text:
Weight Lifting: He was Jewish, I was Cajun. His death still inspires me
Warren Perrin, Contributing, Acadiana Advocate, Dec. 29, 2019
A recent documentary on terrorism reminded me of my friend and competitor David Berger and how our lives intertwined.
When I was 13, I began weight training in my dad's workshop. By 1965, having joined the weightlifting team at what was then known as the University of Southwestern Louisiana in Lafayette, I had trained and won enough competitions to be accepted as part of the NCAA national collegiate weightlifting team.
Similarly, when he was 13, Berger began weight training in his family's basement in Cleveland. He, like me, decided to commit himself to Olympic weightlifting, a sport that requires intense discipline, physical strength and mental focus.
I became a member of three USL national NCAA weightlifting championship teams. This success gave me the confidence to become an attorney and an Acadian activist. Likewise, after graduating from Tulane, Berger obtained a law degree from Columbia. He was the ultimate student athlete.
Being on the undefeated USL team affected me in many positive ways, but one stands out: my unique friendship with Berger.
We first met at the New Orleans Athletic Club in 1964. He was older and very encouraging to me. I never defeated him in competition.
In 1965, he won the NCAA national weightlifting championship — setting three national records.
Berger was the first Jewish person I met — he spoke Hebrew. I was the first Cajun he met — I spoke French.
During meets, he and I talked about our different cultural backgrounds. Alike, our people were both victims of ethnic cleansing: the Acadians in 1755 and the Jewish people during WWII. Though the Holocaust remains a tragedy unparalleled in history, the Acadian Deportation was very traumatic to my ancestors — in both cases, one-third of our people perished.
Like Berger, I aspired to represent my country in the Olympics. He realized that dream; I didn't.
He moved to Israel in 1970 with hopes of joining their Olympic team. In 1972, as I was beginning my law practice, he proudly represented Israel in the Olympics. Four days later, he was dead.
The Munich massacre, an act of terrorism that shocked the world, started when Palestinian terrorists took 11 Israeli team members hostage in a strike known as "Black September." Berger, who valiantly resisted, was shot three times, beaten and killed by a terrorist grenade during a failed rescue attempt. The tragedy was later memorialized by Steven Spielberg's film "Munich" in 2006. The London Times wrote: "They came with dreams and went home in coffins."
On orders of President Richard Nixon, Berger's body was flown back to Cleveland on a U.S. military plane.
The Tulane community was shocked; flags flew at half-staff the day after the massacre. In 2002, New Orleans rededicated Avenger Field in Audubon Park as David Berger Avenger Field.
In the intervening years, I've had a wonderful life. I just celebrated my 50th wedding anniversary with the love of my life, I've had children and grandchildren, and still continue to follow my passions.
Although he made it to the Olympics, Berger never got to experience the same joys that I did. But his dedication and spirit live on in my heart and continue to inspire me to this day to seek my goals.
— Perrin lives in Lafayette
Athletic Network Footnote by Dr. Ed Dugas.
Click www.athleticnetwork.net - Photo Gallery on left side of home page - Weight Lifting for the photo gallery of the Weight Lifting program at SLI/USL and the national champions it produced.
Click on the Ragin' Cajuns Reunions and Special Events Banner on the right side of the home page and view the photo galleries of those reunions in 2006 and 2016.


text:
Q: Sending emails from Web API without exposing service IP/URL I am developing an application that provides account management features. Implementation wise, it has one MVC App for UI and separate couple of Web API services for business logic.
I need to manage sending mails to users in couple of situations like following

*

*user creates an account & Web API sends confirmation/activation mail

*user forgot password & Web API sends reset link
Now the question is, how to send mails to users without exposing Web API host IP (or URL)? Probably, I can do following:

*

*Create an action in MVC which when called, sends the info to the
appropriate Web API controller method

*With appropriate parameters, include above action as the href in the mail sent by Web API
Another approach could be, simply sending the code to user without links and asking user to enter that token on the UI (user knows the MVC UI link).
I would prefer the second approach. Is this the right approach? Is there any other better way?
Things to note:

*

*Web API will use SendGrid to send mail

*The system (MVC & Web API) will be hosted in Azure (I mention this to
know any pitfalls in the above first approach when Azure scales out the
system).
Thanks

A: I don't understand the confusion. You would never link the user directly to the Web Api, anyways. Essentially, the MVC project just becomes the UI around the Web Api in this scenario, so for example:

*

*User loads "Signup" page on MVC site and submits the form there to an action on the MVC site

*The MVC site's post action calls the Web Api to register the user and send the confirmation email. Then, redirects the user to another page on the MVC site.

*The Web Api sends the confirmation email to the user with a link to confirm on the MVC site.

*User clicks the link in the email, and is taken to the confirmation page on the MVC site.

*The MVC site, again, interacts with the Web Api to confirm the user, and redirects the user to another page on the MVC site.

As you can see, at no point in the above is the user even aware that a Web Api component exists. The only interaction they have is with the MVC site.
Now, I would go a step even further and say the MVC site shouldn't know it's working with a Web Api, either. Essentially, it's just using the Web Api as it would a database. It just knows it needs to perform some function that just happens to be being completed by a Web Api. As result, you should wrap up the Web Api calls into a service class, implementing an interface. For example:
public interface IService

public class WebApiService : IService

On IService, you would define all the actions a client of the service could take. RegisterUser, SendConfirmationEmail, ConfirmUser, etc. Then, on WebApiService, you would implement those methods, utilizing, of course, your Web Api. However, you MVC site should interact only with IService, and then you can use a dependency injection framework to inject WebApiService for IService. Then, if for some reason, you later needed to switch to using Entity Framework directly, for example, you can create something like:
public class EntityFrameworkService : IService

And, then inject that instead. Since the MVC application knows only about IService, you don't need to change anything there at all.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Kuma Kuma Kuma Bear E09 480p WEBRip x264-TFPDL
scene December 2, 2020 Anime
Kuma Kuma Kuma Bear revolves around a 15-year-old Yuna. One day, upon returning home, she is hyped for a new update for her favorite world's first VRMMO, World Fantasy Online. Ever since the game service began one year ago, she quit going to school and just passed time doing absolutely nothing, but playing the game. After the server's maintenance has been performed and a new update has become online, Yuna meets either a GM, or an NPC, telling her that all the players may receive a loot box and the reward will depend on how long they have been playing the game. Yuna receives a kuma costume, which she finds embarrassing at first, but later quickly forgets about that feeling, when she sees the stats of this costume, which are quite high. Having received the costume, she is also asked to take a survey: her attitude towards real life, her opinion on the game, if she believes in God and finally if she finds the kuma costume cute. Finally, she logs in the game and finds out that she wears …
Tsukiuta The Animation S02E09 480p WEBRip x264-TFPDL
Six Gravity and Procellarum are two rival male idol groups who happen to live in the same dorm. Six Gravity is made up of young men who represent the months of December to May, while Procellarum's members represent June to November. Follow the daily lives of these twelve young men as they deal with the stresses of idol-hood, school, and living together. With music by famous Vocaloid producers.
Kimi to Boku no Saigo no Senjou Arui wa Sekai ga Hajimaru Seisen E09 480p WEBRip x264-TFPDL
As a war rages on between a machine-based empire and a magic-focused empire, a witch and a soldier meet and fall in love. Will their romance bring an end to their nations' conflict?
Magatsu Wahrheit Zuerst E07-E08 480p WEBRip x264-TFPDL
Two young people living in the Wahrheit Empire are planning to relocate to the capital city: the shy Inumael who works as a transporter and left his beloved sister behind at his parents' home, and Leocadio, a naive new soldier of the Empire who spends his days in the imperial city thinking of his future as a soldier.
Golden Kamuy S03E09 480p WEBRip x264-TFPDL
In the early twentieth century, Russo-Japanese War veteran Sugimoto "Immortal" Saichi scratches out a meager existence during the postwar gold rush in the wilderness of Hokkaido. When he stumbles across a map to a fortune in hidden Ainu gold, he sets off on a treacherous quest to find it. But Sugimoto is not the only interested party, and everyone who knows about the gold will kill to possess it. Faced with the harsh conditions of the northern wilderness, ruthless criminals and rogue Japanese soldiers, Sugimoto will need all his skills and luck – and the help of an Ainu girl named Asirpa – to survive.
Ikebukuro West Gate Park E09 480p WEBRip x264-TFPDL
Crime-ridden Ikebukuro is a haven for violent gangs, the Yakuza, and home to Makoto Majima. To protect his friends, this charismatic troubleshooter mediates disputes among the warring factions—even fixing problems the police can't.
But when a rising tide of violence results in Makoto losing a loved one, can he ride out the storm, or will he drown in all the spilled blood that floods his streets?
Maou-jou de Oyasumi E09 480p WEBRip x264-TFPDL
Sshhh! Princess Syalis is trying to get a good night's sleep. Some shut-eye. Forty winks. Catch some Z's. Long ago in olden times when people and demons lived together in—well, disharmony, really—a demon king kidnaps a human princess and imprisons her in his castle. Bereft, the princess's subjects beat their chests in anguish…until a hero arises to spearhead Project Rescue Our Princess! While waiting for her knight in shining armor, what's an imprisoned princess to do…? Teddy-bear guards with bat wings are all very well, but her dungeon cell is bo-o-o-ring! So, she decides to wile away the long hours by sleeping. Now if only she could get comfortable…and didn't suffer from insomnia…
Black Clover E154 480p WEBRip x264-TFPDL
Asta and Yuno were abandoned together at the same church and have been inseparable since. As children, they promised that they would compete against each other to see who would become the …
Page 30 of 185« First...1020«2829303132 » 405060...Last »

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Is there a way to create an action in eclipse to export my jar to a certain directory? Is there someone to configure a one click or one key action to export my build product to a certain directory? I'm coming from Visual Studio where I can set the output directory and press F6 to do this.

