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Special Institute on
Public Land Law, Regulation, and Management
Speakers & committee
ROBERT C. MATHES, Occidental Petroleum Corporation, Denver, CO
ALEXANDER ARENSBERG, Attorney, Squire Patton Boggs, Denver, CO
DEANA M. BENNETT is a Shareholder with the law firm of Modrall Sperling, in Albuquerque. Deana's practice focuses on federal environmental law and federal Indian law. Deana's experience includes permitting and environmental compliance under the National Environmental Policy Act, the Endangered Species Act, and other related federal statutes. Her experience also includes working with renewable resource developers with siting issues on public, tribal, state, and local land. It is not surprising that Deana's practice focuses primarily on public lands. Deana calls the West home, from New Mexico to Alaska. Her early childhood was spent travelling in a Volkswagen bus from Yellowstone National Park to Everglades National Park, where her father was a Park Ranger. After leaving the Park Service, her father worked for the Bureau of Land Management until he retired. Deana is a true coal miner's daughter; her mother worked in an underground coal mine in Wyoming for several years, while her father attended the University of Wyoming. Before attending law school, Deana retraced some of her childhood adventures—working in Yellowstone, working at a ski area in Utah, and working on a luxury passenger train in Alaska, where she bought her own 1979 Volkswagen bus.
NADA WOLFF CULVER is Senior Counsel and Director of the BLM Action Center at The Wilderness Society, providing technical advice and support to citizens and conservation groups working to protect their public lands. The Wilderness Society's mission is to protect wilderness and inspire Americans to care for our wild places. The BLM Action Center, located in Denver, Colorado, assists and encourages people to participate in land use planning processes and management decisions, including those addressing transmission, renewable energy, fossil fuel development and protection of wilderness. The BLM Action Center also seeks to influence national policy on management of our federal public lands. Before joining The Wilderness Society, she practiced law in the private sector for more than 10 years, working on a variety of environmental issues including energy development and environmental remediation, and was a partner with the law firm of Patton Boggs. She is a graduate of Northwestern University and the University of Pennsylvania School of Law.
PHIL LOWE is an attorney advisor with the Department of the Interior's Rocky Mountain Regional Solicitor's Office, in Lakewood, CO. Formerly a hydrogeologist and environmental scientist in the environmental management and licensing section of a major electrical utility, as an attorney he was part of the environmental practice groups of two large law firms in San Francisco and Denver. At the Regional Solicitor's Office, he advises Interior agency clients on legal and policy matters related to conventional and renewable energy development on public lands and has extensive litigation experience before the Interior Board of Land Appeals and federal courts. Phil also advises Bureau of Land Management clients on NEPA and FLPMA issues associated with environmental impact statements and environmental assessments for a variety of land planning actions and project level records of decision. He has a 1981 B.S. with honors from Rutgers University (where he won several athletic and academic awards) and a 1989 J.D. from the University of Texas at Austin.
GREG NIBERT is a native of Roswell, New Mexico. He and his wife, Carolyn, have two sons, Gregory, an oil and gas lawyer in Denver, and Jeff, a farmer in Roswell. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of New Mexico in 1980 and received a Juris Doctor degree, cum laude, from Pepperdine University in 1983. He was Editor in Chief of the Pepperdine Law Review for 1982-83. He is a partner in Hinkle Shanor LLP and his practice is focused on Oil and Gas Law. He has been listed in The Best Lawyers in America since 1993, Chambers USA America's Leading Lawyers for Business since 2005. He was selected as the Natural Resource Lawyer of the Year in 2015 by the New Mexico Bar Section on Natural Resources, Energy and Environmental Law. In 2016, Mr. Nibert was elected to the New Mexico House of Representatives, District 59 (Chaves and Lincoln Counties) where he continues to serve. He represents New Mexico on the Executive Board of the Energy Council. The Rural Water Users Association selected Greg as the Legislator of the Year for 2018 and he received an award from the Association of Commerce and Industry for work on legislation promoting economic development in the State. Greg was one of two New Mexico legislators invited to attend the Fourth China United States Governor's Conference in the People's Republic of China in 2018 to promote New Mexico business in China. Greg is a past president of the Independent Petroleum Association of New Mexico and continues to serve on its Board of Directors. He was the Treasurer (2013-15) and a member of the Board of Directors (2011-15) of the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation. He previously served as a Chaves County Commissioner from 2007 through 2014. While Chairman of the Commission he successfully fought the US Fish and Wildlife Service to prevent the listing of the Dunes Sagebrush Lizard and the Lesser Prairie Chicken. He has presented numerous papers and speeches to a number of organizations on oil and gas law topics, including the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation, American Association of Professional Landmen, University of Texas, and Center for International and American Law Energy Law Institute.
WELLS S. PARKER is a partner in Dorsey & Whitney LLP's Salt Lake City, Utah office, where he practices in the firm's Mining and Natural Resources Practice Group, focusing on natural resources development, energy, and environmental law. His practice includes transactions involving the purchase and sale of public and private mining companies and mining assets, and he represents mining companies in capital-raising projects, mine finance, and royalty and mineral streaming transactions. He represents clients on mining and mineral leases, joint venture agreements, surface use agreements, state and federal permitting, and regulatory approvals. Wells is an active member of the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation. Wells has served as an instructor for several of the Foundation's Mining Law Short Courses, and presented and published papers at Foundation Special Institutes on Public Land Law, Regulation and Management in 2014, on Horizontal Oil & Gas Development in 2012, and on Due Diligence in Mining and Oil & Gas Transactions in 2010. Wells earned his JD from Brigham Young University and a BA from the University of Utah.
HADASSAH (DESSA) M. REIMER is an attorney in the Jackson Hole, Wyoming office of Holland & Hart LLP. Her practice focuses on federal environmental regulation and litigation before the Interior Board of Land Appeals and the federal courts, including environmental impact assessment, endangered species, and public land permitting requirements. Dessa also has an active Indian law practice. Dessa represents a variety of clients including conventional and renewable energy developers, mining companies, and water resource providers, as well as Indian tribes. Dessa has co-authored three papers for past RMMLF Annual Institutes, served as chair of the Public Lands section for the 2013 Annual Institute, and currently serves as a Trustee for the Foundation.
SANDRA B. ZELLMER is a Professor and Director of Natural Resources Clinics at the University of Montana School of Law. Previously, she was the Robert B. Daugherty Professor at the University of Nebraska College of Law. She teaches public lands, wildlife, water law, torts, and related courses. Zellmer has recently served as a board member of the Society for Wilderness Stewardship and the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation, and is a member scholar of the Center for Progressive Reform. She is a vice-chair of the ABA Section on Environment, Energy, and Resources--Committee on Public Lands. Zellmer has published dozens of law review articles as well as several books, including Legal Control of Water Resources (2018) (with Thompson, Leshy, and Abrams), Natural Resources Hornbook (2015) (with Laitos), A Century of Unnatural Disasters: Mississippi River Stories (NYU 2014) (with Klein), and Comparative Environmental and Natural Resources Law (2013). Before teaching, Zellmer was an attorney for the U.S. Department of Justice Environment and Natural Resources Division, representing the National Park Service, Forest Service, and other federal agencies. She also practiced law at Faegre & Benson in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and clerked for the Honorable William W. Justice, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Texas.
MARK BARRON is the head of energy litigation for BakerHostetler's Denver office and serves as the office's business development partner. Mark is a Chambers Tier 1-ranked energy lawyer who has guided some of the country's largest producers of oil and gas through high-profile litigation, establishing himself as a "go to" counselor for energy companies and trade associations developing advocacy responses to regulatory initiatives. Mark routinely assists clients to meet their day-to-day operational objectives by interacting with government decision makers, developing strategic policy initiatives, crafting optimal business agreements, and litigating disputes. A prolific author and speaker on topics affecting energy producers, Mark has testified before Congress and been featured or quoted in dozens of industry and mainstream media outlets on topics related to energy policy, hydraulic fracturing, and commercial development on public lands.
REED D. BENSON holds the Don L. & Mabel F. Dickason Endowed Chair in Law at the University of New Mexico School of Law, where he teaches natural resources classes and serves as Faculty Editor-in-Chief of the Natural Resources Journal. Prior to coming to UNM, he spent six years on the faculty of the University of Wyoming College of Law, where he taught courses in environmental law, legislation, water law, and administrative law, and served as faculty adviser to the Wyoming Law Review. He previously worked as executive director of WaterWatch of Oregon, a staff attorney for the Land and Water Fund of the Rockies, an attorney for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and an associate at the Colorado law firm of Hutchinson, Black & Cook. Benson's writing focuses on water law and environmental issues facing the West. His most recent publications examine such topics as the application of the Endangered Species Act to federal water projects, the efforts of western cities to ensure adequate water supplies for recreation, and the scope of federal deference to state laws governing water allocation and management. He is co-author of the 7th edition of the Water Resource Management casebook published by Foundation Press.
BRET C. BIRDSONG, Professor, University of Nevada William S. Boyd School of Law, Las Vegas, NV
BAILEY BRENNAN serves as the Wyoming County Commissioners Association's Natural Resource Counsel, supporting the State's county commissioners on public land matters, including federal resource and land management planning, mineral development, oil and gas leasing, grazing, recreation and other issues. Prior to joining WCCA, Bailey was an associate with Holland & Hart where she practiced natural resource, environment and energy law in Wyoming and the Rocky Mountain region as well as land use law in Teton County. Bailey received her Juris Doctor and Master's in Environment and Natural Resources from the University of Wyoming. In her free time, she helps her husband and three cow dogs run Second Street Farm in Lander, Wyoming.
TAWNY BRIDGEFORD is the Deputy General Counsel and Vice President of Regulatory Affairs at the National Mining Association (NMA) in Washington, D.C. Ms. Bridgeford has represented the mining industry for over 15 years on legal, regulatory and policy issues under the Clean Air Act, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Toxic Substances Control Act. Prior to joining NMA, Ms. Bridgeford was a law clerk at the EPA's Office of General Counsel. Ms. Bridgeford is a 2004 graduate of the American University's Washington College of Law. Ms. Bridgeford obtained her Bachelor of Sciences at Cornell University in 1999, where she majored in Natural Resources.
MURRAY FELDMAN is a partner with Holland & Hart LLP in Boise. He represents project developers, state and local governments, landowners, and others in NEPA, Endangered Species Act, public lands, and general environmental litigation and administrative matters. He also represents parents under the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Murray co-edited of the 2016 Idaho Book of the Year, Idaho Wilderness Considered. He co-authored "NEPA's Scientific and Information Standards—Taking the Harder Look" in the 2018 RMMLF Journal, and was the Public Lands program chair for the 65th Annual Institute. Murray received his J.D. from the University of California, Berkeley School of Law, and his M.S. degree from the University of Idaho's then College of Forestry, Wildlife & Range Sciences (now Natural Resources), and a B.S. from the UC Berkeley College of Natural Resources, where he attended the Forestry Summer Program in Plumas County and worked on a timber cruising crew on the Plumas National Forest. He's written and worked on national forest issues for over 30 years, an interest that began in his teens when he first visited the San Gorgonio Wilderness on the San Bernardino National Forest in Southern California with his Scout troop.
PETER C. FORBES, Member, Carver Schwarz McNab Kamper & Forbes LLC, Denver, CO
STAN N. HARRIS practices primarily in the area of public lands, natural resources, and commercial litigation. For more than 15 years, he has advised clients at the judicial, administrative, and legislative levels on federal, state, and local issues. Stan has extensive experience in the representation of parties in their disputes involving cultural property, public lands, Indian lands, oil and gas industry, environmental infrastructure matters, and mining transactions. He also represents clients in the area of general commercial litigation. Prior to joining Modrall Sperling, Stan served as Environmental Counsel to United States Senator Pete V. Domenici in Washington, D.C. and as Law Clerk to the Honorable Lynn Pickard, New Mexico Court of Appeals. Stan is a member of the Natural Resources and Environment practice group, and serves as Chair of the firm's Public Lands group and the Recruiting Committee. He has been recognized by Southwest Super Lawyers® in Energy and Natural Resources.
RANDALL E. HUBBARD heads the Natural Resources practice group at Davis Graham & Stubbs in Denver. Randy's practice is concentrated primarily in domestic mining law, representing clients in the business of exploring for and developing hard-rock minerals, and industrial minerals, coal, uranium, and other energy minerals, primarily on federal lands in the U.S. He also assists North American clients seeking mining opportunities outside the U.S. Randy represents mining clients in both asset and stock purchase transactions, formation of joint ventures, drafting and negotiating mining agreements, conducting day-to-day exploration, development, and mining activities, and obtaining financing for mining operations. His practice also involves mineral title examination. Randy was the program chair for the 54th Annual Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute, he has chaired and spoken at the Foundation's Mining Law Short Course, presented papers at various Foundation institutes, served on the Foundation's Board of Directors and on the editorial board of the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation Journal, and is a contributing author to American Law of Mining. Randy chaired the committee that prepared the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation Form 5 LLC Agreement, published in 2015. He has written articles on various aspects of the General Mining Law of 1872, and is a frequent speaker on mining law topics. From 2000-2005, Randy taught mining law at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law. Randy has been recognized by Best Lawyers in America® (since 2007), Colorado Super Lawyers (since 2010) and The International Who's Who of Mining Lawyers (since 2003). Randy was acknowledged by International Who's Who Legal as "among the most highly regarded" mining lawyers in the world in 2005, 2008, and 2010. He was also named by Best Lawyers as the 2011 and 2016 "Lawyer of the Year" for Mining Law in Denver. He has also earned an AV® PreeminentTM Peer Review Rating from Martindale-Hubbell®.
BRUCE R. HUBER, Professor of Law, Notre Dame Law School, Notre Dame, IN
ALISON C. HUNTER, Associate, Holland & Hart LLP, Boise, ID
LAIRD J. LUCAS is Executive Director of Advocates for the West, a public interest environmental law firm based in Boise, Idaho, that provides free legal services to conservation groups in Idaho and other western states on environmental and natural resource issues. Laird is a 1986 graduate of Yale Law School, and clerked for a federal judge and worked in private practice in San Francisco before moving to Boise in 1993 to become a public interest environmental lawyer. Since then, Laird has won dozens of cutting-edge cases to protect public lands, clean water, fish and wildlife, and other environmental values. Many of his recent cases involve protecting greater sage-grouse on public lands.
MARK BENJAMIN MACHLIS is a Partner at Dorsey & Whitney. He helps clients navigate the complexity of state and federal environmental requirements to achieve their business objectives. He represents clients throughout the life cycle of their projects, from acquisition and permitting to operational compliance, enforcement defense, remediation, closure, and divestiture. He has extensive experience in matters involving state and federal regulations regarding solid and hazardous waste (RCRA), hazardous materials transportation (HMR), toxic chemicals (TSCA), water quality (CWA), community right-to-know laws (EPCRA), and remediation of contaminated property (CERCLA). Ben has been recognized by Mountain States Super Lawyers® as a "Rising Star" in Environmental practice in 2014 through 2017 and by Utah Business Magazine as a Utah Legal Elite, Up and Coming lawyer in 2017. He has served as Young Professionals Committee Chairman (2016-2017) of the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation, as a member of the Board of Directors of Utah Open Lands, and as an adjunct faculty member at the S.J. Quinney College of Law.
THOMAS L. SANSONETTI, Partner, Holland & Hart LLP, Cheyenne, WY
KATIE SCHRODER is a partner at Davis Graham & Stubbs LLP in Denver, where her practice focuses on all aspects of energy development on federal lands. Ms. Schroder counsels clients on oil and gas leasing and development on federal lands and agency compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act and the National Historic Preservation Act. She has extensive experience with the Endangered Species Act and advises on federal royalty issues. Ms. Schroder regularly represents oil and gas operators in administrative appeals before the Bureau of Land Management, Office of Natural Resources Revenue, and Interior Board of Land Appeals. She has defended and challenged agency decisions and rulemakings in federal courts across the country. Ms. Schroder is active with the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation and recently chaired its 65th Annual Institute. Previously, she has served as a trustee to this organization, chaired its Publications Committee, and authored several papers. She sits on the board of directors of Western Energy Alliance and is a former chair of the Public Land and Resources Committee within the ABA's Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources. Ms. Schroder began her career as an attorney-advisor in the U.S. Department of the Interior's Office of the Solicitor as part of the Solicitor's Honors Program. She then spent 10 years with a boutique law firm in Denver. She holds a B.A. from Rice University and a J.D. from the University of Colorado School of Law. After law school, she clerked for Justice Alex J. Martinez of the Colorado Supreme Court.
COURTNEY SHEPHARD is an associate in the Natural Resources Department of Davis Graham & Stubbs LLP, where her practice encompasses public lands, energy, and water resources. Ms. Shephard advises energy clients operating on federal lands on a variety of matters, including leasing, royalty appeals, and compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act and the Endangered Species Act. Ms. Shephard also works with clients seeking to acquire, develop, and protect water supplies and water-related infrastructure in Colorado. She regularly represents clients in Colorado water court proceedings and in administrative appeals within the Bureau of Land Management and the Office of Natural Resources Revenue, as well as before the Interior Board of Land Appeals. In addition to practicing law, she has co-taught interdisciplinary climate change economics and policy courses and guest lectured on Colorado water law and policy at Colorado College. Ms. Shephard received her J.D. from the University of Colorado in 2014 and her Master of Environmental Management, with an emphasis in environmental economics and policy, from Duke University in 2011. She served as editor-in-chief of Volume 85 of the Colorado Law Review and as an executive editor for the Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum. She also holds a Bachelor of Arts in International Political Economy from Colorado College.
TEMPLE STOELLINGER is an assistant professor at the University of Wyoming Haub School of ENR and College of Law and Co-Director of the Center for Law and Energy Resources in the Rockies. She has a dual appointment with the Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources and the College of Law. Professor Stoellinger is the faculty supervisor of the Energy, Environment and Natural Resources Law Clinic and coordinates the Haub School's JD/MA program in Environment and Natural Resources. She also teaches environmental and natural resources law and policy, wildlife law, and approaches to environmental problem solving. Before joining the University of Wyoming, Professor Stoellinger worked for Shell International B.V. and served as a natural resource advisor to Wyoming Governor Dave Freudenthal.
KENNON L. WOOTEN is a Partner with Scott Douglass McConnico in Austin, TX. Kennon joined the firm in May 2011, after serving as the rules attorney for the Supreme Court of Texas. Kennon joined Scott Douglass & McConnico LLP in 2011, after serving as the Rules Attorney for the Texas Supreme Court, working at Baker Botts LLP, and clerking for former Chief Justice Wallace B. Jefferson of the Texas Supreme Court. As Rules Attorney, she handled inquiries relating to rules and assisted the Court with promulgating and amending rules. At Scott Douglass & McConnico, her docket includes a broad range of civil litigation and appeals involving, among other things, allegations of breach of fiduciary duty, breach of contract, business tort, personal injury, Medicaid fraud, and professional malpractice. Her education includes the University of Texas at Austin (BA with highest honors, 1999) and the University of Texas School of Law (JD with honors, 2004). She served as the Head Teaching Quizmaster in law school. Kennon also has served as a member of the Texas Commission to Expand Civil Legal Services, a member of the Texas Supreme Court Task Force for Rules in Expedited Actions, the President of the Austin Young Lawyers Association, and the Chair of the State Bar of Texas Court Rules Committee. She currently serves as Editor-in-Chief for Austin Lawyer, Secretary of the Texas Legal Service Center, and Secretary of the Austin Bar Association. She is also a member of the American Law Institute, Supreme Court Advisory Committee, Editorial Board for The Advocate, and the State Bar of Texas Court Rules Committee. She is a frequent CLE speaker and has published a book and law-review articles on discovery practices. She received the Travis County Women Lawyers Association Litigation/Appellate Attorney Award in 2018, a "Standing Ovation" State Bar Volunteer Award in 2017, and a Special Commendation of the Texas Supreme Court and State Bar in 2011. She was named as a Texas Rising Star in 2008, 2009, and 2013-2017.
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Q: Why did you decide to have Earthfest on your farm?
With Earthfest presents an opportunity to share the Biodynamic experience with as many people as are willing to take part and put a little of themselves into this Earth Day blessing. Often this is done just by the farmer and some helpers but we can open it up to be more inclusive and i feel certain it will be a unique and rewarding experience for all, a chance to directly gift elemental nature. This is a first so it will be co creative and a shared experience. Secondly we are such a great team with a willingness to take chances in order to create something special and meaningful.
Q: How did you get into organic / biodynamic side of things?
I started here at Shalvanstown in the early 90's with my grandfather and it was time for a new direction to plan for the future. Either go more intensive and borrow a lot of money or avail of the environmental programs just emerged and go organic. I went to meetings with the different organic groups but it was the Biodynamic which left the most lasting impression. I became organic and only later in 2000 joined the Bd association.
Q: Do you have/ what is your vision in how the relationship between land & humans (&cosmos/animals/beings) can potentially change our society & health of planet earth?
What vision I have has mostly been developed through my experience of Bio Dynamic activities and how it facilitates a relationship with the land on a very intimate and personal level. It is practical and magical at the same time. You must put in the effort individually or collectively without seeking reward ony just to be there and present. This brings together a special kind of people and creates a special relationship to our food and the nature that surrounds us.
Q:If there was one message you wanted every person visiting your organic farm to know/hear, what would that be?
Special message? Come fresh and with some anticipation, excitement and a willingness to step into spirit over matter.


