text:
using namespace dariadb::utils;
using namespace dariadb::utils::async;

std::shared_ptr<LogManager> LogManager::_instance = nullptr;
dariadb::utils::async::Locker LogManager::_locker;

void LogManager::start(ILogger_ptr &logger) {
  if (_instance == nullptr) {
    _instance = std::shared_ptr<LogManager>{new LogManager(logger)};
  }
}

void LogManager::stop() {
  _instance = nullptr;
}

LogManager *LogManager::instance() {
  auto tmp = _instance.get();
  if (tmp == nullptr) {
    std::lock_guard<Locker> lock(_locker);
    tmp = _instance.get();
    if (tmp == nullptr) {
      ILogger_ptr l{new ConsoleLogger};
      tmp = new LogManager(l);
      _instance = std::shared_ptr<LogManager>{tmp};
    }
  }
  return tmp;
}

LogManager::LogManager(ILogger_ptr &logger) {
  _logger = logger;
}

void LogManager::message(LOG_MESSAGE_KIND kind, const std::string &msg) {
  std::lock_guard<utils::async::Locker> lg(_msg_locker);
  _logger->message(kind, msg);
}

void ConsoleLogger::message(LOG_MESSAGE_KIND kind, const std::string &msg) {
  switch (kind) {
  case LOG_MESSAGE_KIND::FATAL:
    std::cerr << "[err] " << msg << std::endl;
    break;
  case LOG_MESSAGE_KIND::INFO:
    std::cout << "[inf] " << msg << std::endl;
    break;
  case LOG_MESSAGE_KIND::MESSAGE:
    std::cout << "[dbg] " << msg << std::endl;
    break;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Arrested? Contact Houston Sexual Assault Defense Attorney James Sullivan at (281) 546-6428.
James Sullivan and Associates are Houston Criminal Defense and Houston Juvenile Defense Attorneys with over 40 combined years of defense experience. James Sullivan is also board certified in Juvenile Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization. Juvenile Law is different than criminal law. Note: Among the more than 83,000 active lawyers in Texas, there are only 38 lawyers Board Certified in Juvenile Law in private practice.
Houston Sexual Assault Defense Lawyer James Sullivan has been very successful in getting Sexual Assault of a Child cases No Billed (dismissed) by the Grand Jury. In just the past three years, Sullivan has fought these cases and prevailed in 5 such cases in Harris County as detailed below. When a case is No Billed by the Grand Jury, the accused has the right to immediately seek an expunction of his criminal record. Because prosecutors generally seek to present the case to the Grand Jury between the first and setting court setting, it is extremely important to hire a defense attorney right away. Unless a defense attorney requests that the prosecutor hold the case from the Grand Jury in order to prepare a defense packet, the prosecutor will seek an indictment from the Grand Jury.


About a month ago I presented the setup for a session 0, and this week I ran a session 0 for the 3.5 game we're starting up at the end of the month. Let me quickly go through it as I did in my last post.
Expectations - The expectation for the game was that combat would be optional and more focused on story. Random encounters wouldn't be appreciated, unless there was a point to them. It's also important that the players have the opportunity to explore and choose their own path through the campaign.
Location - We've decided to play over Roll20 and host live games at one of the players' place. We'll eat lunch before meeting up, everyone will bring snacks and drinks, and we'll go buy or order dinner at each live session.
Time - We have committed to playing live sessions on saturdays once per month. We haven't decided on a specific start time as we'll try 14:00 and 15:00 and possible other times to see what suits best. We'll aim at stopping around 2 AM. Our dropbox will include a calendar with the specific dates, which will also include our Roll20 sessions, which we'll start running on every second thursday from 20:00 - 23:00 up until mid autumn, where two of us will start having plans on thursdays.
System - We'll be playing D&D 3.5.
Theme - We'll be playing an elemental war, but the tone of the game will be open to random jokes and fun, even though we'll try to take the game seriously.
Setting - The game will take place at the end of the 3rd Age in the world of Aspenta, my homebrew setting.
Dying - Two characters now have the ability to reincarnate. This means that the chances the party is killed off is minimal. There is a price to dying though, in the form of loss of level and a new race.
Levelling - We will continue levelling at approximately the same pace as we've done before, which is neither slow noro fast. To control this, the DM will ensure that encounters aren't too long or too short, unless there is a balanced mix of both.
Books - We'll be using all available and official 3.5 rules. We may also use houserules. In both cases it's the DM's responsibility to control this.
Grid - We'll run with a large mix. The theater of mind will be used for roleplaying combat encoutners. Wargames will be run warhammer style, while normal combats will be run with square grids.
Length - The campaign ends when the party defeats one of the four Elemental Lords. This should take 67 - 100 hours and we expect that to take ½ - 1 year. This campaign is a step towards the Temporal Campaign, which will mark the end of the 3rd Age.
Starting level - We'll be playing with characters that were created beforehand, and thus their levels will remain the same.
Alignment - We've decided to play without alignments, and it'll be up to the DM to control alignment based rules.
Attributes - We'll be playing with characters that were created beforehand, and thus their attributes will remain the same.
Starting gear - We'll be playing with characters that were created beforehand, and thus their gear will remain the same.
Party creation - The party will consist of 3 PCs and an NPC. The NPC is a DMs tool, a chronomancer that can explain and control all the temporal aspects of the game, which introduces the party to the final temporal campaign. The half-dragon Rawech is the aggressive character. He is not a leader, but he isn't silent either. He's mostly combat oriented. The half-elf Stag is the reincarnated arcane hierophant who wants to protect nature and the world as a whole. He dislikes civilization but has a chaotic nature, changing his mind quite often. He has a highly intelligent wolf which anchors Stag to the world. Vendar is the old arrogant human healer. Though he takes care of everyone with his cooking and healing, it seems that everyone around him dies or abandons him. He is the character with most charisma, although the entire party has a generallly high charisma. The party is together because they just spent years apart only to discover that they work best together.
Create Connections - Everything we've played before creates the connection between the players.
Background - The only common background the party has is everything we've played before.
Integration - We stopped playing after the players fought a black dragon where two characters died. In the past they had gotten a reward from a demi-god called the Phoenix in the form of extra life. After the battle, the Phoenix resurrected everyone, including the dragon. The party then split up. Rawech went to Sigil to study elementals and magic. Stag got lost in Sigil and ended up in a random forest. Vendar and Presmer travelled to the continent of Sillia to fight the elementals.
Transciption - The DM will go through the characters before the next live sessions as there are some rule and XP discrepancies.
Party Roles - Rawech is the smith and the first one in combat. Vendar is the healer and cook. He is the one that gathers food and water. Presmer is the DMs tool to give the players any missing information about the setting. Stag is the scout and the guard. He is a protector, but not the tank. The party doesn't contain any rogue type characters and everyone will do some talking throughout the campaign.
Player Roles - One of the players will take care of group inventory. The DM will handle maps and stats. Another player will take care of important information such as names.
Gaming - I then showed the players the map of the campaign and asked them to choose 3 quests. They chose 4.
The party will begin in the capital of Aspenta where they will be introduced to the campaign and its adventures. The players will then travel to the Monastery of Aspenta where they will gather an army consisting of the Knights of Aspenta. The party will then travel towards the city of Fle. On the way they will attempt to gather the Councillors of Aspenta to ensure the stability of the human nation against the elemental forces. With the Knights of Aspenta, the party will then push back the magma elementals threatening the city of Fle before they travel to the human mageocracy of Ur'Lah in the south to meet up with Vendar's family and friends in the capital of Ha'Rahla.
I look forward to seeing if they stick to the plan and how the campaign will evolve.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
National Leadership Team
SciPol Resource Guide
Journal of Science Policy & Governance
Op-ed Accelerator
Science Debate Candidate Questionnaires
SciPol Scholars
Science and Technology Policy Academy
Science Diplomacy Exchange and Learning (SciDEAL)
Ankita Arora shares her thoughts on op-eds, RNA, bears, and immigration.
Ankita Arora is a Postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and avid op-ed writer.
Ankita at Yosemite National Park
Can you explain your research? To understand my research better let's take an analogy of a warehouse that stores commodities at a nearby locality depending on the demand at the specific location. Similarly, cells store RNA molecules at close proximity to locations that need to produce proteins depending on the stimulus, a process called RNA localization. My research focuses on the role of RNA localization in brain cells. It's important because disruption in RNA localization, often leads to degenerative brain disorders.
What got you interested in Science and Science Policy? One of my cousins has cerebral palsy, an incurable neurodevelopmental disorder. I saw him suffer each day while taking the drugs that only relieved symptoms. This drove me to science and research in particular. One of the primary motivations behind science was to serve society by problem solving - science for society. However, recent developments and technological advancements have widened the gap between science and society. Controversies surrounding gene editing, stem cell research, personalised medicine, and vaccines have become widespread. Instead of addressing the concern through evidence and data, these issues are getting increasingly politicized and polarized. An increased need to bridge the gap between science, society and policy-makers got me interested in science policy.
What motivated you to write an op-ed as part of the 2020 Election Initiative accelerator program and what was the topic? I strongly believe that for science to serve the community, scientists have to step outside their labs and communicate with larger audiences. This urge got me interested in writing op-eds, as they are one of the most efficient ways to disseminate information to the masses. However, I was struggling to get over the fear of the unknown - what the 2020 Election Initiative accelerator program did for me was to provide the initial push which drove the intimidation away. The op-ed call was focused on COVID-19 and me having a healthcare background [fit] - I centered my piece on the lack of diagnostic testing and why it is important in our path to recovery.
What was the most challenging part of the writing and publishing process? I will admit that it was a very steep learning curve. The way we as scientists are trained to write follows different rules than op-eds. While in scientific writing you start from background and end at conclusions, the op-ed works through an inverted process. It's difficult to adapt to the new structure especially when it means that you have to unlearn years of scientific writing training. I am extremely grateful to the NSPN editors, who had the patience to walk me through the process for the first time. Secondly, the thought of pitching to editors with no prior experience was daunting. If you keep the pitch sweet and small it can do wonders. Lastly, learning that no response or refusals is part of the publishing process was hard.
What was something positive or rewarding that you gained from this experience? Writing op-eds has made me a better thinker, and forced me to learn the art of concise, succinct writing. It has helped me to communicate with clarity and precision.
Have you received any follow up questions or responses to your op-eds from the community or lawmakers? I have received lots of positive responses from my family, peers and colleagues. More often than not, my pieces have led to discussion amongst my cohort, and brought awareness, perspective to many around me. I remember peers sharing their personal stories about telemedicine and how that was a positive, stress-free alternative to in-patient visits after reading my second op-ed on technology and healthcare during the pandemic.
Do you have any advice for anyone not experienced with op-eds who wants to give it a try? Don't be scared to take the leap of faith and be persistent. I was in your shoes a few months ago, I sailed through the storm and came through in flying colors. SO CAN YOU. Also, don't feel shy - reach out for help. You'll be surprised to see how many of your peers would stand by-your-side and help you out. The best op-eds are ones where you have a personal story, but that's not the end. Try to diversify your reach by interviewing an expert in the field, it shows you have given time and input which speaks volume.
What do you enjoy out of your work? I have been in Colorado for almost 2.5 years - and as a true Coloradoan I'm a big outdoor[s] fan and a bigger national park geek. Once, while hiking in Yellowstone, my husband and I encountered a black bear within 6 feet of us. We were completely unprepared, alone on the trailhead, and with no bear spray. We were dumbfounded, scared, yet excited. Thankfully, the bear was busy eating the grass and hardly noticed us but seeing a natural wonder in its [natural] surroundings was a humbling experience.
How do you see and feel the impacts of the recent order from ICE about the deportation of F1 visa students who are not taking in-person classes? What does it mean now that the order has been rescinded? What can other NSPN members and students be doing to support international scientists? I'm already in the U.S. on a J-1 research scholar visa, so neither the executive order nor the student ban directly impacts me professionally. But personally, the freedom to visit my family back in India seems to be limited as I risk my entry back to the US. I can see the impacts all around; some of my friends and family are directly affected and are dealing with increased anxiety and uncertainty which bring a great mental toll with it. The message that these orders give is that despite being experts and skilled in our fields, we're not welcomed here. They make us feel as outsiders and that's disheartening to witness. By rescinding the student ban, we have won one of many battles to overhaul the current immigration system. However, now that people have started paying attention to immigration issues, it is time to talk about other loopholes in the immigration system. It's important to realize that immigration has always been a challenge, not just now. Being empathetic to your immigrant colleagues, reaching out to show support and increasing awareness of the hardships they face go a long way.
You can read Ankita's three recently published op-eds through the links below. She shares that there is a fourth in the works. In addition to this work Ankita is actively involved with the NSPN Science Diplomacy Committee.
The path to COVID-19 economic recovery lies in large scale testing (The Colorado Independent)
How technology is shaping the brave new world of health care in the coronavirus era (The Coloardo Sun)
Beyond the tears and protests: let's stand up, act and spark change (The Colorado Independent)
Reflections from NSPN Town Halls: Members Discuss Anti-Racist Actions and Next Steps for Equity and Justice in Science and Policy
Your New NSPN Leadership
Jul 20 NSPN members
National Science Policy Network (NSPN)
contact@scipolnetwork.org


