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International Conference on Toxicogenomics and Drug Monitoring August 25-27, 2015 Valencia, Spain
Recommended Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Conferences
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Pharmaceutics China 2020, China
Drugformulation Congress-2020, Japan
Day 1: August 25, 2015
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Theme: Discoveries in Prediction of Toxicity and Drug Monitoring
Tentative Scientific Program
Renowned Speakers
Farhad Kamali
Antonio Galvez
University of Jaen
Gunter Oberdörster
Michael Aschner
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Jurgen Borlak
A Wallace Hayes
Catherine Willett
Dinah Weissmann
Alcediag
Toxicogenomics-2015 is a remarkable event which brings together a unique and International mix of large and medium pharmaceutical, biotech and diagnostics companies, leading universities and clinical research institutions making the Symposium a perfect platform to share experience, foster collaborations across industry and academia, and evaluate emerging technologies across the globe.
Toxicogenomics-2015 anticipates more than 600 thought provoking presentations and eminent Keynote lectures. The attending delegates include Editorial Board Members of featured OMICS Group Journals. This is an excellent opportunity for the participants from Universities, Institutes and other Private Organizations to interact with the World class Scientists and renowned speakers.
The global Toxicogenomics market is estimated to reach $17,227 million by 2018 at a CAGR of 13.5% during the forecast period (2013–2018). The market will witness a double-digit growth attributed to the increasing acceptance of in vitro methods over in vivo ones. Government support to stop animal testing, new and promising technologies, and advancement in new approaches are significant factors forcing the market in the forecast period. Initiation of Tox 21, government programs by the U.S. government and growing number of drug discoveries and innovations globally represent an opportunity for the growth of the market.
Detection of the toxic effects much earlier in the development stage, the pharmaceutical industry adapted to in vitro methods apart from the rising pressure to reduce the drug attrition rates to control the drug development costs and time line. The pharmaceutical industry has been witnessing a enormous growth as a result of government initiatives such as AXLR8 program that was initiated by the European Union. Geographic analysis reveals that Europe was the largest contributor to the global Toxicogenomics market in 2013. It will also be the fastest growing region till 2018.
OMICS International Organises 300+ Conferences Every Year across USA, Europe & Asia with support from 1000 more scientific societies and Publishes 400+ Open access journals which contains over 30000 eminent personalities, reputed scientists as editorial board members.
For more information on Market Analysisis Please visit: Toxicogenomics Market Analysis
Track 1: Toxicology Approaches:
Toxicology is the branch of sciences which studies the symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning when living organisms are treated with chemicals. The relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology.
Toxicology approaches inclulde toxicogenomics which means, applying molecular profiling approaches to the study of toxicology.
Toxicology can be divided into standard disciplines, such as clinical, forensic, investigative and regulatory toxicology; toxicology can be considered by target organ system or process, such as immunotoxicology or genetic toxicology; toxicology can be presented in functional terms, such as research, testing and risk assessment.
Toxicity experiments may be conducted in vivo (using the whole animal) or in vitro (testing on isolated cells or tissues), or in silico (in a computer simulation)In vivo (Using the whole animal) or In vitro (testing on isolated cells or tissues), there are both ethical and technical concerns. So an alternate modeling has to be used instead of animal modelingIn Silico (in a computer simulation), Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs) are mathematical models that are used to predict measures of toxicity from physical characteristics of the structure of chemicals (known as molecular descriptors).
Track 2: Concept of Toxicogenomics
Toxicogenomics is defined as the application of genomic technologies (for example, genetics, genome sequence analysis, gene expression profiling, proteomics, metabolomics, and related approaches) to study the adverse effects of environmental and pharmaceutical chemicals on human health and the environment. Toxicogenomics combines toxicology with information-dense1 genomic technologies to integrate toxicant-specific alterations in gene, protein, and metabolite expression patterns with phenotypic2 responses of cells, tissues, and organisms. Toxicogenomics can be studied by using Basic Cellular Models and Molecular mechanisms.
Genotoxicity and carcinogenesis
Pharmacogenomics and Drug Safety: Pharmacogenomics is the study of inherited genetic differences in drug metabolic pathways which can affect individual responses to drugs, both in terms of therapeutic effect as well as adverse effects.
Track 3: Omics Technologies and databases in Toxicogenomics
Genomic technologies encompass both genome sequencing technologies, which derive DNA sequences from genes and other regions of DNA, and genotype analysis, which detects sequence variations between individuals in individual genes.The convergence of genome sequencing and genotyping technologies will eventually enable whole-genome sequences of individuals to be analyzed. Advances in genotyping technologies allow the simultaneous assessment of multiple variants across the whole genome in large populations rather than just single or several gene polymorphisms.
Gene expression profiling is the measurement of the activity (the expression) of thousands of genes at once, to create a global picture of cellular function. These profiles can, for example, distinguish between cells that are actively dividing, or show how the cells react to a particular treatment. Many experiments of this sort measure an entire genome simultaneously, that is, every gene present in a particular cell.
In spite of the recent advances in technology to optimize the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) properties of new and promising medicinal products to reduce clinical failures, the investigation of drug disposition in the pediatric and elderly populations continues to be under evaluated. With the increasing prevalence of aging populations world-wide, there is a growing concern from health care providers, regulators and the general public that drug delivery is still less than optimal for the vulnerable patient populations likely to be more sensitive to adverse effects of the new investigational drugs. This Translational Investigation of Drug Disposition in Children is not known.
Omics based technologies for drug discovery and toxicity assessment (or gene expression profiling) measure mRNA expression in a highly parallel assay system, usually using microarrays. As the first widely available method for global analysis of gene expression, DNA microarrays are the emblematic technology of the post-genomic era. Microarray technology for transcriptomics has enabled the analysis of complex, multigene systems and their responses to environmental perturbations.
Oxidative stress, DNA damage and repair and biological considerations is an inevitable consequence of cellular metabolism, with a propensity for increased levels following toxic insult.
Track 4: Biomarkers in Toxicogenomics
The use of genome-scale mRNA expression profiling to monitor responses to adverse xenobiotic exposure. Toxicogenomics is being investigated for use in the triage of compounds through predicting potential toxicity, defining mechanisms of toxicity, and Biomarker Identification with toxicogenomics. Whereas various approaches have been reported for the development of algorithms predictive of toxicity and for the interpretation of gene expression data for deriving mechanisms of toxicity, there are no clearly defined methods for the discovery of biomarkers using gene expression technologies. Ways in which toxicogenomics may be used for biomarker discovery include analysis of large databases of gene expression profiles followed by in silico mining of the database for differentially expressed genes; the analysis of gene expression data from preclinical studies to find differentially expressed genes that correlate with pathology (coincident biomarker) or precede pathology (leading biomarker) within a lead series; or gene expression profiling can be performed directly on the blood from preclinical studies or clinical trials to find biomarkers that can be obtained noninvasively. Applying toxicogenomics to biomarker discovery is the Chronic biomarkers in disease screening and monitoring. Later the discovery of biomarkers gives the Functional biomarkers in major therapeutic areas which can be concluded after following the Regulatory guidance for biomarkers
Track 5 : Drug monitoring
Drug monitoring is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication concentrations in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed. TDM aims at improving patient care by individually adjusting the dose of drugs for which clinical experience or clinical trials have shown it improved outcome in the general or special populations. Toxicogenomics, as a predictive tool gives the therapeutic range for a patient.
Stages of Drug Discovery :
High-content screening (HCS), also known as high-content analysis (HCA) or cellomics, is a method that is used in biological research and drug discovery to identify substances such as small molecules, peptides, or RNAi that alter thephenotype of a cell in a desired manner. Hence high content screening is a type of phenotypic screen conducted in cells. Phenotypic changes may include increases or decreases in the production of cellular products such as proteins and/or changes in the morphology (visual appearance) of the cell. High content screening includes any method used to analyze whole cells or components of cells with simultaneous readout of several parameters. Hence the name "high content screening".
New Therapeutic Targets in Drug Design/Discovery : Initially drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology.
Application of Pharmacokinetic / Pharmacodynamic Principles in optimizing drug delivery is the final stage in Drug discovery and the Stem cells (ECS & IPCS)in Drug Discovery and Toxicity Testing are done prior to its approval.
Track 6 : Predictive Human Toxicity and ADME/Tox Studies
The ADME/TOX studies in the early stages are carried in Human Micro dosing and Beyond and later Mechanistic Model of Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Predictive Toxicology as used for ADME/TOX. Predictive toxicology is a critical area for improvement in drug discovery in order to avoid expensive late-stage clinical failures and the damaging consequences of withdrawing market approved drugs. This helps in High Content Analysis and Predictive Toxicity testing
Drug cardiotoxicity is one of the leading causes of drug attrition and withdrawal. According to the ICH guideline E14, all drugs with systemic exposure must undergo a Thorough QT study to investigate QTc prolongation in healthy volunteers at supratherapeutic doses. In recent years, development of many drugs may have been needlessly stopped as companies routinely terminate candidates showing hERG inhibition, without even preliminary assessment of the drugs' clinical profile.The Cardiac Safety Simulator can help to overcome this challenge by supporting early assessment of a drugs pro-arrhythmic risk based on in vitro data. The Cardiac Safety Simulator integrates mechanistic PBPK modeling and simulation via the Simcyp Simulator with a cardiomyocyte based heart model to predict the cardiac effects of drugs, using available in vitro data to simulate in vivo effects.
Track 7 : Genomic Approaches to Predictive Toxicology
Predictive toxicology describes the study of how toxic effects observed in humans or model systems can be used to predict pathogenesis, assess risk, and prevent human disease. Predictive toxicology includes, but is not limited to, risk assessment, the practical facilitation of decision making with scientific information. The predictions in toxicology helps in assessing Applying Toxicogenomics in Pharmaceutical Safety Assessment.
Predictive toxicology can be used to predict the Tissue specific transcriptional responses to alkylating agents which gives the effects when Humans are Exposed to alkylating agents.
Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment has Integrated Toxicogenomics into predictive & discovery toxicology.The application of these technologies to toxicology has ushered in an era when genotypes and toxicant-induced genome expression, protein, and metabolite patterns can be used to screen compounds for hazard identification, to monitor individuals' exposure to toxicants, to track cellular responses to different doses, to assess mechanisms of action, and to predict individual variability in sensitivity to toxicants. These detailed studies can help Genomic studies in evaluating mechanisms of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity.
Human organ slices, an in vitro model representing the multicellular and functional features of in vivo tissue, is a promising model for characterizing mechanisms of drug-induced organ injury and for identifying biomarkers of organ injury. Target organ injury is a significant clinical issue. In vitro models, which compare human and animal tissue to improve the extrapolation of animal in vivo studies for predicting human outcome, will contribute to improving drug candidate selection and to defining species susceptibilities in drug discovery and development programs. A critical aspect to the performance and outcome of human organ slice studies is the use of high quality tissue, and the use of culture conditions that support optimum organ slice survivability, in order to accurately reproduce mechanisms of organ injury in vitro gives the importance of Organ slices for the evaluation of human drug toxicity.
Track 8: PK and PD Tools for DNA-Damage Pathways
Metrics of Quantitative Approach of Genotoxicity has need for quantitative dose–response analysis of genetic toxicology data, the existence and appropriate evaluation of threshold responses, and methods to analyze exposure-response relationships and derive points of departure (PoDs) from which acceptable exposure levels could be determined which forms the basis for Quantitative Approach of Genotoxicity for Risk Assessment. This helps in predicting the Genetic Susceptibility to Disease and Genetic toxicity assays are used to screen chemicals for their ability to cause mutations or other types of genetic damage. This information may then be used to determine the potential of a chemical to induce human carcinogenicity. This provides the information on Level of Concern for Genotoxic Carcinogens at Human Relevant Exposure.
Track 9: Adverse Outcome Pathways
Introduction and Overview of AOPs : Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) is an analytical construct that describes a sequential chain of causally linked events at different levels of biological organisation that lead to an adverse health or ecotoxicological effect. AOP concept can be used to guide research aimed at improving both our understanding of chronic toxicity, including delayed toxicity as well as epigenetic and transgenerational effects of chemicals, and our ability to predict adverse outcomes. A better understanding of the influence of subtle toxicity on individual and population fitness would support a broader integration of sublethal endpoints into risk assessment frameworks. Detailed mechanistic knowledge of Development, Testing, and Applying AOPs to Risk Assessment would facilitate the development of alternative testing methods as well as help prioritize higher tier toxicity testing. We argue that targeted development of AOPs supports both of these aspects by promoting the elucidation of molecular mechanisms and their contribution to relevant toxicity outcomes across biological scales. The extended AOP framework can serve as a venue for integration of knowledge derived from various sources, including empirical data as well as molecular, quantitative and evolutionary-based models describing species responses to toxicants. This will allow a more efficient application of AOP knowledge for quantitative chemical- and site-specific risk assessment as well as for extrapolation across species in the future. AOP are also studied mainly in Mutagenic Mode-of-Action in Cancer.
Track 10: Bioinformatics in Toxicogenomics
Bioinformatics is a branch of computational biology focused on applying advanced computational techniques to the collection, management, and analysis of numerical biologic data. Elements of bioinformatics are essential to the practice of all genomic technologies. Bioinformatics also encompasses the integration of data across genomic technologies, the integration of genomic data with data from other observations and measurements, and the integration of all these data in databases and related information resources. It is helpful to think of bioinformatics not as a separate discipline but as the universal means of analyzing and integrating information in biology.
Track 11: Environmental Toxicogenomics
Environmental genomics helps to study the molecular basis of adverse effects of environmental toxicants. It affords efficient and high-throughput means to delineate mechanisms of action, risk assessment, identify and understand basic pathogenic mechanisms that are critical to disease progression, predict toxicity of unknown agents and to more precisely phenotype disease subtypes. The potential of environmental genomics in a toxicant exposure model and, perhaps, this might become a crucial tool in biological response marker or biomarker discovery. Environmental Toxicogenomics is a post-genomic approach to analyse the biological responses to environmental toxins.
Track 12: Animal Modeling in Toxicogenomics and Toxicoprotenomics
Toxicogenomic technologies ultimately depends on how reliable, reproducible, and generalizable the results are from a particular study or individual method of analysis. Moving beyond laboratory assays to more widespread use requires some level of validation, which can be defined as the process of ensuring that a test reliably measures and reports the determined end point(s) and encompasses both technical and platform qualification in addition to biologic qualification. Distinct issues arise from the use of any novel technology in a regulatory context. Therefore validation is an integral part of the more general process of developing and applying toxicogenomic methodology. Hence Validating Toxicogenomics Assays is important
Toxicology experiments may be conducted in vivo (using the whole animal) or in vitro (testing on isolated cells or tissues).For these experiments various kinds of animals are used which include : Translational Models I, Aquatic Model Genomes, Regenerative Models, Cancer Models, Developmental Disease Models, Infectious Disease Models, Models of Aging, Metabolic Disease Models
Track 13 :Comparative Toxcicogenomics
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) is a public website and research tool that curates scientific data describing relationships between chemicals/drugs, genes/proteins, diseases, taxa, phenotypes, GO annotations, pathways, and interaction modules.The primary goals of CTD is to advance the understanding of the effects of environmental chemicals on human health.
Toxicology Approaches
Concept of Toxicogenomics
Omics Technologies in Toxicogenomics
Biomarkers in Toxicogenomics
Drug monitoring
Predictive Human Toxicity and ADME/Tox Studies
Genomic Approaches to Predictive Toxicology
PK and PD Tools for DNA-Damage Pathways
Adverse Outcome Pathways
Bioinformatics in Toxicogenomics
Environmental Toxicogenomics
Animal Modeling in Toxicogenomics and Toxicoprotenomics
Comparative Toxicogenomics
To share your views and research, please click here to register for the Conference.
Conference Date August 25-27, 2015
Sponsors & Exhibitors Click here for Sponsorship Opportunities
Speaker Opportunity Closed Day 1
Poster Opportunity Closed Click Here to View
Conference Guide
Initial Announcment
All accepted abstracts will be published in respective Our International Journals.
Journal of Clinical Toxicology
Journal of Phamacogenomics & Pharmacoproteomics
Journal of Drug Metabolism & Toxicology


