The arena is a action packed part of the show with things happening in the arena all-day from 10:30am-16:00pm.
The arena is a place to see all those great military vehicles you've come to see in action. The arena gives the chance for Military vehicle owners to get the toys out and play and use their vehicles in the arena for everyone to see. You will see a variety of vehicles from all over the world being represented including British, German, American, Soviet and many other European vehicles.
The Noon Day Gun, F troop carry out this traditional time signal everyday at Noon. Many famous battles are re-created by the re-enactment groups at The War and Peace Revival, with battles from WW2, Vietnam and The Cold War.
If you're a relevant vehicle and want to come and play during these events – please just turn up!
10.30: Armour tradition dictates that we start with the Heavy Mob! Was it only a year ago that we were here last?
11.15: A Military Oddity Hmm Lucky Dip time! What's on site already that's weird and wonderful? Our commentator Andy likes big unusual toys – a nasty job but someone has to do it – must be the REME in him!
12.10: An Artillery lesson. It takes many forms on wheels and tracks and confuses people in many ways – not least in the shock and awe. Tobin Jones will demonstrate.
12.45: SHIFT IT! Anything that moves is often the basics of military logistics, from WW1 and earlier with the horse to the present day, How do armies worldwide supply themselves and move?
What can or can't you say about this very British Icon ? The best of British and the starting place for many Military Vehicle enthusiasts. So many different variants to try out.
13.45: Wheeled Armour The heavy tracked boys were out earlier, but their eyes and ears are out now. You need to know what the enemy is up to and these are just the right vehicles for the job.
The days of the Cold war, the Falklands conflict and the late 80's are brought to life in an exciting display by "The Royal Union Rifles". The platoon will use period weapons and equipment to demonstrate some of the tactical manoeuvre's practiced regularly by the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR). Pyrotechnics and blank ammunition will be used.
15.00: Armour : Standing in the Arena we can identify a lot of armour from the noise of their engines, and from a long distance – let's hope some are out to flex their trax!
10.00: Armour : Well we seem to have got the hang of it again, feel the earth move as the armour and tracked vehicles come out to flex their muscles and enjoy themselves.
11.00: The Yanks, arsenal of the world for so long! From WW2 until now – throughout the world and on TV we see their vehicles from Jeeps to Abrams Main Battle Tank, from Jimmys to the mighty OSHKOSH transporter.
12.10: Another Artillery lesson. Tobin Jones will explain the detail differences for us, from Howitzers to Field Guns, they are all under his remit.
12.45: Military Oddity : The worlds armies design and use the weird and "wonderful" . What can we show you and how were they used ?
13.30: Heavy Vehicles. All Armies have breakdowns and they vary from small to mega, what would you use to recover a tank? All Armies need to move huge volumes of men and munitions. So maybe size does matter – 2.5 tonnes and upwards – if it has to be moved there's a truck for the job !
14.15: Lightweights : The other end of the spectrum, from bicycles to motorcycles, Austin Tillys to Jeeps, 15 cwts, 30 cwts, Jimmys and Dodges – they all had a role and continue to this day with Hummers and the new vehicles needed and developed for the current world conflicts.
Asia is the theatre of operation for today's battle. The Vietnam War was fought between 1965 and 1974, by America and its Allies against the North Vietnamese and the Communist powers of China and Russia. The "Rolling Thunder" living history and re-enactment group in association with the A.I.P.S will re-create an authentic action packed battle from the jungles of Vietnam. Pyrotechnics and blank ammunition will be used.
15.45: Armour: Big Boys Toys. Actually we know girls that have tracked armour as well. So perhaps you might just think, "I Want one of those " ! You too can come out to play some time soon, talk to the owners !
16.30: Well the second day is over and we are back in to the swing of things! WE LOVE IT WHEN A PLAN COMES TOGETHER!
10.00: Armour: Well its early days but there is armour about, you can hear it rumbling and clanking, and as the show grows they will be out to play – from WW2 to the present day almost anything could be here and not always tracked !
11.00: The Legendary Ginger Gammon Motorcycle Ride Out!
Departure point to be confirmed.
11.45: The Noon Day Gun.
12.15: A further artillery lesson. It's not just on the ground that counts, anti-aircraft artillery is an integral part of the system; take the WW2 German 88 mm – it covered roles for both this and anti-tank – and was feared in both areas.
12.45: Ambulance! Both war and peace bring casualties – it's an unavoidable fact! The military blues and twos are here to show off.
13.15: Get Some in ! 55 years ago the Stalwart commenced its service, a national service vehicle, but the Saladin, Saracen and Saladin came from the same stable! And the post war British vehicles came into service Austin K9, Champ, Bedford, Ferret and Centurion and so many more ! The wheeled and tracked national service came of age!
14.00: Wermacht The Turning Point ! 75 years ago the Axis suffered its first major defeat! STALINGRAD – some of the kit the Germans used is here, and it's unusual, interesting and some of it is completely unique.
14.30: Cargo Carriers Well all armies have them, you need to get soldiers, ammunition, supplies, and myriad other things to where they are needed on the battlefield and the Home Front – from all periods of conflict.
Take a trip in time back to WW2 to see the mighty Allied forces battle to push back the German lines. This promises to be "one hell of a battle" as the Allies attempt to breach the German defences and drive towards Berlin in a desperate bid to secure Europe from the oppression of the Axis invasion. Pyrotechnics and blank ammunition will be used.
16.00: Armour: Turrets & Tracks Finale. Yes the noise and the dust (we hope) are back, the Divas of the show are here for your delectation. But seriously some of these tracked wonders are unique and represent thousands of hours of time and effort – Oh and Investment.
10.00: Armour: Is it the dust or the mud this year? Will we see some of the rarest armour in the world – stay tuned to find out!
11.00: Wheeled Armour It's time for the Ferrets, Dingos, Saladins and Foxes to come out and shake a tail feather! The eyes and ears of the army sally forth.
11.45: The Noon Day Gun!
12.15: An alternative Artillery Lesson. "Professor" Tobin Jones continues his masterclass of the various artillery pieces on site.
12.45: A Military Oddity If it's odd and unusual it probably has a military application.
13.30: Jeeps: Iconic, collectable, adaptable and you can keep one in your garage! But the truth is they are all slightly different in character.
14.00: The Eastern Bloc – Cold War After WW2 it all went cold from the Baltic to the Mediterranean!
We know Winston said something like that – the post war years in Europe spawned new designs and wars continued on a different scale all over the world as we tried to come to terms with PEACE!
14.45: WW2 soft skin – Throughout the world motor manufacturers rose to the challenge to supply their forces, GMC, Ford, Daimler, Bedford, Karrier, Gaz, Morris to name a few, but all with the same motive – Victory.
15.15: War in the desert. From Alamein to Tunis in WW2, Kuwait to Baghdad, Afghanistan it's always a long haul in the Desert – hard on men and machines.
16.15: Armour : Yes the noise and the dust (we hope) are back. Many of the vehicles you see here represent thousands of hours of restoration and huge amounts of money and travel to find those original parts and not least a great deal of skill and dedication.
10.00: Armour: Dawn of the last day, and you can hear the armour rumbling as they warm up and come to the Arena for their final day's play.
11.00: Land Rovers – Despite the demise of the Defender there are still plenty of land rovers used by the military and probably will be for some years.
We take this opportunity to commemorate all those servicemen lost in past and current conflicts, their families and friends and those of the Military Vehicle fraternity who have passed on, the Arena events will halt for a short period. The Noon Day gun (hopefully an 18 pounder of WW1 design) will mark the start and finish of a minute's silence across the showground during proceedings.
12.15: Your last Artillery lesson. The final report from Tobin – we hope that you now have a better idea of some of the different designs and applications of gunnery.
12.30: Military run-arounds. Communication is one of the keys to military success and if your radio doesn't "cut it" these guys might. From bicycles and motorcycles, Jeeps, Tillys, and Gaz, to Landover's, Dingo's, Staff cars and carriers; they were all and are part of the military internet. Lightweights only in name !
Their numbers are naturally reducing but let's show our appreciation for those who have served!
13.15: Wreckers Well armies have breakdowns and they vary from small to mega, what would you use to recover a tank? It's gone on since the very start of mechanised movement and although they are slow some of the best are 70 years old. Why is it the Scammell reminds us of Fantasia?
German horse drawn supply chain. All the Allies supplied vehicles as well as the USA – oh and contrary to what you might think; the white STAR is an Allied recognition sign! Canadian, British and American kit is here to show different interpretations for transport.
14.30: A Tribute to 100 years of the RAF – the timing may vary due to weather and other influences – we will try to keep you updated.
15.00: The War & Peace Revival Prize Giving – The Concours d'Elegance of military vehicle world.
The last arena battle at this year's show will see an explosive battle as the Allied & Axis forces come to a stalemate, before seeing one side smash through the opposition lines and push on to their final objective. The fighting will be fierce and intense as these enemies push to dominate ground and destroy the enemy. Pyrotechnics and blank ammunition will be used.
16.30: Armour: And finally, as they say on the News – its heavy, heavy monster time! Last outing for the big boys toys.


