text:
Filling the Void After High School
ProudUSC
Another example of flawed US immigration laws. Why wouldn't we want these kids to further their education?
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/20...11303641.html?sub=AR
Staff Helps Student Pursue Visa as Haven Ends With Gradution
By Michael Alison Chandler
Monday, January 14, 2008; Page A01
Marcelino Benitez said his best academic year was 12th grade. He got all A's and B's, learned to install heating and air-conditioning systems in a vocational training program and won a college scholarship. But unlike many of his classmates, he dreaded graduation. After that ceremony, the Mexican immigrant had a diploma from Virginia but still lacked the other documents he needed to make his way in the United States.
"I was thinking, 'After high school, I am done. This is the end of me,' " recalled the 2006 graduate of Dominion High School in Sterling. "Without my Social Security card, I thought I was never going to be anybody."
For illegal immigrants, public school is a rare refuge. There's no requirement to prove legal immigration status to enroll in school. But the transition into the adult world can be abrupt. About 65,000 illegal immigrants graduate from U.S. high schools every year, unable to work legally and often unable to afford college without access to in-state tuition or government-backed financial aid, according to the Urban Institute.
These students pose special challenges for guidance counselors and other educators. Some have scouted out ways to help undocumented graduates pay for college. A few have sought to open more doors for promising students, delving into the maze of immigration law and attempting to help them legalize their status.
Benitez, now 21, found help from two parent liaisons and a guidance counselor who run a homework club at Dominion High for English language learners. They contacted their congressman and hired an immigration specialist to speed up his stalled resident visa application.
Nearly two years later, after spending about $10,000 and more than a year back in Mexico, Benitez has a fresh visa pasted into his passport. Now he is back in Northern Virginia, ready to pursue more skilled jobs in construction and eager to earn a degree in psychology or theology.
"I can finally do what I want to do," he said.
The Supreme Court ruled in 1982 that undocumented students have a right to public education. Although some officials in Northern Virginia have pushed to limit access to services for illegal immigrants over the past year, many schools in the region have instead worked harder to make all students feel welcome.
"This is a safe haven for kids," said Taryn Simms, one of the liaisons who helped Benitez. "Whether they are documented or undocumented, they didn't have a choice to come here, and they have to come to school."
The main hallway at Dominion High is lined with flags representing the more than 70 countries in which its students were born. The largest immigrant group is from El Salvador. Others come from elsewhere in Latin America, and many recent immigrants have settled into the townhouses and apartments of eastern Loudoun.
Like other schools in the area serving immigrant communities, Dominion High is a hub for social services. Many schools offer computer training or English classes to parents. They also connect families to food banks or medical care.
In the classroom, teachers hold all students to the same standards and encourage everyone to pursue higher education. They say they are technically not allowed to ask students about their residency status, but the subject tends to come up in conversations about the future.
Educators often don't know what students' residency situation is "until they end up in your office crying," said Kevin Terry, a guidance director at Dominion High.
Among those facing barriers are some of the highest achievers. A recent graduate from Osbourne Park High School in Manassas finished her senior year among the top students in her class and received a prestigious award from the faculty.
Her college applications would have shown that she was a member of the National Honor Society, the French Honor Society and student government, but she delayed her college plans because she lacks a current visa.
Teachers at the school are trying to help the 18-year-old Salvadoran get into college by contacting people at local universities and researching scholarships. "We have even investigated getting her name attached to some sort of bill in Congress," said Anita Al-Haj, director of the English for Speakers of Other Languages program. "We are trying everything in our power to help her."
ESOL teachers in Prince William County are developing a standard curriculum for their 13,000 students to explain clearly the path to graduation and the options afterward for documented and undocumented students. They plan to include a unit on immigration law.
Such systemwide programs targeting undocumented students are unusual, however. Most efforts come from individual teachers or counselors hard-wired to help students succeed, as they encounter individual children in need.
At Annandale High School in Fairfax County, history teacher Eleanor Shumaker, now retired, became the legal guardian of a Somalian student in the late 1990s who came to the United States illegally and alone and had become homeless. More recently, a counselor at Yorktown High School in Arlington County, who declined to give her name, sheltered an immigrant student in a spare bedroom so she could graduate from high school.
Benitez came to the United States with a friend when he was 15, hoping to join his mother in Loudoun. After walking across the desert for a day and a night, he was picked up in a small truck packed with other border-crossers and driven to Phoenix. "They just lay you down like cigarettes, one after another one," he recalled. From there, he made his way to Northern Virginia.
He started ninth grade a few weeks later. He recalled long days trying to comprehend rapid-fire lessons and late nights working at Wendy's, where he earned money to send to younger siblings in Mexico and to help his mother pay medical bills. He applied for a resident visa early on as a relative of his stepfather, a U.S. citizen.
At Dominion High, in 10th grade, he joined the homework club and got to know Simms and Terry, along with Duke Butkovich, another liaison hired by the school system to work with parents or families to help students succeed. They reviewed his assignments slowly with him to help him understand.
They saw how hard he was working and tried to help him in other ways. They invited his mother and stepfather to visit the school, offered him free school supplies and encouraged him to enroll in the vocational program.
At first he was wary of their attention. When one of them would sit down at the lunch table next to him, Butkovich recalled, he would say, "Why do you always pick on the Hispanic table? Why don't you pick on the white people?"
They didn't relent. They started following him. He often saw them cheering at his soccer games or waving to him in the hallway.
Over time, he trusted them more and was grateful for their offers of help. His mother and stepfather moved to Manassas in his junior year, and he rented a room in Sterling so he could finish the vocational training. Simms and Butkovich helped him move, and the school's vice principals and some teachers chipped in to furnish his rented room, buying him a bed and sheets and towels.
Butkovich and Simms met with U.S. Rep. Frank R. Wolf (R-Va.) and asked him to look into the student's immigration case. Wolf's staff discovered that his visa application had been filed improperly, causing a long delay. The Dominion staff hired an immigration specialist who helped him refile the forms and added a letter detailing his accomplishments.
A month after graduation, Benitez had an interview at the U.S. consulate in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico.
Butkovich raised money from church friends, relatives, even a neighborhood bunco group to pay for a round-trip plane ticket and expenses while Benitez was in Mexico. What they thought would be a one-week visit took 14 months.
Benitez stayed with his younger siblings and grandparents south of Mexico City, working on a family farm and on odd construction jobs. Throughout the year, Butkovich or her friends or relatives sent care packages and money.
In November, Benitez received word that his application had been approved and he could return to the United States as a legal resident.
"We're all so excited we can't stand it," Butkovich said when she heard the news.
Shortly before Christmas, Benitez flew to Dulles International Airport.
When he stepped off the plane, he was greeted by his Dominion High friends, who were holding signs saying "Welcome Home" and "This Way" and carrying a winter coat for him. They marveled at how tall he had grown. He smiled and flashed his new visa, with an inky stamp that read "Admitted."

quote:

Nearly two years later, after spending about $10,000 and more than a year back in Mexico, Benitez has a fresh visa pasted into his passport. Now he is back in Northern Virginia, ready to pursue more skilled jobs in construction and eager to earn a degree in psychology or theology.
"I can finally do what I want to do," he said.

