In November 1998, after many years of legal disputes, the representatives of the larger companies in the tobacco industry signed the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) with 46 State Attorneys-General facilitated by the Clinton Administration. Under the MSA the major cigarette companies paid many hundreds of billions of dollars to compensate the states for Medicaid costs as a result of tobacco-induced health problems.Of course, it didn't really cost them anything, because the billions they paid in compensation was recovered from their customers in the form of higher prices.
As part of this agreement, six million documents (some hundreds of pages in length) were released for public scruitiny, and these have since been mounted on-line at the Galen and Legacy Tobacco Document Library at the University of San Francisco.
When you look through these archives (which extend into the present century) you realise that, despite the agreement, these companies and industries continued to carry on in the same way after the MSA as before — the difference being mainly that today they are much more guarded about what the commit to paper, or archivable e-mails.
This means that the tobacco archives and the material already available from chemical cases probably represents the peak of corporate transparency.
Never again will the public or student journalists have such an opportunity to delve into company files and understand how large corporations of this kind operate to confuse the science, corrupt the political process, and confound the public. That is why this is a unique and valuable resource; the one chance we have to see the whole picture and understand the integration of the various corruption processes.
The tobacco industry was orginally the main focus of this web site, but there was also plenty of evidence of science distortion and misinformation produced by the chemical and cellphone companies and the pharmaceutical industries. Later, when the threat of global warming moved onto the public agenda, the oil, gas, electricity and coal industries also began to dabble in the black arts of pseudo science. And while these industries have their own special-interest organizations and operations dedicated to carrying on the fight, they also appreciate the value of cross-industry coalitions. Joining forces not only allows more weight to bear, but it also serves to camoflage the source of funding, and preserve the appearance of public-interest activism and independence among many of their operatives.
What any systematic research into the tobacco documents will show, however, is that many of the same scientists and academics who were the hirelings of the tobacco industry, also made part of their income servicing these other corporate groups. Science-for-sale is a well-developed industry in its own right; it is a sub-section of public relations and lobbying, and its scientific or academic specialist are available for a price, willing to perform any required service, from organizing academics to write 'independent' letters-to-the editor, to designing research protocols guaranteed to fail (produce nothing, in a way that can be promoted), or designing and producing research which will deliver a pre-determing outcome.
These might be astroturfs (pretend grassroots organianizations), foundations (money laundering channels), or pseudo academic opearations (some housed within universities) which can provide "adjunct scholars" able to churn out free-market, small-government reports objecting to the activities or methods of any government agency attempting to impose regulations or bans.
Most commonly they will attack the precautionary principle (essentially a "better-safe-than-sorry" guide) used by any intelligent regulatory agency when the consequences of non-action might be catastrophic. If they are legally-aligned, they might simply file amicus curae ['friend of the court'] briefs with the courts in order to add weight and expertise on the side of the defendents in product liability suits. The methods used against public interest activism varies, but all are willing to hire scientists, academics, lobbyists, public relations practitions, and lawyers.
these are corporations with long-term poisoning or polluting problems.
they are wealthy with the ready availability of substantial cash reserves.
A Republican orientation — Among those involved in systematic corruption, only about 25% are liberal in their proclaimed political orientations.
Religiousity — The intensity of their religious fervor seems to provide a bulwark against conscience.
Jingoism — They tend to cloak themselves in the flag.
There are now on-line archives holding tobacco industry and chemical industry documents which have been exposed to public scruitiny during court cases. The internet also has electronic copies of many original documents not held in these archives, some of which we intend to mount at this site.


Everything You Love About Christmas Every year at the end of Thanksgiving dinner the Christmas tree goes up, the Christmas tunes start playing on the radio and the first Christmas movie of the season is played on DVD or Blu-Ray. Now that the Christmas season is rapidly winding down there is a certain sadness that hits. Waiting an entire year to experience such a wondrous time seems like an eternity. I seem to always .


by This event is being ran by LKQ's European Big Data Team.
LKQ are the worlds leading distributor of car parts, with operations in North America, Europe and the Far East. LKQ Europe has a turnover of c. €6.5 billion and operates across 23 countries, leading brands include Euro Car Parts (UK), Stahl Gruber (D), Rhiag (I) and Sator (NL). Euro Car Parts Ltd who operate in the UK and Ireland have c. 230 branches, 20 regional hubs and 1 central distribution hub.
W/C 18th March - the data will be made available. Please use this time to study the data and prepare any questions you may have.
2.00pm - Meet, greet and a welcome sweet.
4.00pm - Branch and Garage visits (taxis included).
5.30pm - Presentation of the Hackathon by LKQ.
6.00pm - Questions about the Hackathon.
6.30pm - Network, share ideas, meet the other teams and have a beer on us.
10.00am - Opening Hackathon development session begins.
1.00pm - Work on with your development.
6.00pm - How about some beer and pizza?
7.00pm - Free to work on for an hour, chat or just relax.
2.00pm - Only 2 hours LEFT!!!
4.00pm - Hackathon ends - where's the beer?
Euro Car Parts (ECP) supplies parts primarily to the 'motor trade' i.e. garages and fleet customers, ECP also sells parts to the public via a website eurocarparts.com though currently the e commerce channel represents less than 10% of sales. 90% of the orders from trade customers are placed directly with the local branch via the telephone and with expected delivery between 30-40 minutes from placing the order. ECP also offers a wide range of training material, though these are not widely used.
-	Is the telephone the optimum way for the customer to order parts?
-	Could the customer use a google mini to interact with ECP to order parts?
-	Could the customer use image recognition for ordering the part?
-	How could we improve the delivery experience?
-	What would the best experience look and feel like?
There will be 2 separate award streams, one will be awarded for the best ML code focused on one identified problem such as image recognition of car parts and the second for the most innovative development for the customer experience.
"Hey Google, can you order me a break disk for XX00 0000"
"Am I correct in saying the vehicle is a ****"
"No problem, would you like grade A,B or C for the break disk"
...and so on. We are looking for a smart assistant rather than just a chat box.
2. Image recognition for car parts (£1500) - As certain car parts are often difficult to distinguish by the human eye exactly what type and model they are we are looking for you guys to help us here. By creating image recognition through ML we hope to eradicate this problem for our garage workers. The task here is simple, using the professional photographs provided by us we are asking you to be able to correctly identity the car parts. This then can be put into our garages were the worker can hold up the car part to a camera and it will be able to correctly identify the part shown.
3. The best innovating business idea & Mapbox dev (£500x2) - Maybe you don't have the technical ability to code some of these problems. Maybe you have a fantastic business idea for LKQ that you think could change the way we see shape our future. This Hackathon is still for you. There will be an award for the best business idea that we could utilise in the future. So come along and get into the hackathon spirit. We will welcome everyone.
Please contact calum.ferguson@eurocarparts.com for more information.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Since the pioneering work on DNA computing by Adleman, there has been growing interest in DNA computing for signal processing and machine learning functions \cite{adleman1994molecular}. For example, several logic functions and simple arithmetic operations have been simplemented {\em in vitro} using bimolecular reactions~\cite{zhang2009control,soloveichik2010dna,qian2011neural}. In recent work, {\em fractional coding} has been introduced in \cite{salehi2015markov,salehi2016chemical} for molecular implementations of Markov chains and for computing polynomials using Bernstein expansion. The synergy between fractional coding in molecular computing and stochastic logic in electronic computing was first established in~\cite{salehi2018computing}. This synergy is significant as it enables every stochastic logic circuit to be translated to a molecular circuit. Based on prior stochastic logic circuit implementations in \cite{parhi2016computing}, several complex mathematical functions and perceptrons for inference applications were implemented using molecular computing based on fractional coding \cite{salehi2018computing}. A molecular radial basis function kernel for support vector machines was also presented in \cite{liu2019computing} based on fractional coding.

Inspired by stochastic logic for electronic computing~\cite{gaines1967stochastic}, a value $X$ can be represented by two molecules: a $1$-molecule ($X_1$) and a $0$-molecule ($X_0$). All $1$-bits are grouped to form the $1$-molecule and all $0$ bits to the $0$-molecule ~\cite{salehi2018computing}. Unlike electronic stochastic logic, the molecular circuits do not suffer from correlation effects and the computation is deterministic. Each value can be either unipolar or bipolar. In a unipolar representation, the variable is bounded between $0$ and $1$. In a bipolar representation, the dynamic range of the variable is between $-1$ and $1$.

In the unipolar format, the value of a variable is given by:

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
x=\frac{[X_1]}{[X_0]+[X_1]}\nonumber
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $[X_0]$ and $[X_1]$ correspond to the concentrations of the assigned molecular types $X_0$ and $X_1$, respectively. In the bipolar format, the value of a variable is given by:

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
x=\frac{[X_1]-[X_0]}{[X_0]+[X_1]}\nonumber
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $[X_0]$ and $[X_1]$ are defined as before.