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Military board consider verdict after Abbey Wood Lieutenant Colonel accused of rape
Benedict Tomkins admitted he had been 'flirting' with her but says the pair had consensual sex
Ben Mitchell (PA)
An aeriel shot of the two Abbey Wood roundabouts (Image: Google Maps)
The court martial board has retired to consider its verdict in the trial of a senior British Army officer accused of raping a subordinate after a UN meeting.
Lieutenant Colonel Benedict Tomkins, of Defence, Equipment and Support, is accused of attacking the woman in her room at the Sheraton Hotel in Kampala, Uganda, after the UN meeting and dinner on January 7 2015.
The 49-year-old told Bulford Military Court he denies the offence and says he had consensual sex with the woman.
He said he had drunk four or five glasses of red wine with her during the dinner and afterwards he drank a vodka and tonic and she drank a gin and tonic before they went up to her room to work on her presentation.
Queues on the M5 after car fire billows smoke across the Avonmouth Bridge
The complainant claims she was too drunk to consent.
Tomkins, of the Rifles regiment, based at Abbey Wood, near Bristol, admitted he had been "flirting" with her when he gave her a neck massage in the hotel bar.
He said: "She said she had a sore neck as I gave her neck a massage, she enjoyed it, she leaned back into me as I did it."
Tomkins said when they began working on her laptop in her hotel room, the alleged victim complained that she was "hot and sweaty".
Death of Bristol schoolgirl Chloe Morris being treated as 'unexplained' by police
He said: "As a joke, I said 'we could do it naked of course'. It was smutty, it was possibly more of its moment."
Mr Tomkins, who denies one count of rape, added: "This wasn't a long-term romance, this was two people who met one night, had an enjoyable night and ended up having sex."
In an unusual step, the military held the first part of the case to hear prosecution witnesses at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland, US.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Unitech's RH767 HF handheld terminal is a rugged dual technology multi-tag HF RFID bar code reader. It can read 15963/ISO 1443A/B RFID tags and comes with embedded RFID middleware and Windows CE 5.0 for easy integration. Connectivity options include WLAN 802.11 b/g, Bluetooth, and GPRS (via the PCMCIA slot).
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China reiterates threat of military action if anyone tries to separate Taiwan from Beijing
Beijing's envoy in Washington says forceful measures will be taken against those who challenge China's bottom line.
28 Temmuz 2022 Perşembe 17:02
China reiterated its threat to use force against those attempting to separate Taiwan from Beijing, state-run media reported on Thursday.
The comments by China's ambassador to the US, Qin Gang, came after unconfirmed reports of US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi planning a visit to Taiwan in August.
Qin said if anyone challenges China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, his country will take forceful measures to firmly safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity, according to the daily Global Times.
"If anyone tries to separate Taiwan from China, if anyone wants to challenge China's bottom line, the Chinese military will take forceful measures to firmly safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity," the daily quoted Qin as saying.
The US House speaker was scheduled to visit Taipei in April, but the trip was canceled when she contracted COVID-19.
The Chinese envoy, without naming anyone, said separatist forces and their activities pose the greatest threat to peace and stability along the Taiwan Strait.
China has already warned the US against Pelosi's expected visit, and the Defense Ministry has said if Washington interferes, the Chinese military will take strong measures to thwart any external interference and efforts for Taiwanese independence.
Beijing, which considers Taiwan a breakaway province, stated at the time that such actions could cause "serious damage to the foundation of China-US relations."
Wang Yi, China's top diplomat, called the planned visit a "malicious provocation."
If Pelosi goes ahead with the plan, she will be the first sitting US House speaker to visit Taiwan in 25 years, following Republican Newt Gingrich's 1997 trip to meet with then-President Lee Teng-hui.
Taipei has insisted on its independence since 1949 and enjoys diplomatic relations with at least 14 countries.
Interactions between Washington and Taipei have grown significantly since the tenure of former US President Donald Trump, with former and sitting lawmakers making trips to the island home to over 25 million people.
The US formally recognized China in 1979 and shifted diplomatic relations from Taipei to Beijing, including Taiwan as part of mainland China.
The Taiwan Relations Act, enacted in 1979, has governed US relations with Taiwan. Bilateral agreements known as the Three Communiques have also influenced ties.
#china,
With another 7-year conviction, Myanmar's Suu Kyi to spend 33 years in jail
Malaysia announces virus measures for foreign arrivals
28 still missing as death toll from Philippines floods soars to 44
China urges countries to ensure travel curbs are 'scientific and fair'
Amid 'multilaterally changing situation,' N. Korea to bolster self-reliant defense


Harold 'Speedy' Swift (Harold Lloyd) loses his job as a soda-jerk, then spends the day with his girl at Coney Island. He then becomes a cab driver and delivers Babe Ruth to Yankee Stadium, where he stays to see the game. When the railroad tries to run the last horse-drawn trolley (operated by his girl's grandfather) out of business, "Speedy" organizes the neighbourhood oldtimers to thwart their scheme.
otsoNY Comments: The sequence with the out-of-control horse-trolley goes through Times Square, Washington Square Park, under the 3rd Avenue to the Coenties Slip, down Broadway at Bowling Green, smashing into a pillar of the 9th Avenue near the Battery Place station.


The Aston Villa pair are available to Dean Smith this Friday.
Aston Villa have confirmed that Jack Grealish and Tammy Abraham are fit for Friday's visit to Bolton Wanderers.
Grealish missed the 2-1 win over Bristol City last time out, while the Aston Villa hitman picked up an injury in that game which made him a doubt for Friday.
But according to Villa's official website, Dean Smith has both players fit and available for the trip to the Trotters.
It's an excellent boost for Smith's side, who are chasing Premier League promotion and having two such influential players available could be massive.
The West Midlands side, enjoying an eight-match winning streak, are fifth in the Championship with a five-point cushion.
But Derby County, six points back in eighth, have a game in hand and with only four matches to go for Aston Villa, Smith's troops can ill afford any slip-ups at this stage.
Elsewhere, the club's official website also reported that Tommy Elphick has returned to training following a month-long absence, while Kortney Hause is 'responding well' to his treatment.


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Home / Unlabelled / Breakdown the GODZILLA (2014) Trailer With the Director
Breakdown the GODZILLA (2014) Trailer With the Director
Nigel G Mitchell 3/25/2014 08:18:00 PM
Godzilla (2014), Source: Warner Bros
If you've seen the full trailer for the new Godzilla, you know it's pretty amazing. It also doesn't reveal a whole lot about the movie. Fortunately, director Gareth Edwards was willing to do commentary for Empire on the trailer. His insights are fascinating, not only breaking down the trailer and what we're seeing, but also giving insights into the movie itself. It's like the movie commentary in miniature. And the bonus is that there are no spoilers.
Empire Magazine has the video, and I couldn't see how to embed it, so here's the link to their site. Here's the original trailer:
If you didn't watch the commentary or want more details, let's review:
The Statue of Liberty Is Not In New York - If you look closely, you can see sand and a roller coaster in the background. Edwards was hesitant to spoil it, but fans have already figured out this shot isn't of the statue in New York. It's the replica Statue of Liberty in Las Vegas.
Bryan Cranston is The Man - Edwards also breaks down the scene where Cranston utters the immortal line, "It is gonna send us back to the Stone Age!" Edwards explains how he set up a complex and elaborate camera move, and intricate movement for that scene, and Cranston nailed the first take so well that Edwards abandoned his plans and left it in. Once again, Cranston shows he's still got chops, even after Breaking Bad. Just makes me more disappointed that he didn't get cast as Lex Luthor in Man of Steel 2.
The New Godzilla Pays Home to the Old Godzilla - Edwards talks about how Ken Watanabe describes awakening something in 1954. Edwards announced on set that they had just witnessed cinema history. What he's referencing is that fact that the original Godzilla was released in 1954. That places the creation of the new Godzilla on the same date as the old one.
Godzilla-Busters - Edwards describes how the icon on the bomb is a reference to how soldiers often write or draw funny images on bombs before launch. In this case, the soldiers drew a sort of Ghostbusters-style icon of Godzilla on the bomb, showing it was intended to destroy the monster. According to Edwards, in the new Godzilla universe, the "nuclear testing" in the Pacific during the fifties were actually attempts to destroy Godzilla. Apparently, this was part of his original pitch to the studio which got him the job.
The Song from 2001 - One piece of music from the trailer is an excerpt from György Ligeti's Requiem. If it sounds familiar, it's because the same excerpt was used in 2001: A Space Odyssey when the monolith first appears. Edwards was apparently listening to the song on his phone when he conceived the HALO jump sequence.
This is Not a Tentacle - While there's been much speculation as to what this is, Edwards specifically stated it's not a tentacle holding the bomb. Sure looks like one, though. I don't know what else it could be.
The Giant Skeleton - At one point, we see an enormous skeleton. While Edwards dodges around the facts behind it, he does say he wanted to ground Godzilla in reality, and ask questions about where it came from. Were there others of Godzilla's kind? If so, where are they and where did they go? It sounds to me like this scene is a sort of kaiju graveyard where we see the remains of other giant monsters, similar to the giant ape graveyard in Peter Jackson's King Kong.
The Roar - The original Godzilla roar is iconic. Edwards explained how the original roar was created with double base strings dragged by a leather glove. I kind of assumed they would just use the same roar again in the new movie, but the sound effects crew for the new movie had to recreate that roar in full Dolby sound. And it's awesome.
[Via Moviefone via Empire Online]
What do you think of the trailer? What did you like about the commentary?
I loved his commentary, and the nods to the original are sweet. I have been racking my brain trying to figure out what that thing holing the bomb, or bullet looking thing is. All I know is this will be awesome. Maybe Cranston could be cast as Lex Luthor's father. :-)
See, that's why I'm not worried about the new Godzilla. Edwards is a fan and cares about the Godzilla mythos. I did catch the roller coaster by the Statue of Liberty. And being a military brat, I knew about drawing images on bombs. (And a whole lot of other things you'd be surprised to know about the military!)
The symbol on the bomb was what I figured.
Liesel Hill March 26, 2014 at 8:48 AM
Yeah, totally had to watch THAT trailer twice! Looks awesome. I really like the nods to the original. "Awakening" something in 1954 that's never really gone away. Nice. :D
Tony Laplume March 26, 2014 at 8:48 AM
Clearly a movie that is heavy on Godzilla mythology. This is probably a good thing.
crowsin March 26, 2014 at 11:35 PM
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text:
LLM Law - General Legal Studies
Faculty of Social Sciences and Law
Programme length
One year full-time;
two years part-time
Location of programme
Clifton campus
Part-time study available
Part-time study requires daytime weekday attendance.
At a critical time in history, our LLM in General Legal Studies presents an exciting opportunity to explore a highly sought-after field of study - and graduate to meet a growing demand from organisations worldwide for expert lawyers that can embrace challenges and innovation.
Our LLM Programmes, including the LLM in General Legal Studies, are well-respected by leading law firms*. This LLM is one of our most popular courses and offers in-depth study of the impact of law, regulation, policy and practice on a variety of fields, exploring how they operate in different contexts and from a range of perspectives.
On the course, you will be challenged and inspired by world-leading academics dedicated to progressive and innovative thinking in diverse areas of law. Their expertise is reflected in an exciting range of optional units that offer an opportunity to further specialise your degree.
The intellectually demanding, research-rich curriculum delivered by our staff makes our graduates stand out, able to demonstrate excellent legal, analytical and research skills – and empowered to pursue top-flight careers in a number of sectors. The course has particular appeal for those looking to forge ahead in the legal, business, finance, criminal and technology sectors, or as specialist in-house lawyers.
Find out how you can do more with law at the University of Bristol Law School.
*Ranked #4 in UK for most graduate trainees recruited by top law firms (Chambers Student Guide 2019)
Virtual open week
This programme was covered in our Law - LLM webinar.
Fees for 2022/23
We charge an annual tuition fee. Fees for 2022/23 are as follows:
UK: full-time
UK: part-time (two years)
Overseas: full-time
Following the recent changes to fee assessment regulation, Channel Islands and Isle of Man students will no longer be charged a separate tuition fee. From the 2021/22 academic year they will be charged the same fees as Home students.
Fees are subject to an annual review. For programmes that last longer than one year, please budget for up to a five per cent increase in fees each year. Find out more about tuition fees.
Alumni scholarship
University of Bristol students and graduates can benefit from a ten per cent reduction in tuition fees for postgraduate study. Check your eligibility for an alumni scholarship.
Funding for 2022/23
University of Bristol students and graduates can benefit from a 10% reduction in tuition fees for postgraduate study. Check your eligibility for an alumni scholarship.
Information about funding and scholarships can be found on the University of Bristol Law School fees and funding web pages. This includes information about the Law School's Think Big about Global Justice Scholarships, open to international postgraduate students.
Further information on funding for prospective UK and international postgraduate students.
Further information on funding for prospective UK, EU and international postgraduate students.
We have a large and vibrant international community and University of Bristol LLM students benefit from small class sizes. The LLM in General Legal Studies provides an exciting range of optional units.
You will select four units from the list offered across our LLM programmes (120 credit points overall, 30 credit points each) and a compulsory dissertation (60 credit points).
Visit our programme catalogue for full details of the structure and unit content.
An upper second-class honours degree in Law. International students with equivalent qualifications should supply a transcript of their examination results (this should be an official English translation if the original is not in English).
Recognised Prior Learning is not currently accepted. Previous or professional experience is not required.
See international equivalent qualifications on the International Office website.
If English is not your first language, you need to meet this profile level:
Profile B
Further information about English language requirements and profile levels.
Admissions statement
Read the programme admissions statement for important information on entry requirements, the application process and supporting documents required.
Graduating from a world-leading law school* will open doors for careers in a variety of sectors. The content and approach to teaching in this programme will develop and deepen your understanding of law and the legal sector, whilst building many transferable skills.
This LLM is suitable for law graduates and can provide a springboard into a diverse range of careers. It could also boost the prospects for those already working in related fields - or as a solid first step towards a research career.
Visit our Careers page for more information. The Law School community benefits from a dedicated employability adviser with specialist experience and knowledge of the legal sector and related industries.
*A top 50 Law School (Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021)
Expected application closure date
Overseas applicants: 29 July 2022.
Home applicants: 12 August 2022.
Places are limited and allocated on a continuous basis from October 2021 until all places are filled. Early applications are advised to avoid disappointment.
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Shot almost entirely in Yiddish on the streets of Brooklyn, Menashe is a lovely story of faith, redemption and self-esteem.
Menashe (played by Menashe Lustig, the first-time actor on whose life the film is loosely based) is a hapless worker in a kosher grocery, always dropping things and being hassled by his boss. But he's also in a state of grief over the death of his wife and the subsequent loss of his young son, Rievel.
The Ruv, the chief rabbi of this tight-knit Hassidic community, says the Torah commands a child must be brought up in a home with a mother and with "nice dishes." So the boy has been sent to live with Menashe's pious, sanctimonious brother in law.
What gives the film its dramatic structure amid director Josh Weinstein's documentary-like observations is the ticking-clock deadline of a week's respite the Ruv has granted Menashe to prove he can look after the boy and organise a decent memorial dinner for his late wife.
The boy and father bond sweetly over time and we see Menashe's big heart swell with fatherly love – he gives the boy a "chickeleh" to look after and takes him to prayers sessions. And a drinking session, which is raucous fun, but gets him in trouble. As does the gefilte fish incident of the next day, when Menashe's bad driving leaves a delivery in ruins all over the pavement.
The film is often funny, as things in Yiddish tend naturally to be, but it's also clammy, claustrophobic and depressed, a heavy delight, the way a good latke sits in your stomach after. But it's remarkably intimate and detailed as a portrait of both a world and of a man, a film that gets to the nub of what it is to believe so hard in a God and rules that you're rendered so painfully human. And Menashe is wonderful in all his sweaty desperation and rosy determination.