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Labour is still in a sorry state on the economy and immigration
Ed Miliband makes the occasional gesture towards a tougher line on immigration Photo: Nigel Roddis/Getty Images
By Telegraph View
7:00AM GMT 02 Nov 2014
For most of today's politicians, sorry really does seem to be the hardest word. So credit to Ian Austin, the Labour MP for Dudley North, for not just admitting that Labour's decision to throw open the doors to Eastern European immigration in 2004 was a major error, but actually apologising for it. "If you make a mistake, you should say sorry," he says with refreshing honesty.
This is not Mr Austin's only departure from the party line. He has also suggested that migrants should be required to speak English, and that their receipt of benefits should be made conditional on finding work and paying taxes. It is not only new arrivals for whom life should be made tougher, though: he also wants to force British workers off the dole and into work.
For the vast majority of voters, this will appear to be sound good sense. The mystery is why, for the Labour Party, it should sound so revolutionary. Yes, there are those within the party who see the need to get tough on immigration – not just to shoot Ukip's fox, but to address the concerns of the working-class voters Labour is supposed to represent. But they are matched by those on its metropolitan wing who see any gestures in this direction as an unacceptable concession to the likes of Nigel Farage. This is the position taken by Tony Blair, for instance, who in an interview last week with the Labour pressure group Progress insisted that curbing immigration would "be a disaster for this country".
Ed Miliband, predictably, remains trapped between the two camps, making the occasional gesture towards a tougher line but generally proving too timid – or too weak – to come down on one side or the other. As a result, on two of the most important issues to voters, the economy and immigration, Labour will go into the election with an identical message: there will be no apology for its past mistakes, and certainly no convincing plan to deal with their unfortunate and enduring consequences.
Worcester Woman lives – and she could settle Ed Miliband's fate
Conservatives snatch first poll lead for six months as Ed Miliband's woes worsen
Labour 'must apologise' says former aide to Gordon Brown
Cheap immigrant labour has cost blue-collar Britain dear
Tax »
Telegraph View »
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In Immigration
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Immigrants are main force in 10m rise in Britain's population
New VIP visa service for wealthy foreigners
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Bio-enhancing effect of Piperine with Metformin on lowering blood glucose level in Alloxan induced diabetic mice
Shubham Atal1, Sarjana Atal2, Savita Vyas1, Pradeep Phadnis3
1 Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College, Kanadia, Madhya Pradesh, India
2 Department of Pharmacology, Modern Institute of Medical Sciences, Kanadia, Madhya Pradesh, India
3 Department of Pharmacology, Bundelkhand Medical College, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
Date of Web Publication 7-Dec-2015
Dr. Shubham Atal
Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College, A. B. Road, Indore - 452 001, Madhya Pradesh
Background: Diabetes mellitus is the most rampant metabolic pandemic of the 21 st century. Piperine, the chief alkaloid of Piper nigrum (black pepper) is widely used in alternative and complementary therapies has been extensively studied for its bio-enhancing property. Objective: To evaluate the bio-enhancing effect of piperine with metformin in lowering blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Materials and Methods: Piperine was isolated from an extract of fruits of P. nigrum. Alloxan-induced (150 mg/kg intraperitoneal) diabetic mice were divided into four groups. Group I (control 2% gum acacia 2 g/100 mL), Group II (metformin 250 mg/kg), Group III (metformin and piperine 250 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg), and Group IV (metformin and piperine 125 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg). All the drugs were administered orally once daily for 28 days. Blood glucose levels were estimated at day 0, day 14, and end of the study (day 28). Results: The combination of piperine with therapeutic dose of metformin (10 mg/kg + 250 mg/kg) showed significantly more lowering of blood glucose level as compared to metformin alone on both 14 th and 28 th day (P < 0.05). Piperine in combination with sub-therapeutic dose of metformin (10 mg/kg + 125 mg/kg) showed significantly more lowering of blood glucose as compared to control group and also showed greater lowering of blood glucose as compared to metformin (250 mg/kg) alone. Conclusion: Piperine has the potential to be used as a bio-enhancing agent in combination with metformin which can help reduce the dose of metformin and its adverse effects.
Keywords: Bio-enhancing effect, Diabetes, Metformin, Piperine
Atal S, Atal S, Vyas S, Phadnis P. Bio-enhancing effect of Piperine with Metformin on lowering blood glucose level in Alloxan induced diabetic mice. Phcog Res 2016;8:56-60
Atal S, Atal S, Vyas S, Phadnis P. Bio-enhancing effect of Piperine with Metformin on lowering blood glucose level in Alloxan induced diabetic mice. Phcog Res [serial online] 2016 [cited 2020 Jan 23];8:56-60. Available from: http://www.phcogres.com/text.asp?2016/8/1/56/171096
Piperine is known for its bioenhancing property. This study evaluates the effect of piperine in combination with oral antidiabetic drug metformin. Drugs were administered for 28 days in alloxan induced diabetic mice and blood glucose lowering effect was seen. Results showed significantly better effect of combination of piperine with therapeutic dose of metformin in comparison to metformin alone. Piperine in combination with subtherapeutic dose of metformin also showed better effect than therapeutic dose of metformin. Piperine, thus shows potential to be used as bioenhancer in combination with metformin.
Diabetes mellitus is the most severe metabolic pandemic to hit the globe in the 21 st century. It was estimated that in the year 2000, 171 million people had diabetes which is estimated to get doubled by the year 2030. [1] It is characterized by an absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion and/or insulin action associated with chronic hyperglycemia. As a consequence of metabolic derangement in diabetes, various complications develop. Although, several oral anti-diabetic therapies such as biguanides, sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones are in use along with insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, there are certain limitations due to high cost and side effects such as development of hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances, liver toxicity, etc. [2],[3] Hence, medicinal plants are being looked up once again for the treatment of diabetes. Many useful herbs introduced in pharmacological and clinical trials have confirmed their blood glucose lowering effects. [4]
Black pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.) is a native South Indian spice. It is commonly found at the Malabar Coast of India and is well known due to its culinary and medicinal properties. It has been cited in Ayurveda treatment of fevers, gastric, respiratory and urinary diseases and used externally to treat rheumatism, neuralgias, and boils. [5] Piperine is the chief alkaloid of P. nigrum.
The chemical structure of piperine is N-piperoylpiperidin; (E, E)-1-(5- [1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl]-1-oxo-2,4-pentadienyl)-piperidine.
It has been extensively evaluated for its antidepressant, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, hepatoprotective, and various endocrine activities. [6] Another beneficial property that has been widely studied since a long time is the bio-enhancing property [7] of piperine. A "bio-enhancer" is an agent capable of enhancing bioavailability and bioefficacy of a particular drug with which it is combined, without any typical pharmacological activity of its own at the dose used. [8]
Piperine has been studied extensively and reported to enhance bioavailability of many drugs by promoting rapid absorption of drugs and nutrients [9] or by inhibiting several cytochrome P450 enzymes and phase II reactions. [10] [Table 1] show the drugs for which piperine has been found to increase bioavailability. This bio-enhancing property is beneficial to reduce the drug load and improve patient's quality of life [Table 1].
Table 1: Drugs for which piperine has been found to increase bioavailability
In view of this, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the bio-enhancing effect of piperine with metformin in lowering glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetes.
Isolation of piperine
Piper nigrum extract was obtained from Amsar (P) Ltd., Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, which contained 95% of piperine. One gram of the extract was dissolved in 5 mL of ethyl alcohol and 10 mL of 10% w/v of alcoholic potassium hydroxide added with constant stirring. It was then filtered and allowed to stand overnight. The yellow needle shaped crystals of piperine were separated the next day. [11] The purity of the isolated piperine was verified by checking its melting point (range 128-131°C), treating it with concentrated sulfuric acid (blood red color obtained), by thin layer chromatography on which a single spot was obtained and ultraviolet spectrophotometry which showed absorption maxima at 343 nm characteristic for piperine. [12],[13]
Drugs and chemicals
Alloxan (Lobochem Ltd. India), Metformin (USV limited Ltd. India), potassium hydroxide pellets (Ranbaxy Pharma. Ltd. India), ethanol (Bengal chemicals, India), gum acacia (Himedia Lab, India), sulfuric acid (Ranbaxy Pharma Ltd. India), glycomet tablet (Metformin 500 mg, USV Ltd. India), and glucose estimation kit (Accu-Check Sensor, Roch USA) were purchased from their respective representatives.
Adult Swiss albino mice (20-30 g) of either sex were procured from the Central Animal House, MGM Medical College, Indore and acclimatized for a period of 7 days at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) and 50 ± 15% relative humidity. They were housed in a standard cage and maintained on standard pellets and water ab libitum. The animals described as "fasted" were deprived of food for 16 h, but had free access to water. The study was carried out in the Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee.
Preparation of drugs for animal experiment
Piperine and other drugs to be given orally and intraperitoneally intraperitoneal (i.p.), were dissolved in 2% gum acacia to maintain uniformity of the solvent and respective drug solutions were prepared.
Induction of diabetes
A single dose (150 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) of alloxan monohydrate, dissolved in normal saline was used for induction of diabetes in mice after overnight fasting. After 1 h of alloxan administration, the animals were fed with standard pellets and water ab libitum. The animals were stabilized for a week and animals showing blood glucose level (estimated by glucometer) more than 6.0 Mmol/L or more (100-300 mg/dl; moderately diabetic) [14] were selected for the study.
A subacute study model involving once daily administration of drugs for a period of 4 weeks (28 days) was used. The "fasted" mice were divided into four groups, each group containing eight animals (n = 8):
Group I: Control: vehicle 2% gum acacia (2 g/100 mL)
Group II: Standard: Metformin (250 mg/kg)
Group III: Metformin and piperine (250 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg)
Group IV: Metformin and piperine (125 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg)
The dose of piperine (10 mg/kg) to be given in combination with metformin was selected on the basis of a previous study on the "per se" activity of piperine alone on lowering blood glucose level [15] which showed that piperine itself has no significant effect on blood glucose level at this dose. Similarly, another pilot study was carried out to establish that metformin at a dose of 125 mg/kg, which is half of its standard dose, also does not cause a significant lowering of blood glucose level. This dose was thus considered sub-therapeutic.
The drugs were administered orally to all animals in the four groups at the stipulated doses. The dosing was done in the same way for a total of 28 days at the same time daily. Samples were taken using the tail clip method [16] and blood glucose levels were estimated on day 0 (baseline), day 14 (mid-study), and day 28 (end of study). At each blood sampling, appropriate tail care and antiseptic measures were followed. At the end of the study, further drug administration was stopped.
Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean and statistical analysis was carried out by one-way ANOVA followed by multiple Tukey's comparison test using SPSS Software version 20.0 (IBM Corporation). P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
The results of interaction of piperine with metformin in its therapeutic and sub-therapeutic dose in lowering glucose level showed that both the combination groups of metformin with piperine and showed improved lowering of blood glucose as compared to the control group on day 14 and 28 (P < 0.05) and the standard group of metformin alone.
The study showed that the combination of piperine with standard dose of metformin (10 mg/kg + 250 mg/kg) that is Group III showed better results in lowering blood glucose levels at mid-study interval and end of the study; day 14 and 28 compared to metformin alone, that is Group II and this was statistically significant (P < 0.05). This indicates that piperine significantly enhances the activity of metformin used in its standard dose.