Leadership and sales development expert, DanitaBye.com; author of Millennials Matter: Proven Strategies for Building Your Next-Gen Leader.
I was still new to sales when my parents invited me to attend a leadership conference. I was in awe of the prolific, common-sense wisdom coming from the speaker on the stage. I soaked up his every word. His name was Zig Ziglar.
That morning, Ziglar talked about a sticking point in many people's development journey: procrastination. It's a cunning companion that prevents us from getting around to things we want to accomplish.
Ziglar is well-known for using a wooden token called a "Round Tuit" as a motivational tool. The phrase "Round Tuit" is a play on the words "As soon as I get around to it." He used the tokens to remind people not to fall into the trap of procrastination.
I was so impressed that I left the conference with a bag full of Round Tuits that I strategically placed around my house, office and car. They reminded me that if I was going to meet my goals, it was up to me to take concrete action steps and make things happen. The Round Tuits inspired me to hold myself accountable, to be responsible and to take ownership.
Are You Having Trouble Inspiring Productivity?
Accountability, responsibility and ownership are crucial to unleashing maximum results. What I often hear from leaders, however, is that business development representatives and younger salespeople, in particular, seem to lack these essential characteristics. It's not surprising, since research from Objective Management Group — whose assessments I use for my clients — shows that 60% of sales professionals have weak levels of responsibility.
As you aim to grow sales, crack new accounts or tap new markets, salespeople who struggle with procrastination and a refusal to take personal accountability and ownership will be a perennial thorn in your side. Blame-shifting and excuse-making will result in consistent underperformance. If they have a Round Tuit, it is buried in a drawer.
We all know what feedback is. However, I find that a "feed-forward" approach yields excellent coaching results. With a feed-forward approach, instead of focusing on what went wrong in the past, you ask questions that have a future focus. These questions will guide your up-and-coming millennial salespeople toward accountability, creativity and a solution-oriented mindset versus complaining, sluggishness and a blame-game mindset.
1. Stop the blame game.
When your millennial salespeople fail to execute an important task, they may point their fingers at others on the team or in the company. Challenge them to own their actions by reframing the statements they make.
2. Turn excuses into empowerment.
Some emerging millennial sales leaders come up with creative excuses to attribute poor performance to forces outside their control. When they make excuses for not getting a sale — like blaming the competition's lower price point — they tacitly declare themselves to be powerless. Research shows that only 53% of all salespeople are able to sell value, which is a successful strategy to counter your competitor's cheaper offering. Work with your millennial salespeople to reframe excuses as a statement of personal empowerment and conviction.
3. Start challenging the status quo.
In highly competitive markets, status quo players can be cancerous to the entire sales effort. According to Objective Management Group, 86% of salespeople have sales beliefs that sabotage, rather than support, their sales outcomes. Unless there's an intentional, strategic effort to shift those beliefs to support your strategic sales plan, the sales team will get the same results they've gotten in the past. Experienced leaders know that beliefs drive behaviors, and behaviors drive results. To train accountable millennial salespeople, encourage them to convert their negative sales beliefs into positive behaviors.
Skillful leaders use action-oriented questions to empower their salespeople. They know that casting blame and focusing on what went wrong is counterproductive. Instead, they direct their coaching and mentoring energy to the future action and solution.
So give your up-and-coming millennial salespeople what they're looking for: feed-forward. Work with them to show what accountability looks like, and dynamically train them toward self-sufficiency.
The ball is in your court to coach your millennial employees on how to reach their full potential. Procrastination doesn't have to be a sticking point in their accountability journey any longer.


Women's trousers 100% Made in Italy.
An industry leader in women's trousers from well over 40 years, L.Pucci launches its new line Via Masini 80.
Research of new trendy materials and modern cuts combined with a good and comfortable fit are the features of the new brand aimed at dynamic women who always looking for new emotions.
Our philosophy over the years has always wanted to give value to the Made in Italy as an internationally recognized mark of quality and style.
The company is still characterized by a vertical structure where every production process is monitored by highly qualified staff.


How can we explore resolution within our yoga practice? The decision of when to practice is a resolution in itself.
A yoga practice can be present in many varied forms. Some days it may feel overwhelming to dedicate time to practice in a way we are most used to. The choice to take the time for ourselves, perhaps only 5 minutes, is empowering and can help us find clarity and rebalance to our natural state.
The following yoga asana are simple poses that can help us cultivate moments of observing and listening inwards. As we tune into ourselves, we may experience moments of stillness, softness or resistance.
Once set up in the pose, allow the body to soften. Let the hands be soft and the head heavy. The resolution to be here has already been met, the only thing left to do is relax, and enjoy. Stay as long as you like.
The pose flows naturally from Baddha Konasana / Butterfly Pose. Place your hands behind you, let your feet fall out naturally to the side. The head can rest forward or back. Again, stay her as long as you like. Breathe deeply.
Learning to listen to our bodies is important. We become receptive to change, growth and how we adapt to our external environment. Like yoga, osteopathy is a philosophy that listens to the body. Osteopathy looks to understand your body's patterns and causes of imbalance and uses gentle techniques to reestablish a sense of balance.
If you are looking to improve your health in 2018 and would like more information on how osteopathy could help you, please visit our website www.easternosteo.com.au or call 03 9095 6556 to speak with one of our osteopaths.
The osteopaths at Eastern Osteopathy Melbourne are experienced and qualified practitioners with over 30 years combined clinical experience in treating all ages, from newborns, pregnant women and elite athletes to the elderly. Liz, Kate, Chloe and Nicole are all registered osteopaths. "We are compassionate, caring people who love our job and the opportunity to help our patients on a daily basis." Eastern Osteopathy Melbourne's osteopaths are the ideal practitioners when you are seeking osteopathic health care for all members of your family.