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How Does Space Travel Affect Human Body?
Written by Dr. Sarika CherodathLast Updated On: 26 Feb 2022
Hazards In Space Travel
Implications After Returning To Earth
Insights From The NASA Twins Study
Exposure to radiation and micro/hypergravity are the main hazards humans are exposed to during space flight. Studies have revealed a wide variety of adverse physiological effects of space flight including damage to immune function, cellular aging and cognitive performance.
The human body has evolved over time and adapted itself to be suitable for life on Earth. Our bodies are designed to endure the gravitational pull of the planet, utilize gases available in Earth's atmosphere for respiration, and ingest and metabolize compounds available on Earth.
However, as civilization advanced, humans have leaped ahead of other life on Earth, even to travel in space and to other planets and stars. Unfortunately, this also brings with it an unprecedented challenge of adapting to unfamiliar conditions of space travel for which our bodies are not designed.
The human body has evolved to be suitable for life on earth, but it faces challenges when exposed to space travel, for which it is not designed (Photo Credit : teez/Shutterstock
While many movies glamorize space travel, the negative effects of it are seldom talked about or widely known. What are the conditions in space that negatively impact the human body? And how do these conditions alter the human body after space travel?
What Happens if You Die in Space?
Studies on individuals who have undergone space travel or simulations have revealed several insights on the effects of space travel on the human body. The major hazards encountered by humans during space travel are radiation exposure and extreme gravitational conditions, such as micro/hyper-gravity.
Radiation in space is of a significantly higher energy than those types familiar to us on Earth, such as X-rays or gamma rays. On Earth, we are shielded from these radiations due to the planet's atmosphere and magnetic field, but during space travel, where this shield is absent, we are far more exposed to them.
These ionizing radiations cause irreparable damage to the DNA in our cells, macromolecules in the cells, and even ionize water molecules present in the body, causing oxidative stress.
The magnetic field of Earth protects us from cosmic radiation, but space travel exposes our bodies to these harmful rays (Photo Credit : Designua/Shutterstock)
The second major factor affecting our bodies in space travel is the extreme gravitational conditions. The human body is used to the gravitational field on Earth (1g).
However, during space travel, the body is exposed to gravitational fields that are significantly smaller, referred to as microgravity when within the spacecraft, and zero gravity in outer space; there is also an extremely high gravitational condition called hyper-gravity (> 1g) during re-entry into the atmosphere.
These variations have several adverse physiological effects on the muscles, bones, lungs, kidneys, cardiovascular system, and senses, including vision and balance. Microgravity specifically alters kidney output, blood pressure and lung capacity, and is also known to increase the incidence of arrhythmia within the heart.
The adverse conditions during space travel often leave a lasting impact on the body, even after a person returns to Earth. Due to the prolonged absence of Earth's gravitational force, to which our bodies are accustomed, bodily fluids are seen to shift in a head-ward fashion, and there is an adverse effect on bone and muscles.
These changes in gravitational forces can lead to lasting changes in a person's cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. As a result, there are reports of increased incidence of fainting and reduced exercise capacity in the post-flight period.
Also Read: Psychological Effects Of Space Travel: How Does Being In Space Affect The Psychology Of Astronauts?
Studies of rats taken on space missions have shown that chronic low-level radiation exposure during space travel adversely affects the reproductive system due to increased chromosomal damage and the formation of defective gametes.
Furthermore, simulation studies on animals show evidence for the disruption of proper spermatogenesis and testosterone synthesis in males, as well as premature depravation of ovarian reserve and ovarian failure in females (Source).
Radiation exposure from space irreparably damages DNA thereby affecting reproduction (Photo Credit : Christoph Burgstedt/Shutterstock)
We now know that space travel has serious implications on the reproductive ability of both male and female astronauts post-flight, and increases the probability of genetic impairments in the children born to them.
Additionally, a longitudinal study on astronauts on the Mars 500 mission revealed that long-duration space travel significantly altered aging processes in the human body. Interestingly, the findings showed a transient 'decrease' in levels of five different aging markers in the cells measured through a 520-day period of simulation in the crew members. Thus, space travel was seen to transiently 'decrease' biological aging!
Many studies on the effect of space travel performed on astronauts were not well controlled for in regards to genetics. This meant that it was not clear whether the observed findings were a result of the astronaut's inherent genetics or a pure effect of space travel.
The only way to separate these two effects was by sending a monozygotic twin into space, while the other twin remained on Earth, and then comparing them upon return of the space-bound twin to Earth. This was recently performed by NASA and the results were insightful, especially in understanding aging processes in the human body.
NASA astronauts and twin brothers—Scott and Mark Kelly— were extensively studied to understand effects of space travel (Photo Credit : flickr)
In this study, one twin completed a 320-day space flight and was compared with the Earth-bound twin over the course of 6 months on a large variety of physiological and biological measures. Among the most notable findings was the alteration of telomere length.
The telomere is a repetitive DNA sequence present at the end of a chromosome, which protects it from damage and degradation. It also serves as a marker of aging, since it shortens upon every round of cell division in our body.
The study found that the telomere length increased for the space-bound twin during space flight, but that it rapidly returned to pre-flight levels upon his return to Earth. Also, space travel was found to increase chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage, along with affecting immune functions.
Furthermore, a decline in cognitive function was observed in the space-bound twin, which persisted over a period of 6 months. This study has helped to fine-tune our understanding of how the human body is impacted by space travel and its unique stressors, while controlling for innate genetic effects.
Advances in science and technology have not only enabled space travel, but have also allowed us to understand how it impacts our bodies in both the long and short term. Exposure to radiation and micro/hyper-gravity are the main hazards to which humans are exposed during space travel.
Also Read: Is The Immune System Affected In Space?
Studies on astronauts and space-bound animals and simulations have revealed a wide variety of adverse physiological effects of space flight on the human body. The recent twin study by NASA has given a deeper understanding of these effects, by genetically matching the space-bound test subject with his Earth-bound twin.
The findings showed lasting effects of space travel on a variety of biological measures, including cognitive performance, immune function, and cellular aging. These findings help us understand the challenges faced by our bodies during space travel. In an age where we are looking at viable alternatives to our home planet, these findings warn us that the human body is best suited to life on Earth.
Nature Reviews Endocrinology (Link 1)
Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
Nature Reviews Endocrinology
Reality Is Not What It Seems: The Journey to Quantum Gravity
Lifespan: Why We Age and Why We Don't Have To
Tags: Astrophysics, General relativity, Gravitation, Senescence, Spaceflight, Universe
Dr. Sarika Cherodath holds a Ph.D. in Neuroscience from National Brain Research Centre, India, and has expertise in Cognitive Neuroscience. She has a deep appetite for all things Biology and is passionate about taking knowledge from science to the masses, to improve day-to-day lives. She loves exploring new languages, music, and culture, and picking up new life skills.
Can We Protect A Spacecraft From Radiation By Creating An Artificial Magnetic Field Around It?
September 19, 2019 Astrophysics
Why Do Astronauts Develop Cataracts?
Does Flying In Airplanes Expose Us To Cosmic Radiation Risk?
March 2, 2019 Astrophysics
How Does NASA Create Zero Gravity?
Can Space Travel Make You Blind?
June 19, 2019 Astrophysics
What Happens To Humans When Exposed To The Vacuum Of Space?
Why Is It A Bad Idea To Stay In Bed For Too Long?
Hawking Radiation Explained: What Exactly Was Stephen Hawking Famous For?
Why Does Traveling Make You Tired?
Nuke In Space: What Would Happen If A Nuke Went Off In Space?