The piperine in combination with half of the standard dose (sub-therapeutic dose) of metformin (125 mg/kg) that is Group IV also showed statistically significant lowering of blood glucose compared to the control. This combination showed greater lowering of blood glucose of 17% as compared to 12.5% of metformin alone (250 mg/kg) that is Group II on day 14, although not statistically significant (P > 0.05), whereas the results of these two groups were comparable on day 28 [Table 2]. This indicates that piperine also improves the activity of a sub therapeutic dose of metformin quite favorably although not statistically significant.
Table 2: Interaction of piperine with metformin in its therapeutic and sub therapeutic dose in lowering blood glucose level in diabetic mice
The results obtained in the study could well be attributed to the bio-enhancing property of piperine when used with metformin.
A "bio-enhancer" is defined as an agent of herbal origin or any phytomolecule, which is capable of enhancing bioavailability and bioefficacy of a particular drug or nutrient with which it is combined, without any typical pharmacological activity of its own at the dose used. The term bioavailability enhancer was first coined by Indian Scientists at the Regional Research laboratory, Jammu (RRL, now known as Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine) who discovered and scientifically validated piperine as the world's first bioavailability enhancer in 1979. [8],[17]
Various studies have indicated that piperine has a significant bio-enhancing effect with different categories of drugs. Some generalized mechanisms behind this effect which have been proven or proposed are:
Increased absorption
Gastrointestinal absorption is restricted with a number of drugs resulting in a low oral bioavailability. A number of mechanisms are hypothesized regarding the enhancement of absorption of various drugs by piperine. There may be:
The increase in solubility - Piperine increases the formation of the micelle, which is essential for the absorption of lipids and lipid soluble drugs by increasing secretion or synthesis of bile acids and inhibition of bile acid metabolism. Bile acid helps in the formation of the micelle [18]
The increase in the blood supply - Study done by Annamalai et al[9] suggested that trikatu enhances absorption of drugs from the digestive tract, by enhanced gastrointestinal blood flow
Epithelial cell modification to increase the permeability - Piperine also interacts with intestinal epithelial cells and stimulate gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity and increases amino acid uptake by epithelial cells, and thereby increasing the uptake of drugs by GI epithelium. [19]
Ultrastructural studies with piperine have also shown an increase in microvilli length. [20]
Decreased metabolism
Piperine has been found to be a nonspecific inhibitor of drug and xenobiotic metabolism. It appears to inhibit many different cytochrome P-450 isoforms as well as UDP-glucuronyltransferase and hepatic arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase. It inhibits another metabolic step, glucuronidation in isolated intestinal cells by inhibiting the enzyme UDP-glucose dehydrogenase. [21],[22]
Piperine has been shown to inhibit certain hydroxylation, demethylation, deethylation and deamination processes, and in vitro studies with hepatic microsomal suspensions have found that piperine inhibited a variety of mixed function oxygenases. [23]
A recent study has found piperine to be a relatively selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP P450) enzyme isoforms: CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP2C8. [24]
Reduced efflux of the drugs from the site of action
The study of Bhardwaj et al., [25] indicates that piperine inhibits p-glycoprotein, one of the major efflux pumps and thereby increase the duration of stay of the active drug at the target cell.
Increased entry in the cell by inhibiting solubilizer attachment
Solubilizer attachment prevents substances from entering in the cells by linking them chemically to a highly water-soluble substance. Piperine has been reported to inhibit glucuronic acid, an important solubilizer; substances bound to which are usually excreted either into the urine or into the small intestine. [26]
As mentioned earlier, a previous study showed that at dose of 10 mg/kg there is no significant lowering of blood glucose levels by piperine per se, however such an effect is observed subacutely at a higher dose of 20 mg/kg. [16] There could be partially selective activity of piperine on β3 receptors, which results in increased thermogenesis and lipolysis, and increased levels of insulin receptors. Recent studies with selective agonists for the β3 -adrenergic receptor have found significant positive effects on energy expenditure and fat metabolism in adult humans and primates. [27] The ultimate effect of thermogenesis is to increase the demand for substrates such as glucose due to enhanced metabolism at the cellular level. This mechanism is akin to the action of biguanides such as metformin, which decrease glucose levels in the blood by enhancing its peripheral utilization or its consumption. [28]
Thus, this result with metformin is an excellent demonstration of the bio-enhancing effect of piperine. Metformin has a relatively low oral bioavailability of 40-60% and is metabolized by CYP 450 family of enzymes (CYP2C11, CYP2D1), [29] thus allowing piperine to potentially enhance its bioavailability and effect to a significant level. The mechanism of action of metformin includes increasing the peripheral utilization of glucose, increasing its uptake from the blood. So, there could some additive action provided by piperine itself at this lower dose, contributing further to a significantly enhanced therapeutic effect. This combination could allow for a reduction in dosage of metformin, similar to the commercially available combination of piperine with rifampicin, thereby reducing its adverse effects and also the cost of therapy to patients.
From the results obtained in the study, it is clearly evident that piperine has the potential to be used as a bio-enhancer when combined with metformin and therefore can be effectively included in the treatment of diabetes where it would help to reduce the dose of metformin, its adverse effects and cost of therapy. Piperine can also provide additional benefits in a disease like diabetes by virtue of its antioxidant and anti-obesity properties. Further studies need to be conducted to further explore this potential of piperine in the treatment of diabetes as a bio-enhancer with metformin and with other oral anti-diabetic drugs too.
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Pooja Solanki and Dr. Niket Rai for their support in carrying out this study.
Frier BM, Fisher M. Diabetes mellitus. In: Colledge NR, Walker BR, Hunter JA, Boon NA, editors. Davidson′s Principles and Practice of Medicine. 20 th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2006. p. 805-47.
Raheja BS. Oral hypoglycemic agent in the management of Maturity-Onset Diabetes-A: Reprint. Reassessment. J Jj Group Hosp Grant Med Coll 1977;22:1-9.
Sharma H, Sharma K. Principles of Pharmacology. 2 nd ed. New Delhi: Paras Publishers; 2011. p. 636-41.
Saxena A, Vikram NK. Role of selected Indian plants in management of type 2 diabetes: A review. J Altern Complement Med 2004;10:369-78.
Johri RK, Zutshi U. An Ayurvedic formulation ′Trikatu′ and its constituents. J Ethnopharmacol 1992;37:85-91.
Singh A, Duggal S. Piperine - Review of advances in pharmacology. Int J Pharm Sci Nanotechnol 2009;2:615-20.
Atal CK, Zutshi U, Rao PG. Scientific evidence on the role of Ayurvedic herbals on bioavailability of drugs. J Ethnopharmacol 1981;4:229-32.
Atal CK. A breakthrough in drug bioavailability - A clue from age old wisdom of Ayurveda. IDMA Bull 1979;10:483-4.
Annamalai AR, Manavlan R. Trikatu - A bioavailability enhancer. Indian Drugs 1989;27:595-604.
Atal CK, Dubey RK, Singh J. Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: Evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985;232:258-62.
Kokate CK. Textbook of Practical Pharmacognosy. 4 th ed. New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan; 2003. p. 143.
Lawless H. Oral chemical irritation: Psychophysical properties. Chem Senses 1984;9:143-55.
Budavari S. The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 12 th ed. New Jersey: Merck and Co.; 1996. p. 1286.
Ezeigbo II. Antidiabetic potential of methanolic leaf extracts of Icacina trichantha in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2010;30:150-2.
Atal S, Agrawal RP, Vyas S, Phadnis P, Rai N. Evaluation of the effect of piperine per se on blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Acta Pol Pharm 2012;69:965-9.
Tuli JS, Smith JA, Morton DB. Corticosterone, adrenal and spleen weight in mice after tail bleeding, and its effect on nearby animals. Lab Anim 1995;29:90-5.
Khanuja SP, Arya JS, Srivastava SK. Antibiotic pharmaceutical composition with lysergol as bioenhancer and method of treatment. United States Patent Number 20070060604A1; 2007.
Lee KW, Everts H, Beynen AC. Essential oils in broiler nutrition. Int J Poult Sci 2004;3:738-52.
Johri RK, Thusu N, Khajuria A, Zutshi U. Piperine-mediated changes in the permeability of rat intestinal epithelial cells. The status of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity, uptake of amino acids and lipid peroxidation. Biochem Pharmacol 1992;43:1401-7.
Khajuria A, Thusu N, Zutshi U. Piperine modulates permeability characteristics of intestine by inducing alterations in membrane dynamics: Influence on brush border membrane fluidity, ultrastructure and enzyme kinetics. Phytomedicine 2002;9:224-31.
Singh J, Dubey RK, Atal CK. Piperine-mediated inhibition of glucuronidation activity in isolated epithelial cells of the guinea-pig small intestine: Evidence that piperine lowers the endogeneous UDP-glucuronic acid content. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986;236:488-93.
Reen RK, Roesch SF, Kiefer F, Wiebel FJ, Singh J. Piperine impairs cytochrome P4501A1 activity by direct interaction with the enzyme and not by down regulation of CYP1A1 gene expression in the rat hepatoma 5L cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;218:562-9.
Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1989;26:254-8.
Volak LP, Ghirmai S, Cashman JR, Court MH. Curcuminoids inhibit multiple human cytochromes P450, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and sulfotransferase enzymes, whereas piperine is a relatively selective CYP3A4 inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos 2008;36:1594-605.
Bhardwaj RK, Glaeser H, Becquemont L, Klotz U, Gupta SK, Fromm MF. Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;302:645-50.
Reen RK, Singh J. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of pulmonary cytochrome P450 activities by piperine, a major ingredient of piper species. Indian J Exp Biol 1991;29:568-73.
Klein J, Fasshauer M, Benito M, Kahn CR. Insulin and the beta3-adrenoceptor differentially regulate uncoupling protein-1 expression. Mol Endocrinol 2000;14:764-73.
Sharma HL, Sharma KK. Principles of Pharmacology. 2 nd ed. New Delhi: Paras Medical Publishers; 2011. p. 638.
Choi YH, Lee MG. Effects of enzyme inducers and inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in rats: Involvement of CYP2C11, 2D1 and 3A1/2 for the metabolism of metformin. Br J Pharmacol 2006;149:424-30.
Dr. Shubham Atal (MBBS, MD) is an Assistant Professor in the department of Pharmacology, M.G.M. Medical College, Indore, a leading government institute in central India. His research interests include pre clinical studies in phytochemicals, BA/BE studies and pharmacovigilance. He was a gold medallist in Pharmacology, holds a Professional Diploma in Clinical research, a Masters in Pharma Business Management and also has an experience of working as a Manager in Medical Services division of Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad. Currently, he is the co - ordinator of the Insitutional Review Board of his college. He has numerous scientific presentations in various conferences and publications in reputed journals to his credit.
Dr. Sarjana Atal (MBBS, MD) is an assistant professor in pharmacology at Modern Institute of Medical Sciences, Indore. Her primary interests are in academics and medical writing. She has done a diploma course in clinical research also. She is head of the pharmacovigilance unit of her institute. She has presented her research in national conferences and authored drug review articles.
Dr. Savita Vyas (M. Pharm, PhD), is an associate professor in pharmaceutical chemistry at M.G.M. Medical College, Indore. She has mentored numerous postgraduate students including PhDs. Her primary research interests are in phytopharmacology and she has numerous publications in the field to her credit. She is member of research advisory board of her institute.
Dr. Pradeep Phadnis (MBBS, MD) is an associate professor in pharmacology at Bundelkhand medical college, Sagar. He has previously taught at M.G.M. medical college, Indore for more than 30 years. He has served as guide for many post graduate students and helping them excel in their residency. He has many publications to his credit in various fields of pharmacology and holds keen interest in sports too.
1 An insight into anti-diabetic properties of dietary phytochemicals
Ramachandran Vinayagam,Jianbo Xiao,Baojun Xu
Phytochemistry Reviews. 2017;
Atal S
Vyas S
Phadnis P
Bio-enhancing effect
Piperine


