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Home / 2015 / October
October 21, 2015	SciFi 0 297
Matt Damon plays Dr. Mark Watney, a botanist on a scientific expedition to Mars. During an intense storm, there is an accident and he is presumed dead; the remaining crew takes off, leaving him behind. The movie is about his experiences in trying to survive by himself on the planet. This movie should not have worked for me, but it did. The science seems mostly improbable, but it sure sounded good. The dialog in many places was rather corny, but they together helped give the movie a levity and goofiness that worked. The song (a disco soundtrack) were a bit …
October 14, 2015	Animation, Family, Favorites 0 251
This amazing animated movie from Ireland is a children's story about Saoirse a serkin who has the ability to swim with seals. She and her brother embark on an adventure and meet the characters in the stories their mother told her brother when he was young, before Saoirse was born. The movie is heart-swelling beauty through the mesmerizing storybook-style images, the flow of the story, and the music. From the moment the movie opens to the ending credits, I was swept into a truly magical experience. Big thumbs up for a film that can be appreciated by people of all …
October 14, 2015	Comedy 0 220
The movie begins as the Bellas, fresh off of 3 National A Capella championships, find themselves disqualified from future US competitions due to a rather unfortunate accident involving Fat Amy that starts off the movie. They will be allowed to continue to compete and remain as a chapter if they win the world championships. While there are a lot of gags, I was not nearly as enamored with the sequel as I was with the first one. The ideas here are not terribly fresh. The announcers, mimicking the very funny announcers from Best in Show, fall flat. Having said that, …
October 14, 2015	Drama 0 220
Shameik Moore plays Malcolm, a high school senior and a geek who is a straight A student with near perfect SAT scores; hangs with 2 other friends who are also nerds. All three of them live in a lower class neighborhood in Inglewood CA and play in a punk rock band. One evening they go to a party and end up in a rather crazy adventure. The script plays on the multiple meanings of the word "dope" and is very well written and cast – the three friends are wonderful actors, especially the one who plays Shameik Moore. The characters …


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Jankowski: Altruism and the decision to vote
Jankowski. Altruism and the decision to vote: Explaining and testing high voter turnout. Paper presented at the annual American Political Science Association meetings, September 2-5, Chicago, IL.
Take-Home Point
Potential voters are motivated by weak altruism when deciding whether to vote or abstain in an election.
Against Civic Duty: Jankowski argues that non-instrumentalist accounts of voting behavior cannot explain strategic voting, variance in turnout levels between national and local elections, and an increased likelihood of voting among better educated people.
Strong and Weak Altruism: Strong altruism requires that obligations be fulfilled regardless of personal cost. This is inconsistent with voting behavior, as evidenced by the effects of voter registration procedures on turnout. The alternative is weak altruism, which allows for the shirking of obligations if personal costs reach some threshold. Utilitarianism is a good example of weak altruism.
Defining Altruism: The article makes a distinction between altruism based upon ethical norms and altruism derived from sympathy. Jankowski favors the latter approach due to the fact that it is the more parsimonious of the two explanations--i.e. it does not require an interpersonal comparison of utilities. It is a weak form of altruism. In sum, "Altruism-as-sympathy entails that the beneficiary's utility from their helping another is some function of the recipient's increased happiness" (7).
Who is Altruistic? Jankowski's model allows for varying levels of altruism among individuals. He notes that "Most human beings fall in between Mother Theresa and Scrooge" (8).
Altruism and Voting: Altruism allows for a "high B" account of voter behavior, where the expected large-scale consequences of one candidate/party winning the election can offset the very low probability of being decisive. Jankowski provides a game-theoretic model that shows that a high-turnout equilibrium is possible under assumptions of weak altruism.
Empirical Test
Jankowski uses the 1995 American National Election Study (NES) to test his theory with a regression. As a primary independent variable he uses some questions designed to measure "humanitarianism" (a proxy for altruism), and distinguishes between those that align with weak altruism and those that suggest strong altruism. Another independent variable involves the perceived difference between the parties/candidates involved, which serves as a proxy for the magnitude of "B." His dependent variable is whether or not the respondent voted in the 1994 presidential election.
Results: Weak altruism is the only significant predictor of voter turnout. Also, Democrats and Republicans are similar in levels of weak altruism, but Democrats exhibit much higher levels of strong altruism. Strong party identification correlates with high levels of altruism.
Comments and Criticisms
One might quibble whether the ANES questions adequately address altruism. From page 22, these are the "strong" altruism questions:
One should always find ways to help others less fortunate than oneself.
The dignity and well-being of all should be the most important concerns in any society.
All people who are unable to provide for their own needs should be helped by others.
And the "weak" altruism question:
One of the problems of today's society is that people are often not kind enough to others.
Research by the same authors
Jankowski: Buying a lottery ticket to help the poor
Jankowski: Buying a lottery ticket to help the poor (6 shared tags)
Baron: Political action versus voluntarism in social dilemmas and aid for the needy (5 shared tags)
Fowler: Altruism and turnout (5 shared tags)
Brennan and Hamlin: Democratic devices and desires (4 shared tags)
Coate and Conlin: A group rule-utilitarian approach to voter turnout (4 shared tags)
Dowding: Is it rational to vote (4 shared tags)
Goodin and Roberts: The ethical voter (4 shared tags)
Palfrey: Laboratory experiments in political economy (4 shared tags)
Jankowski, Richard (author) • Political Theory • Altruism • Voting • Rational Choice • Self-Interest • Turnout