Molecular reactions for the {\tt Mult} and {\tt NMult} units that perform multiplication using unipolar or bipolar representation as well as {\tt MUX} unit that computes scaled addition have been presented in \cite{salehi2018computing} and are illustrated in Fig.~\ref{base}.

\begin{figure}[h]
\vspace{0em}
\centering
\resizebox{0.47\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure/base.png}}
\caption{Basic molecular units as described in \cite{salehi2018computing}. (a) The {\tt Mult} unit with unipoar inputs and output. (b) The {\tt NMult} unit with unipolar inputs and output. (c) The {\tt Mult} unit with bipolar inputs and output. (d) The {\tt NMult} unit with bipolar inputs and output. (e) The {\tt MUX} unit with unipolar/bipolar $x$, $y$ and $z$ and unipolar $s$.}
\label{base}
\vspace{-1em}
\end{figure}

The four molecular reactions shown in Fig.~\ref{base}(a) compute $z=x\times y$, all in unipolar format. We refer to this molecular unit as {\tt Mult} unit. Fig.~\ref{base}(b) shows the molecular reactions that compute $z=1-x\times y$ in unipolar format, referred to as {\tt NMult} unit. Figs.~\ref{base}(c) and (d) illustrate the implementations of \texttt{Mult} unit and \texttt{NMult} unit with bipolar inputs and output, respectively. The bipolar \texttt{Mult} unit performs multiplication in the bipolar format. The bipolar \texttt{NMult} unit computes $z=-x\times y$, all in bipolar format. The {\tt MUX} unit that performs scaled addition is shown in Fig.~\ref{base}(e). This unit computes $z=(1-s)\times x+s\times y$. Notice that $x$, $y$ and $z$ can be in the unipolar format or bipolar format, but $s$ must be in unipolar format.

Stochastic logic implementations of complex functions such as exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions were presented in \cite{parhi2016computing}. By translating the stochastic logic gates to molecular reactions, the authors in~\cite{salehi2018computing} presented molecular implementations of these functions and perceptron. This paper presents an approach for the synthesis of molecular reactions for {\em training} a perceptron which are then mapped to DNA strand displacement (DSD) reactions~\cite{soloveichik2010dna}. A new {\em molecular scaler} that multiplies a protein by a value greater than $1$ using fractional coding is also presented in this paper. The performance of training a DNA perceptron with $3$ bipolar inputs and $1$ bipolar bias is presented in this paper.

This paper is organized as follows. Section \Romannum{2} presents a review of the perceptron with sigmoidal activation function. Molecular reactions of forward computation and backpropagation for a perceptron are, respectively, presented in sections \Romannum{3} and \Romannum{4}. Section \Romannum{5} presents the experimental results of a simple perceptron using DNA.

\section{Perceptron with Sigmoidal Activation Function}
In machine learning, a perceptron is typically used for supervised learning of binary classifiers. A binary classifier is a function which can decide whether or not an input, represented by a vector of numbers, belongs to some specific class~\cite{freund1999large}. A perceptron with sigmoidal activation function shown in Fig.~\ref{per} can also be used in regression applications and is used as a basic unit for multi-layer neural networks.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\vspace{-1em}
\centering
\resizebox{0.40\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure/percptronexp.png}}
\caption{A typical perceptron that can apply sigmoid function to the weighted sum and update weights according to the distance between actual output $y$ and desired output $d$.}
\label{per}
\vspace{-1em}
\end{figure}

The output of the perceptron is given by:

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
y=sigmoid(\sum_{i=0}^N w_ix_i) \nonumber
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $x_i$ and $w_i$ represent input and corresponding weight, respectively. The paameter $x_0$ is set to $1$ and $w_0$ represents the bias. In machine learning, backpropagation is widely used in the training of feedforward neural networks for supervised learning~\cite{rumelhart1986learning}. Backpropagation can efficiently compute the gradient of the loss function with respect to the weights of the network. In this paper, we define the loss function as $E=\frac{1}{2}(y-d)^2$ where $y$ is the actual output of the perceptron and $d$ represents the desired output for a given input vector $\textbf{x}$. Then the derivative of the loss function in terms of the weights $\frac{\partial E}{\partial w_i}$ is computed where $w_i$ is the $i^{th}$ weight for $i=0, 1, 2, \cdots N$. Each weight should be adapted to minimize the loss function as:

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
w_{i,new}=w_i-\alpha \frac{\partial E}{\partial w_i} \nonumber
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $\alpha$ represents the learning rate and is assumed to be a constant.

\section{Molecular Reactions of Forward Computation in Perceptron}
This section presents the molecular implementation of the forward computation of a perceptron where the inputs and output are in bipolar format. This computation can be divided into two parts: computing the scaled inner product of the input vector and their corresponding weights ($\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^N x_iw_i$), and computing the sigmoid function. The molecular inner product was first introduced in~\cite{salehi2018computing} and later revisited in~\cite{liu2019molecular}. The molecular implementation of the inner product scaled by sum of the absolute weights was also proposed in~\cite{liu2019molecular}. But this method is not suitable for training a perceptron as the weights are trained continuously during the training process. This method has a format conversion in the last step that converts the bipolar output to unipolar output in order to improve the precision. But in this paper, this format conversion is removed since bipolar outputs are needed for the training process.

\subsection{Inner Products Scaled by the Number of Inputs}
Given two bipolar input vectors, $x=\begin{bmatrix}x_1\\x_2\\:\\x_N\end{bmatrix}$ and $w=\begin{bmatrix}w_1\\w_2\\:\\w_N\end{bmatrix}$, the molecular implementation of inner product functions scaled by the number of inputs $N$ with $4N$ molecular reactions was proposed in~\cite{salehi2018computing}. As shown in Fig.~\ref{inner1}, the four reactions correspond to the \texttt{Mult} shown in Fig.~\ref{base}(c) with two corresponding inputs, $x_i$ and $w_i$. Fig.~\ref{inner1} also shows the proposed molecular reactions, where $i=1, 2, \cdots N$. Notice that $-1\leq x_i\leq 1$, $-1\leq w_i\leq 1$ must be guaranteed to meet the requirement of bipolar representation. Given $x_i=\frac{[Xi_1]-[Xi_0]}{[Xi_1]+[Xi_0]}$ and $w_i=\frac{[Wi_1]-[Wi_0]}{[Wi_1]+[Wi_0]}$ then $y=\frac{[Y_1]-[Y_0]}{[Y_1]+[Y_0]}=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}w_ix_i$. A proof of the functionality of the molecular inner product in Fig.~\ref{inner1} is described in Section S.5 of the Supplementary Information in \cite{salehi2018computing}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\vspace{-0.8em}
\centering
\resizebox{0.3\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure/inner1.pdf}}
\caption{The inner product unit in~\cite{salehi2018computing}. This unit calculates $y=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}w_ix_i$, the scaled inner product of two input vectors $x$ and $w$ where each element is in bipolar fractional representation.}
\label{inner1}
\vspace{-1em}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Implementation of Sigmoid Functions in Bipolar Format}

Consider the approximation of the sigmoid function given by~\cite{parhi2016computing}:

\begin{eqnarray}
sigmoid(x)&=&\frac{1}{1+e^{-x}} \nonumber\\
&\approx&\frac{1}{2}+\frac{x}{4}+\frac{x^3}{48}+\frac{x^5}{480}\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2}x(\frac{1}{2}(-1+x^2\frac{1}{2}(\frac{1}{6}-\frac{x^2}{60})))\label{eqnsig}.
\end{eqnarray}
where $sigmoid(x)$ is approximated by a $5^{th}$-order truncated Maclaurin series and then reformulated by Horner's rule~\cite{parhi1999}. In equation (\ref{eqnsig}), all coefficients, $\frac{1}{2}$, $-\frac{1}{2}$, $-1$, $\frac{1}{6}$ and $-\frac{1}{60}$, can be represented using bipolar format. Fig.~\ref{sig} shows the molecular implementation of $sigmoid(x)$ by cascading \texttt{XOR}, \texttt{XNOR} and \texttt{MUX} gates. The bipolar \texttt{Mult}, \texttt{NMult} and \texttt{MUX} units discussed before compute the same operations as \texttt{XNOR}, \texttt{XOR} and \texttt{MUX} in stochastic implementation, respectively. So equation (\ref{eqnsig}) can be implemented using bipolar \texttt{Mult}, \texttt{NMult} and \texttt{MUX} units shown in Figs.~\ref{base} (c), (d) and (e), respectively.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\resizebox{0.48\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure/sigmoidbx.png}}
\caption{Molecular implementation of $sigmoid(x)$ using $5^{th}$-order Maclaurin expansion and Horner's rule.}
\label{sig}
\end{figure}

By cascading the inner product and sigmoid function, the final output of the molecular perceptron is given by $sigmoid(\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^N w_ix_i)$. Fig.~\ref{modper} shows the modified perceptron where the input to the activation function is the scaled weighted sum, as opposed to the weighted sum. During the training of the molecular perceptron, the error function will be different from the original error function. Here the output of the sigmoid function is different from the desired value. The desired output $d$ of a typical perceptron is modified to $d'$ that can be computed {\em a priori} using:

\begin{eqnarray}
d'&=&sigmoid(\frac{1}{N} logit(d)) \nonumber\\
&=&sigmoid(\frac{1}{N} log(\frac{d}{1-d})) \nonumber \\
&=&\frac{1}{1+(\frac{d}{1-d})^{-\frac{1}{N}}}\label{dp}.
\end{eqnarray}
where $logit$ is the inverse of the $sigmoid$ function and $log$ represents the natural logarithm with base $e$.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\resizebox{0.40\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure/modper.png}}
\caption{A modified perceptron that can apply sigmoid function to the scaled weighted sum and update weights according to the distance between actual output $y'$ and desired output $d'$.}
\label{modper}
\end{figure}

\section{Molecular Reactions for Backpropagation in Perceptron}
This section presents the molecular implementation of updating weights in the modified perceptron after forward computation.