A: You can right click on project. Export... Then click on Java/Jar file and next. You will se something like this. Specify output filename, and on the next screen click on save description ( see pictures below ). Then after you saved jardesc to the project root, right click and "Create JAR" command. Two click, not one (if you check overwrite in first screen). If you want to automate with a shortcut, try the plugin in this answer.


The losses from the "London Whale" trade now total more than $6 billion.
The harpoons are out at JPMorgan.
The bank is pursuing legal action against Javier Martin-Artajo, the former boss of the trader who lost the bank billions of dollars earlier this year and came to be known as the "London Whale."
Greg Campbell, a lawyer for Martin-Artajo, said Wednesday that JPMorgan had filed a lawsuit in the United Kingdom against his client, who supervised Iksil in the bank's chief investment office in London. Martin-Artajo has not yet been served with the complaint and does not know the specifics of the allegations, Campbell said.
JPMorgan (JPM) did not immediately respond to requests for comment. The bank has previously said it has recordings, emails and other documents that suggest traders may have been hiding the losses, which totaled $6.2 billion through the first three quarters of this year.
Martin-Artajo "absolutely denies any wrongdoing," Campbell said. "He's disappointed by the bank's unjustified assertion that he might have attempted to conceal the losses."
The losses came about as a result of the investment office's massive position in credit derivatives, which came to light earlier this year as the bet soured. The losses were pegged initially at around $2 billion back in May, but have ballooned in the months since.
In the meantime, JPMorgan has been on the defensive. CEO Jamie Dimon spent two days in front of lawmakers in Washington in June taking the blame, apologizing and promising to take action.
JPMorgan has said those responsible for the losses may have their pay clawed back. Iksil and Martin-Artajo are no longer with the bank.
News of the lawsuit was reported earlier by Bloomberg.


text:
import operator
import time
import sys
import itertools

# Identify subproblems such that solving them are the building blocks for solving bigger problems
# solve subproblems, save their results
# next solve the bigger problems using the saved results from the smaller subproblems
#
#
# base case : A[i,j,0] = 		0 if i == j
#								c(i,j) if i and j are connected
#								inf if i != j and not connected either
# for k from 1 to n
#	for i from 1 to n
#		for j from 1 to n
# 			A[i,j,k] = min of (1) A[i,k,k-1] + A[k,j,k-1]
#							  (2) A[i,j,k-1]
# to check for negative cycles
# for i from 1 to n:
# 	if A[i,i,n] < 0, then there is a negative cycle
def is_odd(num):
    return num & 0x1

def unique(iterable):
    seen = set()
    for x in iterable:
        if x in seen:
            continue
        seen.add(x)
        yield x
def permutations (orig_list):
    if not isinstance(orig_list, list):
        orig_list = list(orig_list)
    yield orig_list
    if len(orig_list) == 1:
        return
    for n in sorted(orig_list):
        new_list = orig_list[:]
        pos = new_list.index(n)
        del(new_list[pos])
        new_list.insert(0, n)
        for resto in permutations(new_list[1:]):
            if new_list[:1] + resto <> orig_list:
                yield new_list[:1] + resto

vertices = []
A = []
array = {}
array_set = set()
if __name__ == '__main__':
	# lines = [line.strip() for line in open('jobs.txt')] OR
	with open('tsp124.966.txt') as f:
		no_cities= [int(x) for x in f.readline().split()] # reads the first line
		no_cities = no_cities[0]
		for line in f:
			v_x, v_y  = [float(x) for x in line.split()]
	print "Done reading inputs"

	for m in xrange(2,no_cities):
		m_list = list(xrange(1,m))
		s = list(unique(itertools.combinations(m_list, 3)))
		#s = permutations(m_list)
		#print s
		for s_elem in s:
			#if 1 in s_elem:
			print s_elem

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Per person per night stay with all meals at Rs. 1000. 3 guests per room.
Per person per night stay with all meals @ Rs. 1483. 2 guests per room.
per person per night cost with all meals Rs. 1000. 4 guests per room.
Okhrey is a small village located in West District of Sikkim.It's nearest town is Sombaria .Okhrey is a mainly inhabited by Sherpas.The main attractions of Okhrey are Barsey Rhododendron sanctuary,famous Singhalia trek,Foktey trek,Ghorkey trek,Dara trek,birding, short trailsfor family trek and many side scenes. Okhrey is famous for being the base for the famous Hilley – Varsey Rhododendron trek. Hilley, which is the checkpost for the 4 km long trek to Varsey is just 10 kms from Okhrey by car. While travelling to Hilley from Okhrey, you would enjoy the view of the magnificent Mt. Kanchenjungha range. If you climb up the slope of the hill, you can spot a serene village called Latitar. Another popular tourist attraction of the place is the Ugen Thon Meon Ling monastery, which is visited by travelers passing through this way. The monastery is operated by the Tibetan missionaries and features a small school.
You can make a trip to Hilley, located 10 km. from Okhrey, which marks the beginning of the Hilley – Varsey Rhododendron trek. There is a beautiful Sai Temple in Daramdin just 28 kms away. Other nearby attractions of Okrey are the view point Jureli Dara around 18 kms away, the Anden Olong Monastery (20 kms away), Kitan Falls, Dodak Helipad, Butterfly Shape Valley and numerous other view points. You can visit most of these destinations while travelling from Somabaria to Okhrey – they would fall on the way. Other attractions that you cover in a sightseeing trip of Okhrey are Devi Falls, Gathang alls, the EPC church (one of the oldest churches of Sikkim) and a Lepcha Museum.
Okhrey is located at a distance of 130 km. from the New Jalpaiguri station. A number of trains halt at the New Jalpaiguri station. Regular jeep services are available from Jorethang. It takes about an hour to reach the destination. The route from New Jalpaiguri is Teesta Bazar – Jorethang – Sombaria – Okhrey.
Okhrey can be visited throughout the year. You can enjoy magnificent views of Mt. Kanchenjungha in October to January. To see Rhododendrons in full bloom, you should visit Okhrey from mid of March to mid of April every year. Birdwatching can be enjoyed throughout the year.


text:
James Ernest Bryan (Phoenix, Arizona, SAD, 28. siječnja 1926. – Langhorne, Pennsylvania, 19. lipnja 1960.) je bivši američki vozač automobilističkih utrka.

Poznat pod nadimkom "Kauboj", Bryan je osvojio AAA prvenstvo 1954., a sljedeće godine pobjeđuje na sedam utrka, ali nedovoljno za naslov. USAC prvenstvo osvaja 1956. i 1957. U Formuli 1 nastupao je samo na utrci 500 milja Indianapolisa, gdje je 1958. godine i pobijedio. Godine 1956. pobijedio je i na utrci Monza Race of Two Worlds u Italiji.

U dobi od samo 33 godine, poginuo je u prvom krugu na Champ car utrci na stazi Langhorne Speedway. Istog dana u Formuli 1, na VN Belgije na Spa-Francorchampsu, poginuli su Alan Stacey i Chris Bristow, što čini 19. lipnja 1960. jedan od najtragičnijih dana u povijesti automobilističkih utrka.

Godine 1994. primljen je National Sprint Car Hall of Fame, a 1999. na Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Dvije godine kasnije priljen je i na International Motorsports Hall of Fame.

Indianapolis 500

Izvori

 Jimmy Bryan Find A Grave.com

Vanjske poveznice
Jimmy Bryan na racing-reference.info
Jimmy Bryan na motorsportmagazine.com

Američki vozači IndyCar serije
Američki vozači Formule 1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
"use strict";
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
const walkerClass = require("walk");
const path = require("path");
const stringHelpers_1 = require("./stringHelpers");
class functionWalker {
    constructor(path) {
        this.path = path;
        this.walker = walkerClass.walk(path);
        this.stringHelper = new stringHelpers_1.stringHelpers();
    }
    doWalk() {
        var pusher = [];
        return new Promise((good, bad) => {
            this.walker.on("file", (root, fileStats, next) => {
                var name = path.join(root, fileStats.name);
                var folderSplit = root.split(path.sep);
                var folderName = folderSplit[folderSplit.length - 1];
                next();
                var offsetName = name.replace(this.path, '');
                offsetName = this.stringHelper.trim(offsetName, '\\\\/');
                pusher.push({ 'fullName': name, 'offsetName': offsetName });
            });
            this.walker.on("errors", function (root, nodeStatsArray, next) {
                next();
            });
            this.walker.on("end", () => {
                try {
                    good(pusher);
                }
                catch (e) {
                    bad(e);
                }
            });
        });
    }
}
exports.functionWalker = functionWalker;
//# sourceMappingURL=functionWalk.js.map


The following is a graph comparing 2017 temperatures (the red line) with 2018 temperatures (the blue line). Temperatures are in deg F from March 11 to April 10. This shows how much colder than last year this spring has been so far.
Hi Bill, I enjoy reading blog from Australia's capital city Canberra, I have a keen interest in weather too. You may be interested to know on the east coast of Australia, last fortnight's daytime temperatures were 10 degrees above the long term Autumn average. It's Autumn now yet the daytime temps this past fortnight range from 26 to 32 degrees C, those temperatures are typical of Canberra's summer weather.


Slowly getting stuff done. It's been a challenging having to make one off stuff and getting things to work. Currently working on getting driveshaft made. The conversion from small Isuzu u-joints to bigger Toyota joints caused some slow down. I also got rid of the carrier bearing to install a one piece drive shaft. To keep it low as low as possible I am doing a spring under step up. 5.29 gears have been installed and now I am waiting on flat cross over steering arms. Transmission is in and motor is ready to go. Power steering is all set up and ready to go. Under hood is pretty much done. Torn out dash and heater items to dynomat and add some 3/4 foam to quite it down in the cab. Still have set pinion angles and get front axle put back together. Slowly but surely.
1982, Diesel, reguler cab, short bed, 5 speed, 2wd, 185/75/14, 2" exhaust, tiny tac, 35-40 mpg.
Wow this is a slow project. Been waiting on custom parts.
-Rear driveshaft completed and installed. Used a yoke from a Chevy to accommodate larger ujoints. Cut out carrier bearing and installed one piece driveshaft.
-Currently having a heater core reworked for the truck. Got rid of the plastic heater core for an all metal one from an 81.
-Currently working on swapping crankcase/oil pan for a Turbo 4x4 one so it clears the front diff and for a turbo later on.
-Still waiting on custom flat steering arms to be made. Open 5.29 gears installed in front. Still have to rebuild axle with vented rotors and ungraded locking hubs.
-Dash and steering wheel has been switched out. The firewall has been completely sound proofed and 3/4 foam added. High idle override has been installed and a mini tach wired.
-Large Power steering cooler was installed.
-Rear axle completely rebuild with 5.29 gears and a spool.
-Fuel filter relocated to beside fuel tank.
Looks good. Very nice pictures.
Shiny oil pump is new turbo oil pump.
2wd pan is whiched to a turbo 4x4 Pan for clearance of front differential.
Little more work done this weekend. Just trying to figure out how I want it all to fit together. Turbo is a GT1548.
Turbo Oil supply fittings from block also turbo supply line. The turbo one has a heat protection sleeve on it.
Axle mounted and no more steering geometry problems.
GT1548 turbo. Intercooler is off a 1985 SAAB 900. For anyone doing this getting the turbo parts to align up is a pain. Lots of taking it on and off the truck to get everything to line up perfectly and fit right. Plumbing everything is a whole another issue.


BOOK NOW & USE 50% MORE POINTS! Your vacation dreams are about to come true with a 2-day pass to Disneyland®!
Kids and kids-at-heart will adore this delightful package in Anaheim, California, which includes a 2-day Park Hopper® ticket for Disneyland Park and Disney's California Adventure® Park. These are some of the most celebrated theme and entertainment resorts on the planet, and you'll find them at your full disposal — from Grizzly Peak to Sleeping Beauty Castle. Make lifelong memories with the magic of the world's favorite amusement park.
•	Your stay at the family-friendly Disneyland Hotel puts you just steps from the excitement of the resort's Downtown Disney District.
•	With 7 exciting lands that bring to life Disney and Pixar stories and characters, the rides and attractions at Disney's California Adventure Park offer something for everyone!
•	Mickey Mouse, Goofy, Cinderella — you'll have plenty of opportunities to snap photographs with these and so many other favorite characters at Disneyland Park.
•	2-day Park Hopper ticket valid for admission to Disneyland Park and Disney's California Adventure each day. You may visit 1 park or both parks in the same day.
•	Unlimited, complimentary use of the hotel's fitness center.
Airfare is not included in the trip price! The closest commercial airport to the hotel is John Wayne Airport (SNA), approximately 15 miles (24 kilometers) away. We highly recommend that you purchase travel insurance for any trip.
Anaheim, California, is home to some of the world's most famous — and widely beloved — real estate. This sunbathed Orange County city boasts the amusement park of all amusement parks: Disneyland Resort, founded in the mid-1950s by creative genius, Walt Disney.
The city's revitalized downtown also highlights new shops and restaurants, a thriving farmer's market, cultural museums, and award-winning craft breweries in the Anaheim Packing District and the Center Street Promenade.
On this DreamTrip to Disneyland in Anaheim, California, Platinum members will be treated to a late check-out time of noon. Life is great when you're a Platinum Member!
5:30-6:30 p.m.: Welcome reception at Tortilla Jo's.
Use your 2-day pass to visit Disneyland Park or Disney's California Adventure Park — or both!
Right in the heart of Walt Disney's cherished entertainment universe, Disneyland Hotel is a sophisticated, family-friendly resort with nearly as many attractions as the theme park itself! From the classic Disney designs of your guest room to the pools, waterslides, movie nights and more, this is a charming place to stay while enjoying the Disneyland Park and Disney's California Adventure.
•	3 restaurants, 1 coffee shop and 2 bars.
•	2 outdoor pools, 2 towering waterslides and a water play area.
•	Mandara Spa at Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa.
•	Pinocchio's Workshop, a children's activity center.
•	Self-parking: US$20 per day; valet parking: US$30 per day.
•	Maximum occupancy 5 people.
Gratuities are not included. We suggest US$3 per day for housekeeping, and US$10 per bag for round-trip porterage.


This exciting Gorjuss collection from Docrafts features lovely characters and beautiful new patterns in a happy, bright colour palette.
Bursting with new Gorjuss Girl designs and some familiar favourites, these beautiful soft colours and damask details are an ultimate must-have for any crafter. This paper pack can be up-cycled into a handy storage folder afterwards.


text:
La Segona Lliga atenesa o Confederació Atenesa fou una unió de ciutats-estat gregues, encapçalada per Atenes (378 - 355 aC), creada per tal de posar terme a l'hegemonia d'Esparta.

Rerefons
El 478 aC, Atenes va fundar la Lliga Dèlica per contrarestar la influència persa durant les guerres greco-perses. El lideratge atenès es va consolidar en les següents dècades, i molts historiadors consideren que la Lliga és un Imperi atenès, especialment després que el tresor es traslladés de Delos a Atenes el 454 a.C. Aquesta Lliga va lluitar contra la Lliga del Peloponès, dominada per Esparta, a la Guerra del Peloponès, que va durar del 431 al 404 aC. Va acabar després d'un setge a Atenes el 404 aC, quan Atenes i Esparta van arribar a un acord de pau que establia l'hegemonia espartana sobre el món grec. Els corintis i els tebans, tots dos aliats d'Esparta, volien destruir Atenes i esclavitzar els seus ciutadans en lloc d'un acord de pau més benèvol. Els espartans ho van rebutjar a causa que Atenes era un factor important per mantenir l'equilibri de poder a les regions d'Àtica, Beòcia i Istme, i al seu lloc van imposar els termes següents: les muralles i fortificacions ateneses havien de ser destruïdes, la flota atenesa havia de ser retirada del servei excepte dotze vaixells, els exiliats atenesos havien de ser autoritzats a tornar a la ciutat, i Atenes havia de reconèixer el lideratge espartà i unir-se a la xarxa d'aliances espartanes, i permetre a Esparta dictar la seva política exterior.

Els antics aliats d'Esparta es van tornar contra ella l'any 395 aC, i Tebes va instigar un atac espartà que donaria lloc a la Guerra de Corint,que enfrontaria Esparta amb una coalició d'Atenes, Tebes, Corint i Argos, i comptava amb el suport de Pèrsia. Després d'una sèrie d'èxits atenesos, Pèrsia va imposar la pau d'Antàlcides  i prendria el control de totes les ciutats gregues d'Àsia Menor, així com de l'illa de Xipre, i garantiria la independència de totes les altres ciutats gregues, amb les excepcions de Lemnos, Imbros i Skiros, que pertanyerien a Atenes. Aquesta guerra va donar poder a Atenes per primera vegada des del final de la Guerra del Peloponès, i li permeté de reconstruir les seves fortificacions i la seva armada, prèviament desmantellades.

Orígens
La formació de la Lliga es veié estimulada per tres grans esdeveniments que van provocar el deteriorament de les relacions entre Atenes i Esparta. El primer esdeveniment fou la intervenció espartana en un conflicte de faccions dins de Tebes. L'any 382 aC, Esparta va enviar una força dirigida pel general Eudàmides i el seu germà Fèbides per combatre l'expansió d'Olint a Calcídica, al nord de Grècia.De camí a Olint, Fèbides es va aturar prop de Tebes, on els dos polemarques, Ismènies i Leontiades, estaven embrancats en una lluita de poder pel control de Tebes. Ismènies estava a favor de la democràcia i en contra d'Esparta, per la qual cosa Leontiades va convèncer Fèbides, a qui Xenofont descriu com a impulsat pel desig de realitzar bones accions però sense capacitat de raonament,<ref>Xenofont, Hel·lèniques''' 5.2.28.</ref>que a Esparta li convindria ajudar-lo a prendre el control de Tebes.Fèbides va acceptar i el va ajudar a prendre la ciutadella i a empresonar Ismènies,<ref>Xenofont, Hel·lèniques' 5.2.30.</ref>la qual cosa va fer que uns 300 dels seus partidaris fugissin a l'exili a Atenes.Tot i que aquesta ingerència espartana a Tebes representava una violació flagrant de la pau d'Antàlcides, Leontiades va argumentar que els espartans no havien de castigar Fèbides perquè les seves accions només havien servit per ajudar Esparta. Els espartans van acceptar, i van decidir mantenir la ciutadella tebana i matar Ismènies.

El segon esdeveniment va ser l'esclat de la Guerra Tebana, provocada directament per la intervenció espartana a Tebes. L'any 378 aC, alguns dels exiliats d'aquesta intervenció van tornar a Tebes, van assassinar Leontiades i van enderrocar la tirania pro-espartana.. El governador espartà va enviar reforços, però van ser anihilats durant la seva aproximació per la cavalleria tebana. Aleshores, la cavalleria va assaltar l'acròpoli tebana i va restaurar un govern popular antiespartà. Això va provocar la guerra entre Esparta i Tebes.

El tercer esdeveniment va ser la invasió del Pireu, un port atenès a l'Àtica, per part del general espartano Esfòdries a l'hivern del 378 aC. Diodor Sícul afirma que la invasió va ser ordenada pel rei espartà Cleòmbrot, mentre que altres historiadors com Xenofont argumenten que Esfòdries va ser subornat per Tebes com a part d'un complot per posar a Atenes del seu costat en la guerra contra Esparta. Els ambaixadors espartans destacats a Atenes van prometre que Esfòdries seria condemnat i castigat a Esparta, però va ser absolt en el que Sícul anomena "un error judicial".Això va fer que Atenes busqués aliances contra Esparta, de manera que van arribar a ciutats de l'Egeu sota un dur control espartà, com ara Quios, Bizanci, Rodes i Mitilene. Aquestes ciutats van enviar representants a Atenes, que van signar el Decret d'Aristòtil, que perfilava els termes de la Segona Lliga atenesa.

 Decret i política
A Atenes s'ha trobat una inscripció relativa a la Lliga,que data de l'any 377 i on es detallen els objectius de la nova Lliga. La intenció era garantir que Esparta permetés a tots els grecs ser independents; els estats implicats havien de conservar tots la seva independència, per la qual cosa no es permetia a Atenes posseir terres en cap dels estats membres, ni imposar-los una guarnició o cleruquia; cada membre podia a més triar la seva pròpia constitució, que no seria necessàriament democràtica. Un dels objectius era convèncer els seus aliats que no tornaria a cometre els errors del passat, els de l'imperialisme atenès de la Lliga de Delos: en aquella època, al segle V aC, Atenes s'havia fet molt impopular pel seu comportament especialment brutal amb els estats que s'havien rebel·lat contra ella o que semblaven fer-ho. Atenes també va convèncer les potències estrangeres, incloses Esparta i Pèrsia, que la carta era una manera d'aplicar la pau d'Antàlcides en lloc d'una subversió.

Molts historiadors consideren que la Segona Lliga atenesa és un ressorgiment de l'hegemonia atenesa sobre Grècia. Alguns, com l'historiador de l'antiga Grècia Jack Cargill, argumenten que aquesta lliga era diferent de la Lliga de Delos i que no representava un nou Imperi atenès Argumenta que la principal causa de les desercions va ser Tebes, que va abandonar la lliga l'any 371 aC i va incitar altres estats a marxar.

 L'auge de Tebes
Tebes es va unir a la lliga en la seva fundació perquè un dels punts principals del decret era l'oposició a Esparta. No obstant això, les relacions entre Tebes i la resta de la lliga aviat es van fer difícils i Atenes va començar a adonar-se que Tebes no s'havia de confiar necessàriament. Per exemple, Tebes va destruir Platea l'any 372 aC, que feia poc que havia estat refundada. Atenes va començar a pensar en negociar la pau amb Esparta; Va ser mentre Atenes discutia això amb Esparta que Tebes va derrotar l'exèrcit espartà de manera decisiva a la batalla de Leuctra (371 aC). Això va comportar el final de la Guerra Tebana i, amb ella, de l'hegemonia espartana sobre Grècia. Tebes aviat va abandonar la lliga i va establir una hegemonia pròpia.

 Història posterior i desintegració
Després de la derrota d'Esparta el 371 aC, Tebas es va separar de la Lliga i va poder violar impunement els termes de la pau d'Antàlcides. Posteriorment, una sèrie de revoltes van sacsejar la lliga, i culminaren amb la Guerra Social (357-355 aC) en què els estats de Quios, Rodes, Cos i Bizanci van entrar en guerra contra Atenes. Aquesta guerra va acabar amb la desintegració de la Segona Lliga atenesa.

 Referències

 Bibliografia
 Fonts primàries
 Xenofont, Hel·lèniques Diodor de Sicília, Biblioteca històrica''

Fonts secundàries

Lligues de l'antiga Grècia


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text:
The West and Global Mathematics
Posted on November 14, 2008 by Baron Bodissey
This post is adapted from Fjordman's comments on earlier posts here and here.
I've been reading Greek Thought, Arab Culture by Dimitri Gutas, which is a surprisingly boring book. Gutas treats the Arabic translation movement in Baghdad as a major achievement. It was an achievement in some ways, but he admits that they benefited greatly from the pre-established Zoroastrian Persian ideology of translation and libraries. He also admits that Muslims only translated scientific works, not the Homeric epics, for instance. He does briefly mention that they translated some Sanskrit and Persian works, but says almost nothing about the Indian ones. The Indian numeral system was important and should be mentioned, although the Greek texts were clearly the most important.
Muslims had access to Greek, Persian and Sanskrit works. Theoretically speaking, they could have explored the Indo-European linguistic tree. But they didn't. Europeans did. It is true that Muslims made some worthwhile works in mathematics, but we should remember that the three most important mathematical traditions in the ancient world were the Greek, the Mesopotamian (which the Greeks head learned from, and which the Persian continued) and the Indian. This means that Middle Eastern Muslims had direct access to all of the most important mathematical traditions on Earth simultaneously. They did make some progress in algebra, but it would almost be surprising if they didn't manage to produce any significant mathematical works.
One book on my reading list which I haven't read so far is The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies by Thomas McEvilley. My impression from what I have read about it is that he places too much emphasis on the Indian influence on Greek culture. Everybody says nowadays that Greek culture was "really" invented somewhere else (think Black Athena). We do know that the Egyptians, Mesopotamians and Phoenicians influenced the Greeks, but the Greeks openly admitted this, and these cultures all belonged to the Eastern Mediterranean world whereas India was far away.
There is a school of thought which claims that Plato's political system in The Republic mirrors the Hindu caste system, and that Greek atomism was imported from Indian atomism. I haven't seen convincing evidence of this so far, and it's difficult to see how this influence should have been transferred to Greece prior to Hellenistic times, but the question is worth exploring. We can find traces of a commonly shared Proto-Indo-European mythological heritage with India, however faint.
The Chinese mathematical tradition was significant, but less influential than the Indian one. I would be tempted to say that China was a hardware civilization whereas India was a software civilization. The truth is that given the size of their economy and their population, the Chinese were surprisingly weak in mathematics and in the abstract sciences in general. This proves that although some minimum level of wealth is certainly a necessary cause for the growth of modern science (extremely poor people concentrate on surviving, not on inventing calculus or comparative linguistics), it is by no means a sufficient one. The Chinese believed the Earth was flat until the seventeenth century AD, and they only corrected this error after their astronomy had been virtually displaced by European astronomy. This was after European (Greek) astronomers had known that the Earth was spherical for more than two thousand years, a knowledge which, despite popular myths to the contrary, was never lost during medieval times.
Asian rockets weighed a couple of kilograms at most and were powered by gunpowder. None of them would have been able to challenge the Earth's gravity, leave the atmosphere and explore the Solar System. In fact, Asians never coined the concept of "gravity" in the first place. Space travel is the invention of only one civilization, the Western one. None of the Asian nations ever came remotely close to achieving something similar on their own, not even the Japanese. In fact, without Europeans mankind might not have been able to explore the Solar System for many centuries yet.
From the fourteenth century AD, which is to say the Italian Renaissance, until the twentieth century, almost all important global advances in mathematics were European. I would be tempted to say that European leadership was stronger in mathematics than in any other scholarly discipline. Perhaps the simplest explanation for why the Scientific Revolution happened in Europe is because the language of nature is written in mathematics, and Europeans did more than any other civilization to develop — or discover — the vocabulary of this language.
11 thoughts on "The West and Global Mathematics"
thll on November 15, 2008 at 3:55 am said:
The scientific revolution happened in Europe for the simple reason that it was an expression of the soul of European people. Only Western man is sufficiently objective to have developed technology to its current degree.
Czechmade on November 15, 2008 at 5:09 am said:
Mathematics: natures legal system?
Rule of law fully accepted?
Unstained product of universal harmony?
School of pure attention training?
School of self-restrain?
But even mathematics can develop different styles.
The Greeks created geometry watching Egyptians measuring their flooded lands doing their job for purely pragmatic reasons.
Geometry for the Greeks was more than science – it was knit with their religious thinking too.
A very light skeleton devoid of god=power pattern.
So the absence of floods in Greece turned their attention in a new direction. You can clearly elevate or debase anything you watch as a "reality".
Simone Weil treats these things in detail: "Sur la science" etc.
Linking science and religion was one of the tasks of the Czech exiled reformer Jan Amos Comenius (a contemporary and friend of Descartes). See Milada Blekastad
Menneskenes sak Om den tsjekkiske tenkeren Comenius
Gyldendal Norsk Forlag Oslo 1977
Funny: the Greeks enlarged their knowledge based on others, muslims reduced it…
Fjordman on November 15, 2008 at 7:32 am said:
Czechmade: It's well-established that Muslims made some advances in algebra, but their mathematics stagnated after the eleventh century, incidentally at about the same time as the once-majority non-Muslim population was shrinking at an accelerating pace due to harassment.
It is interesting to speculate what would have happened if we removed Europeans from world history. Would the world still have experienced the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions? My bet is no, at least not for many centuries to come. Nothing I have seen from the reconstructed scientific and technological histories of other nations and civilizations indicates that a similar breakthrough was about to occur elsewhere.
In the first half of the seventeenth century, leading Chinese scholars still believed the Earth was flat. In the second half of the same century, European scholars had already made scientific explanations for gravity and the movements of the bodies of the Solar System. By the late eighteenth century, European scholars had a reasonably accurate picture of the size of the Solar System and had made the first scientific measurements of the speed of light. As late as the sixteenth century, the Aztecs, living in the most scientifically sophisticated region of the pre-Columbian Americas, sacrificed thousands of people every year to ensure that the Sun would keep on shining. By the late nineteenth century, through the new science of spectroscopy, Europeans could investigate the chemical composition of the Sun and other stars. After the discovery of the world of subatomic particles and of radioactivity, they could also explain how stars generate energy. By the twentieth century, Western science and technology had reached the level of sophistication necessary to begin the first physical exploration of our Solar System.
The simple truth is that Western achievements in astronomy are so much greater than those even contemplated by any other civilization that it doesn't rank on the same scale. I'm sure the Japanese, the Chinese, the Koreans, the Indians and others will make many valuable contributions to our understanding of the universe in the twenty-first century, but that doesn't change the fact that they got modern astronomy and the very concept of space travel from us. And no, I've seen no indications that they were developing anything similar on their own.
Sagunto on November 15, 2008 at 12:36 pm said:
Forget "Renaissance" and espec. the so-called "Enlightenment" as a starting point. European science started as a Medieval enterprise. European Universities took their recognizable form during the latter half of the twelfth century.
David Lindbergh (Beginnings of Western Science, 1992): "Scholars of the later Middle Ages created a broad intellectual tradition, in the absence of which subsequent progress in natural philosophy [the natural sciences, essentially] would have been inconceivable."
Moreover, European medieval scholars dared to challenge, and go beyond, the Great Aristotle – something Islamic copyists never really did.
Sag.
Alcuin on November 15, 2008 at 7:31 pm said:
More on Chinese Mathematics here, and the TV series, even though by the BBC, is presented by a Mathematician, Marcus Du Sautoy, and pretty balanced. The mythical "Muslim Renaissance" of Haroun al Rashid was mostly based on Assyrian, rather than Greek or Persian culture.
Both Assyrians and Persians were readers of the works of other cultures, and, until their enthusiasm was snuffed out by Islamic opression and orthodoxy, were both vibrant. In fact, according to Bernard Lewis, Muslims did not learn Kuffar languages, and there is no record of any Muslim learning a European language until the 18th Century – all the much hyped work of the likes of Avicenna were based on the work of Christians (Assyrian, Greeks) and Jews.
Indians might have developed a culture as advanced as Europe's, were it not for their opression by the Mughal tyrants. Indeed, it was only after the British removed the Mughal yoke, that India emerged from a long imposed slumber.
Czechmade on November 15, 2008 at 7:51 pm said:
Some non-Arab background to be traced for development of sciences:
"What made the 'Abassid seizure of the caliphate unique was the heavy reliance on client Muslims, or mawali. The mawali were foreigners who had converted to Islam; because, however, they were foreigners they could not be incorporated into the kinship-based society of Arabs. They had to be voluntarily included into the protection of a clan, that is, they had to become "clients" of the clan (which is what the word mawali means). For the most part, they were second-class citizens even though they were Muslims.
The overwhelming majority of foreigners who rallied to the Hashimiyya cause were Iranian. Historians have argued that the 'Abassid caliphate represented a shift in Islam from Semitic to Iranian culture; other historians argue that there really no such shift. The truth probably lies somewhere in between. When the 'Abassids took power, the center of Islamic culture shifted from the Semitic world in Arabia and Syria to the Iranian or Persian world in Iraq. By shifting the capital from Damascus to Baghdad, the 'Abassids brought about a dynamic fusion of Persian and Semitic culture."
Remember Baghdad is a purely Persian name. Bagh – the pre-islamic god, means "gift of god".
Until panArab movement in fifties Iraqis described themselves as "cultural Persians" though speaking in Arabic. The poet al-Jawahiri was persecuted in Iraq for this and lived in Prague until ninties.
Google Iran-e-bozorg or IranZamin.
The whole concept becomes more clear.
Profitsbeard on November 16, 2008 at 8:53 pm said:
Islam is doggedly irrationalistic, and would end up undermining anything scientific or culturally-liberating or any artistic endeavor that sought to progress beyond its paralyzed-in-the-7th century dogmatic strictures.
The headlock of Mohammadan iconoclasm ("an angel will not enter a house where there is a picture…") and the the sanctified nescience of the Koran ("the sun sets in a muddy lake") derail Muslim attempts to expand or humanize thought.
Mohammedans can temporarily steal the knowledge and achievements of a conquered people, and sometimes even expand on it ~if there is no specific Koranic religious injunction forbidding such activities~ but the Islamic deadening force of religious over-regulation will eventually reassert its numbing and blinding and pithing influence over the pilfered progress, and cause Muslims to regress back to the comforting darkness and silence and stillness of the "prophet"'s womb-like Koranic coma.
Islam is novocaine for the soul.
Conservative Swede on November 16, 2008 at 9:26 pm said:
Fjordman wrote:
In the first half of the seventeenth century, leading Chinese scholars still believed the Earth was flat. In the second half of the same century, European scholars had already made scientific explanations for gravity and the movements of the bodies of the Solar System. By the late eighteenth century, European scholars had a reasonably accurate picture of the size of the Solar System and had made the first scientific measurements of the speed of light. As late as the sixteenth century, the Aztecs, living in the most scientifically sophisticated region of the pre-Columbian Americas, sacrificed thousands of people every year to ensure that the Sun would keep on shining.
That says it all, really.
Sagunto,
Forget "Renaissance" and espec. the so-called "Enlightenment" as a starting point. European science started as a Medieval enterprise.
Yes thank you Sagunto, this is a very important observation. And it holds in general, not only for science. The Enlightenment was essentially just ideological: celebration of the failed cultures as mentioned in the Fjordman quote above; the birth of the many ideologies that killed millions of people and destroy our societies today.
People are made to believe that liberalism (and other Enlightenment products) is the source of success of our society. But the foundation had been built during the many centuries before.
People today seriously believe that the West is worth defending (against Islam), only for its democracy (another Enlightenment spin-off). Apparently they think its not at all worth defending if it does not comply with democratism. And apparently it was not worth defending back in the Medieval times according to them…
Altogether a sick brew for failure, destruction and suicide.
Western people find Russians strange and icky. Precisely because the Orthodox East never went through the Enlightenment. But this is only to their advantage. They got all the good stuff from the Medival era, all the stuff that build civilization, but was never hit with the poisonous brew known as the "Enlightenment".
Homophobic Horse on November 16, 2008 at 11:32 pm said:
The long slow decline of the West can be attributed to the Catholic Church who erroneously taught that the logical syllogism is consistent with divine revelation. The Catholic church, being a Western church, has always contained that special feature of the Western mind: reliance on the logical syllogism. Having divinized human thought the decline was inevitable. In the scholastic Middle Ages, Christian theology became "systematised" and subordinated to logic. Logicalness becomes the first test of truth.
For this reason the Renaissance could only have happened in the West. Logic is a form of measurement performed by man, logically, man becomes the measure of all things, theology becomes "scientific method"; this follows to the "Enlightenment", with its profoundly naive optimism in the unlimited progress of man's reason. This logical "mechanicalness" also fired the ideas of mechanist thinkers like Newton and Descartes. Rationalism reached a dead end with Hume and Kant, who show that "pure reason" cannot exist by itself: all "truth" is subjective. Having dethroned God through the centuries and put reason in his place, Western man is now left with nothing–save himself. An infamous and disastrous attempt to regain order was attempted by Hegel, which Marx took and turned into "Dialectical Materialism" – a last attempt at trying to make the logical syllogism sympathetic with (material) objective reality-the "objective reality" that now serves as a God substitute (the divine true and beautiful higher future of humanity.). The pseudo-religiosity of Marxists, and the popularity of Marxism with lapsed Catholics (and vice versa) is well known and supports the above regard.
Ultimately we arrive at the nihilistic and irrational philosophies that have characterised the end of the 20th century. This subject is large so I shall concentrate only on the aspect of it that applies to the West's most immediate crisis – multiculturalism. Multiculturalism is predicated on a variety of Nihilism called Vitalism first espoused by Nietzsche in Beyond Good and Evil:
4. The falseness of an opinion is not for us any objection to it: it is here, perhaps, that our new language sounds most strangely. The question is, how far an opinion is life-furthering, life-preserving.
Here for the first time truth is eliminated as a criterion of action, and epistemology is reduced to what quite literally merely "feels good", truth is substituted for a new standard: the "life-giving," the "vital"; it is the final divorce of life from truth [Oprah says: God is a feeling]. This is dangerous because what feels good is not necessarily good. (As is clear to anyone who analyses the nature of Michael Foucaults "Iran Mistake". Michael Foucault did not want to condemn the Khomeinist revolution because he liked the idea of mixing religion with politics. Foucault believed that the religious often contained the "irrational well-spring of life" that the contemporary West did not have.) Vitalism is used a means for understanding man; he is a bundle of sublimated sexuality. This Vitalism is reflected in modern art. New and exotic sources and influences have been found in the art of Africa, the East, the South seas, prehistoric art, children, madmen, and occultism. When one ask's what any of it means one may be told that one should not impose standards on something that is "free" and "creative." The artist is a "creator," a "genius," he is inspired. His "vision" is transforming and sublime. Creation is, of course, irrational, surreal, miraculous.
The revolt against reason can be attributed to reason itself. The whole crisis could be read, as ConSwede might, as an attempt to reacquire the Christian god in one way or another.


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text:
Interview: Len Lakofka (Part III)
Here's the third and final part of my interview with Len Lakofka.
13. Can you please explain the publication process for L3? My understanding is that you had performed extensive revisions and expansions to the original version but that TSR then either lost them or never used them, or something like that? Do you have any plans to "fix" L3 and to make your updated/expanded final version available?
I sent TSR L3 at same time as L1 and L2. They edited L1 and L2 and we talked back and forth. Then the dark days came and L3 went into a bottom drawer to rot for 20 years.
Of course AD&D had evolved significantly in 20 years. So I went through the laid-out material and updated it. (I don't recall my editor's name... sorry). We were on the same page. Then someone lost the whole thing. They did not tell me they lost it of course. So it went to print and someone else edited it and put stuff in. I had no input. Could I tell you what was put in? I don't think so. I don't think I have the orginal layout and the changed material either.
14. You created a large number of spells for OD&D for Supplement I: Greyhawk, various PC/NPC character classes and spells in fanzines, as well as the whole of the Suel Pantheon for the published Greyhawk campaign. Your contributions to the game via "Leomund's Tiny Hut" were also quite extensive. What do you consider your most valuable additions to the game, and why?
Actually it's something that didn't happen. In the orginal AD&D manuscript (typed double space -- about 800 pages or so) Gary had said that if a person was held (via hold person) he/she had to make a system shock roll! I said to Gary that this would become a "Little Finger of Death." Certainly many NPCs as well as a few characters would have a Constitution score of 14 or lower. A system shock would kill quite a few folks. Since hold person is a 2nd-level cleric spell and 3rd-level magic-user spell, those spell casters needed very little experience to gain access to the prayer/spell. A gaggle of four 3rd-level clerics all throwing hold person at once on the same person would have a very high chance of not only holding him but killing him/her as well. I talked Gary out of it.
15. Given the vast number of rules expansions and additions that you created over the years, can you please describe how your D&D games evolved from when you first discovered the game, and then through your correspondence with Gary, into writing for TSR? Were you playing a proto-AD&D in some form, for example, or were your games always very OD&D-based (or Holmes Basic based, etc.)? Did you regularly use variant rules like spell points, or other variant sub-systems of your own creation?
I stuck to D&D which became AD&D. I wrote quite a few pages that ended up in the Players Handbook and DMG, with Gary inspecting each and tweaking it, as was his wont. As I played D&D, I discovered so many things that were not really explained. How did you get trained for a new level being one of those.
I was at the playtesting of Chainmail (without the fantasy supplement). TSR (Tactical Studies Rules) became the parent of the D&D booklets with time. I played the fantasy supplement of Chainmail on Gary's sand table. It was a simple developement to take it to pen & pencil.
16. From your perspective as one of the key originators and developers of the AD&D system, what words of wisdom would you share with the Old School Renaissance readers, tinkerers, designers, and publishers: words that would speak to your vision for the best possible legacy for D&D?
Well I was there at the beginning but I was not in Lake Geneva. So I had some influence but not a tremendous amount. I got my finger in the pie and no one bit it off. I got a lot of freedom in Dragon. For some number of years I put my stuff in. How much went into later editions or other people's games I have no way of telling. Now and then I hear someone tell me they used this and that but the vast majority of readers never said anything.So who knows?
17. Are you still active in the hobby today?
I have written modules "L4 and L5" and await publication from Dragonsfoot. I will begin L6 once L4 sees actual print. I do not play in any campaign at the moment.
Labels: DnD, history, interview, lakofka, old school
Anthony November 19, 2009 at 1:35 AM
Whoa, so Hold Person was very deadly in it's original form? Interesting. I guess it was something of a "Hold Heart" spell at that point.
Neat bit of trivia!
Brooser Bear November 19, 2009 at 6:39 AM
Hmmm, Hold Heart!
I like it, a fine fine Necromantic school spell, one level below Finger of Death to work on corporeal humanoids.
I got your beating heart in my fist! You move, you die!!!
More significantly, this shows that there WAS game balance in AD&D, just not in the form of later editions or the Companion/Master set DMs book.
With reagrds to leveling up, I always said that characters must find books/teachers/organisations, who would train them, accept them, and accord a higher level in exchange for gold or services rendered (thus requiring quite a bit of role playing outside adventuring to attend to their character development). I went as far as to have higher hit points and iproved combat abilities accorded ina separate process fro magical learning or class based skills: All charcaters can have a fencing isntructor drill them for battle. In a tight situation between two adventures, a second level thief and wizard were able to get higher HP buy spending five days with their fencing instructor, but had to wait for the adventure to end to study the new spell and to imrove thieves abilities (abiout 2-3 weeks to level up to scond).
clovis November 19, 2009 at 6:57 AM
Brooze . . .
fencing is a martial art??
I understand what you meant,
but Sword master or weapons expert would be more appropriate for training
Fencing is a SPORT that involves a flimsy prop that is incapable of stopping a blow from a real sword, mace or baseball bat . . . If you were to apply the parries learned in fencing against a real weapon (claymore?); you would die.
As I played D&D, I discovered so many things that were not really explained.
This builds on my belief that AD&D is one possible House Rules doc for D&D. It's Gary's D&D, but it doesn't have to be yours.
faoladh November 19, 2009 at 10:14 AM
clovis: yes, fencing is a martial art. one may speak of broadsword fencing as well as Olympic fencing (which is mostly what you are thinking of, and which derives mostly from smallsword fencing), or spear fencing, or bayonet fencing. the word derives from "The Art of Defence", which was the normal term used in England for any body of hand-to-hand martial technique up into the 18th century (though by that late date, for whatever reason, wrestling was not normally included, being thought of entirely separately, though it was certainly considered to be part of the Art in the late 16th century).
Brooser Bear November 19, 2009 at 12:00 PM
Clove,
FENCING started in Germany in 13th-14th Century. It was known as FECHTSPIEL (fencing play). It was the art of fighting with Two-Handed swords, using all parts of the sword as weapons for all types of strikes. Pummel blow to the side of the head. People who taught squires to fight with these swords were known as fencing masters. At that time it also started being practiced as SPORT, when the fencing masters and others would duel each other with two handed swords dressed only in their UNDERSHIRTS (no armor).
So yeah, it was a fencing master who was teaching the players survival skills in a dungeon melee.
BTW, there were also fencing schools (involving swords used at the time) in Italy and in Spain and an argment as to who and when started the tradition that became later known as fencing, but I was talkign about the fechtspiel involving two handed swords.
widderslainte November 19, 2009 at 11:57 PM
" In the orginal AD&D manuscript (typed double space -- about 800 pages or so)" - WHOA. Maybe that's just the PHB, MM, and DMG with some minor editing, but it sounds like some other changes occurred along the way. I wonder if any of this material still exists.
Clovis, to belabor the point a little further, most sport fencing techniques (aside from a few adapted purely to the current rules and "weapons") are directly taken or adapted from actual smallsword dueling skills, smallsword v. smallsword. But hundreds of years ago it was much more common for fencing schools to teach you how to fight other weapons. Read The Three Musketeers, or (even though it's fantasy) Stephen Brust's The Phoenix Guard. Of course you don't really parry a claymore with a smallsword. You step out of reach or stop-thrust the bugger. Check out Tim Roth's duel scenes in Rob Roy sometime. I've fought rapier v. claymore with padded weapons. If the guy with the claymore got his angular momentum properly working, there was no way I could parry. But if I slashed his arms or thrust to his neck or torso while his sword was to one side (at either end of his swing), he was meat.
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Summary Half-length portrait of Uncle Sam, pointing at the viewer as part of the United States government effort to recruit soldiers.
LC Subject Headings United States. Army--Recruiting, enlistment, etc.--Posters.
Added Entry United States. Army. Recruiting Publicity Bureau.


text:
Grigory Sarkisovich Grigoryants (Armenian: Գրիգոր Սարգիսի Գրիգորյանց; Russian:    Григорий Саркисович Григорьянц;Cyrillic Uzbek: Григорий Саркисович Григорьянц) (August 10, 1919 – January 3, 1982) was a Soviet surgeon, an innovator and State recognized Doctor Emeritus of the Uzbek SSR He is best known for revolutionizing and developing medical surgical services in the Namangan Region.

Early life
Grigoryants was born in the town of Martuni, Republic of Artsakh, to the Armenian parents. His father, Sarkis, who was a young migrant worker in the city of Andizhan, Uzbekistan, died two months before Grigory's birth. Grigory's mother, Eghineh (or Elena), relocated the family from their home in Gishi to the city of Namangan, Uzbekistan, where she had relatives. Elena and her two small children moved into a tiny upstairs room located in the same building as their relatives.

In Namangan, Elena provided for her family  by working as a Washerwoman, cleaning homes and scrubbing floors. When they were not in school, little Grisha and his older sister Zhenya helped their mother out with her work.

At age 10, Grigoryants was diagnosed with an inborn heart defect and a Cardiac dysrhythmia. Elena was warned by the observing physician that the boy would not live long.

Grigoryants proved to be a quick learner. Aside from his native Armenian, the boy quickly became proficient in Russian and Uzbek.

Grigoryants made friends easily. His classmates and childhood comrades remembered the times the future doctor protected school kids from the bullies, pulled on girls' hair and disrupted boring classes by tossing rags on the classroom chandeliers.

After graduating from a standard Soviet middle school, Grigoryants briefly volunteered as a chaperone and translator for the Uzbek only speaking youth aspiring to be admitted into Samarkand Medical School (where teaching was in Russian).

During one of the sessions, Grigory, who was patiently sitting in the lobby waiting for his group to finish their exams so that he could escort them back to Namangan, a medical school professor advised Grigory to consider becoming a doctor himself. Grigory heeded the advice and in 1937, he was accepted into the Samarkand Medical Institute.

During the summers of 1940 and 1941, Grigoryants became director of the  HealthCare Providers' Division within the Namangan Regional Health Department.

At the onset of the Great Patriotic War, Grigoryants was rejected for the draft into a Soviet Army due to his eye defect.

In December 1941, Grigoryants graduated from Samarkand Medical Institute a fully qualified doctor.

The war years
On January 5, 1942, during the difficult times of World War II, Grigory started his job as the head of the Regional Health Department of Turakurgan (one of the Districts of Uzbekistan located within the Namangan Province). Grigory, who held one of the top positions in his field, humbly took a daily route through the railroad tracks – that connected the train stations of the Namangan and Turakurgan cities – on foot.

One year later, in February 1943, his governing duties expended as he became the head of the Namangan Province's Central Health Department. At the same time, Grigoryants also served as the Medical Superintendent and Head Physician of  the regional evacuation hospital #4567, one of the 113 war hospitals set up in the Uzbek Republic during World War II. At that time, Uzbekistan, as other Central Asian Soviet Republics, served as the U.S.S.R's Rear (military) base.

Grigoryants's evac. hospital was housed on site of Namangan's school #34, near the train station from where the wounded Soviet soldiers and other military personnel (transported straight from the battle fields) were rushed to the evacuation hospital facilities. Working around the clock, Grigoryants's medical team – which was experiencing shortage in qualified medical specialists, as well as in medical materials' supply – had to economize by reusing the thoroughly washed gauze bandages on numerous patients.

Shortage of surgeons in the Namangan Province during the war led Grigoryants to his calling.
In 1942, literally in clinical emergency settings, Grigoryants started his surgical training under the mentorship of Xenia Sergeevna Kisselyova, a prominent surgeon from Moscow, who was stationed in Namangan as the result of the Great Soviet World War II Mobilization and Evacuation to Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. Dr. Kisselyova later remembered that when she first saw a young tall doctor, she took notice of his hands. "He (Grigoryants) had surgeon's hands. Being in charge, he was doing everything at the hospital, from medical to administrative services. I told him to start operating." From that moment, Grigoryants's fate was sealed. Surgeon Grigoryants and Surgeon Kisselyova, the latter returned to Moscow after the war, had developed and maintained a strong professional bond and a lifelong friendship.

For his outstanding work as a doctor during the war time, Grigoryants was awarded an official Governmental Gratitude Letter and the Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945".

In 1944 Grigoryants was appointed director of Namangan's Feldsher-Obstetrician School Of Medicine (eventually the school was developed into an accredited Medical College). One of his best students in school recollected that Grigoryants's pupils, especially ladies, "greatly adored young Grigoryants", the man who always managed to look at any situation with a sharp sense of humor.

Grigoryants's duties at school already coincided with his job as a surgeon in Namangan's municipal hospital.

Post-war professional life
In February 1950, Grigoryants became the Head Surgeon of Namangan's Regional Health Department. Concurrently, Grigoryants also supervised the Namangan's  Regional Hospital's surgical department.
 After ten years of service, in February 1960, Grigoryants was appointed head surgeon of the Namanagan City's Regional Hospital's surgical wing.

Grigoryants's scope of surgical practice was boundless. The doctor performed, with equal success, all types of surgeries ranging from gynecological procedures and open heart operation to Neurosurgery. Feeling personally responsible for every operation administered at his facilities, Grigoryants perfected his skills even in the art of plastic surgery by, successfully, reconstructing the skin tissues of the burn victims.

In July 1960, eager to learn plastic surgery, Grigoryants traveled to Marianske Lazne and Prague, where he was invited to participate in the First International Plastic Surgery Symposium.

Inspired by the Health Care System he had observed, in Czechoslovakia and Russia ( where he participated in the First Conference of Traumatologists in Moscow, in September 1963), Doctor Grigoryants returned to Uzbekistan with a goal to  remodel the Regional Hospital's surgical department.

The architectural design, although in some parts created by Grigoryants himself,  was to be modeled after the best European, mostly Moscow-based hospitals. The construction process was Grigoryants's love child  which "he personally agonized over, approved, persuaded and the construction was administered under his rigorous control." On numerous occasions, Grigoryants had to fly to a Soviet capital to get the design blueprints for the surgical clinic approved.

"Grigoryants was a colossal talent!" remembered one of the people who lived in Namangan at that time. " What an Individual he was! I can only imagine what armor he needed in order to perforate the routine of those years! And he perforated it."

After a long construction process – during which Grigoryants had to overcome the red tape obstacles – a brand new surgical department was unveiled to the public.  Stocked with the best available technological, medical equipment to date ordered by Grigoryants directly from Moscow, the brand new two-story complex was surrounded by tastefully decorated fruit gardens, three level statue-bounding cascade fountains and beautiful wide alleys filled with colorful flowers and shades from the various types of trees.

The entire idea behind Grigoryants's vision was to make the patients and general visitors feel joyful and comfortable on the hospital premises. The new outfits were ordered for the doctors and the nurses. The visitors had to abide by the traditional rule of wearing snowy white hospital gowns inside the complex.

The overall neat appearance of the medical staff (who, according to one of the patients "admired and worshiped" their strict Head Surgeon), as well as their professionalism had rightfully placed Grigoryants's surgical headquarters in the ranks of one of the best in the Nation. One of the observers describes the surgical complex facilities of that time as the state of  "cleanliness, order, even if one really wanted to find a spot of dirt, one wouldn't be able to."

During the routine daily rounds around the clinic, Grigoryants spoke to each hospitalized individual and held every member of medical personnel accountable for the slightest disobedience towards an established protocol of giving the best medical care to all patients.

Additionally, at his surgical facilities, Grigoryants held an ongoing all-regional SURGICAL METHODICAL TRAINING for the young medical students. It was a unique and the only program in the Republic at the time where the surgeons could get a hands on experience from one of the best in the field.  Among the many talented surgeons of Uzbekistan mentored by Grigory Sarkisovich were M.A. Ahadov (in his later life – a deputy of the Uzbekistan's Supreme Council), B.C. Puck, A.A. Alinazarov, M.A. Abdulaev and others.

The improved health care system was so successful that in 1974, the World Health Organization visited Namangan's Regional Hospital and Grigoryants's famed department of surgery.

In August 1979, Grigoryants semiretired to become the main consultant at the Regional Hospital # 2.

Academic work and research
Grigoryants built a lever-operated gurney which made it easier for staff to lift the patients for the transport purposes. Due to post-war rehabilitation and slow economic growth in remote areas of the Soviet Union at the time, such rudimentary necessities were not yet in use in Namangan or its surrounding provincial areas at a time.

Grigoryants designed the operative technique of closure of the femoral hernia defect. Grigoryants is also credited with developing a method of musculo-aponeurotic surgical suture on the Abdominal cavity

Some of Grigoryants's research included work on surgical methods used in repairing damaged anterior abdominal wall hernias (also known as ventral hernias) and on the topic of radiological impairment the body sustains from the incorrect use of the x-ray machines.

Seeking to find the most effective ways to potentiate local anesthesia, Dr. Grigoryants and his colleagues tested the effectiveness of the unique ganglionic blocker mixture. The results of such research were published in one of the issues of Surgery, a popular medical journal published in the Russian SFSR.

Grigoryants is also known for designing a bromite solution that served as a post-surgical patients' sedation method.
Maintaining a lifelong notion that, in most cases, prescription drugs should be kept at bay, Grigoryants frequently incorporated natural, organic healing methods into his medical practice.

Grigoryants designed a natural bentonite based clay mixture that he used, with a successful outcome, on patients who suffered from varicose veins, sanies, sores and trophic ulcers. Grigoryants treated some types of conditions with the self made combination containing skim milk and the lactobacillus acidophilus substances.

Believing that magnetized water is a natural healing component, Grigoryants designed a machine to function as a water magnetizer. He tested the use of this newly made device, with the intention of purifying drinking water on his dacha.

Grigoryants was not able to see the full capacity of his invention. At the time of his passing, some chemical labs of his region were testing the water sample that Grigoryants had collected from the Chatkal Range – originated mountain spring's flow on his dacha.

Personal life

In 1944, Grigoryants married Eva Mikhailovna Abramyants, a Russian Language and Literature pedagogue and a very influential person in her own right.  The couple had four children: sons Ruben, Suren, Yuri and daughter Seda.

Grigoryants's Namangan house "81" on Ahumbabaev Street was known to every cab driver in town.  With the backyard exit straight into the hospital's alley, Grigoryants's residence was a welcoming place that witnessed many guests, some of whom were the legendary dancer Tamara Khanum and famous accordion player Yuri Dranga (father of Pyotr Dranga), just to name a few.

The weekends and not-so-frequent times-off usually found Grigoryants camping with his family by the Lake Sary-Chelek (at Sary-Chelek Nature Reserve near the village of Arkyt), or vacationing on the surgeon's dacha that was located in the peaceful and sacred mountainous hamlet of Safed-Bulan, Ala-Buka District, North-Western part of Ferghana Valley.

Originally an isolated wetland of marshes that the local Government rendered to Grigoryants who, in turn, transformed the property into a green land with fields and gardens, the dacha was nicknamed "Zarkent" after the sunny village that was immediately bordering the hamlet.  Surrounded by the rich green meadows and wild scenery, Grigoryants's favorite getaway stood on the banks of the Chanach-Sai River  (one of the tributaries of Kara Darya and Syr Darya) that divides Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.

Intentionally simple in design, with only takhta, a tent kitchen, a long wooden table with the benches and a retired train wagon that served as a tiny two-room bungalow, the "Zarkent" dacha welcomed many friends and relatives who often stayed for periods of time.  An accomplished cook, a genetic trait he had inherited from his fraternal grandfather Hairapet Grigoryants, Grigory liked treating his family and guests to an authentic Uzbek pilaf, Manti (dumpling) dish and his signature homemade wine. The local villagers often came to Grigoryants to seek medical help, some wishing to simply talk to the doctor.

A big admirer of nature, Grigoryants built fruit gardens and planted flowers and vegetation on his dacha that was a delight to children and adults alike.  In honor of his grandchildren, Grigoryants designed a special tree area and named each tree after his every grandchild.

Aside from gardening, Grigoryants loved listening to classical music, operettas (he knew most repertoires lyrics by heart), and reading scientific journals and books from his vast home library. His daughter, Seda, remembers how "dad would just take his favorite Chekhov book and read for hours".

In the summer of 1978, G.S. Grigoryants, who lived with the inborn heart defect, suffered two episodes of stroke that left him paralyzed and immovable. With the immense will power and rigorous exercise problem, Grigoryants learned to walk and speak again.

Grigoryants's remaining medical staff and colleagues hold retreats on Zarkent dacha. The gathering usually happens in the summer, on their mentor's Birthday.

Death
Grigoryants died in his sleep in the early morning of January 3, 1982, due to complications from stroke the surgeon had suffered 3 years earlier.

Aside from the official death announcement in the Republic's newspapers, the news of Grigoryant's death was announced on public  radio stations of Uzbekistan.

Grigoryants's passing was felt throughout the Soviet Union. Thousands of people attended the surgeon's funeral, some traveled to Namangan in groups on charter buses.

The medals Grigoryants had earned for his work were laid out on the small pillows and carried in front of the surgeon's portrait, which was painted overnight by a local young artist.

En route to Namangan's Central cemetery, the casket with the surgeon's body was taken through Grigoryants's beloved hospital, and the procession stopped in brief silence near the surgical wing. Throughout the doctor's final journey (5 kilometers around the entire city all the way to the cemetery), Grigoryants's coffin was carried by his sons and other men who stepped up in numbers ready to replace each other in this somber task.  The traffic that day came to a halt as the people on the streets stood in silence and paid their homage to one of Republic's best physicians.

For some period of time after Grigoryants's death, people from outside of the city traveled to his Namangan home to pay their respects. Many people who did not know the doctor personally just wished to enter the house and pray. Grigoryants's family heeded the requests of the city's spiritual leaders by keeping the Doctor's house doors open for at nearly two months after the surgeon's death so that the mourners could have a chance to come in and grieve according to their cultural observance of mourning.

Grigoryants is survived by his 4 children, their spouses, 9 grandchildren and 6 great-grandchildren. His life partner, his wife, Eva, died in April 2003 in Los Angeles, California.

Honors and medals
Doctor Emeritus of the Uzbek SSR
Order of the October Revolution
Order of the Badge of Honour
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Order of Labour Glory
Medal "Veteran of Labour"
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"
Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"

See also
Armenians in Uzbekistan

References

The article was based on the following sources:
The Soviet Uzbekistan Magazine (Spring 1984)
The Namangan Region booklet (Issue #7479, December 1980) by T. Ruziayev, H. Nabiuev and Ya. Artyikov
http://library.tuit.uz/el_ucheb/ocherki_istorii_otechestva/tema3.3.htm
http://www.ia-centr.ru/expert/10176/
http://tashkent.moymir.uz/articles/cpanel/print.php?id
Personal archival information from the Namangan City Historical Museum.

1919 births
1982 deaths
Soviet surgeons
20th-century surgeons
Soviet Armenians


You well know the frustration.
It comes time to write, and you can't produce a single word.
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How can I call Writer's Block a myth when you and countless others seem plagued by it?
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Everywhere I teach, budding writers admit Procrastination is killing their dream.
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Cesar at the "I Saloni WorldWide Moscow" 2017 exhibition
Cesar has been a major player at the "I Saloni Wordwide Moscow" exhibition for furniture, accessories and top-quality design.
This year too, Cesar has been a major player at the "I Saloni Wordwide Moscow" exhibition for furniture, accessories and top-quality design, an important event for Russia and for all the countries belonging to its geopolitical area that has just ended its 13th edition.
The exhibition, held from 11th to 14th October 2017 at Crocus Expo, the most important exhibition centre in Russia, allowed more than 32,490 participants – of whom 18,269 were operators (+9.3 compared to 2016) – to admire one of the most significant collections of Maxima 2.2, the creative planning system that puts Cesar in a class of its own thanks to its unique and versatile features.
Maxima 2.2, an architectural project that meets modularity, technological and flexibility requirements, offers over 90 finishes paired with various opening methods. Cesar's stand showcased an arrangement with silk-effect Titanio lacquered base units, Rovere Termocotto breakfast bar and doors plus a Dekton Kelya top which was also picked up in the living room area.
Once again, the "I Saloni Worldwide Moscow" exhibition proved to be an interesting backdrop to further intensify the network of contacts in Russia and in the other countries involved in the event and to find out more about the new trends of the Russian Federation's economical system whose exports are marked by an important growth.
24.04.19 - Kitchens
Alone we dream, together we design.
Cesar has just opened an authorized store with a touch of eastern flair
Totally new thickness and modularity: the new Elle is in the spotlight
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Temple University Take Steps to Become Tobacco-Free
April 2, 2019 | :
Temple University president Dr. Richard Englert has announced it will begin to implement steps "in the coming months" to become a tobacco-free campus.
The move follows a report from a smoke-free campus task force that provide recommendations "to address the dangers of secondhand smoke and tobacco use on campus."
"After extensive data collection and review, the task force recommended Temple should join the growing number of universities that are committed to the creation of a healthier working, learning and living environment," Englert said in the announcement.
Currently, Temple policy prohibits smoking within 25 feet of the entrance of any campus facilities.
University officials hope to have the new policy that prohibits the use of "all tobacco products" — cigarettes, hookah and e-cigarettes — in both indoor and outdoor spaces on all of Temple's campuses, in effect by July 1, according to The Philadelphia Inquirer.
Philadelphia has the second-highest smoking rate among the 30 largest cities in the nation, the report said.
According to the report, Temple "lags behind" institutions such as LaSalle University, Thomas Jefferson University and the University of the Sciences.
Over 2,1000 campuses across the country are smoke-free, the report said.
"Temple University is a national leader in the education of health professionals as well as a provider of a range of healthcare services for individuals in North Philadelphia," the report said. "In an effort to model good professional behavior as well as to promote and protect the health of the campus community and neighbors, it is time for Temple University to offer leadership in this area and become a tobacco-free campus."
Semantic Tags: Dr. Richard Englert • Secondhand Smoke • Smoke-Free Campuses • smoking • Temple University • Tobacco-Free Campus


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