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Home » Marine Litter » Level 3 » Question 5
Read also the new edition
An update on recent reports and initiatives about marine litter and microplastics waste issues
Marine litter and microplastics
Level 3 Questions
Level 1: Summary
Level 2: Details
Level 3: Source
5. What is the impact of micro plastics on the marine environment?
The source document for this Digest states:
3.5 Impact of micro-plastics on the marine environment- concepts of harm
Definitions of harm were explored by the workshop, as the EU MSFD had introduced this concept into EU legislation and it was felt that it might provide some insights that could be applied elsewhere. A typical dictionary definition of harm is as follows: physical injury, especially that which is deliberately inflicted, material damage and damage to health, actual or potential ill effects or danger, adverse effects. According to Galgani et al. (2010) "Harm" in the context of the marine litter problem can be divided into three general categories:
Ecological, e.g. mortality or sub-lethal effects on plants and animals through entanglements, captures and entanglement from ghost nets, physical damage and ingestion including uptake of micro-particles (mainly micro-plastics) and the release of associated chemicals, facilitating the invasion of alien species, altering benthic community structure.
Economic, e.g. cost to tourism, damage to vessels, fishing gear and facilities, losses to fishery operations, cleaning costs; and
Social, e.g. a reduction in aesthetic value and public safety;
Note the specific mention of micro-plastics in this context. The fact that the fulmar population in the North Sea contains high levels of ingested plastics could be considered as an undesirable exposure, regardless of its other implications. Recent findings of plastic ingestion by planktivorous fishes in the North Pacific Central Gyre (Boerger, et.al. 2010, in press) indicate an undesirable exposure within a food web.
The workshop considered three more concrete and science-based concepts
an undesirable exposure;
evidence of uptake and biological effects;
an extra cost on the energy budget of an organism.
For most of the chemicals involved, their hazard, or potential to cause (eco)toxicological harm is already well known. What remains unclear is their degree of bioavailability once adsorbed to plastics. The fact that such chemicals have been identified in plastics in the open ocean could on its own indicate that there is the potential for harm. This is in addition to potential detrimental health effects in marine organisms simply due to the presence of particles within the organism.
The workshop did not attempt to reach a definite conclusion, noting that at this juncture some of the potential risks which might make the problem more or less urgent were unclear. It was pointed out that not only plastics but also other forms of marine debris may adsorb contaminants and therefore all forms of marine debris should be considered. Ingestion of microplastics has been demonstrated in many invertebrate organisms, i.e. those lower down the food-chain which usually serving as prey for higher organisms. Thompson et al. (2004) showed in laboratory studies that amphipods (detritivores), barnacles (filter feeders), and lugworms (deposit feeders) ingest small PVC plastic fragments with a mean size of 230μm. Ward and Shumway (2004) in a review on particle selection in bivalve molluscs report several laboratory experiments which show that scallops and mussels can filter and take up polystyrene spherules. Browne et al (2007 and 2008) reported that the blue mussel Mytilus edulis ingests and accumulates polystyrene beads as small as 2 μm in their gut cavity. Mussels were exposed to treatments containing seawater and microplastic (3.0 or 9.6 μm). After transfer to clean conditions, the microplastics were tracked in the hemolymph. Particles were translocated from the gut to the circulatory system within 3 days and persisted - after a peak at 12 days - for over 48 days. Smaller particles were more abundant than larger particles. They reported that this short-term pulse exposure used did not result in significant biological effects.
Koehler et al. (2008) demonstrated the uptake of silicon dioxide particles (3-7μm) into the epithelial cells of the gills and the digestive gland tubules of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis with consequent effects on the stability of lysosomal membranes and the production of lipofuscin (an indicator of oxidative stress). The authors considered this to be a cause effect relationship. The workshop was informed of more recent work (Koehler & von Moos pers. com. Eds.), with the same species which demonstrates its ability to take up plastic particles in the size range 1-80μm into the vacuoles of the digestive gland, also with indications of granulocytoma formation (inflammation), increase in SB haemocytes after 48h and a significant decrease in lysosome stability after 48h.
Bowmer et al. (1991) discussed the histopathological condition of freshwater mussels in the River Maas and the Netherlands delta region in relation to pollution and other environmental factors, noting that responses such as granulocytomas and even degeneration of the digestive gland can be widespread in stressed populations.
3.6 Current state of knowledge
The workshop summarised the state of knowledge as follows:
The distribution of various sizes of plastic particles is inherently patchy;
Plastics do transport contaminants and a distinction can be made between sorbed pollutants and plastics additives, the latter of which might not otherwise reach the oceans.
The same theoretical rules of partitioning and behaviour should apply to additives as to the sorbed pollutants, however, knowledge of the whole transport process is generally lacking;
Plastics of various sizes are ingested by a range of organisms and where effects are concerned, all particle sizes are relevant.
A fraction of organic pollutants which is as yet difficult to quantify may desorb from plastics into organisms - there is evidence in seabirds for transfer of PCBs from plastics to the tissues;
Plastics of specific sizes have been reported by Browne et al, 2007 and Koehler et al., 2008) to pass through cell membranes – other particles also do this – the difference being that the plastics are solely anthropogenic in origin;
Once taken up, according to Browne (op. cit.) particles can be retained for long periods (weeks).
There is evidence of an inflammatory response in the blood compartment plus pathologies in other tissues following such accumulation of particles (Koehler, 2008).
3.7 Research priorities
3.7.1 Environmental effects
The workshop declared interest in a wide range of relevant indicator organisms from birds to invertebrates and the following selection criteria were suggested:
the impact of micro-plastics on different trophic levels needs further study, e.g. filter feeders, surface benthic feeders, deposit feeders, predators (including sea-birds).
the organisms likely to ingest plastics in their diet could be most useful - a focus on altered behaviour of organisms as opposed to passive encounters would be useful;
organisms with a greater fat content could be a better indicator of bioaccumulation of PBTs although it would be necessary to distinguish natural bioaccumulation with the added effect of plastics.
Human health impacts through the food-chain should also be considered as part of an attempt to assess the socio-economic consequences.
With regards to laboratory species/model organisms, these should be globally available, e.g. the blue mussel (Mytilus sp.) and marine worms but not restricted to those requiring running seawater. With laboratory studies and active bio-monitoring (placing clean animals in the field to assess contaminant uptake), the duration of the exposures should fit known ecotoxicological timescales, e.g. it may take several weeks for PCB's to passively desorb (depending on fugacity capacity) from plastics. Residence times following ingestion and ingestion pressure as well as surface to volume ratios and nature of digestive fluid will determine the degree of leaching from PE, PP and PVC, as will ageing. The challenge is how to identify the added or reduced chemical impact of micro-plastics relative to the 'natural' bioaccumulation of PBTs from water and through the food-chain. This makes for a complex chain of circumstances that needs to be carefully considered in designing laboratory bioaccumulation experiments. One participant suggested that porosity might be a contributing factor in determining adsorption and desorption of PBTs; another recommended that the identification of additional chemical impact of micro-plastics relative to the 'natural' bioaccumulation of PBTs from water and through the food-chain might be deciphered using radio-labelled PBTs under experimental conditions.
3.7.2 Environmental fate
The identification of sources, sinks and hot-spots for plastics and micro-plastics would be beneficial rather than focussing on specific habitats.
Good reference sites need to be identified.
The availability of reference materials, e.g. pellets of various types and sizes of plastic was felt to be important to facilitating research and the industry representatives present offered their help in finding appropriate materials.
Desorption remains a key imponderable – testing under extreme conditions could be a way forward and there is a preference for a kinetic approach to provide a hypothesis against which to design experiments.
4. Socio-economic aspects (session G)
An invited expert on socio-economic analysis gave a presentation to the workshop on "Marine and coastal ecosystem services and coastal zone management". This presentation looked primarily at how the ecosystem services and valuation concepts can be integrated into coastal zone management.
The Workshop considered the potential role of 'ecosystem services valuation' in developing solutions to reduce the marine debris problem. Valuing ecosystem goods and services might make tackling marine litter more attractive and encourage action, when compared to the potential costs associated with leaving it in situ. This incentive might lead to the provision of a range of abatement measures and regulatory controls which could be weighed up as part of a cost-benefit analysis used by policy makers. A key question is how to value the services, and on the other hand, how to value the loss of services through environmental damage. There is a general relationship to biodiversity, but is it efficient to conserve, regardless of who pays? Some participants felt that there was a danger of miss-applying cost-benefit analysis. You might get the desired benefit(s) but it remains very difficult to place monetary values on all the elements.
Although the focus of the workshop was on micro-plastics, it was recognised that solutions are related to how society deals with all marine debris and by extension solid waste, management. There is a need for scientists to express 'damage' in terms that can be easily understood by the general public. Where resources are limited, it will be important to focus on policies that deliver benefits to the largest proportion of the population on the most important sociological/health issues and micro-plastics might fare better in this regard when considered as a sub-set of the marine litter problem.
Source & ©: , Proceedings of the GESAMP International Workshop
on micro- plastic particles as a vector in transporting persistent, bio- accumulating and toxic substances in the oceans. 28-30th June 2010, UNESCO-IOC,
Paris. 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 and 4. Socioeconomic aspects (session G), p. 25-29
1. Introduction: plastic waste and micro-plastics in the oceans.
2. What kind of plastic waste ends up in the marine environment?
3. What are micro-plastics and how do they enter the marine environment?
4. Can micro-plastics transport contaminants into the marine environment?
6. What is currently being done in the world about the marine litter?
7. Is a global assessment of micro-plastics in the marine environment necessary?
GlossaryLinksAbout