Register at the Y Service Center for the 2019– 2020 by simply paying the $30 registration fee. Preschool tuition is paid monthly and you may wait until the end of August to begin paying these monthly fees. Monthly fees are the total cost of the school-year spread over 9 months, so the fees are the same each month regardless of holidays or days off. Fees may be paid through an automatic bank draft or are due prior to the start of each month.
New families will be invited to meet with the Lead Teacher upon registration.
Y Preschool consists of two age-based classrooms.
Classroom size is limited for both preschools, so we encourage parents to register early.
As with all Y programs, financial assistance for preschool fees is available for families who demonstrate financial need. The application process is simple and quick. You can download an application from the Y's website at www.marionymca.org or obtain one from the Y service center.
Members Only: A second child in the same household participating in either Explore & Play or Kaleidoscope Kids will receive a 20% discount off of the regular fee.
This is a great first time preschool experience for young children. Caring teachers will help all children develop social skills, form friendships and begin to learn the basics needed for a strong education. There is an emphasis on large motor development and physical activity. Children must either be potty trained or a parent / guardian must remain in the building and accessible throughout the class time. The first two months will be shorter classroom days to help first time students adjust to the classroom.
This class will focus on helping older preschoolers prepare for kindergarten. Experienced teachers will help children gain important pre-math and pre-reading skills, expand their social skills and friendships, as well as engage in physical activity that is important both for muscle and brain development.


