways: The planners are blind; they act without seeing. The economists are paralyzed; they see but do not act. (p. 2)
The argument of the book is thus quite simple: that planners and economists should work together when developing urban policies. That much seems reasonable—who would dispute that two heads are better than one? But the next premise is likely a harder pill to swallow—that the city planners of the world need to learn and understand how markets work. This is particularly difficult because economics says that the planning profession has gotten things wrong. There are only a limited number of reasons planners should intervene. The rest can, and should, be taken care of by the market itself.
Insights from Urban Economics
Bertaud argues that urban economic theorists—through the use of math-based models—have generated several vital conclusions that need to be mastered if cities are going to function better.
The City as Labor Market
First is the need to view the city—fundamentally—as a labor market, as an agora or bazaar where residents can easily find matches between their own skills and the needed skills of employers. Successful matching is the path to higher incomes and the end of poverty.
Maximum Flexibility
Second, the city-as-labor-market requires maximum mobility and flexibility, so that people and businesses can find each other, and they can readjust their matches and housing as circumstances change. Geographic mobility is the route to social and economic mobility.
Population Density Emerges by Choice
Third, people don't like to commute, and they are willing to pay higher housing costs to live close to their jobs. Therefore, long commutes must be compensated through lower-cost housing in the suburbs. If land markets operate properly, dense living in smaller units in the central city and less-dense living the suburbs is the result of households balancing the tradeoff, and thus choosing what's best for them.
Sprawl is not Inherently Bad
Fourth, the footprint of the city—how far it extends into the countryside—is a result of the economics. Cities expand further out because residents have higher incomes, a more efficient transportation network, and/or a less productive agricultural hinterland. Sprawl is thus, at its heart, a result of free choice, and can be an efficient allocation of land.[2]
Land Markets are Vital
Lastly, labor markets and residential flexibility must be mediated through a well-functioning land market, where the prices of land reflect the relative demand for different locations throughout the city. When events change, the prices need to change too in order to incentivize repurposing the land for its most productive use.
Planning Reduces Flexibly
The planning profession, however, is more focused on limiting or restricting land uses and housing density. Rules are designed to preserve or prevent "bad" things from happening. Building height limitations are meant to lower density and shadows. Public housing projects are designed to give minimum size shelter to the poor. Zoning rules prevent single-family homes from being converted into apartment buildings. Bars and restaurants are banned from getting too close to residences.
The fundamental problem with these regulations is that, in an attempt to create order, they ignore the need for flexibility and density. Prohibiting or slowing down this flexibly drives unintended outcomes that are often worse than the problems they seek to solve. Bertaud offers numerous examples from his global sojourns. But here I highlight a few.
Cities with No Land Markets
Land use in China and Russia during their socialist eras keenly demonstrate—albeit in an extreme fashion—what transpired when order is imposed from above. Say a factory was originally placed in the city center. But if the factory's technology became obsolete or its products were no longer needed, what happened to the abandoned building and lot? Not much. As Bertaud writes,
Because the land occupied by a firm was not recognized to have value per se, it could not be recycled for another use or passed to another user, who in a market economy, would have been bidding for it. As Chinese cities expanded, there were pockets of industrial land located close to the city center that could not be reconverted for other uses, because no mechanism existed to do so. (p. 13)
The point is that to function well, a city needs a relatively open market for land. The more restrictions placed on the land the less it can be used to serve the needs of its residents as times change.
Public Housing on the Urban Fringes
After the end of apartheid, the South African government embarked on a program to build affordable housing for the poor. As well-intentioned as the plan was, it ignored the underlying spatial structure of the country's cities. By placing the housing in the suburbs where land was cheap, it could be built at lower cost, but was far away from employment nodes. As Bertaud writes,
The massive subsidized housing projects may have further fragmented the labor market of South African cities, contributing significantly to lower their productivity….[The] high unemployment rate cannot entirely be attributed to the poor location of the subsidized housing scheme, but certainly, this massive program of building individual housing units in widely dispersed communities with no economic and speedy means of transport did not help. (p. 273)
Master Plan for Hanoi. Source: Perkins-Eastman.