Ever since I first heard about this movie at the D23 event back in November – I could NOT wait to see it. Since then, they have started showing previews inside the Imagination theater in Epcot! If you are in the parks – be sure to check out this preview in 4D!
This amazing Disney movie from Brad Bird is a mystery adventure starring George Clooney. Even if you think you have seen George Clooney – you may never have seen him like this. He is funny, and surprisingly endearing. He really made the character of Frank come alive.
The story goes that a former boy-genius Frank (Clooney), who is now a bit angry and disillusioned, and Casey (Britt Robertson), a bright, optimistic teen bursting with curiosity about science, embark on a danger-filled mission to unearth the secrets of an enigmatic place somewhere in time and space known only as "Tomorrowland." What they must do there changes the world—and them—forever.
This movie is BEAUTIFUL – visually appealing in ways I never could have imagined. Go see it in theaters if you can to really get what I am talking about here! In short – I loved it – and I would totally go see it again. Tune in to the Disney Parks Podcast for a full review from Tony and myself.
Don't forget that the official Tomorrowland App with Apple Watch integration is now available to download HERE!
This was by far my favorite movie of that year! So many hidden things in it too.


text:
O Estádio Francisco Franco é um estádio de futebol localizado na cidade de Rancharia, no estado de São Paulo, tem capacidade para 4.644 pessoas.