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Page: OSDB - Joseph Ossai - Cincinnati Bengals
Joseph Ossai
Lagos,, NGA
0-0 Cincinnati Bengals $0 $0
• Six Star Nutrition
Cincinnati Bengals Paul Brown Stadium 1 Paul Brown Stadium Cincinnati, OH 45202-3418 USA
Joseph Ossai was born April 13, 2000, in Lagos, Nigeria. As a true freshman, Ossai played in all 14 of the Longhorns' games with two starts and made 20 total tackles with one a sack and a forced fumble. He led the team with 62 tackles and 5 sacks in his sophomore season while also recording five sacks, two interceptions, one pass broken up, one forced fumble and also blocked a kick. Ossai was name...
Joseph Ossai was born April 13, 2000, in Lagos, Nigeria. As a true freshman, Ossai played in all 14 of the Longhorns' games with two starts and made 20 total tackles with one a sack and a forced fumble. He led the team with 62 tackles and 5 sacks in ...
Position: DE
Born: 2000-04-13 (Age: 21) Lagos,, NGA
High School: Oak Ridge (TX)
Joseph Ossai was born April 13, 2000, in Lagos, Nigeria. As a true freshman, Ossai played in all 14 of the Longhorns' games with two starts and made 20 total tackles with one a sack and a forced fumble. He led the team with 62 tackles and 5 sacks in his sophomore season while also recording five sacks, two interceptions, one pass broken up, one forced fumble and also blocked a kick. Ossai was named to the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, Chuck Bednarik Award and Lott IMPACT Trophy watchlists entering his junior season.
Ossai was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the 3rd round of the 2021 NFL draft with the 69th overall pick.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How can immigration authorities discover family court findings?
Immigrants bear the burden of proof in immigration applications and can be denied a benefit if they refuse to submit family court records.
Many applications seeking an immigration benefit or form of relief from removal will include broadly-worded questions that must be answered by the applicant under penalty of perjury.
Have you EVER committed, assisted in committing, or attempted to commit, a crime or offense for which were not arrested?
You must answer "Yes" even if your records have been sealed, expunged, or otherwise cleared.
Suspended Judgment: A respondent may still be questioned by immigration authorities regarding any vacated, sealed or expunged records and/or findings despite treatment of the disposition pursuant to New York State laws.
Adjournment in Contemplation of Dismissal (ACD): Before a case is dismissed, the existence of an open family court case may still prompt questions from immigration authorities.
Admission to drug abuse or drug addiction may render a non-citizen deportable and permanently ineligible for a green card and other benefits.
Admission to facts that give immigration authorities "reason to believe" a person is a "drug trafficker" can also permanently ban a noncitizen from receiving a green card or other benefits.


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To keep the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index methodology up to date and respond better to policy needs, the World Economic Forum and its data partners (Deloitte, IATA, IUCN, Strategy&, UNWTO and WTTC) have engaged in a year-long review process. The review encompassed several workshops and consultations with experts, including Global Agenda Council members, policymakers and other users of the index.
The review highlighted a number of areas for improvement, which have been implemented in the new index structure, presented in Appendix A. While the main drivers (the 14 pillars) of T&T competitiveness remain conceptually unchanged, the new methodology relies on a larger set of indicators and optimizes the allocation of variables to form a cleaner structure. Informed by statistical tools such as principal component analysis, and guided by policy significance, the review re-allocated pillars to subindexes and some indicators to pillars.
The availability of new data significantly drove the changes in how the 14 pillars are measured. Overall, the new methodology uses more indicators (90 instead of 79), of which two thirds are statistical and one third are data from the Executive Opinion Survey.1
The main structural changes are outlined below (see Appendix B for details on indicators that have been added or dropped):
Separating the "enabling environment" from "T&T policy and enabling factors". The more general Enabling Environment subindex now comprises five pillars: Business Environment, Safety and Security, Health and Hygiene, Human Resources and Labour Market and ICT Readiness. These factors are directly linked to economic growth and important for business development, including but not exclusively for the T&T sector. The new T&T Policy and Enabling Conditions subindex is made up of pillars which are more sector-specific: Prioritization of T&T, a direct measure of observable T&T policies; International Openness and Price Competitiveness, factors that can directly impact tourists' decision to select a destination; and Environmental Sustainability, which indicates to what extent natural capital—on which a large part of the tourism industry relies—is being conserved.
Isolating the Infrastructure subindex. Connectivity and hospitality infrastructure are clearly distinctive drivers of travel & tourism. Dedicating a full subindex to these factors allows them to be assessed more clearly, revealing when they require policy attention.
Elevating the role of natural and cultural resources. Aside from business and personal reasons, cultural and natural heritage arguably constitute the main reasons to visit a country. Some countries have a richer endowment than others, but some are also better than others at promoting and protecting them, a factor which deserves to be elevated to specific policy focus.
Updating and rationalizing the selection of indicators. New data availability allows better selection of indicators and more focused measurement of pillars. Several outdated indicators have been dropped, such as GATS commitment restrictiveness and number of telephone lines; and more relevant indicators have been included, such as digital demand for cultural and natural tourism.
A summary of all indicators added and dropped by the index is presented at end of the next section.
The New Methodology
This section explains the rationale for selecting concepts and indicators composing the T&T Competitiveness Index.
Pillar 1: Business Environment (12 indicators)
This pillar captures the extent to which a country has in place a conducive policy environment for companies to do business. Research has found significant links between economic growth and aspects such as how well property rights are protected and the efficiency of the legal framework. Similarly, distortions in taxation and competition policy—including both domestic and international competition, measured in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI) facilitation—impact the efficiency and productivity of a country. These factors are important for all sectors, including T&T. In addition, we consider the cost and time necessary to deal with construction permits, which is a particularly relevant issue for T&T development.
Pillar 2: Safety and Security (5 indicators)
Safety and security is a critical factor determining the competitiveness of a country's T&T industry. Tourists are likely to be deterred from traveling to dangerous countries or regions, making it less attractive to develop the T&T sector in those places. Here we take into account the costliness of common crime and violence as well as terrorism, and the extent to which police services can be relied upon to provide protection from crime.
Pillar 3: Health and Hygiene (6 indicators)
Health and hygiene is also essential for T&T competitiveness. Access to improved drinking water and sanitation is important for the comfort and health of travellers. In the event that tourists do become ill, the country's health sector must be able to ensure they are properly cared for, as measured by the availability of physicians and hospital beds. In addition, high prevalence of HIV and malaria can have an impact on the productivity of the T&T labour force and play a role in discouraging tourists from visiting a country.
Pillar 4: Human Resources and Labour market (9 indicators)
Quality human resources in an economy ensure that the industry has access to the collaborators it needs. The sub-components of this pillar measure how well countries develop skills through education and training, and enhance the best allocation of those skills through an efficient labour market. The former includes formal educational attainment rates and private sector involvement in upgrading human resources, such as business investment in training services and customer care. The latter includes measures of the flexibility, efficiency and openness of the labour market and the participation of women, to assess the depth of the country's talent pool and its ability to allocate human resources to their best use.
Pillar 5: ICT Readiness (8 indicators)
Online services and business operations have increasing importance in T&T, with internet being used for planning itineraries and booking travel and accommodation—but ICT is now so pervasive and important for all sectors, it is considered part of the general enabling environment. The sub-components of the pillar measure not only the existence of modern hard infrastructure (mobile network coverage and quality of electricity supply), but also the capacity of businesses and individuals to use and provide online services.
Pillar 6: Prioritization of Travel & Tourism (6 indicators)
The extent to which the government prioritizes the T&T sector has an important impact on T&T competitiveness. By making clear that the sector is of primary concern, the government can channel funds to essential development projects and coordinate the actors and resources necessary to develop the sector. Signalling the stability of government policy can affect the sector's ability to attract further private investment. The government can also play an important role in directly attracting tourists through national marketing campaigns. This pillar includes measures of government spending, effectiveness of marketing campaigns and country branding, and the completeness and timeliness of providing T&T data to international organizations, as this indicates the importance that a country assigns to its T&T sector.
Pillar 7: International Openness (3 indicators)
Developing a competitive T&T sector internationally requires a certain degree of openness and travel facilitation. Restrictive policies such as cumbersome visa requirements diminish tourists' willingness to visit a country, and indirectly reduce the availability of key services. Components measured in this pillar include the openness of the bilateral air service agreements which the government has entered, which impacts the availability of air connections to the country, and the number of regional trade agreements in force, which proxies the extent to which it is possible to provide world class tourism services.
Pillar 8: Price Competitiveness in the T&T Industry (4 indicators)
Lower costs related to travel in a country increase its attractiveness for many travellers as well as for investing in the T&T sector. Among the aspects of price competitiveness taken into account in this pillar are airfare ticket taxes and airport charges, which can make flight tickets much more expensive; the relative cost of hotel accommodation; the cost of living, proxied by purchasing power parity; and fuel price costs, which directly influence the cost of travel.
Pillar 9: Environmental Sustainability (10 indicators)
The importance of the natural environment for providing an attractive location for tourism cannot be overstated, so policies and factors enhancing environmental sustainability are an important competitive advantage in ensuring a country's future attractiveness as a destination. This pillar consists of policy indicators such as the stringency and enforcement of the government's environmental regulations and variables assessing the status of water, forest resources and seabeds, proxied by coastal shelf fishing pressure. Given the environmental impacts of tourism itself, we also take into account the extent to which governments prioritize the sustainable development of the T&T industry in their respective economies.
Pillar 10: Air Transport Infrastructure (6 indicators)
Air connectivity is essential for travellers' ease of access to and from countries, as well as movement within many countries. In this pillar we measure the quantity of air transport, using indicators such as available seat kilometres, the number of departures, airport density, and the number of operating airlines, as well as the quality of air transport infrastructure for domestic and international flights.
Pillar 11: Ground and Port Infrastructure (7 indicators)
The availability of efficient and accessible transportation to key business centres and tourist attractions is vital for the T&T sector. This requires a sufficiently extensive road and railroad network, proxied by road and railroad densities, as wells as roads, railroads, and ports infrastructure that meet international standards of comfort, security and modal efficiency. The pillar also accounts for unpaved roads which enable local connections, and to some extent, can proxy the existence of picturesque roads which can, in very specific contexts, attract tourists.
Pillar 12: Tourist Service Infrastructure (4 indicators)
The availability of sufficient quality accommodation, resorts and entertainment facilities can represent a significant competitive advantage for a country. We measure the level of tourism service infrastructure through the number of "upper-level" hotel rooms complemented by the extent of access to services such as car rentals and ATMs.
Pillar 13: Natural Resources (5 indicators)
Countries with natural assets clearly have a competitive advantage in attracting tourists. In this pillar we include a number of attractiveness measures, including the number of UNESCO natural World Heritage sites, a measure of the quality of the natural environment which proxies the beauty of its landscape, the richness of the fauna in the country as measured by the total known species of animals, and the percentage of nationally protected areas, which proxies the extent of national parks and nature reserves.
Pillar 14: Cultural Resources and Business Travel (5 indicators)
A country's cultural resources are another critical driver of T&T competitiveness. In this pillar we include the number of UNESCO cultural World Heritage sites, the number of large stadiums that can host significant sport or entertainment events, and a new measure of digital demand for cultural and entertainment—the number of online searches related to a country's cultural resources can allow the level of interest to be inferred. The number of international association meetings taking place in a country is included to capture, at least partially, business travel.
1 Some of these indicators are based on surveys conducted by other institutions.


Full Belly Blog cannot take credit for this recipe. We found this in one of our favorite cookbooks, Mozza. We usually don't post about recipes we haven't created but this was just too delicious to not share. This recipe is for slow cooking. Don't rush any of the steps because in the end you will have the perfect bowl of pasta.


"I Have Made Thee This Day...an Iron Pillar"
Jeremiah's call as a prophet gives us insight into a premortal existence. His prophecies are of destruction, scattering, and punishment, but also peace, gathering, and blessings.
"The book of Jeremiah presents a number of elements that are significant for Latter-day Saints. Such features range from important doctrinal teachings connected with Jeremiah's call to his prophecies of the latter days. Notably, his work reveals more about him as a person than most other prophetic works do about their authors. Moreover, his definition of a testimony, hard won through years of persecution, is a classic: The word of God 'was in mine heart as a burning fire.'"
"History and Jeremiah's Crisis of Faith," S. Kent Brown, in Isaiah and the Prophets: Inspired Voices from the Old Testament, 105–18.
"Before Jeremiah Was: Divine Election in the Ancient Near East," Dana M. Pike, in A Witness for the Restoration: Essays in Honor of Robert J. Matthews, 33–59.
King Josiah's reign has come under increasing focus for its importance to the formation of the Hebrew Bible, and for its proximity to the ministry of important prophets such as Jeremiah and Lehi. Whereas the canonical accounts and conventional scholarship have seen Josiah portrayed as the ideal king, Margaret Barker argues Josiah's reform was hostile to the temple. This essay offers a counterpoint to Professor Hamblin's "Vindicating Josiah" essay, offering arguments that the Book of Mormon and Barker's views and sources support one another.