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This hunched giant exudes power and a crude, stupid anger, it's filthy fur clothing bespeaking a brutish and backwoods lifestyle.
While solitary, non-evil hill giants are very rare, they can sometimes be found in other humanoid societies, though most are not accepted in central cities or population centers. They do best as laborers and soldiers in outlying frontier towns, and often serve as rudimentary diplomats to negotiate with marauding hill giant bands. Unfortunately, hill giants who shed their racial lifestyle for civilization are mocked and often killed on sight by their nomadic brethren. Still, these "civilized" hill giants can find their place within society and many have managed to live peaceful, uneventful lives.
Skin color among hill giants ranges from light tan to deep, ruddy brown. Their hair is brown or black, with eyes the same color. Hill giants wear layers of crudely prepared hides with the fur left on. They seldom wash or repair their garments, preferring simply to add more hides as their old ones wear out. Adults are around 10 feet tall and weigh about 1,100 pounds. Hill giants can live to be 200 years old, but almost never do.
• +2 Strength, +2 Constitution, –2 Intelligence, –2 Charisma: Hill giants are big, but dumb.
Medium: Hill giants are Medium creatures and have no bonuses or penalties due to their size.
Humanoid (Giant): Hill giants are humanoids with the giant subtype.
Normal Speed: Hill giants have a base speed of 30 feet.
Low-Light Vision (Ex): Hill giants can see twice as far as humans in conditions of dim light.
Tough Hide (Ex): A hill giant's thick skin grants it a +1 natural armor bonus to its AC.
Languages: Hill giants begin play speaking Common and Giant. Hill giants with high Intelligence scores can choose from the following: Draconic, Dwarven, Goblin, Gnoll, Orc, and Sylvan.
The hill giant's class skills are Climb (Str), Craft (Int), Handle Animal (Cha), Heal (Wis), Intimidate (Cha), Perception (Wis), Profession (Wis), Ride (Dex), and Survival (Wis).
All the following are class features of the hill giant monster class.
Weapon and Armor Proficiency: A hill giant is proficient with all simple weapons, light armor, and medium armor, but not with shields.
Ability Score Increases: As a hill giant gains levels, its ability scores increase or decrease as noted on Table: Hill Giant. These increases stack and are gained as if through level advancement.
Slam (Ex): At 1st level, a hill giant gains 2 slam attacks. These are primary attacks that deal 1d4 points of damage plus the hill giant's Strength modifier. When the hill giant grows to Large size at 4th level, the damage die of its slams increases to 1d6. At 10th level, the damage die of its slams increases to 1d8.
Rock Throwing (Ex): Starting at at 2nd level, a hill giant becomes an accomplished rock thrower, gaining proficiency in and a +1 racial bonus on attack rolls with thrown rocks. It can hurl rocks up to two categories smaller than its size; for example, a Large hill giant can hurl Small rocks. A "rock" is any large, bulky, and relatively regularly shaped object made of any material with a hardness of at least 5. The hill giant can hurl a rock up to five range increments. Damage from a thrown rock is equal to the hill giant's base slam damage plus 1–1/2 its Strength bonus.
At 2nd level, the hill giant's thrown rocks have a range increment of 40 feet. This increases to 60 feet at 4th level, 80 feet at 6th level, 100 feet at 8th level, and 120 feet at 10th level.
Natural Armor (Ex): A hill giant's thick hide allows it to shrug off some blows. At 3rd level and every two levels thereafter, a hill giant's natural armor bonus to its AC increases by +2 (to a maximum of +9 at 9th level).
–4 penalty to Stealth checks, as normal. Its slam attacks now deal 1d6 points of damage.
Agile Runner (Ex): At 4th level, a hill giant's base land speed increases by +10 feet. Apply this bonus before modifying the hill giant's speed because of any load carried or armor worn. This bonus stacks with any other bonuses to the hill giant's land speed.
Rock Catching (Ex): At 8th level, a hill giant gains the ability to catch Small, Medium, or Large rocks (or projectiles of similar shape). Once per round, when a hill giant that would normally be hit by a rock, it can make a Reflex save to catch it as a free action. The DC is 15 for a Small rock, 20 for a Medium one, and 25 for a Large one. (If the projectile provides a magical bonus on attack rolls, the DC increases by that amount.) The giant must be aware of the attack in order to make a rock catching attempt.


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Alcohol Beverage Industry Veterans Launch BluTango, Inc.
by mrmikeman | May 1, 2018 | Press Release
Alcohol beverage industry veterans and founding shareholders, Mr. Harold "Corky" Graff and Mr. Ronald Berman, along with Mr. Michael Manahan, today announced the launch of BluTango, Inc., a producer and importer of specialty alcohol beverages (http://www.blutango.net).
BluTango Inc. is in the business of developing, licensing, manufacturing, marketing and selling, domestically and internationally, a variety of alcohol beverages. Its product lineup includes both proprietary products and products licensed from other manufacturers. The products are broken down into two product categories: Lifestyle Brands and Signature Brands.
Commenting on the announcement, Mr. Berman, founder and chief executive officer of BluTango, stated, "The alcohol beverage market is changing. We've seen a renaissance in the beer industry with craft brewers leading the market. That same transformation is occurring in the distilled spirits market, with small premium brands generating most of the growth in the 200 billion dollar US alcohol beverage market. Our product line focuses on this growing segment of the market."
Industry research show consumer are moving from traditional major brands to craft producers, are seeking innovative new products, are actively experimenting with different products genres, are learning more about spirits through social media and the Internet (the "knowledge based" consumer), and are purchasing directly or finding retailers online.
Mr. Graff, founder and senior vice president of sales, said, "Our marketing strategy is focused on these changing consumer trends. As a small company with products in some of the hottest market segments, such as Irish Whiskey and Tequila, we plan to engage today's consumers through education, information and participation in active social media and face-to-face customer experiences."
Part of BluTango's strategy is to offer independent brand-holders a "One Stop Solution" to manage, market and sell their brands. The brand-holder manufactures the product and through our organization BluTango provides brand management, promotion, marketing and sales. Its services allow the brand-holder to focus on production and alleviates the brand-holder from having to manage marketing and sales in the complex US three tier alcohol beverage distribution system.
Mr. Berman, said, "Small independent distillers have trouble getting their products exposed to the market. We are partnering with those small distillers, and in some cases taking an ownership interest in their products, to give them the marketing muscle they need to grow their brands. In addition, we have a number of our own flagship products, including French Pastry, a line of cream based liqueurs, and CrocTAILS, a line of pre-mixed cocktails."
Mr. Manahan, founder, president and chief financial officer of the company, commented, "I am thrilled to be working with Corky and Ron. BluTango is one of the most exciting companies I have seen in my career as a financial strategist and advisor to entrepreneurs. The timing could not be better for us to enter the dynamic changing world of alcohol beverages."
BluTango – A different name for a different beverage company. Providing select alcohol based beverages to specialty markets and discerning customers. Drink BluTango – its more than a beverage, its and experience. For more information go to http://www.blutango.net.
Speakeasy Distribution Signs On To Distribute BluTango Products In Kansas
Alex Weissbach Joins BluTango as Director of Social Media
IrishAmerican Trading Company Expands United States Distribution
© 2019 BluTango Brands. All Rights Reserved - Design By Relatable Data