Define the loss function $E$ as:

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
E=\frac{1}{2}(y'-d')^2 \text{ where } y'=sigmoid(\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}w_ix_i)\nonumber
\end{split}
\end{equation}
represents the actual output of the modified perceptron for a given input vector and $d'$ is the corresponding desired output computed by equation (\ref{dp}). Then the negative of the derivative of the loss in terms of the weights, $-\frac{\partial E}{\partial w_i}$, can be computed as:

\begin{eqnarray}
-\frac{\partial E}{\partial w_i}&=&-\frac{\partial}{\partial w_i} (\frac{1}{2}(y'-d')^2) \nonumber\\
&=&(d'-y')\frac{\partial y'}{\partial w_i} \nonumber\\
&=&(d'-y')\frac{\partial}{\partial w_i} (sigmoid(\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}w_ix_i)) \nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{N}(d'-y')y'(1-y')x_i. \label{delta}
\end{eqnarray}

For molecular implementation, equation (\ref{delta}) can be reformulated as:

\begin{eqnarray}
-\frac{\partial E}{\partial w_i}&=&\frac{4}{N}\frac{1}{2}(d'-y')\frac{1}{2}(y'-y'^2)x_i \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\frac{4}{N}$ is a constant and can be integrated into the training rate, i.e., by replacing $\alpha$ by  $ \frac{\alpha N}{4}$. Then the update rule for each weight is illustrated as follows:

\begin{eqnarray}
w_{i,new}&=&w_i-\alpha \frac{\partial E}{\partial w_i} \nonumber\\
&=&w_i+\frac{1}{2}(d'-y')\frac{1}{2}(y'-y'^2)x_i \nonumber \\
&=&w_i+\Delta w_i. \label{eqndw}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Delta w_i=\frac{1}{2}(d'-y')\frac{1}{2}(y'-{y'}^2)x_i$.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\resizebox{0.48\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure/dedw.png}}
\caption{Molecular implementation of $\Delta w_i$.}
\label{dedw}
\end{figure}

The molecular implementation of $\Delta w_i$ in equation (\ref{eqndw}) is shown in Fig.~\ref{dedw}. Note that the input and all coefficients are represented in bipolar format. The internal nodes and final output are described by:

\begin{align}
n_1&=-y',\quad n_2=0.5(d'+n_1),\quad n_3={y'}^2,\quad n_4=-n_3 \nonumber\\
n_5&=0.5(y'+n_4),\quad n_6=n_2n_5,\quad \Delta w_i=n_6x_i \nonumber
\end{align}

Define a modified scaling function as:

\[
y=f(x,M) =
\begin{dcases*}
   -1,                         & $Mx<-1$\\
   Mx,                         & $-1\leq Mx \leq 1$ \\
   1,                          & $Mx>1$
\end{dcases*}
\]
where input $x$ and output $y$ are in bipolar format and $M\geq 1$. Assume that $[X_1]$ and $[X_0]$ are the concentrations of the two assigned molecular types of the input $x$ of the modified scaling function in bipolar format. Also assume that $[Y_1^+]$ and $[Y_0^+]$ are the concentrations of the two assigned molecular types of the output $y$ of the modified scaling function. The relationship between the two sets of concentrations can be written as:

\begin{align}
y = \frac{[Y_1^+]-[Y_0^+]}{[Y_1^+]+[Y_0^+]}=M\frac{[X_1]-[X_0]}{[X_1]+[X_0]}=Mx. \label{convert}
\end{align}

The modified scaling function described by equation (\ref{convert}) can be realized by the following molecular reactions:

\begin{align}
&X_0\longrightarrow (M+1)Y_0^+ +(M-1)Y_1^-\nonumber\\
&X_1\longrightarrow (M+1)Y_1^+ +(M-1)Y_0^-\nonumber\\
&Y_0^+ + Y_0^- \xrightarrow{fast} \text{\O} \nonumber\\
&Y_1^+ + Y_1^- \xrightarrow{fast} \text{\O}
\label{con}
\end{align}

After the eight molecular reactions shown in equation (\ref{con}) are completed, the molecules $Y_1^+$ and $Y_0^+$ are treated as $1$-molecule and $0$-molecule of $y$, respectively. Then, $y = \frac{[Y_1^+]-[Y_0^+]}{[Y_1^+]+[Y_0^+]}$ is the output of the modified scaleing function. Therefore, to compute $w_{i,new}$ as required in equation (\ref{eqndw}), we can reformulate this equation into equation (\ref{eqndwr}) and implement it by cascading a \texttt{MUX} unit with two inputs ($w_i$ and $\Delta w_i$) and a modified scaling function with scale factor $M=2$ as shown in Fig.~\ref{update}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\resizebox{0.30\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure/update.png}}
\caption{Molecular implementation of $w_{i,new}$ with two inputs $w_i$ and $\Delta w_i$.}
\label{update}
\end{figure}

\begin{eqnarray}
w_{i,new}=2\times \frac{1}{2}(w_i+\Delta w_i).\label{eqndwr}
\end{eqnarray}

\section{Evaluation of Perceptron using DNA}
Abstract chemical reaction networks (CRNs) described by molecular reactions can be mapped to DNA strand displacement (DSD) reactions as shown in \cite{soloveichik2010dna}. A framework that can implement arbitrary molecular reactions with no more than two reactants by linear, double-stranded DNA complexes was proposed in~\cite{soloveichik2010dna}. Notice that our computational units are all built based on molecular reactions with at most two reactants. We simulate the perceptron that can learn by using the software package provided by Winfree's team at Caltech \cite{soloveichik2010dna}. More details of mapping bimolecular reactions to DSD are also described in \cite{soloveichik2010dna}.

A simple modified perceptron with $3$ inputs and $1$ bias is evaluated as shown in Fig.~\ref{perceptron}. Two sets of input-output pairs are selected to demonstrate the functionality of the modified perceptron that can learn. The input vector, initial weight vector and bias of both sets are $\begin{bmatrix}0\\-0.6\\0.4\end{bmatrix}$, $\begin{bmatrix}0.6\\-0.1\\0.4\end{bmatrix}$ and $-0.4$, respectively. The only difference between these two data sets is the desired output value. Given $d=0.835$ and $0.309$ for these two data sets, we can get $d'=0.6$ and $0.45$ for these two data sets by using equation (\ref{dp}). In a real application, one input-output pair from the whole data set should be fed into the perceptron during each epoch. To show the convergence of the molecular perceptron, we input the same input-output pair to the modified perceptron each epoch. The simple modified perceptron with forward computation and backpropagation is mapped to DNA using DSD.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\resizebox{0.48\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure/perceptron.png}}
\caption{Evaluated modified perceptron with $3$ inputs and $1$ bias.}
\label{perceptron}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\resizebox{0.4\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure/06.png}}
\caption{Forward computation result of the modified perceptron during training with desired output $d'=0.6$.}
\label{06}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\resizebox{0.4\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure/045.png}}
\caption{Forward computation result of the modified perceptron during training with desired output $d'=0.45$.}
\label{045}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\resizebox{0.4\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure/06w.png}}
\caption{Weights and bias of the modified perceptron during training with desired output $d'=0.6$.}
\label{06w}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\resizebox{0.4\textwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure/045w.png}}
\caption{Weights and bias of the modified perceptron during training with desired output $d'=0.45$.}
\label{045w}
\end{figure}

Figs.~\ref{06} and \ref{045} show the forward computation results of the modified perceptron during training with desired outputs $0.6$ and $0.45$, respectively. The yellow lines illustrate the desired outputs, and the blue lines illustrate the convergence of the output. Figs.~\ref{06w} and \ref{045w} illustrate the convergence of weights and biases during training. The blue, yellow, green and red lines represent the values of $w_1$, $w_2$, $w_3$ and $w_4$, respectively. The horizontal axis in these four figures represents the epoch index.

\section{Conclusion}
This paper has presented the molecular implementations of backpropagation in a perceptron using DNA. A molecular perceptron with a rectified linear unit (ReLU) can be synthesized in a similar manner using the molecular ReLU function described in \cite{liu2019molecular}. The delay element for weight update has not been integrated into the molecular perceptron. However, the molecular delay element can be realized using either an asynchronous RGB clock or a synchronous clock \cite{jiang2012digital,jiang2013discrete,jiang2011synchronous}.

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Bill Text: NJ S2180 | 2012-2013 | Regular Session | Introduced
New Jersey Senate Bill 2180 (Prior Session Legislation)
NJ State Legislature page for S2180
Bill Title: Creates New Jersey Business Action Center.
Status: (Introduced - Dead) 2012-09-20 - Introduced in the Senate, Referred to Senate Economic Growth Committee [S2180 Detail]
Download: New_Jersey-2012-S2180-Introduced.html
INTRODUCED SEPTEMBER 20, 2012
Senator LINDA R. GREENSTEIN
District 14 (Mercer and Middlesex)
Creates New Jersey Business Action Center.
An Act creating the New Jersey Business Action Center, amending P.L.1974, c.80 and P.L.2008, c.27, and supplementing Title 52 of the Revised Statutes.
1. (New section) As used in sections 1 through 10 of P.L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill):
"Authority" means the New Jersey Economic Development Authority established by P.L.1974, c.80 (C.34:1B-1 et seq.).
"Center" means the New Jersey Business Action Center established by section 2 of P.L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill).
"Division" means the Division of Business Assistance, Marketing, and International Trade established by P.L.2008, c.27 (C.34:1B-210 et al.), also known as the Business Retention and Attraction Division.
2. (New section) a. In order to improve efficiency, achieve savings, and enhance the productivity of the State's interaction with the private sector, there is hereby established the New Jersey Business Action Center in the Department of State.
b. The center shall act as the State's liaison to the business community and provide information and guidance, to the extent that is feasible and that it is capable, on the following subject areas:
(1) State financial and incentive programs;
(2) State taxes incurred by New Jersey businesses;
(3) Permits, licenses, certificates, and other governmental-approvals needed by a business that is issued by any New Jersey municipality or county, the State, or federal government;
(4) State rules and regulations;
(5) Real property available for purchase or lease for commercial purposes;
(6) International trade;
(7) Staffing, training, and available customized workforce development programs offered;
(8) Construction projects within New Jersey and the surrounding states; and
(9) Any other subject that the center determines would be valuable to businesses.
c. (1) The center, to the extent feasible and insofar as the center is capable, shall, upon request and free of charge, cause individualized competitive intelligence information to be provided to businesses that have fewer than 100 employees and are located within the State. The center may partner with organizations in the State to provide individualized competitive intelligence information.
(2) The information provided shall be based upon the needs of the requesting business and may include, but shall not be limited to, information about competitors and their strategies, industry trends and forecasts, market size and sales, financial analysis, business planning, strategic planning, market demographics and psychographics, market research reports, potential market niches, prospective partners and resources, and marketing lists and leads. Information addressing the needs of requesting businesses may be provided in the form of personalized counseling or management consulting.
(3) All requests for competitive intelligence information made to the center shall be considered confidential and the center, or any organization that is partnered with the center to provide competitive intelligence information, shall not disclose any non-public proprietary information about the requesting business obtained while assisting that business to any other business or private entity. Both the center and any organization that is partnered with the center to provide competitive intelligence information shall not provide any non-public proprietary information to a business requesting competitive intelligence information. No action may be brought against the State, or any agency or instrumentality thereof, for relief in connection with the center's provision of competitive intelligence information under this section.
(4) The center may develop an internship program to assist in providing requesting businesses with competitive intelligence information. Whenever possible, the center may hire interns that have a bachelor or greater degree in business or a related field, which may include, but not be limited to, finance, accounting, economics, and any other field deemed related by the Executive Director of the center.
d. The center shall distribute electronically, via electronic mail, a quarterly newsletter that provides information concerning any new, repealed, or amended State regulation, which the center determines is relevant to the business community, and, through its website, shall permit individuals to submit an electronic mail address at which they may receive a copy of each newsletter.
e. The center shall work in conjunction with in-State academic institutions and local and State agencies or non-profit entities to develop and promote training programs and seminars designed to support the growth and expansion of New Jersey businesses.
f. The center shall be under the supervision of an executive director, appointed by the Secretary of State, who shall report to the Secretary of State. The executive director shall be a person qualified by training and experience to direct the work of the center. The executive director shall serve at the pleasure of the Secretary of State and shall receive such compensation as may be provided by law.
3. (New section) a. The Division of Business Assistance, Marketing and International Trade in the authority is abolished, and all of its functions, powers, and duties, except as otherwise provided in P.L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill), are continued and transferred to the center in the Department of State.
b. Except as otherwise provided in P.L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill), whenever, in any law, rule, regulation, order, reorganization plan, contract, document, judicial or administrative proceeding, or otherwise, reference is made to the division, the same shall mean and refer to the center.
4. (New section) a. The office of the director of the division is abolished and the term of that office shall terminate on the effective date of P.L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill).
b. Employees of the division who are employed by the authority on the date of enactment of P.L. , c. (pending before the Legislature as this bill) are continued and transferred to the center. Such transfers shall be consistent with the "State Agency Transfer Act." P.L.1971, c.375 (C.52:14D-1 et seq.).
c. Nothing contained in P.L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill) shall be construed to alter the representation status, bargaining rights, and bargained-for items and conditions of employment, or lack thereof, of any division employee in office or employment on the effective date of P.L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill), nor shall the establishment of the center and its placement in the Department of State alter such conditions for employees of the division in office or employment on that effective date, except as specifically provided herein.
5. (New section) a. The functions, powers, and duties of the director of the division, except as otherwise provided, are continued and transferred to the executive director of the center.
b. Whenever, in any law, rule, regulation, order, contract, document, judicial or administrative proceeding, or otherwise, reference is made to the director of the division, the same shall mean and refer to the executive director of the center.
6. (New section) a. The functions, powers, and duties of the division to serve as a member of the board of agencies and to provide administrative assistance to agencies are continued and are transferred to the center unless otherwise provided by P.L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill).
b. Notwithstanding the provisions of any law, rule, regulation, or order to the contrary, the functions, powers, and duties of the division and director of the division except as otherwise provided in P.L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill), are transferred to the center and the executive director of the center respectively, with regard to the council, commission, committee, task force, or other organization established by executive order.
7. Section 5 of P.L.1974, c.80 (C.34:1B-5) is amended to read as follows:
5. The authority shall have the following powers:
a. To adopt bylaws for the regulation of its affairs and the conduct of its business;
b. To adopt and have a seal and to alter the same at pleasure;
c. To sue and be sued;
d. To acquire in the name of the authority by purchase or otherwise, on such terms and conditions and such manner as it may deem proper, or by the exercise of the power of eminent domain in the manner provided by the "Eminent Domain Act of 1971," P.L.1971, c.361 (C.20:3-1 et seq.), any lands or interests therein or other property which it may determine is reasonably necessary for any project; provided, however, that the authority in connection with any project shall not take by exercise of the power of eminent domain any real property except upon consent thereto given by resolution of the governing body of the municipality in which such real property is located; and provided further that the authority shall be limited in its exercise of the power of eminent domain in connection with any project in qualifying municipalities as defined under the provisions of P.L.1978, c.14 (C.52:27D-178 et seq.), or to municipalities which had a population, according to the latest federal decennial census, in excess of 10,000;
e. To enter into contracts with a person upon such terms and conditions as the authority shall determine to be reasonable, including, but not limited to, reimbursement for the planning, designing, financing, construction, reconstruction, improvement, equipping, furnishing, operation and maintenance of the project and to pay or compromise any claims arising therefrom;
f. To establish and maintain reserve and insurance funds with respect to the financing of the project or the school facilities project and any project financed pursuant to the "Municipal Rehabilitation and Economic Recovery Act," P.L.2002, c.43 (C.52:27BBB-1 et al.);
g. To sell, convey or lease to any person all or any portion of a project for such consideration and upon such terms as the authority may determine to be reasonable;
h. To mortgage, pledge or assign or otherwise encumber all or any portion of a project, or revenues, whenever it shall find such action to be in furtherance of the purposes of this act, P.L.2000, c.72 (C.18A:7G-1 et al.), the "Municipal Rehabilitation and Economic Recovery Act," P.L.2002, c.43 (C.52:27BBB-1 et al.), P.L.2007, c.137 (C.52:18A-235 et al.), and sections 3 through 18 of P.L.2009, c.90 (C.52:27D-489c et al.);
i. To grant options to purchase or renew a lease for any of its projects on such terms as the authority may determine to be reasonable;
j. To contract for and to accept any gifts or grants or loans of funds or property or financial or other aid in any form from the United States of America or any agency or instrumentality thereof, or from the State or any agency, instrumentality or political subdivision thereof, or from any other source and to comply, subject to the provisions of P.L.1974, c.80 (C.34:1B-1 et seq.), section 6 of P.L.2001, c.401 (C.34:1B-4.1), P.L.2000, c.72 (C.18A:7G-1 et al.), the "Municipal Rehabilitation and Economic Recovery Act," P.L.2002, c.43 (C.52:27BBB-1 et al.), and P.L.2007, c.137 (C.52:18A-235 et al.), with the terms and conditions thereof;
k. In connection with any action undertaken by the authority in the performance of its duties and any application for assistance or commitments therefore and modifications thereof, to require and collect such fees and charges as the authority shall determine to be reasonable, including but not limited to fees and charges for the authority's administrative, organizational, insurance, operating, legal, and other expenses;
l. To adopt, amend and repeal regulations to carry out the provisions of P.L.1974, c.80 (C.34:1B-1 et seq.), section 6 of P.L.2001, c.401 (C.34:1B-4.1), P.L.2000, c.72 (C.18A:7G-1 et al.), the "Municipal Rehabilitation and Economic Recovery Act," P.L.2002, c.43 (C.52:27BBB-1 et al.), and P.L.2007, c.137 (C.52:18A-235 et al.);