Very good article. Just supports what i always say that there is the avenue to get the legal status . return to country of origin before the bar and apply for the student visa.
Of course you have someone to stay with because your relatives are there. the system works. and this person was not sitting back and waiting 4 the the gobmnent to pass the cheese please.
I just hope he and they are realizing that that the only thing legal that he has is "status". and that when the f1 is finished, and if he doesnt pursue h visa or get married to usc.. then he will be required to once again return to his home country.
Hats off to this guy.
4Now - the point I was trying to make is there are few avenues open for undocumented kids (who are legally allowed to attend schools in US). You know I was a proponent of Dream Act - lol!
I'm glad things worked out for this kid. There are so many more, though, who are going to be thrown away like yesterday's leftovers. If they are going to be cast aside in the long run, why does the USA allow them to attend our schools?
4NOW, while I am happy that this young man was able to come back into the country LEGALLY and complete his education, I agree with you that he should not be treated any differently than students from other countries who OBEY OUR LAWS BY GOING THROUGH THE PROPER CHANNELS TO COME HERE LEGALLY TO COMPLETE THEIR EDUCATION.
The fact that THE CRIMINAL MINDED PARENTS of these children BRING THEM HERE ILLEGALLY IS NOT AMERICA'S FAULT NOR IS IT OUR RESPONSIBILITY TO CONTINUE THEIR TRADITION OF LAWLESSNESS AND PAY FOR IT WITH OUT TAX DOLLARS AND A SMILE.
Because they wish to ignore our laws its easier for illegal aliens and their supporters to play the violin/sympathy card and blame us for GRACIOUSLY ALLOWING THEM TO BE EDUCATED WHILE HERE ILLEGALLY AND EXPECT US TO PAY FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION WITH OUR TAX DOLLARS AS WELL. ALLOWING THIS WILL CREATE YET ANOTHER AVENUE FOR ILLEGAL ALIENS TO OVERCROWD OUR SCHOOLS AND LIMIT THE NUMBER OF SEATS TO HIGHER EDUCATION AVAILALBE FOR AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS.
ONCE THEY TURN 18, AMERICAN CHILDREN are kicked off of welfare, are no longer eligible for social security benefits and parents are no longer able to claim them as dependents and collect unemployment for them, if they lose their jobs; but parents are responsible for paying back student loans granted to them via the government. I'm sure you like I find this a travesty.
As for twice defeated DREAM ACT: Obama and Durbin (the authors) caught a ton of flack from the American taxpayers which is why it went down in flames. I still get letters from the su-ck up D-ic-kie Durbin who will be up for re-election soon and I predict the voters of Illinois will end his career because of his illegal alien cheerleading (I am a registered INDEPENDENT hahaaaaaa . .) and wouldn't vote for him or Obama again if my life depended on it.
More whining and blaming US citizens because illegal alien parents brought these "Dreamies" here as minor children and blaming us for it because we don't think they're special AND THAT NOTHING IS EVER THEIR FAULT*rolls eyes*
The problem with the Dream Act is that these "children" (primarily from Mexico Of Course) are NOW ADULTS WHO ARE AWARE THAT THEY ARE HERE ILLEGALLY (THEY WHINE ABOUT IT DAILY ON THEIR WEBSITE) WHO SHOULD GO HOME AND APPLY FOR STATUS TO RETURN TO THE US LEGALLY IF THEY ARE SO DESPERATE TO CONTINUE THEIR EDUCATION, INSTEAD OF SITTING AROUND PRAYING FOR AMNESTY AND PLOTTING AND PLANNING HOW TO ILLEGALLY STAY IN THE COUNTRY AND OBTAIN DRIVER'S LICENSES AND AMERICAN TAX PAYER FUNDED SCHOLARSHIPS.
But of course they think they're "special" and that the laws should not apply to them because they have been allowed to ignore them for almost TWO decades.
The DREAM ACT would have allowed them to remain in this country and receive IN STATE TUITION WHEREVER THEY HAPPEN TO HAVE LANDED, AND THE INFAMOUNS "PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP" AKA AMNESTY, WHICH WOULD THEN TURN INTO MORE CHAIN MIGRATION, yet American kids would still have to pay out of state costs if they attend college in a state that they were not a LEGAL RESIDENT OF.
Any wonder why the American taxpayers screamed fraud and abuse on that one?
BTW here's the link to the website of these fruit cakes who claim they are "Americans" yet like ALL illegal aliens, they don't believe in the 1st Amendment. Try signing onto this board and voicing your true feelings and see what happens:
http://www.dreamact.info/
Wolves Travel In Packs
They are allowed to attend public school
they should be grateful.
If they want advanced education. then they should do what this kid did. put the effort in and the reward will come.
Ther is no reason for them to throw themselves away like leftovers.
go home . get in line in a legal way and come back and go to college. very simple.
AS a matter of fact, these kids should take the good education that was given them and they should return to their countries and use this knoweldge to make a turnaround in that country. this would be the payoff for us edducating them. or why cant they go back to their country and go to college there?
why cant they go to college in their own country where they came from proud?
usa didnt start the fire.

quote:

Originally posted by 4now:
usa didnt start the fire.

My sentiments exactly. However, what they really want is to steal WHAT WE HAVE since all the heavy lifting has already been done. They are determined to ignore our laws, cram themselves, their culture, their financial burdens and language down our throats whether we like it or not. They are here for a reconquista make no mistake about that. The reaction of the bleeding hearts and the corrupt in or government and corporate America are handing them this country on a silver platter . . . just the way LaRaza planned/envisioned it.
coptic dentist

quote:

why cant they go to college in their own country where they came from proud?

If they were older when they were brought here, no that much of a problem. But if they were carried over in strollers or snuglies, the likelihood of them having proficiency in Spanish is slim. I'm not talking about speaking the language. I'm talking about reading and writing it. These kids are learning English in our schools. I am quite certain that colleges in Mexico have minimum standards on language arts and most of these kids wouldn't meet them.
Your turn, 4Now.

quote:

Originally posted by ProudUSC:
If they were older when they were brought here, no that much of a problem. But if they were carried over in strollers or snuglies, the likelihood of them having proficiency in Spanish is slim. I'm not talking about speaking the language. I'm talking about reading and writing it. These kids are learning English in our schools. I am quite certain that colleges in Mexico have minimum standards on language arts and most of these kids wouldn't meet them.
Your turn, 4Now.

Proud.... You are joking right?
lol You can tell that you are american where bilingual concept does not seem to exist here.
Proud. if their parents dont speak english.. what language do you think the child learned until he went to school? These children are bilingual. read and write from language of their country. and fluently too.
Does the usa schools not offer spanish i, ii, iii, and iv in the schools. yes they do. writing and reading no problem unless you are not college material to begin with.
How many foreign students come here to go to college Proud. A ton.
How was my serve
Proud..
I know on a personal level some immigrant kids who came here at a very early age and barely speak their mother tongue, much less read and write it. They are being taught English in our schools! I even know a couple of kids (one Hispanic, one Asian) who refused to speak Spanish in their homes - rebeled against it. These people are all legal of course. But, I would think the same would hold true for many of the undocumented kids as well.
But, I don't live in California either
that sounds like it is from a household where children have lazy mentality. and it is too much for them to switch between languages. sad and this is parents fault for putting them into this situation. But it is not the usa duty to spend money and make provisions around problem that some illegal unrightfully made for themselves or for their children.
Which speaking of "putting ones self in the shoes.. but I think that was Jake that said that. but I too do not live in Texas or california so I do not have these strong personal feelings about Mexicans that some have.
I only see the issue as exactly what it is. illegal. but i am very far removed and many times i get so upset when i read what appears to be a two fold bash of ethnic and illegal issue mixed into one. I can seperate it, but I dont live there and if I were in their shoes and living it and seeing it happen in front of them and then hear that the state is near bankrupt becuase of being overwhelmed..in paying out benefits b/c of illegals which would affect me personally now. Then maybe I would feel different and would share their same perspecitve.
See you in Monaco
Someone12
sorry, but what about inner city kids, or kids whose mother is a hard working AMERICAN single mom...what do they get? Nada. And we are supposed to lose sleep and wring our hands over some illegal alien brat? WHY? AMERICANS are first in this country. This clown's parents STOLE his education from hard working AMerican taxpayers....they paid hardly a penny since no doubt they were working under the table....I say no more....when the brats finish high school on my dime, the next 'freebie' they get is the boot in the a$$. We need to put American children far far ahead of every illegal alien brat....I don't care if they were brought here by irresponsible parents...and, another item...we (congress) should pass a law that NO illegal brat can ever become a US citizen ...EVER...that way, there is no reward for the family that has LIED, CHEATED and STOLEN so much from America....we give them nothing.
I wasn't making a comparison with the inner city kids at all. I believe they should have every opportunity to attend college; however, there is financial assistance available to them should they aspire for a higher education.
The point I am trying to make is how flawed our laws are. Why did our government allow for providing an education for undocumented children in the first place when they have no intention of enabling these same kids an affordable means to attend at the very least, a community college? The investment of time and money on these kids seems wasted if they are not afforded the opportunity to obtain higher education at a reasonable cost. Is this how our government is insuring that it will maintain a work force for the jobs 'Americans won't do'?
nekein
Great news. Thanks for sharing. Mywegmansconnect
Last edited by nekein; 11-29-2019, 10:49 AM. Reason: spelling


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How can I get built-in operator as a function? The goal
How can I get a built-in operator as a function?
I want to take advantage of functional programming.
I have some files with vectorizing functions (eg. Remap[inT any](sl []inT, f func(inT) inT)), which take a scalar function to apply on every element of one or two slices.
I know I could:
func eq(a, b int)bool{
   return a==b
}

and hope that after inlining there'll be no overhead.

But I prefer a short, performant & consistent way, if exists.

*

*In Python 3 I would:
int.__eq__

*In Rust I would:
i32::eq

*In C++ I would:

   #include <functional>
   /*code here*/
   std::equal_to<int>()

How would you achieve this in Go?

A:
How can I get built-in operator as a function? Any functional package in Go?