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Banknotes and coins of various currencies
In economics, cash is money in the physical form of currency, such as banknotes and coins.
In bookkeeping and financial accounting, cash is current assets comprising currency or currency equivalents that can be accessed immediately or near-immediately (as in the case of money market accounts). Cash is seen either as a reserve for payments, in case of a structural or incidental negative cash flow or as a way to avoid a downturn on financial markets.
The English word "cash" originally meant "money box", and later came to have a secondary meaning "money". This secondary usage became the sole meaning in the 18th century. The word "cash" derives from the Middle French caisse ("money box"), which derives from the Old Italian cassa, and ultimately from the Latin capsa ("box").[1][2]
Historical cost
Constant purchasing power
Economic entity
Going concern
Matching principle
Unit of account
Selected accounts
Depreciation / Amortization (business)
Generally-accepted principles
Generally-accepted auditing standards
International Financial Reporting Standards
International Standards on Auditing
Management Accounting Principles
Cash-flow
Management discussion
Debits and credits
Double-entry system
FIFO and LIFO
Ledger / General ledger
Sarbanes–Oxley Act
Accounting organizations
Luca Pacioli
Positive accounting
Earnings management
Error account
Off-balance-sheet
Two sets of books
In Western Europe, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, coins, silver jewelry and hacksilver (silver objects hacked into pieces) were for centuries the only form of money, until Venetian merchants started using silver bars for large transactions in the early Middle Ages. In a separate development, Venetian merchants started using paper bills, instructing their banker to make payments. Similar marked silver bars were in use in lands where the Venetian merchants had established representative offices. The Byzantine Empire and several states in the Balkan area and Kievan Rus also used marked silver bars for large payments. As the world economy developed and silver supplies increased, in particular after the colonization of South America, coins became larger and a standard coin for international payment developed from the 15th century: the Spanish and Spanish colonial coin of 8 reales. Its counterpart in gold was the Venetian ducat.
Coin types would compete for markets. By conquering foreign markets, the issuing rulers would enjoy extra income from seigniorage (the difference between the value of the coin and the value of the metal the coin was made of). Successful coin types of high nobility would be copied by lower nobility for seigniorage. Imitations were usually of a lower weight, undermining the popularity of the original. As feudal states coalesced into kingdoms, imitation of silver types abated, but gold coins, in particular, the gold ducat and the gold florin were still issued as trade coins: coins without a fixed value, going by weight. Colonial powers also sought to take away market share from Spain by issuing trade coin equivalents of silver Spanish coins, without much success.
In the early part of the 17th century, English East India Company coins were minted in England and shipped to the East. In England over time the word cash was adopted from Sanskrit कर्ष karsa,[dubious – discuss] a weight of gold or silver but akin to the Old Persian 𐎣𐎼𐏁 karsha, unit of weight (83.30 grams). East India Company coinage had both Urdu and English writing on it, to facilitate its use within the trade. In 1671 the directors of the East India Company ordered a mint to be established at Bombay, known as Bombain. In 1677 this was sanctioned by the Crown, the coins, having received royal sanction, were struck as silver rupees; the inscription runs "The rupee of Bombaim", by the authority of Charles II.
At about this time coins were also being produced for the East India Company at the Madras mint. The currency at the company's Bombay and Bengal administrative regions was the rupee. At Madras, however, the company's accounts were reckoned in pagodas, fractions, fanams, faluce and cash. This system was maintained until 1818 when the rupee was adopted as the unit of currency for the company's operations.
Traditional holed Chinese coinage is also known as cash.
Paper money was first used in China in the Tang Dynasty 500 years prior to it catching on in Europe.[3] During his visit to China in the 13th century, Marco Polo was amazed to find that people traded paper money for goods rather than valuable coins made of silver or gold. He wrote extensively about how the Great Kaan used a part of the Mulberry Tree to create the paper money as well as the process with which a seal was used to impress on the paper to authenticate it. Marco Polo also talks about the chance of forgery and states that someone caught forging money would be punished with death.[4] In the 17th century, European countries started to use paper money in part due to a shortage of precious metals, leading to less coins being produced and put into circulation.[5] At first, it was most popular in the colonies of European powers. In the 18th century, important paper issues were made in colonies such as Ceylon and the bordering colonies of Essequibo, Demerara and Berbice. John Law did pioneering work on banknotes with the Banque Royale. The relation between money supply and inflation was still imperfectly understood and the bank went under rendering its notes worthless, because they had been over-issued. The lessons learned were applied to the Bank of England, which played a crucial role in financing the Peninsular War against French troops, hamstrung by a metallic Franc de Germinal.
The ability to create paper money made nation-states responsible for the management of inflation, through control of the money supply. It also made a direct relation between the metal of the coin and its denomination superfluous. From 1816, coins generally became token money, though some large silver and gold coins remained standard coins until 1927.[citation needed] The World War I saw standard coins disappear to a very large extent. Afterward, standard gold coins, mainly British sovereigns, would still be used in colonies and less developed economies and silver Maria Theresa thalers dated 1780 would be struck as trade coins for countries in East Asia until 1946 and possibly later locally.
Cash has now become a very small part of the money supply. Its remaining role is to provide a form of currency storage and payment for those who do not wish to take part in other systems, and make small payments conveniently and promptly, though this latter role is being replaced more and more frequently by electronic payment systems. Research has found that the demand for cash decreases as debit card usage increases because merchants need to make less change for customer purchases.[6]
Cash is increasing in circulation. The value of the United States dollar in circulation increased by 42% from 2007 to 2012.[7] The value of pound sterling banknotes in circulation increased by 29% from 2008 to 2013.[8] The value of the euro in circulation increased by 34% from August 2008 to August 2013 (2% of the increase was due to the adoption of euro in Slovakia 2009 and in Estonia 2011).[9]
Motives of cash holding
In economic theory (according Keynesian economics), the cash holding of cash (especially sight deposits) is roughly attributed to three motives:[10]
Transactions motive
Precautionary motive
Speculative motive.
The transactions motive covers the business needs of economic subjects, the precautionary motive serves to hold money for liquidity purposes and to provide for crisis situations, and the speculation motive, according to John Maynard Keynes, results from the uncertainty about future interest rate developments and relates to financial investments.
In addition to this purely economic importance, there are other aspects of cash use:[11][12]
Activation of a reward center in the brain (anticipation of reaching a specific goal)
Expenditure control (immediate physical payment)
Tradition (haptic experience, e.g. monetary donation; long-term reliability of value retention)
Inclusion (anonymous payment without disclosing personal data)
Identification (symbolic character, solidarity and group membership)