m. To acquire, purchase, manage and operate, hold and dispose of real and personal property or interests therein, take assignments of rentals and leases and make and enter into all contracts, leases, agreements and arrangements necessary or incidental to the performance of its duties;
n. To purchase, acquire and take assignments of notes, mortgages and other forms of security and evidences of indebtedness;
o. To purchase, acquire, attach, seize, accept or take title to any project or school facilities project by conveyance or by foreclosure, and sell, lease, manage or operate any project or school facilities project for a use specified in this act, P.L.2000, c.72 (C.18A:7G-1 et al.), the "Municipal Rehabilitation and Economic Recovery Act," P.L.2002, c.43 (C.52:27BBB-1 et al.), P.L.2007, c.137 (C.52:18A-235 et al.), and sections 3 through 18 of P.L.2009, c.90 (C.52:27D-489c et al.);
p. To borrow money and to issue bonds of the authority and to provide for the rights of the holders thereof, as provided in P.L.1974, c.80 (C.34:1B-1 et seq.), section 6 of P.L.2001, c.401 (C.34:1B-4.1), P.L.2000, c.72 (C.18A:7G-1 et al.), the "Municipal Rehabilitation and Economic Recovery Act," P.L.2002, c.43 (C.52:27BBB-1 et al.), P.L.2007, c.137 (C.52:18A-235 et al.), and sections 3 through 18 of P.L.2009, c.90 (C.52:27D-489c et al.);
q. To extend credit or make loans to any person for the planning, designing, acquiring, constructing, reconstructing, improving, equipping and furnishing of a project or school facilities project, which credits or loans may be secured by loan and security agreements, mortgages, leases and any other instruments, upon such terms and conditions as the authority shall deem reasonable, including provision for the establishment and maintenance of reserve and insurance funds, and to require the inclusion in any mortgage, lease, contract, loan and security agreement or other instrument, of such provisions for the construction, use, operation and maintenance and financing of a project or school facilities project as the authority may deem necessary or desirable;
r. To guarantee up to 90% of the amount of a loan to a person, if the proceeds of the loan are to be applied to the purchase and installation, in a building devoted to industrial or commercial purposes, or in an office building, of an energy improvement system;
s. To employ consulting engineers, architects, attorneys, real estate counselors, appraisers, and such other consultants and employees as may be required in the judgment of the redevelopment utility to carry out the purposes of P.L.1974, c.80 (C.34:1B-1 et seq.), section 6 of P.L.2001, c.401 (C.34:1B-4.1), P.L.2000, c.72 (C.18A:7G-1 et al.), the "Municipal Rehabilitation and Economic Recovery Act," P.L.2002, c.43 (C.52:27BBB-1 et al.), P.L.2007, c.137 (C.52:18A-235 et al.), and sections 3 through 18 of P.L.2009, c.90 (C.52:27D-489c et al.), and to fix and pay their compensation from funds available to the redevelopment utility therefor, all without regard to the provisions of Title 11A of the New Jersey Statutes;
t. To do and perform any acts and things authorized by P.L.1974, c.80 (C.34:1B-1 et seq.), section 6 of P.L.2001, c.401 (C.34:1B-4.1), P.L.2000, c.72 (C.18A:7G-1 et al.), the "Municipal Rehabilitation and Economic Recovery Act," P.L.2002, c.43 (C.52:27BBB-1 et al.), P.L.2007, c.137 (C.52:18A-235 et al.), and sections 3 through 18 of P.L.2009, c.90 (C.52:27D-489c et al.), under, through or by means of its own officers, agents and employees, or by contract with any person;
u. To procure insurance against any losses in connection with its property, operations or assets in such amounts and from such insurers as it deems desirable;
v. To do any and all things necessary or convenient to carry out its purposes and exercise the powers given and granted in P.L.1974, c.80 (C.34:1B-1 et seq.), section 6 of P.L.2001, c.401 (C.34:1B-4.1), P.L.2000, c.72 (C.18A:7G-1 et al.), the "Municipal Rehabilitation and Economic Recovery Act," P.L.2002, c.43 (C.52:27BBB-1 et al.), P.L.2007, c.137 (C.52:18A-235 et al.), and sections 3 through 18 of P.L.2009, c.90 (C.52:27D-489c et al.);
w. To construct, reconstruct, rehabilitate, improve, alter, equip, maintain or repair or provide for the construction, reconstruction, improvement, alteration, equipping or maintenance or repair of any development property and lot, award and enter into construction contracts, purchase orders and other contracts with respect thereto, upon such terms and conditions as the authority shall determine to be reasonable, including, but not limited to, reimbursement for the planning, designing, financing, construction, reconstruction, improvement, equipping, furnishing, operation and maintenance of any such development property and the settlement of any claims arising there from and the establishment and maintenance of reserve funds with respect to the financing of such development property;
x. When authorized by the governing body of a municipality exercising jurisdiction over an urban growth zone, to construct, cause to be constructed or to provide financial assistance to projects in an urban growth zone which shall be exempt from the terms and requirements of the land use ordinances and regulations, including, but not limited to, the master plan and zoning ordinances, of such municipality;
y. To enter into business employment incentive agreements as provided in the "Business Employment Incentive Program Act," P.L.1996, c.26 (C.34:1B-124 et al.);
z. To enter into agreements or contracts, execute instruments, and do and perform all acts or things necessary, convenient or desirable for the purposes of the redevelopment utility to carry out any power expressly provided pursuant to P.L.1974, c.80 (C.34:1B-1 et seq.), P.L.2000, c.72 (C.18A:7G-1 et al.), and P.L.2007, c.137 (C.52:18A-235 et al.), including, but not limited to, entering into contracts with the State Treasurer, the Commissioner of Education, districts, the New Jersey Schools Development Authority, and any other entity which may be required in order to carry out the provisions of P.L.2000, c.72 (C.18A:7G-1 et al.), P.L.2007, c.137 (C.52:18A-235 et al.), and sections 3 through 18 of P.L.2009, c.90 (C.52:27D-489c et al.);
aa. (Deleted by amendment, P.L.2007, c.137);
bb. To make and contract to make loans to local units to finance the cost of school facilities projects and to acquire and contract to acquire bonds, notes or other obligations issued or to be issued by local units to evidence the loans, all in accordance with the provisions of P.L.2000, c.72 (C.18A:7G-1 et al.), and P.L.2007, c.137 (C.52:18A-235 et al.);
cc. Subject to any agreement with holders of its bonds issued to finance a project or school facilities project, obtain as security or to provide liquidity for payment of all or any part of the principal of and interest and premium on the bonds of the authority or for the purchase upon tender or otherwise of the bonds, lines of credit, letters of credit, reimbursement agreements, interest rate exchange agreements, currency exchange agreements, interest rate floors or caps, options, puts or calls to hedge payment, currency, rate, spread or similar exposure or similar agreements, float agreements, forward agreements, insurance contract, surety bond, commitment to purchase or sell bonds, purchase or sale agreement, or commitments or other contracts or agreements, and other security agreements or instruments in any amounts and upon any terms as the authority may determine and pay any fees and expenses required in connection therewith;
dd. To charge to and collect from local units, the State and any other person, any fees and charges in connection with the authority's actions undertaken with respect to school facilities projects, including, but not limited to, fees and charges for the authority's administrative, organization, insurance, operating and other expenses incident to the financing of school facilities projects;
ee. To make loans to refinance solid waste facility bonds through the issuance of bonds or other obligations and the execution of any agreements with counties or public authorities to effect the refunding or rescheduling of solid waste facility bonds, or otherwise provide for the payment of all or a portion of any series of solid waste facility bonds. Any county or public authority refunding or rescheduling its solid waste facility bonds pursuant to this subsection shall provide for the payment of not less than fifty percent of the aggregate debt service for the refunded or rescheduled debt of the particular county or public authority for the duration of the loan; except that, whenever the solid waste facility bonds to be refinanced were issued by a public authority and the county solid waste facility was utilized as a regional county solid waste facility, as designated in the respective adopted district solid waste management plans of the participating counties as approved by the department prior to November 10, 1997, and the utilization of the facility was established pursuant to tonnage obligations set forth in their respective interdistrict agreements, the public authority refunding or rescheduling its solid waste facility bonds pursuant to this subsection shall provide for the payment of a percentage of the aggregate debt service for the refunded or rescheduled debt of the public authority not to exceed the percentage of the specified tonnage obligation of the host county for the duration of the loan. Whenever the solid waste facility bonds are the obligation of a public authority, the relevant county shall execute a deficiency agreement with the authority, which shall provide that the county pledges to cover any shortfall and to pay deficiencies in scheduled repayment obligations of the public authority. All costs associated with the issuance of bonds pursuant to this subsection may be paid by the authority from the proceeds of these bonds. Any county or public authority is hereby authorized to enter into any agreement with the authority necessary, desirable or convenient to effectuate the provisions of this subsection.
The authority shall not issue bonds or other obligations to effect the refunding or rescheduling of solid waste facility bonds after December 31, 2002. The authority may refund its own bonds issued for the purposes herein at any time;
ff. To pool loans for any local government units that are refunding bonds and do and perform any and all acts or things necessary, convenient or desirable for the purpose of the authority to achieve more favorable interest rates and terms for those local governmental units;
gg. To finance projects approved by the board, provide staff support to the board, oversee and monitor progress on the part of the board in carrying out the revitalization, economic development and restoration projects authorized pursuant to the "Municipal Rehabilitation and Economic Recovery Act," P.L.2002, c.43 (C.52:27BBB-1 et al.) and otherwise fulfilling its responsibilities pursuant thereto;
hh. To offer financial assistance to qualified film production companies as provided in the "New Jersey Film Production Assistance Act," P.L.2003, c.182 (C.34:1B-178 et al.);[ and]
ii. To finance or develop private or public parking facilities or structures, which may include the use of solar photovoltaic equipment, in municipalities qualified to receive State aid pursuant to the provisions of P.L.1978, c.14 (C.52:27D-178 et seq.) and municipalities that contain areas designated pursuant to P.L.1985, c.398 (C.52:18A-196 et al.) as Planning Area 1 (Metropolitan), Planning Area 2 (Suburban), or a town center, and to provide appropriate assistance, including but not limited to, extensions of credit, loans, and guarantees, to municipalities qualified to receive State aid pursuant to the provisions of P.L.1978, c.14 (C.52:27D-178 et seq.) and municipalities that contain areas designated pursuant to P.L.1985, c.398 (C.52:18A-196 et seq.) as Planning Area 1 (Metropolitan), Planning Area 2 (Suburban), or a town center, and their agencies and instrumentalities or to private entities whose projects are located in those municipalities, in order to facilitate the financing and development of parking facilities or structures in such municipalities. The authority may serve as the issuing agent of bonds to finance the undertaking of a project for the purposes of this subsection; and
jj. To enter into partnerships, limited liability companies, or joint ventures with private developers, banks, or any other public entity, for the purpose of economic development.
8. Section 14 of P.L.2008, c.27 (C.34:1B-223) is amended to read as follows:
14. a. The functions, powers, and duties of the New Jersey Commerce Commission for the New Jersey Economic Development Site Program, established by P.L.1996, c.70, P.L.1997, c.97 (C.34:1B-140 through 34:1B-143), and section 31 of P.L.1998, c.44 (C.52:27C-91), except as otherwise provided, are continued and are transferred to the [Division of Business Assistance, Marketing, and International Trade] authority.
b. Whenever, in any law, rule, regulation, order, contract, reorganization plan, contract, document, judicial or administrative proceeding, or otherwise, reference is made to the New Jersey Economic Development Site Program in the New Jersey Commerce Commission, the same shall mean and refer to the [division] authority.
(cf: P.L.2008, c.27, s.14)