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Home > other > The Ghost came out of the cage 1993
The Ghost came out of the cage 1993
Leo Burnett said a famous quote, Let's continue to be famous:"this agent has spent most of the time improving its ideas, and not on the right to justify it.".To sum up, The Ghost came out of the cage 1993,Although this sentence is very short, it makes me think about it.
Song Qingling said a famous quote, Knowledge is from work, any achievement is the crystallization of hard work.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of The Ghost came out of the cage 1993 far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.With these words, we have to examine this issue more carefully!
Gong Zizheng said that inadvertently, China Life rely on wind and thunder, the Ten thousand horses stand mute. sorrow. We are dying, not to stick to one pattern of talented people.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of The Ghost came out of the cage 1993 far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.I hope everybody can also understand this sentence well.
Mattin Luther King said a famous quote, We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.This issue has caused wide public concern for The Ghost came out of the cage 1993.This makes us think deeply.
Liang Qichao said that inadvertently, Success is easy to win, Shifeng, on stage, shallow and deep knowledge of people like Yan, who thought of hanging.In this difficult choice, I Thinking it, It's hard to sleep and eat.This inspired me how to develop next.
Someone said that inadvertently if you find a job that you enjoy, then you won't have to work another day.Let's think about it this way,This sentence brings us to a new dimension to think about this problem.
Deng Zhongxia said that inadvertently, Look! Is the world a work of art? Without labor there is no world.The so-called The Ghost came out of the cage 1993, the key is how to deal with The Ghost came out of the cage 1993.With these words, we have to examine this issue more carefully!
Compton said that inadvertently, What is the greatest gift that science has given to mankind? Is the power to believe in the truth.With these problems, let's take a look at The Ghost came out of the cage 1993.With these words, we have to examine this issue more carefully!
Gong Zizheng said a famous quote, China Life rely on wind and thunder, the Ten thousand horses stand mute. sorrow. We are dying, not to stick to one pattern of talented people.Everything has two sides and The Ghost came out of the cage 1993 is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages.This sentence brings us to a new dimension to think about this problem.
Faraday Once said, I can't say I do not cherish the honor, and I admit that it is very valuable, but I never had the pursuit of these honor work.The Ghost came out of the cage 1993 seems to be a coincidence, but if we look at the problem from a larger perspective, it seems to be an inevitable fact.This inspired me how to develop next.
Golgi once said a famous say, The result is the property of all mankind, and science is the most unselfish.For me, The Ghost came out of the cage 1993 is not only a major event, but also may change my life.This makes us think deeply.
Zhang Jie once said a famous say, Don't imagine that every word you say is true, but it is true that every word you say is true.However, even so, the emergence of The Ghost came out of the cage 1993 still represents a certain significance.This makes us think deeply.
Bernard Shaw said a famous quote, The body is always in the end. In addition to thinking, there is no beautiful and interesting things to stay, because thought is life.However, even so, the emergence of The Ghost came out of the cage 1993 still represents a certain significance.This inspired me how to develop next.
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My little one, Jacob, is about to be 4. Now is the time for us to be doing projects together, especially since he's wanting to spend more time with me everyday. These Do It Yourself crafts are an amazing thing for us to do together. And it's something he will remember in the future. There never seems to be enough time. One day we look over at our little ones and they are playing and having fun. The next day we look over and they are heading to college. I'm a firm believer in spending as much time with your kiddos while their little. Once they grow up and leave the nest, you'll wish you had spent more time with them. One of the things you can do and enjoy with your kids is the Rock Your Kicks DIY Paint Project. You'll get to spend time with your kiddos and they'll get a cool pair of sneakers in the end. Making you the cool mom on the block.
If you haven't heard of Rock Your Kicks, you are missing out. Check out this site now. It is super amazing. Their packaging is made from 100% re-cycled paperboard and eco-friendly inks. And their products are non-toxic, user and environmentally friendly. Perfect for working with the kids and keeping them safe at the same time.
The kit will work on any pair of Canvas Shoes. It is so cool to be able to style my shoes on my own. My style is different than the stores. My 17 year old, daughter, would also love this. And though my son is only 3, I'm sure he will love this kit too. I can't wait to order mine, so my kids can have some fun.