Educational tool for children (objective handling of assets and expenses)
Paying a tip as immediate recognition of good service.
Cash in circulation is characterized by strong seasonal fluctuations. Wage and salary payment dates, tax payment dates or holidays lead to statistically perceptible increases in cash in circulation, for which the credit institutions are preparing. Since cash holdings at banks do not earn interest and can also lead to security problems (bank robbery), banks usually only hold very small amounts of cash. They are therefore forced to involve the central bank in times of higher cash requirements. Therefore, the cash in circulation only remains unchanged if the banks hand over cash from their own cash holdings to their bank customers or take cash deposits from their customers into their own holdings.
The ratio of the cash in circulation in relation to the gross domestic product (cash to GDP ratio) is a good indicator of cash usage and payment behavior in an economy. In countries like the United States, increased use of debit and credit cards is increasing the amount of cash in circulation at a slower rate than in countries with a high amount of cash payments. In 2018, it ranged from 1.3% (in Sweden) to more than 21% (in Japan), 10.5% in Switzerland and 10.7% in the eurozone.[13]
Since around 2018, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, cash in circulation in the eurozone has increased significantly while the share of cash payments (i.e. transactions) has decreased, known as the paradox of banknotes. Analyzes show that private households are increasingly keeping cash as a precaution against crises and that negative interest rates also play a role.[14] This effect is also observed in many other currency areas, e.g. in the USA and Japan.[15]
Banknote tracking
Theoretically, it is possible to track cash usage by capturing the unique serial numbers on the banknotes during transactions. To do this, the serial numbers would have to be recorded personally for all withdrawals from automated teller machines (ATM) and for each payment transaction at a retail checkout, including change. In practice, such comprehensive tracking requires a high level of technical effort and generates immense amounts of data. It would combine the disadvantages of payment methods, the somewhat cumbersome nature of cash from the offline world and the lack of anonymity of electronic money from the online world. In addition, in most countries, personal tracking of payment transactions is not permitted for the reasons of information privacy.
There are the following exceptions in cash applications:
Registration of ransom money for blackmail (e.g. for the Oetker kidnapping[16])
Macroeconomic studies of cash flows through the central bank[17]
Statistical recording of the lifespan of banknotes by the central bank[18]
Tracking the (location-based) migration of individual banknotes using EuroBillTracker for euro banknotes, Where's George? for US dollars and Where's Willy? for Canadian dollars as a hobby
Use of individual banknotes for sharing messages with recipients using the mobile app smill.[19]
Since 2016, the People's Bank of China has requested the recording of banknotes issued and deposited at ATMs and bank counters, arguing that counterfeit money will be prosecuted.[20] However, the serial number is not a reliable indicator, because counterfeit banknotes mostly use serial numbers from real banknotes in circulation. In addition, damaged or scribbled banknotes may cause reading errors. With Directive ECB/2010/14, the European Central Bank (ECB) therefore requires to check the authenticity of deposited and withdrawn banknotes at bank counters and ATMs using tested devices and to trace the origin of suspected counterfeit banknotes to the account holder and physically seize it.[21]
Competition of cash
Cashless payments
Main article: Cashless society
Financial centres
Offshore financial centres
Conduit and sink OFCs
Collateralised debt obligation
Time deposit (certificate of deposit)
Option (call
put)
Repurchase agreement
Synthetic CDO
Leveraged buyout
Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS)
Corporate tax haven
Tax inversion
Credit / Debt
Final consumption expenditure
Transfer payment
Deficit spending
Budget (balance)
Non-tax revenue
Warrant of payment
Deposit account
Fractional-reserve
Full-reserve
Lists of banks
Bank regulation
Basel Accords
Financial Stability Board
Separation of investment and retail banking
Regulation · Financial law
Fund governance
Stock market bubble
Stock market crash
Accounting scandals
Business and Economics portal
Money portal
Cashless society can be defined as one in which all financial transactions are handled through "digital" forms (debit and credit cards) in preference to cash (physical banknotes and coins). Cashless societies have been a part of history from the very beginning of human existence. Barter and other methods of exchange were used to conduct a wide variety of trade transactions during this time period.[22]
Since the 1980s, the use of banknotes has increasingly been displaced by credit and debit cards, electronic money transfers and mobile payments, but much slower than expected. The cashless society has been predicted for more than forty years,[23] but cash remains the most widely used payment instrument in the world and on all continents.[24]: 14 In 17 out of 24 studied countries, cash represents more than 50% of all payment transactions, with Austria at 85%, Germany at 80%, France at 68%. The United Kingdom at 42%, Australia at 37%, United States at 32%, Sweden at 20%, and South Korea at 14% are among the countries with lower cash usage.[24]: 27
By the 2010s, cash was no longer the preferred method of payment in the United States.[25] In 2016, the United States User Consumer Survey Study reported that three out of four of the participants preferred a debit or credit card payment instead of cash.[26] Some nations have contributed to this trend, by regulating what type of transactions can be conducted with cash and setting limits on the amount of cash that can be used in a single transaction.[27]
Cash is still the primary means of payment (and store of value) for unbanked people with a low income and helps avoiding debt traps due to uncontrolled spending of money. It supports anonymity and avoids tracking for economic or political reasons.[28] In addition, cash is the only means for contingency planning in order to mitigate risks in case of natural disasters or failures of the technical infrastructure like a large-scale power blackout or shutdown of the communication network.[29] Therefore, central banks and governments are increasingly driving the sufficient availability of cash. The US Federal Reserve has provided guidelines for the continuity of cash services,[30] and the Swedish government is concerned about the consequences in abandoning cash and is considering to pass a law requiring all banks to handle cash.[31]
Digital and virtual currencies
Main articles: Digital currency and Virtual currency
Digital currency is a generic term for various approaches to support secure transactions of the public or using a distributed ledger, like blockchain, as a new technology for decentralized asset management. The blockchain 1.0 era has enabled the application of virtual digital currencies in the marketplace, such as money transfer and payment systems.[32] It considers establishing an electronic version of the national currency which is backed by the central bank as the issuer. Virtual currency is a digital representation of value that is neither issued by a central bank or a public authority, such as Bitcoin.[33] Facebook's concept for the diem is based on a token to be backed by financial assets such as a basket of national currencies.
In 2012, Bank of Canada was considering introducing digital currency.[34][35] Meanwhile, it rates digital currency a fairly complicated decision and is analyzing the pros and cons and working to determine under which conditions it may make sense to, one day, issue a digital currency. As a threat, a central bank digital currency could increase the risk of a run on the banking system.[36]