You cannot.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Markers of temporal changes in central blood volume are required to non-invasively detect hemorrhage and the onset of hemorrhagic shock. Recent work suggests that pulse pressure may be such a marker. A new approach to tracking blood pressure, and pulse pressure specifically is presented that is based on a new form of pulse pressure wave analysis called Pulse Decomposition Analysis (PDA). The premise of the PDA model is that the peripheral arterial pressure pulse is a superposition of five individual component pressure pulses, the first of which is due to the left ventricular ejection from the heart while the remaining component pressure pulses are reflections and re-reflections that originate from only two reflection sites within the central arteries. The hypothesis examined here is that the PDA parameter T13, the timing delay between the first and third component pulses, correlates with pulse pressure.
T13 was monitored along with blood pressure, as determined by an automatic cuff and another continuous blood pressure monitor, during the course of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) sessions involving four stages, -15 mmHg, -30 mmHg, -45 mmHg, and -60 mmHg, in fifteen subjects (average age: 24.4 years, SD: 3.0 years; average height: 168.6 cm, SD: 8.0 cm; average weight: 64.0 kg, SD: 9.1 kg).
Statistically significant correlations between T13 and pulse pressure as well as the ability of T13 to resolve the effects of different LBNP stages were established. Experimental T13 values were compared with predictions of the PDA model. These interventions resulted in pulse pressure changes of up to 7.8 mmHg (SE = 3.49 mmHg) as determined by the automatic cuff. Corresponding changes in T13 were a shortening by -72 milliseconds (SE = 4.17 milliseconds). In contrast to the other two methodologies, T13 was able to resolve the effects of the two least negative pressure stages with significance set at p < 0.01.
The agreement of observations and measurements provides a preliminary validation of the PDA model regarding the origin of the arterial pressure pulse reflections. The proposed physical picture of the PDA model is attractive because it identifies the contributions of distinct reflecting arterial tree components to the peripheral pressure pulse envelope. Since the importance of arterial pressure reflections to cardiovascular health is well known, the PDA pulse analysis could provide, beyond the tracking of blood pressure, an assessment tool of those reflections as well as the health of the sites that give rise to them.
The object of this work is the introduction of a new approach to tracking blood pressure, and pulse pressure specifically, one of the motivations being that pulse pressure appears to be a sensitive as well as specific marker for the detection of hemorrhage, [1, 2] which remains one of the leading causes of death on the battlefield as well as in civilian trauma cases while also being highly preventable if intervention can be implemented [3, 4]. However, detecting progressive hemorrhage requires resolution of changes on the order of a few mmHg in pulse pressures of, normally, 35-50 mmHg. Given the separate and unequal uncertainties in determining systole and diastole, using the best brachial cuff techniques,  such determinations are by and large out of reach even in controlled environments. The approach we present here is based on a new form of pulse pressure wave analysis, implemented through what we refer to as the Pulse Decomposition Analysis (PDA) algorithm.
The analysis of the arterial pressure pulse has been the subject of many studies, with works whose results are still relevant today dating from the 1800s and the early 1900s, [6–8] as well as a significant body of work that has been published over the past 40 or so years [9–16]. PDA presents the extension of the findings of a number of studies that have utilized ballistocardiography and invasive central artery manometers to track mechanical events such as heart contractions and pressure pulse reflections in the central arterial tree, to the arterial periphery. These studies [17–19] have confirmed the existence of two major reflection sites in the central arteries. The first reflection site is the juncture between thoracic and abdominal aorta, which is marked by a significant decrease in diameter and a change in elasticity and the second site arises from the juncture between abdominal aorta and common iliac arteries. In what follows these reflection sites are respectively referred to as the "renal" and the "iliac" reflection site.
A consequence of these reflection sites are reflected arterial pressure pulses that counter-propagate to the direction of the single arterial pressure pulse, due to left ventricular contraction, that gave rise to them. Referring to Figure 1, the "downward" travelling primary pressure pulse #1 gives rise to the "upward" travelling #2 and #3 pulses that are respectively due to the renal and the iliac reflection sites on which the #1 pulse impinged.
Sketch of the aorta/arm complex arterial system and its effect on the arterial pressure pulse line shape that is observed at the radial/digital artery. Two reflection sites, one at the height of the renal arteries, the other one in the vicinity of the iliac bifurcation, give rise to the reflected pulses (gray) that trail the primary left ventricular ejection (black).
As these reflected #2 and #3 pressure pulses reach the aortic arch, they will enter the subclavian arteries and head into the arterial periphery of the arm, following the #1 pressure pulse that, besides traveling down the aorta, also entered the arm complex arteries. The #2 and #3 pulses will do so with certain time delays because of the "extra" traversal of the central arteries.
The #2 pulse is commonly known as the "second systolic" peak. We refer to it as the "renal reflection" and it follows the primary ejection pulse (#1) into the arterial periphery of the arm at delays of between 70-140 milliseconds. The pulse labeled #3 in Figure 1 is the much larger "iliac reflection", which follows the #1 pulse at delays of 180 to 400 milliseconds.
The described scenario succinctly explains the presence of three component pulses in the pressure pulse envelope that is observed in the arterial periphery of the arm, such as at the radial or digital arteries. In fact, there are additional component pulses. The presence of re-reflections between the central reflection sites has been previously suggested . The physical picture is one where the iliac reflection pulse, in its travel up the aorta, re-reflects off the renal reflection site, and this re-re-reflection travelling downward, once again reflects off the iliac reflection site to follow the first three component pulses. With dramatically diminishing amplitude the scenario repeats for the fifth component pulse. These higher-order reflections are less relevant for quantitative analysis due to their poorer signal to noise characteristics and the fact that they are easily swallowed by the pulse envelope of the next cardiac cycle unless the heart rate is very low.
Based on these considerations the structure of the radial/digital arterial pressure pulse can be explained entirely by the interaction of the primary left ventricular ejection pressure pulse with two aortic reflection sites. We now hypothesize that it is possible to determine trends in aortic blood pressure through an analysis of the pulse envelope obtained in the arterial periphery of the arm.
The PDA model presented here analyzes the arterial pulse as observed on the lower arm by isolating, identifying and quantifying the temporal positions and amplitudes of the renal reflection pulse (#2) and the iliac reflection pulse (#3), each relative to the primary systolic pulse (#1), within the pulse shape envelope of an individual cardiac cycle. The model's predictions and experimental studies show that two pulse parameters are of particular importance. One parameter is the ratio of the amplitude of the renal reflection pulse (#2) to that of the primary systolic pulse (#1). These amplitudes, labelled P1 and P2, are indicated to the left of the arterial pressure pulse envelope. This parameter is herein referred to as the P2P1 ratio and it tracks changes in central beat-by-beat systolic pressure. The second parameter is the time difference between the arrival of the primary systolic (#1) pulse and the iliac reflection (#3) pulse. This parameter is referred to as T13, as indicated in Figure 1, and it tracks changes in arterial pulse pressure, also beat-by-beat.
It is the aim of this paper to validate the described arterial pressure pulse reflection scenario through the presentation of experimental data collected in the context of simulating central hemorrhage and its comparison with predictions of the PDA pulse propagation model. Specifically, our hypothesis is that the time delay between the primary component pulse (#1) and the iliac reflection pulse (#3), T13, correlates with pulse pressure.
We report here the results of monitoring the evolution of the PDA parameter T13 during the course of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) sessions. LBNP is an established technique used to physiologically stress the cardiovascular system. It has been used to simulate gravitational stress and hemorrhage, alter preload, and to manipulate baroreceptors . LBNP was chosen for this project because it has been shown to be very effective at modulating pulse pressure, thereby providing a means to validate the equivalent PDA arterial pulse parameter, T13.
After IRB approval, tests of the CareTaker™ system, which is the hardware implementation of the PDA model that is described in more detail below, were performed at the Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory of the University of British Columbia on fifteen healthy volunteers (average age: 24.4 years, SD: 3.0 years; average height: 168.6 cm, SD: 8.0 cm; average weight: 64.0 kg, SD: 9.1 kg) whose lower bodies, from the height of the iliac crest downwards, were subjected to increasingly negative pressures. A number of studies have demonstrated that it is possible to simulate significant internal hemorrhage using LBNP. Negative pressures of 10-20 mmHg correspond to 400 to 550 ml of central blood loss, 20-40 mmHg correspond to 500 to 1000 ml, and negative pressures in excess of -40 mmHg correspond to blood losses exceeding 1000 ml .
The subjects were subjected to four stages of negative pressure, -15 mmHg, -30 mmHg, -45 mmHg, and -60 mmHg, each stage lasting typically about 12 minutes. The blood pressure was monitored with an automatic cuff (BP TRU Automated Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor (model BPM-100), VSM MedTech Devices Inc.) set to record blood pressures every three minutes, resulting in typically four readings per LBNP setting as well as an Ohmeda 2300 Finapres, and a pulse oximeter (Ohmeda Biox 3740 Pulse Oximeter, BOC Health Care) monitored oxygen saturation. The CareTaker system collected arterial pulse shapes beat-by-beat via a finger cuff attached to the central phalange of the middle digit. Four subjects became presyncopal and could not complete the -60 mmHg LBNP stage.
The hardware platform that provides the arterial pulse signal for the PDA algorithm's analysis is the CareTaker™ device (Empirical Technologies Corporation, Charlottesville, Virginia). It is a physiological sensing system whose three basic physical components are a sensing pad such as a finger cuff that couples to an arterial pressure point, a pressure line that pneumatically telemeters the pulsations, and a custom-designed piezo-electric pressure sensor that converts the pressure pulsations, using transimpedance amplification, into a voltage signal that can be measured, digitized, transmitted and recorded. The coupling to the artery is accomplished using palpation coupling, such as at the radial artery, or approximate hydrostatic coupling, such as at the digital arteries. The completely self-contained device wirelessly transmits its signal representing the arterial pulse to a PC computer using the Bluetooth protocol. The device is not occlusive as it operates at a coupling pressure of about 40 mmHg. Another important characteristic of the device is that the signal it provides, sampled at 512 Hz, is the time derivative of the arterial pulse signal. The derivative provides significant signal to noise advantage and lowers the resolution requirements for digital acquisition of the signal because the derivative eliminates signal offsets. Because of the short time constants associated with its implementation, it also offers very short recovery times after signal disruptions. That is, in the absence of offsets due to the differentiation, the signal is always clamped to the signal base line, which in turn allows for increased amplification. Consequently the full digitization range of the analog to digital converter (A/D) can be used for the signal amplitude, as opposed to signal amplitude plus offsets.
The existence of two distinct central pressure pulse reflection sites make it is possible to propose a simple model of the arterial paths that the primary pulse and its reflections traverse and to compare its predictions with observations regarding the relative arrival times of the different components pulses. The model's equations predict the time of arrival of each individual component pulse, subject to the total distance that the pulse has travelled and the pressure-dependent pulse propagation velocity in each arterial segment. The different relevant arterial paths are denoted by xn, where x1 refers to the arm arterial path while x2, x3 refer to the thoracic and abdominal aorta, respectively. tn refers to the time of arrival of the nth component pulse at the radial/digital arterial peripheral site. While in the case of the #1 pulse its arrival time, t1, is determined only by its travel along the arm complex arteries (x1 path), the arrival times for the #2 and #3 pulses take into account their initial travel as the primary ejection pressure pulse, travelling at systolic pressure, as well as, after impacting a reflection site, their subsequent return as a reflected pulse at pressures that are now significantly lower. As an example, the "second systolic" (#2) pulse traverses the thoracic aorta at systolic pressure, traverses it again as an R2 reflection after re-direction at the renal arteries reflection site (indicated as R2 of pulse pressure plus diastolic pressure) and then enters the arm arteries where it loses another percentage of its amplitude due to the R1 reflection coefficient that incorporates artery segment transitions, such as the aortic/subclavian junction.
The pressure dependence of the pulse propagation velocity is implemented using the Moens-Korteweg  equation, specifically ν = √((hE eζ P)/(2ρα)) relating pressure and velocity. Its definitions are as follows: νx(P) is the velocity of the xth arterial pulse path as a function of the pressure Px,m indicated, where × is again the index of the path section and m is a running term index. In the definition of ν E is the Young's modulus, α is the artery's diameter, h is the arterial wall thickness, ρ is the fluid density, ξ is the arterial compliance and P is the pressure and PP is the pulse pressure. The Young's modulus and the arterial extensibility ξ are different for the different arterial segments.
Another critical feature of the model is that R2, the renal reflection coefficient, is dependent on systolic pressure. The motivation for this is based on the following consideration. As discussed, the renal reflection (P2 pulse) originates at the junction between thoracic and abdominal aorta, a junction that is characterized by a significant change in arterial diameter. Since the thoracic aorta is the softest artery in the body, as evidence by the fact that it exhibits the lowest pulse pressure propagation velocities (4-5 m/s) and much more extensible than the abdominal aorta, increasing peak pressure, or systole, will enlarge the diameter mismatch, giving rise to a more pronounced renal reflection pulse amplitude while falling systole will produce the opposite effect, an effect observed in manipulative experiments performed by Latham . The critical insight then is that the amplitude of the renal reflection will increase relative to the amplitude of the primary systolic (P1 pulse) peak because, while both component pulses travel the arteries of the arm complex, and are therefore both subject to the pulse narrowing and heightening due to the taper and wall composition changes of the peripheral arteries, only the renal reflection will have sampled the pressure-induced aortic impedance mismatch changes. This establishes the motivation for taking the ratio of the amplitudes of the #2 and the #1 pulse, which is P2P1.
A similarly physical argument can be made for the difference in arrival times of the primary pulse (#1) and the iliac reflection (#3), or T13. The difference in the arrival times of the primary arterial pulse, that is the left ventricular ejection, and the iliac reflection pulse is determined by the differential velocities with which both pulses propagated along their arterial paths. In the case of the iliac reflection the path length is longer than that of the primary pulse by almost twice the length of the torso. More importantly, both pulses travel at different velocities because their pressure amplitudes are different. Specifically, the iliac reflection pulse amplitude, which is determined by the reflection coefficient of the iliac reflection site, is on the order of 40% of pulse pressure. This point is graphically made in Figure 2. Both pulses therefore load the arterial wall differently during their arterial travel, as a result of which their propagation velocities are different. The second insight is that, because the pressure/velocity response curve is non-linear, a result known since the 1960s based on Anliker's work,  both pulses accelerate and decelerate at different rates as the pressure rises and falls. The primary pulse experiences the highest changes in velocity as a function of changes in blood pressure because it is subject to the steepest section of the pressure/velocity response curve, while the iliac pulse, "running" at much lower pressure, changes velocity much more gradually. Changes in the time of arrival therefore then reflect changes in the differential arterial pressure that the two pulses experience. While this differential pressure is not exactly pulse pressure, that is the difference between the full pulse arterial pulse height and the diastolic pressure floor, it represents about 60%-70% of it, assuming the previously stated iliac reflection coefficient.
Relative amplitudes and velocity/pressure relationships of the component pulses. #2's amplitude and propagation velocity can change significantly due to the pressure dependence of R2, the renal reflection coefficient.
Figure 2 presents a graphic display of the relative amplitudes of the left ventricular ejection (#1) and the trailing reflection pulses and their resulting relative positions on the pulse propagation velocity curve, which is highly pressure dependent. As a result the arrival times of the different pulses are highly pressure dependent, a point that is clarified by Figure 3, which presents the pulse travel times, from bottom to top, respectively, of the primary ejection pulse (#1), the renal reflection (#2), and the iliac reflection (#3). The iliac pulse's arrival time shortens only slightly with increasing pressure because its amplitude remains close to the diastolic pressure regime. The renal reflection peak's arrival time (middle) experiences significant non-linearity because the reflection coefficient, R2, is highly pressure dependent. The left ventricular ejection (#1, bottom curve) has the highest amplitude and samples the steepest section of the pressure/velocity curve and is therefore most pressure dependent. Using Young's moduli obtained from the literature and letting the model fit R2 as well as the velocities of the primary arterial path ways it is then possible to compare experimental data with model predictions.
Arrival times, as predicted by PDA model, of the three component pulses, from bottom up, #1 (left ventricular ejection), #2 (renal reflection), and #3 (iliac reflection).
Figure 3 displays the fact that human arterial pathways, for the average height population we have studied, are generally very short relative the distances the arterial pulse traverses within a cardiac cycle. Typical arterial pulse propagation velocities range, for healthy and unstressed arteries, from 4 - 9 m/s. This fact influences particularly the arrival time of the #1 pulse profoundly. In the lower pressure range, which is the pressure regime that was examined here, the #1 pulse pulls away from the #2 and #3 reflection pulses, as evidenced by the fact that its arrival time shortens significantly faster with increasing pressure than the arrival times of #2 and #3. Consequently, in this pressure range, T13 would be expected to widen with increasing pressure and shorten with decreasing pressure. Figure 3 therefore provides a quantitative basis for why T13 is hypothesized to be directly dependent on blood pressure changes in the blood pressure regime that was examined here.
As the pressure continues to increase, however, the arrival time of the primary #1 pulse saturates as it runs out of arterial runway. Consequently further increases in arterial pulse propagation velocity do not result in a further shortening of the arrival time. Meanwhile the #3 pulse continues to accelerate with increasing pressure, narrowing the T13 time delay in this high-pressure regime. The details of the pressure-dependent evolution of the arrival time curves are critically dependent on the choice of different velocity profiles for the different arterial sections, a point that is discussed later.
The algorithm that is based on the pulse analysis model just presented encompasses the following components: 1. a peak finder that identifies heartbeats in the derivative data stream, 2. a differentiator that produces the second derivative of the detected heart beat which is then used to find the inversions corresponding to the locations of the component pulses, 3. a digital integrator, implemented as a Bessel filter, that generates the integrated pulse wave form from the differentiated raw signal stream, and from which relative component pulse amplitudes are determined and 4. a low-pass filter that allows identification of the primary systolic peak. Furthermore the frequency content of the data stream is continuously analyzed in order to calculate signal to noise (S/N) figures of merit that determine whether signal fidelity is sufficiently high to permit peak detection and analysis.