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Home » Travel Guides » Malaysia » 25 Best Things to Do in Malaysia
25 Best Things to Do in Malaysia
Malaysia is located in the Malay Peninsula and stretches to parts of Borneo where it shares a border with neighboring Indonesia, and as such visitors should not be confused by the terms Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia, which comprises Sarawak and Sabah (also known as Malaysian Borneo).
With a total landmass of over 300,000 square kilometers, Malaysia is known for its capital city of Kuala Lumpur, a powerhouse financial and business hub in South East Asia, as well as its beautiful beaches, secluded islands, elevated hill stations, and UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
There is also a strong commitment to diversity here, and as well as Malays and indigenous groups, there is also a sizeable Chinese and Indian population in Malaysia which is reflected in the architecture and cultural relics found in country. Visitors here can choose from a wide variety of activities from hiking, to diving, to shopping or sampling the local food. Here's our list of the best things to do in Malaysia.
1. Visit the PETRONAS Towers in Kuala Lumpur
Source: Donald Yip / shutterstock
PETRONAS Towers
One of the most iconic sights in the world, the PETRONAS Towers, also known as the PETRONAS Twin Towers due to the fact that they come in a pair, are located in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur and are the tallest twin towers in the world. The architecture is postmodern in style and also features motifs found in Islamic art to represent the Muslim majority in Malaysia. The main attraction is the sky walk over the sky bridge that joins them together and visitors can admire the views that stretch across Kuala Lumpur and KLCC Park at the base of the towers.
Fast entry tickets: Petronas Towers: Skip-the-Line Ticket with Hotel Delivery
2. Sunbathe on Langkawi
Source: Alan Tan Photography / shutterstock
Tanjung Rhu beach, Langkawi Island, Malaysia
If you fancy getting out of the city then head to Langkawi Island, actually an archipelago of over a hundred islands in the Andaman Sea, only two of which are inhabited and of which Langkawi is the largest with a population of over 60,000 inhabitants. Langkawi Island is popular with both backpackers and honeymooners alike and has something to suit all budgets. The island is also has duty-free status so visitors can stock up on souvenir items cheaply.
Book online: Langkawi: Mangrove Kilim UNESCO Geopark & Cave Tour
3. Sample some local flavor with Nasi Kandar
Source: Azhari Fotolestari / shutterstock
Nasi Kandar
Nasi Kandar is a staple food in Malaysia and actually means 'mixed rice', as customers are given a plate with rice over which they can choose a variety of toppings and sauces. Nasi Kandar is based on Tamil dishes due to the high number of South Indian immigrants and the flavors reflect this with an emphasis on curry powder and chili. Common Nasi Kandar dishes include chicken, fish, or seafood such as prawns or squid in curry sauce as well as vegetables like okra and cabbage cooked in mustard seeds.
4. Get out of town at Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park
Source: Buzov Evgeny / shutterstock
Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park
Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park is actually a collection of five islands that are found off the coast of Kota Kinabalu in Sabah, East Malaysia. The park is accessible by ferry and some of the islands such as Sulug Island are almost untouched, while others such as Gaya Island are busier and more crowded. Common pursuits on the islands include hiking and trekking, as well as swimming and scuba diving opportunities.
5. Enjoy the culture in Malacca
Source: Em7 / shutterstock
Malacca or Melaka is also known as 'The Historic State' and lies next to the Malacca Strait from which it gets its name. The state is said to have the most interesting architecture in all of Malaysia as it was formerly colonized by the Portuguese and features a number of red lacquer buildings from the period such as Christ Church. Malacca also has a high concentration of museums, galleries, and places of historic interest for visitors to explore.
6. Meander around Penang
Source: ez tokboi / shutterstock
Penang is an island off the west coast of Malaysia that has Georgetown as its capital, named after British king, King George. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Penang has a focus on conservation and preservation and visitors can experience this at one of the many famous hotels in Penang, such as the E&O established by Stamford Raffles who also founded the Raffles Hotel in Singapore. Penang is also famous for its Tropical Spice Garden that showcases the best of the region's local flora and fauna such as the Torch Ginger, a plant used in many traditional Malay dishes.
7. Go trekking in Taman Negara National Park
Source: Elena Odareeva / shutterstock
Taman Negara National Park is located in the state of Pahang as has several claims to fame that attract a steady stream of visitors. One of these is that this is the largest national park in peninsular Malaysia, as well as the fact that the park features the longest rope walkway in the world. The park also has some serious treks, as long as 100km round trip, as well as more gentle hikes for beginners. There is a wide array of wildlife and plant life in the park for nature lovers and the area is even home to an indigenous tribe named the Orang Asli or Original People, said to be the first inhabitants of Malaysia.
Available tour: Full-Day Group Tour to Taman Negara
8. Explore the culture in Kota Bharu
Source: Tuah Roslan / shutterstock
Kota Bharu is to be found on the west coast of Malaysia in the state of Kelantan and is an interesting change of pace and atmosphere to the east coast and many visitors to Malaysia fail to visit this city, perhaps due to its reputation as a more conservative region than much of the rest of the country. Standards of dress and comportment are stricter in Kota Bharu, however, there are a wide variety of mosques and other religious sites to visit such as the old royal palaces which are still the home of the current Sultan of Kelantan.
9. Get away to the Genting Highlands
Source: panlertb / shutterstock
The Genting Highlands, also dubbed Resorts World Genting is a resort located in the Titiwangsa Mountains and sits at an elevation of over 5,000 feet. The resort is a popular destination with local visitors and has a wide range of attractions to enjoy. These include several different theme parks, bars, restaurants and nightclubs, as well as a cable car attraction known as the Genting Skyway which previously held the title of the world's fastest and South East Asia's longest gondola lift. Due to its location, they are also several fruit and vegetable farms for visitors to explore and pick fresh produce.
Suggested tour: Genting Highlands and Batu Caves Day Trip
10. Observe the orang utans in Sepilok
Source: Boule / shutterstock
Sepilok
Sepilok Orang Utan Rehabilitation Centre in Sabah, East Malaysia, is found outside of the city of Sandakan and was the first orang utan rehabilitation centre of its kind in the world when it opened in the 1960s. The aim of the centre is to rescue orphaned orang utans who have been left to fend for themselves due to illegal poaching and logging, or who have been found being kept as pets (which is illegal in Malaysia), and administer healthcare and training to the mammals so that they are able to reintegrate and survive in the wild. Once they are able to do so they are released. Visitors can observe the orang utans in the centre and tours are aimed to coincide with feeding times when the animals are usually present on the feeding platforms.
11. Relax in Kuching
Source: yanatul / shutterstock
The city of Kuching in Sarawak in East Malaysia was actually named after a miscommunication between James Brooke who discovered the region, and the local indigenous population, who, when asked the name of the ground that the city stood on thought he was pointing to a stray cat. The name stuck, and the area is located on the island of Borneo that shares a border with Indonesia. Kuching is set alongside the Sarawak River and is often said to have a calm and relaxed feel to it and tours along the river are a common pursuit for visitors. There are also many examples of colonial architecture such as Fort Magherita and an abundance of cat statues that celebrate the city's namesake.
12. Dive in at the Perhentian Islands
Source: sydeen / shutterstock
Actually a group of islands in the state of Terengganu, the Perhentians lie close to the coast of Thailand. The islands can be visited by ferry and water taxis operate between the various islands giving visitors the chance to island hop at their leisure. Key attractions in the Perhentians are the pristine beaches and water and scuba diving is considered a favorite activity in these parts. At night dine on freshly caught fish cooked over coconut husks on the beach.
13. Climb Mount Kinabalu
Source: Yusnizam Yusof / shutterstock
The highest mountain in Malaysia, Mount Kinabalu sits in the Crocker mountain range and lies within Kinabalu Park which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Mount Kinabalu has a host of biodiversity including many types of flora, fauna, and fungi. The trek to the top of Mount Kinabalu is strenuous and not recommended to inexperienced hikers and due to the advanced elevation there is a risk of altitude sickness. All hikers must be accompanied by a licensed guide at all times and there are two different routes to choose from although these intersect towards the summit. The hike can be undertaken by experienced climber in one day although many choose to stay overnight as there is accommodation available en route.
14. Take to the skies at the Langkawi Cable Car
Source: 1256788 / shutterstock
Langkawi Cable Car
Take off from the 'oriental village' at Teluk Burau and rise to the majestic heights of Mount Machingchang where you will also find the Langkawi Sky Bridge. The journey by cable car takes around fifteen minutes and offers visitors panoramic views of the island and on a clear day you can every see all the way to the island of Sumatra in Indonesia.
15. Ascend Maxwell Hill in Taiping
Source: deela dee / shutterstock
Maxwell Hill, Taiping
A less well known spot that has the double claim to fame of having the only Chinese name in Malaysia and being the wettest city in the country, Taiping is located outside of Penang in Perak State. This second statistic is the more important one as it means that the local fauna is lush and fertile and some of the trees found in the Taiping Lake Gardens are over a hundred years old. There is also a hill station located at an altitude of approximately 1,000 feet named Maxwell Hill that provides visitors with trekking and camping opportunities, and jeep rides to the station are a much loved attraction with locals and tourists.
16. Venture to the Lost World of Tambun
Source: Faiz Zaki / shutterstock
The 'Lost World of Tambun' in Ipoh is actually not an archeological wonder but rather a theme park and resort and is said to be one of the city's premier attractions. The park features several 'lost world' rides and discovery adventures and also has a range of hotels and a large spa offering a variety of treatments for tired would-be archeologists. There is also a water park, a zoo, and an aquarium on site.
17. Wander through China Town in Kuala Lumpur
Source: Ehab Othman / shutterstock
China Town, Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia, in addition to Malay and Indian nationals, has a large Chinese population and as such China Town has developed as a predominantly ethnically Chinese area of the city. Essentially located in and around Petaling Street, the area features a market, Chinese food options, and Chinese cultural attractions such as temples.
18. Shop and eat at Gurney Drive
Source: sorawit pramokchutima / shutterstock
Gurney Drive in Penang is a seafront promenade that overlooks a series of beaches including North Beach. The area is well known at night when dozens of local food sellers set up in the area and visitors can buy local delicacies and snacks. If you prefer to do some shopping then head to Gurney Plaza. This large shopping mall has a mix of high end shops, restaurants, and smaller Malaysian outlets for visitors to stock up on souvenirs.
19. Marvel at the Islamic architecture of the National Mosque
Source: Mentary Merah / shutterstock
National Mosque, Kuala Lumpur
Located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia's National Mosque is a sight to behold and can accommodate 15,000 worshippers at any given time. Built in 1965, the mosque follows principles of Islamic architecture and has as a roof in the shape of a sixteen point star. There is also a strong emphasis on water features such as fountains and reflective pools throughout the mosque complex and visitors can tour the mosque but must wear appropriate dress which is provided to do so.
Available tour: Private Batu Cave, National Mosque & Religious Tour w/ Lunch
20. Seek out cooler climes in the Cameron Highlands
Source: Farizun Amrod Saad / shutterstock
The Cameron Highlands actually refers to a hill station located in Pahang state, and was discovered in the 19th century by Sir William Cameron who lent his name to the area. Many local visitors flock to the area as the elevation of the hill station provides cool weather in which to enjoy outdoor activities such as tea and coffee plantation tours and fruit picking at one of the many different fruit farms. The highlands are also famous for their traditional English cream teas with fresh strawberries picked locally.
Book online: Cameron Highlands Private Day Tour
21. Go climbing in the Batu Caves
Source: Sean Pavone / shutterstock
To explore the Batu Caves head outside of Kuala Lumpur to the region of Selangor and marvel at these limestone cliffs that are studded with caves and carved cave temples. The caves and temples are Hindu shrines and as such are a site of pilgrimage for the many Tamil residents of Malaysia. Aside from visiting the caves to worship, travelers can also experience the local flora and fauna including wild monkeys that inhabit the area as well as bats that dwell in the caves. For the more adventurous visitors, there are also rock climbing opportunities with over 160 climbing routes in the area.
Recommended tour: Batu Caves Half-Day Tour
22. Get back to nature at Gunung Mulu National Park
Source: Juhku / shutterstock
A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Gunung Mulu National Park is located near the town of Miri in Sarawak, East Malaysia, and is famous primarily for its caves and karsts formations (made from dissolved rocks such as limestone). The park takes its name from Mount Mulu which is the second largest mountain in Sarawak and visitors can explore the caves, the rainforest, and enjoy hiking and trekking opportunities.
23. Visit Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple
Source: Terence Ong / Wikimedia
Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple
Located in the town of Johor Bahru, on the border between Malaysia and Singapore, Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple is set in an area of rapid development and can be found nestled between several skyscrapers. The temple is thought to be around 130 years old although no clear records exist, and features several important historical relics such as plaques and a large bronze bell. The temple is also famous for hosting five important Chinese deities and visitors can explore the area and these important Chinese figures.
24. Head to Tioman Island
Source: Selins / shutterstock
If you want to get out of the city then head to Tioman Island located in Pahang state. There are eight villages on the island and much of it is still covered with lush rainforest and visitors can go trekking from one side of the island to the other in a day. There are also pristine coral reefs for those who like diving to enjoy and several resorts and hotels on the island. Like Langkawi, Tioman also has duty-free status.
25. Go for a night out at the Golden Triangle
Source: Fiqah Anugerah Dah Besa / shutterstock
Golden Triangle, Kuala Lumpur
The Golden Triangle is an area of Kuala Lumpur known for its nightlife, bar, clubs, restaurants, and hotels. The area extends over several streets but the central hub is said to be Jalan P. Ramlee where visitors can choose from a wide variety of venues to drink and party into the wee small hours. The area also includes a large shaping center for those looking for some retail therapy before a night on the town.
Where to stay: Best Hotels in Malaysia
Categories Malaysia
25 Best Things to Do in Malaysia:
Visit the PETRONAS Towers in Kuala Lumpur
Sunbathe on Langkawi
Sample some local flavor with Nasi Kandar
Get out of town at Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park
Enjoy the culture in Malacca
Meander around Penang
Go trekking in Taman Negara National Park
Explore the culture in Kota Bharu
Observe the orang utans in Sepilok
Relax in Kuching
Dive in at the Perhentian Islands
Climb Mount Kinabalu
Take to the skies at the Langkawi Cable Car
Ascend Maxwell Hill in Taiping
Venture to the Lost World of Tambun
Wander through China Town in Kuala Lumpur
Shop and eat at Gurney Drive
Marvel at the Islamic architecture of the National Mosque
Seek out cooler climes in the Cameron Highlands
Go climbing in the Batu Caves
Get back to nature at Gunung Mulu National Park
Visit Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple
Head to Tioman Island
Go for a night out at the Golden Triangle