A beachfront panoramic apartment is offered for rent in Harmani, Sozopol. The property is located on the third floor and offers a huge terrace with views of the beach and the town. It has one bedroom with double bed for two people, one expandable sofa bed for two people, and one single bed in the second bedroom. The kitchen is fitted with stove, microwave oven, and fridge as well as cutlery, plates and glasses for eating. Flat-screen TV with cable channels and free Wi-Fi are provided. The terrace is furnished with garden furniture, sun beds and a jacuzzi for 4 people. There is one parking spot at the parking of the building.


text:
Man charged after 'impersonating a doctor' at NSW hospitals for 11 years
By Georgina Mitchell
Updated March 7, 2017 — 8.54pm first published at 7.39pm
A man has been charged with impersonating a doctor after he allegedly stole another man's identity, moved to Australia, and worked in hospitals in NSW for more than a decade.
Shyam Acharya worked for NSW Health as a junior doctor from 2003 to May 2014, at hospitals in Manly, Wyong, Hornsby and Gosford.
Authorities allege Mr Acharya took the name of another man in India before he began a new life in Australia, where he registered with the Medical Board of NSW in 2003.
He then "used the identity of the doctor to gain employment in the NSW public health system".
Shyam Acharya (not pictured) allegedly worked as a doctor in NSW for 11 years using fake qualifications. Credit:Gabriele Charotte
The alleged deception was not detected until November 2016, when the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency began investigating him for "falsely holding himself out as a registered medical practitioner".
NSW Health was notified shortly afterwards and launched its own investigation, deputy secretary Karen Crawshaw said.
Australian Federal Police, the Department of Immigration and Border Protection, and Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade have also been alerted.
"It is alleged in these proceedings that Mr Acharya appropriated another doctor's name and medical qualifications while living in India and that he used these stolen and other fraudulent documents to gain registration falsely with the Medical Board of NSW," Ms Crawshaw said.
The boy died hours after he was sent home from hospital. Credit:Adam Hollingworth
"The matters currently before the court do not deal with how he was able to enter and leave Australia or how he obtained Australian citizenship in the name of the other doctor."
Authorities have been unable to find or contact Mr Acharya, saying his current whereabouts are unknown.
Wyong Hospital pictured in 2009, the period where Mr Acharya was working for NSW Health. Credit:Aaron Brown
His case was mentioned at Downing Centre Local Court in Sydney on Monday, however he did not appear. The matter is due to return to court in early April.
Mr Acharya has been charged under section 116 of the Health Practitioner National Regulation Law (NSW), which makes it an offence to use a title that could make others believe you are a registered medical professional.
If he is convicted, he faces a fine of up to $30,000.
NSW Health said Mr Acharya was a junior doctor with limited registration, meaning he was required to work under the supervision of others.
Investigations on the Central Coast and in Northern Sydney found "only one clinical incident where there were concerns about the adequacy of the treatment" he provided.
"It is noted that Mr Acharya's involvement was only as one of a number in the clinical team that treated the patient. NSW Health has notified solicitors acting for the patient," Ms Crawshaw said.
"The Medical Council of NSW and the Health Care Complaints Commission have advised they have received no complaints about Mr Acharya."
Ms Crawshaw said NSW Health had strengthened its recruitment processes since 2011, now requiring "direct verbal referee checks" for all doctors, including those from overseas.
Registrations are also processed in a national system, not state-by-state as they were in 2003.
Any patients with concerns have been advised to call the Central Coast Local Health District on (02) 4320 3920 or the Northern Sydney Local Health District on (02) 9462 9778.


text:
Stroke Survivor Starts Wellness Business
By Beth Anspach | published in Dayton Daily News | KETTERING, OH — With a passion for exercise and fitness, Centerville resident Liza Burns always wanted to open a wellness facility. Just as she was about to realize her dream in 2009, she had a stroke at the age of 30.
I have a family history of stroke, primarily on my mother's side," Burns said. "I didn't really think about the possibility of stroke for myself because I was very healthy and fit and was training for my first full marathon when it happened."
Burns suffered several strokes after the first, including a major stroke in 2010, which changed the course of her life. She put her business on hold while she was in rehabilitation.
What the business does: Eventually, Burns was able to recover enough to open her wellness facility, but her health required her to change direction a bit.
"FirstFit For Life is a wellness company but we do a lot more than sports and personal training," Burns said. "We specialize in cognitive care, Alzheimer's care, stroke recovery, arthritis and functional fitness. The focus is on wellness and to help people be independent and live healthier, longer lives."
How the business got started: Burns personal health journey lead her to tweak the original business model and focus more on seniors and people with chronic health issues. Throughout her rehab journey, Burns relied on the services of non-medical caregivers and she frequently found herself frustrated with the services for not being particularly reliable or well-trained.
"I felt the role of the caregiver should be to serve as an advocate for the client," Burns said. "So I had a desire to also start a caregiving service where client advocacy, communication and reliability would be top priorities."
At that point, Burns purchased a FirstLight Home Care franchise.
"FirstFit for Life works alongside FirstLight Home Care and provides rehab and exercise services for many of our clients in their own homes," Burns said. "After I had the stroke, the business became more geared to functional fitness as opposed to just looking good in the club. Once you are independent and have that taken away, you realize it's not about how much you weigh at the end of the day, but it's what you are able to do. This is what people take that for granted. Being proactive about your health is more important than anything you'll do in this life."
Contact information: FirstFit for Life and FirstLight Home Care have offices in Kettering. Call (937) 609-8845 or (937) 550-1035. Click here to read the full article at daytondailynews.com.
News from FirstLight Home Care
News from FirstLight Home Care Offices


An article written by James Gulliver about the Buffaload palletising robots.
Farmers have always suffered from labour problems but some of these issues could be solved by the advances in the field of palletising robots. Buffaload, a company leading the stampede have had many successful palletising robot installations for agricultural use and have big plans for the future.
Any farmer will know the problems associated with sourcing labour for agricultural work. Unreliable, unenthusiastic employees are a real problem for all types of farming and have shaped the way we farm today. In many case Labour is the deciding factor in whether a new agricultural venture is considered and in some cases, is a factor that contributes to the closure of a farm. This cannot be blamed entirely on the work ethic of the average labourer as a lot of farm work is repetitive and conditions are often unpleasant giving them reason to be less than eager. The seasonal nature of the work also makes it impossible to keep good workers all year round. The problem may seem insurmountable but with a bit of lateral thinking solutions are emerging.
Robots have been used in manufacture for many years but the application of this technology in an agricultural setting is very new. Buffaload, a well known supplier of robotic palletisers have been working with farmers to develop solutions for vegetable packaging with great success.
An example application is that of packing and grading potatoes. Potato farmers spend a lot of time packing and grading their potatoes which is a very manually intensive task. This involves sorting and bagging the potatoes and then stacking them on a pallet ready for loading onto a transporter. The packing of the bags onto pallets is the most difficult part, as this requires someone to carry and then stack 25Kg bags continuously the whole time the potatoes are being graded. Working with producers, Buffaload have managed to configure a Robotic Palletiser to do this job. The use of robots for this task has been made possible with the application of a vacuum head to literally grip the bags by creating a vacuum and picking the bags up by suction. The bags are then stacked uniformly onto the pallet at a very high speed in the exact position every time.
The first thought of many farmers would be that the use of a robot would be far too expensive to ever pay for itself in this type of application but the savings made in speed and reliability means payback can be achieved in a very short space of time. A volume of potatoes that would have taken three men two days to complete can be achieved using two men and a robot in just a day saving the equivalent of 4 man days. Taken over a complete season, a saving of labour of more than 50% would be seen. Saving of this magnitude soon compensate for the initial outlay for the robot palletiser itself.
For more information, please contact Rod Garnham on 08700 343 343 .