The detection efficiency of the heart beats was typically on the order of 92%, as evidenced by visual inspection of inter-beat spectra which readily reveal missed beats. Detection was typically poorest at the highest negative pressure (-60 mmHg) because of significantly diminished pulse amplitude.
Once the temporal locations of the reflection component pulses and the systolic peak are identified, the T13 interval, the time delay between systolic (P1) and iliac peak (P3), is calculated. The P2P1 ratio is calculated using the amplitudes of the P2 peak and the systolic peak, in the integrated pulse spectrum. Detection efficiency of the component pulses was on the order of 90%. Detection again was poorest at the highest negative pressure because of diminished pulse amplitude.
We present regression coefficients between LBNP levels and pulse pressure responses of the three measurement systems. In order to compare relative sensitivities of the three systems to changes in pulse pressure we present results of different repeated measures ANOVA analyses, which were performed using the Minitab statistical software (Release 14, Minitab Ltd.). Data are presented as means ± SE unless specified otherwise.
In Figure 4 we present an example of the evolution of arterial pressure pulse line shape changes for the 6 stages of an hour-long LBNP session (right-hand graph B) as well as the T13 trace for the entire session (left graph A). The subject in this case was a 31 y. female. The time evolution of the presented pulse line shapes is downward, starting at the top at atmospheric pressure, and ending with a pulse line shape obtained after the LBNP chamber was vented from -60 mmHg back to atmospheric pressure. Each pulse line shape represents a 10-pulse average.
Evolution of T13 parameter (graph A) and corresponding arterial pressure pulse line shapes (10-pulse averages) for subject #5, 31 y. f, over the course of an entire LBNP session. The narrowing of the arterial pulse is indicated by the downward (with time) pointing arrows that identify the changing temporal position of component pulses #2 and #3 relative to the primary systolic pulse #1. In this subject the heart rate changed significantly. Note the different rate of change in the T13 interval and the heart rate. Of interest also is the massive rebound that is observed in the #2 component pulse amplitude after venting, which subsided within minutes.
The dynamic range of the iliac and renal peak positions is indicated by the downward sweeping arrows, while the position of the primary systolic peak (#1) is indicated by the vertical solid arrow. The narrowing of the time interval between iliac and systolic component pulses with decreasing negative pressure is clearly visible. Furthermore, while the heart rate also changed, as indicated by the shortening inter-beat interval, it is clear that the rates of change for T13 and heart rate are different, i.e. the inter-beat interval narrowed faster than T13. A further point of interest is the shape of the arterial pressure pulse after venting, which in all subjects caused a significant rise in systolic blood pressure, as determined using the conventional blood pressure monitors. The pressure pulse line shape in question has the typical pulse shape associated with a positive augmentation index, which is defined as (height of #2 pulse - height of #1 pulse)/maximum overall amplitude. A positive augmentation index is usually taken to be indicative of arterial aging, which, given the subject's age, is unlikely to be the case. This subject's pulse shape returned, along with normalizing systole, within minutes to the original line shape (top trace in Figure 4B).
While the results displayed in Figure 4 exhibited a significant change in heart rate along with the change in T13, this was not a general observation. Figure 5 presents the results regarding inter-beat interval and T13 for subject #9, a 24 y. male, who did not exhibit any appreciable change in heart rate until venting. The narrowing of T13 with decreasing negative pressure, however, matched those of all subjects.
Temporal evolution of the inter-beat interval and T13 over the course of the LBNP session of subject #9, 24 y. m., In this subject the narrowing of T13 was observed without any change in heart rate until venting.
Figure 6 displays a representative side-by-side comparison of pulse pressures obtained with the automatic cuff (left graph) and the Finapres (center graph), as well as the evolution of the T13 parameter over the course of the LBNP session of subject #3, (right graph). The general absence of a discernible trend in the readings of the cuff with progressing hypovolemia was typical for all data runs.
Comparison of the individual results for cuff-based pulse pressure (left graph), Finapres-based pulse pressure (center), and PDA-based T13 measurements, for subject #3. The right panels present the simultaneously obtained T13 delay times between the primary left-ventricular ejection pulse and the iliac reflection pulse recorded on the subject's middle member of the middle digit.
Figure 7 presents comparative overall results for pulse pressures and T13 as a function of progressive decreasing negative pressure. Specifically, Figure 7A presents the overall pulse pressure results of the automatic pressure cuff while Figure 7B presents the overall results for T13. Figure 7C presents overall pulse pressure results for the Finapres.
Overall results for pulse pressure obtained with the automatic cuff (graph A), the PDA pulse pressure-equivalent parameter T13 (B) and the Finapres (C).
The ability of the four measurement methods to resolve the effects of the different LBNP stages at a statistically significant level varied. While the PDA T13 parameter was able to resolve each of the four LBNP stages relative to atmospheric pressure, neither the Finapres nor the cuff were able to resolve the stages with the two least negative pressures (-15 & - 30 mmHg), corresponding to the smallest changes in pulse pressure, with significance set at p ≤ 0.01. Heart rate, as a detection modality for resolving the two least negative pressure LBNP stages, almost reached statistical significance, performing significantly better than the Finapres or the cuff. Table 1 presents the results of the ANOVA analysis.
A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the intra-subject ability of the four methodologies to resolve LBNP-induced differences of -15 mmHg and atmospheric pressure, and -30 mmHg and atmospheric pressure revealed similar differences. In Figure 8 we present the results.
ROC analysis of the comparative intra-subject sensitivity/specificity of T13, heart rate, cuff pulse pressure, and Finapres pulse pressure to resolving the difference of -15 mmHg versus -30 mmHg LBNP relative to atmospheric pressure. Respectively the areas under the curve are 0.83, 0.66, 0.59, and 0.55.
An important question is whether T13 is indeed a pulse pressure equivalent or whether it simply tracks the changes in heart rate referred to in Figure 4. Figure 9 presents a comparison of pulse pressure, as measured with the cuff, as a function of T13 and heart rate, as measured with the Finapres, as a function of T13. While T13 correlates linearly with the pulse pressure determined using the cuff (0.19 × T13 (milliseconds) + 2.58, R2 = 0.98, p < 0.0001) a second order model is required to obtain a correlation with heart rate (-1.51x T13 (milliseconds) 0.015 -2.24526E-5 T132 (milliseconds)).
Functional comparison of T13 with pulse pressure obtained from cuff (left), and heart rate (right).
In Figure 10 we present an overlay of the experimental results and the model's predictions. The experimental data, all averages from 15 subjects, are the T13 values obtained from each LBNP stage as well as the corresponding pulse pressure values as determined with the Finapres. Since systole did not change appreciably for any of the subjects, we use the average value of 120 mmHg throughout. Consequently, as observed experimentally, changes in pulse pressure are driven entirely by changes in diastole. The most important aspect of the agreement between the model and data, as presented in Figure 10, are the arterial parameter assumptions that are required to achieve it. The single dominant factor that determines the response of T13 to pressure changes is the pressure/arterial pulse velocity response of the different arterial sections that the systolic pulse and its two central reflections traverse. Furthermore the range of relative pressure/velocity response curves that is possible, given the constraints of the experimental data, is very narrow. Clearly the model at this stage uses a significant simplification of the arterial path sections and the response curves presented represent averages over these pathways. While more details will be introduced in future versions of the model the aim here is to demonstrate that the basic physical picture hypothesized by the PDA model matches observations.
Overlap of PDA T13 prediction and LBNP study data as a function of diastolic pressure change. The line around which the data are grouped corresponds to systole = 120 mmHg. Adjacent lines correspond to ±5 mmHg.
While the starting values of the pressure/velocity curves for the arm complex arteries as well as the thoracic/abdominal aorta were based on published arterial pulse propagation velocities,  the results of the LBNP experiments provide an opportunity to deduce the relative dynamic response characteristics of the different sections, which are not readily available as they have not been the subject of research interests in a long time. In order to obtain the fit shown in Figure 10, a different dynamic behavior of the arm complex relative to that of the central arteries had to be modeled. Specifically, while the arm complex arteries required a distinct exponential response characteristic, the simulated central arteries' response, in the blood pressure range under consideration, was essentially linear. And it is this difference in dynamic response that enables the model to generate T13 curves whose slopes match those observed. In contrast, changes in starting values only shifted the family of curves in parallel up or down in but did not change the relative slopes of the curves.
Before discussing the implications of what appear to be statistically significant correlative results it is important to consider the hypothesis of whether they could be due to an unrelated experimental artefact, specifically the increasing abdominal compression with the increasing LBNP pressures that has been reported . Two arguments can be made to refute this concern. If the increasing abdominal compression were to have progressively given rise to a new reflection site between renal and iliac reflection sites, a new reflected component pulse would have arisen between the #2 and #3 component pulses, progressively increasing with each LBNP-induced abdominal compression stage. Such additional central reflection sites have been observed by Kriz  in the context of aortic aneurysms. We have observed the resulting additional component pulses of such aortic aneurysms in the arterial periphery, a subject of future publication. However, as part of this work, in none of the LBNP stages and in none of the subjects studied were such additional component pulses observed.
A second argument is that the same response in T13 is observed in the case of actual hemorrhage, induced through blood donation of 1 pint. With two subjects only so far, the continuous decrease of T13 was observed as the blood donation progressed. Moreover, the decrease observed in the blood donation experiment matched well the average decrease that was observed in the first stage (-15 mmHg) of the LBNP results reported here, in line with the estimation of central blood loss for that stage . A blood donation study with 50 subjects to verify these preliminary results is about to commence.
The results presented therefore support the hypothesis that the time delay between the primary component pulse (#1) and the iliac reflection pulse (#3), T13, correlates with pulse pressure and provide a first milestone in the validation of the PDA model. A number of conclusions follow.
Any reflection sites in the arm complex arteries proximal to the radial/digital arteries will not affect the pulse line shape that is observed there because any pulse reflections due to such reflection sites will travel away from them and back toward the central arteries. Their re-entry into the arm complex arteries could only be accomplished as re-reflections, with dramatically reduced amplitudes that would be masked by the primary renal and iliac reflections.
The hypothesis that the shape of the peripheral pressure pulse is predominantly determined by reflections in the aorta may seem surprising and will no doubt be gradually accepted. On the one hand maneuvers that are known to modify the thoracic pressure profile, such as valsalva that selectively modulates the renal reflection site and therefore the #2 component pulse,  provide a ready method to demonstrate the critical importance of the central reflection sites. Alternatively manipulative experiments in the arterial periphery could be suggested to support or challenge the hypothesized physical picture. One possibility is partial occlusion of a femoral artery, with pulse monitoring distally on, for example, the pedal artery. Particularly since in the legs the #2 and #3 component pulses are diminished because they are re-reflections, it should be possible to observe the additional component pulse that would originate from the partial occlusion site, travel to the iliac reflection site and reflect there toward the distal monitoring site. Movement of the occlusion site along the leg arteries should change the timing of the additional component pulse relative to the pulse envelope.
A relevant physiological phenomenon is pressure pulse amplification of the arterial periphery that is attributed to the taper of the arterial walls as well as their changing wall composition relative to the core arteries. The important realization here is that, while the arterial pressure pulse is temporally compressed and increased in amplitude, these changes to the pulse envelope are, in the absence of arterial dilation or constriction, static. This is the basis of using the validated transfer function approach  that uses pulse shapes obtained in the arterial periphery to predict central artery pulse shapes and blood pressures. It is the central artery dynamics that determine the peripheral pulse in the transfer function model. In the PDA model, which offers a concrete physical model instead of a generalized Fourier-based inverse filter, it is also the central artery dynamics that dominate the relationships between the components. Significant arterial dilation and constriction does modify the component pulse relations, and this is an object of current study.
The head plays a much diminished role in regard to pressure pulse reflections that are observed at the arterial periphery of the arm. Arterial pressure pulse reflections that return via the carotid arteries will, upon entering the aortic arch and traveling along the descending thoracic, re-reflect off the reflection site in the vicinity of the renal arteries. Assuming a reflection coefficient on the order of 17%, the amplitude of such a re-reflection will be on the order of 3% of the primary peak amplitude, and consequently be masked by the much larger pressure primary pulse reflections #2 and #3.
The PDA model ties together recent related observations by others. The fact that the ratio of the amplitudes of the #2 (P2) and #1 (P1) pulses correlates with systolic pressure is not surprising in light of the results obtained by Takazawa et. al.,  Takada et. al.,  and Imanaga et al.  In Figure 11, which displays the 10-pulse average of the arterial digital pressure pulse of a 21 y. male athlete, we also present the second derivative of the arterial pulse. Takazawa et. al. labeled the different inversions, "waves", of this second derivative trace as indicated in the figure. The results of several studies suggest that the ratio d/a correlates with blood pressure, along with many other physiological parameters [28, 29]. Comparative inspection of the two traces establishes that the waves "a" and "d" are temporally in very similar positions to P1 and P2, respectively. A parameter introduced by Bartolotto  that incorporates very similar definitions of P1 and P2 as the PDA model was also found to correlate with systolic pressure. This parameter is the augmentation index of the photoplethysmograph, PTG (AUGI), and it is defined as (P2-P1)/MA, where P2 and P1 are the amplitudes of the primary and second systolic peaks in the photoplethysmograph, respectively, and MA is the maximum envelope amplitude. These correlative results support the PDA model, which supplies the physical explanation both for the origin of the component pulses as well as why the correlation of the relative amplitudes of these component pulses with systolic pressure exists.
Arterial pressure pulse line shape (black trace, 10-pulse average), and its second derivative (gray trace), of a 21 y. male athlete collected at the middle phalange of the middle finger. The pulse line shape displays distinct pulsatile features labeled #1, #2, #3. While the #1 is the direct pass due to left ventricular ejection, the rest of the pulse envelope is due to arterial reflections. Indicative of distinct arterial pulse reflection sites is the fact that the reflected wave exhibits pulsatile components (#2, #3, and beyond) that feature comparable temporal extents as the primary ejection-related feature #1. The inversions of the second derivative trace are labeled according to the convention introduced by Takada et. al.
As with the PDA's P2P1 parameter, others have suggested measures that utilize the same time interval corresponding to T13 and have somewhat comparable physical interpretations. Millasseau  labels the time delay PPT in the digital volume pulse and suggests that it corresponds to the transit time of pressure waves from the root of the subclavian artery to the "apparent" site of reflection "in the lower body" and back to the subclavian artery. The reason for choosing the subclavian artery as a starting and ending point is however unclear, since the pressure wave does not originate there. If, on the other hand, the subclavian artery were to give rise to the #3 pressure pulse as a reflection site, the amplitude of the iliac pulse would be dramatically lower than what is observed (20-40% of the primary peak) at the radial or digital artery. Succinctly put, the pulse would have travelled from the left ventricle to the subclavian artery, reflected there at some reflection site, then to travel to the iliac reflection site. It would return from there as a re-reflection pulse with commensurately much reduced amplitude, an unlikely scenario.
A significant benefit of measuring T13 over pulse pressure directly is its higher resolution and sensitivity. The results indicate the equivalence of a change of about 200 milliseconds in T13 to a variation of about 8 mmHg in pulse pressure over the entire range of a simulated central blood loss in excess of 1 liter for this cohort of fit and relatively young subjects. The results therefore indicate that the PDA technology is capable of resolving small changes in pulse pressure, a feat that sphygmomanometers are not well suited for. Given the suggestion by others that pulse pressure can be considered as a surrogate for stroke volume and therefore as a means to track loss of blood volume in trauma patients,  the accurate monitoring of pulse pressure could be a vital component in predicting hemorrhagic shock.
The potential benefits of utilizing T13 in detecting small changes in pulse pressure, coupled with the small size of the wireless CareTaker hardware, which weighs on the order of 5 oz, and the fact that it tracks blood pressure at low coupling pressures, makes the system attractive for the monitoring of patients at risk for internal hemorrhage. A benefit of such field-based monitoring is that internal hemorrhage could be detected well before hemodynamic collapse, making timely intervention feasible.
Currently studies are underway to further validate the PDA model by simultaneously correlating intra-aortic blood pressure with the peripherally measured PDA parameters T13 and P2P1.
We have presented a new physical model of the propagation of the arterial pressure pulse and its reflections as well as a comparison of the predictions of the model with experimentally obtained pulse parameters and conventionally obtained blood pressures. The agreement of observations and measurements provides a preliminary validation of the model which in turn could provide a renewed impetus in the study of the human arterial pressure pulse. The model is based on few, physical, assumptions because it proposes that the structure of the pulse is due to it is readily identifiably arterial pulse reflection sites. As a result it is also readily testable.
This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research and the National Institutes of Health for portions of this research through contract N00014-09-M-0146 and grant 1R43HL087476-01A1.
Drs. Baruch, Gerdt, and Adkins are the founders of and are fully employed by Empirical Technologies Corporation and have developed both the CareTaker hardware as well as the PDA formalism. Since the CareTaker is a commercial device they stand to gain financially if the PDA formalism is validated and accepted.
Drs. Warburton and Bredin and Ms. Cote are with the Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia. Neither they nor the Laboratory has received funds from ETC nor do they stand to gain financially if the CareTaker technology proves successful.
MCB data analysis, model development, and drafting of manuscript. DERW data collection, editing and revision of manuscript. SSDB data collection; AC: data collection. DWG model refinement, editing and revision of manuscript; CMA model refinement, editing and revision of manuscript. All authors read and approved the final draft.