Also in 2012, Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, was reported to analyze technological advances with regard to electronic money and payment methods for digital currency as an alternative to cash.[37] In 2019, it is investigating whether Swedish krona need to be made available in electronic form, the so-called e-krona, and if so, how it would affect Swedish legislation and the Riksbank's task. It has started procuring a technical supplier to develop and test solutions for a potential future e-krona. No decisions have yet been taken on issuing an e-krona.[38]
Costs of payment
An analysis by the Deutsche Bundesbank in 2017 found that a cash payment in retail costs an average of 24 euro cents, while payments with a girocard cost 30 cents (or often 0.3 to 0.4% of sales plus a transaction fee) and with a credit card charge one euro which is included in the sales price.[39] This is why retailers often refuse to accept card payments below a minimum amount. Depending on the account model, there are also booking costs for the account holder with an average of 35 euro cents charged for each(!) account posting. Because of this convenient source of income, commercial banks and credit card companies favor cashless payments.
In the case of cashless payment transactions, in addition to the documentation of the payment itself, the personal details of the payer are usually linked to the data of the payee according to the Know Your Customer (KYC) principle. This enables the payment process to be precisely traced for the payer and the payee. The constant increase in digitization leads to a more detailed recording of cashless payment transactions and their evaluation for advertising and marketing campaigns. Since this digital documentation is usually more centralized than before, the potential for abuse increases. On the other hand, the cash transactions are anonymous, unless purchasing profiles are recorded with the help of loyalty programs based on customer cards, and keep the payment landscape competitive.[40]
Banknote counter
Banknote processing
Banknote seal (China)
Rebate (marketing)
^ "Cash". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
^ "Cash". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
^ "Top 10 Things You Didn't Know About Money". Time. 2009-08-05. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
^ "The Cantos Project – Marco Polo: Kublai's paper money". thecantosproject.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
^ "A history of the Franc: the key moments". napoleon.org. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
^ "Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Debit Card and Cash Usage: A Cross-Country Analysis, March 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ Williams, John. "Cash Is Dead! Long Live Cash!". Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
^ "Banknote Statistics". Bank of England.
^ "Banknotes and coins circulation". European Central Bank. 29 January 2021.
^ Keynes, John Maynard (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-00476-4.
^ Pitters, Julia (2022). Beermann, Johannes (ed.). In dubio pro Euroschein: Über den psychologischen Wert des Bargelds [In dubio pro euro bill: On the psychological value of cash.]. 20 Jahre Euro. Zur Zukunft unseres Geldes (in German). Munich: Siedler. pp. 498–510. ISBN 978-3-8275-0165-3.
^ Lea, Stephen; Webley, Paul (2006). "Money as tool, money as drug: The biological psychology of a strong incentive". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Cambridge University Press. 29 (2): 161–176.
^ "Anteil des sich im Umlauf befindlichen Bargeldes ausgewählter Währungen am Bruttoinlandsprodukts (BIP) des jeweiligen Währungsgebiets im Jahr 2018" [Cash-to-GDP ratio of selected currencies in 2018] (in German). 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ Zamora-Pérez, Alejandro (2021-04-01). "The paradox of banknotes: understanding the demand for cash beyond transactional use". European Central Bank. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ Yoshizawa, Kento (2021-12-01). "Developments in Banknotes in Circulation since the Start of the Pandemic" (PDF). Bank of Japan. Retrieved 2022-12-12. Reasons for the paradox observed globally before the pandemic were that while transaction demand for banknotes has been negatively affected by the increase in cashless payments, non-transaction demand for banknotes has increased reflecting low interest rates and precautionary demand.
^ Götz, Hans-Dieter (2017-07-03). "Lösegeld: Versteck gefunden" [Ransom money: Hiding place identified]. FOCUS (in German).
^ Deinhammer, Reinhard; Ladi, Anna (2017-12-01). "Modelling euro banknote quality in circulation" (PDF). European Central Bank. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
^ Leszczyszyn, Antin; Grindley, Rebecca (2018-05-14). "White Paper: What can be gained with Serial Number Reading?". Retrieved 2023-01-13.
^ "Share digital messages on your banknote". Koenig & Bauer. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
^ "Yinfa No. 29 [2016], Notice of the People's Bank of China on Issuing the Guidelines on the Anti-Counterfeit Currency Work of Banking Financial Institutions". 2016-02-08. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
^ "Decision of The European Central Bank of 16 September 2010 on the authenticity and fitness checking and recirculation of euro banknotes". European Central Bank. 2010-09-16. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
^ "Cost of Cash in the United States". MasterCard Social Newsroom. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
^ "Myth: The Cashless Society is Just Around the Corner". Currency Research. Archived from the original on 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
^ a b "World Cash Report 2018" (PDF). G4S Cash Solutions, Payments Advisory Group. 2018-07-01. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
^ Tompor, Susan. "A cashless society? Some retailers turn noses up at currency". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
^ Count-Money (2016). "2016 U.S. Consumer Payment Study". count-money.com.
^ "cashappguide". 2017-12-14. Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
^ O'Sullivan, Andrea (2019-07-02). "Hong Kong Protests Show Dangers of a Cashless Society". Retrieved 2019-07-11. Many digital payments can be tracked, potentially assisting an authoritarian crackdown.
^ "Swish crashes during popular football event in Skövde, Sweden". Cash Matters.
^ "FedCash Services Business Continuity Guide". The Federal Reserve. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
^ "Swedish government expected to pass law requiring all banks to handle cash". Cash Matters. 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-07-11. If the power supply is cut it is no longer possible to make electronic payments. For reasons based purely in preparedness, we need notes and coins that work without electricity.
^ Pan, Xiongfeng; Pan, Xianyou; Song, Malin; Ai, Bowei; Ming, Yang (2020-06-01). "Blockchain technology and enterprise operational capabilities: An empirical test". International Journal of Information Management. 52: 101946. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.05.002. ISSN 0268-4012.
^ "EBA Opinion on 'virtual currencies'" (PDF). European Banking Authority. 4 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
^ Strange, Adario (13 April 2012). "Canada Asks Developers to Create Digital Currency". PC Magazine.
^ Randy Boswell (6 April 2012). "Canada unveils digital currency". The Gazette. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012.
^ "The Road to Digital Money. From beaver pelts to paper money to digital currencies". Bank of Canada. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
^ Malin Rising (17 March 2012). "In Sweden, cash is king no more - Yahoo! News". News.yahoo.com. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
^ "E-krona". Sveriges Riksbank. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
^ Beermann, Johannes (2022). Der Weg des Geldes: Grundlagen, Entwicklungen und Perspektiven des Bargeldes in Deutschland [The path of money: Basics, developments and perspectives of cash in Germany]. 20 Jahre Euro. Zur Zukunft unseres Geldes (in German). Munich: Siedler. pp. 179–206. ISBN 978-3-8275-0165-3.
^ "Why Cash Matters". 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
Davies, G. (1994). A History of Money From Acient Times to the Present Day. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 9780708313510.
Spufford, P. (2008). How Rarely Did Medieval Merchants Use Coin?. Utrecht: Stichting Nederlandse Penningkabinetten. ISBN 9789073882218.