text:
Constitution Defined
Democratic and Public Accountability
Despotism
System of Government
Unitary vs Federal System
What Is Accountability?
The term accountability has only recently become a key concept in discussions of governance and democratic government, though it has been in common use for several centuries.
Strictly speaking, accountability means that someone (X), who has been put in a position of responsibility (r) in relation to the interests of someone else (Y), is required to give an account (to Y) of how s/he has discharged the assigned duties, and that, concomitantly, Y is in a position to either punish or reward X's conduct in relation to (r).
Such a meaning would seem both precise and uncontroversial. However, this is no longer the case in either common usage or in the specialized literature.
The term accountable originates from the Latin computare, literally, to count.
To be accountable required a person to produce "a count" of either the properties or money that had been left in his or her care.
This meaning has endured in all those forms of accountability that are exercised through financial bookkeeping or budgetary records.
But more discursive meanings of being accountable, in the sense of "giving an account," also emerged early in the history of the term.
Family Resemblances: Accountability, Responsibility, Liability
Accountability as an abstract noun Opens in new window therefore refers to both the capacity of, and the obligation on, someone to produce an account.
Yet, it was not in political or legal discussions that accountability first developed as a term of art, or as a fully developed and self-standing concept.
In politics and administration, responsibility was the technical term that was preferred to indicate the duty that persons in public authority had to "respond" in their conduct and actions as public officials.
In law, liability was (and is) preferred to indicate that by doing a certain action (or entering into a certain contract), a person has put himself or herself under an obligation and is therefore answerable for the consequences following from that action (or from entering into that contract).
Thus, for a considerable time, accountability was part of a family of words in English that covered a number of interrelated meanings that had to do with issues of political representation, executive and administrative responsibility, and, more loosely, legal liability.
The relationships between and within these semantic fields, however, have lately been transformed, with accountability taking a life of its own.
Some Rough Distinctions
To understand the original applications of accountability, some distinctions may be in order. The first set of distinctions refers to the areas to which the idea of accountability may apply.
Normally, accountability is said to apply to positions of public office. These comprise both:
political positions where representatives or people covering other institutional roles deal with public affairs in the name and interest of the citizens, and
administrative positions, where the link with the citizens is mediated by the government.
The chain of accountability is different in the two cases, and so is the form that accountability takes.
Political accountability is of a more inscrutable nature. In democracies Opens in new window, it depends, on the one hand, on the form and mechanisms of political representation, linking citizens to their legislators, and, on the other hand, on the formalized relationship between executive and legislative powers.
Both types of political accountability rely on a rather weak power of control because the position of the "agents" in those two relationships is comparatively stronger in either their knowledge or their ability to control the agenda.
Ultimately, legislators can be voted out of office by their constituencies, although governments can be brought down by parliaments (though this does not apply in presidential systems), but whether this is the result of the process of strict accountability for what legislators or governments do while in office, or of a more general political evaluation, subject to opinion's trends, by the electorate, remains a moot point.
Administrative accountability
Administrative accountability is apparently more straightforward because it operates within a more definite hierarchical structure where there is a certain division of labor and competencies, and where both the content and the process of public decision making, and hence, the role played by individuals, can be examined in more detail.
There is another area of political administrative accountability that is concerned less with how well (or badly) public officials operate in the public interest, and more with whether they abuse their position of authority. Accountability is here concerned with reducing the opportunities for corruption, maladministration, or legal impropriety that come to people in positions of power.
Political and administrative institutions have a series of mechanisms and internal instruments for policing abuses of power, but ultimately, accountability relies on more traditional legal instruments and the operations of the legal system and the courts at large.
Much of the effectiveness of this kind of legal accountability depends on the nature of the legal system itself, as well as on the level of independence of the judiciary from political power.
The second set of distinctions regards the process of accountability. This is concerned with three different questions:
who is accountable,
to whom, and
for what?
In the case of political accountability, where this operates as a general mechanism through which citizens hold their legislators accountable through the electoral process, the questions who and to whom would seem straightforward.
The answer to the question for what is less clear. Indeed, the relationship between the actions and decisions of politicians and their direct consequences is a matter of intense political contention.
Besides, no simple mechanism can be devised to hold politicians and governments accountable for the series of often-unrelated decisions that they take during the period they are in office.
The issue is somewhat simpler in the case of ministerial and administrative accountability because it may be easier to apportion responsibility and blame when dealing with more specific policy issues or administrative decisions, and when the chain of causes and effects can be more easily isolated from the context of other policies and decisions, and from the general circumstances of economic and social life.
Even so, ministerial and administrative accountability is often easier to deal with (at least conceptually) in cases of maladministration than when trying to establish how well or badly people in public office have operated—an issue that, is discussed in another post Opens in new window, has become increasingly central to the definition of public accountability.
When dealing with administrative responsibility, the questions of who is accountable, and to whom, are rather complex. They suffer, respectively, from the problems that come from "many hands" and "many eyes."
It is indeed often difficult to identify with precision where responsibility lies in decisions taken about complex problems in complex organizations.
No single person would have been involved, and it is not easy to apportion either praise or blame if not in the most obvious instances.
The principle of ministerial responsibility, often invoked in many constitutional systems, would suggest that responsibility moves upward, and that some degree of knowledge and intervention by people higher in the decision-making hierarchy would put on them, rather than on their subordinates, the onus of responsibility and accountability.
This is, of course, the theory. The practice of modern governments rarely conforms to such a standard, relying on the obvious (and occasionally self-serving) justification that too many hands were involved and that higher officials should not take the blame for operational mishaps.
Moreover, it is often difficult to distinguish between political and administrative decisions, so that—as put forth by critics of the justifications adduced by the U.S. and the UK governments for the Iraq War—these combined failures tend to cover each other up, with no one ultimately being either accountable or taking the blame.
A similar problem arises when we consider accountability from the reverse perspective of the identification of the people "to whom" officials (particularly in the public administration) should be accountable.
It would seem that, in the most immediate sense, public servants are directly accountable to politicians and the government of the day.
Yet, public servants' accountability to their political "masters," or to their superiors in the bureaucratic hierarchy, can only be justified as part of a longer chain making themselves ultimately accountable to the citizens and the public at large.
This longer chain becomes both evident and problematic when dealing with issues such as whistle-blowing, where the public interest is pitched against the duty of confidentiality in acts of government, and where "private" judgment is weighed against the role one has in the public chain of command and responsibility.
Furthermore, as the traditional hierarchy structure of government becomes more diffuse, the problem of "many eyes"—who the "principals" in the accountability relationship are—becomes more acute.
The research data for this literature, is adapted as is, from: Encyclopedia of Governance, Volumes 1-2. Following are "Further Readings" and "References" as cited in the manual.
Behn, R. D. (2001). Rethinking democratic accountability. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Bovens, M. (1998). The quest for responsibility. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Dubnick, M.J. (2003). Accountability and ethics: Reconsidering the relationship. International Journal of Organization, Theory and Behavior 6(3), 405-441.
Grant, R. W., Keohane, R.O. & Harlow, C. (2002). Accountability in the European Union, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Held, D., & Koenig-Archibugi, M. (Eds.). (2005). Global governance and public accountability. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Mulgan, R. (2000). Accountability: An ever-expanding concept. Public Adminstration, 78(3), 555-573.
O'Donnell, G. A. (1998). Horizontal accountability in new democracies. Journal of Democracy, 9(3), 112-126.
O'Neill, O. (2002). A question of trust. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, A., Stokes, S. C., & Manin, B. (Eds.). (1999). Democracy, accountability, and representation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Schmitter, P. C. (2004). The ambiguous virtues of accountability. Journal of Democracy, 15(4), 47-60.
Democratic and Public AccountabilityOpens in new window
Essential Studies in Economics
Economic Term Definitions
What Is the Economy?
Underground Economy
The Effects of Business Cycle
on Inflation & Unemployment Rate
Recession and Depression
Recession & Risk Management
Just in Time Manufacturing
Factors of Production
Entrepreneurs' Role in the Economy
The Financial System
Meaning of Finance & Financial Structures
Macroeconomics of Saving & Investment
The Market for Loanable Funds
The Global Financial Crisis 2007
Absolute Advantage
Factor Endowments
Economic Theories
Economics: Three Key Ideas
The Main Branches of Economics
Scarcity: Is Water a Scarce Resource?
Forming and Testing Hypothesis in Economic Models
Normative and Postive Analysis
The Invisible Hand Theory
Keynes's General Theory
The IS–LM Model
Centrally Planned Economies versus Market Economies
Efficiency and Equity
Market System: What is Market?
What is Free Market?
Story of the Market System in Action: I, Pencil
Economic Failure of the Soviet Union
Economic Fluctuations
Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Three Key Facts About Economic Fluctuations
Explanations for Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
The Aggregate-Demand Curve
Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Might Shift
The Aggregate-Supply Curve
Why the Aggregate-Supply Curve Might Shift
Why the Aggregate-Supply Curve
Slopes Upward in the Short Run
The Sticky-Wage Theory
Why the Short-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Might Shift
Causes of Macroeconomic Fluctuations
Monetary Economics: Overview
What Is Money?
Descriptive Definitions of Money
Prescriptive Definitions of Money
Functions and Forms of Money
The Influence of Monetary and
Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand
The Liquidity Preference Theory
The Liquidity Preference Theory's Implications for Aggregate Demand
How Fiscal Policy Influences Aggregate Demand
The Multiplier Effect
The Crowding-Out Effect
Using Policy to Stabilize the Economy
Fiscal Balance
Monetary Instruments
The Instrument of Monetary Policy
Credit Auctions
Foreign Exchange Swaps
Reserve Requirements
The People's Bank of China's
Role in China's Monetary Policy
The PBC's Monetary Policy Targets
Institutional Economics
What Is Institutional Economics?
Institutions (Definition & Types)
Organizations Are Not Institutions!
Institution's in Economic Life
Origins of Institutions
Normative Content and Public Policy
Sources of Institutions
The Scottish Enlightenment
The Austrian Economics
The Neoclassical Economics
The Evolutionary Economics
Ordo Liberalism
Interdependencies in Multi-Value System
What Defines a Decent Society?
Procedural Justice
Eco-Fundamentalism
Individual Values
Organizations Are Not Institutions
Prisoners' Dilemma
Internal Institutions
Types of Internal Institution
External Institutions
Why Government Set External Rules
Epistemology: Human's Capacity to Retain Knowledge
Knowledge and Coordination
Opportunism
Motivation By Self-Interest
Principal-Agent Problem
Accounting & Control Systems
Cost-Benefit Analysis
The Benefit and Cost of Information
Opportunity Costs
Sunk and Historical Costs
Activity Costs and the Rate of Output
Cost Allocation
Role of Accounting
Emergence of Management Accounting
Accounting Harmonization
Accounting Settlement
Trade-Offs in Using Accounting for Multiple Purposes
Management Accountants in Organizations
Ethics in Management Accounting
Strategies for Increasing Customer Value
What is Budget?
Purpose of Budgeting
Budget Lapsing
Line Item Budgets
Static versus Flexible Budgets
Short-Term versus Long-Term Budgets
Incremental versus Zero-Base Budgets
Automatic Stabilizers
Public (or Government) Debt
Market for Government Debt*
Public Debt Dynamics
Shades of Government Liabilities
Fiscal Policy in Practice
Keynes's View of Fiscal Policy
Sovereign Borrowing*
Debt Default
Tax Systems
What is Taxation?
Taxation History
Typologies of Tax Systems
Why Do Governments Tax?
Inflation & Unemployment
What is Unemployment?
(Unemployment Policy)
Inflation vs Relative
Inflation and
Rate of Unemployment
The Philips Curve: Tradeoff
between Inflation &