The relationship your dog and your partner share can be strengthened with your help. If you haven't done so already, facilitate a calm, friendly introduction. After that, pay attention to your own relationship with your dog, as well as any specific feelings your partner has about your dog. By ensuring both of their needs are met, and communicating openly with your partner, you will all be living happily ever after in no time.
Facilitate a peaceful introduction. If you're lucky, your partner and your dog will fall for one another as soon as they meet. Considering your positive feelings about each of them, this is actually quite likely. However, there are a few important things that can help make sure an introduction goes well.
As the dog meets your partner, provide them with a treat while saying your partner's name in a calm, friendly voice.
Tell your partner to avoid direct eye contact with your dog. This may stress your dog out.
Talk with your partner about your dog's social cues. Especially if your dog tends to be a bit nervous around new people, talk to your partner about letting your dog take the initiative to interact physically. For instance, have the dog walk up to them, instead of allowing your partner to reach out towards your dog.
More specifically, tell your partner not to assume they can pet your dog when your dog walks up to them to sniff.
Tell your partner to wait to pet your dog until to dog is visibly relaxed, with loose body language. Other signs that the dog seeks physical interaction include keeping a close proximity next to your partner, especially leaning or rubbing against them.
Have your partner play hard to get. Some shy dogs may be more likely to want to interact with your partner if your partner ignores them. For example, have your partner sit with you, but with their body angled slightly away from your dog. Further, direct them not to acknowledge or otherwise seek your dog's attention.
When your partner approaches you and your dog, tell them to greet you warmly and calmly, but not acknowledge your dog. Have your partner acknowledge your dog and give them a treat only if your dog approaches your partner and sniffs them.
Address aggressive dog behavior. Dogs can sometimes behave aggressively for a number of reasons. Most commonly, this aggression is associated with protectiveness, possessiveness, fearfulness, or defensiveness. Fortunately, many fearful tendencies can be curbed with training. In short, you need to show an aggressive dog that you are in control, and that they don't need to intervene on your or their own behalf.
If your dog behaves aggressively towards other people, consider waiting to introduce them to your partner until you are better able to control their behavior.
Note that dogs from rescue facilities are often more likely to have aggressive tendencies, perhaps especially towards men.
If you are unable to curb your dog's aggressive tendencies through training, it's important to seek professional help. Look for help an animal behaviorist that is certified and experienced.
Click-train your dog to reward positive interactions with your partner. Use a clicker whenever your dog is relaxed around or approaches your partner. As soon as you make the clicking noise, give your dog a treat to reward it. Every time there's a positive interaction between your dog and your partner, use the clicker and give them a treat. Over time, your dog will behave better around your partner.
Have your partner help train your dog. Once your dog is comfortable around your partner, have your partner begin to establish a stronger bond with your dog by engaging in the same training practices you use. Further, your partner can establish more clear social boundaries with your dog by helping you enforce the rules you have for your dog.
Start simply, by having your partner give commands to do things your dog already knows how to do, like "sit". When the dog obeys, have your partner provide a treat and pet the dog.
This can be especially helpful if your dog seems to like your partner a bit too much. For instance, if your dog always wants to jump and play with your partner, training can help convey that your dog also needs to listen to your partner when they tell them "down" and other commands.
Watch for signs that your dog is stressed. Adjustments to your dog's environment, including the increased presence of your partner, may cause them to become stressed. This is true even if they are friendly with your partner. Make sure your dog is not feeling uneasy if your partner is spending more time at your home by monitoring your dog's behavior closely.
Specific signs of stress to watch out for include chewing, marking, and withdrawing from you or your partner.
If these signs develop, make a point of spending more time with your dog and showing them more affection.
Maintain the dog's schedule. Aside from spending consistent time with your dog, it's additionally important to help keep your dog's schedule stable. Most simply, try to keep any routine you've established with the dog as closely as possible. For instance, if you walk and feed the dog at similar times every day, keep it up.
If adjustments do need to be made, do so gradually.
For instance, if your dog is accustomed to spending three hours together hanging out every day, don't all the sudden reduce this amount to one hour. Instead, make sure you're still spending at least two hours together daily.
Plan a pet and partner play date. One of the best ways to strengthen the bonds between the animals and humans in your life is by spending time all together. Try to choose activities that all parties will enjoy. For instance, if both your partner and your dog enjoy being active, go to the park for a game of long-distance fetch.
When you're all together around the house, be sure to spend time cuddling all together. If you exclude your dog, they may be more likely to become jealous or resentful. Further, the more your partner and dog cuddle with each other, the better their own relationship will be.
As long as neither is aggressive towards the other, don't feel like you need to constantly intervene to improve their relationship. Instead, focus on maintaining a positive with each of them independently.
In fact, the stronger your relationships with each one individually, the more likely they'll wind up falling for one another.
Be clear about the rules your partner needs to follow. Communicate both your training regimen and the rules you expect your dog to follow early on in your relationship with a new partner (or a new dog). Further, note specific concerns you have as well.
Even before your partner may be able to help with training, they should be told how to prevent complicating the training process.
For instance, if you're training your dog not to jump up on people, direct your partner to ignore the dog and turn away when they jump up.
Further, if you know your dog likes to bolt out the door when other people enter or exit your home, make sure your partner is aware of this.
Express your own needs. Be explicit about what you want. While the rules that you need your partner to help you enforce may be easier to talk about, it's also important to share your desires. If a positive relationship between your dog and your partner is important to you, be sure to mention it.
For instance, if your partner and your dog do not acknowledge each other and this bothers you, feel free to mention it. In this case, say something like, "It would really mean a lot to me if you could be more warm towards Lana Dog Rey."
Get professional help. There are some issues that may indicate the dog needs more effective training. The fact of the matter is that a poorly-behaved dog can definitely be frustrating to deal with, even if their behavior doesn't bother you personally. Additionally, any prolonged aggression from your dog needs to be addressed before your dog snaps at your partner or another human.
Never allow your partner to be abusive towards your dog. While a dog's aggression may be addressed through calm exposure to new people and experiences, a human's aggression towards animals should simply not be tolerated.
Talk to your vet about different ways you can train your dog, or about how to look for a certified, experienced dog trainer.
Be willing to carry the responsibility of dog ownership. Ideally, you and a serious romantic partner will support one another's interests, including taking care of a pet. However, it's not necessarily fair to assume that your partner will want to help take care of a dog. If, for instance, they simply don't like dogs, you shouldn't expect them to want to watch your dog for you or take it on walks.
In short, as a dog owner, it's ultimately your responsibility to ensure that the dog's needs are met. This may require you to do most of the chores involved with owning a dog, even if you share a home with an otherwise supportive partner.