Today, the pull to create master city plans remains strong. Bertaud highlights one from Hanoi, created in 2010, called "Hanoi Capital Construction Master Plan to 2030 and Vision to 2050." But as scientific and precise as the plan claims to be, it ignores the economic realities that are going to dominate the city in the 21st century. For example, it calls for a large agricultural belt for rice paddies just outside the western part of the central city. The noble intentions of protecting agricultural jobs and open space by imposing land uses will backfire:
The arbitrary assignment of workers to rural or urban jobs is solely based on planners' choice and is therefore unlikely to be implemented: no zoning regulations can force people to work in one sector of the economy rather than another! It is very likely that in 2030, owners of rice paddy fields in the agricultural belt will face difficulties finding enough labor to work in their fields, because of competition with better paying urban jobs. (p. 135)
What should Planners Do?
Bertaud argues that the need for urban planning is still crucial, but just not in the way most planners believe. Their job should be to perform four vital tasks, and leave the market to do the rest.
Create Efficient Transportation Systems
First is to design and manage transportation systems to promote maximum flexibility and speed of movement. The book demonstrates that there is no one best way to do this, and each city needs to develop a method based on its history and the preferences of its residents. Cars can work as well as subways, if policies are correctly designed.
The next intervention relates to so-called public goods, such as parks, streets, and other infrastructure. Here planning is vital, as the city needs to provide them since the market will not. However, the trick is not to go overboard. Creating vast greenbelts that enclose the city and generate more rural space than is needed for recreation distorts incentives, reduces flexibility, and raises housing prices. Planners should be ready to add needed infrastructure as the demand for it emerges.
Third is regulating the negative spillovers, or externalities, that arise from concentrated living. Driving, for example, generates congestion and pollution during rush hour, and contributes to climate change. Planners need to focus on how to accurately price the use of roads to minimize the negative impacts. Similarly, with building heights. If tall buildings create shadows, then the solution is not to impose arbitrary building height limits, but to adjust the incentives, say through (Pigovian) taxes, so people internalize their impacts on society at large.[3]
Constant Vigilance
Lastly, planners should maintain constant vigilance about the effects of regulations on cities. Rules that were designed decades ago and are no longer relevant should be removed. Planners thus need to regularly evaluate if the suite of rules and plans remain in harmony with the actual behavior and needs of its residents or if it hinders the market from doing its job. Building flexibility into the planning process will allow planners to solve problems as they crop up, without creating new ones along the way.
Politics is also the Problem
This book is important because it highlights the necessary relationship between economics and planning. Successful cities exist in the balance between the efficiency of markets and the curbing of its excesses or failures. Too much regulation increases housing prices, fosters poverty, and reduces social and economic mobility. Too little management can generate congestion, pollution, too little green space, and excessive uncertainty.
But one can't but help think that it is not simply enough for planners to understand economics (and for economists to understand planning). Urban policies emerge from political decisions. In democratic societies, for example, policies are the result of a compromise to please—or not upset—as many constituencies as possible. So even when planners can design good policies, bad politics may drive decisions that prevent their implementation, or water them down into irrelevance or even harmfulness. It is one thing to design optimal policies, but quite another to incentivize people to go along with them. Allowing cities to reach their full potential requires flexibility, and flexibility means change. People resist change. Understanding the reasons for this is also vital for urban health.
Bertaud's book, I hope, will have an impact on the way planners see cities. Though I fear this will not be the case. My sense is that the planning profession views economics—the dismal science—as being out of touch with the nuts and bolts of running cities (and too mathematical). While economists feel that economic theory and statistical analysis is more important than the nuts and bolts of running cities.
Each field has its own perspectives and way of doing things, and which continue to be propagated through graduate programs, conferences, and professional and academic journals. To be respected in each profession requires one adhere to the rules of its respective game. The tyranny of disciplines locks practitioners into their own walled intellectual cities. Bertaud's own path is the exception that proves the rule. His route was idiosyncratic, springing from his personal curiosity combined with a lucky encounter with a friendly economist.
A book like this is crucial, but change must also come from within the academies that train professionals. There needs to be more fundamental shifts in world views about the nature of urban policies and the practice of planning. New interdisciplinary programs that bring economists and planners together so they can learn from each other and allow policymakers to think more deeply about the role of land markets, and the nature of incentives and unintended outcomes would be a good start. It will take a lot more people like Bertaud to build momentum. So much rides on our ability to get cities right.
[1] Ironically, Jane Jacobs argued, in her 1960 book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, that planners should not plan; that markets are the best way to create order. Yet, somehow, today Jacobs is the Patron Saint of Modern Planning. Her words were interpreted to mean that cities should preserve or promote the Greenwich Village neighborhood that she liked and deemed good. Planners have substituted Le Corbusier for Jacobs, but the impact on cities is just as real, albeit in a different way.
