text:
nazaha
Saudi Arabia Arrests 21, Mainly Public Officials, for Corruption
Saudi authorities said they have arrested 21 people accused of corruption and fraud, the kingdom's Oversight and Anti-Corruption Authority (Nazaha) announced in Twitter thread titled No_place_for_corrupts_amongst_us.
Saudi Arabia Arrests Over 200 in Latest Corruption Crackdown
Saudi Arabia's Oversight and Anti-Corruption Authority (Nazaha) on Monday announced that 207 individuals, including government employees, have been arrested for their involvement in bribery, abuse of office and power, and forgery.
Saudi Arabia Detains 136 People in Latest Anti-Corruption Drive
Saudi authorities detained 136 people – both citizens and expatriates in Saudi Arabia – for their alleged involvement in bribery, abuse of power, and forgery, the country's anti-graft watchdog said on Sunday.


four additional myeloma lines were studied and, while they lacked high degrees of basal p STAT3, INCB16562 potently inhibited IL 6 stimulation of STAT3 phosphorylation. Even though treatment of these cells Adrenergic Receptors with INCB16562 had limited or partial effects on their survival, consistent with other reports, this is not unexpected as the means of identifying and preserving cell lines under various culture conditions may influence dependence on various growth factors and their signaling pathways. However, these data demonstrated that the myeloma cells can respond to MAPK family cytokines in the environment, such as in the bone marrow milieu, by initiating STAT signaling pathways in a JAK1/2?dependent manner. The meaning of this cytokine induced JAK signaling was shown in studies where myeloma cells were cultured both in the presence of BMSC or recombinant IL 6 and then treated with clinically relevant therapeutics in the presence or absence of INCB16562. These experiments demonstrate that inhibition Ribonucleic acid (RNA) of JAK1/2 in either location potentiates the effects of drug treatment by antagonizing the protective effects of JAK/STAT signaling and suggest that suboptimal medical responses to treatment may be limited by JAK initial. Certainly, we show for the very first time that inhibition of JAK1/2 increases the antitumor activity of two popular myeloma therapies, melphalan and bortezomib in a in vivo type of myeloma. There remains a requirement for new agents, although there have now been great strides made in the treating myeloma during the past decade. Acquiring data in the our data and literature described here claim that the benefit of multiple treatment programs might be blunted because of the service of survival pathways such as for instance JAK/STAT. Demonstrably, exploration of different drug combination regiments with a particular JAK inhibitor is guaranteed. The defective gene in A T was identified buy Dinaciclib as ATM and encodes a protein that belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase family of proteins. Based on the phenotype displayed by A T cells, it's perhaps not surprising as a significant regulator of the DDR trails, along with the closely related family unit members ATR and DNA PK that the ATM protein kinase has been characterized. In an unperturbed mobile, ATM exists being an inactive dimer, but the introduction of DNA double strand breaks by ionizing radiation or other insults triggers the ATM kinase by intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation. ATM phosphorylates many downstream substrates that contribute to the proper regulation of IRinduced arrests in G1 phase ), S phase ), and G2 phase ) of the cell cycle, once triggered.
This reinforces the theory that preventive, rather than therapeutic immunosuppressive techniques, are desired to control immune responses following gene transfer. More over, this IS technique was only partially effective in feline types of lipoprotein lipase deficiency following IM injection of AAV1 HSP90 inhibition vector encoding a nonspecies particular transgene. Thus, the use of cyclophosphamide alone could be not sufficient to successful immunotolerance induction in most disease models. Studies using cell or gene based treatment in conjunction with IS are encouraging for treating muscular dystrophy. Research utilising the golden retriever carved dystrophy type demonstrated T cell mediated immune responses to the vector capsid and/or transgene subsequent IM injection of AAV2 or AAV6 in naive normal dogs. This prompted the authors to utilize short term WOULD be to purchase FK228 prevent immune responses. The routine, containing cyclosporine, MMF and Papillary thyroid cancer rabbit antithymocyte globulin was effective in supporting appearance of canine?? dystrophin after discontinuation of the medications without local T cell infiltrates. Information from the recent study on the utilization of mesangioblast stem cells in the golden retriever muscular dystrophy design also enhance the value of way of distribution and IS for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Following delivery of the mesangioblasts by intra arterial injection, dystrophin term was connected with remarkable development of function and both muscle morphology. It's possible that IS needed for the use of heterologous mesangioblasts was playing a coadjuvant part in the development of the disease phenotype. In both of these canine designs applying AAV vectors for skeletal muscle transduction, hemophilia B and golden retriever muscular dystrophy, ATP-competitive ALK inhibitor different extremes of IS programs were necessary to achieve long haul sustained transgene expression. Once the target structure is susceptible to inflammatory responses like the skeletal muscle of golden retriever physical dystrophy dogs contrary to healthier muscle of hemophilia B dogs these models offer examples of the complexity of immune responses. In the former model a less intense IS strategy wasn't effective and immune responses reduce long term expression of the therapeutic transgene. Recently, three reports on the subretinal delivery of AAV2 to matters with Leber congenital amaurosis with mutation in the RPE65 gene show no local or systemic toxicity. Significantly, proof of vision improvement was recognized in a few patients, as was predicted from preclinical studies in dogs and NHP. At the least two of the trials used short course of high dose steroids, a common practice for the surgery procedure it self which was not modified for gene delivery.
therapies goal novel mechanisms of alveolar bone destruction. Among the desirable top features of modulating p38 MAPK signaling is that this molecular target is definitely an upstream AMPK inhibitors typical signaling advanced to a lot of inflammatory cytokines. Triggered monocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts in the periodontium make cytokines and prostanoids, including TNF, IL 1B, IL 6, and prostaglandin E2. These cytokines then cause Fingolimod distributor the creation of other inflammatory mediators, such as for instance MMPs, prostaglandins, and RANKL that eventually lead to osteoclastogenesis and tissue destruction. New research shows that C5a potentiated IL 6 and TNF production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells is restricted by the p38 inhibitor. Ergo, restriction of p38 MAPK could influence infection at multiple levels in the immune response. Several monocytokine suppressive therapies have gained Federal Drug Administration approval and are now Inguinal canal available. These generally include the IL 1 chemical anakinra and the TNF inhibitors adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab. These drugs are meant for the treating psoriasis, arthritis rheumatoid, Crohns illness, ulcerative colitis, and ankylosing spondilitis. Up to now, none have now been accepted for treating periodontitis. Despite apparent efficiency of those drugs and notable clinical developments, there's still a dependence on improvement. Therefore combination therapy may be more effective. Because cytokines frequently act synergistically, much like IL 1 and TNF this might be. It's been proven that simultaneous obstruction of the cytokines is significantly more effective than stopping only one. Consider purchase Dizocilpine the first human trial in which a single dose of p38 inhibitor lowered TNF, IL 1 and IL 6 degrees by 90%. However, pan cytokine blockade does cause potential problems since osteoclastogenesis is needed for physiological bone turnover and remodeling. In one review, an orally active p38 inhibitor had a small anabolic result as demonstrated by quantitative micro computed tomography. These data declare that p38 inhibitors have a somewhat large suppression of osteoclastogenesis without compensatory shut down of osteoblastic differentiation. Nevertheless, it's maybe not considered that osteoclastogenesis is totally expunged by p38 inhibition. Systemically, several hormones and cytokines modulate osteoclastogenesis: parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, PTH related protein, PGE2, IL 1B, IL 6 and IL 11. Of these, PTH and PTHrP can still stimulate osteoclastogenesis independently of p38 signaling.
Our research group has been examining the position of p38 MAPK signaling pathway on variety microbial interactions during periodontal disease. This review intends to discuss the importance of the potential and the p38 MAPK pathway to control this pathway for therapeutic applications in vivo.
Ever since the initial description of Toll like receptors in the mid late Topoisomerase 90s, the field of innate immunity has been greatly stimulated and the implications of these receptors on the regulation of host response has been intensively studied. Essentially, the tasks of TLRs in inflammation and immune response have been expanded, so it's now known that these receptors not just identify numerous microbial associated molecular patterns to activate innate immune response, but they can also bind to endogenous molecules derived from damaged tissue and have a role in inflammation and adaptive immune response. The TLR family currently contains over 13 members, each with the capacity of knowing different PAMPs. These receptors are expressed FAAH inhibitor by immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells as well as by non immune resident cells, such as periodontal fibroblasts and gingival epithelial cells.