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Q: Como usar el While con un Service AngujarJs tengo el siguiente problema, espero me puedan ayudar.
Tengo un bucle while y dentro estoy llamando un service, el lio es que el bucle corre muchas veces y nunca entra al service, llega a bloquear al navegador y no entra al service, si quito el while si entra.
Saben que me falta?
while (termina === false) {
  HorasExtrasService.ValidaDia(vm.detalle.HeFecha)
      .then(function (data) {
        if (data !== '' && moment(vm.detalle.HeFecha, 'YYYY-MM-DD').day() === 0) {
              domingo = 'S';
   }

esa es una parte del codigo, no lo pego todo pq es mut largo, el hecho es que no entra a llamar el service, Agradezco enormemente ayuda o guia en este proceso.

A: Recuerda que la invocacion es asincrona, se invoca y continua la ejecucion hasta que el servicio responda ingresando en el then(), por lo tanto puedes tener varias llamadas en paralelo
O sea al usar un while pudiste realizar varias invocaciones y despues de varios ciclos recibir la primer respuesta.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This is a lovely baby boy's crib medal and rosary set, made with 3 mm blue glass beads. The praying boy crib medal is accented with a blue satin ribbon and the cross has ornate edges. The center of the cross reads "Protect This Child". This adorable set is presented in a gift box and available for gift wrapping for a small additional fee.
The silver metal Cross measures 3 1/4"H x 2 1/4"W.
The Rosary measures 14"L and features 3mm blue glass beads.
The silver metal Rosary Crucifix measures 1 3/8"H x 7/8"W.
The silver metal Madonna Centerpiece measures 5/8"H.
Beautiful Baptism gift for my grandson! Shipped very quickly also!
It's beautiful! I'm giving it as a gift for a baby shower. I had it blessed and she will love it!
Item was as expected. Called customer service before placing my order and their friendliness and promptness in shipping was wonderful!
It was a gift for my Godson/Nephew. It's his first rosary and the cross is for his crib. I look forward to praying the rosary with him in a couple of years!
We are very happy with the rosary. Very delicate and made well. The same with the cross it has enough weight to hang above crib and looks well.
I bought this for my godson's christening. It's a very special gift and arrived extremely fast.
Excellent Condition though a little confused with it being silver or not but EXCELLENT!
A little smaller than I expected but very beautifully made. A wonderful baptism gift.
Very fast delivery, great quality!
It was a baptism gift for my Godson. The parents loved it!
The gift was sent directly to my nephew, but the parents and grandparents loved the set and were happy to receive a gift that signified the special occasion.
Was extremely pleased with the service and the product. Customer Service was fantastic.
Good quality and fast shipping!
This made the perfect gift for my cousins baptism. It was beautiful. And I couldn't believe how quickly I received it! Thank you.
This is a beautiful gift!
I'm very impressed with the set. Looks to me like it was worth the money. I will come back again.
The cross and rosary were absolutely beautiful! Everyone loved them!
Everything was great! Thanks for your help with a wonderful gift!
this was a gift for my cousin, and they loved it!! I was also so pleased that it arrived to them in just a couple of days. Thank you!
Quick delivery. Beautiful cross and rosary set. Will use this site again for future purchases.


Improving sales performance is within the reach or your business if you have a workable plan of action. Professional marketing plans should be designed so your salesforce has a direction to go in at all times. Always train your sales staff in a way that will bring profitability to your company - all successful sales managers do this. Unfortunately, not all people have the totality of knowledge necessary to get this job done. If you have an off-line business, you can leverage the power of the Internet if you so desire. But your manager needs to have an open mind about using it properly. These 3 methods will help your sales performance quickly and effectively.
Viewing your prospects in an effective manner can make your business much more efficient depending upon how you handle this. This comes down to qualifying every person you come in contact with as a sales potential. Your decision could be to withhold your time unless you believe they could buy today. Spending time with people that might by later is something you will have to decide for yourself as to whether it is wise to do or not. Wherever your potential clients may be, you need to decide on how to qualify them appropriately. The reason for this is it helps to eliminate doubts as much as possible. Every criteria for your evaluation should be both broad and narrow in your determinations.
Any products and services that you sell, list out every conceivable objection you can think of. Then come up with the best responses for each objection. Be very clear and never try to play mind or word games with people.
Great communication, along with what your prospect may need in regard your offer, is something you need to have down pat. You won't have to waste your time with a prospect if they actually don't have a compelling need for what you have to offer. And you never want to waste your time with a prospect who is not truly qualified to be on your list. Feeling an issue of trust with your small business can even happen if you do Internet marketing. You can have newsletter optins start coming in, as will the sales, as long as there is trust between you and the others. The same cycle of trust building takes place in larger businesses offline, too. People that try to accomplish things on the web have to be open and honest to build trust with potential clients. You can fool most people for a short period of time. Only a few of them can be fooled for long duration. Your business will definitely not take off if you do this for very long. Your prospects will think of you in high regard. Most of them are happy if you tell them about the good and bad things equally.
Take advantage of your strengths, be bold and daring to embrace new methods for greater gains in sales performance. As a small business, you don't have to go through all of the complicated channels that a larger company must. It can be a slow and torturous process for a large company to make any any kind of significant change. There may have to be a half dozen meetings on the subject before anything is decided. Yet you can make a decision in an instant if you own your own small business, which can be a real advantage. You can test new ideas and strategies in a period of days or even hours.
You've done it again - blown some money on real translator jobs and still waiting around for something? Yet, the results you were assured aren't happening? The following is what has helped me out and it's a lot like real translator jobs review.