[2] As I have argued elsewhere, this issue is made somewhat more complex in the United States because of the heavy subsidies for car use and mortgage deductions which encourage sprawl. Furthermore, there is also evidence that while people like the idea of having big yards and free-standing houses, they appear to systematically overvalue them and undervalue the cost of commuting before purchasing a home. But given the large cost of moving, they often find themselves locked-in to a less desirable situation than they anticipated.
[3] Bertaud is not alone in his feeling that cities have over-regulated land markets. In the words of urban economist, Edward Glaeser, "Almost none of the land use regulations that cities have ardently adopted for over a century have been justified by any serious quantitative work. The existence of even the smallest externality, such as a shadow, has been seen as justification for massive interventions in the housing market."
Filed Under: Skynomics Blog Tagged With: affordable housing, Alain Bertaud, China, cities, economics, economics of cities, housing, Jane Jacobs, land, land use, land values, mobility, order without design, Planning, population density, poverty, public housing, traffic congestion, transportation, urban density, urban economics, urban planning, zoning
January 31, 2018 by Jason Barr 1 Comment
The High Life? On the Psychological Impacts of Highrise Living
Jason M. Barr January 31, 2018
As the income of Planet Earth continues to rise, the construction of tall buildings proceeds apace. Many cities around the world are increasingly housing their residents in highrises. Skyscrapers are seen as way to provide shelter to growing urban populations without resorting to sprawl and which can potentially provide more park space, and other urban benefits.
In China, for example, the economic reforms instituted in 1978 have unleashed the greatest internal migration in world history. Millions of rural residents have moved to cities seeking employment in factories and the growing service sector. The city of Shenzhen in the Pearl River Delta was mostly farmland in 1980 and today is one of the world's largest cities.
Highrise living in four Chinese cities. Clockwise from top left: Shenzhen, Changchun, Shanghai and Hong Kong. Photos by Jason M. Barr
In the United States, large cities, like New York and San Francisco, suffer from affordability problems; highrise construction offers a possible solution, as well as opportunities to make these cities more resilient against climate change.
Though highrise living can provide benefits to societies across the world, it begs the questions: what is it like to live in one, and is the experience positive or negative? Here, I aim to focus on one particular angle—the psychological dimension.
The Perceptions of Highrise Living
The perception in the United States about highrise living is decidedly mixed. On one hand, living in skyscrapers is seen as a status symbol. That one could afford to live in luxury apartment building in New York, Chicago, or San Francisco suggests power and status. As income inequality rises, tall living is increasingly used to show off wealth.
On the other hand, experiences in public housing projects have driven the perception that tall buildings for the poor are an unmitigated disaster. The Pruitt-Igoe complex, completed in St. Louis in 1956, looms large in the public consciousness. The segregation and concentration of the urban poor into the housing complex, combined with mismanagement, created an even worse environment than the old tenements they replaced. All 33 buildings—each only 11 stories—were demolished in the mid-1970s.
The Pruitt-Igoe housing project, completed in 1956 in St. Louis, was demolished in the mid-1970s, after the complex suffered from many social and economic problems.
The Consequences of Highrise Living
In 2007, Professor Robert Gifford of the University of Victoria, published an article, "The Consequences of Living in High-Rise Buildings," in the journal Architectural Science Review. Dr. Gifford's interest was to review the literature on the psychological impacts of tall buildings on their occupants. His manuscript surveys nearly 100 studies that investigate whether highrises improve or diminish well-being and mental health.
Each study focuses on answering a question about whether tall buildings increase or diminish one of the following dimensions: housing satisfaction, psychological stressors ("strain"), suicide, behavior problems, crime and fear of crime, positive social relations, or helpful child rearing.
Dr. Gifford's literature survey appears to be, if not exhaustive, then representative of the field up until 2002. Given this, I performed a kind of meta-review of the articles by grouping the listed studies into one of three categories, based on his description of each one.
First is the "positive" group, where a study concludes that highrise living offers some positive outcome in people's lives. The second is the "negative" group, where highrise living is found to make residents lives worse off in some respect. Third is the "mixed or neutral" category, where the results suggest either a benign outcome, or both positive and negative outcomes.