In periodontal tissues, expression of TLR2 and TLR4 has been positively correlated with inflammation, as well as in intestinal inflammation. On another hand, reduced expression of TLR mRNA in the oral mucosa of periodontitis patients has been noted, however concomitantly with increased infiltration of this mucosa with TLRpositive inflammatory cells.
This has been regarded by the authors as a possible result of the repeated and extended challenge of this tissue with PAMPs and a test of the number to reestablish tissue homeostasis, as within an immune tolerance mechanism. TLRs are single move transmembrane proteins with an N terminal introducing Plastid leucine prosperous repeats that are responsible for the recognition of their ligands and with a C terminal cytoplasmic domain that's much like the cytoplasmic area of the interleukin 1 receptor. Nucleotide oligomerization domain proteins are cytosolic proteins that also have leucine rich repeats and were initially referred to as intracellular TLRs that understand PAMPs associated with bacteria invading the cytosol, nevertheless these proteins have also demonstrated an ability to regulate various signaling pathways, including p38 MAPK and NFB.
Our research group has observed that Nod1 and Nod2 are required for transcriptional activation of RANKL mediated by TLR2 and TLR4 signaling, however only Nod1 is needed for expression of RANKL mRNA induced by IL 1 receptor signaling. This illustrates the complexity of TLR signaling and the cross talk to other signaling pan JAK inhibitor pathways involved since the cytosolic domains of TLRs and IL 1 receptor are similar.
Chemokines of your CC subfamily, particularly CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, have been described to get important to the migration of donor cells to target organs for the duration of GVHD development. Some studies have shown increased ranges of CCL2 early on in the liver and intestine of mice subjected to GVHD, but the purpose of this chemokine isn't clear. Greater levels of CCL2 contribute to your migration of donor Adrenergic Receptors monocytes and macrophages to your lung as shown by studies by which neutralization of CCL2 or absence of CCR2 on donor cells resulted in decreased inammatory inltrates within the lung and consequently, small lung damage. The CCL2 receptor, CCR2, has an important function inside the activation and migration of CD8 T cells while in the intestine and liver all through GVHD. CCR2 can be involved in lung harm.
Chemokines produced by T cells, like CCL3 and CCL5, and cytokines, for example TNF, increase the recruitment of CCR2 macrophages for the lung, macrophages produce more TNF and thus perpetuate the inammatory response. Three days after transplantation, CCL3 amounts order GDC-0068 are by now high inside the intestine of mice subjected to GVHD just after sublethal conditioning. The original production of CCL3 is mostly derived from host cells, but its production then switches to transplanted cells. Without a doubt, 10 days just after transplantation, donor cells had been the key source of CCL3 during the target organs of mice subjected to GVHD. In 2010, our group showed the impact of a chemokine binding protein, evasin 1, in the model of GVHD in mice. Evasin 1 bound with higher afnity to CCL3 and prevented its association with CCR1 or CCR5.
Neutralization of CCL3 by evasin1 decreased GVHD mortality and harm to the intestine and liver and reduced the inltration of CD4 and CD8 cells and macrophages during the intestine. There was also a reduction in CCL5 amounts inside the intestine soon after CCL3 neutralization, suggesting that CCL3 may well upregulate CCL5 within this organ. Chromoblastomycosis The CCL5:CCR1 interaction also contributes to target organ damage, as blockade of this interaction resulted in suppression of alloreactive T cell activation, top to decreased liver and intestinal damage. As suggested by clinical and experimental research, CCR5 is a critical receptor that may be related to GVHD improvement. Immediately after stimulation by donor cell CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, CCR5 market the recruitment of alloreactive T cells on the intestine, leading to the perpetuation on the inammatory response on this organ and increased GVHD mortality.
In addition to modulating mortality along with the recruitment Fostamatinib R788 of donor T cells to target organs in experimental GVHD, CCR5 seems to get essential in controlling skin damage in humans with GVHD by selling the recruitment of T cells to this web site. CCR5 can be a important receptor that recruits lymphocytes to the skin of people with GVHD and contributes for the production of TNF, IL 2, and IFN , which participate in the pathogenesis of human GVHD.
amounts of BDNF, a target protein of pCREB, appeared to improve, but this did not reach statistical signicance by Western blotting or by immunostaining. Also, tanshinone I enhanced ERK?CREB signalling inside of 30 min in the hippocampus. As a result, in VEGFR inhibition subsequent experiments undertaken to investigate its memory connected action, tanshinone I was provided 40 min in advance of testing. We measured the eects of pressure attributable to i. c. v. injection with or without having U0126 or anaesthetic agent within the basic locomotor behaviour. As shown in Figure 4A, anaesthetic agent and i. c. v. injection did not aect common locomotor pursuits. For this lack of eect, U0126 was delivered in to the system as outlined earlier. U0126 induced memory impairment at more than 1 nmol as measured inside the passive avoidance process.
To investigate regardless of whether the eect of tanshinone I on ERK? CREB signalling aects mastering and memory, tanshinone I was offered forty min ahead of the acquisition trial. Tanshinone I was located to signicantly boost latency time from the passive avoidance process versus Bcl-2 antagonist car taken care of controls. Having said that, this eect of tanshinone I at 4 mgkg1 was blocked by U0126. In addition, this tanshinone I U0126 interaction showed a signicant group eect. To investigate ERK?CREB signal adjustments within the hippocampus, the mice were killed quickly following the acquisition trial and Western blot analysis was performed. It was identified that tanshinone I signicantly increased pERK protein levels, and that this raise was blocked by U0126. Moreover, equivalent final results have been observed for pCREB protein amounts in the hippocampus.
In addition, the interaction between tanshinone I and U0126 showed a signicant group eect on pERK and pCREB levels. Low levels of pERK and pCREB were proven in normal mice that had not undergone the acquisition trial in the passive avoidance box. We examined whether or not tanshinone I aects the memory impairments induced by diazepam, Plastid and regardless of whether diazepam inhibits the activations of ERK and CREB within the hippocampus. Tanshinone I signicantly prevented the reduction in latency instances caused by diazepam administration with no any improvements in locomotor activity. Furthermore, these eects of tanshinone I on memory impairment induced by diazepam have been blocked by U0126, and tanshinone I U0126 interaction showed a signicant group eect.
Additionally, from the ERK? CREB signalling review, diazepam reversed the pERK and pCREB protein up regulation induced through the acquisition trial, and tanshinone I signicantly enhanced MAPK family diazepam induced pERK and pCREB downregulation. Also, these eects of tanshinone I on pERK and pCREB protein ranges in the course of diazepam induced signal impairment had been blocked by U0126. In addition, the interaction among tanshinone I and U0126 showed a signicant group eect on pERK and on pCREB ranges.
The prospective for CP 690,550 to interact HSP90 inhibition with these transporters is unknown, nonetheless, offered the magnitude from the observed alterations, these eects tend not to carry any clinical relevance for MTX PK. Dependant on the PK effects on this review, no dose adjustment is needed when co administering CP 690,550 and MTX. MTX therapy can result in haematological AEs and, inside a former review of CP 690,550 in patients with RA, haematological AEs occurred far more frequently from the CP 690,550 treatment groups than from the placebo group. When the haematological AEs within the CP 690,550 groups had been mostly mild to reasonable in severity, and had been reversible on cessation of remedy, this observation raises the likelihood that co administration of CP 690,550 with MTX could bring about a lot more frequent or serious haematological AEs.
In the existing research only two haematological AEs, of anaemia, occurred. All round, co administration of CP 690,550 with MTX appeared for being safe and sound and effectively tolerated with no critical or severe AEs reported. On top of that, in the greater subsequent review, CP 690,550 and MTX co administration was efcacious in contrast with placebo for as much as twelve weeks and only minor chemical library price alterations in haemoglobin have been recorded. Following earlier Phase II studies of CP 690,550 in sufferers with RA, which evaluated doses of CP 690,550 up to 30 mg, a highest dose of 10 mg b. i. d. is currently being investigated in Phase III research. The dose of CP 690,550 used in this existing examine is three times larger compared to the highest dose planned for Phase III scientific studies from the blend, which ought to cover the extremes of exposures observed using the therapeutic dose.