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"fl" I confess "New Jersey"despite Bobrovsky's 29 saves
By Editorial Team On Dec 22, 2022
Moscow, December 22 – The Florida Panthers lost to the New Jersey Devils in a regular season game in the National Hockey League (NHL).
The meeting, which took place in Sunrise, ended with a score of 4: 2 (1: 1, 0: 1, 3: 0) in favor of the guests. As part of the winners, Jesper Pratt scored a double (8th and 43rd), Belarusian striker Igor Sharangovich (51st) and Tomas Tatar (60th) also scored. Florida's Eric Staal (5) and Eto Lustarinen (37) scored.
December 22, 2022 • Starting at 03:00
And the goalkeeper of the Russian Panthers, Sergey Bobrovsky, saved 29 of 32 shots. His teammate and forward Grigory Denisenko had one shot on goal and one power reception.
Anish Giri wins a chess tournament in Wijk aan Ze
Saudi Arabia coach Al-Nasr wonders about Ronaldo's…
Italian league. Milan lost to Sassuolo by five
New Jersey won their first win after six straight defeats.
The UN Security Council adopts a resolution against the Myanmar military junta
Media: Zelensky should not come to the United States "begging dish"
Saudi Arabia coach Al-Nasr wonders about Ronaldo's future and determines his…
cannon "Inter" And the Slovak national team announced the signing of a…


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The landlocked U.S. state of Nevada has a varied geography and is almost entirely within the Basin and Range Province and is broken up by many north–south mountain ranges. Most of these ranges have endorheic valleys between them.

Overview
Much of the northern part of the state is within the Great Basin, a mild desert that experiences hot temperatures in the summer and cold temperatures in the winter. Occasionally, moisture from the Arizona Monsoon will cause summer thunderstorms; Pacific storms may blanket the area with snow. The state's highest recorded temperature was  in Laughlin (elevation of ) on June 29, 1994. The coldest recorded temperature was  set in San Jacinto in 1972, in the northeastern portion of the state.

The Humboldt River crosses the state from east to west across the northern part of the state, draining into the Humboldt Sink near Lovelock. Several rivers drain from the Sierra Nevada eastward, including the Walker, Truckee, and Carson rivers. All of these rivers are endorheic basins, ending in Walker Lake, Pyramid Lake, and the Carson Sink, respectively. However, not all of Nevada is within the Great Basin. Tributaries of the Snake River drain the far north, while the Colorado River, which also forms much of the boundary with Arizona, drains much of southern Nevada.

The mountain ranges, some of which have peaks above , harbor lush forests high above desert plains, creating sky islands for endemic species. The valleys are often no lower in elevation than , while some in central Nevada are above .

The southern third of the state, where the Las Vegas area is situated, is within the Mojave Desert. The area receives less rain in the winter but is closer to the Arizona Monsoon in the summer. The terrain is also lower, mostly below , creating conditions for hot summer days and cool to chilly winter nights.

Nevada and California have by far the longest diagonal line (in respect to the cardinal directions) as a state boundary at just over . This line begins in Lake Tahoe nearly  offshore (in the direction of the boundary), and continues to the Colorado River where the Nevada, California, and Arizona boundaries merge  southwest of the Laughlin Bridge.

The largest mountain range in the southern portion of the state is the Spring Mountain Range, just west of Las Vegas. The state's lowest point is along the Colorado River, south of Laughlin.

Nevada has 172 mountain summits with  of prominence. Nevada ranks second in the United States by the number of mountains, behind Alaska, and ahead of California, Montana, and Washington.

Climate

Nevada is the driest state in the United States. It is made up of mostly desert and semi-arid climate regions, and, with the exception of the Las Vegas Valley, the average summer diurnal temperature range approaches  in much of the state. While winters in northern Nevada are long and fairly cold, the winter season in the southern part of the state tends to be of short duration and mild. Most parts of Nevada receive scarce precipitation during the year. The most rain that falls in the state falls on the east and northeast slopes of the Sierra Nevada.

The average annual rainfall per year is about ; the wettest parts get around . Nevada's highest recorded temperature is  at Laughlin on June 29, 1994, and the lowest recorded temperature is  at San Jacinto on January 8, 1937. Nevada's  reading is the third highest statewide record high temperature of a U.S. state, just behind Arizona's   reading and California's  reading.

Climate data

Flora and fauna

The vegetation of Nevada is diverse and differs by state area. Nevada contains six biotic zones: alpine, sub-alpine, ponderosa pine, pinion-juniper, sagebrush and creosotebush.

Administration

Counties

Nevada is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties. Carson City is officially a consolidated municipality, meaning it legally functions as both a city and a county. As of 1919, there were 17 counties in the state, ranging from .

Lake County, one of the original nine counties formed in 1861, was renamed Roop County in 1862. Part of the county became Lassen County, California, in 1864, resolving border uncertainty. In 1883, Washoe County annexed the portion that remained in Nevada.

In 1969, Ormsby County was dissolved and the Consolidated Municipality of Carson City was created by the Legislature in its place coterminous with the old boundaries of Ormsby County.

Bullfrog County was formed in 1987 from part of Nye County. After the creation was declared unconstitutional, the county was abolished in 1989.

Humboldt County was designated as a county in 1856 by Utah Territorial Legislature and again in 1861 by the new Nevada Legislature.

Clark County is the most populous county in Nevada, accounting for nearly three-quarters of its residents. Las Vegas, Nevada's most populous city, has been the county seat since the county was created in 1909 from a portion of Lincoln County, Nevada. Before that, it was a part of Arizona Territory. Clark County attracts numerous tourists: An estimated 44million people visited Clark County in 2014.

Washoe County is the second-most populous county of Nevada. Its county seat is Reno. Washoe County includes the Reno–Sparks metropolitan area.

Lyon County is the third most populous county. It was one of the nine original counties created in 1861. It was named after Nathaniel Lyon, the first Union General to be killed in the Civil War. Its current county seat is Yerington. Its first county seat was established at Dayton on November 29, 1861.

Settlements

See also
 Geography of California
 Geography of New Mexico

References

Geography of Nevada

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Etoricoxib är en selektiv COX-2 hämmare utvecklat av läkemedelsföretaget MSD. Medicinen ingår i gruppen NSAID och dämpar smärta och inflammation. Till skillnad mot äldre NSAID-preparat ger etoricoxib färre blödnings- och magbiverkningar. I en studie där etoricoxib jämfördes med diklofenak kunde man inte se någon skillnad i allvarliga hjärt-kärlbiverkningar.

Indikationer
Etoricoxib används som symtomlindrande läkemedel vid artros, ankyloserande spondylit, reumatism samt tecken på inflammation vid akut gikt. Det kan även användas som korttidsbehandling av smärta i samband med tandkirurgi. Preparatet ska endast användas av personer över 16 år.