The results were not encouraging. Of the 99 studies reviewed, only 17 measured a positive outcome for the research question; 55 measured negative effects, and 27 were mixed or neutral. Across these different categories, a large number of studies found that people living in highrises suffer from greater mental health problems, higher fear of crime, fewer positive social interactions, and more difficulty with raising their children.
For example, on highrise living and depression, Gifford writes:
More serious mental health problems have tenuously been related to building height. In an English study, mothers who lived in flats reported more depressive symptoms than those who lived in houses (Richman, 1974). Rates of mental illness rose with floor level in an English study (Goodman, 1974). Psychological symptoms were more often present in high rises (Hannay, 1979).
And on child rearing, he concludes:
The problems range from fundamental child development issues to everyday activities such as play. For example, a Japanese investigation (Oda, Taniguchi, Wen & Higurashi, 1989) concluded that the development of infants raised above the fifth floor in high-rise buildings is delayed, compared to those raised below the fifth floor. The development of numerous skills, such as dressing, helping and appropriate urination was slower. Children who live on higher floors also go outside to play less often (Nitta, 1980, in Oda et al., 1989).
The Caveats
Certainly, there is much to be concerned about. However, several caveats must be applied to the overall conclusions from the article (and which are discussed in Dr. Gifford's article). First is that the bulk of the research has studied highrise living in declining U.S. cities in from the 1960s to 1980s in public housing projects. Public housing was an attempt at both social engineering and government provision of affordable housing. The Federal government required that the housing was only for the poorest of the poor and encouraged racial segregation.
If you study occupants in Pruitt-Igoe, for example, how much of what you are seeing is from the nature of the height of the building itself versus other architectural aspects? Or how much comes from the much larger, and potentially more serious, issues of the extreme concentration of poverty in isolated urban pockets, where jobs are declining, educational opportunities are lower, and racism rears its ugly head?
In fact, a review of the publication dates of the studies shows that the 1970s was a Golden Age for research on the psychological impacts of highrise living, just when the United States was realizing the horrible mistakes it made in its public housing policies. Now that many cities have stabilized their populations and reduced crime and urban blight, it is time to revisit the effect of building form on well-being. The increasing use of big data also offers tools not available in the first big wave of tall building research.
Number of studies on the psychological consequences of highrise living by decade, as discussed in Gifford, R. (2007). "The Consequences of Living in High-Rise Buildings." Architectural Science Review, 50(1), 2-17. *Until 2002.
Disentangling Cause and Effect
Furthermore, the discovery of cause and effect between housing design and measures of psychological well-being is particularly challenging. People feel strongly about the kinds of housing they want, and, in general, they cannot be randomly assigned for experimental reasons. Randomly provided housing may engender a feeling of loss of control, which can diminish how they feel about that particular housing and about themselves.
As Professor Gifford points out, those groups subject to random assignment, such as members of the military and college students in dorms, are unrepresentative of the larger urban populations that we seek to understand. They know their housing is temporary and expect random outcomes as part of their personal experiences.
More broadly, when trying to tease out the effects of highrise living, we need to know how people acquired their housing in the first place. If public highrises, for example, are the most readily available form of cheap shelter, it may be that people chose to live in them, despite not preferring to be there. If lower income people have a higher proportion of mental health issues, then one might not able to disentangle whether highrise living was the cause or the effect of a particular problem.
Towards a More Livable Highrise
Despite these caveats, the literature on happiness and urban design, as well as the lessons learned from public housing, offer knowledge and experience for making cities more livable. Highrise living doesn't need to be for everyone, but the key point is that, for many people, residing in the central city or close to transportation hubs, jobs, and urban amenities is important. A way to allocate these valuable locations is to build taller. Yet, if highrises are built only for the wealthy it contributes to the gentrification of neighborhoods and the loss of opportunities for those with lower incomes.
A highrise with greenwalls.
Dr. Gifford's literature review also offers a useful guide to the things that are important to residents or that can promote suffering if not eliminated. People's happiness and mental health depend on not only what happens in the street, but also what happens inside their residences, as well as the liminal spaces between street and residence.
First is a feeling of safety, as no one wants to live in a building that encourages criminal activity or violence within the structure. Just as importantly, is that people want their buildings or neighborhoods to foster positive social interactions—to have both a sense of community and social support in times of need. Children need access to play spaces, and other children. Residents also require proximity to nature and greenery.