Kumauni Badi Curry is a humble curry made of homemade dried lentil drops usually cooked simmering over low heat in the wooden fire/chullah flavored with garlic chunks and wheat flour. In Kumauni region, Vadi is usually pronounced as Badi in the local dialect and the whole dish when served with rice, is called Badi – Bhaat (Rice). Many of us who are familiar with Punjabi Masala Vadis, yes the making of these lentil drops is very much similar to that but without any spices and with a very little addition of basic seasoning. In Pahadi Badi Curry, wheat flour is acting as a thickening as well as the flavoring agent whereas in other cuisines mostly tomato is used to flavor the curry.
When I asked my mom the reason behind making these lentil drops and storing them, she explained during earlier days life was not so easy in the foothill of Himalayas, natural produce was limited due to harsh weather and confined resources, during the season when lentils are in abundance Pahadi ladies started making lentil drops, sun dry them in the soft winter sun and store it for the coming bad days, that is how making and storing of Badis got so popular over the entire Kumaun region. Today it has become a Kumauni tradition and every household follows it like a yearly ritual by making a small batch of Badis for family and relatives.
I have grown up in the era where I have seen my mother and aunts grinding lentil for the Badi in stone mortar and pestle for hours and my great grandmother sitting close by to provide her experienced guidance to do it perfectly, today I cannot imagine that much of hard work in my kitchen but in those days without any food processor my mother used to grind 3 – 4 kgs of lentil, shape them of equal size with fingers and then arrange them neatly in giant sized trays and my only contribution was to take those giant trays to the terrace for sun drying. As I grew up she used to engage me in shaping Badis from the lentil paste and always complained about my not so fine shape Badis.
Today I have capitulated to this metro life and do not even dare to make my own batch of Badi at home but I get my regular supply of it from home, where ladies still make it every year with the same zeal and love, considering it a sacred ritual which needs to be passed on from one generation to the other, sadly the art is slowly dying as the new generation is more keen on learning western food delicacies This post is my ode to all the Pahadi ladies who been making Badis from years just to keep this food art alive.
Heat 2 tbsp ghee in a pan and fry badi over medium flame until golden on both sides. Drain on an absorbent paper and set aside.
In a heavy bottomed saucepan, heat remaining 2 tbsp ghee over medium heat.
Add cumin seeds and saute until brown in color and fragrant.
Now add chopped garlic and saute for 1 – 2 minutes.
Add in chopped onion and ginger – green chili paste, fry until onion turn translucent.
Add wheat flour and roast over medium flame until flour turn deep brown in color and starts releasing a distinct aroma.
Once flour is roasted, add enough water to make curry, salt, spices and fried badiya.
Let it simmer over low flame till curry thickens and badiyan get cooked. The cooking time for badi depends on the quality of the badi, mine usually takes 20 – 30 minutes.
And the curry tastes better only when simmered over low heat for sometime.
Garnish with chopped coriander and serve hot with rice.