The xed sequence style may be the easiest style and design to estimate the eect of both drugs on 1 another as recommended by regulatory advice. The limitation of the strategy is the fact that period eects might be confounded with treatment method eects. Having said that, neither CP 690,550 nor MTX showed time dependency in PK, as well as wash out Metastasis of MTX was adequate to assess the eects on CP 690,550. Greater, long run research of concomitant administration of CP 690,550 and MTX are essential to conrm the efcacy and security of this blend in more substantial patient populations and evaluate the have to have for dose adjustments determined by efcacy and/or safety data. To this finish, the com bination of CP 690,550 and MTX is now undergoing additional evaluation in sufferers with RA.
Some ten yr ago, we identified that hepatocyte development factor may well perform a role in several myeloma, a nding later conrmed by many tactics in dierent laboratories. The principle effects have been that myeloma cells create HGF, and that substantial serum levels of HGF at diagnosis correlated with bad prognosis for patients. Compared to healthier controls, CDK9 inhibitor bone marrow plasma from multiple myeloma individuals contained higher levels of HGF. Even so, also in balanced persons, HGF may be detected, both in bone marrow plasma and serum. It has previously been proven by us and some others that myeloma cells express the HGF receptor c Met.
The human prostate carcinoma cell line, DU145, was obtained HSP90 inhibition from the Meals Industry Study and Advancement Institute and cultured in 90% minimal vital medium containing 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum. Cells were plated in 6cm dishes at 5 106 cells per dish except the MTT assay, and allowed to grow for 24 h. Cells were cultured in a 24 very well plate for 24 h after which taken care of with DHTS for different time intervals. The cell viability was established by an MTT assay as described previously. Complete cellular proteins were resolved by 10% or 12% sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred onto a polyvinylidene diuoride membrane as described previously.
The membrane was then incubated with the following key antibodies: anti PARP, anti GRP78/Bip, anti CHOP/ GADD153, antiubiquitin, anti HIF 1, antiphosphor eIF2, antiphosphor JNK, antiphosphor PERK, supplier Bicalutamide anticleaved caspase 3, anticleaved Chromoblastomycosis caspase 8, anticleaved caspase 9, and anti Bcl 2. he membranes had been subsequently incubated with anantimouse or antirabbit immunoglobulin G secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and visualized applying enhanced hemiluminescence kits. Complete RNA was isolated fromcultured cells and complementary DNA was prepared as previously described. XBP1 cDNA was amplied by incubating 500 ng equivalents of total cDNA in a hundred mM Tris HCl buer containing 500 mM KCl, 15 mM MgCl2, 0. 1% gelatin, 200 uM of each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, and 50 units/mL Super Taq DNA polymerase.
The cDNA of glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase was also amplied as a management within the identical method using the next primers: Apoptotic cell death was analyzed by ow cytometry employing specific HDAC inhibitors the Annexin V conjugated Alexa Fluor 488 Apoptosis Detection Kit according the companies guidelines. Data are presented since the mean the typical error for that indicated quantity of independently performed experiments. Signicantly dierent with P. 05 using one particular way Students t test. In human prostate DU145 carcinoma cells, DHTS drastically induced cell death in dose and time dependent manners, and showed a 64. 92% and 91. 18% reduction of cell viability with 0. 1 ug/mL and 1. 5 ug/mL of DHTS, respectively, at 24 h of treatment. Employing microscopic observations, cell shrinkage and rounding have been located in DHTS taken care of cells in dose and time dependent manners. Cell death was also characterized applying ow cytometry with propidium iodide and Annexin V Alexa Fluor 488 staining.
Amongst the number of herbal extracts studied to date, yin zhi huang is definitely the very best characterized herbal activator of Car, as established by experiments conducted in cell culture and a variety of animal designs. The nding that yin zhi huang activates Car offers a molecular basis for your traditional therapeutic Caspase inhibition utilization of this herbal medicine from the therapy of neonatal jaundice. Lately, various herbal medicines and a few of their chemical constituents happen to be identied as activators of PXR and Motor vehicle. As pointed out above, many of the research were carried out by conducting in vitro cell based mostly reporter assays, usually inside a cell line. It has been shown that information from reporter assays correlate with information obtained from direct ligand binding assays and target gene expression evaluation in human hepatocytes.
Nonetheless, interpretation of reporter assay data isn't constantly easy. As proven in Tables I and II, an increase akt1 inhibitor in PXR reporter activity is not necessarily accompanied by an increase in PXR target gene expression. From the situation of Car, the usage of in vitro cell based mostly reporter assays is intricate by the high Car exercise inside the basal state as well as spontaneous nuclear translocation that happens in cell lines. A number of the limitations of the in vitro technique to studying PXR and Car pursuits might be overcome by: conducting in vivo and/or ex vivo experiments in PXR knockout mice, Car knockout mice, or transgenic mice that express human PXR and/or human Car or doing in vivo gene transcription assays in rodents.
In the long run, to overcome any species variations from the pharmacokinetics of a provided herbal extract, in vivo investigations are required to find out whether it really is capable of modulating PXR or Car functional exercise in humans. Future efforts in in depth chemical evaluation will even be wanted to determine the specic chemical constituent liable for the PXR/CARactivating Immune system effects from the total extract. All round, together with the appreciation that PXR and Vehicle may perhaps serve as prospective therapeutic targets, the discovery of specic herbal medicines and a few of their chemical constituents as in vitro modulators of PXR and Automobile will give a basis for targeted pharmacodynamic scientific studies in the future. Through the last decade, oral drug delivery has taken a brand new dimension using the escalating application of lipids as carriers for your delivery of poorly water soluble drugs.
These systems minimize the over talked about complications related with other colloidal methods. As a result of the growing consideration towards lipid based mostly drug delivery techniques, American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists has fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors formed a Lipid Primarily based Drug Delivery Methods Target Group. The lipids employed to prepare lipid nanoparticles are often physiological lipids with minimal acute and continual toxicity. In case of polymeric nanoparticles, the in vivo degradation in the polymer may induce toxic effects.
All DEXA measurements were carried out by HSP90 inhibition the exact same investigator employing the Norland pDEXA Sabre equipped with Sabre Analysis computer software. The interassay coefficient of variation for BMD and BMC was 1. 7%. The scanner was calibrated everyday to a dual material regular according to the manufacturers suggestions, and the scanner effectiveness was controlled from the top quality assurance protocol of our laboratory. The proper femurs have been scanned using DEXA to find out BMC and BMD. Ex vivo measurements on the correct distal femur were carried out FDA approved Akt inhibitor on excised bones positioned onto a 3 mmthick cotton piece around the bottom of a ten cm diameter culture dish at a consistent location within the scan table, and measured by DEXA using a distinctive collimator, the scan length was 5 cm, the scan width 2 cm as well as the scan velocity ten mm/s using a resolution of 0.
2 mm ? 0. 2 mm. The deltoid tuberosity was faced upward to avoid an irregular projecting shape, the starting point with the scan was above the distal condyle in the femur and also the finish stage was proximal to the femoral end to ensure the scanner arm moved Lymph node along the prolonged axis with the femoral shaft making it possible for evaluation of femur length. The baseline point was positioned over the cotton piece. Liver specimens have been fixed in 10% buffered neutral paraformaldehyde alternative, processed and embedded in paraffin. Thin paraffin sections had been stained by hematoxylin and eosin. The numbers of mononuclear cells were determined/10 HPF. Left tibiae have been decalcified in 5% formic acid alternative for 1 week, dehydrated with methanol, and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin sections had been deparaffinized and stained.
Sections together with the widest marrow cavity close to the growth plate of your metaphysis of tibiae had been picked for even more histological processing and histomorphometric measurements. Histomorphometrical measurements have been manufactured utilizing an Optiphot 2 microscope connected to a RGB camera as well as a personal pc, Apatinib molecular weight with final magnifications of thirty? and 400?. The quantity of osteoclasts was determined/10 HPF. Rat bone alkaline phosphatase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit was offered by Cusabio Biotech Co., LTD.. Rat BALP was also measured employing ELISA from R & D Systems. Rat TRAP 5b EIA Kit was obtained from KAMIYA BIOMEDICAL Company. Rat TRAP 5b was also measured by ELISA. The plasma malondialdehyde levels were determined according to the method of Draper and Hadley, based over the reaction of MDA with thiobarbituric acid. Measurement was conducted employing the lipid peroxidation assay kit. The absorbance at 586 nm was measured employing an ELISA microplate reader. Plasma nitrate levels were measured based on the method of Bories and Bories.


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Lost Lander at the Falcon Art Community on Dec. 6, 2013
Souvenir Driver at the Falcon Art Community on Dec. 6, 2013
Lost Lander and Souvenir Driver at the Falcon Art Community on Dec. 6, 2013
Photos by Kyle Carnes
Words by Chris Young
November 17, 2014 12:00pm
"I know that not everybody gets this feeling but, from time to time, I personally feel that there's more going on than you can see," Matt Sheehy muses. "And science is a really great way to try to dig down deeper but you don't always get there that way," explains the man who's a forester for Northwest Forestry Services and the creative guide ushering his intricate, modern-yet-'80s-esque pop band Lost Lander... read more
Lost Lander: 'Go Missing' [Song Premiere]
Chris Young - Jun 7, 2019
Lost Lander's third album 'Aberdeen' is an experimental song cycle best experienced live when Matt Sheehy brings his one-man, musical storytelling and multimedia performance to Disjecta's stage on...
No Kind of Rider, Fritzwa and Samuel Eisen-Meyers Are Three Portland Artists to Watch
Skylor Powell, Joel Sommer, Chris Young - Sep 6, 2018
You could say it's been a long time coming for these artists. They've been putting in the work for years and the fruits of these labors are ripe and ready to be consumed. From juicy R&B to...
EL VY: Trading Moves
Chris Young - Oct 23, 2015
Ramona Falls' Brent Knopf and The National's Matt Berninger finally make their lunar landing: With a debut record out on October 30, they'll kick off their tour in Portland with two sold-out Doug...
At the Altar of the Three Muses: Women, Music and Fashion in Portland
Andrea Janda - Mar 20, 2015
In the space where music, fashion and women coalesce, the city is being shaped by a creative class of female musicians who are in the spotlight, ceaselessly defining the silhouettes, the sounds...
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August 26, 2015 11:20pm
Pickwick and Lost Lander at the Red Bull Sound Select Portland showcase at the Doug Fir Lounge on Jan. 7, 2014
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Vortex Picks
Vortex Music Magazine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Park Blog
from the library of Harden house museum
Elbow Falls? Yes!
The Great Falls of the Still River as captured by Tom Allen outstanding drone work.
When Frank Harden built what is now Harden House Museum, it was no whim. Frank lived in NYC and wanted an escape. He wanted a getaway into the country that would remind him of where he grew up, in Northern Ireland. He searched NY, NJ and into CT and all over New England. He refused to settle and then was shown this property along the Still River here in New Milford. The property was that of the Golembeski family and had been used as farm land, but only a part of it. The rest was swampland and quite unusable. Frank didn't see it that way. He saw opportunity. What sold him most on the property is in this photograph taken by Tom Allen of New Milford this past week. The bend of the Still River at the falls (referred to as the Great Falls or Elbow Falls) reminded Frank of Ireland, which was where he grew up as a boy. If you visit it today, aside from the condos through the trees, you might say the same. Back when he made the purchase, Frank could see only a couple old barns in this same location. They likely had belonged to the old Still River Iron Works, but overall it has the feel of old Irish country.
Frank purchased the property and built the house to view the Elbow Falls. The house was built by HH Taylor and Sons, here in New Milford and completed by 1942. The New Milford Times featured a front page story featuring the Hardens' house on April 30, 1942 as it was almost completed. What I love is how this was a simpler time where people could read a story about a home on an estate. It's truly a wonderful story.
This hidden area of the falls was not well known to anyone in Lanesville or any of New Milford but can now be seen any day of the year here in Harrybrooke Park. Frank built a weekend estate off of the beaten path and today, we are still considered by some to be the "Hidden Gem" of New Milford.
Cheap Scotland link
Nice post thanks for sharring
The blogs are written by our park Executive Director, Billy Buckbee. Some call him Mo but he's the guy with the beard you see around the park.
office@HarrybrookePark.org