19. a. The functions, powers, and duties of the New Jersey Commerce Commission to appoint the executive [directors] director of the New Jersey Economic Development Authority, established pursuant to P.L.1974, c.80 (C.34:1B-1 et seq.) [, and the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology, established pursuant to P.L.1985, c.102 (C.52:9X-1 et seq.) are] is continued and [are] is transferred to the Governor. [Each such] The executive director shall be employed by and report to the [board] members of the [respective agency] authority and shall receive such compensation as shall be fixed by the [board] members of the [respective agency] authority.
b. The functions, powers, and duties of the New Jersey Commerce Commission to serve as a member of the board of agencies and to provide administrative assistance to agencies are transferred to the [Division of Business Assistance, Marketing, and International Trade] authority unless otherwise provided by this act.
c. Notwithstanding the provisions of any law, rule, regulation, or order to the contrary, the functions, powers, and duties of the New Jersey Commerce Commission and the executive director of the New Jersey Commerce Commission are transferred to the [New Jersey Economic Development Authority] Business Action Center and the Executive Director of the [New Jersey Economic Development Authority] Business Action Center, respectively, with regard to the following statutorily established boards, councils, commissions, authorities, and other organizations:
(1) State Employment and Training Commission, established pursuant to section 5 of P.L.1989, c.293 (C.34:15C-2);
(2) State Council for Adult Literacy Education Services, established pursuant to section 2 of P.L.1999, c.107 (C.34:15C-18);
(3) Council on Armed Forces and Veterans' Affairs, established pursuant to P.L.1983, c.61 (C.52:27H-45 et seq.) and transferred to and established in the Department of Military and Veterans' Affairs, pursuant to section 2 of P.L.1992, c.86 (C.38A:3-16);
(4) The Foundation for Technology Advancement, authorized to be established pursuant to section 1 of P.L.2005, c.373 (C.52:27C-96);
(5) The Main Street New Jersey Advisory Board, established pursuant to section 5 of P.L.2001, c.238 (C.52:27D-456);
(6) The Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force, established pursuant to section 5 of P.L.1997, c.278 (C.58:10B-23);
(7) [The Fort Monmouth Economic Revitalization Planning Authority, established pursuant to section 4 of P.L.2006, c.16 (C.52:27I-4);] (Deleted by amendment, P.L. , c. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill)
(8) The South Jersey Transportation Authority, established pursuant to section 4 of P.L.1991, c.252 (C.27:25A-4);
(9) The Aquaculture Advisory Council, established pursuant to section 5 of P.L.1997, c.236 (C.4:27-5);
(10) The Clean Air Council, established pursuant to section 3 of P.L.1967, c.106 (C.26:2C-3.2);
(11) The Community Financial Services Advisory Board, established pursuant to section 3 of P.L.1991, c.294 (C.17:16Q-3); and
(12) The New Jersey Redevelopment Authority, established pursuant to section 4 of P.L.1996, c.62 (C.55:19-23).
d. Notwithstanding the provisions of any law, rule, regulation, or order to the contrary, the functions, powers, and duties of the New Jersey Commerce Commission and the executive director of the New Jersey Commerce Commission, except as otherwise provided in this act, are transferred to the [Division] authority and the Executive Director of the [Division] authority, respectively, with regard to any council, commission, committee, task force, or other organization established by executive order.
10. Section 22 of P.L.2008, c.27 (C.34:1B-231) is amended to read as follows:
22. a. The Dredging Project Facilitation Task Force, established pursuant to section 3 of P.L.1997, c.97 (C.12:6B-3) in, but not of, the Department of the Treasury, is abolished and all of its functions, powers, and duties are continued and transferred to the [Division of Business Assistance, Marketing, and International Trade] authority.
b. Except as otherwise provided in this act, whenever in any law, rule, regulation, order, reorganization plan, contract, document, judicial or administrative proceeding, or otherwise, reference is made to the Dredging Project Facilitation Task Force, established pursuant to section 3 of P.L.1997, c.97 (C.12:6B-3) in, but not of, the Department of the Treasury, the same shall mean and refer to the [division] authority.
24. a. The Motion Picture and Television Development Commission, established pursuant to section 3 of P.L.1977, c.44 (C.34:1B-24), is transferred in, but not of, the [Division of Business Assistance, Marketing, and International Trade in the New Jersey Economic Development Authority] Department of State, but notwithstanding this transfer, the Motion Picture and Television Development Commission shall be independent of any supervision and control by the [authority] Department of State or by any board or officer thereof.
b. Whenever, in any law, rule, regulation, order, contract, document, judicial or administrative proceeding or otherwise, reference is made to the Motion Picture and Television Development Commission, the same shall mean and refer to the Motion Picture and Television Development Commission in, but not of, the [division] Department of State.
c. The [Division of Business Assistance, Marketing, and International Trade] Business Action Center shall provide staff services necessary to support the functions of the Motion Picture and Television Development Commission.
12. This act shall take effect immediately.
This bill creates the New Jersey Business Action Center ("BAC") within the Department of State and abolishes the Division of Business Assistance, Marketing, and International Trade established by P.L.2008, c.27, also known as the Business Retention and Attraction Division. The bill sets forth that the BAC will act as the State's liaison to the business community and provide information on: State financial and incentive programs; State taxes; permits, licenses, certificates, other governmental-approvals; State rules and regulations; available commercial real estate, and international trade.
The bill also requires the BAC, to the extent feasible and insofar as the center is capable, to cause individualized competitive intelligence information to be provided free of charge to businesses within the State that have fewer than 100 employees. The BAC is authorized to partner with organizations to provide this information to businesses. The BAC is required to keep all requests confidential and is directed not to disclose any information about a requesting business that it obtains to any other business or private entity. The BAC and any partner organizations is prohibited from disclosing any non-public proprietary information when providing competitive intelligence information. The BAC is authorized to develop an internship program to help facilitate providing businesses with individualized competitive intelligence information.
The BAC is also directed to produce a quarterly electronic newsletter detailing any new, repealed, or amended State regulation that impacts businesses and email the newsletter to individuals who submit their email address to the BAC through the its website.
The bill transfers all the powers, functions and responsibilities of the Business Retention and Attraction Division to the New Jersey BAC, except the Dredging Project Facilitation Task Force and the New Jersey Economic Development Site Program, which are to remain under the auspices of the New Jersey Economic Development Authority (EDA). Also, the bill provides for the transfer of several agencies of the EDA and their associated functions, powers, and duties to the New Jersey BAC, including the State Employment and Training Commission, the State Council for Adult Literacy and Education Services, the Council on Armed Forces and Veterans' Affairs, the Foundation of Technology Advancement, the Main Street New Jersey Advisory Board, the Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force, the South Jersey Transportation Authority, the Aquaculture Advisory Council, the Clean Air Council, and the Community Financial Services Advisory Board. The bill also transfers the Motion Picture and Television Development Commission to the Department of State. Finally, the bill authorizes the EDA to enter into partnerships, limited liability companies or joint ventures with private developers, banks or any other public entity, for the purpose of economic development.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Post date: January 22 2018
A.G. Schneiderman Announces Court Decision Shutting Down Company For Scamming Thousands Of Homeowners Seeking Property Tax Rebate; Secures Full Restitution For Victims
STAR Exemption Advisor and Owner Arie Gal Charged Homeowners for Simply Forwarding Tax Exemption Applications To Nassau County Assessor's Office – Swindling New Yorkers Out Of At Least $1.56 Million
MINEOLA — Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman today announced a court decision against STAR Exemption Advisor, YCA Corp. and its business owner Arie Gal for scamming thousands of new homeowners out of at least $1.562 million by charging them excessive fees to enroll in the Basic STAR Exemption Program, which is otherwise free. The court ordered that full restitution be paid to all those affected, and that all consumer contracts entered into with the respondents for Basic STAR rebate services be rescinded, all profits disgorged, and an accounting done to identify all consumers who are entitled to refunds. The court also ordered that civil penalties be paid for each instance of a violation of the General Business Law, and issued a permanent injunction stopping the respondents from marketing any Basic Star rebate or property tax reduction services within the State of New York. The Attorney General's office also secured a restraining order freezing all of the respondent's assets.
"Home ownership is challenging enough. Preying on and deceiving New Yorkers by manipulating the STAR program – one of the few forms of financial relief available to homeowners – is shameful and illegal," said Attorney General Schneiderman. "Today's decision serves as a reminder that my office will continue to aggressively pursue those seeking to scam New York homeowners."
The New York State School Tax Relief ("STAR") Program provides a partial exemption from school property taxes for primary residences that are owner-occupied with a total household income of $500,000 or less. To receive the exemption, new homeowners must file an application with their local assessor's office by January 2 each year in order for the exemption to be applied to the upcoming and subsequent years' tax bills.
The Attorney General's office commenced an investigation of Mr. Gal and his business after receiving numerous complaints from homeowners who alleged that his company had substantially overcharged them for filing an otherwise free application that the homeowners had completed themselves. Moreover, homeowners were unaware that they were doing business with a private company, as they believed they were sending their Nassau County application forms to the County, not an intermediary.
Mr. Gal used an official-sounding name like "Star Exemption Advisor" to scam thousands of homeowners out of tax savings that rightfully belonged to them. His company sent misleading mailers that looked like official government agency documents, tricking homeowners into signing up with them to apply for the Basic STAR exemption for a fee. The respondents used official-looking envelopes to make homeowners think that the mailers were coming from a government agency. Moreover, the company charged homeowners an exorbitant fee that was 100 percent of the total tax savings for the first year, even though applying for Basic STAR exemption costs nothing and can be accomplished without professional help.
Once homeowners were approved for the exemption, the company sent them invoices. If payment was not remitted immediately or homeowners disputed the charges, Mr. Gal sued them in Small Claims Court. Mr. Gal even sued homeowners for applications the homeowners had personally filed with the Department of Assessment. Upon receiving a Small Claims Court notice from Mr. Gal, most homeowners settled to avoid litigation. Homeowners who went to their scheduled court date were shocked to see so many other homeowners in the same predicament.
The Office of the New York State Attorney General thanks Acting Nassau County Assessor James E. Davis, former Deputy County Attorney Robert Mehran, former Commissioner of Consumer Affairs Madalyn F. Farley and the staff of the Nassau County Assessor's Office and Department of Consumer Affairs.
The investigation was handled by Valerie Singleton, Assistant Attorney General in Charge of the Nassau Regional Office; Assistant Attorney General Christina H. Bedell, Supervising Investigator Paul Matthews, and Senior Consumer Frauds Representative Adam Levin, with assistance from former Director of Research and Analytics Lacey Keller and Analyst John Ferrara. The Nassau Regional Office is part of the Division of Regional Affairs, led by Marty Mack, Executive Deputy Attorney General for Regional Offices.