text:
How to Easily Remember Arabic Letters
20 February 2018 ∙ 8 minutes to read
ArabicLearn the Arabic Alphabet with Ease!
An Introduction to the Arabic Alphabet Letters
Pronouncing the Letters
Memorize the Arabic Alphabet Through Regular Practice
The importance of the Arabic language should not be understated. It is spoken by an estimated 420 million people worldwide, with 26 countries classifying themselves as Arabic speaking.
It is often considered challenging for native speakers of European languages such as French, Spanish, German, and Portuguese to learn Arabic.
This might be because it has three vowels, with the vowel length distinguishing the word meaning. Or that it has a wide range of consonants produced at the back of the throat, with each consonant being voice or unvoiced. Perhaps it is down to the fact that, as in other Semitic languages, such as Hebrew, the word order is verb-subject-object.
One particularly challenging aspect of learning Arabic is that there are many different versions. The written language consists mainly of Modern standard Arabic (Msa) and Classic Arabic. Luckily the difference between the two is largely not important. Msa is used in written texts for an international market, such as newspapers and books. Classical Arabic is the form of Arabic used in the Islamic holy book of the Quran, making the Arabic language significant in the Muslim world.
The story for spoken Arabic is somewhat different. Each country has its own dialect. This means that there are large differences in vocabulary, phrases, expressions, pronunciation, and sometimes even grammatical structure. In other words, Egyptian Arabic differs from Moroccan Arabic, which in turn differs from Lebanese Arabic and Palestinian Arabic.
As you can see, there are many things that you need to know about Arabic. But the one thing that all of this has in common is that each version of Arabic has its foundations in Arabic script. So if you want to learn Arabic to do business in Qatar, to go on holiday in the United Arab Emirates, or even to study the Quran in Saudi Arabia, you'll need to start off with the Arabic alphabet.
Arabic can be intimidating at first glance, if only because its alphabet is indecipherable to newcomers. But it's possible to learn the Arabic alphabet's 28 letters in only a few months of studying.
Learn all about how to learn Arabic letters without taking a traditional lesson!
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The Origins of the Arabic Alphabet
Heavily influenced by the Aramaic alphabet, written Arabic (by which we mean, in this context, Literary Arabic and not dialectal Arabic, nor spoken) appeared for the first time in the 5th century in Syria. However, the Arabic language had already existed in spoken form for several centuries and was steadily attracting new speakers. Little by little, the language became more important and overtook Aramaic, the last traces of which faded in the 4th century.
There are 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet which you need to memorize to master the written language of the Quran.
The alphabet, however, was quickly deemed too simple, not accounting for the many unique features of spoken Arabic. So, even though written Arabic doesn't generally use diacritical marks (accents), Arabic writers at the time adopted the dot and the hamza. Furthermore, the original 22 letters of the Arabic alphabet became 28 letters through the course of natural evolutionary processes in the language. In the 8th century, Arabic grammarians reorganized the alphabet of the language to facilitate study of it.
Thanks to the advent of Islam and the circulation of Arabic-language Qurans, the Arabic alphabet became a necessity for the people of North Africa. Even today, translating the Quran poses problems for linguists, who feel that the true meanings of the words can only be understood in Arabic. The Arabic alphabet is thus an indispensable tool in terms of getting to know Arab culture and understanding the history of the Arab world.
The Characteristics of the Arabic Alphabet
Mastering Arabic script may take some time. Although the Arabic alphabet today only contains 28 official letters excluding the hamza, it has many differences to English. Compared to Western languages, Arabic is a unicameral language in which upper and lower-case letters do not exist. It can thus be somewhat difficult for a beginner with the Arabic language to determine the beginning and end of sentences in an Arabic text.
Arabic writing is done from right to left, which might be unusual for you, but it is done top to bottom, like most languages from around the world.
Each Arabic letter also has 3 variants: the structures of letters vary according to the their place in a word. So, there are:
A written form of the letter on its own
A written form of the letter at the beginning of a word
A written form of the letter in the middle of a word
A written form of the letter at the end of a word
This 28-letter alphabet quickly became an alphabet of 112 letters!
To master the Arabic alphabet, you need to take all of these variations into account or risk not being able to recognize a letter as you read in Arabic.
Additionally, in isolated written form, 18 letters are similar to each other:
ع and غ
ب , ت, and ث
ج , ح, and خ
د and ذ
ر and ز
س and ش
ص and ض
ط and ظ
Here, only the dots change (pay attention to the number of dots). It's thus not the writing of the letters themselves that's complex but memorizing all of the various forms.
When you learn Arabic London, you will spend many hours practising your Arabic letters.
Installing an Arabic Keyboard on Your Computer
In the 21st century, most students of a foreign language learn on their computers!
Students of Chinese, Japanese, or Arabic, however, might think it's impossible to write their second language on an electronic device due to the alphabets being different from the Latin one that we use in English.
But they're wrong!
Why not study the Arabic language directly on your computer thanks to an adapted keyboard?
To avoid having to copy and paste in order to include the Arabic alphabet on your machine, nothing is easier: there's software devoted specially to this.
First, if you make the decision to review your studies in Word, all you need to do is change the document's language settings from the tool menu. You'll have the choice between Traditional Arabic, Simplified Arabic (in which punctuation and vocalization cues are absent), and even Typeset Arabic.
To work in OpenOffice in Arabic, users need to go into Preferences, then Language Rules, then Languages, and finally to Complex Scripts to choose the Arabic language. It's also important to regulate the alignment since Arabic writing goes from right to left.
To get an Arabic keyboard directly on your machine, the software solutions are:
On a computer: Arabic Keyboard for Windows, Arabic Keyboard for Apple IOS, Arabic Keyboard Typing Tutor, Virtual Keyboard, and many others.
On a smartphone or tablet: IQQI Arabic Keyboard, GO Keyboard in Arabic, GBoard, etc.
There are even Arabic keyboards online that you can use.
With these helpful tools, it's possible to go over the Arabic Alphabet directly on your computer to write Arabic words and Arabic phrases, and to make files so you can study your notes as you need to.
To learn the Arabic alphabet, it's equally important to never forget about oral expression!
Arabic letters can seem so different to our Roman alphabet that they can quickly seem indecipherable. That's why learning the phonetics of the letters helps you better memorize the alphabet.
There's no point in trying to find similarities between our Western languages and the Arabic language. Arabic has its own unique sound characteristics that can't compare to ours.
Check for Arabic courses here.
Familiarity with the Arabic alphabet and writing allows you to take truly immersive trips, like to Algeria, for example.
To learn and know the Arabic alphabet by heart, it's better to practice reading and re-reading Arabic signs aloud, to develop a sort of melody, since it's easier than normal reading.
Learning Arabic will require developing certain linguistic competencies:
Your hearing: knowing how to listen will allows students to memorize the proper pronunciation as it's done by a native speaker. Educational websites that focus on Arabic or educational CD-Roms enable you to listen to words and letters of the Arabic alphabet.
Your Arabic accent: reading the letters isn't enough, students need to learn to correctly pronounce each letter of the Arabic alphabet. To do this, students need to study the tonal qualities of the letters to place them within the context of the language and assimilate them when speaking Arabic.
Your writing: like with Mandarin Chinese, Arabic writing has its own rules. The type of writing recommended by linguists allows you to avoid confusing the numerous letter and accelerates the memorization process. To see and reproduce the lettering correctly, students can watch instructional videos online.
To know if your pronunciation is correct, Arabic students can download smartphone applications that help with Arabic oral skills and with eliminating all traces of your English accent.
Before getting started learning the Arabic alphabet, it's recommended that students classify the letters into precise groups, to help learn them in a logical educational sense.
Students can choose to arrange the letters into the following examples of categories:
Variable and non-variable letters
Letters that are pronounced gently, and those that are pronounced more emphatically
Letters that attach from the right and left side, and those that attach from the right, but not to the left
By making accurate and concise notes about these letter groups, Arabic students can more easily memorize the Arabic alphabet in less than a month!
As you learn any foreign language, one common point of stress applies to all of them: regular practice!
It's useless to rush into learning only to forget within a few months. Some linguistic researchers have even developed a system of spaced repetition that's based on the forgetting curve: a student reviews a point or a word just before they're about to forget. This system enables students to learn Arabic letters at a rate of 10 to 15 per day, and to remember them better over the long term.
To learn according to educational best practices, nothing is more important than working through everything with expert educators of that language. Students' progress will be monitored and memorization of the Arabic alphabet will be made easier through the teacher's various exercises.
Have you ever dreamed of being an expert in the art of calligraphy?
To internalize the Arabic alphabet, students can buy a variety of specialized manuals aimed at helping English speakers:
The Arabic Alphabet: How to Read & Write It, by Nicholas Awde
Write It in Arabic: A Workbook and Step-by-Step Guide to Writing the Arabic Alphabet, by Naglaa Ghali
Sugar Comes from Arabic: A Beginner's Guide to Arabic Letters and Words, by Barbara Whitesides
Modern Standard Arabic Grammar: A Learner's Guide, by Mohammad T. Alhawary
To review and practice on the go, some students of Arabic make the decision to download free educational apps, for Android or IOS.
Exercises offered on Smartphones have, more than any other medium, a fun and convenient approach appropriate for young students who need to have a good time while they learn.
There are also Arabic alphabet puzzles, board games, and word-search games to help children learn the Arabic language. These educational games are available everywhere online, but also in toy stores and bookstores.
By regularly practicing Arabic language skills and putting forth some effort, you can definitely learn the Arabic alphabet, in just a few months.
By learning arabic online, you will also pick up these basic skills.
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As an Englishman in Paris, I enjoy growing my knowledge of other languages and cultures. I'm interested in History, Economics, and Sociology and believe in the importance of continuous learning.
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Since being deemed auspicious enough to reside in the top five of the BBC's list of the most promising music talents of 2013, and with one stonking studio album under their wing, CHVRCHES are comfortably riding their merited wave of critical acclaim. When taking to the stage of Leeds Met's overflowing Student Union on Sunday evening, the Glaswegian trio emanated an aura that merged an admirable blend of self-assured focus and amiable modesty.
Introductions postponed, it is the recognisably feverish influx of the opening beats of 'We Sink' that cements their arrival. Lauren Mayberry's honeyed vocals brilliantly offset the overdosing capabilities of their synth-pop genius, establishing that it is this sweet composition that makes their trademark soundscape so enticingly delicious. With undeniable punctuality and exuberance, the trio provide an hour's worth of single-worthy tracks picked from their limited but loaded catalogue. While the audience exudes obvious enjoyment, it comes to light midway through the set during anthemic numbers such as 'Lungs' and 'Recover' that although these tracks possess the irrefutable potential to bring the venue to bursting point, the levels of frenzy are seemingly imbalanced throughout the venue. The means of justification for this is found in the hugely evident age diversity of CHVRCHES' fanbase and the presence of so many mature fans clutching pints occupying the sides and rear of the venue.
CHVRCHES single-handedly create music that can invoke more solitary appreciation of their musicianship, with eyes half closed and your head bobbing like it's completely beyond your control. Their sound is cleverly crafted and undoubtedly consistent, and what's more is that Mayberry's in-between chat is perspicacious and riddled with dry wit. With 'The Mother We Share' concluding the set, their flair for addictive hooks is reaffirmed and the effect of their knack permeates the venue following their goodbyes.