Handelsnamn
I Sverige marknadsförs preparatet av läkemedelsföretaget MSD under handelsnamnen Arcoxia och Turox. Flera aktörer säljer dock Arcoxia i Sverige genom så kallad parallellimport, och bland de preparaten förekommer även namnet Tauxib.

I övriga världen varierar handelsnamnen. Etoricoxib kallas Algix och Tauxib i Italien, Etorix och Vargus i Bangladesh, Starcox i Pakistan, Arcoxia i Sverige, Finland, Tyskland, Brasilien, Singapore, Thailand, Bulgarien och Rumänien, Exxiv i Portugal och Etozox i Indien.

Farmakoekonomi
Läkemedel som innehåller etoricoxib ingår bara i läkemedelsförmånen för patienter med hög risk för blödningar och magbiverkningar.  I nuläget är Arcoxia ifrågasatt i Stockholms läns landsting eftersom preparatet är förhållandevis dyrt och potentiellt har en högre risk för hjärt-kärlsjukdomar.  Inget preparat som innehåller etoricoxib finns med på Kloka Listan för Stockholms läns landsting.

Källor

COX-2-hämmare
Pyridiner
Klororganiska föreningar


text:
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SA to host South Africa-Slovakia Joint Council
The Department of Trade and Industry (the dti) will host the 5th Session of the South Africa-Slovakia Joint Council on Economic Cooperation (JCEC) in Pretoria on Thursday.
Trade and Industry Deputy Minister Fikile Majola will co-chair the event with his Slovak counterpart, Vojtech Ferencz.
The Joint Council on Economic Cooperation was established through the signing of an economic agreement between South Africa and Slovakia in 2005, following the latter's secession from Czechoslovakia in 1993, and its ascension to the European Union.
Majola said that the rationale behind the signing of this cooperation agreement with the Slovaks was to mainly facilitate and promote bilateral trade, strengthen investment, and to identify and agree on mutually beneficial areas of cooperation.
"The 5th Session will be preceded by a technical meeting between our experts and the Slovaks, where there will be a review of bilateral trade and investment, as well as policy developments since the last JCEC.
"There will also be discussions encompassing the Investment Promotion Act and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which our country has ratified," Majola said.
Majola said some of the specific areas of cooperation to be discussed include the automotive sector, mineral beneficiation, cooperation in textiles and clothing, as well as cooperation in the field of energy, agriculture and Special Economic Zones.
The deliberations will culminate with the signing of the Joint Protocol Agreement between Deputy Ministers Majola and Ferencz, which will then pave the way to better cooperation and increasing the volumes of cooperation and trade between the two countries. – SAnews.gov.za
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Doing Good Science
Resistance to ethics instruction: the intuition that ethics cannot be taught.
In my last post, I suggested that required ethics coursework (especially for students in STEM* disciplines) are met with a specific sort of resistance.
By Janet D. Stemwedel on May 29, 2014
In my last post, I suggested that required ethics coursework (especially for students in STEM* disciplines) are met with a specific sort of resistance. I also surmised that part of this resistance is the idea that ethics can't be taught in any useful way, "the idea that being ethical is somehow innate, a mere matter of not being evil."
In a comment on that post, ThomasB nicely illustrates that particular strain of resistance:
Certainly scientists, like everyone else in our society, must behave ethically. But what makes this a college-level class? From the description, it covers the basic do not lie-cheat-steal along with some anti-bullying and possibly a reminder to cite one's references. All of which should have been instilled long before college.
So what is there to teach at this point? The only thing I can think of specific to science is the "publish or perish" pressure to keep the research dollars flowing in. Or possibly the psychological studies showing that highly intelligent and creative people are more inclined to be dishonest than ordinary people. Possibly because they are better at rationalizing doing what they want to do. Which is why I used the word "instilled" earlier: it seems to me that ethics comes more from the emotional centers of the brain than the conscious analytical part. As soon as we start consciously thinking about ethics, they seem to go out the window. Such as the study from one of the Ivy League schools where the students did worse at the ethics test at the end of the class than at the beginning.
So I guess the bottom line is whether the science shows that ethics classes at this point in a person's life actually show an improvement in the person's behavior. As Far as I know, there has been no such study done.
(Bold emphasis added.)
I think it's reasonable to ask, before requiring an intervention (like ethics coursework), what we know about whether this sort of intervention is likely to work. I think it's less reasonable to assume it won't work without consulting the research on the matter.
As it happens, there has been a great deal of research on whether ethics instruction is an intervention that helps people behave more ethically -- and the bulk of it shows that well-designed ethics instruction is an effective intervention.
Here's what Bebeau et al. (1995) have to say about the question:
When people are given an opportunity to reflect on decisions and choices, they can and do change their minds about what they ought to do and how they wish to conduct their personal and professional lives. This is not to say that any instruction will be effective, or that all manner of ethical behavior can be developed with well-developed ethics instruction. But it is to say -- and there is considerable evidence to show it -- that ethics instruction can influence the thinking processes that relate to behavior. …
We do not claim that radical changes are likely to take place in the classroom or that sociopaths can be transformed into saints via case discussion. But we do claim that significant improvements can be made in reasoning about complex problems and that the effort is worthwhile. We are not alone in this belief: the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Council of Biology Editors, among others, have called for increased attention to training in the responsible conduct of scientific research. Further, our belief is buttressed by empirical evidence from moral psychology. In Garrod (1993), James R. Rest summarizes the "several thousand" published studies on moral judgment and draws the following conclusions:
development of competence in ethical problem-solving continues well into adulthood (people show dramatic changes in their twenties, as in earlier years);
such changes reflect profound reconceptualization of moral issues;
formal education promotes ethical reasoning;
deliberate attempts to develop moral reasoning … can be demonstrated to be effective; and
studies link moral reasoning to moral behavior
So, there's a body of research that supports ethics instruction as an intervention to help people behave more ethically.
Indeed, part of how ethics instruction helps is by getting students to engage analytically, not just emotionally. I would argue that making ethical decisions involves moving beyond gut feelings and instincts. It means understanding how your decisions impact others, and considering the ways your interests and theirs intersect. It means thinking through possible impacts of the various choices available to you. It means understanding the obligations set up by our relations to others in personal and professional contexts.
And methodology for approaching ethical decision making can be taught. Practice in making ethical decisions makes it easier to make better decisions. And making these decisions in conversation with other people who may have different perspectives (rather than just following a gut feeling) forces us to work out our reasons for preferring one course of action to the alternatives. These reasons are not just something we can offer to others to defend what we did, but they are things we can consider when deciding what to do in the first place.
As always, I reckon that there are some people who will remain unmoved by the research that shows the efficacy of ethics instruction, preferring to cling to their strong intuition that college-aged humans are past the point where an intervention like an ethics class could make any impact on their ethical behavior. But if that's an intuition that ought to guide us -- if, by your twenties, you're either a good egg or irredeemably corrupt -- it's not clear that our individual or institutional responses to unethical behavior by scientists make any sense.
That's the subject I'll take up in my next post.
*STEM stands for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
Bebeau, M. J., Pimple, K. D., Muskavitch, K. M., Borden, S. L., & Smith, D. H. (1995). Moral reasoning in scientific research. Cases for teaching and assessment. Bloomington, IN: Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and Assessment.
Garrod, A. (Ed.). (1993). Approaches to moral development: New research and emerging themes. Teachers College Press.
Janet D. Stemwedel
Janet D. Stemwedel is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at San José State University. Her explorations of ethics, scientific knowledge-building, and how they are intertwined are informed by her misspent scientific youth as a physical chemist.
I'm so glad we've had this time together.
Pennywise and pound-foolish: misidentified cells and competitive pressures in scientific knowledge-building.
Twenty-five years later.
Resistance to ethics is different from resistance to other required courses.
Resistance to ethics instruction: considering the hypothesis that moral character is fixed.