Ver também
 Lista de estádios de futebol de São Paulo

Francisco Franco
Rancharia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I've previously lived in D.C. for five long, overpriced years. I've had enough of talking about what I do (not to mention hearing about it from some intern in pastels). So when asked, I summarize my career simply: "I do security."
The listener is astonished. Me, security? LOL! Do I, like, carry a gun?
They have images of mall cops, real cops, that crazy character Claire Danes plays in Homeland. I'm pretty sure "security"doesn't conjure up images of a faux-health-conscience, fashion-failing, awkward, short, striving millennial with a ten-year old senile poodle and dope bronde balayage (to end on a positive note).
And that's fine. I never fight assumptions, because there's a million other things I'd rather do and discuss while I'm out and about. But now, behind a desk and under florescent lights, I have some thoughts to share. Not because I want people to expand their scope of what a person in security might look like (although that would be nice), but because I want people to expand their scope of what a career in security could be.
Security isn't kicking in doors and comparing war stories. And, frankly, anyone who has the inclination to do the former and the time to do the latter isn't somebody I'd want to work with.
Security is about figuring out how to keep business rolling when thousands of your employees can no longer work out of the hurricane-destroyed HQs. It's about delivering medical care to travelers overseas when they're scared and exhausted. It can be designing procedures for screening guests at a gala, helping executives travel to wild locations to scope out new opportunities, projecting impact to operations from every bit of news from every nook of the globe.
At VICE, the security team works diligently to support groundbreaking journalism in the craziest places. Or, how our boss likes to put it, how to get all the wild things done -- but safely. I take pride in my work empowering employees to travel overseas with acumen and confidence, and hearing about it when they return. And I enjoy the challenges of figuring out how to continue producing and delivering nightly news no matter what crisis might come our way.
If you love the world, love travel, love people... love current events, sociopolitical affairs and research... maybe even if you just also love elderly, senile poodles... consider security. And then make it your own.


There was nothing fancy about last month's Love Cake as we went back to basics. If you want some tips to make some great bakes and what equipment you need read the round up here.
If you struggle to find the time to bake then this is the month for you. I'm after cakes that can be made and baked within an hour so this month's theme is IN A HURRY.
I'm looking for any cakes that can be made and baked in less than 60 minutes. Don't worry about cooling time or in the case of cheesecakes chilling times. So it's a chance to show off all those mini makes like muffins, cupcakes and scones. See if you can fit in a traybake or even a full cake. If it's ever got to 11pm at night and you've just remembered you need to take cakes to work or school in the morning what's your quick go-to recipe?
1. Please make sure your entry conforms to this month's theme of IN A HURRY.
3. Enter the URL (web address) of your post into the Linky at the bottom of this post. Once the link closes on Wednesday 28th October 2015 at 23:55 no more entries will be accepted.
Great idea for a challenge.
Since I retired I seem to have even less time to bake than before, so I mostly do cakes in a hurry.