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text:
Zaścianki – wieś w Polsce położona w województwie podlaskim, w powiecie białostockim, w gminie Supraśl.

Opis
W latach 1973–1976 miejscowość była siedzibą gminy Zaścianki. W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość należała administracyjnie do województwa białostockiego.

Wieś jest siedzibą parafii prawosławnej św. Męczennika Pantelejmona, w miejscowości znajduje się cerkiew św. Męczennika Pantelejmona.
Natomiast wierni kościoła rzymskokatolickiego należą do parafii Świętego Krzyża w Grabówce lub do parafii Niepokalanego Serca Maryi w Białymstoku.

Zobacz też
 Zaścianki

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Zaścianki (województwo podlaskie)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Examples Of Grief In The Piano Lesson
Loosing someone you love can cause very profound feelings leading towards a grief process. One of the stages of grief is denial, which can cause someone to not enjoy life and experience many wonderful things like love. Anger is another example, it makes a person be angry for a very long time and make it hard to move on. The final example of the grief is acceptance and can produce a lack of social interaction. In the Piano lesson Berniece shows the stages of grief by staying angry at Boy Willie, denying Avery's marriage proposal, and by not wanting to have contact with the piano.
Towards the beginning of the play they tell us that Crawley was shot while stealing wood accompanied by Boy Willie. Berniece blames him she says, " You killed Crawley just as sure as if you pulled the trigger"(page 52).What makes her angry is that Boy willie was there and he could've possibly prevented her husbands death. They both don't have a good relationship with each other especially when he tries to sell their piano. The loss of Crawley is ceasing her from enjoying life and its making it hard to move on.
In the play she says " Avery, I ain't ready to get married now"(page 66). Avery wants to marry Berniece soon, but even after three years of her husbands death, she still doesn't want to have a romantic…show more content…
The history of what the piano and her family makes it hard for her to have any contact with the piano. Berniece also mentions that she does not want to play it because she might wake the spirits of her ancestors that had passed. We can conclude that, that is the reason she says " Avery.. I done told you I don't want to play that piano, now or no other time"(page 71). But that changed till one day the family experienced the presence of Sutter, and in order to remove it Berniece was brave enough to play the piano and call out her ancestors to help them remove the
Theme Of Change In A Rose For Emily
Change can hinder people because not everyone can accept what the future has to offer, for example, older people find it harder to accept help from others, and adapting can make them feel uneasy about their life in the future. In "A Rose for Emily", change is seen throughout the story as well as the first element which is character. In the story, Miss Emily has been depicted as a strange, older woman who has never been married and cares for her father. Once her father passes, Miss Emily cannot grasp how to live on in her life because someone important to her is no longer with her.
Lack Of Involvement In Shakespeare's Romeo And Juliet
Romeo and Juliet is a well known tragic love story, written by William Shakespeare. The Montagues and Capulets' fighting causes the death of their own children, because their poor parenting and lack of involvement in the children's lives leads to Juliet and Romeo to keep this secret. The children knew their families would never let them marry; otherwise, they would have revealed their relationship to their parents. Aside from the main pair, it appears that Romeo and his friend Mercutio, have a relationship that leads to tragedy as well, through the murder of Mercutio. In this situation, Tybalt's taught hatred of the Montagues lead him to start the fight in the first place, and he and Mercutio suffered at the hand of the Montagues and Capulets
Psychological Events In Hamlet
Hamlet eventually kills Claudius like his father told him to, but only did it after his mother, Gertrude, drank the poison that Claudius meant to give Hamlet. This is a result of external action from all the sorrows that was building up in Hamlet's life. This brings us to our next character, Gertrude, Claudius's wife and Hamlets
Victor Frankenstein Psychological Analysis
One cannot expect him to learn to control his emotions and find a way to cope with the neglect he feels as an outsider to society. Therefore, when he meets a boy who mocks him for being ugly, and finds him to be of relation to Victor, he unintendedly murders William as he cannot control his rage. His self-preservation and growing condescension for society rationalizes his actions. Victor yet again fails the monster, as he is absent and unable to provide a moral compass for the creature. A serial killer is often defined as someone who murders three or more in at least three or more separate events (Mitchell& Aamodt).
The Miracle Worker Short Story Symbolism
After the tragic death of her brother years back, Annie is still devastated and is afraid to love or get too close to anyone again. Her glasses are a way of concealing herself from the Kellers in hopes of avoiding getting hurt again. As James started being more friendly to her, Anne hid herself once again behind her glasses, and shut him out of the
Walk Two Moon Analysis
Cadaver's relationship with each other. At first Sal disliked how her dad liked being with Mrs. Cadaver. She still wasn't understanding why her dad was with this random lady and is enjoying being with her. Sal didn't want to know how her dad and Mrs. Cadaver knew each other, and hated to have dinner with her dad and Mrs. Cadaver. Also Phoebe made Sal believe Mrs. Cadaver killed her husband, how her voice sounded like dead leaves, and how her hair was wild.
Emily Grierson Fear Of Abandonment Analysis
Emily Grierson in the short story "A Rose for Emily" written by William Faulkner goes through depressing events in her life, but how she deals with these stressors is what is interesting. Ms. Grierson has to deal with the loss of her father. Additionally, the fact that her new found lover did not want to marry her and could leave her at anytime causes more stress. Both of these situations lead her to isolate herself from other people, fearing the thought of the town looking at her as weak. The loss of her father, her lover Barron possibly leaving her, and the thought of being weak, causes Emily Grierson to obtain the fear of abandonment.
Why Honey Short Story
One day changed all circumstances, suddenly an incident happens. All the troubles started when their cat died on 4th July; their neighbor told the narrator that she had seen two boys putting firecrackers in Trudy's ears. She suspects that it was her son, who has been killing Trudy, but he denies. Through the short story her son lies about everything, which makes his mother curious and suspicious about him, because something is telling that he is not telling the truth.
Examples Of Ophelia's Madness In Hamlet
Hamlet has come to see his mother, Queen Gertrude, and ends up stabbing Lord Polonius, which ultimately leads to his death. Lord Polonius' final words include "O, I am slain!" Even though this provides a slight amount of comic relief to the reader, it has a reverse effect on Ophelia's mental state. Her father's death seems to be the potent punch in this fight because she officially goes mad after this final event. This is apparent in Scene IV Act I, when Laertes has come back to visit his sister and check on her well being.
Moonrise Kingdom Character Analysis
They both have dissimilar reasons for their depression, but have a single way of coping with it. Suzy's depression is ignited by the fact her stern, cheat of a mother is having an affair with Mr. Fox—who has no acknowledgement of what could happen to others involved. Her mom's uncaring tone used when hollering through the megaphone when it was time to eat and the book Suzy found, "The Very Troubled Child," are clues to why she is uninterested in her mother; on top of it all, her father's distance is what makes Suzy feel unwanted and isolated. Sam on the other hand is desolate, orphaned, and restrained. His parents are deceased and he travels from one home to another with only the pride of being a khaki scout, but not even that is enough to make him happy.
The Crucible Chapter 1-10 Analysis
4.) Vita stated, "I hate Helen. That 's all I can say" (Kaufman 106). "I don 't like to be around when he 's over," these quotes suggest that Vita has a strong feeling
John Proctor's Identity In The Crucible
John Proctor fears his name's identity, which is evident near the end of the play when he resists Deputy Danforth and Reverend Hale's posting his name on the church door, accusing him of witchcraft (IV.712-717). John Proctor is Elizabeth Proctor's husband, who involved in an affair with Abigail Williams when she was still working as the Proctor's maid. Elizabeth fires Abigail, once she realizes her maid and her husband's covert relationship. Elizabeth's dismissal causes Abigail to become very angry, for women had little power at the time, let alone unmarried women like herself. By playing her Mafia-like wailing and doll piercing games and forcing the other Salem girl to participate, Abigail determines to terminate Elizabeth and keep John for herself (460-473).
Bernie In The Piano Lesson
Berniece At the heart of The Piano Lesson is a brother and sister couple at war over the question of using the family legacy. Berniece, the sister, fiercely protects the piano from being sold. She figures as the guardian of the family's past. Unlike other characters, the stage notes for Berniece are somewhat sparse, describing her as a thirty-five-year-old mother still mourning for her husband, Crawley. She blames her brother, Boy Willie, for her husband's death, remaining ever skeptical of his bravado and chiding him for his rebellious ways.
Opie's Piano Lesson Analysis
49 Words | 1 Pages
The only speaking role Although many African American actors appeared on the show, they were usually extras and appeared in the background. Rockne Tarkington was the only African American actor, who got any lines to speak during the entire series. He appeared in the episode titled 'Opie's Piano
Crisis Intervention: Dealing with a Death of a Loved One Most people have experienced loss in their life. Studies have shown as many as 5-15% of bereaved people seem to develop severe long-term reactions to their loss. (Horowitz, M.J., Siegel, B., Holen, A., Bonanno, G.A., Milbrath, C., & Stinson, C.H). One of the most traumatic is a death of a loved one. Coping with the loss is extremely challenging and a very distressing point in life.
More about Examples Of Grief In The Piano Lesson
Characters in Hamlet