text:
package io.crate.metadata.sys;

import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import io.crate.analyze.WhereClause;
import io.crate.core.collections.TreeMapBuilder;
import io.crate.metadata.*;
import io.crate.metadata.table.ColumnPolicy;
import io.crate.planner.RowGranularity;
import io.crate.types.*;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.ClusterService;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.node.DiscoveryNode;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.node.DiscoveryNodes;

import javax.annotation.Nullable;
import java.util.*;

public class SysNodesTableInfo extends SysTableInfo {

    public static final String SYS_COL_NAME = "_node";
    public static final ColumnIdent SYS_COL_IDENT = new ColumnIdent(SYS_COL_NAME);

    public static final TableIdent IDENT = new TableIdent(SCHEMA, "nodes");
    private final TableColumn tableColumn;

    private static final ImmutableList<ColumnIdent> primaryKey = ImmutableList.of(
            new ColumnIdent("id"));

    public static final Map<ColumnIdent, ReferenceInfo> INFOS = new LinkedHashMap<>();
    private static final LinkedHashSet<ReferenceInfo> columns = new LinkedHashSet<>();

    static {
        DataType objectArrayType = new ArrayType(DataTypes.OBJECT);

        register("id", DataTypes.STRING, null);
        register("name", DataTypes.STRING, null);
        register("hostname", DataTypes.STRING, null);
        register("rest_url", DataTypes.STRING, null);

        register("port", DataTypes.OBJECT, null);
        register("port", DataTypes.INTEGER, ImmutableList.of("http"));
        register("port", DataTypes.INTEGER, ImmutableList.of("transport"));

        register("load", DataTypes.OBJECT, null);
        register("load", DataTypes.DOUBLE, ImmutableList.of("1"));
        register("load", DataTypes.DOUBLE, ImmutableList.of("5"));
        register("load", DataTypes.DOUBLE, ImmutableList.of("15"));
        register("load", DataTypes.TIMESTAMP, ImmutableList.of("probe_timestamp"));

        register("mem", DataTypes.OBJECT, null);
        register("mem", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("free"));
        register("mem", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("used"));
        register("mem", DataTypes.SHORT, ImmutableList.of("free_percent"));
        register("mem", DataTypes.SHORT, ImmutableList.of("used_percent"));
        register("mem", DataTypes.TIMESTAMP, ImmutableList.of("probe_timestamp"));

        register("heap", DataTypes.OBJECT, null);
        register("heap", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("free"));
        register("heap", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("used"));
        register("heap", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("max"));
        register("heap", DataTypes.TIMESTAMP, ImmutableList.of("probe_timestamp"));

        register("version", DataTypes.OBJECT, null);
        register("version", StringType.INSTANCE, ImmutableList.of("number"));
        register("version", StringType.INSTANCE, ImmutableList.of("build_hash"));
        register("version", DataTypes.BOOLEAN, ImmutableList.of("build_snapshot"));

        register("thread_pools", objectArrayType, null);
        register("thread_pools", StringType.INSTANCE, ImmutableList.of("name"));
        register("thread_pools", IntegerType.INSTANCE, ImmutableList.of("active"));
        register("thread_pools", LongType.INSTANCE, ImmutableList.of("rejected"));
        register("thread_pools", IntegerType.INSTANCE, ImmutableList.of("largest"));
        register("thread_pools", LongType.INSTANCE, ImmutableList.of("completed"));
        register("thread_pools", IntegerType.INSTANCE, ImmutableList.of("threads"));
        register("thread_pools", IntegerType.INSTANCE, ImmutableList.of("queue"));