text:
fairpay@pay-equity.org
Fact sheets I Current legislation I Salary Surveys
Polls I What People Are Saying I Links
Questions & Answers on Pay Equity
What is pay equity?
Pay equity is a means of eliminating sex and race discrimination in the wage-setting system. Many women and people of color are still segregated into a small number of jobs such as clerical, service workers, nurses and teachers. These jobs have historically been undervalued and continue to be underpaid to a large extent because of the gender and race of the people who hold them. Pay equity means that the criteria employers use to set wages must be sex- and race-neutral.
What is the legal status of pay equity?
Two laws protect workers against wage discrimination. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 prohibits unequal pay for equal or "substantially equal" work performed by men and women. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits wage discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, religion or national origin. In 1981, the Supreme Court made it clear that Title VII is broader than the Equal Pay Act, and prohibits wage discrimination even when the jobs are not identical. However, wage discrimination laws are poorly enforced and cases are extremely difficult to prove and win. Stronger legislation is needed to ease the burden of filing claims and clarify the right to pay equity.
How large is the wage gap?
2013 Median Annual Earnings
of Year-Round, Full-Time Workers
All Men All Women
$50,033 100% $39,157 78%
In 2013, the earnings of African American women were $34,089, 68.1 percent of all men's earnings, a slight decrease from 68.6 percent in 2012, and Latinas' earnings were $30,209, 60.4 percent of all men's earnings, an increase from 57.5 percent in 2012. Asian American women's earnings of $42,335 were 84.6 percent of all men's earnings, a decrease from 92 percent in 2012. The National Committee on Pay Equity's The Wage Gap Over Time shows how little the wage gap has changed in this century.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Series PINC-05
Why is there a wage gap?
The wage gap exists, in part, because many women and people of color are still segregated into a few low-paying occupations. More than half of all women workers hold sales, clerical and service jobs. Studies show that the more an occupation is dominated by women or people of color, the less it pays. Part of the wage gap results from differences in education, experience or time in the workforce. But a significant portion cannot be explained by any of those factors; it is attributable to discrimination. In other words, certain jobs pay less because they are held by women and people of color.
Hasn't the wage gap closed considerably in recent years?
The wage gap has narrowed by about 15 percentage points during the last 23 years, ranging from 62 percent in 1982 to 77 percent in 2010. Since 1973, however, approximately 60 percent of the change in the wage gap is due to the fall in men's real earnings and only about 40 percent to the increase in women's wages. At this rate of change, the Institute for Women's Policy Research estimates that it will take 50 years to close the wage gap.
Is it possible to compare different jobs?
Yes, employers have used job evaluations for nearly a century to set pay and rank for different occupations within a company or organization. Today, two out of three workers are employed by firms that use some form of job evaluation. The federal government, the nation's largest employer, has a 70-year old job evaluation system that covers nearly two million employees.
Who really needs pay equity?
Women, people of color, and white men who work in jobs that have been undervalued due to race or sex bias need pay equity. Many of these workers are the sole support for their families. In addition, it is estimated that 70 percent of women with children under 18 work outside the home. (Up from 44.9 percent 20 years ago.) Discriminatory pay has consequences as people age and across generations. Everyone in society is harmed by wage discrimination. Therefore, everyone needs pay equity.
Is pay equity an effective anti-poverty strategy?
Yes, pay equity helps workers become self-sufficient and reduces their reliance on government assistance programs. A recent study found that nearly 40 percent of poor working women could leave welfare programs if they were to receive pay equity wage increases. Pay equity can bring great savings to tax payers at a minimal cost to business. Adjustments would cost no more than 3.7 percent of hourly wage expenses.
Will the wages of white men be reduced if pay equity is implemented?
No, Federal law prohibits reducing pay for any employee to remedy discrimination. Furthermore, male workers in female-dominated jobs benefit when sex discrimination is eliminated, as do white workers in minority-dominated jobs. Pay equity means equal treatment for all workers.
Will achieving pay equity require a national wage-setting system?
No, pay equity does not mandate across-the-board salaries for any occupation, nor does it tamper with supply and demand. It merely means that wages must be based on job requirements like skill, effort, responsibility and working conditions without consideration of race, sex, or ethnicity.
Doesn't pay equity cost employers too much?
In Minnesota, where pay equity legislation meant raises for 30,000 state employees, the cost was only 3.7 percent of the state's payroll budget over a four-year period--less than one percent of the budget each year. In Washington State, pay equity was achieved at a cost of 2.6 percent of the state's personnel costs and was implemented over an eight-year period. Voluntary implementation of pay equity is cost effective, while court-ordered pay equity adjustments can lead to greater costs. Discrimination is costly and illegal.
Are wage inequalities the result of women's choices?
Again, part of the wage gap is attributed to differences in education, experiences and time in the work force. However, the overwhelming evidence that wage discrimination persists in America can be found in numerous court cases and legal settlements, Department of Labor investigations, surveys of men and women on the job, and salary surveys that control for age, experience and time in the workforce. While women sometimes take time out of the workforce to raise children, it should be noted that when couples are deciding who should stay home with children, the fact that the wife is earning a lower salary impacts that decision. In addition, some of the other explainable factors can sometimes be attributed to discrimination. For example, if women and men have different jobs in a company, women may not be choosing the lower paying jobs. They may have trouble advancing in a company due to bias about women's abilities or levels of commitment.
Will implementing pay equity disrupt the economy?
No. The Equal Pay Act, minimum wage, and child labor laws all provoked the same concerns and all were implemented without major disruption. What disrupts the economy and penalizes families is the systematic underpayment of some people because of their sex or race. When wages for women and people of color are raised, their purchasing power will increase, strengthening the economy. One survey found that a growing number of businesses support the elimination of wage discrimination between different jobs as "good business" and that pay equity is consistent with remaining competitive.
What is the status of efforts to achieve pay equity?
Pay equity is a growing national movement building on the progress made in the 1980s, when twenty states made some adjustments of payrolls to correct for sex or race bias. (Seven of these states successfully completed full implementation of a pay equity plan. Twenty-four states plus Washington, DC conducted studies to determine if sex was a wage determinant. Four states examined their compensation systems to correct race bias, as well.)
In recent years, pay equity bills have been introduced in more than 25 state legislatures. On the federal level, two bills have been introduced since the mid-1990s, the Paycheck Fairness Act and the Fair Pay Act. The Paycheck Fairness Act, which would amend the Equal Pay Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to provide more effective remedies to workers who are not being paid equal wages for doing equal work, was passed by the House of Representatives in the 110th and 111th Congresses. Hearings on the bill were held March 11, 2010 in the Senate, but it was defeated by a 58-41 vote on Nov. 17, 2010. The Fair Pay Act would expand the Equal Pay Act's protections against wage discrimination to workers in equivalent jobs with similar skills and responsibilities, even if the jobs are not identical.
What can I do about pay equity?
Urge your senators to support the Paycheck Fairness Act.
If you need more information on how to resolve a personal situation involving unfair pay, you can call:
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) at 800-669-4000
The Equal Rights Advocates (ERA) Advice and Counseling Hotline at 800-839-4372