Carol Dweck is a researcher at Stanford University. She says everybody fails but not everybody fails the right way. According to Dweck, it's how we think about failure that matters. Dweck is the author of "Mindset: The New Psychology of Success."
"Mindset: The New Psychology of Success"
As a retired teacher, I relate to Prof. Dweck's methods and hope that her theories are taught in teacher education courses. Perhaps the "growth mindset" will rid classrooms of that inflated self-esteem and sense of entitlement that interferes with learning. Thanks for bringing Prof. Dweck to listeners.
I believe good teachers have always "praised the process" in their students' learning, and not emphasized only the right answer. This book should be required reading for all teachers.
Kevin Dutton on "The Wisdom of Psychopaths"
Stephen LaBerge on "Lucid Dreaming"


Quick roadside stop on the way to our Temporary Patrol Base.
Got to love the mosquito dome I got.
The row of tents in the TPB.
Close up of the tent - note the thatch roof.
Thatch roof, canvas roof, tent - no way rain is going to come through.
The ablutions were a little more... african.
Poking out of the plains are mountains... I'm fairly sure they are old lava pipes.
Most of the JMT with a boma administrator.
Traditional stove - aka some bricks and mud.
Modern life is making inroads though - that's the sprocket from a bike on the left.
Not the best of roads.
Everything is green, now that the rainy season is underway.
Ever so often a small farm dots the landscape.
Piece of land readied for cultivation my hacking away most of the vegetation and light it on fire.
Car, boat - whats the difference?
Sometimes we could drive around the water.
See on the right? That is actually where the road is.
Not that the road is very drive-able by anything less than a tank though.
...my driver didn't. And this was our nice car too.
In all fairness, it is very difficult to spot.
In all fairness, there was nowhere else to drive - that puddle is too deep for the cars.
I had to buy some candles and matches to get a bit of light in my tent.
Me, the BanBat Commander and our SPLA Language Assistant.
In a tiny village in the middle of nowhere.
Threatening rain - only got a light drizzle, but a nice light show on the horizon.
Mountains, plains, buildings - Africa.
An all too familiar scene - the wife works the fields, the husband just hangs out.
The second to last bridge before Yei.


text:
Люхуа () — группа шельфовых газоконденсатных месторождений в Китае. Расположена в восточной части Южно-Китайского моря. Открыта в декабре 2009 года, введена в эксплуатацию в сентябре 2020 года.

Средняя глубина в районе Люхуа составляет 410 метров. В рамках проекта планируется эксплуатировать 26 скважин. Оператором месторождение является китайская нефтяная компания China National Offshore Oil Corporation.

Примечания

Ссылки

Газовые месторождения Китая
CNOOC

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Christie Medical Physics & Engineering, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, has provided a personal dosimetry service since the late 1950s, when personal monitoring was first introduced for radiation workers.
We provide routine on-going monitoring of personal dose for persons who are occupationally exposed to radiation, including whole body monitoring, extremity monitoring, and the legally required record keeping for classified employees. We routinely monitor persons who work in diagnostic and therapy X-Ray departments, nuclear medicine, technical and scientific fields, dental clinics, university departments and small private medical and veterinary practices.
For whole body and extremity monitoring, we provide badges that are supplied and analysed by PHE (Public Health England). PHE holds Approved Dosimetry Service (ADS) accreditation under the requirements of IRR99. We currently hold ADS approval for our record keeping service (HSE-approved personal monitoring services) which involves inspection by the Health and Safety Executive. We also have ISO9001:2008 accreditation as part of the Diagnostic Radiology & Radiation Protection Group.
Christie Medical Physics & Engineering also offers a comprehensive Radiation Protection Advice service about which information can be provided on request.
Download a Staff registration form for existing customers.


text:
Q: Why won't a line of code work with error suppressor removed? I am using PHP classes to connect to a data base. I am unable to solve a problem -- please help me out regarding this.
I have a function:
function getCampus($cm_id) //returns campus name
{
    $this->query = "select cm_name from campus where cm_id = ".$cm_id.";";
    $rd = $this->executeQuery();
    @$data = $rd->fetch_assoc();
}

and when I remove @ from  @$data, it doesn't work. Please help me out: explain what it is what an alternative way would be. Thanks.

A: @ is the error suppressor operator. Using it to prefix a line of code will suppress all non fatal errors. It is a bad idea to use it nearly every time.
If you get no output with it removed, try adding error_reporting(E_ALL) in the top of your file or in a bootstrap type file and ensure display_errors = On in php.ini (you can also use ini_set('display_errors', 'on')).

A: The @ symbol in front of commands is used to ignore any errors that happen during the execution.
That line of code still fails when you put a @ in front of it, but you don't see it. Try to figure out what the problem with $rd->fetch_assoc() is. Also, the query looks rather wrong.