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SOJC prof says lack of public funding hurts public broadcasting
When the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 was passed, establishing funding for National Public Radio and the Public Broadcasting Service, the target audience was simple: the entire country. However, in reality, almost all content has been aimed at affluent baby boomers.
UO School of Journalism and Communication professor Chris Chávez, writing for the news and commentary website The Conversation, says the reason boils down to funding.
"Unlike the British Broadcasting Corporation — which citizens subsidize by paying an annual television license fee — American public media receives relatively little federal funding, denying it a stable source of income," he said. "With federal funding in a constant state of flux, public media has come to rely on income from private sources such as pledge drives and corporate underwriting accounts."
Chávez goes on to say in 2015, National Public Radio stations received only 14 percent of their funding from federal, state and local entities, compared to 20 percent from corporations and 37 percent from private donations.
"Only by unhitching its funding model from private interests can public media truly fulfill its mission of serving the public at large," he said. "But this would require a federal government that's willing to boost — rather than slash — its funds."
For more, read "Why America's public media can't do its job," the article Chávez wrote for The Conversation.
Chávez, a professor in advertising and media studies, researches the intersection of globalization, media and culture.


text:
import os
import sys
import subprocess
import urllib.request
import zipfile
import argparse

READELF_TOOL_PATH = '/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/darwin-x86_64/bin/x86_64-linux-android-readelf'
FIND_NDK_COMMAND = 'find $ANDROID_HOME/ndk -name ".*" -prune -maxdepth 1 -o -print | sort -rV | head -n 1'
NDK_PATH = subprocess.check_output(FIND_NDK_COMMAND, shell=True).decode('ascii').strip()
BUILD_ID_EXTRACT_COMMMAND = NDK_PATH + READELF_TOOL_PATH + ' -n {0} | grep "Build ID" | cut -d ":" -f2'

FLAVORS = ['base', 'objectServer']
ARCHS = ['arm64-v8a', 'armeabi-v7a', 'x86', 'x86_64', 'mips']