text:
Dolomiaea  DC., 1833 è un genere di piante erbacee angiosperme dicotiledoni  della famiglia delle Asteraceae.

Descrizione
L'aspetto di queste piante è erbaceo lievemente cespuglioso con piccole dimensioni. Sono prive di spine e spesso hanno un portamento acaulescente. La forma biologica della maggior parte delle specie è emicriptofita rosulata (H ros); ossia sono piante perenni, con gemme svernanti al livello del suolo e protette dalla lettiera o dalla neve e con le foglie disposte a formare una rosetta basale.

Le foglie sono basali e formano una rosetta. Le forme variano da ovate a lanceolate; la pagina inferiore è pubescente (lanosa o tomentosa), quella superiore è verde.

La infiorescenza è formata da un unico capolino subscaposo. La struttura del capolino è quella tipica delle Asteraceae: un breve peduncolo sorregge un involucro piriforme-cilindrico o fusiforme o ovoidale-oblungo o campanulato, composto da diverse brattee (o squame) inermi (senza appendice apicale spinosa), disposte su più serie in modo embricato che fanno da protezione al ricettacolo più o meno piano (o convesso), provvisto più o meno di pagliette, sul quale s'inseriscono i fiori tubulosi. Le squame hanno forme diverse (lanceolate o lineari o ovali) e sullo stesso capolino possono essere di dimensioni diverse; i margini sono interi o dentati con apici ottusi o acuti; il portamento può essere appressato oppure no.

I fiori sono tutti del tipo tubuloso (il tipo ligulato, i fiori del raggio, presente nella maggioranza delle Asteraceae, qui è assente), sono ermafroditi, attinoformi, tetra-ciclici (con quattro verticilli: calice – corolla – androceo – gineceo) e pentameri (ossia sia il calice che la corolla sono composti da cinque elementi).

Formula fiorale:
/x K , [C (5), A (5)], G 2 (infero), achenio

 Calice: i sepali del calice sono ridotti ad una coroncina di squame.
 Corolla: la corolla ha una forma cilindrica regolare (tubolare) ma sottile terminante improvvisamente con 5 lobi; il colore varia da porpora a rosa, raramente è bianco.
 Androceo: gli stami sono 5 con filamenti liberi e glabri; le antere sono saldate fra di loro e formano un manicotto circondante lo stilo. Le appendici delle antere sono lanceolate.
 Gineceo: l'ovario è infero e uniloculare formato da 2 carpelli; lo stilo è unico con uno stimma terminale lungamente bifido e glabro (è presente solamente un anello di peli sotto la ramificazione dello stilo). La superficie stigmatica è localizzata nella parte interna dello stilo.

I frutti sono degli acheni a forma tetrangolare, allungati e stretti (obconici); longitudinalmente sono presenti sia delle coste che dei solchi. La superficie può essere ghiandolosa, liscia o ruvida. All'apice del frutto è presente un nettario e un piccolo anello dentato. Il pappo si compone di un ciuffo di peli bi-seriati: i peli esterni sono persistenti e denticolati, quelli interni più grandi sono più piumosi, caduchi e connati alla base.

Biologia
 Impollinazione: l'impollinazione avviene tramite insetti (impollinazione entomogama).
 Riproduzione: la fecondazione avviene fondamentalmente tramite l'impollinazione dei fiori (vedi sopra).
 Dispersione: i semi cadendo a terra (dopo essere stati trasportati per alcuni metri dal vento per merito del pappo – disseminazione anemocora) sono successivamente dispersi soprattutto da insetti tipo formiche (disseminazione mirmecoria).

Distribuzione e habitat
La maggior parte delle specie di questo genere si trova nella parte centrale dell'Asia (dal Pakistan alla Cina sud-centrale).

Sistematica
La famiglia di appartenenza di questa voce (Asteraceae o Compositae, nomen conservandum) probabilmente originaria del Sud America, è la più numerosa del mondo vegetale, comprende oltre 23.000 specie distribuite su 1.535 generi, oppure 22.750 specie e 1.530 generi secondo altre fonti (una delle checklist più aggiornata elenca fino a 1.679 generi). La famiglia attualmente (2021) è divisa in 16 sottofamiglie.

La tribù Cardueae (della sottofamiglia Carduoideae) a sua volta è suddivisa in 12 sottotribù (la sottotribù Saussureinae è una di queste).

Filogenesi
Le specie di questo genere in precedenti trattamenti erano descritte all'interno del gruppo informale (provvisorio da un punto di vista tassonomico) "Jurinea-Saussurea Group". In questo gruppo erano descritti principalmente quattro generi: Dolomiaea, Jurinea, Polytaxis e Saussurea. In seguito ad ulteriori ricerche e analisi di tipo filogenetico, allorquando il gruppo ha acquisito la sua denominazione definitiva di sottotribù, si sono aggiunti altri nuovi generi.

Nell'ambito della sottotribù questo genere occupa una posizione "basale" (è stato il primo a divergere) ed con i generi Frolovia (DC.) Lipsch. e Aucklandia Falc.  formano un "gruppo fratello".

Elenco delle specie
Le specie assegnate a questo genere sono 15:

 Dolomiaea baltalensis Dar & Naqshi
 Dolomiaea berardioidea  (Franch.) C.Shih
 Dolomiaea calophylla  Y.Ling
 Dolomiaea crispo-undulata  (C.C.Chang) Y.Ling
 Dolomiaea edulis  (Franch.) C.Shih
 Dolomiaea forrestii  (Diels) C.Shih
 Dolomiaea georgii  (Anth.) C.Shih
 Dolomiaea lateritia  C.Shih
 Dolomiaea macrocephala  DC. ex Royle
 Dolomiaea platylepis  (Hand.-Mazz.) C.Shih
 Dolomiaea salwinensis  (Hand.-Mazz.) C.Shih
 Dolomiaea scabrida  (Shih & S.Y.Jin) C.Shih
 Dolomiaea souliei  (Franch.) C.Shih
 Dolomiaea taraxacifolia  (J.Anthony) Y.S.Chen & Raab-Straube
 Dolomiaea wardii  (Hand.-Mazz.) Y.Ling

Note

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
Dolomiaea Royal Botanic Gardens KEW - Database

Carduoideae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On March 24th, 1958, 23 year-old Elvis Presley reported for his induction into the army. It was a day that the press and his fans dubbed as being Black Monday. Shortly after being inducted, Elvis and his fellow recruits were transported to Fort Chaffee, Arkansas. That's where my grandfather, Raymond Ellis, took this picture.
Unfortunately, the copy above is not a great scan. (When my Dad got his first scanner in 1995, the Elvis picture was one of the first things he scanned. I just happened to come across it a few weeks ago while I was gong through some old 3.5 floppy disks.) Hopefully, I'll be able to get my hands on the original and share a better scan in the future. As far as I know, this picture of Elvis has never been published anywhere else.
As for Elvis, he served in the army for two years, getting promoted to sergeant and receiving an honorable discharge in 1960. He spent most of his army career in West Germany, where he met the woman that he would eventually marry, Priscilla Beaulieu.
This entry was posted in Art, Music, tribute and tagged Elvis Presley. Bookmark the permalink.
Wow thanks for sharing! That's a pretty cool little cut of history you have there.


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