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Digital Publishing in the Arts and Humanities
mattphillpott
Contributing to the global commons: Repositories and Wikimedia
Open Access and Wikipedia : Taking accessible research to the global public"
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Sridhar Gutam
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Open scholarship : a US research library view in 2014 – Jisc and CNI conferen...
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3 June 2015, 1pm-2pm
Talk about the various forms of digital publishing open to artresearchers including articles, monographs, blogs, websites, presentations, and repositories.
Reflections on Open Educational Practice
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1. www.sas.ac.uk Matt Phillpott (School of Advanced Study) matt.Phillpott@sas.ac.uk • What is digital publishing? Areas I'll cover: • Research Data • Articles • Monographs and books • Presentations • Websites and Social Media
2. www.sas.ac.uk Publishing, essentially, is the act of putting together written, visual or audio materials and releasing them as a cohesive whole to the world at large. Originally, publishing was done in the form of books, whether as papyrus scrolls or bound in covers. Publishing continued in this form until paper was taken out of the equation and replaced by digital files placed online. - eHow Article: The Definition of Digital Publishing (Shawn M. Tomlinson (http://www.ehow.com/about_5101062_definition-digital-publishing.html) Electronic publishing (also referred to as e- publishing or digital publishing) includes the digital publication of e-books, digital magazines, and the development of digital libraries and catalogues. - Wikipedia definition
3. www.sas.ac.uk Research Article(s) Monograph/Book Presentation(s) The Traditional Model
4. www.sas.ac.uk Research Dataset E-repository Article(s) Open Access version Born Digital Monograph/Book E-book Open Access Monographs Presentation(s) Podcast Video (YouTube) Slide Show Internet Website Blog Social Media The Digital Model
5. www.sas.ac.uk Interactive: other media can be added to digital content such as images, videos, audio etc. Accessible: Online content can be accessed from anywhere, anytime and by using different available electronic devices. Sharable: Digital content can be shared easily Global Reach: Digital publishing makes it possible to give a global reach to the content in less time and get the attention of the maximum targeted audience. Benefits of digital publication
6. www.sas.ac.uk 'Open access' refers to unrestricted, online access to the published findings of research. In our role as a national funding body for research, we are committed to supporting successful approaches to open-access publishing and increasing public access to research findings. - HEFCE (2014) Free and open access to publicly-funded research offers significant social and economic benefits. The Government, in line with its overarching commitment to transparency and open data, is committed to ensuring that such research should be freely accessible. - RCUK (2014)
7. www.sas.ac.uk Statement on Open Access The School of Advanced Study unites 10 institutes at the University of London to form the UK's national centre for the support of researchers and the promotion of research in the humanities broadly defined. The School's mission is to promote and facilitate research for the benefit of the national and international research communities and for society at large. The School is supportive of the move towards Open Access and would want to see the broadest possible Open Access policy across the UK, to allow the best research to be made widely available, to encourage mobility researchers, and to promote scholarly publishing in the UK and abroad. The School is committed to academic freedom of choice, and is equally committed to the dissemination of research outputs for maximum impact. The School's academic members are free to publish in the form of their choice, whether in a journal, monograph or scholarly edition, and the School has every confidence in its researchers' ability to make sensible decisions when considering the publication of their outputs. The School recognises that major research funders in the UK encourage if not increasingly demand Open Access, as do most international funding bodies, and therefore encourages its researchers, wherever possible, to take account of Open Access when deciding where to publish. In its willingness to comply with these mandates, the School is, now and for the foreseeable future, in favour of Open Access by means of the Green Route. The School will make available special allocations from its funders in those cases where Article Processing Charges (or APCs) need to be paid. The School will also show its support for Open Access by establishing an institutional fund, which will aim to help cover the cost of APCs. The School favours a sustainable approach to Open Access that supports researchers by making the best use of its own resources. The School has three Open Access journals, and plans to expand its range, notwithstanding the Reviews in History, which has been publishing in OA since 1996. The School's own e-repository SAS-Space, launched in 2006, already provides a permanent and secure online archive of research materials for the humanities and social sciences. The School intends to continue enhancing SAS-Space, both to ensure institutional compliance with funders' Open Access requirements and to provide a means by which authors, including those without an institutional affiliation, may officially and openly deposit all types of research outputs, subject to the conditions of any research contracts with third parties and in keeping with discipline-specific conventions, thus providing a national and international showcase for their research to the community at large. "The School is committed to academic freedom of choice, and is equally committed to the dissemination of research outputs for maximum impact. The School's academic members are free to publish in the form of their choice, whether in a journal, monograph or scholarly edition, and the School has every confidence in its researchers' ability to make sensible decisions when considering the publication of their outputs." - SAS Statement on Open Access, 2014
8. www.sas.ac.uk •Deposit in an institutional repository • Many institutions have institutional digital repositories, and many of these are being used for holding research data and sharing this •Deposit in a specialist data centre or archive • The UK Data Archive has an established reputation for managing history datasets •Submitting to a journal to support a publication • Many journal publishers are now providing the scope to share data associated with publications •Dissemination via a project or institutional website • A special section or page for 'data' with documentation •Informal peer-to-peer exchange • An option commonly used by many areas of research
9. www.sas.ac.uk E-repositories What is SAS-Space? • The institutional repository for SAS and SHL • a flexible dissemination and preservation service for research outputs • For SAS/SHL academic staff and fellows, cognate scholarly organisations, and graduate students A permanent online archive for humanities research outputs, including articles and data http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/
10. What types of data does SAS-Space hold? www.sas.ac.uk • Pre-publication/born-digital journal articles • Event presentations (papers presented) • Reports and official documentation (staff papers) • Research Datasets • Audio/Video files related to research projects • Digitised materials (books, images) • Dissertations and Theses
11. www.sas.ac.uk Journals and Articles Where do journal articles go on the web? • Journal website • E-repositories (usually pre-print version or after an embargo period) • Open access e-journal site
12. SAS Open Journals A system for editing, producing and hosting Open Access journals Who is it for? (i) Academic staff (SAS & beyond) (ii) Postgraduates (SAS & beyond) (iii) Societies, other 'academic groups www.sas.ac.uk http://journals.sas.ac.uk/
13. Current Journals • IALS Student Law Review • Journal of Human Rights in the Commonwealth • Amicus Curiae • Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review • History of Women in the Americas www.sas.ac.uk
14. www.sas.ac.uk Books and Monographs • E-books allow additional searching/links added [enhancements] Progress on Open Access Monographs HEFCE Monographs and Open Access report (2015) http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/rereports/year/2015/monographs/
15. www.sas.ac.uk Presentations Slideshare • Upload copies of slide shows that you have created • Embed slideshows alongside podcasts of talk/text/abstract • Embed into websites and blogs • Promote on Twitter and Facebook http://www.slideshare.net/
16. www.sas.ac.uk Websites and Social Media
17. www.sas.ac.uk Wordpress • Most popular blogging service in the world • Plenty of themes to choose from • Free although you might wish to pay for hosting and upgrade to wordpress.org for more options Blogger • Google system so connects well with other Google services • Free but limited themes to choose from Others: Typepad (£££)
18. What kind of Blog? www.sas.ac.uk
19. Creating an online profile www.sas.ac.uk Images Videos Audio Text (articles/books) • Blog Posts • CV • Resources pages Twitter Facebook Linked In IMPACT Check stats on Dashboard (hootsuite/Buffer etc) Network Slide Show
20. www.sas.ac.uk Thank you for listening! Matt Phillpott Matt.phillpott@sas.ac.uk @mphillpott
Latasha Carter Dec. 16, 2021
I pasted a website that might be helpful to you: ⇒ www.HelpWriting.net ⇐ Good luck!