ZIPS_PATH = os.getcwd() + "/downloads/"
LIBS_PATH = os.getcwd() + "/libs/"

def file_exists(path):
    f = None
    try:
        f = open(path)
        return True
    except IOError:
        return False
    finally:
        if f:
            f.close()

def download_file(url, path):
    urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, path)

def generator(major_range, minor_range, patch_range):
    for major in major_range:
        for minor in minor_range:
            for patch in patch_range:
                yield f"{major}.{minor}.{patch}"

def create_dirs(path):
    try:
        os.mkdir(path)
    except OSError:
        pass
    return path

def unzip(zip_file, version):
    print(f"Unziping v{version}", file=sys.stderr)

    path = LIBS_PATH + f"{version}"
    create_dirs(path)
    with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_file, "r") as zip_ref:
        zip_ref.extractall(path)

def format_table_line(build_id, version, flavor, arch):
    return f"{build_id.ljust(41)} {version.ljust(10)} {flavor.ljust(14)} {arch}"

def extract_build_ids(ids, version):
    print(f"Processing v{version}", file=sys.stderr)

    for flavor in FLAVORS:
        for arch in ARCHS:
            so_path = f"{LIBS_PATH}/{version}/{flavor}/{arch}/librealm-jni.so"
            if file_exists(so_path):
                build_id = subprocess.check_output(BUILD_ID_EXTRACT_COMMMAND.format(so_path), shell=True).strip().decode('ascii')
                ids.append(format_table_line(build_id, version, flavor, arch))

def download(zip_path, version):
    if not file_exists(zip_path):
        print(f"Downloading {version}", file=sys.stderr)
        download_file(f"https://static.realm.io/downloads/java/realm-java-jni-libs-unstripped-{version}.zip", zip_path)

def parse_range(version):
    if version is None:
        print("⚠ Please define major minor and patch, see --help ")
        exit()
    if '-' in version:
        version_range = version.split('-')
        return range(int(version_range[0]), int(version_range[1]) + 1)
    return [int(version)]

if __name__ == "__main__":
    create_dirs(ZIPS_PATH)
    create_dirs(LIBS_PATH)

    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Extract build ids out from S3.')
    parser.add_argument('major', nargs='?', help='specific version: 1 or range: 1-3')
    parser.add_argument('minor', nargs='?', help='specific version: 1 or range: 1-3')
    parser.add_argument('patch', nargs='?', help='specific version: 1 or range: 1-3')
    args = parser.parse_args()

    major_range = parse_range(args.major)
    minor_range = parse_range(args.minor)
    patch_range = parse_range(args.patch)

    build_ids = []

    print("-- This process can take some minutes ⏰ --", file=sys.stderr)

    for version in generator(major_range, minor_range, patch_range):
        zip_path = ZIPS_PATH + f"{version}.zip"
        try:
            download(zip_path, version)
            unzip(zip_path, version)
            extract_build_ids(build_ids, version)
        except Exception:
            print(f"Skipping v{version}, it does not exist in S3", file=sys.stderr)

    print("-- Done 🚀 --\n\n", file=sys.stderr)

    print(format_table_line("Build id", "Version", "Flavor", "Arch"))

    max_length = max([len(x) for x in build_ids])
    print(''.ljust(max_length, '-'))