Architects, engineers, and developers must work with government officials to find rules and inducements that can create highrises that satisfy people's needs. Take child rearing, for example; as discussed above, many studies have shown that children have a harder time in highrises, presumably, because, by living higher up, they are farther away from the things they need for healthy development. Problems like this, through good design, could be mitigated, such as having community and play rooms spread throughout the building or encouraging mixed-use buildings that have schools and child-friendly resources on the lower (or upper) floors.
There is a growing awareness among real estate professionals that highrises need to provide not only shelter but also promote mental health and helpful social interactions. Architects are also trying to bring green spaces up into the buildings themselves. There is a nascent "greenwalls" movement, where plants and trees are attached to the facades of structures. The question becomes how to apply this technology across the income spectrum.
The aim of social science is not only to disentangle cause and effect, but also to learn from human actions and policies that worked and did not work. That the government's experiences with the Projects backfired does not mean we should give up on public and/or highrise housing for lower income residents. Nothing is more important than housing that promotes good mental health, and we have an obligation to learn from our mistakes and make sure they don't happen again.
Filed Under: Skynomics Blog Tagged With: apartment buildings, China, greenwalls, happiness, highrise, mental health, New York City, Pruitt-Igoe, psychology, public housing, Robert Gifford, skyscraper, well-being


Below is this year's WAEC syllabus for Auto Electrical WorkWaec. Note that this syllabus is for both Internal and external candidates.
The syllabus has been arranged to subsume six themes: battery, starting, ignition, charging, lighting and auxiliary systems.
PAPER 3: will be a practical test of 2 hours duration. It will consist of three skill-based questions out of which candidates will answer two for 90 marks.
A list of materials for the test shall be made available to schools not less than two weeks before the paper is taken for materials procurement and relevant preparations.
This should be done by the candidates during the long vacation between their SS II and SS III course. It will be supervised and assessed by their subject teachers. It will carry 10 marks.


Back before Memorial Day I switched out the decorations on the porch from spring to patriotic for the summer holidays. I usually decorate with simple red, white and blue items for the whole season to celebrate Memorial Day, Flag Day, Independence Day and Labor Day. That takes me from May all the way through early September without having to update anything, which is perfect for those already busy summer months.
I added faux ferns to the little vintage cart I got at the Junk Bonanza show, so I don't even have to water anything. A cute little patriotic bunting from JoAnn's makes it festive. I plan to add some birch logs to the crock, but if I don't get around to it before the end of the summer that's ok. Our little moose statue rounds out the display with that sweet wooden face.
The metal star I already had on the porch works well with this set-up so I left it up. I've traded my various holiday door mats for a classic welcome that will work throughout the year. It was one of my best finds at Home Goods on our trip to Portland back in April.
The vintage bells I got at the Alaska Chicks' Spring Market were added to a wreath I already had. It's my simple nod to "let freedom ring" and the blooms on the wreath tie in with the door color. I also added a couple small flags to the potted plants on the steps, but forgot to get a picture of them.
And since I didn't get a chance to share the spring set up back when it was in use here it is for comparison. J A few faux bouquets from the clearance bin at Michaels that can double as photo shoot props and my cute new Mr. Bun Bun from Pier One thanks to a gift card and coupon I won during their Enchanted Spring Open House event. A bird house from my ever-growing collection tied it all together.
Do you decorate your porch for summer or for the patriotic holidays? I'd love to see! Leave me a comment with a link so I can check out your decorations!
I certainly wasn't going to turn down his help or an option that required less prep work – especially as we enter the last few weeks to get outdoor projects done before winter arrives in Alaska. He built a simple frame from some some left over pressure treated boards left over from building the new deck and attached it to the frame of the green house on the front. Because the ground slopes here we used paver bricks to support the frame so we could get it level. Once we had it attached we pulled out the pavers and the Hubs added a support post using a scrap piece of 4×4, also from the deck construction.
I was busy getting a new flower bed installed next to the shed (I'll be sharing that update next week) so I didn't get a picture of that step but you can see it in the edge of the finished photo. I plan to add fill dirt around the front, side and back of the green house to level things out a bit more before we spread gravel over the whole area around the green house.
It's amazing how much that little change elevates the look of the whole green house! I absolutely love it and can't wait to see it finished off with the gravel around it. Now I just need to find a metal R at Alaska Picker Day tomorrow so I can complete the "GROW" sign I plan to add to the top of the front. 🙂 If I find some good treasures I'll be sharing those next week as well!