This is a guide to lighting trees, not instructions on lighting trees. Every tree is unique like a finger print; you may have 2 Oak trees illuminated with the same light fittings but their features or structure may differ and more than likely, you will end up with slightly different results.
Deciding which tree to light and which technique to use requires some consideration. Lighting a large tree close to an exterior viewpoint, like a patio, may have striking results if the light output can be shielded from view. A tree close to the house may not be worth lighting though, as it may be difficult to see from a window. The further the tree is from the house the more brightly it should be lit to prevent it fading away in the distance; items closer to the house will always catch your eye first. If you have trees near a path, rather than uplighting which may cause glare, try moonlighting from just above the lower branches, to create an interesting effect of light and shadows on the ground below. Moonlighting may also be used at the end of a path to help draw your attention to a specific part of the garden.
Where the shape of the tree falls within a 35-45° arc, use a single medium beam uplight.
If the tree has a wider spread, over 10m, use 2 or more uplights for a fuller effect.
Where the canopy is open, use a single medium uplight at the base of the trunk and light up through the canopy.
When the foliage is especially dense, as in conifers, position the light just outside the canopy and graze up the foliage to emphasize it's texture.
Which type of light shall I use?
This guide aims to remove some of the guesswork when specifying tree lighting products. Trees vary enormously in size and shape, but most trees can be lit very well using fittings with 36° or 60° beam angles.
Good quality recessed fittings are available but surface mount fittings are easier to install and are more versatile. Ideally you should test out the lighting positions in the dark before making any final decisions. Unfortunately in the real world this is not always possible. In practice, it is much easier to move a spike mounted light than a recessed fitting. Make sure the lights are installed with a bit of slack cable to allow for adjustment.
Most broadleaved trees look most comfortable when lit using a warm white 3000 kelvin light source. By contrast some conifers such as Cedrus Atlantica Glauca and other specimens with blue-grey foliage look positively sick when lit with a warm white lamp. Much better to use a crisp white 4000 - 5000 kelvin light source because it makes the foliage come alive.
LED's are rapidly improving and there are now LED lights capable of lighting large trees. If you require a light with a very wide spread you could consider some of the new 30w, 50w or 100w LED floodlights. But positioning is critical - none of them offer any real glare control.
For lighting very small trees you might consider one of the Compact Spike Spots (available in 12v or 240v) with a 5w or 7w led. If you need recessed fittings the Modula range of lights are a good choice; very solidly built with adjustable lamp holders which you can angle up to 30°, also available in 12v or 240v. If you are using 60° lamps it is worth considering P520B and Taurus spike spots which have excellent glare control without constricting the light distribution.
Slightly larger trees (3 -5 metres) need more light than you can get from a single spike spot. You could consider the Titan 10w LED 240v spike spot.
Trees up to about 8 metres can be lit effectively using 35w metal halide lamps in spike mount or recessed fittings or some of the larger LED lights like the Titan 26w or the Athena recessed LED uplight.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Calculator.Windows
{
	interface ICalculator
	{
		/// <summary>
		/// Gets if a window should be counted as global window when closing the app.
		/// If all the heavy windows are already closed, these windows will close.
		/// Note: This value is only relevant for Forms.
		/// </summary>
		bool IsLightWindow { get; }

		/// <summary>
		/// Reload settings and recalculate values.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="global">If true, a global parameter has been changed.</param>
		void Recalculate(bool global);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Performance Practice: Que me veux-tu?
Modern performers of Baroque music are increasingly using historical temperaments. Among the dozens of temperament solutions proposed by theorists during the 17th and 18th centuries, related temperaments by Francesc' Antonio Vallotti and Thomas Young are among the most popular today, to the point where they arguably dominate the field.This article briefly reviews the technical basis for temperaments, then presents the historical and musical evidence for and against the temperaments of Vallotti and Young in performances of Baroque music. Graphics and sound illustrations allow comparison of the different temperaments both by constituent intervals and complete pieces.On both historical and musical grounds, the author pleads for a more critical approach to Baroque temperament choices, suggesting that 1/6 comma meantone might be a better temperament for most ensemble situations.
Graphics presented in the main body of the article are thumbnails; smaller in size and resolution. These thumbnails serve as links that, when clicked, open the full size graphics.
Ross W. Duffin is perhaps best known in North America for his radio program, Micrologus: Exploring the World of Early Music, on National Public Radio from 1981 to 1998. A former Noah Greenberg Award winner, his scholarly work has focused on 15th-century Franco-Flemish music from Du Fay to Josquin and on English music of the Jacobean period. His other publications on tuning and temperament include the Micrologus program, "Temper, temper!" and the chapter "Tuning and Temperament" in A Performer's Guide to Renaissance Music (New York: Schirmer Books, 1994), as well as the chapter "Tuning" in A Performer's Guide to Medieval Music (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000). Since the publication of this article, he has also written "Just Intonation in Renaissance Theory and Practice", "Baroque Ensemble Tuning in Extended 1/6 Syntonic Comma Meantone", and How Equal Temperament Ruined Harmony (And Why You Should Care) (W. W. Norton, 2007). Duffin is Fynette H. Kulas Professor of Music and director of the Early Music program at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.


text:
title: Single Disk Snapshot
authors: amureini, derez, vered
wiki_title: Features/Single Disk Snapshot
wiki_revision_count: 14
wiki_last_updated: 2014-05-25
---

# Single Disk Snapshot

### Summary

Customization of snapshots with regards to VM configuration and disks.

### Owner

*   Name: [ Daniel Erez](User:Derez)
*   Email: <derez@redhat.com>

### Current status

*   Target Release: 3.4
*   Status: work in progress
*   Last updated: ,

### Benefit to oVirt

*   Allow creation of a customized snapshot. I.e. selecting which disks to take snapshot on.
*   Custom snapshot preview:
    -   Previewing a new state by selecting VM configuration and disks from various snapshots.
    -   Support commit to the new state and undo to the previous one.
*   Features based on specific disks snapshots, such as [Storage Live Migration](Features/Design/Storage Live Migration), will benefit from the new support
    -   E.g. LSM will take a snapshot only on the migrated disks - as opposed to the current situation in which a snapshot is taken on all disks.

### Detailed Description

Currently, a Snapshot represents a single point in time that contains the configuration of the VM and all attached disks.

I.e. creating/previewing/committing a snapshot must be done on the entire VM - including all the disks.

This feature introduces the ability to remove the constraint by allowing to exclude disks from a snapshot.

In addition, adds a new functionality of creating a customized snapshot composed of configuration and disk from multiple snapshots.

#### UI

##### Create Snapshot Dialog

![](create_snapshot_dialog.png "create_snapshot_dialog.png")

##### Custom Preview Button

![](custom_preview_button.png "custom_preview_button.png")

##### Custom Preivew Dialog

###### Screenshot

![](custom_preview_dialog.png "custom_preview_dialog.png")

###### Video

[Custom Preview Dialog - Video](media:custom_preview_dialog_video.gz)

#### REST-API

Add <disks> tag to create/restore snapshot.

Note: preview only is not available from rest (restore = preview + commit).

##### Create Snapshot: POST /api/vms/{vm_id}/snapshots

` `<snapshot>
`   `<vm id="{vm_id}"/>
`   `<disks>
`     `<disk id="{disk_id}"/>
`   `</disks>
` `</snapshot>

##### Restore Snapshot: POST /api/vms/{vm_id}/snapshots/{snapshot_id}/restore

` `<action>
`   `<restore_memory>`true|false`</restore_memory>
`   `<disks>
`     `<disk id="{disk_id}">
`       `<image_id>`{image_id}`</image_id>
`       `<snapshot id="{snapshot_id}"/>
`     `</disk>
`   `</disks>
` `</action>

##### oVirt 3.5

##### Preview Snapshot: POST /api/vms/{vm_id}/preview_snapshot

` `<action>
`   `<snapshot id="{snapshot_id}"/>
`   `<restore_memory>`true|false`</restore_memory>
`   `<disks>
`     `<disk id="{disk_id}">
`       `<image_id>`{image_id}`</image_id>
`       `<snapshot id="{snapshot_id}"/>
`     `</disk>
`   `</disks>
` `</action>

#### Backend

*   CreateAllSnapshotsFromVmCommand
    -   The command should support handling a specified disks list.
    -   Disks not included in specified list should be 'fast-forwarded' to active snapshot (i.e. update snapshot id without creating a new snapshot).
*   TryBackToAllSnapshotsOfVmCommand
    -   The command should support handling a specified disks list.
    -   Ability to preview a subset of VM disks.
    -   Allow previewing to various points of time (each specified image can define a different snapshot).
    -   Support previewing only disks while keeping the current VM configuration.
    -   Keeping old API from 'regular' preview.
*   RestoreAllSnapshotsCommand
    -   Identify on which disks to perform snapshot undo/commit.
    -   Skip restore for excluded disks (but keep updating snapshot id accordingly).
*   GetAllVmSnapshotsByVmIdQuery
    -   Configurable support to return the snapshots with appropriate images list.
    -   Fetch disks data from VM configuration which resides in the OVF (depending on UI design).
*   Snapshot
    -   Add a list of disk images.

#### VDSM

Already supported.

### Open Issues

*   Custom Preview Dialog
    -   What to display at the bottom section?
        -   "Result" - i.e. the state to preview.
        -   VM configuration - i.e. the bottom section updates on configuration selection.
        -   Decision: the bottom section displays the 'result' snapshot.
    -   Memory (applicable only for live snapshot)
        -   Should we allow configuration/memory decoupling?
        -   Or, configuration selection enforces the selection of memory from same snapshot (and vice versa)?
        -   Decision: VM configuration and memory are coupled. I.e. one cannot preview memory of a snapshot without selecting the same snapshot's configuration.
    -   Allow excluding a disk from preview (deselecting entire column)?
        -   Excluding a disk implications are similar to deleting a disk (will result with an illegal disk on previous snapshots).
        -   Decision: allow disk exclude for now.

### Testing

*   Verify that create snapshot flow has no regressions.
*   Verify that the 'regular' preview/undo/commit flow has no regressions.
*   Create a snapshot with a subset of disks.
*   Custom preview a snapshot from various point of times.
*   Undo/commit a custom previewed snapshot.
*

### Comments and Discussion

*

### Future Work

*   Revise error flows
    -   E.g. failing to take a snapshot on one disk shouldn't rollback the entire snapshot, instead, just exclude the disk from the snapshot.
*   Continue the decoupling of snapshot components and use single disks snapshots when needed, as in LSM flow.
*   Create a snapshot form disk context
    -   Select a disk -> create snapshot (still requires including the VM configuration).
*   Preview/commit/undo a snapshot from disk context
    -   Only a subset of the disks at a time, since creating a preview snapshot locks most VM operations (adding/removing disks, etc).
*   Exclude VM configuration
    -   Do we want to allow creating a snapshot without VM configuration?
*   Detach/Attach of disks with snapshots
    -   How to represent/display snapshots of a floating disk?
    -   How to handle attach of a disk with snapshots to a different VM?
*   Profiles
    -   Creating a snapshot profiles (which allows single click snapshot). E.g. 'VM configuration + OS disk profile' / etc.