A: @ is used to suppress errors and warnings.
the @ is not your problem

A: The @ when used in a PHP expression suppresses errors for that expression. So, chances are "it's not working" because $rd->fetch_assoc() is throwing an exception.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Difference between revisions of "640.1 Pavement Drainage"
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===640.1.4.2 Curb Opening Inlets (Precast Type T)===
Curb opening inlets consist of a longitudinal opening located in the face of the curb. Details of the curb opening inlets may be found in [https://www.modot.org/media/16931 Std. Plan 731.10]. The Type T inlet has a minimum length of 2.5 ft. (750 mm) and may be increased in length in 2.5 ft. (750 mm) increments as needed. The Type T inlet has a local depression of 3 in. (75 mm) below the normal gutter flow line. Curb opening inlets are recommended for use at all low points. In locations where heavy debris is expected, consideration should be given to doubling the calculated length of curb opening inlet to provide a safety factor against clogging.
==640.1.5 Capacity of Grate Inlets==
1 640.1.1 General
2 640.1.2 Design Controls
2.1 640.1.2.1 Design Frequency
2.2 640.1.2.2 Gutter Spread
2.3 640.1.2.3 Depth of Gutter Flow
2.4 640.1.2.4 Intercept on Continuous Grade
2.5 640.1.2.5 Intercept at Low Points
3 640.1.3 Flow of Water in Gutters
3.1 640.1.3.1 Triangular Gutter Sections
3.2 640.1.3.2 Composite Curb-and-Gutter Sections
4 640.1.4 Types of Storm Water Inlets
4.1 640.1.4.1 Grate Inlets (Precast Type A, B, C & D)
4.2 640.1.4.2 Curb Opening Inlets (Precast Type T)
5 640.1.5 Capacity of Grate Inlets
5.1 640.1.5.1 Capacity of Grate Inlets Inlets Located on Continuous Grades
5.2 640.1.5.2 Capacity of Grate Inlets Located at Low Points in Grade
6 640.1.6 Capacity of Curb Opening Inlets
6.1 640.1.6.1 Capacity of Curb Opening Inlets Located on a Continuous Grade
6.2 640.1.6.2 Capacity of Curb Opening Inlets Located at Low Points in Grade
7 640.1.7 Capacity of Combination Inlets
640.1.1 General
The term pavement drainage refers to the removal of storm water from paved areas, such as traffic lanes, paved shoulders and paved medians. Only those situations where storm water must be carried on the pavement surface by means of roadway gutters are considered in pavement drainage. The mathematical models, procedures and design criteria presented herein are to be used in the analysis of gutter flow and in the selection and spacing of storm water inlets. The design of storm sewer systems is discussed in Storm Sewers.
640.1.2 Design Controls
The sizing and spacing of storm water inlets are subject to certain design controls which will define the spacing required for any given situation. These criteria define the frequency of the design storm, the allowable gutter spread, the allowable depth of gutter flow and the required inlet intercept.
640.1.2.1 Design Frequency
EPG 640.1.2.1 applies to roadway design frequency only. For details regarding design frequency on bridges, see EPG 751.10.3 Bridge Deck Drainage – Slab Drains.
For major roads, choose a storm frequency in the range of 10 to 50 years. For minor roads, choose a storm frequency in the range of 10 to 25 years.
Typical Locations - The higher frequency (i.e., 10-year) criteria will apply to design of most inlets, including those inlets located at low points in grade.
Critical Locations - The lower frequencies (i.e., 50-year) should be used for design of critical low points, such as underpasses or high traffic volume "at grade" intersections.
Non-Typical Locations – For locations with non-typical features such as super elevation transitions, entrances with slotted drains and non-standard shoulders, a frequency in between the high and low frequencies may be appropriate.
Consideration is also given to AADT and importance of route when choosing a design storm frequency.
Roadway Classification
Major Typical 10-year
Non-Typical 10-year to 50-year
Critical 50-year
Minor Typical 10-year
The duration of the design storm is set equal to the time of concentration of the drainage area or five minutes, whichever is greater. The peak rates of runoff produced by the design storm is computed by The Rational Method.
640.1.2.2 Gutter Spread
EPG 640.1.2.2 applies to roadway gutter spread only. For details regarding gutter spread on bridges, see EPG 751.10.3 Bridge Deck Drainage – Slab Drains.
Spread is defined as the width of gutter flow, measured laterally from the face of the curb. Allowable spread depends on the classification of the roadway and importance of route to the community as determined by the Core Team. Gutter spreads shown below are maximum widths, other design factors including ADA requirements should be considered when determining the allowable gutter spread.
For all interstates, gutter spread shall not encroach upon the traveled lanes. Gutter spread shall be limited to the shoulder and shall not exceed 12 ft. during the design runoff event.
Major Roads
For all major roads with a posted speed of 45 mph or greater, gutter spread shall not encroach upon the traveled lanes. Gutter spread shall be limited to the shoulder and/or parking lane and shall not exceed 12 ft. during the design runoff event.
For major roads with a posted speed of less than 45 mph:
a)	For 2-lane facilities or when the cross slope only extends across 1 lane, gutter spread may encroach up to 3 ft. into the driving lane.
b)	On multilane facilities, when 2 or more lanes in one direction have their cross slopes running in a single direction, the gutter spread may encroach up to ½ of the lane nearest the gutter section for those lanes.
Minor Roads
For minor roads with a posted speed of 45 mph or greater:
For minor roads with a posted speed of less than 45 mph, a gutter spread of up to ½ lane may be used.
Single Lanes
For one lane facilities, such as ramps, a minimum of 8' of the traveled lane shall remain unflooded.
Design Spread Guide
Posted Speed
Maximum Spread
Interstate All Up to the shoulder width, with a 12' max.
Major ≥ 45 mph Up to the shoulder and/or park lane width, with a 12' max.
2-Lane roads < 45 mph Shoulder + 3 ft.
*Multilane roads < 45 mph Shoulder + ½ lane
Minor 2-Lane roads ≥ 45 mph Shoulder + 3 ft.
*Multilane roads > 45 mph Shoulder + ½ lane
< 45 mph Shoulder + ½ lane
Single Lane All Minimum of 8 ft. unflooded
* 2 or more lanes in one direction that have their cross slope in the same direction.
640.1.2.3 Depth of Gutter Flow
The allowable depth of gutter flow is a function of the height of curb and is given in the table below.
Allowable Depth of Gutter Flow
Height of Curb
Maximum Depth of Flow
(ft.)
3 75 0.200 60
4 100 0.267 80
6 150 0.400 120
In no case should the depth of gutter flow exceed the values given in the above table during the design runoff event.
640.1.2.4 Intercept on Continuous Grade
Except in special cases, no attempt is made to intercept all water arriving at inlets located on continuous grades. In general these inlets are designed to intercept no more than 70% of the total design gutter flow.
One exception to the above rule is the case of bridge approaches. Where a bridge is located on a continuous grade, approaching storm water is not allowed to flow onto the bridge deck. A drop inlet or series of drop inlets as needed are used to intercept all gutter flow at the upstream end of the bridge. These inlets should be located outside of the bridge approach slab if possible.
Water flowing across an intersection may cause a certain amount of danger to cross traffic and should be limited. Therefore, inlets placed at the upstream side of intersections are sized so that no more than 2.0 ft3/s (0.05 m3/s) is allowed to flow into the intersection during the design event.
Where the pavement transitions from crown to superelevated sections or from superelevated to crown sections all storm water is intercepted to prevent cross flow over the pavement. Similarly, all storm water at the downstream end of curbed ramps is intercepted, when this water would flow across the ramp or main roadway pavement.
640.1.2.5 Intercept at Low Points
Inlets located at low points in grade are designed to intercept all water arriving at the inlet. The allowable depth of ponding is controlled by the criteria of maximum depth at the curb or maximum spread, as previously discussed. The most restrictive of these criteria control.
640.1.3 Flow of Water in Gutters
The flow of water in shallow triangular channels such as roadway gutters may be analyzed by a special form of Manning's equation.
640.1.3.1 Triangular Gutter Sections
For triangular gutter sections, the following form of Manning's equation may be used:
Q = K 1 n S x S 1 2 d 8 3 = K 1 n S 1 2 S x 5 3 T 8 3 {\displaystyle Q={\frac {K_{1}}{nS_{x}}}S^{\frac {1}{2}}d^{\frac {8}{3}}={\frac {K_{1}}{n}}S^{\frac {1}{2}}S_{x}^{\frac {5}{3}}T^{\frac {8}{3}}}
Q = total gutter flow rate, ft3/s (m3/s)
K1 = constant, 0.56 - ENGLISH (0.376 - METRIC)
n = Manning's roughness coefficient (0.016 for gutters and pavement)
Sx = Pavement and gutter cross-slope, ft/ft (m/m)
S = Longitudinal pavement slope (grade), ft/ft (m/m)
d = depth of flow at face of curb, ft. (m)
Normally, the gutter flow rate and gutter cross-section are known and the depth of flow is desired. In this case, the following form of the above Equation may be used.
d = 1.24 ( Q n S x S 1 2 ) 0.375 {\displaystyle d=1.24\left({\frac {QnS_{x}}{S^{\frac {1}{2}}}}\right)^{0.375}}
where:	C = constant, 1.24 - ENGLISH (1.44 - METRIC)
The spread in a triangular section can be calculated using the equation:
T = d S x {\displaystyle T={\frac {d}{S_{x}}}\,}
T = spread (width of gutter flow), ft. (m)
The average velocity in a gutter section is calculated using the equation:
V = Q A {\displaystyle V={\frac {Q}{A}}\,}
V = average velocity, ft/s (m/s)
Q = discharge, ft3/s (m3/s)
A = cross-sectional area of flow, ft2 (m2)
The area can be calculated using the equation:
A = 1 2 d T = 1 2 d 2 S x {\displaystyle A={\frac {1}{2}}dT={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d^{2}}{S_{x}}}}
T = spread, ft. (m)
Sx = Pavement cross-slope, ft/ft (m/m)
640.1.3.2 Composite Curb-and-Gutter Sections
For a Composite Curb-and-Gutter Section, where the gutter slope is different from the pavement cross-slope, the composite section is divided into triangular sub-sections. The above equation can then be applied to sub-triangles to determine the total flow in the composite section. The equation is applied to three separate triangles ABE, DCE, and DCF as shown on the Composite Curb-and-Gutter Section. The total flow is determined by adding the flows from triangles ABE and DCF and subtracting the flow from triangle DCE. The modified form of Manning's equation can be used to calculate flows for various complex shapes in this manner.
Q = Q A B E − Q D C E + Q D C F {\displaystyle Q=Q_{ABE}-Q_{DCE}+Q_{DCF}\,}
Q A B E = K 1 n a W S 1 2 d 8 3 {\displaystyle Q_{ABE}={\frac {K_{1}}{n{\frac {a}{W}}}}S^{\frac {1}{2}}d^{\frac {8}{3}}}
Q D C E = K 1 n a W S 1 2 ( d − a ) 8 3 {\displaystyle Q_{DCE}={\frac {K_{1}}{n{\frac {a}{W}}}}S^{\frac {1}{2}}(d-a)^{\frac {8}{3}}}
Q A B E = K 1 n S x S 1 2 ( d − a ) 8 3 {\displaystyle Q_{ABE}={\frac {K_{1}}{nS_{x}}}S^{\frac {1}{2}}(d-a)^{\frac {8}{3}}}
a = gutter depression, ft. (m)
W = gutter width, ft. (m)
For a composite section where the depth of flow is greater than the gutter depression, the spread can be calculated using the equation:
T = W + ( d − a ) S x {\displaystyle T=W+{\frac {(d-a)}{S_{x}}}}
For a composite curb-and-gutter section where the depth of flow is greater than the gutter depression, the area can be calculated using the equation:
A = ( d − a 2 ) W + 1 2 ( d − a ) ( T − W ) = ( d − a 2 ) W + ( d − a ) 2 2 S x {\displaystyle A=\left(d-{\frac {a}{2}}\right)W+{\frac {1}{2}}(d-a)(T-W)=\left(d-{\frac {a}{2}}\right)W+{\frac {(d-a)^{2}}{2S_{x}}}}
640.1.4 Types of Storm Water Inlets
Two different types of precast storm water inlets are used in pavement drainage applications. They are grate inlets and curb opening inlets. Guidance for specifying and inspecting drop inlets and grates is in Precast Reinforced Concrete Manholes and Drop Inlets.
640.1.4.1 Grate Inlets (Precast Type A, B, C & D)
Standard curved vane grate inlets are 2 ft. (610 mm) long (measured in the direction of flow), and either 2 or 4 ft. (610 or 1219 mm) wide (measured perpendicular to the direction of flow). Only 2 ft. (610 mm) wide inlets may be used in curb and gutter sections; whereas 2 or 4 ft. widths may be used in conjunction with integral curb (triangular) sections. Two types of inlet grates are shown in the standard plans. The curved vane grate is used in roadway and shoulder applications. The parallel bar grate may be used only in areas outside the roadway and shoulders, such as in grassy medians or other unpaved areas. See Standard Plan details of inlet grates (Std. Plans 614.10 and 614.11) and gutter cross sections (Std. Plan 609.00).
640.1.4.2 Curb Opening Inlets (Precast Type T)