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text:
Black death 'discriminated' between victims
Tuesday, 29 January 2008 Will Dunham
ABC/Reuters
Poor health and nutrition helped the Black Death kill during the London plague of the mid-14th cenutry (Source: iStockphoto)
Plague could spread as temperatures rise
Rat-borne diseases on the rise, scientists warn
The Plague remains a disease time-bomb
The Black Death that decimated populations in Europe and elsewhere during the middle of the 14th century may not have been a blindly indiscriminate killer as previously believed.
An analysis of 490 skeletons from a London cemetery for Black Death victims shows the infection did not affect everyone equally, researchers say.
Anthropologists Dr Sharon DeWitte, of the University at Albany in New York and Pennsylvania State University's Professor James Wood say many perfectly healthy people were killed by the plague.
However, writing in the latest Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they say those already in poor health before the pandemic were more likely to have perished.
"A lot of people have assumed the Black Death killed indiscriminately, just because it had such massive mortality," DeWitte says.
"There's been a tradition of thinking that the Black Death was this unique case where no one was safe and if you were exposed to the disease that was it.
"You had three to five days, and then you were dead."
The researchers found however that the state of people's health before contracting the disease played a role in whether they survived.
The plague of 1347 to 1351 was one of the deadliest epidemics in human history, killing about 75 million people, according to some estimates, including up to 50% of the European populations affected.
It was called the Black Death because of the black spots the bubonic form of the plague caused on the skin.
DeWitte and Wood analysed skeletons unearthed during excavations in the 1980s from London's East Smithfield Black Death cemetery.
For comparison they used 291 pre-Black Death skeletons from Denmark during the same era.
The scientists estimated the victim's age at their time of death and looked for bone abnormalities that would show people had health problems before they died of plague.
They found such abnormalities in many of the skeletons, suggesting these people had experienced malnutrition, iron deficiencies and infections well before the arrival of the Black Death.
The proportion of London skeletons showing signs of poor health compared with those in relative good health, indicated the plague was selective in who it killed, the researchers report.
The most likely reason for frail victims' deaths was that poor nutrition weakened their immune response, the authors say.
They say experts have believed the Black Death killed indiscriminately because it was so virulent and the European population so immunologically unprepared.
"The Black Death was highly virulent and undoubtedly killed many otherwise healthy people who would have been unlikely to die under normal-mortality conditions," they write.
"The results suggest the Black Death did not kill indiscriminately, but it did discriminate less sharply than death normally does."
Scientists think the plague was caused by Yersinia pestis, a bacterial disease spread by fleas from rats. It still kills between 100 and 200 people a year.
Tags: health, diseases-and-disorders, medical-history, anthropology-and-sociology
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Trudeau's Tango
Alberta Meets Pierre Elliott Trudeau, 1968–1972
By Darryl Raymaker
Trudeau appeared to enjoy the encounter. He stood his ground while escaping projectiles, including a tomato…
In this insightful and lively history, Liberal insider Darryl Raymaker recalls the attempt to broker "a marriage from hell" between the federal Liberal Party and Alberta's Social Credit government in the late 1960s. Raymaker uses his deep connections and backroom knowledge to trace the tangled political relationships that developed when charismatic statesman Pierre Trudeau confronted the forces of oil and agriculture in Canada's west. Part memoir, part chronicle, Trudeau's Tango provides a window into Canadian history, politics, economics, and the zeitgeist of the late 1960s. Foreword by Lloyd Axworthy.
Features: 33 B&W photographs, notes, bibliography, index
Keywords: Political Science / Memoir
Subject(s): POLITICAL SCIENCE / Commentary & Opinion, Political Science / Memoir, Political Science, Alberta History, Regional Interest, POLITICAL SCIENCE / World / Canadian, HISTORY / Canada / Post-Confederation (1867-), Politics & government, Political Science / Memoir
Darryl Raymaker. Darryl Raymaker was born, raised, and educated in Alberta and practiced law in Calgary for more than 50 years. His involvement in the federal Liberal Party began in 1963. He ran as a candidate four times and has served on the National Executive of the Liberal Party of Canada. He lives in Calgary.
"Trudeau's Tango" is part memoir, part documentary of the geographic, cultural and political divisions that are a permanent fixture of Confederation. The fact we held it together remains a world-class achievement. Trudeau's Tango makes compelling reading for any Canada 150 book club.... Trudeau's Tango is a fresh and lively account of politics with sharp elbows." [Full review at https://www.blacklocks.ca/review-pierre-the-sodbusters/]
Holly Doan, Blacklock's Reporter
"...Darryl Raymaker, has recently written an excellent book about Alberta and the Trudeaus, called Trudeau's Tango. In his compendious book, Raymaker reminds everyone that the Trudeau name has always been controversial in Alberta—but respected, too. The Trudeau name gave 'Alberta Liberals hope,' Raymaker writes. The father, then—like the son, now—'was a man for his time—new, youthful, superbly confident, tough and equally articulate in both official languages.' What made Pierre Trudeau appealing in Alberta in his era makes the son just as appealing in his." [Full post at http://ow.ly/lBtH30dKOog]
Warren Kinsella, HuffPost
"After he sold his Calgary practice, Darryl Raymaker—lawyer, corporate director, political junkie, folk music aficionado and raconteur—embarked on a lifetime labour of love: a book about the wayward course of the Liberal Party in Alberta and its love-hate relationship with Pierre Elliott Trudeau during the prime minister's first mandate (1968 to 1972) 'Trudeau's Tango' is the ably written result. [H]is book recalls a tumultuous political era with wry humour and a touch of anger."
Frank Dabbs, Alberta Views
# 4 on Edmonton Non-Fiction Bestsellers list, October 08, 2017
"[Raymaker's] book is a detailed chronology of the history and tangled political relationships of the Liberal Party at the national and provincial levels and its opponents in Alberta—the once dominant Social Credit Party and then the Progressive Conservatives—from December 1967 through November 1972. The account is filled with blow-by-blow descriptions of political events and encounters at the provincial level. It also features the rise of Pierre Trudeau, Canada's charismatic prime minister, who was unable to permanently improve electoral outcomes for Liberals in Alberta (perhaps for lack of trying).... Summing Up: Recommended. General readers; upper-division undergraduates through professionals." [Full review at http://www.choiceconnect.org/webclipping/205897/t83h--3f47c2mj78f7lgai46q7hlhc21-s90qyditg06p52vza]
G.A. McBeath, CHOICE Magazine
I Here Comes Mr. Trudeau
1 The Great Race Begins
december 1967–march 1968
2 The Coming of the Just Society
march–april 1968
3 Trudeaumania Goes West
april–june 1968
4 The Battle for Edmonton Centre
5 The Battle for Alberta
may–june 1968
6 Breakthrough
7 The Honeymoon
june–december 1968
II Oil and Other Minefields
8 In Alberta, It's About Oil, Stupid!
january–april 1969
9 Mr. Trudeau Lays an Egg
march–may 1969
10 Oil, Economic Nationalism, and Mean Joe Greene
april 1969–october 1970
11 Hustle Grain!
december 1968–october 1970
12 The Infernal White Paper
january 1969–october 1970
13 Fighting Inflation and the Cunning Posties
april 1969–september 1970
III The Arranged Marriage
14 The Evolution of the Mighty Social Credit
september 1968– september 1969
15 A Troublesome Relationship
january 1969–february 1970
16 The Making of a Senator
february–october 1970
IV Crisis
17 Western Alienation and the Rabble-rousers
18 The October Crisis
august–december 1970
V The Second Coming
19 The Splendours of OPEC and the Saga of Home Oil
october 1970–march 1971
20 The Rough Sport of Politics
july 1970–march 1971
21 Blissful Times and the Beginning of the End of Tax Reform
november 1970–july 1971
22 As Good as It Gets
VI The Dawning of the Lougheed Era
23 Lougheed Comes to Power
february–september 1971
24 Tax Reform at Last
july–december 1971
25 Peter Lougheed Shows His Stuff
VII Stumbling toward the Brink
26 The Grits Falter
september 1971–may 1972
27 Chickens, Eggs, and Wheat Deals
january 1971–june 1972
28 Peter Lougheed Becomes a Star
december 1971–july 1972
29 The Eve of the Federal Election
april–august 1972
30 "The Land is Strong?"
september–october 1972
31 The Party's Over
october–november 1972
ISBNs: 9781772122657 978-1-77212-265-7 Title: trudeaus tango ISBNs: 9781772123197 978-1-77212-319-7 Title: trudeaus tango ISBNs: 9781772123203 978-1-77212-320-3 Title: trudeaus tango ISBNs: 9781772123210 978-1-77212-321-0 Title: trudeaus tango