    for build_id in build_ids:
        print(build_id)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
From left: Callophyrs augustinus and an empidid fly nectaring on Arctostaphylos viscida.
Arctostaphylos viscida Parry (Sticky whiteleaf manzanita) is in full bloom here in Southerstern Oregon. Manzanitas are in the family Ericaceae, which includes related genera Arbutus (madrone, strawberry tree), Calluna (heather), Erica (heath), Kalmiopsis, Pieris, Rhododendron (includes azaleas), Vaccinium (blueberries, cranberries, etc.), and over a hundred more genera, few of which known in cultivation. A. viscida is native from Southwestern Oregon south through most of California (to Kern County, possibly further south). It is a shrub or small tree, sometimes reaching a height of fifteen feet in optimal conditions, shorter further south. Small panicle-like clusters of urn-shaped flowers appear in Spring. The entire inflorescence is sticky, covered in glandular hairs, with glaucus leaves, thus the common name.
Arctostaphylos viscida, a variant with white florets
Sticky whiteleaf manzanita grows in association with oak (Quercus), Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), various conifers (Juniperus, Pinus, Pseudotsuga), and Ceanothus among others. With many of these, it shares a variety of endo- and ectomycorrhizae, which are types of fungi which survive on or within the roots of a host and trade valuable nutrients (as well as increasing the surface area of the roots) for carbon and other exudates (root secretions). Dozens of species of mycorrhiza have been discovered in association with Arctostaphylos and associated plant species. Essentially, mycorrhizal fungi are symbiants which infect their hosts, but they benefit the plants in multiple ways and are necessary for the establishment and survival of countless taxa in the plant kingdom. Like all ericaceous plants, Arctostaphylos requires symbiosis with specialized ericoid mycorrhizal fungi to survive in the acidic and nutrient poor soils they are typically found in.
Arctostaphylos viscida flanks the northeastern rim of Upper Table Rock in Central Point, OR
Arctostaphylos viscida is a pioneer shrub, entering the landscape in succession following grasses and other herbaceous plants. A. viscida paves the way for trees such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and contributes to its establishment by hosting the necessary mycorrhizal fungi that Douglas-fir requires to survive. The same group of mycorrhiza also aids in the establishment of Arbutus menziesii, a relationship which may explain why madrone is so difficult to keep alive in cultivation (lacking the correct mycorrhizal symbiosis outside its native range).
Flowers of Arctostaphylos viscida with banded thrips, Aeolothrips sp.
The flowers of Arctostaphylos viscida are similar to many (but not all) ericaceous plants such as Arbutus, Pieris, and Vaccinium by having fused petals forming an urn or cup, a stigma nearly twice the length of the stamen, and a ring of stamen surrounding the ovary and nectaries. Manzanita pollen is dehisced through small pores and often requires sonication, or buzz pollination, to release the pollen. Small insects such as thrips, which are small enough to crawl into the flowers, can gather pollen without the use of sonication. A. viscida may occasionally be self-compatible but progeny probably benefits most from cross pollination between different plants. Bloom time varies between individual specimens, as does the relative attractiveness to pollinators due to unknown factors that may include the health of the plant, quality of the nectar, or something else entirely.
Arctostaphylos viscida bark
The bark is similar to that of madrone (Arbutus menziesii): cinnamony, thin, and smooth once the outer layer of bark peels off. It has the unique characteristic of repelling water. This feature may contribute to the plants ability to survive in severe drought, though if there is inadequate rain or sun they do not flower well. Arctostaphylos viscida shrubs that grow on the north side of structures or under dense canopies of trees do not seem to flower reliably. The excessive shade from a northern exposure or tall trees promotes fungal infections that result in aborted buds and black spots on the leaves. A. viscida prefers open sunny habitats, and is more fit in chaparral than in dense woodlands, though it does perfectly well at forest edges, clearings, and slopes which in some aspects have similar characteristics to true chaparral.
From left: A. viscida berries, crushed dried berries, and seeds.
Seeds of Arctostaphylos are produced in the form of berries. In A. viscida the berries are sometimes sticky, but this seems to go away when the fruit is mature. There is speculation that the berries (and seeds) are distributed by animals, probably birds. Laboratory tests of seed procured from coyote feces (what a fun job that must have been) found low germ rates. Birds are more likely, as the berries would likely pass through quickly (acid treatment in a lab helped break seed dormancy). Fire is another treatment that helps scarify the seed and break dormancy, and has the added benefit of reducing competition (especially tree saplings) which would otherwise shade out the slow growing manzanita. Suppressing fire is probably hindering the development of new colonies of manzanita. By briefly examining many of the stands in my area, it is difficult to find small young plants, but mature plants 6' or taller are common.
A honey bee, Apis mellifera, seeking nectar
Many insects, including the introduced European honey bee (Apis mellifera), visit manzanita flowers where they are abundant. An individual plant can produce hundreds of thousands of individual florets that open over the span of a few weeks. Bees and flies are the most common visitors to the flowers, though the abundance of either depends largely on the surrounding habitat. For example, plants growing among conifer forests may have more flies than bees, since conifer forests tend to support less bees than do chaparral or oak woodlands. Honey bees will work the flowers when both are abundant, though in dry years they may not be able to reach the nectar since most plants produce less nectar in drought. Other insects occasionally bite holes in the sides of the flowers to reach the nectar, and when that happens honey bees will gain access to the nectar through the side as well though it is unlikely they will create the holes themselves.
A bumblebee queen, Bombus vosnesenskii, collecting nectar.
The primary pollinators of manzanitas are typically medium and large bees which are capable of sonication, or buzz pollination. The bee lands on the flower and vibrates the flight muscles which releases a burst of pollen from the pores in the anthers. A positive electric charge (which all flighted insects generate) helps the pollen cling to the bee. Bumble bees (Bombus), mason bees (Osmia), digger bees (Anthophorini), and long-horned bees (Eucerini) are capable of sonication and I have observed all visiting A. viscida in my observations.
Male Andrena sp., robbing nectar through a hole in the side of the flower.
Many smaller bees visit the flowers, and in my observations many of them are nectar thieves. It's unclear who is chewing the holes in the flowers, but once they are there the flower has a low chance of getting pollinated since most of the visitors to those flowers bypass the reproductive structures and feed on nectar through the hole.
A cuckoo bee, Nomada sp., robbing nectar from a hole in the floret.
I have personally observed many types of small bees visiting A. viscida including mining bees (Andrena), small carpenter bees (Ceratina), and cuckoo bees (Nomada). Cuckoo bees are kleptoparasitoids, like cuckoo birds, who lay their eggs in the nests of other bees. Cuckoo bees forgo the creation of their own nests, and do not collect pollen. Instead, cuckoos rely on the provisions supplied by host species, usually other closely related bees. The invader sneaks into the nest while the host is out and lays an egg in a cell chamber. When the cuckoo bee larvae hatches, it kills the host larvae then feeds on the host provisions and develops in the host nest until adulthood. The genus Nomada, sometimes called nomad bees, are in the Apidae, the family that includes honey bees, bumble bees, digger bees, carpenter bees, and a few more. Mining bees, Andrena, are typical hosts for nomads, but others include Agepostemon (green metallic sweat bees) and a few others.
From left: a mason bee, Osmia sp., perched on a leaf, and a paper wasp.
Many types of bees mate on and around wildflower patches, and this includes manzanitas in full bloom. I have captured and observed male mason bees (Osmia), male long-horned bees (Eucerini), male mining bees (Andrena), and male carpenter bees (Ceratina) in close proximity to A. viscida. Many mate while foraging, unlike honey bees. While honey bee queens mate with several males and don't forage, the majority of native bees mate with a single male while foraging. Male honey bees, or drones, mate with a single queen and then die, while the majority of native bee males mate as much as possible with as many females as they can mount.
Mischocyttarus flavitarsis
Vespid wasps are typically just getting started while A. viscida is in bloom in Southern Oregon. Females which hibernated through winter are just beginning to emerge pending good weather, and they are keen on acquiring the much needed carbohydrates supplied by flowers in the form of sugary nectar. The beginning of the year for yellowjackets and paper wasps is not dissimilar, as mated females must create their nests and feed the first of their offspring before matured workers are able to take over the foraging responsibilities so the queen can stay home and devote the remainder of her life to laying eggs. Yellowjackets, genus Vespula, are similar to honey bees in that there are distinct castes (reproductive queens, males, and workers). If yellowjacket workers do lay eggs, they will only rear male offspring since the workers are not equipped to mate. Paper wasps (Polistes and Mischocyttarus) have females that are all capable of mating and thus laying both male and female offspring. While there are no true paper wasp queens, a dominant laying female asserts her sovereignty by fighting with competing females (size is often a factor of success).
A parasitoid wasp, Ichneumonini
Many parasitoid wasps congregate on and around A. viscida for nectar and honeydew, as well as to seek out hosts. I've observed ichneumonoids and chalcidoids either seeking hosts or seeking sustenance. Many suitable hosts are found on A. viscida, including many lepidopteran caterpillars.
Male ant, Lasius sp., stuck to the sticky inflorescence.
The sticky inflorescences of A. viscida trap many small insects, notably small flies and winged ants. Winged ants were one of the unfortunate insects to get stuck to the inflorescence. Ants in the genus Lasius are often attracted to honeydew, the frass of sap sucking insects like scale or aphids. Subterranean species of Lasius feed on the honeydew of root feeding aphids, forming mutualistic relationships.
A bee fly, Bombylius major, feeding on nectar
Flies visit A. viscida flowers frequently, and may also be gathering around the plants to mate or seek out prey (predatory species). More diverse and speciose than bees, flies are reliable pollinators in climatic conditions not accommodating to most bees. Many flies mimic bees and wasps, although flies are incapable of stinging. Bee flies, Bombyliidae, not only do a good job at mimicking bees, some are even parasitoids of ground nesting bees.
Empididae
Dagger flies, or dance flies, are named for the long rigid proboscises they possess and the distinctive courting rituals performed by the males. Not all species have a long proboscis, but those that do use them to probe flowers for nectar. I have seen them visiting many early blooming trees such as Prunus and Salix, and early blooming ephemerals like Crocus and Muscari. They are also predatory, feeding on smaller flies, while larvae feed on decaying matter in the soil.
Empididae infected with Entomophthora fungi
I've seen several dead flies clinging to leaves and flowers, having been infected with the fungi Entomophthora. Spores are forcibly ejected from specialized structured grown by the fungus from membranous sections of the abdomen. Flies under or downwind may inadvertently catch a spore which proceeds to grow into the unsuspecting fly. The fungal hyphae gradually grow throughout the entire body, digesting the flies organs, and when it reaches the brain causes the fly to land and climb upwards. When the fly dies, after about a week from becoming infected, spores are produced and the cycle is renewed. Entomophthora isn't restricted to flies, some species infect aphids, mites, grasshoppers, and others.
Noctuidae caterpillar
A handful of moths in the Noctuidae and Geometridae use A. viscida as a host plant. Caterpillars are often difficult to see unless one is seeking them out, due to their drab colors and patterns. Adult moths of various types visit the flowers for nectar.
Nymphalis californica
During warm weather, butterflies visit the flowers. I have found this to be true only in clearings with a lot of direct sunlight. Manzanitas that receive only filtered light appear to be less attractive to butterflies. Adult butterflies were seen sunbathing as well as nectaring, while on a few occasions males attempted to defend their territory from other species. I suspect courtship may also occur in the vicinity as well, though I didn't observe it directly. California tortoiseshells, Nymphalis californica, overwinter as adults and benefit from access to early nectar sources such as A. viscida.
A mayfly, Ephemeroptera
Mayflies live for about a day as adults, and are incapable of eating. Thus, a mayflies presence on A. viscida flowers was purely coincidental. Mayflies spend one to several years as aquatic nymphs before reaching adulthood, feeding on algae and detritus from under rocks at the bottom of streams, rivers, and occasionally lakes.
Banded thrips, Aeolothrips sp.
Thrips, at least in some areas, are very numerous on and within the flowers of A. viscida. Thrips feed primarily on plant tissue, including flowers, buds, and pollen. But despite their reputation, they may also be pollinators. Thrips have been demonstrated to be pollinators of many plants in many regions of the world, from tropical environments to high altitude and high latitude alpine and tundra landscapes, respectively. They may also be some of the most ancient pollinators. Whether or not they benefit A. viscida through direct pollination or not, they may serve the plant by attracting hummingbirds which feed on them as well as feeding on nectar, facilitating pollination. Rufous and Anna's hummingbirds, Selasphorus rufus and Calypte anna, respectively, are suspected to feed on both thrips and nectar during their visits. Conversely, high numbers of thrips on a particular inflorescence appear to keep other pollinators (i.e. bees) from visiting that inflorescence in my observations, although the thrips occupation varies from inflorescence to inflorescence on a single plant.
Acsai, Jan, and David L. Largent. "Fungi Associated with Arbutus Menziesii, Arctostaphylos Manzanita, and Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi in Central and Northern California." Mycologia 75.3 (1983): 544.http://goo.gl/x2fXFD
Armstrong, W. P. "Termite, Winged Ant, Small Wasp or Gnat?" Ant Genera Index. Wayne's Word, 2013. Web. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/AntGenera.htm.http://goo.gl/rlkVld
"Calflora: Arctostaphylos Viscida." Calflora: Information on California Plants for Education, Research and Conservation, with Data Contributed by Public and Private Institutions and Individuals, including the Consortium of California Herbaria. 2016.http://goo.gl/vbJaA
Clarke, D., H. Whitney, G. Sutton, and D. Robert. "Detection and Learning of Floral Electric Fields by Bumblebees." Science 340.6128 (2013): 66-69. Web.https://goo.gl/T6P02x
Eliyahu, Dorit, Andrew C. McCall, Marina Lauck, and Ana Trakhtenbrot. "Florivory and Nectar-robbing Perforations in Flowers of Pointleaf Manzanita Arctostaphylos Pungens (Ericaceae) and Their Effects on Plant Reproductive Success." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 9.6 (2015): 613-22. Web.
Eliyahu, Dorit, McCall C. Andrew, Lauck Marina, Ana Trakhenbrot, and Judith L. Bronstein. "Minute Pollinators: The Role of Thrips (Thysanoptera) as Pollinators of Pointleaf Manzanita, Arctostaphylos Pungens (Ericaceae)." J Pollinat Ecol. 16 (2015): 64-71. Web.http://goo.gl/aghCgK
Fryer, Janet L. 2015. Arctostaphylos viscida, sticky whiteleaf manzanita. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).http://goo.gl/IDAtp4
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Moncada, Roberto. "Pollinators and Nectar Robbers on Manzanita (Arctostaphylos Sp.)." Amateur Biology Blog. 07 Feb. 2013. Web.http://goo.gl/ZtRAvw
Rostás, Michael, and Jürgen Tautz. "Ants as Pollinators of Plants and the Role of Floral Scents." All Flesh Is Grass Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology (2010): 149-61. Webhttp://goo.gl/KXDd5t
Shirley, C. 2011. "Plant Guide for sticky whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida)". USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, California Plant Materials Center, Lockeford, CA 95237http://goo.gl/dckZS5
Turner, Mark. "Arctostaphylos Viscida | Sticky Whiteleaf Manzanita." Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. Web.http://goo.gl/ekPEz2
Beatriz Moisset March 24, 2016 at 6:45 PM
The anthers of Vaccinium and Arctostaphylus are poricidal. The flowers require buzz pollination. Honey bees cannot perform buzz pollination.
http://www.mountainwatch.org/news/2016/3/5/buzz
Travis Owen March 26, 2016 at 10:32 PM


Bandwidth throttling is when an Internet service provider selectively slows connection speeds or blocks content for certain customers.
Sometimes it's used simply to gain better control of traffic flow for all users. Proper bandwidth management can help prevent server crashes.
But it can also be used for competitive purposes against particular websites or to get users to upgrade to more expensive service. Last year, one ISP throttled the Santa Clara County Fire Department's wireless communications plan while the department was busy fighting wildfires. The Department had to pay more to get the service it was used to. The company said it was a mistake.
Maybe so. But with any luck there won't be any such mistakes in the Lone Star State.
Right now there is a bill in the state House of Representatives that would prohibit throttling in a declared disaster zone.
HB 1426 reads "A mobile Internet service provider may not impair or degrade lawful mobile Internet service access in an area subject to a declared state of disaster."
We hope the Legislature gives this bill every consideration. It's a good idea.
Emergency workers have it hard enough. They shouldn't have vital communications throttled when they need them the most—whether "by mistake" or for profit.