Remember my $25 bench? This is what it looked like when we first got it. It was pretty enough, but it was definitely worn and in need of some TLC.
This weekend the sun was shining and I just couldn't resist doing projects outside. Since my yard is still on hold while waiting for the builder to clean and grade our lot, I focused my energy on other outdoor tasks like updating the bench. While the fur babies played in the yard, I moved the bench out to the driveway and did a quick sanding by hand to even out a few rough spots.
Next, I applied a dark stain we had on hand and about 30 minutes later, this was the result! It looks a meeeelllion times better and I didn't spend a dime! It just doesn't get better than that!


text:
Dreaming Without Sleeping: February 24, 2012 through April 20, 2012
The Active Space opens an all-new exhibition space in its Bushwick facility with a reception for "Dreaming Without Sleeping," a presentation of new works by Criminy Johnson | QRST. Curated by Robin Grearson.
Dreaming Without Sleeping allows viewers to glimpse the artist's view of our waking world: a bent, slightly pessimistic and occasionally hostile place populated by animals and people who are often reluctant to be interrupted by the viewer.
Emerging artist Criminy Johnson left the Midwest after college and spent several years in San Francisco before arriving in New York in 2007. Johnson has been living and painting in Brookyln since 2009. His work has been exhibited locally at Brooklyn's Mighty Tanaka gallery and Johnson's paintings were part of the "Stay Gold" group show at the Active Space in 2011 (click here for information). His work has also been exhibited in Los Angeles, San Francisco and Atlanta. Street art by QRST has become familiar to New York viewers recently but has also appeared in New Orleans and San Francisco. QRST's paintings have been included in exhibitions at Factory Fresh, CrestFest, and other venues.
Artist Statement, Criminy Johnson
When I was a kid, I would notice certain places that seemed to be magic. Not the sort that's fun and safe, but something strange, something that it might not be wise to turn one's back to. These places were almost always ordinary and pedestrian: the perpetually disused lobby of my grandmother's condominium building, the triangle of grass and pine trees between an interstate and the on-ramp, an abandoned stone quarry. They all seemed to hum with a dim potential, and for some unfathomable reason, stood out against all of the other places that I encountered.
More info/images: Criminy Johnson|QRST
Brooklyn, NEW YORK—The Active Space opens an all-new exhibition space in its Bushwick facility with a reception for "Dreaming Without Sleeping," a presentation of new works by Criminy Johnson | QRST, on February 24, 2012.
"Criminy makes oil paintings in his studio but often makes wheatpastes that relate to these in some way. Many people are familiar with Criminy's work but may have seen it outside of a gallery setting, and QRST fans might be discovering Criminy Johnson's paintings for the first time," says curator Robin Grearson, who worked with Johnson last year on a group show at the Active Space. "Criminy has been in Bushwick for a few years, and QRST's street work often shows up here, so the Active Space is an ideal location to present the two styles together."
"We opened in February of last year, so I'm happy that the first show in our building's brand-new gallery space falls on our first anniversary," says Ashley Zelinskie, director of The Active Space. "Robin is an accomplished writer, yet this is the third show she has curated here. Last year we discovered that we really work well together, and one thing I appreciate about my role as director of a Bushwick art space is the opportunity I have to support emerging artists and curators I believe in." Zelinskie says.
The opening reception for "Dreaming Without Sleeping" takes place February 24, 2012, from 7-10 PM. The show will be open to the public by appointment through April 20, 2012. Email ashley@566johnsonave.com.
February 24, 2012 through April 20, 2012
The Active Space
566 Johnson Avenue
www.566johnsonave.com
contact, media requests:
Robin Grearson, curator
mail@robingrearson.com
contact, gallery requests:
Ashley Zelinskie, director
Ashley@566johnsonave.com
Images, top to bottom:
Dichotomy, Criminy Johnson, oil on canvas.
Cleaning Fish, QRST, mixed media on paper, wheatpaste on wood.
Babylon the Great Is Fallen, QRST, mixed media on paper.
Narcissus, Criminy Johnson, oil on canvas.
Dreaming Without Sleeping Opens In Less Than A Week! | robingrearson.com
[…] Artist and project Info […]
On-Verge | Altered Universe
[…] Criminy Johnson: Dreaming Without Sleeping […]


Posted on January 18, 2014 January 16, 2014 by Angela MisriPosted in Detective, Fiction, WritingTagged 221b, baker street, fiction, portia adams, sherlock.
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