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Q: android saxparser truncates xml tag content I am using saxparser in order to get xml tag contents from file. All works properly for a non long data xml. However, when arribed at certain position, characters() event received truncated ch[] and is triggered twice. For example for 1234567890 is received twice and value is truncated like following example. How to clear char array or memory?
id  1234567890
name myName1
id  1234567890
name myName2
...
(error)
id 1234567
id 890
name myName3

Code:
private StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer(2048);

            @Override
            public void characters(char ch[], int start, int length) throws SAXException {

            if(this.v_Id){

                buf.append(ch, start, length);

                myParsedXMLDataSet.setId(buf.toString());

                Log.d("id", buf.toString());

                buf.delete(0, buf.length());

            }

A: characters() is allowed to be called multiple time for the same element (see documentation). You should not assume that it will only be called once, even though most time that is the case. Append to the buffer each time characters() is called, then store the value when endElement() is called.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Mandela Washington Fellowship
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Grace Alache Jerry
Cohort: 2015
Grace Jerry is a music artist, disability rights advocate, and peace promoter in Nigeria. She brought freshness to advocacy efforts through her unique blend of passion and music, bringing prominence to the important roles of persons with disabilities in development. Since emerging Miss Wheelchair National queen she has remained consistent in her passion to mainstream disability in development issues, through her work at Inclusive Friends where she works as director, providing direction and inspiration for change. As WaterAid Nigeria's official spokesperson on disability in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Grace works to ensure inclusive access for persons with disabilities and to end violence through benefit concerts, the proceeds of which have provided toilets for schools serving children with disabilities. Grace plans to use the knowledge and experience she gains from the Fellowship in deepening her advocacy efforts to end discrimination and violence against women with disabilities in Nigeria.
mwfellowship@irex.org
THIS IS A PROGRAM OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE:
The Mandela Washington Fellowship is a program of the U.S. Department of State with funding provided by the U.S. Government and administered by IREX.


text:
Wamena / Wamena är en flygplats i Indonesien. Den ligger i den östra delen av landet,  km öster om huvudstaden Jakarta. Wamena / Wamena ligger  meter över havet.

Terrängen runt Wamena / Wamena är varierad. Wamena / Wamena ligger nere i en dal. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  km söder om Wamena / Wamena. Runt Wamena / Wamena är det ganska glesbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer. I omgivningarna runt Wamena / Wamena växer i huvudsak städsegrön lövskog.

Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är december, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är mars, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är april, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är december, med  mm nederbörd.

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Flygplatser i Indonesien


(b) The motion for a new trial shall be made in writing and filed with the court no later than ten (10) days after notice of the judgment. However, a motion for a new trial in cases involving landlords and tenants under Chapters 37 and 40, Title 27 of the South Carolina Code, must be filed within five (5) days after notice of the judgment. The court shall notify all opposing parties that the motion has been filed and shall provide those parties a copy of the motion in a manner provided for in Rule 8.
(c) Not later than ten (10) days after entry of judgment, the court, on its own initiative, may order a new trial for any reason for which it might have granted a new trial on motion of a party. However, the court may order a new trial under this paragraph not later than five (5) days after entry of judgment in cases involving landlords and tenants under Chapters 37 and 40, Title 27 of the South Carolina Code. After giving the parties notice and an opportunity to be heard on the matter, the court may grant a motion for a new trial, timely served, for a reason not stated in the motion. In either case, the court shall specify in the order the grounds for granting a new trial.
(d) A motion to alter or amend the judgment shall be filed no later than ten (10) days after notice of the judgment, except that in cases involving landlords and tenants under Chapters 37 and 40, Title 27 of the South Carolina Code, the motion shall be filed no later than five (5) days after notice of the judgment. The court shall notify all opposing parties that the motion has been filed and shall provide those parties a copy of the motion in a manner provided for in Rule 8.


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Goats can identify the calls of their goat friends
A new study led by scientists at Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) has found that goats can recognise their stablemate friends calling by developing a mental image of how they sound and look.
Goats at Buttercups Sanctuary (c) Elodie Briefer
The team from QMUL's School of Biological and Chemical Sciences found that goats can tell the difference between a call from a familiar goat and a call from an unfamiliar goat. Writing in the Royal Society journal Open Science, the team describe that goats use both visual cues as well as audio cues to determine the identity of another goat.
The ability to link audio and visual cues to identify others could have evolved in goats due to the fact that they are social animals, much like dogs and horses which also appear to have this ability.
"We observed that goats can differentiate between a call from their stablemate and a call from an unfamiliar goat, meaning that these animals are able to use sounds to help identify familiar goats," explained Dr Benjamin Pitcher, lead-researcher on the study and is now based at Macquarie University, Australia.
"The results indicate that goats not only have an awareness of how other goats look, but also how they sound, meaning that they have a higher-level of cognitive ability in this aspect than previously thought," he added.
Watching the goat watchers
To test whether goats could identify the call of an individual goat, the researchers placed a 'watcher' goat facing the pens of two 'caller' goats – one pen containing a familiar stablemate of the watcher-goat, and the other pen, an unfamiliar goat.
The team played a recording of either the call of the familiar goat or the call of the unfamiliar goat at a space equally distant between the two caller-goats. They saw that the watcher-goat would turn and watch the goat who had made the original call, whether that be the stablemate or the unfamiliar goat, meaning that they could tell which goat should have made the call.
When the watcher-goat was faced with two unfamiliar goats, however, it would show no preference to look towards one goat compared to the other.
The researchers say that goats could have evolved to use both sound and visual cues as a way to identify other familiar goats, much like we do with mental images of other familiar people, because they like to live in social groups.
Just like horses and dogs?
Dr Pitcher continued: "This higher-level of cognitive ability could be driven by their sociality, as there is growing evidence that social animals such as dogs and horses can also do this."
"By examining how different animals use sound and visual recognition, we can develop an understanding of how animals integrate information from multiple sensory sources, such as sight and hearing. This helps us to understand more about the complex world of animal communication."
The research was carried out at Buttercups Sanctuary for Goats in Kent, UK.
'Cross-modal recognition of familiar conspecifics in goats' by B. Pitcher, E. Briefer, L. Bacidonna and A. McElligott is published in Royal Society journal Open Science on Wednesday 15 February 2017.
Find out more about Biological and Experimental Psychology research at QMUL's School of Biological and Chemical Sciences.
Find out more studying Biology BSc and Psychology BSc at QMUL's School of Biological and Chemical Sciences.
News story: Zebrafish testing identifies a gene potentially at the root of domestication
News story: British scientist describes rare discovery of a dinosaur eating a mammal
News story: Dr Andrea Larosa receives the AGU Fred L. Scarf Award
For media information, contact:
Rupert Marquand
email: r.marquand@qmul.ac.uk