Curb opening inlets consist of a longitudinal opening located in the face of the curb. Details of the curb opening inlets may be found in Std. Plan 731.10. The Type T inlet has a minimum length of 2.5 ft. (750 mm) and may be increased in length in 2.5 ft. (750 mm) increments as needed. The Type T inlet has a local depression of 3 in. (75 mm) below the normal gutter flow line. Curb opening inlets are recommended for use at all low points. In locations where heavy debris is expected, consideration should be given to doubling the calculated length of curb opening inlet to provide a safety factor against clogging.
640.1.5 Capacity of Grate Inlets
Only curved vane type grates are used in pavement drainage installations. The capacity of grate inlets is a function of the inlet location. The capacity of grate inlets located on a continuous grade is influenced by the depth and velocity of the approaching water, the length and width of the grate, and the geometric configuration of the grate. The capacity of grate inlets located at low points in grade is influenced by the perimeter of the grate or by the clear waterway area of the grate. The capacity at low points in grade is independent of geometric configuration of the grate.
640.1.5.1 Capacity of Grate Inlets Inlets Located on Continuous Grades
Grate inlets provide an effective means for drainage of highway pavements when clogging by debris is not expected to be a problem. The capacity of the grate depends to a large degree upon how large a portion of the total flow passes directly over the grate. The portion of the total flow which passes directly over the grate is known as frontal flow. The remainder, which flows along the side of the grate, is known as side flow. The quantities of frontal flow and side flow can be determined through application of the modified form of Manning's equation given above to appropriate triangular sub-sections of the pavement and gutter cross-section.
Grate inlets will intercept all of the gutter flow passing directly over the grate if the grate is sufficiently long and the flow velocity is low. When the grate is too short or the flow velocity is too high, splash-over occurs, and the grate does not intercept all of the frontal flow. Some portion of the side flow will be intercepted, depending on the length of the grate, the flow velocity and the gutter cross-slope.
The velocity at which water begins to splash over the grate depends on the length and geometric configuration of the grate. For MoDOT standard grates, the splash-over velocities (V0) given in the following table may be used.
Splash-Over Velocities for MoDOT Standard Grates
Grate Type
Splash-Over Velocity (Vo)
2 ft. (610 mm) long Curved Vane Grate 5.9 ft/s (1.8 m/s)
Provided the flow velocity is less than the splash-over velocity, the grate will operate efficiently and intercept 100% of the frontal flow. If the flow velocity exceeds the splash-over velocity, the ratio of frontal flow intercepted to total frontal flow, Rf, can be determined using the equation:
R f = 1 − C ( V − V 0 ) {\displaystyle R_{f}=1-C(V-V_{0})\,}
Rf = frontal flow interception efficiency
C = constant, 0.09 - ENGLISH (0.295 - METRIC)
V0 = splash-over velocity, ft/s (m/s)
The ratio of side flow intercepted to total side flow, Rs, can be determined using the equation:
R s = ( 1 + C V 1.8 S x L 2.3 ) − 1 {\displaystyle R_{s}=\left(1+{\frac {CV^{1.8}}{S_{x}L^{2.3}}}\right)^{-1}}
Rs = side flow interception efficiency
C = constant, 0.15 - ENGLISH (0.0828 - METRIC)
Sx = cross-slope adjacent to the grate (either pavement or gutter), ft/ft (m/m)
L = Length of grate, ft (m)
If the total flow (Q) is considered to be the sum of frontal flow (Qf) and side flow (Qs), the amount of flow intercepted by a grate inlet on grade (Qi) can be determined using the equation:
Q i = R f Q f + R s Q s {\displaystyle Q_{i}=R_{f}Q_{f}+R_{s}Q_{s}\,}
640.1.5.2 Capacity of Grate Inlets Located at Low Points in Grade
A grate type drop inlet located at a low point in grade will behave either as a weir or as an orifice, dependent upon the depth of water at the grate. The capacity is independent of the geometric configuration of the grate.
For depths of water less than 0.4 ft. (120 mm), the capacity is governed by weir flow and may be calculated by the following equation:
Q i = C w p d 1.5 {\displaystyle Q_{i}=C_{w}pd^{1.5}\,}
Qi = inlet capacity, ft3/s (m3/s)
Cw = constant, 3.0 - ENGLISH (1.66 - METRIC)
p = effective perimeter of the grate, ft. (m)
d = depth of water above the top of the grate, ft. (m)
The effective perimeter can be calculated using
p = 2 w + l {\displaystyle p=2w+l\,} (when there is a curb)
p = 2 ( w + l ) {\displaystyle p=2(w+l)\,} (when there is no curb)
w = width of opening, ft. (m)
l = length of opening, ft. (m)
Only that portion of the grate's perimeter along which flow enters the inlet is considered when determining the effective perimeter.
When the depth of water exceeds 1.4 ft. (420 mm), the grate capacity is governed by orifice flow and may be calculated by the following equation:
Q i = C o A ( 2 g d ) 0.5 {\displaystyle Q_{i}=C_{o}A(2gd)^{0.5}\,}
Co = orifice coefficient = 0.67
A = clear opening area of the grate, ft2 (m2)
g = 32.2 ft/s2 (9.80 m/s2)
The clear opening area for MoDOT standard grates is given in the following table.
Clear Opening Area for MoDOT Standard Grates
Clear Opening Area (A)
2 ft. x 2 ft. Parallel Bar Grate(610 mm x 610 mm) (with depressed cross bars) 3.04 ft2 (0.282 m2)
2 ft. x 4 ft. Parallel Bar Grate(610 mm x 1219 mm) (with depressed cross bars) 6.08 ft2 (0.565 m2)
2 ft. x 2 ft. Curved Vane Grate (610 mm x 610 mm) (bicycle safe) 2.10 ft2 (0.200 m2)
2 ft. x 4 ft. Curved Vane Grate (610 mm x 1219 mm) (bicycle safe) 4.20 ft2 (0.400 m2)
Parallel bar grates are not used for new installations. The clear opening areas are provided only for the purpose of analyzing existing inlets.
At depths between 0.4 and 1.4 ft. (120 and 420 mm), the grate operates in a transition zone. The actual capacity of the grate is less than that given by either the weir equation or the orifice equation. The capacity of the grate for depths within this transition zone can be estimated using a straight-line interpolation between the capacity at a depth of 0.4 ft. (120 mm) using the weir equation and the capacity at a depth of 1.4 ft. (420 mm) using the orifice equation.
Because of the uncertainty in the above equations, and because of the tendency for trash to clog the opening, the effective perimeter or the clear opening area of the grate should be at least twice that given by the above equations.
640.1.6 Capacity of Curb Opening Inlets
Like grate inlets, the capacity of curb opening inlets is a function of the inlet location. The intercept of curb opening inlets located on a continuous grade is a function of the length of the inlet, the amount the inlet is depressed, the total gutter flow and the depth of flow at the curb. The capacity of a curb opening inlet located at a low point is a function of the length of the opening and the depth of ponding.
640.1.6.1 Capacity of Curb Opening Inlets Located on a Continuous Grade
A curb opening inlet located on grade behaves as a falling head weir. In order to determine the capacity of such an inlet, it is first necessary to determine the length of curb opening required to intercept 100 percent of the gutter flow.
For a triangular pavement and gutter cross-section, the following equation is used to determine the length of curb opening required to intercept 100% of the gutter flow:
L T = K Q 0.42 S 0.3 ( 1 n S x ) 0.6 {\displaystyle L_{T}=KQ^{0.42}S^{0.3}\left({\frac {1}{nS_{x}}}\right)^{0.6}}
LT = curb opening length required to intercept 100% of the gutter flow, ft. (m)
K = constant, 0.6 - ENGLISH (0.817 - METRIC)
Q = total gutter flow, ft3/s (m3/s)
The efficiency of curb opening inlets shorter than the length required for 100% interception may be determined using the equation:
E = 1 − ( 1 − L L T ) 1.8 {\displaystyle E=1-\left(1-{\frac {L}{L_{T}}}\right)^{1.8}}
E = efficiency of the curb opening inlet
L = length of the curb opening, ft. (m)
The inlet capacity can then be determined using the following equation:
Q i = E Q {\displaystyle Q_{i}=EQ\,}
Qi = the capacity of the curb opening inlet, ft3/s (m3/s)
E = the efficiency of the curb opening inlet
When a local depression is used to increase the capacity of the curb opening inlet, or when the pavement and gutter cross-slopes differ, an equivalent cross-slope (Se) must be used to determine the length required for 100% interception. The equivalent cross-slope may be found using the equation:
S e = S x + S w ′ E o {\displaystyle S_{e}=S_{x}+S_{w}^{'}E_{o}}
Se = equivalent cross-slope, ft/ft [m/m]
Sx = normal pavement cross-slope, ft/ft [m/m]
S'w = cross-slope of the gutter section measured below the normal pavement cross-slope, ft/ft (m/m)
Eo = ratio of flow in the depressed section to total gutter flow, calculated just upstream of the inlet using the equations in Flow of Water in Gutters.
640.1.6.2 Capacity of Curb Opening Inlets Located at Low Points in Grade
Curb opening inlets at low points operate in either a submerged or an unsubmerged condition. When the depth of flow is less than approximately the height of the curb opening, the inlet is unsubmerged and operates as a weir. When the depth of flow is greater than approximately 1.4 times the height of the opening, the inlet is submerged and operates as an orifice.
The interception capacity for an unsubmerged curb opening inlet is determined using the following weir flow equation:
Q i = C w ( L + 1.8 W ) d 1.5 {\displaystyle Q_{i}=C_{w}(L+1.8W)d^{1.5}\,}
L = length of curb opening, ft. (m)
W = lateral width of depression, ft. (m)
d = depth at curb measured from the normal gutter or pavement cross-slope, ft. (m)
When the inlet is depressed, the weir location is at the lip of the depression, not at the lip of the curb opening. The weir length depends upon both the width of the depressed gutter and the length of the curb opening, and the weir equation is valid for depths at the curb up to approximately the height of the curb opening plus the depth of the depression.
The weir location for a curb opening inlet with no depression is at the lip of the opening and the weir length is equal to the length of the opening. For inlets without a local depression, the lateral width of depression can simply be set to zero in the above equation, and the equation is then valid for depths up to the height of the curb opening.
When the depth of flow is greater than 1.4 times the height of the curb opening, the opening is submerged. The capacity is then governed by orifice flow and may be calculated as follows:
Q i = C o h L [ 2 g ( d i − h 2 ) ] 0.5 {\displaystyle Q_{i}=C_{o}hL\left[2g\left(d_{i}-{\frac {h}{2}}\right)\right]^{0.5}}
h = height of curb opening, ft. (m)
di = depth of water at the lip of curb opening, ft. (m)
At depths between 1.0 and 1.4 times the height of the opening, the curb opening operates in a transition zone. The actual capacity of the curb opening is less than that given by either the weir equation or the orifice equation. The capacity of the curb opening for depths within this transition zone can be estimated using a straight-line interpolation between the capacity at a depth of 1.0 times the height of the opening, using the weir equation, and the capacity at a depth of 1.4 times the height of the opening, using the orifice equation.
640.1.7 Capacity of Combination Inlets
Combination inlets consist of a grate inlet and a curb inlet used at the same location. Considering combination inlets located on a continuous grade, the capacity of an unclogged combination inlet with the curb opening located adjacent to the grate may be assumed equal to the capacity of the grate inlet alone. Use of such inlets on a continuous grade is uneconomical except in areas where considerable debris may be expected. In this case, the curb opening provides a safety factor against clogging of the grate.
When the curb opening extends upstream from the grate, then the capacity of the inlet may be estimated as the capacity of that portion of the curb opening upstream of the grate, plus the capacity of the grate. The proper procedure for computing the capacity of such an inlet is to compute the intercept of the curb opening for that portion of the opening located upstream from the grate. This intercept is then subtracted from the total gutter flow, which yields the curb opening bypass. The grate inlet intercept is then computed using the curb inlet bypass as the approach gutter flow. The capacity of the combination inlet is the sum of the curb opening intercept and the grate intercept.
All debris carried by the storm water runoff that is not passed by upstream inlets must be passed by the inlet located at the low point. Therefore, these inlets are prone to clogging. As previously discussed, the capacity of a grate inlet at a low point may be computed by the proper equations. Also, it has been recommended that the computed effective perimeter, or clear waterway area, of the grate be doubled in order to provide a safety factor against clogging. However, if a combination inlet is used, the curb opening will provide the necessary safety factor against clogging, and the effective perimeter or clear area of the grate need only be equal to that given by the computations.
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640 Pavement and Median Drainage