        register("network", DataTypes.OBJECT, null);
        register("network", DataTypes.TIMESTAMP, ImmutableList.of("probe_timestamp"));
        register("network", DataTypes.OBJECT, ImmutableList.of("tcp"));
        register("network", DataTypes.OBJECT, ImmutableList.of("tcp", "connections"));
        register("network", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("tcp", "connections", "initiated"));
        register("network", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("tcp", "connections", "accepted"));
        register("network", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("tcp", "connections", "curr_established"));
        register("network", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("tcp", "connections", "dropped"));
        register("network", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("tcp", "connections", "embryonic_dropped"));
        register("network", DataTypes.OBJECT, ImmutableList.of("tcp", "packets"));
        register("network", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("tcp", "packets", "sent"));
        register("network", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("tcp", "packets", "received"));
        register("network", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("tcp", "packets", "retransmitted"));
        register("network", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("tcp", "packets", "errors_received"));
        register("network", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("tcp", "packets", "rst_sent"));

        register("os", DataTypes.OBJECT, null);
        register("os", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("uptime"));
        register("os", DataTypes.TIMESTAMP, ImmutableList.of("timestamp"));
        register("os", DataTypes.TIMESTAMP, ImmutableList.of("probe_timestamp"));
        register("os", DataTypes.OBJECT, ImmutableList.of("cpu"));
        register("os", DataTypes.SHORT, ImmutableList.of("cpu", "system"));
        register("os", DataTypes.SHORT, ImmutableList.of("cpu", "user"));
        register("os", DataTypes.SHORT, ImmutableList.of("cpu", "idle"));
        register("os", DataTypes.SHORT, ImmutableList.of("cpu", "used"));
        register("os", DataTypes.SHORT, ImmutableList.of("cpu", "stolen"));

        register("process", DataTypes.OBJECT, null);
        register("process", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("open_file_descriptors"));
        register("process", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("max_open_file_descriptors"));
        register("process", DataTypes.TIMESTAMP, ImmutableList.of("probe_timestamp"));
        register("process", DataTypes.OBJECT, ImmutableList.of("cpu"));
        register("process", DataTypes.SHORT, ImmutableList.of("cpu", "percent"));
        register("process", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("cpu", "user"));
        register("process", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("cpu", "system"));

        register("fs", DataTypes.OBJECT, null);
        register("fs", DataTypes.OBJECT, ImmutableList.of("total"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("total", "size"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("total", "used"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("total", "available"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("total", "reads"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("total", "bytes_read"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("total", "writes"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("total", "bytes_written"));

        register("fs", objectArrayType, ImmutableList.of("disks"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.STRING, ImmutableList.of("disks", "dev"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("disks", "size"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("disks", "used"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("disks", "available"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("disks", "reads"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("disks", "bytes_read"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("disks", "writes"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.LONG, ImmutableList.of("disks", "bytes_written"));

        register("fs", objectArrayType, ImmutableList.of("data"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.STRING, ImmutableList.of("data", "dev"));
        register("fs", DataTypes.STRING, ImmutableList.of("data", "path"));

    }

    public SysNodesTableInfo(ClusterService service, SysSchemaInfo sysSchemaInfo) {
        super(service, sysSchemaInfo);
        this.tableColumn = new TableColumn(this, SYS_COL_NAME);
    }

    private static ReferenceInfo register(String column, DataType type, List<String> path) {
        ReferenceInfo info = new ReferenceInfo(new ReferenceIdent(IDENT, column, path), RowGranularity.NODE, type);
        if (info.ident().isColumn()) {
            columns.add(info);
        }
        INFOS.put(info.ident().columnIdent(), info);
        return info;
    }

    public static ReferenceInfo tableColumnInfo(TableIdent tableIdent){
        return new ReferenceInfo(new ReferenceIdent(tableIdent, SYS_COL_IDENT),
                RowGranularity.NODE, ObjectType.INSTANCE, ColumnPolicy.STRICT,
                ReferenceInfo.IndexType.NOT_ANALYZED);
    }

    public TableColumn tableColumn(){
        return tableColumn;
    }

    @Override
    public ReferenceInfo getReferenceInfo(ColumnIdent columnIdent) {
        return INFOS.get(columnIdent);
    }

    @Override
    public Collection<ReferenceInfo> columns() {
        return columns;
    }

    @Override
    public RowGranularity rowGranularity() {
        return RowGranularity.NODE;
    }

    @Override
    public TableIdent ident() {
        return IDENT;
    }

    @Override
    public Routing getRouting(WhereClause whereClause, @Nullable String preference) {
        DiscoveryNodes nodes = clusterService.state().nodes();
        TreeMapBuilder<String, Map<String, List<Integer>>> builder = TreeMapBuilder.newMapBuilder();

        for (DiscoveryNode node : nodes) {
            builder.put(node.id(), new TreeMap<String, List<Integer>>());
        }

        return new Routing(builder.map());
    }

    @Override
    public List<ColumnIdent> primaryKey() {
        return primaryKey;
    }

    @Override
    public Iterator<ReferenceInfo> iterator() {
        return INFOS.values().iterator();
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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War of the Rebellion: Serial 002 Page 0672 OPERATIONS IN MD., PA., VA., AND W. VA. Chapter IX.
SIR: Your letters of the 4th and 6th instant are received.
The General-in-Chief desires me to say in reply, that he highly commends your zeal and activity, which oblige the enemy to strengthen his camp and posts in your vicinity and hold him constantly on the alert. The principal value of your movement upon Suffolk is, that it would be the easiest route to the Gosport navy-yard, and the objects (including many ships of war) which our people on the former occasion left undestroyed. The possession of Norfolk within itself is of no importance whilst we blockade Hampton Roads; but the destruction of the railroads leading from that city, as far as you may find it practicable, would be a valuable coercive measure.
The naval commander should aid you in the collection of boats for joint expeditions, and the Secretary of War has said that he would cause some eighty horses to be bought and shipped to you for a light battery.
DEAR GENERAL: I have your note, and thank you for the attention. There is no use telegraphing General Scott or the Department to stop troops at Harrisburg. Under authority from General Scott I have ordered from New York regiments in succession to proceed from Harrisburg to this place, and in each case the colonels have refused to obey. If the Department will send orders to their camps to come here, they will probably obey; not else.
Remember, I beseech you, that Harper's Ferry is (as I have said from the first) the place where the first great battle will be fought, and the result will be decisive of the future. The insurgents are strongly intrenched, have an immense number of guns, and will contest every inch of ground. Under these circumstances I earnestly and urgently request that your order the regiments expected in Harrisburg and the three New Jersey regiments to proceed to this place with all dispatch. The commander of the Jersey regiments has served with me, and I can rely on him. The Jersey troops were put under my command by General Scott, but Governor Olden says you have ordered them to go to Washington, not being aware, I suppose, that they had been assigned to me by the General-in-Chief. Pardon me for pressing this subject. The importance of victory at Harper's Ferry cannot be estimated. I cannot sleep for thinking about it. Remember, my dear general, that my reputation and the reputation of our dear old State is at stake in this issue. I beseech you, therefore, by our ancient friendship, give me the means of success. You have the means; place them at my disposal, and shoot me if I do not use them to advantage.
Please issue the orders at once.


In a government determined to cut public spending and deliver choice and competition in public services, Michael Gove has been one of the most successful performers.
The pace of the education secretary's reforms has been breathtaking. Just over a year after he took office, the first free schools are due to open their doors next week. More than 1,000 schools in England are now academies, up from 203 at the time of the election.
But the speed of change has been accompanied by some high-profile embarrassment for Gove.


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