text:
Home	News	Defence giant Raytheon UK stages cyber battle at BT Tower to unearth future security talent
Defence giant Raytheon UK stages cyber battle at BT Tower to unearth future security talent
written by Brian Sims February 23, 2015
Last Saturday, defence giant and national security specialist Raytheon UK designed and hosted a simulated cyber terrorist strike at London's iconic BT Tower
Last Saturday, defence giant and national security specialist Raytheon UK designed and hosted a simulated cyber terrorist strike at London's iconic BT Tower in a bid to unearth new talent that can defend the UK against growing cyber threats.
Part of the Government-backed Cyber Security Challenge UK, the online battle tested some of the nation's finest amateurs and, in particular, their ability to defend physical infrastructure from sophisticated cyber crime groups.
"With crime and incidents of terror escalating online, it's abundantly clear that we need a new generation of digital defence warriors ready to face such threats," explained Paul Crichard, Raytheon UK's head of cyber research.
"We designed this contest to mimic the high pressure emergency situations that real world professionals have to deal with, and also to show gifted people who may just enjoy code-breaking or reverse engineering as a hobby that, going forward, their talents are actually vital to the UK's economy."
Continuing this theme, Crichard also told Risk UK: "The skills and enthusiasm on display in these competitions show the wealth of innovation the UK could be tapping into. Indeed, we're now working on new ways to grow this talent pipeline across the UK. Raytheon recently launched a new cyber innovation competition specifically aimed at UK SMEs with prizes totalling £100,000."
This latest attack simulation challenged future cyber security professionals on their ability to defend against a real-time cyber threat designed to mimic the infamous Heartbleed and Shellshock attacks. Performances were assessed by experts from Raytheon UK, GCHQ, the National Crime Agency, BT, C3IA and the Airbus Group.
The demonstration emulated a realistic cyber attack and saw challengers infiltrate a model server system to win back control of a large building's power supply. Once the fictitious hacking group named the Flagday Associates had been outsmarted, the BT Tower's observation deck revolved to celebrate the winning team's success.
The Government-backed Cyber Security Challenge UK is designed to unearth the security talent of tomorrow
The Raytheon UK-designed challenge is part of a programme of competitions configured to raise awareness of career opportunities for talented young people in what is very much a booming cyber security industry, while at the same time addressing a national cyber security talent shortage.
Economic cost of cyber crime on the rise
Stephanie Daman, CEO at the Cyber Security Challenge UK, commented: "The recent Carbanak attack that plundered global banks shows that the economic cost of cyber crime is continually rising. The resources that UK industry leaders are now investing to attract new talent through events like these indicate that they're taking the threat to our economy very seriously. The industry is dedicated to finding new ways of addressing the critical talent shortage across Britain as we see rising cyber crime posing a threat to UK assets and even critical infrastructures."
The amateur code-breakers – selected from over nine months of intensive national assessments – were analysed on their ability to use some of the cyber security industry's finest crime-fighting tools ranging from cryptography through to Kali-Linux (the latter being one of the most advanced penetration testing packages ever created).
The Cyber Security Challenge UK's Grand Final 'Masterclass' takes place in London next month
The winning team on the day comprised Adam Tonks (a student from Cirencester currently studying at Bournemouth University), Darren Brooke (an IT consultant from Pontypridd in South Wales), Robert Laverick (who runs a software development consultancy based in Redcar) and Steve Haughton, a network manager from Cardiff. They each receive a range of prizes including Raspberry Pi 2 devices and Xbox Ones.
In addition, the ten best performers on the day have been offered places at the Challenge's grand final – next month's Masterclass – where finalists from all four of the Cyber Security Challenge UK's face-to-face competitions will come together in London to take part in what will be the UK's largest-ever simulated cyber attack.
The prestigious event will be hosted by a consortium involving BT, GCHQ, the National Crime Agency, the Airbus Group and Lockheed Martin.
Raytheon UK is a subsidiary of the Raytheon Company. The organisation is a prime contractor and major supplier to the UK Ministry of Defence and has developed strong capabilities in mission systems integration across the defence, national security and commercial markets.
Raytheon UK also designs, develops and manufactures a range of high technology electronic systems and software at facilities in Harlow, Glenrothes, Uxbridge, Waddington and Broughton.
Airbus GroupBTBT TowerC3IACarbanakCryptographyCyber SecurityCyber Security Challenge UKCyber Terrorist StrikeCyber ThreatFlagday AssociatesGCHQHeartbleedKali-LinuxLockheed MartinNational Crime AgencyNational SecurityOnline SecurityPro-Activ PublicationsRaytheon UKRisk UKShellshockTheSecurityLionUK Government
CIFAS: "Protective Registration Service now available seven days a week"
David Bolt appointed Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration


text:
Q: How to set the Return Type of a Class Member Function as the object of a Private Struct sorry for the long and confusing title, but I couldn't think of a better way to ask this. So, what I have is a class:
template <typename T>
class Set
{
    public:
        //random member functions here
    private:
        struct Node{
            T key;
            Node *right;
            Node *left;
            int height;
        };
    public:
        Node* r_add(Node *temp);
};

Node* Set<T>::r_add(Node *temp)
{
    return temp;
}

When I try to implement the function r_add, I keep getting the error that the return type of out-of-line definition differs from that in the declaration for the r_add function. I'm not exactly clear on how to declare the return type for when I try to call a private structure in a class member function.

A: The syntax for that needs to be:
template <typename T>
Set<T>::Node* Set<T>::r_add(Node *temp)
{
    return temp;
}

Please note that you don't have to use Set<T>::Node* for the argument type since the scope Set<T> will be used for Node at that point.
Another option is to use trailing return type. That will allow you to avoid having to type Set<T> any more than is necessary.
template <typename T>
auto Set<T>::r_add(Node *temp) -> Node*
{
    return temp;
}

A: template <typename T>
typename Set<T>::Node* Set<T>::r_add(typename Set<T>::Node* temp)
{
    return temp;
}

here is my implementation for map, and you can find the solution to your problem

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
In Business & Economy
How Democrats in Atlanta discussed economic issues that affect women and children
29 Views November 21, 2019 Be first to comment menu
An all-women moderating team directed the debate.
AP Photo/John Bazemore
The last two democratic presidential debates featured no questions about the gender pay gap, paid parental leave or other economic issues that disproportionately affect women and children.
So in the Atlanta debate on Nov. 20 – featuring an all-women moderator panel and four female candidates – I was heartened to see that some of these topics got a bit more attention.
As an economist who studies inequality and household economics, I believe issues like these, which so fundamentally affect family outcomes, should be at the heart of our national conversation.
Here's a glimpse at how the candidates' discussion of economic policy engaged with gender, both directly and indirectly, during the debate.
Support for paid family leave
Few candidates have highlighted their policies on gender equity unprompted by moderators in the debates so far, and this debate was no exception.
Moderator Ashley Parker asked about parental leave and public childcare, directing her first question on the topic to one of the five men on the stage, entrepreneur Andrew Yang.
Yang, who noted that the U.S. is one of only two countries without paid family leave, briefly signaled his support for such a policy by alluding to his own family.
A more detailed discussion then emerged between Sen. Amy Klobuchar of Minnesota and Sen. Kamala Harris of California. Klobuchar said she favored a more restrained three-month paid parental leave policy compared with Harris' six months. Even at six months, this would be significantly less than what is common in many other countries.
Whether three months or six, a large body of economic research suggests that carefully crafted paid parental leave and childcare policies can increase women's labor force participation and earnings and promote public health.
Indirect support for families
Some of the candidates noted how their broader progressive policies would indirectly support women and children.
For example, in defending her wealth tax, Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren emphasized that the tax revenue would pay for many policies she supports, including universal childcare and pre-K, while promoting higher pay for the women of color who are disproportionately represented among childcare workers.
Similarly, Yang, in his response on paid family leave, pivoted to his "freedom dividend" basic income proposal as a way to support families, including those with parents who stay home with their kids.
And late in the debate, former Vice President Joe Biden spoke briefly on his role in sponsoring the Violence Against Women Act.
'Women's issues' and electability
There are some reasons these issues aren't so popular on the campaign trail.
The only candidate who vigorously promoted parental leave and universal pre-K policies was Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, but she dropped out after failing to garner strong support. This outcome perhaps explains why the remaining candidates have focused so sparingly on what are sometimes derided as "women's issues."
For women candidates, that's compounded by concerns that excessive focus on such issues may feed into stereotypes that women are weak on fiscal issues, threatening their already lower perceived "electability."
While candidates may remain wary of making "women's issues" central to their platforms, gender is likely to continue shaping economic policy in the presidential race.
Klobuchar alluded to the gendered concerns about electability when asked whether women were held to a higher standard.
"If you think a woman can't beat Donald Trump, Nancy Pelosi does it every day," she said.
Melanie G. Long does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
Democrats debate health care,…
In Business & Economy
Democrats debate health care, farmers and minimum wage: 4 essential reads – and a chart
Nail salon workers suffer chemical…
In Environment & Energy
Nail salon workers suffer chemical exposures that can be like working at a garage or a refinery


text:
IC 1965 ist eine Balken-Spiralgalaxie vom Hubble-Typ SBc im Sternbild Reticulum am Südsternhimmel. Sie ist schätzungsweise 743 Millionen Lichtjahre von der Milchstraße entfernt und hat einen Durchmesser von etwa 115.000 Lj.

Im selben Himmelsareal befinden sich u. a. die Galaxien IC 1955 und IC 1960.

Das Objekt wurde am 8. Dezember 1899 von DeLisle Stewart entdeckt.

Siehe auch
 Liste der IC-Objekte

Weblinks
 SIMBAD Astronomical Database

Einzelnachweise

Balkenspiralgalaxie


text:
Q: Creating an instance of a FireBreath plugin using ActiveXObject I am using FireBreath to create a cross browser plugin. In the HTML test page i am using the following function to detect whether the plugin is installed and to initiate a download of the MSI installer if the plugin is not detected.
function checkPlugin(){
    var pluginInstalled = false;
    if ((navigator.userAgent.indexOf('MSIE') != -1) && (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Win') != -1)) {
        // For IE
        var pluginObject = null;
        try {
            pluginObject = new ActiveXObject('Test.TestPlugin');
            if(pluginObject){
                pluginInstalled = true;
                //pluginObject.Dispose();
            }
        } catch (e) {
            // Cannot load the plugin. Most probably it's not installed
            console.log(e.message);
        }
    }else{
        // For other browsers
        pluginInstalled = (navigator.mimeTypes && navigator.mimeTypes["application/x-test"] && navigator.plugins["TestPlugin"]);
    }
    return pluginInstalled;
}

Above function works fine on all other browsers except for IE. It causes both IE 9 and 10 to crash when it attempts to create an instance of the plugin using ActiveXObject. I have noted that support for this functionality was added from FireBreath 1.4 onwards but I believe i am using the latest version of FireBreath which is 1.7. Any assistance in solving this issue is greatly appreciated :)

A: That looks like the method used in the FireBreath javascript detection example, and that's what I'm using in my plugins.  You weren't entirely clear on what version you're using; are you on 1.7? It works for me on 1.6 and 1.7 for sure.
If you could be a little more specific about where it crashes that might be easier to make some speculations; try attaching a debugger.  For information on how to force IE to be single process to make attaching a debugger see the "Debugging Plugins" page on firebreath.org.


text:
<html>
<head>
    <script data-main="js/main" src="lib/requirejs/require.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>


text:
Mariah Carey's label Def Jam denies surprise release
The star will not be dropping a surprise album on fans, Def Jam says
By Amy Davidson
A statement from Mariah Carey's record label has quashed rumours that the star will be releasing her album via a surprise launch.
Last week, Carey suggested that she might be putting out her next album through a Beyoncé-style all-at-once release.
"I have to be the one that announces this, especially the title," Carey said, hinting that the record would be named after a "a personal possession of mine that's part of an entity that I've had almost all my life".
Carey did not explicitly said her upcoming album would be a surprise release, but interviews involving people familiar with the album's planned distribution confirmed a digital-first, all-at-once plan was in operation, according to Billboard.
However, Def Jam is now claiming the album will follow a traditional strategy and lead up to a "late May" digital/physical release.
Def Jam's exec VP of media said: "Mariah will announce the date and title in advance of the on-sale date."
Listen to Mariah Carey's 'You're Mine (Eternal)' below:
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Wireless 2018 reveals all-female stage after backlash
Coldplay's greatest hits ranked: Their 10 best singles
My Mental Health: 17 popstars get serious


text:
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Skip to main content Opinions Editorial Board The Opinions Essay Global Opinions Voices Across America Post Opinión D.C., Md. & Va. Cartoons Podcasts
How Democrats left us vulnerable to North Korea's nukes
Opinion by Marc A. Thiessen
Marc A. Thiessen
Columnist focusing on foreign and domestic policy
Bio Follow
With last weekend's surprise nuclear test, North Korea has reached final stage of its crash course to develop thermonuclear weapons that can reach and destroy U.S. cities. So why are we not on a crash course to protect our cities from North Korean nuclear missiles?
Answer: Because for more than three decades, Democrats have done everything in their power to prevent, obstruct or delay the deployment of ballistic missile defense.
Opposition to missile defense has been an article of faith for Democrats since President Ronald Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative in 1983. Sen. Edward M.Kennedy led the early opposition to what Democrats derisively labeled "Star Wars," denouncing missile defense as a "mirage" and "a certain prescription for an arms race in outer space." Running against Reagan in 1984, Walter Mondale called it a "dangerously destabilizing" and unworkable "hoax."
Reagan nonetheless moved forward with research and development, and his successor, George H. W. Bush, put missile defense on track for deployment with the Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS) program. But as soon as President Bill Clinton took office in 1993, he terminated GPALS and cut national missile defense funding by 80 percent, while downgrading it from an acquisition program to a technology demonstration program. Clinton also signed an agreement to revive the moribund Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which banned deployment of missile defense and whose status had come into question with the 1991 collapse of our treaty partner, the Soviet Union.
Then Republicans took over Congress, and passed a defense authorization bill in 1996 that required deployment. Clinton vetoed it on the grounds that there was no threat. Secretary of Defense William Perry declared "we do not need a national missile defense system because . . . no rogue nation has [intercontinental ballistic missiles] . . . and if these powers should ever pose a threat, our ability to retaliate with an overwhelming nuclear response will serve as a deterrent." In other words, national missile defense would never be needed — even to protect against a regime such as North Korea.
When President George W. Bush came to office, he revitalized missile defense efforts and withdrew from the ABM Treaty. Democrats were more upset than the Russians. Sen. Joseph Biden declared "The thing we remain the least vulnerable to is an ICBM attack from another nation" adding "This premise that one day Kim Jong Il or someone will wake up one morning and say, 'Aha, San Francisco' is specious."
Bush deployed the first ground-based interceptors in California and Alaska, and put in place a plan to deploy 44 interceptors by 2009. He reached a historic agreement with Poland and the Czech Republic to deploy defenses. And he dramatically increased funding for three critical programs: The first two — the Airborne Laser and the Kinetic Energy Interceptor — would take out a ballistic missile in the "boost phase" of flight, the most vulnerable eight minutes when a missile is still over enemy territory and presents a large, slower-moving target because the small nuclear warhead at the top has not yet separated from the large rocket filled with highly explosive fuel. The third — the Multiple Kill Vehicle — would place multiple warheads on our ground-based interceptors, so that instead of hitting a "bullet with a bullet" we could fire five or 10 bullets at each target, dramatically increasing chances of success.
If we had continued the Bush program over the past eight years, we would now have a robust array of defenses against any North Korean ICBM. We would be able to target a North Korean missile in the boost phase, and if that failed we would have 44 ground-based interceptors armed with hundreds of warheads that could be fired to take it out in mid-course.
But we did not continue the Bush program. President Barack Obama slashed funding for ballistic missile defense by 25 percent. As part of his failed "reset" with Russia, he scrapped Bush's agreement with Poland and the Czech Republic. He reduced Bush's plan from 44 ground-based interceptors to just 30. (He belatedly changed course in 2012 after North Korea tested the Taepodong missile, but the United States still has not recovered from the delay.) And he cancelled the Airborne Laser, Kinetic Energy Interceptor and Multiple Kill Vehicle programs. As a result, North Korean now has eight minutes of unchallenged flight during which their missiles are most vulnerable, and we have dramatically reduced the chances of hitting a North Korean missile as it descends on a U.S. city.
Amazingly, on taking office, President Trump's budget continued Obama's missile defense cuts, reducing funding by another $300 million . Trump has since recognized his mistake, promising "We are going to be increasing the anti-missiles by a substantial amount of billions of dollars." Time to do so is short. He should immediately deliver Congress an emergency supplemental spending bill to speed the deployment of ground-based interceptors, and he should revive the Multiple Kill Vehicle, the Airborne Laser and Kinetic Energy Interceptor — and then work with Congress on a long-term plan to build and deploy space-based interceptors.
In 1983, Reagan asked "Isn't it worth every investment necessary to free the world from the threat of nuclear war?" For the Democrats, the answer was no. No one is happier about that today than Kim Jong Un.
Read more from Marc Thiessen's archive, follow him on Twitter or subscribe to his updates on Facebook.
Read more on this issue:
Kathleen Parker: Have we reached a point of no return?
David Ignatius: History shows us how calamitous the North Korea crisis could become
The Post's View: Fire, fury — and confusion
John Pomfret: What I learned on my Chinese tour of North Korea
Marc A. Thiessen Marc Thiessen writes a twice-weekly column for The Post on foreign and domestic policy. He is a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, and the former chief speechwriter for President George W. Bush. Follow
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Are you saving for your retirement?
Believe it or not, 36 percent of Americans are not currently setting anything aside for their golden years, according to a recent poll by Bankrate. Even more alarming is the fact that fully 25 percent of the poll's respondents between the ages of 50 to 64 have not put a single dime away for their future.


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Gerne beraten wir Sie persönlich: +49.89.547 26 19-0 info@econ-referenten.de
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Tel.: +49.89.547 26 19-0
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Melinda Davis
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Tags: Marketing
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Educated in Europe and America, and graduated at Harvard University, Melinda Davis has been observing and analyzing the culture for more than twenty years.
She is the founder and chairman of The Next Group, the futurist think tank behind The Human Desire Project, an ongoing initiative launched in 1996 to investigate what makes us want the things we want and do the things we do. The project began as a study for big business (Davis' clients include many of the most powerful names in consumer marketing, as well as politicians, pop culture icons, and even a well-known religious figure). The rather startling conclusions of the Project ring bells far beyond the business world. Davis is a popular speaker internationally to a wide range of audiences.
She is the author of "The New Culture of Desire", a radical new vision of the passions that rule us. Melinda Davis thesis: throughout human history, our behavior has been driven by our physical survival instinct: "I don't want to be killed" and "Let's have sex." Now, in a new world where our threats are more mental than physical, our survival instinct has become mental, as well: "I don't want to go nuts" and "Let's get in the zone." In Human History Part II, as Davis calls it, we have redefined the ultimate fear and the ultimate pleasure. Now we are fighting for our interior lives – and that change changes everything, from our personal habits to the global marketplace, from the qualities we look for in the things we buy, to the qualities we demand in our leaders.
Melinda Davis als Rednerin anfragen
The New Culture of Desire – An Insider's Guide to the New Consumer Mind
What Seduces the Luxury Consumer Now?
Consumer Behavior and Trends
The New Dynamics of Human Desire
The Future Marketplace: What We Will Want and Why We Will Want It
A New Theory and Practice of Marketing: The Marketer as Healer
A New Vision of Business Leadership
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The New Culture of Desire, 2002
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text:
Q: Getting regular pattern when trying to randomize the element in a two dimensional array with javascript I want to generate a chess board with fixed cols and rows and randomize the number (stand for the status) in it.Here is the code:
function Board(){
  this.board = new Array(10).fill(new Array(10).fill(0));
}
Board.prototype.renew = function(){
  this.board = new Array(10).fill(new Array(10).fill(0));
}
Board.prototype.randomize = function(){
  for(i=0;i<10;i++){
    for(j=0;j<10;j++)this.board[i][j] = Math.floor(Math.random()+0.5);
  }
}

var apple = new Board();

apple.randomize();

console.log(apple.board.join("\n"));

Then I got this:
0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0
0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0

I didn't expect that it seems to have some regular pattern among rows.I run this several times.Although I get different value inside a row, all rows still share the same pattern.