The massive levels of integration following Moore's Law making modern multi-core chips prevail in various domains ranging from scientific applications to bioinformatics applications for consumer electronics. With higher and higher number of cores on the same die traditional bus based interconnections are no longer a scalable communication infrastructure. On-chip networks were proposed enabled a scalable plug-and-play mechanism for interconnecting hundreds of cores on the same chip. Wired interconnects between the cores in a traditional Network-on-Chip (NoC) system, becomes a bottleneck with increase in the number of cores thereby increasing the latency and energy to transmit signals over them. Hence, there has been many alternative emerging interconnect technologies proposed, namely, 3D, photonic and multi-band RF interconnects. Although they provide better connectivity, higher speed and higher bandwidth compared to wired interconnects; they also face challenges with heat dissipation and manufacturing difficulties. On-chip wireless interconnects is one other alternative proposed which doesn't need physical interconnection layout as data travels over the wireless medium. They are integrated into a hybrid NOC architecture consisting of both wired and wireless links, which provides higher bandwidth, lower latency, lesser area overhead and reduced energy dissipation in communication. An efficient media access control (MAC) scheme is required to enhance the utilization of the available bandwidth. A token-passing protocol proposed to grant access of the wireless channel to competing transmitters. This limits the number of simultaneous users of the communication channel to one although multiple wireless hubs are deployed over the chip. In principle, a Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) based medium access scheme would improve the utilization of the wireless resources. However, this requires design of multiple very precise, high frequency transceivers in non-overlapping frequency channels. Therefore, the scalability of this approach is limited by the state-of-the-art in transceiver design. The Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) enables multiple transmitter-receiver pairs to send data over the wireless channel simultaneously. The CDMA protocol can significantly increase the performance of the system while lowering the energy dissipation in data transfer. The CDMA based MAC protocol outperforms the wired counterparts and several other wireless architectures proposed in literature in terms of bandwidth and packet energy dissipation.
However, the reliability of CDMA based wireless NoC's is limited, as the probability of error is eminent due to synchronization delays at the receiver. The thesis proposes the use of an advanced filter which improves the performance and also reduces the error due to synchronization delays. This thesis also proposes investigation of various channel modulation schemes on token passing wireless NoC's to examine the performance and reliability of the system. The trade-off between performance and energy are established for the various conditions. The results are obtained using a modified cycle accurate simulator.


text:
Q: Android Installation of APK via Browser Link I want to create a web page that has two links.  One that downloads the agent itself (which is pretty easy, just linking to the APK file with the appropriate MIME types set), and the other to start the install process for the APK downloaded in step one.
I know they can just pull down the bar and click on it, but that can be confusing for users (especially in the overall process we are trying to create).  Is there a special URI I can use to start the installation, sort of like the market link of "market://"?
Also, is there a way to get meta-data surrounding where the APK was actually installed from? For example, if the link for the APK is "http://company.com/setting=123", that I can pull in the "setting=123" from the URL?  I suspect not, but I figured it couldn't hurt to ask.

A: You can add url interceptors to your app like it's mentioned here but AFAIK there is no way to do what you are asking.

A: check open2go.com
it may help you.
example here
http://open2go.com/http://m.getjar.com/mobile/49757/angry-birds-seasons/
open2go.com/ + url
  market: schema works to.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange