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Articles President Trump and Criminal Justice Reform
President Trump and Criminal Justice Reform
In Front Page, Illegal immigration, Immigration, Legal immigration, National Security, US Politics by Allen West November 17, 2018
This past week, President Trump announced the First Step Act which is better known as criminal justice reform in America. The goal is to decriminalize so-called "low level" crimes and relieve the pressure on the US Bureau of Prisons system. There are those who tend to believe that the US system is racist in nature. Hmm, I tend to believe that skin color or race has nothing to do with a person deciding to break the law. I just do not want us to go down the path of having criminals believe that there are no consequences, ramifications, for their actions and behavior. Yes, I agree that there should be training programs for those who are incarcerated in an attempt to reduce the possibility of recidivism. However, there are some folks who are, well, as the ol' folks would say, "just bad."
One of the concerns about this so-called criminal justice reform — which, it appears, will be pushed through in this lame duck session — is exactly who the people are that are being released back into society. There is a lot of talk about house confinement, use of ankle tracking bracelets. But, there has been proof of criminals still committing crimes, even murder, with ankle restraint bracelets. So, who are these folks that will be released as part of this "criminal justice reform?" Let's hope that they will not be criminal illegal immigrants.
As reported by Conservative Review:
"The number of crimes committed by foreign nationals in this country should be near zero. Why? Our allowance of immigration is a choice, and we should only be admitting the best of the best. To the extent we make a mistake with legal immigration or to the extent that there are illegal aliens, they should be immediately deported.
Yet thanks to our weak policies, a new report from the DHS and the DOJ paints a picture of crime and mayhem by foreign nationals. They are bringing drugs into this country and needlessly clogging up our federal criminal justice and prison system. A proper focus on expedited deportation and ending sanctuary cities would go a long way toward reducing crime, making illicit drugs less obtainable and more expensive, and saving money in our criminal justice system, a goal that is obsessively pursued by interest groups in both parties.
According to the report, there are a whopping 57,820 foreign nationals in DOJ custody. This includes 38,132 known or suspected aliens sitting in Bureau of Prisons (BOP) facilities post-conviction and 19,688 confirmed aliens in the custody of the U.S. Marshal Service (USMS), mainly pretrial detainees but also those already sentenced to short sentences or awaiting transfer to BOP custody. That alone accounts for 37 percent of those in the custody of USMS. There are several thousand more suspected but unconfirmed non-citizens in custody. These are all people in the regular federal criminal justice system, not in the immigration system under the auspices of ICE. The report is prepared every quarter at the direction of President Trump's original executive order on immigration calling for an accounting of criminal aliens in the criminal justice system.
Here's the kicker: 46 percent (17,621) of known or suspected aliens in BOP custody had committed drug trafficking or other drug-related offenses."
Homeland Security should mean that we have laws, and law enforcement agencies, that are doing everything to ensure the safety, protection, and security of the American people. And, yes, when I say the American people, I also include those who are here legally, not just natural-born or naturalized citizens. Government has a duty, a responsibility, to provide that security or else they fail at their most basic obligation. The Preamble to the Constitution of the United States, our rule of law, asserts these two tasks for the federal government, to "establish justice, insure domestic tranquility." I interpret that to mean that the federal government must create the laws that are enforced in order to ensure here, in our homeland, we have a peaceful life, and are able to "pursue our happiness."
What has become so very convoluted is that there are those who do not believe that we have laws to enforce, certainly not a sovereign border to protect. If we no longer believe in those two seminal premises, then we allow those here illegally who disrespect and disregard our rule of law.
Now, there are those who will argue that the 14th Amendment "Equal Protection" clause affords rights to anyone that sets foot into the United States. I tend to believe that is a right for those who are here legally. My concern is that this new criminal justice reform initiative will not delineate between those foreign nationals, and illegals, who are here committing crimes against Americans, disrupting our domestic tranquility.
When I hear progressive socialists call for abolishing ICE, it is very disconcerting. In essence what they are saying is that they fully support criminal illegal immigrant activity in our Republic. How are we to have a nation without respect for our laws? This is why the whole idiocy about sanctuary states and cities is utterly absurd and disturbing. If we are to follow our rule of law, the Constitution has something called the "supremacy clause," and I gotta tell you leftists, you do not get to pick and choose which laws are applicable according to your ideological agenda.
Let me just share with you what has been happening over the past few years here in Texas, where I reside. The Conservative Review article states:
"According to the DHS and the Texas Department of Public Safety, over 251,000 criminal aliens have been booked into local Texas jails between June 1, 2011, and April 30, 2018. They have been charged for a total of 663,000 offenses including:
1,351 homicides;
7,156 sexual assaults;
9,938 weapons charges;
79,049 assaults;
18,685 burglaries;
79,900 drug charges;
815 kidnappings;
44,882 thefts;
4,292 robberies.
Law enforcement actions have resulted in 296,000 convictions. The DHS has confirmed that 66 percent of those convicted were illegal aliens."
To think, Texas almost had a United States senator who believes in open borders, abolishing ICE, and crossing our border illegally not being classified as a criminal offense. Again, I must ask, does this pursuit of criminal justice reform include those who are here illegally? If it does, then I cannot support the measure. Why? Because it violates my oath to the Constitution, and certainly folly would threaten the domestic tranquility, homeland security, of these United States of America.
Just think about Kate Steinle and Mollie Tibbetts, just two examples of the failure of our system, not just in allowing illegal immigration to thrive, but criminal illegal immigration, and multiple deportations. There should be an immediate deportation of a criminal illegal immigrant. If they are caught returning, well, that's it, they are confined for life, and a bill should be sent to their country of origin. If the country of origin refuses to pay their "fair share" for incarceration, then the amount is deducted from their foreign aid.
Homeland Security means exactly that, securing our homeland from any and every threat, and there should be no debate about that. We are a nation of laws, and our rule of law is very clear about illegal immigration. So why are we allowing it to occur? More importantly, why are we putting American citizens at risk?
Anyone advocating for sanctuary state or city status is doing one thing: undermining the government's duty to ensure domestic tranquility, protecting the American people. That is all it comes down to. When a mayor in Oakland, California cooperates with illegal immigrants, she has violated her oath, the sacred trust of the people, her constituents. The same applies to the Mayor of Chicago and the Governor of California. When we have a person running for governor of the State of Georgia who admits that she wants illegal immigrants voting — something that San Francisco allows — we disrespect the American people. When we have elected officials who refuse cooperation with ICE, they side with criminal illegal immigrants, and not the American people.
More from the Conservative Review article:
"This point was driven home by Attorney General Jeff Sessions. "Every crime committed by an illegal alien is, by definition, a crime that should have been prevented," he said in the press release. "It is outrageous that tens of thousands of Americans are dying every year because of the drugs and violence brought over our borders illegally and that taxpayers have been forced, year after year, to pay millions of dollars to incarcerate tens of thousands of illegal aliens."
Homeland security means you keep the American people safe, that should be a bipartisan issue, but it is not. However, it is up to the American people to come to an understanding, a definition, of what homeland security truly is, or just keep voting for elected officials who prefer us to be the victims of violent crimes by those here illegally.
[My latest book, Hold Texas, Hold the Nation: Victory or Death is now available at Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and retailers nationwide!]
Photo credit: VisualHunt


I checked with multimeter this machine heater element is showing 26. The heater sensor not showing homs. FREE Standard Shipping on orders of $ 90 or more. Purchase requirement calculated before taxes and shipping charges and after other discounts have been applied and must be made in a single transaction. At Circuit Board Medics we strive to correct the root cause of the issue instead of merely replacing parts. The end result is a refurbished component with increased longevity and lower cost. How to put Maytag Washer into Diagnostic mode and run a test cycle. Whirlpool Amana - Duration: 5: 52. Mark' s reviews and tutorials 252, 009 views. With Whirlpool front- load washing machines, you' ll also discover innovative benefits on select models, including the Wash and Dry cycle that allows you to do a load of laundry overnight* in one machine. Whirlpool Washing Machine Fault Codes These fault codes are written for washing machine repairers and not for the general public by Whirlpool and they assume a certain level of competence on the part of the user in diagnostic routines. Whirlpool Duet Front Loading Automatic Washer Fault Codes: Failure Code: Fault Code Description: Solution: FH: No water detected entering machine or Pressure switch trip not detected. The error codes that appear on the Whirlpool Duet washer include " F/ H, " " F/ 02, " " F/ 05, " " F/ 06, " " F/ 07, " " F/ 09, " " F/ 10, " " F/ 11, " " F/ 13, " " F/ 14, " " F/ 15, " " Sud, " " F/ dL.
I had very very similar symptoms with my He3t, 7 years old now. FH code during wash cycle and running diagnostics step 4? ( wash) - with high water levels and resetting the control panel to drain/ spin ( no spin) to get the water out. If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. Model Number: GHW9150PW Brand: Whirlpool Age: 1- 5 years Whirlpool Duet GHW9150PW washing machine gets an HF code and stops. As background, it quit working a couple of weeks ago and I discovered that the reservoir in the pump was full, and I mean full. The FH error code on your Kenmore Elite washing machine is an indicator that there is a problem with incoming water. When there is little water coming into the. Appliance Repair Help by Model Number The fast and easy way to find your symptom and solution for any appliance problem! the PREWASH button or RINSE HOLD is not present on my whirlpool duet machine. whatesle button i have to presss in order to test the CPU of the wsher.
I am sitting about 1 in 5 washes are issue free. F20 code is the only code I get. I have checked the inlets and the drains for blockages. I have found coins and stuff in my drain but after removing them it does not solve anything. Hello, Whirlpool Duet washer, getting code F then 11, tried to drain and spin cycle, drain cycle started then same code, tried drain only, same code. Tried different plug outlet no difference. FH seems to indicate that the problem is with the amount of water in the machine is not the amount the machine expected. This link explains in some detail the issue and some possible fixes:. This helped my husband fix our washer. We had 5 baby socks clogging up the washer from draining.
if its not replaceable then u need whole motor? How to easily change your flow meter to get rid of F20 and HF ERRORS. Produced by Scott the fix- it guy with 20 years of repair experience Please Visit Our We. Washing Machine Fault Codes. Fault codes can and do vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, even between models from the same manufacturer these codes may well be different. Please remember to support our site by buying Whirlpool washing machine spares from our spare part store and, if you decide that you need a washing machine engineer please support the local washing machine repairers that help make this site possible, you can find a local Whirlpool washing machine engineer using our free engineer search facility. The machine comes equipped with a large object filter at the bottom of the machine behind the front toe panel. Remove the three screws on the bottom of the toe panel; lift it up and out to remove it to access the filter. This video will show you how to enter your Whirlpool Washing Machine into test mode and diagnose the fault codes on AWO/ D & AWD Series and general Whirlpool washing machines that may not relate to models sold outside Europe, especially models sold in the USA. If the drain time exceeds eight minutes, the water valves are turned off and " F/ 02" is flashed.
Press PAUSE/ CANCEL two times to clear the display. Whirlpool Duet Washing Machine Error Code SUD Excess suds in the washing machine. Washer cannot spin out the water with the excess suds or bubbles. Whirlpool Washing Machine Displaying Fault Code F/ H. The part( s) or condition( s) listed below for the symptom F/ H - FH No Water Entering Machine or Pressure Switch Failure are ordered from most likely to least likely to occur.


The 1289th edition of WWE Monday Night RAW came to you, live, from the Wells Fargo Arena at the Iowa Events Center in Des Moines, IA. As announced on last week's RAW, there will be an Elimination Chamber Match in just under three weeks at WWE Elimination Chamber where six of RAW's top Superstars will compete for the right to challenge Brock Lesnar for the Universal Championship at WrestleMania. In the first three Elimination Chamber Qualifying Matches, Braun Strowman decimated Kane in a Last Man Standing Match, Elias defeated "Woken" Matt Hardy, and John Cena defeated Finn Balor to fill up three of the six spots in the Elimination Chamber Match. Now, with the Elimination Chamber Qualifying Matches expected to continue this week, who will join Braun Strowman, Elias, and John Cena inside the unforgiving structure? Plus, it was also announced last week that Alexa Bliss will defend her RAW Women's Title in the first ever Women's Elimination Chamber Match. Will we find out who will be joining Alexa Bliss in the Elimination Chamber in less than three weeks?
Elimination Chamber Qualifying Match: Roman Reigns def. Bray Wyatt by pin following the Spear to qualify for the #1 Contender's Elimination Chamber Match.
Finn Balor & Karl Anderson (with Luke Gallows) def. The Revival by Finn Balor pinning Scott Dawson following the Coup de Grace.
Cedric Alexander & Mustafa Ali def. Drew Gulak & Tony Nese by Cedric Alexander pinning Drew Gulak following the Lumbar Check.
Asuka def. Bayley by submission to the armbar.
Elimination Chamber Qualifying Match: Non-Title: The Miz (with Bo Dallas) def. Apollo Crews (with Titus O'Neil & Dana Brooke) by pin following the Skull Crushing Finale to qualify for the #1 Contender's Elimination Chamber Match.
RAW Tag Team Championship: Cesaro & Sheamus (c) def. Seth Rollins & Roman Reigns by DQ after Jason Jordan interferes. As a result, Cesaro & Sheamus (c) retain.
Nia Jax def. Vanessa Floyd (local competitor) by pin with the big leg drop.
Mickie James def. Sonya Deville (with Paige & Mandy Rose) by roll-up.
Winner Enters the Elimination Chamber Match Last: Triple Threat Match: Elias def. John Cena and Braun Strowman by pinning John Cena following the running powerslam by Braun Strowman. As a result, Elias will enter the Elimination Chamber Match last.
REVIEW: Winchester is the worst horror movie in years.


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Uglyworld #454 - Tray Goes Shopping For Goodies (106-365), originally uploaded by www.bazpics.com.
With Ice-Bat due to be released from hospital later today Tray was up at the same time as us today so that she could head into Aachen before lunchtime to get some more goodies for everyone to enjoy tonight while they keep Ice-Bat company.
Wage asked her to get some croissants, Jeero was after some cakes and Babo wanted some sausage rolls - Tray said she'd try her best to fulfill all of their wishes.
The whole gang is dying for Ice-Bat to be home again, I think they collectively had about 25 minutes of sleep last night as they couldn't stop thinking about him.


*Beginner – Suitable for total beginners.
**Intermediate - Basic experience needed on the subject.
***Advanced - For those wanting a challenge and take their skills to the next level.
This workshop will teach you how to knit continental style, holding the yarn in the left hand and picking up your stitches. If you are a crocheter wanting to learn how to knit, this may be a more intuitive approach for you; but even experienced knitters can benefit from being able to switch between methods: alternative movements may help relieve wrist pain, and some people maintain that continental knitting allows you to work much faster.
Yarn provided, please bring a pair of 6mm needles.
Discover how versatile sari strips can be and explore how to embellish them with a variety of stitches, buttons and beads. During the workshop you'll create some samples to inspire future work and also be able to make one or more items that are individual to you, including a hand embroidered landscape, cushion panel, bag panel, art work for the wall, woven hoop, a cover for an ipod or other device and many more besides.
The techniques taught can be completed with both hand and machine embroidery, it's entirely up to you which you choose or even try a combination of both. If you would like to use machine embroidery then you will need to bring your own sewing machine, bobbins and darning or embroidery foot.
This class is run by an independent tutor, please visit www.raggedlife.com for more details.
This workshop will teach you how to turn pieces of knitting into a sophisticated garment! We will practice picking up stitches along the edge of your work, doing a sloped cast-off for perfect shoulder seams and how to do a three-needle bind-off. Of course, we will also look at how to put your finished garment together: you will learn the best ways of sewing stocking stitch and garter stitch seams.
Please bring three 10cm/4in squares in DK (without slip stitch edges), three 4mm needles and sewing up needle.
Join Kat and learn how to create a beautiful piece of felt. Using wet felting techniques you will have the opportunity to experiment with colourful merino wool fibres and learn how to craft a lovely woolly piece of fabric.
If you've mastered the basic stitches and a granny square and want to expand your knowledge of crochet, this is the class for you! You will learn how to crochet a variety of textured stitches like popcorns and bobbles as well as front and back post stitches. A basic knowledge of crochet is required for this class.
Yarn provided, please bring a 4mm hook.
For those wanting to expand their knitting arsenal and knit socks from the toe up. You'll learn how to cast on for a tab toe; knit in the round on double pointed needles; work a short row heel and use a stretchy cast off for the leg. By the end of the day you'll have one very fine hand knitted sock! (Basic knitting experience is essential for this class).
Join textile artist Kat Wood and learn how to create unique and beautiful bowls, vessels and vases using only wool fibres. No previous experience of felt making is required and by the end of the afternoon session you will have a stunning, three dimensional, felted vessel to take home with you.
Includes all materials and tools.
Wouldn't you love to knit without worrying about dropped stitches? This workshop will teach you how to fix the most common mistakes in your knitting. We'll practice unpicking knitting, picking up dropped stitches in a variety of textures, and even correcting small mistakes a few rows below.
Yarn provided, please bring a pair of 4mm knitting needles and a crochet hook.
Suitable for complete beginners, this workshop is the perfect introduction to crochet. Learn how to hold the hook and yarn, how to crochet basic stitches and be able to understand and follow a pattern.
Take your crochet skills to the next level with this workshop on colourful crochet mandalas. You will learn how to make an adjustable ring, crochet standing stitches and work an invisible join while making a stunning mandala. This is a great class for anyone who has a solid knowledge of basic crochet and wants a project to stretch their skills!
Yarn provided, please bring a 3mm crochet hook; available instore at a discounted rate.
Spend an afternoon crafting adorable needle felted creatures including rabbits, chicks and Easter eggs from silky soft merino wool. You'll learn needle felting techniques to create cute critters. You'll take away at least two finished items, but depending on how quickly you work, it may well be more!
During this inspiring workshop you'll learn not only how to make silk paper, but also have the chance to embellish it with stitches to create a variety of items. We'll explore how to make different types of silk paper, adding colour and other fibres to create a series of samples to inspire future work. As the day progresses, we'll begin to explore how to use the silk paper to create items such as stitched cards or embroidered artwork.
Silk paper can be embroidered with both hand and machine embroidery. If you would like to use machine embroidery please bring your own machine with bobbins and machine embroidery or darning foot.
If you are a tutor and are interested in hiring our space to run workshops please get in touch.


Wondering how to spend 3 days in St. Petersburg, Russia? Here is my recommended 3 day itinerary! St. Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city and is located by the Baltic Sea. I took a ferry to St. Petersburg from Helsinki as part of St. Peter Line's visa-free program which allowed me to spend 2 nights and 3 days there.
St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral is a baroque style Orthodox Cathedral. I love its pale blue colour!
This colourful church was the sight I was most looking forward to seeing in St. Petersburg! Its interior is also very impressive.
These two Egyptian sphinxes are over 3500 years old. They were brought from Egypt to Russia in 1832. You can find them by the river in front of the Imperial Academy of Arts.
St. Isaac's Cathedral is the fourth largest cathedral in the world. It took 40 years to build and has a prominent golden dome. However, during World War II, the dome was temporarily painted over to avoid attracting the attention of enemy aircraft.
The Hermitage Museum is one of the largest and oldest museums in the world. It houses an extensive collection of art and antiquities. Plan to spend at least several hours here and buy your tickets online in advance to avoid long lineups.
There are more than 70 cats who live in the museum (mostly in the basement) and they have special caretakers. During the summer, the cats like to roam outside in the square.
The Winter Palace used to be the former residence of the Russian royal family. Now it houses the Hermitage Museum.
The Peacock Clock features three mechanical birds. Every hour, the three birds would move and play a song. However, due to its age, the clock only plays the song on certain days.
In the morning, visit Peterhof Palace, which is famous for its many fountains and beautiful gold statues. You can get there by train from Baltisky railway station or by taking the metro and then a bus. You can also take a boat (called a hydrofoil) from behind the Hermitage museum on the Neva River. However, this is the most expensive option. Plan to spend a few hours at Peterhof wandering through the gardens and enjoying the fountains. Summer is the best time to visit as all the fountains will be turned on. When I visited in April, only a few fountains were on.
Later, I recommend going to a ballet or an opera at the Mariinsky Theatre or the Mikhailovsky Theatre. The Mikhailovsky Theatre is located very close to the Church of the Saviour on Spilled Blood. My friend and I bought tickets for the opera Manon Lescaut in the afternoon (for balcony seats in the back) and went to see it that night. I enjoyed the opera even though I couldn't understand anything (it was performed in Italian with Russian subtitles shown on a screen). People usually dress up to go the opera, but unfortunately, I hadn't packed any fancy clothes. No one gave me any weird looks though. I rented opera glasses because my seat was far away from the stage. During the intermission period, you can head downstairs to buy desserts or drinks. I tried a mousse and it was delicious!
Russia is famous for its Faberge Eggs, which are jeweled eggs that contain a little surprise (like a miniature carriage or chicken). The Russian royal family used to give each other Faberge Eggs as Easter gifts. The museum has a collection of Imperial Faberge Eggs made especially for the last two Tsars as well as collections of paintings and jewelry. You can buy your tickets online. You can take a guided tour of the museum or rent an audio guide. We took a guided tour. The guide told us lots of interesting facts and spoke perfect English. If you are interested in buying a Faberge egg for yourself or as a gift, the museum gift shop has some very nice eggs.
You can spend the next couple of hours strolling along Nevsky Prospekt, the busiest street in St. Petersburg. Now would be a good time to visit some gift shops – I recommend buying a Matryoshka doll, which is a wooden doll filled with matching wooden dolls of decreasing size. Like Faberge Eggs, it is a popular souvenir from Russia.
If you enjoyed this guide to St. Petersburg, pin it!
Russia is a very interesting country! 😉 I hope you get to visit soon!
I'd love to go to Russia one day! Right now it is at the top of my travel bucket list. I'll definitely saw this for when I head to Russia.
I'm sure you will love Russia! 🙂 I really want to visit again someday.
It's definitely one of the most beautiful cities in Europe! And yes, the Hermitage is huge!
Planning to take the same trip this summer, great to read someone else's experience and how you timed the visits to the various places of interest whithin the time allowed visa-free. I also want to go see the opera, hope to manage to do evverything!
Russia looks absolutely stunning! This looks like an amazing itinerary. I've been wanting to go to Russia so I will definitely reference this when I go!!
Thanks Alice, I'm glad you like my itinerary!
These places are so beautiful! Those cathedrals look like doll houses. The winter palace….wow such opulence and history. This is definitely on my list.
I've always wanted to go to Russia. It looks like such a beautiful and fascinating place. I'm glad you had a wonderful time, and these photos are gorgeous!
It's one of my favourite places that I've visited. Thanks for complimenting my photos!
Russia is definitely one of my favorite locations. I spent a month there in winter and it was gorgeous. Somehow I got to St. Petersburg when there was all slush. It didn't take away the beauty from the scene though.
I would love to visit St. Petersburg during the winter! I think the buildings would look so romantic and charming covered in snow.
That's exactly how I felt when I was there! The architecture was amazing.
Loved your itinerary! The pics are stunning especially the ones inside the palace, also I loved the egg meuseum! Seems you enjoyed a lot, keep exploring and sharing ur fun itineraries ????????
I love how colorful St. Petersburg is! I've always wanted to go to Russia as I had a thing with studying the Romanov history when I was younger (which was 100% inspired by watching Anastasia :p). This really is the perfect itinerary!
I would love to go to Russia! And as I live in Norway it's our neighbor too. Your blog post and awesome photos really inspired me!
Wow!!!! All those colors and the gold – so opulent. Looks amazing.
Yes, the golden statues are really impressive!
Great photos – St. Petersburg looks stunning. Those gold, intricate interiors really are something! I actually want to go there after reading this!
Wow – what incredible architecture and art! St Petersburg looks amazing. I would love to visit here, it's such an iconic city. Your photos really show it off well and make me want to visit!
The architecture there is very special. 🙂 I hope you get to visit soon.
I'm going to Sweden in a few weeks, and I still don't have time to get to Russia, but I will,one of these days, I will!
p.s. I like your photographs.
Thank you, Victoria! I'm glad you like my photos. Have a nice time in Sweden!
The St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral is an absolute stunner, there's an Orthodox church similar to this in Kiev, but I think the St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral is more beautiful. The Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood is stunning as well, I must visit St Peterburg!
Wow St. Petersburg is so colourful! I would love to visit sometime soon!
I love your post- what area do you suggest to stay in? I want to be centrally located.


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Home Parliamentary Business Committees Senate Committees Senate Standing Committees on Environment and Communications Environmental Biosecurity Report Chapter 7
Environment and Communications wcag
Scrutiny of Delegated Legislation
7.1 The committee is persuaded that the management of environmental biosecurity poses unique difficulties. Evidence presented to the committee suggests these difficulties stem from a variety of factors, including:
the large number of species and the complexity of ecosystems that require protection;
the large number of species that are potentially invasive and environmentally damaging;
the difficulty of detecting and then eradicating or containing incursions in remote and inaccessible locations, including freshwater and marine environments, without further damaging the natural environment;
the lack of agreed methods by which to value the environmental impacts of incursions and thereby justify expenditure on responses;
the lack of dedicated surveillance, motivated by economic interest, as exists in industry-focused biosecurity; and
the lack of industry stakeholders with the capacity to financially contribute to preparedness and response work, as exists in industry-focused biosecurity.
7.2 The challenges presented by these characteristics of environmental biosecurity are compounded by the difficulties facing biosecurity activities more broadly, which include:
increasing cross-border movements of people, cargo and mail;
reductions in funding and staffing levels for biosecurity agencies and activities;
reductions in, and ad hoc provision of, funding for biosecurity-focused research;
reductions in scientific expertise at both state and federal levels in relevant fields, such as taxonomy, epidemiology and entomology;
climate change altering the geographic range of invasive species, including pests and diseases already present in Australia; and
inconsistent approaches arising from Australia's federal system of government.
7.3 Evidence presented to the committee indicates that incursions by exotic organisms with the potential to harm Australia's natural environment are a regular occurrence. Submitters and witnesses provided a wealth of examples to the committee, only a sample of which have been discussed in preceding chapters.
7.4 Evaluating the significance of this history of incursions is not, however, straightforward. As discussed in chapters 2 and 4, under the SPS Agreement Australia has determined that its appropriate level of biosecurity protection provides 'a high level of sanitary and phytosantiary protection aimed at reducing risk to a very low level, but not zero'. The departments of agriculture and the environment further emphasised that reducing biosecurity risk to zero is unrealistic as it would require a complete halt in international trade and travel. This framework means that Australia has accepted a 'very low level' of biosecurity risk as the price of continuing international trade and travel.
7.5 The committee notes that, within this general policy framework, at least some incursions must be expected. It is therefore difficult to establish that a given rate of incursions, whether they impact primarily on the environment or on industry, constitutes a failure or a success of Australia's biosecurity system. There are no absolute markers of success or failure in this context.
7.6 The committee also notes evidence that, although it is possible to conceptually separate environmental biosecurity and industry biosecurity, in practice there are a great many organisms that are of concern in both categories. Furthermore, the committee accepts that, in terms of front-line biosecurity operations, it is desirable that biosecurity risks be treated as a whole, whether they be threats to human, animal or plant health, or fall into environmental or industry categories. Evidence presented to the committee suggests this is currently the case.
Environment Health Australia proposal
7.7 On the basis of evidence it has received, the committee acknowledges that, although biosecurity is treated as a unified whole at the border, preparedness for environmental biosecurity threats and the capacity to respond to incursions that pose a threat to the environment lag behind industry biosecurity.[1] As noted above, this appears to have occurred because environmental biosecurity cannot draw on stakeholders with significant economic resources, as industry biosecurity can. The examples of Plant Health Australia (PHA) and Animal Health Australia (AHA), which are organisations funded jointly by industry and government, illustrate this situation.
7.8 The Invasive Species Council submitted that this deficit could be addressed by establishing an equivalent environment-focused body, Environment Health Australia (EHA). The Invasive Species Council suggested that such a body would have to be government-funded, but that such funding would not be unreasonable given the level of government funding already committed to supporting PHA and AHA. This suggestion was supported by many other submitters to the inquiry.
7.9 The EHA proposal was not, however, supported by the departments of agriculture and the environment, PHA and AHA, and the Nursery and Garden Industry Australia (NGIA). Opposition to the proposal was based primarily on concerns over how it would be funded and its potential to further fragment biosecurity governance in Australia.
7.10 The committee believes that the establishment of a new body along the lines suggested in the Environment Health Australia proposal would not be the best use of the limited resources available for biosecurity measures. Rather, based on the evidence provided to it during the inquiry, the committee considers that Australia's environmental biosecurity performance can be improved through better coordination and information sharing between existing organisations and through addressing shortcomings in present response agreements such as the National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement.
7.11 To this end, the committee has sought to address specific problems with the operation of environmental biosecurity raised in submissions and evidence. In making these recommendations the committee notes that much of the complexity of biosecurity arrangements in Australia stems from the division of responsibilities in this area between Commonwealth and state and territory jurisdictions. As such, improvements in this area require not only improved organisation at the Commonwealth level but also the cooperation of all jurisdictions. Many of the recommendations below, if they are to be implemented, will require a greater willingness to pursue national harmonisation.
Inspector-General of Biosecurity
7.12 As discussed in chapter 2, the Biosecurity Bill 2014 was introduced without accompanying legislation to establish the Inspector-General of Biosecurity as an independent statutory position, as had occurred with the Biosecurity Bill 2012. This created uncertainty over the future of the Inspector-General position.
7.13 The committee notes that the Biosecurity Bill 2014, as passed by the House of Representatives on 9 February 2015, included delegable review and investigation powers provided to the Minister for Agriculture under clauses 567, 568 and 643. The committee did not consider that such provisions would guarantee that the biosecurity system is regularly subject to independent, systematic and transparent review processes.
7.14 The committee therefore supports the establishment of the position of Inspector-General of Biosecurity, via dedicated legislation, with broad audit and investigation powers to examine the operations of the federal biosecurity agency, as originally envisaged by the Beale review.[2] The committee believes that the Inspector-General of Biosecurity, through monitoring and reporting on how well the biosecurity system at the federal level is addressing environmental biosecurity threats, will be able to identify both strengths and weaknesses and opportunities for improvements. This is particularly important given that responsibility for biosecurity is shared by both the Department of the Environment and the Department of Agriculture and that any lack of coordination may seriously undermine the effectiveness of Commonwealth policy aimed at protecting Australia's environment and agricultural interests.
7.15 One area where the committee considers that the Inspector-General could play a significant role is in reviewing pathways and risk analysis. The committee received considerable evidence of failures in environmental biosecurity preparedness with respect to specific entry pathways or industries—for example, mail, cargo, the horticulture industry and the live animal trade. The committee has made recommendations regarding each of these areas below, however, this accumulation of examples leads the committee to believe that the pathway and risk analyses undertaken by the Department of Agriculture have not adequately addressed species of environmental concern. The committee therefore believes the Inspector-General of Biosecurity should conduct a general investigation of the extent to which existing pathway and risk analyses account for high-risk environmental biosecurity threats.
7.16 The committee also received evidence of instances of inconsistent or incomplete information gathering and sharing between jurisdictions regarding environmental biosecurity threats. This appears to present a barrier to developing accurate assessments of which entry pathways or industries require tighter control. Several examples of where improvements could be made within the live animal trade are discussed below.
7.17 The committee therefore believes that, as part of the suggested review of pathway and risk analyses relevant to environmental biosecurity, the Inspector-General of Biosecurity should also examine opportunities for the Department of Agriculture to facilitate more consistent information gathering and better information sharing across jurisdictions.
7.18 The committee considers that the establishment of the statutory position of Inspector-General of Biosecurity, as originally envisaged by the Beale review, is a vital measure to ensure the integrity of Australia's biosecurity system. Accordingly, the committee welcomes the amendments to the Biosecurity Bill 2014 made on 12 May 2015 in the committee stage of the Senate that will provide for a statutory Inspector-General of Biosecurity.
7.19 The committee recommends that, once established, the Inspector-General of Biosecurity conduct a systematic review of how effectively high-risk environmental biosecurity concerns are addressed within the broader biosecurity system, with a particular focus on identifying gaps in pathway and risk analyses and on improving information gathering and sharing between jurisdictions.
National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement
7.20 The committee received evidence of a number of weaknesses in the framework for managing environmental biosecurity.
7.21 The committee notes that the National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement (NEBRA), which was designed to establish a process for responding to environmental biosecurity incursions, is a relatively new agreement between the federal and state and territory governments. To date there has been only one response managed under this agreement, that is, the response to the red imported fire ant incursion at Yarwun in Queensland.[3] The committee therefore believes that improvements to the NEBRA should be pursued by signatories as any shortcomings in the structure or scope of the agreement become apparent over time.
7.22 Several aspects of the NEBRA were highlighted during the inquiry as potential weaknesses. In particular clause 6.7, which details conditions under which a response will not go ahead, was the focus of concern. This clause states that a national biosecurity incident response will not commence, or continue, unless the parties to the NEBRA have reached a consensus. This effectively provides each state or territory with the power to veto, or bring to an end, a response. This provision may prove a problem in the future. In this regard, the committee notes the different opinions expressed in submissions from the South Australian and Western Australian governments regarding the worth of continuing to fund the red imported fire ant response in Queensland.[4]
7.23 Clause 6.7 also states that a response should not go ahead if a technical feasibility analysis indicates that eradication is not possible or likely. Submitters raised concerns that the terms 'possible' and 'likely' were not adequately defined and that the precautionary principle was not effectively implemented in the agreement. In particular, the concern was raised that due to the need for consensus among the parties and the high cost of mounting responses, only eradication attempts that are highly likely to succeed will be attempted. This arrangement may lead to inaction on incursions with a potentially high impact on the environment where the technical feasibility of eradication is uncertain.[5]
7.24 The committee recommends that the Commonwealth Government work with state and territory governments to revise the National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement such that disagreement by a single party need not prevent a response under the agreement from going ahead.
7.25 The committee recommends that the Commonwealth Government work with state and territory governments to include in the National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement an explicit precautionary principle which states that a lack of full scientific or technical certainty regarding the feasibility of eradication must be weighed against potential biosecurity risks when determining whether to mount a response.
7.26 Many submitters discussed the fundamental difficulty involved in attempting to determine the value of environmental impacts of invasive species incursions so as to include it in cost-benefit analyses.[6] The committee accepts that it is difficult to translate environmental values into economic terms, and notes that qualitative measures are often used instead. However, the committee believes that the lack of an agreed method under the NEBRA for undertaking such evaluations is a significant weakness, given that the agreement is focused on responding to incursions that are primarily a threat to the environment.
7.27 The committee recommends the Commonwealth Government work with state and territory governments to develop a nationally consistent methodology for incorporating environmental impacts into cost-benefit analyses under the National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement.
7.28 A further weakness of the NEBRA is also common to the better established Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement (EADRA) and the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD)—that is, the lack of clear arrangements for decision making and cost sharing after it has been determined that eradication of a biosecurity threat is no longer possible. This phase in the response to an incursion is referred to as 'transition to management'. Activities undertaken in this phase of a response generally focus on adapting to, and minimising the impact of, an invasive species, rather than attempting to eradicate it.
7.29 The committee notes that this gap was identified in the submission of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Environment.[7] The submission also stated that signatories to the EPPRD had agreed in principle to include a transition to management phase in those agreements, and negotiations are continuing with signatories to the EADRA to also include a transition to management phase. However, no such agreement appears to have been reached for the NEBRA, nor have any negotiations commenced.
7.30 The committee believes that efforts should also be made to expand the NEBRA to include a transition to management phase in order to clarify the responsibilities of the parties in the event that eradication is no longer feasible but further management activities are still of national importance.
7.31 The committee recommends that the Commonwealth Government work with signatories to the National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement to include in that agreement a transition to management framework to clarify the responsibilities of the parties for ongoing management activities if eradication is deemed to be no longer feasible.
Biodiversity conservation targets
7.32 The committee notes that Australia has committed, under target 7 of Australia's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010–2030, to reduce the impacts of invasive species on threatened species and ecological communities in terrestrial, aquatic and marine environments by 10 per cent by 2015.
7.33 The committee notes evidence put to it that, although this target appears precise, progress towards it is in fact unmeasurable due to the lack of baseline data. This situation appears to be confirmed by comments on this target contained in Australia's Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity.[8]
7.34 The committee believes that, if such quantitative targets are to be meaningful, there must some means of measuring progress towards them. This should be a consideration when the Department of the Environment conducts its 2015 review of Australia's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010–2030.
7.35 The committee recommends that the Department of the Environment review targets contained in Australia's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010-2030 and develop measurement methodologies to ensure that Australia's progress can be meaningfully assessed.
7.36 The committee recommends that the Australian National Audit Office conduct a performance audit of the Department of the Environment's implementation of Australia's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010–2030 with a particular focus on how progress towards targets is measured.
Natural resource management programs
7.37 The committee heard evidence from witnesses that delays in securing funding have detrimentally affected responses to invasive species, making the eradication task more difficult and ultimately more expensive than it would have been had funding been available more quickly.
7.38 Responses to tramp ant incursions in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area and on Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island that relied on gaining funding through natural resource management programs such as Landcare were cited as examples of this problem.[9]
7.39 Given the importance of early intervention to achieving success when responding to incursions, the committee considers that attention should be given to minimising delays in the funding application process for programs such as Landcare. The committee also notes evidence put to its recent inquiry into the National Landcare Program that, beyond addressing new incursions, there is a need for ongoing support for monitoring and management of established invasive species, particularly weeds.[10]
7.40 The committee recommends that the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Environment review processes for allocating funding under their natural resource management programs with a view to minimising delays for time-sensitive projects.
Prioritisation of pests and diseases of environmental biosecurity concern
7.41 The committee notes that, although the Department of Agriculture was able to provide on notice a list of six invasive species that are of high concern to the department and are considered as threats to the environment, neither it nor the Department of the Environment appears to have developed a comprehensive prioritised list of pests and diseases of environmental biosecurity concern.[11]
7.42 The committee believes that the development of such a list is important to strategically focusing the scarce resources available for environmental biosecurity work on those species that present the greatest threat.
7.43 The committee recommends that the Department of the Environment work with the Department of Agriculture to develop and publish a national priority list of pests and diseases not yet established in Australia that are of environmental biosecurity concern.
Departmental resourcing
7.44 Evidence presented to the committee suggests that staff reductions in the Department of Agriculture have led to pressure being placed on front-line staff and a reduction in the quality of Australia's biosecurity regime. The committee notes information provided by the Department of Agriculture regarding the different sources of funding it relies on to support different areas of its activities, and its belief that staff reductions have been accompanied by changes to business practices and the introduction of improved technology which have increased the department's efficiency.[12] Nevertheless, the committee is concerned that large reductions in staff numbers will lead, at some point, to a reduction in capability.
7.45 The committee received evidence particularly concerned with reductions in Commonwealth biosecurity staff numbers in northern Australia. The committee notes that northern Australia is exposed to a high level of biosecurity risk due to its proximity to other countries and its climate. Any reduction of biosecurity staff in this region is therefore particularly concerning.
7.46 The committee notes that the final report of the Joint Select Committee on Northern Australia recommended that the number of biosecurity officers be significantly increased in northern Australia to increase the chances of early detection of pest and disease incursions, and reduce the time taken to identify specific pests and diseases and put in place remedial action.[13]
7.47 In this context, the committee also notes that the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy is now 25 years old. The committee considers that, while the strategy has worked well, it would be timely to review and update that strategy.
7.48 The committee notes the suggestion of the Invasive Species Council that the strategy does not address environmental biosecurity threats as comprehensively as it might. The committee therefore suggests that such a review should also examine whether greater attention should be paid to environmental biosecurity in this strategy.
7.49 The committee recommends that the Department of Agriculture review and update the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy by mid-2016, and that this review specifically examine the adequacy of resources available to implement the strategy and suggest changes that can be made to improve environmental biosecurity outcomes under the strategy.
Environment Protection and Biosecurity Conservation Act—threat abatement plans
7.50 The committee notes evidence provided by the Department of the Environment that, although it has responsibility for the development, review and, in part, implementation of threat abatement plans developed under the EPBC Act, there is no substantive Commonwealth investment in the implementation of these plans.[14]
7.51 The committee heard evidence, with particular reference to the tramp ant abatement plan, that once these plans are developed they are often not properly implemented.
7.52 The committee acknowledges that the implementation of these plans requires the cooperation of a large number of stakeholders, including the various tiers of government, research institutions, landholders and community groups. Nevertheless, the committee believes that the Commonwealth ought to play a greater role in leading the implementation of these plans.
7.53 The committee recommends that both the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Environment conduct reviews to assess whether their existing resources can be better targeted to address known areas of environmental biosecurity risk. In particular, the committee recommends that the Department of the Environment examine whether resources can be directed towards effective implementation of existing threat abatement plans under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act.
Scientific expertise and research capacity
7.54 The committee received concerning evidence regarding the state of scientific expertise of relevance to biosecurity in general and to environmental biosecurity more specifically. There appears to be an overall lack of funding to support scientific work in this area, a situation that is exacerbated by the way this funding is delivered.
7.55 The committee notes recent CSIRO warnings that Australia's biosecurity science capability has declined across the board and that the fields of taxonomy, epidemiology and entomology will all lose significant numbers of experienced staff in coming years.[15] The committee believes that the provision of adequate support for scientific research in this area is vital to maintaining Australia's biosecurity capabilities.
7.56 The committee recommends that the Department of Industry and Science develop a strategy to address the current, and projected, decline in the level of scientific expertise in areas relevant to biosecurity.
7.57 The committee has concluded that the provision of funding through short-term competitive grant processes also leads to inefficiencies in the utilisation of existing expertise.
7.58 The committee heard evidence from both the Plant Biosecurity CRC and the Invasive Animals CRC that they currently operate only because they were able to win grants via competitive grants programs. If they had not been successful in these rounds, the capability provided by these organisations would not exist. As it stands, the two CRCs have no certainty as to their continuation beyond their current funding arrangements.[16]
7.59 The committee accepts that both the Plant Biosecurity CRC and the Invasive Animals CRC were established for a finite period; nevertheless, the committee believes that the general approach of employing short-term, ad hoc funding arrangements to support research in this area works against the strategic need to maintain Australia's biosecurity science capacity and the need to conduct long-term research.
7.60 A variety of submitters and witnesses highlighted the impact that climate change will have on biosecurity. Alterations to Australia's climate will mean that some species previously considered low risk will become more threatening, whereas some current high-risk threats will be less suited to the changed environment.[17]
7.61 The committee believes that, as changes in Australia's climate will alter the risk profiles of many biosecurity threats, Australia must devote significant scientific resources to identifying potential new biosecurity threats that arise from these processes.
7.62 The committee recommends that the Department of Industry and Science, in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Environment, conduct a review to prioritise Australia's biosecurity research needs, both environmental and industry-focused, and determine what long-term institutional structure will best address these needs.
7.63 The committee also recommends that this review specifically investigate whether Australia possesses sufficient research capacity to examine the effects of climate change on invasive species and, if not, how this can be addressed.
7.64 The committee received evidence that the expertise, particularly taxonomic expertise, currently housed in Australia's natural history museums is not being utilised as efficiently as it could be. The committee was impressed by the example of the New Zealand Marine Invasive Taxonomic Service, detailed in evidence from the Australian Museum, which is a centralised identification service that utilises the taxonomic expertise present in New Zealand to provide rapid identification of organisms of concern.[18]
7.65 The committee believes that a similar coordinated system should be established in Australia to utilise existing expertise to improve the speed and reliability of identification. Although the New Zealand example was restricted to marine invasive species, the committee believes this model can be expanded to cover terrestrial and aquatic invasive species.
7.66 The committee recommends that, following the example of the New Zealand Marine Invasive Taxonomic Service, the Commonwealth Government work with state and territory governments to establish a coordinated taxonomic identification service that utilises existing scientific expertise, particularly that present in natural history museums.
Pathways and industries of concern
7.67 The committee received evidence regarding specific pathways and industries that appear to pose a particular threat to Australia's environmental biosecurity. The following recommendations address issues raised regarding mail, cargo, the horticulture industry and the live animal trade.
Mail pathway
7.68 The committee notes that the Department of Agriculture provided evidence suggesting that the mail pathway presents a relatively low level of risk. While this may be true in general, the committee received concerning evidence regarding the ease with which prohibited plants and seeds can be obtained from online retailers and imported into Australia via the mail system.
7.69 The Invasive Species Council documented the process it followed to purchase prohibited plants and seeds via eBay and the ease with which they passed through the mail system, even in the case where the prohibited plant seeds were identified on the customs declaration.
7.70 The committee notes the apparent lack of action taken by eBay in response to complaints from the Invasive Species Council regarding the availability of these prohibited plants via specific online sellers.[19]
7.71 The committee sought further information from eBay regarding how its plants and seeds policy is displayed to potential purchasers; however, eBay failed to provide a response. The committee notes that, although eBay provided a submission to its inquiry, it declined to appear at a public hearing.
7.72 The committee is aware of recent work undertaken by the Department of Agriculture with several online retailers to improve their compliance with Australia's plant and seed import requirements and to inform consumers about these requirements. However, evidence presented to the committee suggests that, at least in the case of eBay, no action is being taken against online retailers who breach Australia's import requirements, nor is eBay's plant and seed policy being displayed prominently to customers.
7.73 The committee recommends that the Department of Agriculture undertake enforcement activities against internet retailers and marketplaces that repeatedly breach Australia's plant and seed import requirements and work with these businesses to ensure warnings are displayed when customers attempt to purchase prohibited plants and seeds.
Cargo pathway
7.74 Committee notes that Australia has suffered regular tramp ant incursions in recent years, in some cases more than once in the same location. Several witnesses suggested that this indicates a systematic weakness in cargo surveillance measures. The committee agrees with this assessment and believes that, given the potential impact of tramp ants, greater efforts must be made to prevent tramp ants reaching Australia.
7.75 The committee also notes evidence provided by Dr Lach that the measures outlined under the Tramp Ant Threat Abatement Plan, developed in 2006, have not been fully implemented.[20]
7.76 The committee recommends that the Department of the Environment work to ensure that the measures described in the Tramp Ant Threat Abatement Plan are fully implemented.
7.77 The committee recommends that, within the next 12 months, the Department of Agriculture review its cargo surveillance measures with the aim of achieving better detection rates of invasive species in general and of tramp ants in particular.
Horticulture industry
7.78 The committee received evidence that the horticulture industry has played a role in the spread of many plants species that pose a threat to the environment. In some cases known weeds have been sold under incorrect labels and thereby spread to new locations around Australia.
7.79 The committee notes comments from Nursery and Garden Industry Australia that it believes the commercial nursery industry is heavily regulated but that significant threats to environmental biosecurity are posed by internet retailers of plant material, as noted above, and by small-scale, non-commercial nursery activities.
7.80 The committee received evidence that regulation of the horticulture industry suffers from a lack of national coordination. The committee agrees with this assessment and believes greater work needs to be done by both Commonwealth and state and territory agencies to establish harmonised protocols regarding which plants can be sold, how weeds are identified and the tracking of plant sales.
7.81 The committee also believes the establishment of permitted lists to govern the sale of plants in nurseries, as currently exists in Western Australia, rather than prohibited lists, would improve the regulation of the industry.[21]
7.82 The committee recommends that the Commonwealth Government work with state and territory governments, and the horticulture industry, on establishing standardised labelling, weed identification, and sales tracking protocols across the industry.
Live animal trade
7.83 The committee received concerning evidence regarding the rate at which live animals, particularly birds, are entering Australia and either escaping or being deliberately released into the wild. These animals appear to be entering Australia by both legal and illegal means.
7.84 The committee notes evidence provided by the Zoo and Aquarium Association that, although the zoo industry is heavily regulated, the private wildlife trade is significantly less restricted, particularly with regard to exotic birds.
7.85 The committee is also concerned by the lack of a nationwide information source regarding seizures of wildlife. At present it appears that the Zoo and Aquarium Association maintains the most comprehensive database of this information. The committee believes that the development of a nationwide database would improve efforts to restrict illegal live imports and also better understand the biosecurity issues that are presented by this trade.[22]
7.86 The committee recommends that the Department of Agriculture review and, where appropriate, strengthen current regulations governing private aviculture imports, given the high rate at which privately kept birds escape into the wild.
7.87 The committee recommends that the Department of Agriculture identify the pathways by which exotic birds are entering the country, including illegal pathways, and work to better regulate or close these pathways.
7.88 The committee recommends that the Department of Agriculture work with relevant state and territory agencies to develop a national database of seized exotic wildlife.
Marine, freshwater and island biosecurity
7.89 The committee received evidence highlighting the role of shipping in the movement of organisms in the marine environment. The roles of ballast water and biofouling and their respective regulatory schemes were highlighted in evidence.
7.90 The committee notes that the Biosecurity Bill 2014, which was introduced to the Parliament after the committee had received submissions and held hearings, addresses the need to develop a national ballast water regime, but does not address the need to better regulate biofouling.
7.91 The committee acknowledges the complexities of regulating this area, but believes a national mandatory regime must be implemented as soon as possible given the contribution of this pathway to marine incursions. Evidence presented to the committee suggests that biofouling poses a significantly greater threat to Australia's biosecurity than ballast water.
7.92 The committee also received evidence that surveillance for marine biosecurity is significantly under resourced. The failure of some states to properly implement marine pest monitoring programs under the Marine Pest National Monitoring Strategy is a stark example of this situation.
7.93 Another surveillance weakness highlighted in evidence was the lack of regular inspections by the Department of Agriculture targeted at biofouling.[23]
7.94 The committee recommends that, following the completion of the current review of national maritime pest policy by the Department of Agriculture, the Commonwealth Government amend biosecurity legislation to incorporate a national mandatory biofouling management regime.
7.95 The committee recommends that the Department of Agriculture conduct more regular ship inspections targeted at biofouling.
7.96 The committee received evidence highlighting the ornamental fish trade as the source of a significant number of incursions into Australia's aquatic ecosystems. Evidence suggests that, of the 30 ornamental fish species established in Australia, around 10 are on the permitted import list.
7.97 The committee notes the existence of a national strategy for the management of ornamental fish, including a banned list of noxious species and a grey list of species that require further assessment. However, it appears that there are many species currently traded in the ornamental fish industry that are not on the permitted species list under the EPBC Act.
7.98 Several witnesses expressed concern to the committee that ornamental fish were generally not subject to screening with regard to their species or their disease status at Australia's borders. In this regard the committee notes the intention of the Department of Agriculture to introduce an on-arrival fish health monitoring program.
7.99 Evidence provided to the committee suggests that there is a lack of national coordination in relation to information sharing and responses to freshwater fish incursions and that the risk assessments used to assess ornamental fish imports are based on overseas information which may not be relevant to Australian conditions.[24]
7.100 The committee believes that Australia's preparedness in this area must be improved.
7.101 The committee recommends that the Commonwealth Government work with state and territory governments to establish a national monitoring and data sharing regime for freshwater fish incursions.
7.102 The committee recommends that the Department of Agriculture improve border surveillance of freshwater fish imports, review the relevance of its risk assessments for Australian conditions and implement as soon as practicable the on-arrival fish health monitoring program.
7.103 The committee received compelling evidence regarding the important role Australia's islands play as biodiversity refuges. The committee also saw examples of how critical biosecurity protection is to keeping islands in a state that would allow them to fulfil this function in future. The cases of Christmas Island and Barrow Island were presented as contrasting examples of biosecurity failure and success.
7.104 In its 2013 report, The effectiveness of threatened species and ecological communities' protection in Australia, this committee urged the Department of the Environment to develop biosecurity strategies as part of action plans to protect island sanctuaries. The Commonwealth Government responded that it was doing so for islands for which it has responsibility.
7.105 The committee notes the division of responsibility for Australia's islands between the Commonwealth and the states but believes that a nationally coordinated approach to island biosecurity, along the lines suggested by Dr Burbidge in his submission outlining a National Island Biosecurity Initiative, would nevertheless improve the management of islands with respect to biosecurity.[25]
7.106 The committee recommends that the Commonwealth Government work with state and territory governments to establish a national framework for managing biosecurity on Australia's islands.
7.107 Finally, the committee wishes to acknowledge that this is an exceptionally complex area of environmental management, requiring coordination between all levels of government, industry and the community, as well as a range of difficult decisions about where scarce resources should be allocated to maximise their effectiveness. These complexities are further exacerbated by the partial state of scientific knowledge, both of potentially invasive species and of Australia's environment itself, as well as the influence of climate change.
7.108 Nevertheless, the committee considers that there is room to strengthen Australia's performance in relation to environmental biosecurity in order to protect our unique ecosystems.
Senator Anne Urquhart
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Cessna Launches Diesel-Powered Skyhawk
There's no hint that avgas is going away anytime soon in the United States at least, but in much of the rest of the world the stuff has gone over the past decade from merely expensive to outrageously so. On the other hand, kerosene-based fuels, jet-A and diesel, have held the price line much better while remaining in abundant supply. One answer is putting diesel engines in piston airplanes, and Cessna has taken a big step toward that model with the introduction of a diesel-powered Skyhawk.
The Skyhawk TD (for turbodiesel) will feature the Thielert Centurion 2.0 diesel engine, the same powerplant that's standard equipment in Diamond's DA42 TwinStar. As in that airplane, in the Skyhawk, the 2.0 installation will feature full authority digital engine control (fadec) with single-lever power control and a three-blade composite MT prop. The diesel will offer lower direct operating costs-8 percent in the United States and up to 32 percent internationally, claims Cessna-quieter operation and simplified engine operation, including immunity to shock cooling.
The Thielert in the Skyhawk TD will be rated at 155 hp, so the performance numbers for the TD will be lower than those for the 180 hp Skyhawk SP. But it will sip at the fuel, burning a miserly 7.4 gph at 85 percent power, nearly three gallons per hour less than the gas-burning Skyhawk, and its performance as it climbs, as it's turbocharged, will be superior to that of the nominally more powerful Skyhawk SP.


text:
Just a bear writing about TV and film.
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Veronica Mars "Normal is the Watchword"/ "Driver Ed" Review (2×01/2×02)
EPISODE 1: "Normal is the Watchword"
Damn, talk about a cliffhanger.
The bus crash is a thrilling end to the episode and an exciting kick off to season two, but it's too bad that the preceding 40 minutes are fairly average. Yes, it's difficult to follow up a masterpiece like "Leave It to Beaver", but "Normal is the Watchword" feels like a two hour premiere that had to be cut in half. It's chaotic, and not in a good way; the writers accomplish their goal of rushing through exposition and throwing us back into the action, but as a result, the fallout over last season's resolution fails to make as big of an impact as it could have. In addition, the flashback overload is nifty at first, but it brings diminishing returns as the episode progresses, and that plus a bland case of the week makes for a subpar Veronica Mars premiere.
Like with all episodes of the show, however, there's still quite a bit to like. There are interesting ideas about attempting to find normalcy and about how relationships change as your worldview changes, and Logan still remains a fascinating character to watch. Dohring's performance–along with the writing–finds an excellent balance for the guy, as although we recognize that he's in a shitty situation, we definitely can't let him off the hook for his actions. Impressive characterization, as always.
EPISODE 2: "Driver Ed"
This is a better and more focused episode, and it revolves around the fallout of the bus crash for Jessie Doyle, the daughter of the bus driver. As people like Lamb are running around trying to find a scapegoat to destroy, here's a daughter who simply wants to understand what happened, who wants to find the truth. It's clear that Keith and Veronica connect to that desire–given the beating they took from the media during the Lilly Kane case–and Enrico Colantoni is once again fantastic throughout the episode; the highlight is the scene in which he sees Jessie being ignored by Lamb, and you can see the decision click for him in his mind.
Elsewhere, it's nice to see Wallace on a case by himself! I don't really like Jackie, but I suppose that's the point; I'm wondering if the show will start to explore a rift between Veronica and Wallace this season.
-New credits, and new regulars: Ryan Hansen as Dick Casablancas and Kyle Gallner as Cassidy, both of whom we've seen before. Looks like they'll have expanded roles this season.
-I predicted Logan and was correct, but I can see the argument for Veronica thinking it was Duncan at first. Whatever the case, I kind of wish it was Vinnie Van Lowe.
-Krysten Ritter!
-Van Clemmons had sex once, and he now has a son.
-Veronica hallucinates Lilly in the premiere, and the hallucination leads her to Weevil. Definitely indicates the lingering effects of the Lilly case, which I assume will still reverberate throughout the season.
-Charisma Carpenter, Buffy/Angel alum, shows up as Kendall Casablancas. That reminds me: I need to watch Buffy. Also, Steve Guttenberg shows up as Woody Goodman.
– "Tweaking you own nipples can sometimes work." I missed you, Keith Mars. One thing's for sure: putting Wallace, Keith, and Veronica in a room together is always going to lead to a sweet/funny/fantastic scene.
-The Meg about face is a bit jarring here, but I do like her character and hope we get a good storyline for her, now that we know she's alive.
– "I should go. My dad is probably watching us through a telescope." "Then he's probably impressed with your virtue." "And that telescope is mounted on a rifle."
-Pretty soon, everyone in this show is going to start pairing up and having sex at the same hotel.
-Great work by Ari Graynor (aka Rachel Dunham from Fringe) in the second episode, especially during those scenes with Jessie's brother.
-Sheriff Lamb: What are you up to, Veronica?
Veronica: Last question, actually. 'Why do you want this position?' Honestly — and really, tell me the truth — how much of an asskiss would I be if I admit it's to be close to you? Seriously, why do birds suddenly appear every time you're near?
– "You're a macchiato!"
Photo credit: CW/UPN, Veronica Mars
Tags: Bus crash mystery Veronica Mars, Jessie Doyle bus crash driver daughter Veronica Mars, Jessie Lamb Veronica Mars, Keith running for sheriff Veronica Mars, Van Clemmons son Veronica Mars, Veronica hallucinations Lilly Veronica Mars, Veronica Mars Driver Ed, Veronica Mars Normal is the Watchword, Veronica Mars review recap, Veronica Mars season 2 premiere
Categories Television-Classic, Veronica Mars
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Veronica Mars Season 2, Episodes 3-5 Review →
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Mr. Robot "eps1.4_3xpl0its.wmv" Review (1x05)
The Handmaiden Review
Person of Interest "Brotherhood" Review (4x04)
Shameless "Uncle Carl" Review (5x08)
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A Cure for Wellness Review
Parks and Recreation "2017"/ "Ron & Jammy" Review (7x01/7x02)


Reciprocal relationship between expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and the pro-apoptotic protein bid in ex vivo colorectal cancer.
dc.description.abstract Hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) represses the transcription of pro-apoptotic bid in colorectal cancer cells in vitro. To assess the clinical relevance of this observation, HIF-1alpha and Bid were assessed in serial sections of 39 human colorectal adenocarcinomas by immunohistochemistry. In high HIF-1alpha nuclear-positive cell subpopulations, there was a significant reduction in Bid expression (ANOVA, P=0.04). Given the role of Bid in drug-induced apoptosis, these data add impetus to strategies targeting HIF-1 for therapeutic gain.
html.description.abstract Hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) represses the transcription of pro-apoptotic bid in colorectal cancer cells in vitro. To assess the clinical relevance of this observation, HIF-1alpha and Bid were assessed in serial sections of 39 human colorectal adenocarcinomas by immunohistochemistry. In high HIF-1alpha nuclear-positive cell subpopulations, there was a significant reduction in Bid expression (ANOVA, P=0.04). Given the role of Bid in drug-induced apoptosis, these data add impetus to strategies targeting HIF-1 for therapeutic gain.


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Q: I am getting the "[Errno 2] No such file or directory" error code, even though I have the direct/absolute path.... Any Suggestions? Code so far:
import pandas as pd import numpy as np

def getXDataMerged():
    a = pd.read_csv(r'C:/Applications/AIbot1.1/usbalanceannual.csv', delimiter
    = ';')
    b = pd.read_csv(r'C:/Applications/AIbot1.1/usincomeannual.csv', delimiter =
    ';')
    c = pd.read_csv(r'C:/Applications/AIbot1.1/uscashflowannual.csv', delimiter
    = ';')

    print ('Income Statement CSV is: ', a.shape)
    print ('Balance Sheet CSV is: ', b.shape)
    print ('Cash Flow CSV is: ', c.shape)

    result = pd.merge(a,b, on=['Ticker', 'SimFinId', 'Currency', 'Fiscal Year',
    'Report Date', 'Publish Date'])
    result = pd.merge(result, c, on=['Ticker', 'SimFinId', 'Currency', 'Fiscal
    Year', 'Report Date', 'Publish Date'])

    result["Report Date"] = pd.to_datetime(result["Report Date"])
    result["Publish Date"] = pd.to_datetime(result["Publish Date"])
    print('merged X data matrix shape is: ', result.shape)

    return result

not quite sure what my issue is, my buddy has the exact same code (slightly differnt direct path because his folder is in a different place) and he has no issues.... Thanks In Advance!!!
edit: there is some more code below what I have shared, but it is not relevant to what I posted.
edit2: so I ran a code that would find the direct file path and print it out to me, and it said no such file or directory exists as a possible path... Why would this be?

A: I think the problem is probably because of the forward slashes. Can you try it with the backslashes instead?
a = pd.read_csv(r'C:\Applications\AIbot1.1\usbalanceannual.csv', delimiter = ';')
b = pd.read_csv(r'C:\Applications\AIbot1.1\usincomeannual.csv', delimiter = ';')
c = pd.read_csv(r'C:\Applications\AIbot1.1\uscashflowannual.csv', delimiter = ';')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package com.behase.relumin.model;

import com.behase.relumin.support.JedisSupport;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnore;
import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Builder;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

@Data
@Builder
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class ClusterNode {
    private String nodeId;
    private String hostAndPort;
    private Set<String> flags = Sets.newLinkedHashSet();
    private String masterNodeId;
    private long pingSent;
    private long pongReceived;
    private long configEpoch;
    private boolean connect;
    private Map<Integer, String> migrating = Maps.newLinkedHashMap();
    private Map<Integer, String> importing = Maps.newLinkedHashMap();

    @JsonIgnore
    private Set<Integer> servedSlotsSet = Sets.newTreeSet();

    public boolean hasFlag(String flag) {
        if (flags == null || flags.isEmpty()) {
            return false;
        }
        return flags.contains(flag);
    }

    public String getServedSlots() {
        return new JedisSupport().slotsDisplay(servedSlotsSet);
    }

    public int getSlotCount() {
        if (servedSlotsSet == null) {
            return 0;
        }
        return servedSlotsSet.size();
    }

    @JsonIgnore
    public String getHost() {
        return StringUtils.split(hostAndPort, ":")[0];
    }

    @JsonIgnore
    public int getPort() {
        return Integer.valueOf(StringUtils.split(hostAndPort, ":")[1]);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (this == obj) {
            return true;
        }
        if (obj == null) {
            return false;
        }
        if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
            return false;
        }

        ClusterNode other = (ClusterNode) obj;
        return StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase(nodeId, other.nodeId);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Mandoul Oriental er et af de tre departementer, som udgør regionen Mandoul i Tchad.

Tchads departementer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia