I have heard that a bedroom is REQUIRED to have a closet, however I can not find a requirement in the 2006 IRC. Can someone confirm or deni if a required to have a bedroom closet exist?
I've had realtors tell clients that if a room does not have a closet it does not qualify for a bedroom per FHA- VA standards.
I do know of one home I inspected a few months ago that had been constructed with a "office" room. The owners of this home tried to pass off the house as a 4 bedroom instead of the actual description of a 3 bedroom when they bought it. The office room did not have a clothes closet.
They got called out on it and had to change all of the information on MLS for it.
Yes, it needs a closet. This is a HUD requirement that also goes in to appraisal guidelines.
Scott, do you have that HUD requirement or a link to it?
If HUD requires a closet for a room to be considered a bedroom does that mean definitively that a bedroom requires a closet?
If that's the case then there are a lot of 5 den, zero bedroom homes out there.
Good question! This is came from a HUD class I took many years back, I'll try to see if I can find it this weekend. Sorry, I just do not have the time to search for it right now.
I have not seen any code or definition that requires a room for sleeping (bedroom) to have a built-in closet.
I've inspected many older homes that have bedrooms without fixed studded and door wall closets. They use free standing wardrobe closets for storage.
A sleeping room requires 2 means of egress. Could be 2 doors. If only 1 door, then an openable window meeting minimum opening requirements should be present.
A room with a closet, but no window, is not necessarily a bedroom. It could be a bedroom if it meets other criteria for use as a sleeping room.
There is something about natural light - can't think of it right now. Could be a skylight instead of a conventional window.
I do not know of any requirement, pertaining to the home inspection side of it, that would qualify us to state a room cannot be used for sleeping purposes due to the lack of a closet.
Can a closet, or lack therof, in a bedroom change the habitable space of the property? That depends on your local tax assessor's and appraisers guildlines I would think however that is out of the scope of our inspection. As far as I know our duties to our clients do not include determining the user square footage of the property therefore our concern over a closet is probably mute.
The IRC does address certain requirements regarding minimum size, natural lighting, outlets, cieling height, egress windows etc., but not closets. Does that help?
Michael found it! I was wrong.
A bedroom (sleeping room) does not need a closet, but it does need to points of egress. This was a FHA lending requirement, but it was removed in 1993.
A sleeping room, aka bedroom, requires the following: A source of natural light (8% of the floor area) a minimum of which 50% shall be openable, a minimum horizontal dimension of 7 ft, a minimum ceiling height of 7'-6", code complying means of emergency egress, a source of permanent heat, and a smoke alarm.
A sleeping room, aka bedroom, requires the following: A source of natural light (8% of the floor area) a minimum of which 50% shall be openable, a minimum horizontal dimension of 7 ft, a minimum ceiling height of 7'-6", code complying means of emergency egress, a source of permanent heat, and a smoke alarm.
This "A source of natural light (8% of the floor area) a minimum of which 50% shall be openable" should be this "A source of natural light (8% of the floor area), a source of natural ventilation (4% of the floor area)"
You may have a window which provides more than the minimum 8% of the floor area for natural light, in which case less than 50% of the window needs to be operable.
For bedrooms which use that operable window for an emergency egress opening, the resultant opening must be a minimum of 21" wide, minimum 24" high, and 5.7 sf (which means that the minimum width is not allowed in conjunction with the minimum height), and, if the window is directly accessible from grade (i.e., the firefighter can climb in from standing on the ground or pull someone out to safety from standing on the ground - no ladder) the minimum opening size may be reduced to 5.0 sf.
The natural light and natural ventilation % apply to *all* "habitable spaces", with provisions for obtaining them from adjacent rooms through open wall areas (doorways with no door, archways, whatever you want to call them).
Seems I read somewhere that during Victorian times closets were taxed. As a result many Victorian homes did not have closets to avoid additional taxation. As a amories or wardrobes became popular furniture.
That sounds like the Mansard Roof story, but is just another well traveled myth?
It has been a policy in our AHJ that if a room has a closet we count it as a bedroom. However, no where in the code does it specify that a bedroom must have a closet.
If a room has a closet, we consider it a bedroom so we can require smoke detectors. If the plans for a new residence are submitted with rooms without closets, they specify that the room is going to be an office, study, or whatever. If they have a room without a closet, but they label it as a bedroom....that's ok, but they will provide SD's.
No doubt, too, is that the above also is there for requiring EERO and not just smoke detectors.
In our area, the room is whatever they label it as on the plans that were used to obtain the permit. If they label it as a bedroom, they must have smokes, egress window, etc. If they label it as a study, then no smokes, window, etc. I disagree with the AHJ that says that if it has a closet, then it's a bedroom. ICC takes the stand that it's up to the designer to label the room on the plans for the purpose intended. However, the Certificate of Occupancy will designate how many bedrooms have been permitted, and it is a code violation to change the use of a room without a permit and a new C. of O.
R110.1 Use and occupancy. No building or structure shall be used or occupied, and no change in the existing occupancy classification of a building or structure or portion thereof shall be made until the building official has issued a certificate of occupancy therefor as provided herein.
Enforcing it is something else, though. If the hubby is made to sleep on the couch (or chooses to) does that make it a bedroom? Is he in violation of the C. of O. if he falls asleep at his office desk? Of course not, but the rooms that were designed and intended to be used as bedrooms must comply when the permit is issued and the hosue is constructed. After the c of o is issued, there's not much control over how the house is actually used.
Sooooo the designer could label a house as having no bedrooms and the AHJ couldn't do anything about it?
and it is a code violation to change the use of a room without a permit and a new C. of O.
You do not understand what the code is referring to in the above use of "Use and occupancy".
It is NOT "a code violation to change the use of a room without a permit and a new C. of O." ... NOT a violation to do so.
I usually agree with you, but you are absolutely wrong on this one. I am an AHJ (27 years). I have served on several ICC (and prior to that, BOCA) committees, and I do code consulting for a living. If a space is designed for one purpose and then changed, you need a permit (even if there is no construction) and a new C.O. If a room is designed as a study, labelled on the drawings as a study, given a certificate of occupancy with the understanding that it is a study (because of the plans that were approved, designating it as a study), and then the space is subsequently changed to a bedroom, it then needs egress windows, smoke det., etc. That's the reason for a building permit..to make sure that the new use complies with the code. Does anyone ever do it? Rarely, in one and two-family construction, but it's still required. People put bedrooms in cellars without permits, too, and they also die in those same cellars because of the lack of an egress window.
And yes, you could have a house with ten studies and one bedroom, and that is fine. You have to have at least one room designated as a bedroom (the definition of a dwelling unit is that it has to have living, sleeping, bathing and cooking facilities).
"DWELLING UNIT. </B>A single unit providing complete independent living facilities for one or more persons, including permanent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking and sanitation."
I suppose that it really doesn't need a separate bedroom (for example, a studio apartment), but the living room would then be designated as a combination living/sleeping room and that room would need to meet the requirements for a bedroom.
A single unit providing complete independent living facilities for one or more persons, including permanent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking and sanitation."
You certainly kept me from one of my morning rants. I agree completely.
OK, I don't totally agree with the fact that if someone has a room that is not designated as a bedroom and they start using it as a bedroom that it is a change of use!
The use is R3 single family. A change of use would be if they wanted to change a residential use to a business use.
Yes I agree that they would need a permit when they start using a room not designated as a bedroom as a bedroom to comply with life, health, and safety regulations; however that is not a change of use.
And that is what I am referring to.
They need a permit only if they do construction which would change that use.
If they have a den and begin using it as a bedroom, there is absolutely nothing in the code which requires a permit for that.
Okay, as the AHJ SHOW ME THE CODE where changing the use of a room in a dwelling unit requires a permit.
I have a family room, if I change that use to a living room, no permit is required.
I have a dining room, if I change that use to a den, no permit is required.
I have a bedroom, if I change that use to an office, no permit is required.
Likewise, I have a den and if I change that use to a bedroom, no permit is required.
SHOW ME where the code states a permit is required when a room is changed from one use to another use.
That section is when you change the use and occupancy as covered by the code.
R101.2 Scope. The provisions of the International Residential Code for One- and Two-family Dwellings shall apply to the construction, alteration, movement, enlargement, replacement, repair, equipment, use and occupancy, location, removal and demolition of detached one- and two-family dwellings and townhouses not more than three stories above-grade in height with a separate means of egress and their accessory structures.
When the "use and occupancy" changes from a "dwelling unit", the "use and occupancy" falls outside the IRC and then the IBC will apply.
- - - - - 301.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall control the classification of all buildings and structures as to use and occupancy.
- - - - - 302.1 General. Structures or portions of structures shall be classified with respect to occupancy in one or more of the groups listed below. A room or space that is intended to be occupied at different times for different purposes shall comply with all of the requirements that are applicable to each of the purposes for which the room or space will be occupied. Structures with multiple occupancies or uses shall comply with Section 508. Where a structure is proposed for a purpose that is not specifically provided for in this code, such structure shall be classified in the group that the occupancy most nearly resembles, according to the fire safety and relative hazard involved.
When the "use and occupancy" changes from a dwelling unit (Residential) it will fall under one of the above "Use and Occupancy" categories.
I'm saying that they are required to secure a permit because of life, health, and safety regulations.
fire and other hazards attributed to the built environment.
If the occupant converts a room from a den to a bedroom, then a means of egress shall be provided as required by the code. If that means altering the windows and adding SD's, then a permit is required.
If the converted room already meets the code for life, health, and safety, then no permits are required.
- - - - - 301.1 Scope.
- - - - - 302.1 General.
I am not sure why you do things sometimes Jerry.
How much would you like to wager that if someone started using a den with no proper egress, lighting, ventilation and someone sleeping in that room that has now been set up from a den to a bedroom died due to not properly turning it into a bedroom which very well may need a permit to do so could be prosecuted if the athorities chose to go that route.
Lets see. I have a three bedroom 2 bath home but the home has ten rooms altogether and I turn the rest of them into sleeping quarters and none of them comply with sleeping quarters and they all die.....what do you think the chances are that the athorities could press charges on the owners that decided to let all there friends use those rooms not properly set up for bedrooms as bedrooms/sleeping quarters. Lets say even the kitchen, but there is still room after the beds are added to still cook.
Can anyone use anyroom they decide to as sleeping quarters????
Sure, but must be willing to suffer the legal ramifications to do so. Which means they should have obtained a permit if those rooms were not already set up properly as bedrooms. Which means.....they should have gotten a permit because you know and I know that not all rooms are set up as sleeping quarters.
And I am saying "Show me the code section where that is required under permit requirements.
"If that means altering the windows and adding SD's, then a permit is required."
Now you are getting where I want you and Steven to see: "If that means altering ... adding ..., then a permit is required."
And, being as there IS NOT PERMIT REQUIRED to change the use of a room, the only way the AHJ would know is when something was permitted because it was to be added or altered, and you really think a permit will even be pulled then?
Nope, rarely going to happen. A permit SHOULD be pulled when the smoke detector is added, but then a permit SHOULD be pulled every time an electrical contractor installs a NEW light or receptacle too.
What is under discussion, though, is not pulling a permit for adding or altering anything, but that a PERMIT IS NOT REQUIRED for a home owner to change the use of a room from anything to anything else.
No, the point Steve was making, and stressing, was that A PERMIT IS REQUIRED ... allow that to soak in a minute ... Steve was, IS, insisting that A PERMIT IS REQUIRED ... to change a room from any use into a sleeping room, and NO PERMIT IS REQUIRED for that, nor to change ANY ROOM into use as ANY OTHER room.
It simply IS NOT REQUIRED.
Are there legal ramification which COULD (not will, but COULD) catch up to them? Sure.
Women are ALLOWED to put make up on while driving, there is no law against that (i.e., *no permit is required*), and they do that while driving for years and years and years and years and ... and then, finally, one day they cause an accident because they were putting their make up on while driving - they will suffer the legal ramification because of their actions ... NONETHELESS, though, there is not law against it (and nothing which requires a permit to change one room use to another use).
I keep waiting for Steve, Wayne, or even you to post the permits required section where it states that a permits is required to change the use of a room to another use ... and I will wait forever because there simply is not such requirement.
and directed to enforce the provisions of this code.
into a public street, public alley, yard or court.
The BO is required to enforce the code. The code requires at least one operable emergency and rescue opening in a bedroom. If a homeowner starts using a den as a bedroom, that room is required to have emergency egress. If it doesn't have emergency egress, then alterations are required to comply with the code.
If there are legal ramifications to doing something then it must mean it is not allowed. If not allowed without a permit and someone does it without a permit then they should have gotten a permit which means that a permit was needed. You can swing it anyway you want. If it is going to be used as a bedroom and it must be altered to do so then a permit is required if alteratiuons must be done to turn it into a bedroom.
If I shoot my neighbor between the eyes and do not get caught is it alright that I shot him between the eyes.
If I get falling down drunk (I would not) and then got behind a wheel of a car and proceeded to drive down the highway in the wrong direction and caused the death of 6 people and I did not get caught is it alright I did so. Or, should I have not done so to begin with.
You are saying anyone can use any room for any reason and the law has nothing to say about it...until they got caught. Well if they got caught then they should not have been doing what ever to get caught at ....Hence......a permit must be obtained if needed due to alterations.
Years ago with septic systems most homes were built to allow 3 bedrooms and 2 baths. Adding more bedrooms and more baths would mean you needed a bigger septic. To add more bedrooms and baths to a septic it requires a permit to add the bedrooms and baths and increase the size of the septic.
From what you are saying I am gathering that if those exact words are not all in that neat little order then it is not mandatory that a permit be pulled.
Any owner or authorized agent who intends to construct, enlarge, alter, repair, move, demolish or change the occupancy of a building or structure"
The BUILDING OR STRUCTURE *is not* being "constructed", "enlarged", "altered"", "repaired", "moved", "demolished" in any way, shape or form.
The CONTENTS of the building or structure *is what is being moved about*.
Are you seriously trying to tell me that I have to get a permit from you to move my furniture from room to room so I can change the use of that room?
Seriously? Is that what you are MEANING? Because that IS what you are SAYING.
NOTHING which requires a permit is being done.
You will need to get a lot more creative than you have been so far to show us that we cannot move our furniture from room to room without getting a permit.
You and Steve have SERIOUSLY gone off the deep end on this one.
Have you, either of you, looked up the definition of "building" or "structure"?
If you are really believing in moving the furniture "changes the occupancy" of the "building or structure", then we will need to make that change meet the definition of "building" or "structure" and make some fire partitions separating the MIXED-OCCUPANCY use of that home.
You two (and Ted) need to stop, take a DEEP BREATH, hold it ... hold it ... hold it ... now slowly exhale and clear your minds of what you think you are saying and start looking at what you are really saying.
Jerry, Jerry, Jerry.....you are doing what you always say about other folks that post on here occasionally. You are not reading what I am posting. You are trying to turn this thing all around so that it sounds like you know what you are talking about! Sorry Buddy you're wrong on this one!
It's OK to move the contents around.......however once you move the contents around and create sleeping quarters then you MUST provide emergency egress and SD's. as required by the code. That in turn triggers the "to construct, enlarge, "ALTER" repair, move, demolish or change the occupancy of a building or structure" requirement!
The owner has to ALTER the room to meet the code! This in turn requires a permit.
"Seriously? Is that what you are MEANING? Because that IS what you are SAYING.
I didn't say that at all! If you will go back and reread my post you will see that I said that creating a bedroom and the requirement for emergency egress and SD's requires the owner to alter the structure and THAT is what triggers the permit requirement, not rearranging furniture! You can move your dining room into the bathroom if you want. I don't care!
"You will need to get a lot more creative than you have been so far to show us that we cannot move our furniture from room to room without getting a permit..
US??????? When did one person become us???
I didn't say you couldn't move your furniture from room to room!
"Have you, either of you, looked up the definition of "building" or "structure"?
"If you are really believing in moving the furniture "changes the occupancy" of the "building or structure", then we will need to make that change meet the definition of "building" or "structure" and make some fire partitions separating the MIXED-OCCUPANCY use of that home.
I never said that moving furniture changes the occupancy.
I said that creating a bedroom in a room that does not have the emergency egress and SD's requires that person to alter the structure to comply with the code! Altering that structure creates the requirement for a permit!
Soooooo you are saying that when you visit your daughter and she has created a bedroom for your grandchildren without any means of emergency egress and SD's that you are going to say it is okay? You're not going to tell her that she needs to "alter" your grandchild's bedroom so in case of emergency a person can save them?
"You two (and Ted) need to stop, take a DEEP BREATH, hold it ... hold it ... hold it ... now slowly exhale and clear your minds of what you think you are saying and start looking at what you are really saying.
Buddy you're wrong on this one!
Nope, you are and I will show it to you right below this.
It's OK to move the contents around.......however once you move the contents around and create sleeping quarters then you MUST provide emergency egress and SD's. as required by the code.
That in turn triggers the "to construct, enlarge, "ALTER" repair, move, demolish or change the occupancy of a building or structure" requirement!
WHAT triggers that? Moving the furniture around?
The owner has to ALTER the room to meet the code!
Hmmmm .... who "The owner HAS TO alter ... " anything?
There you go, making statements for which NOTHING is being said about having to alter anything.
Try to follow these three scenarios, if you can, or, maybe, if you will (because I KNOW you CAN).
1) I have a den, which just happens to have a window which meets EERO size requirements, and it just happens to have a smoke detector, so I move a bed into my den and call it a bedroom.
Q. What HAS to be done?
2) I have a den, which happens to have a window which *does not* meet EERO size requirements and does not have a smoke detector, so I move a bed into my den and call it a bedroom.
Q. What SHOULD be done?
A. The window SHOULD be addressed to make sure it meets EERO size requirements and as smoke detector SHOULD be installed.
Q. Is a permit required at this point where I have moved a bed into that den and are now using it as a bedroom?
A. No. I have NOT ALTERED the "building or structure" at this point.
3) I have a den, which happens to have a window which *does not* meet EERO size requirements and does not have a smoke detector, so I move a bed into my den and call it a bedroom. Being a home owner with the knowledge that I SHOULD address the size of the window to meet EERO sizes, and knowing that I SHOULD add a smoke detector, I start to make the window meet those requirements and begin adding a smoke detector.
Q. Is a permit required because I am now altering the "BUILDING OR STRUCTURE"?
A. Yes, a permit is needed, not because I moved a bed into that room, and not because I SHOULD address the window and smoke detector, but BECAUSE *I AM* addressing the window and smoke detector.
See, if you knew how to read the code, you would see that I do not need to get a permit to construct a deck BECAUSE I AM THINKING ABOUT constructing a deck, no, I would need to get a permit BEFORE I ACTUALLY DID ANY WORK toward constructing that deck.
Permits are not required because work SHOULD be done, permits are required because the work IS BEING (or GOING TO BE) done.
Let me know if you STILL DO NOT UNDERSTAND what I am saying.
2) I have a den, which happens to have a window which *does not* meet EERO size requirements and does not have a smoke detector,(OK) so I move a bed into my den and call it a bedroom.
See, if you knew how to read the code, you would see that I do not need to get a permit to construct a deck BECAUSE I AM THINKING ABOUT constructing a deck, no, I would need to get a permit (TWIST AND TURN, TWIST AND TURN) BEFORE I ACTUALLY DID ANY WORK toward constructing that deck.
What an absolute crock of crap. Yeah I said it . What an absolute crock of crap.
If you know that a permit is required because building alterations are going to have be done then you get a freaking permit or at least check down town on the phone or in person to find out if one is needed for the alterations you have to make.
You do not address alterations and start them and then go to the town hall and say that this is what I did could you come look at it.
You already used the terminology that you knew that alterations would have to be made. If alteration have to be made one with half a brain like yourself is going to address all the issues before one with half a brain moves everything in.
Twist an play with the words all you want but your explanation is only the art of deception with a play on words.
What constitutes HAVING to pull a permit.? Making changes in ones home to make a bedroom out of a den adding doors or windows or electric or HVAC etc. constitutes the need to get a permit to do so. Or as you stated, already knowing that items are going to have to be addressed, which constututes at the very least inquiring intpo a permit , if required for changes you are about to make.
Twist and turn, twist and turn, twist and turn.
You want to play with words and have a play with words.
I wholeheartedly agree that what you state below is "an absolute crock of crap".
It seems that YOU STILL are not reading what is written, Ted.
And when you move that bed into that den AND DO NOT MAKE any alterations ... ?
Ted, wake up and read.
One DOES NOT NEED TO PULL A PERMIT BECAUSE THEY ARE *THINKING ABOUT WHAT IFS*.
THEY ONLY NEED TO PULL A PERMIT IF THE WORK IS GOING TO BE DONE.
Y-o-u ... d-o ... n-o-t ... n-e-e-d ... a ... p-e-r-m-i-t ... t-o ... MOVE FURNITURE AROUND.
If you do ... SHOW ME IN THE CODE WHERE IT SAYS THAT.
The discussions involving the talk with you, Wayne, me etc did not just pertain to the original post.
You need to wake freaking up and stop twisting everyones words around. We were all talking about CHANGING SOME REMOTE ROOM TO A BEDROOM AND IF IT NEEDED ALTERATION YOU NEED A PERMIT.
YOU ARE THE ONLY ONE NOT READING WHAT IS WRITTEN. YOU ARE THE ONLY ONE STUCK ON JUST MOVING FURNITURE.
YOU ARE THE ONE TWISTING AND TURNING AND BY THE WAY RESORTING TO INSULTS LIKE WAKE THE FRIG UP AND SUCH.
IF YOU LOOK AT THE TECHNICALITIES YOU WILL SEE THAT MOVING FURNITURE AROUND TO PERMANENTLY CHANGE A NON COMPLIENT DEN INTO A BEDROOM YOU WILL MORE THAN LIKELY NEED A PERMIT. SO, YES YOU WILL NEED A PERMIT TO MOVE FURNITURE AROUND BECAUSE YOU ARE CHANGING A NON COMPLIENT ROOM INTO A BEDROOM. DID i REPEAT MYSELF ENOUGH YET?????
AS YOU SAID YOURSELF....YOU KNOW THE WINDOW AND EGRESS AND OR ELECTRIC AND OR SMOKE DETECTORS (WHATEVER) NEEDED CORRECTING/ADDRESSING AND DEPENDING ON THE AMOUNT OF WORK YOU JUST MAY NEED A PERMIT.
GOT IT ????? GET IT ??? GOOD !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
"THEY ONLY NEED TO PULL A PERMIT IF THE WORK IS GOING TO BE DONE.
YEAH WE GOT IT......................DO YOU????????????????????
IF YOU NEED CHANGES YOU ARE PULLING A PERMIT DEPENDING ON WHAT CHANGES YOU HAVE TO MAKE THAT MAY REQUIRE A PERMIT IN YOUR AREA TO TURN IT INTO A BEDROOM.
GOT IT. YOU KEEP SAYING IT YOURSELF SO I GUESS YOU MUST GET IT....GOT IT????????????????????????
STOP BEING SO FREAKING STUBBORN.....GOT IT????
I have to weigh in here again, because you need a permit not only for alterations, but you need a permit for a change in use or occupancy, even if no construction is being done.
To go to the extreme, if you decide to change a house into a nightclub, but make no alterations (you just start taking tickets at the door, hiring a band, etc), then you need a building permit for the change in use. The change will likely also require alterations to comply with the code, but in the unlikely case that no alterations are required, you still need a building permit and you still need a new certificate of occupancy, which states on it the allowed use, occupant load, etc.. That's the only way that the AHJ can confirm that the building (or portion thereof) complies with the code as it applies to the new use/occupancy. That's basic building code 101.
I cannot believe a Building Official with AHJ is not understanding the difference between what the code addresses as "Use and Occupancy" OF A BUILDING OR STRUCTURE (THOSE ARE the used the code uses to go with "use and occupancy") as being different from changing the use of a ROOM *IN A RESIDENTIAL DWELLING UNIT*.
You really need to understand "basic building code 101" and what the code says, how the code is applied, and what IS NOT COVERED or addressed in the code - all of which I will cover in Basic Building Code 101, if you need it.
Crimeny, this is worse than having to explain to an electrical contractor that a double pole 40 amp breaker does not allow 80 amps through it.
What a silly thread !!! Do you really think that most local AHJs have a squad of "Bedroom Police?" Remember the old saw, "A home is a man's castle" and by God he will sleep in any room he chooses too. The building codes are minimal in nature and are about occupant and building safety. If I made up a list of "things" missed by the AHJ in the cities where I've inspected it would be twice as long as our government's new proposed health care program.
There is no argument that by and large home inspectors provide an extremely high valuable service and my experience has shown that a sharp-eyed experienced private sector property inspector on average will run circles around your average jurisdictional inspector. There is a very good reason for that fact and I'm sure most of you know what it is.
We can disagree, but please don't portend to tell me that I don't understand the code. I have sat on many code committees and have had a hand in drafting many sections of the code, as well and questions for the ICC exams. I am confusing nothing.
There is a difference between Use Group and Use/Occupancy. One of the BOCA committees I sat on spent days trying to eliminate the word "use" from the code, because it was constantly being confused with Use Group. They changed the word to "occupancy", wherever possible. You need a permit to change the use group (for example, A to R) and you need a permit to change the use/occupancy of a building or space within a use group, even when there is no construction.
Again: "R110.1 Use and occupancy. No building or structure shall be used or occupied, and no change in the existing occupancy classification of a building or structure or portion thereof shall be made until the building official has issued a certificate of occupancy therefor as provided herein."
They use the term "occupancy classification" and not the term "use group" for a reason. When a study changes to a bedroom, it is a change in the occupancy classification of the room, even though it's the same use group.
It should be easy to understand. There are different code requirements for a space, depending on the use of the space. It is not legal to change a room to a different Use Group or to a different use/occupacy wihtin the same use group without a permit and without a c.o. Quite simple (or so I thought).
And no, of course there are no bedroom police, and I think I made it clear when I said that such changes are done all of the time. It does not make it right, and it does not make it legal. People use cellars as bedrooms all of the time, and they also die in them all of the time, because they did not install an emergency egress window, smoke detectors, etc.
We recently had a fire in a nearby community that killed a father and two children in an illegal cellar apartment. The local AHJ knew nothing about it. That's not quite the same thing, because there was probably some construction involved in creating the apartment, which should have had a permit. However, if they had simply decided to move some beds down there, and build nothing, are you really implying that no c.o. would have bene required? By the way, the owner is facing negligent homicide charges.
I give up. I'm getting a headache.
Crimeny, Steve, YOU are not even reading what YOU are posting.
IS THE DEN STILL BEING USED AS A *RESIDENTIAL* OCCUPANCY?
If you say anything other than "Yes. That is STILL a RESIDENTIAL occupancy.", then I will know you are nuts and off your rocker.
If you say "Yes. That is STILL a RESIDENTIAL occupancy." ... you have just confirmed what *I* have been trying to explain to you ... that the "OCCUPANCY" "CLASSIFICATION" *IS NOT CHANGED* by using that den as a bedroom, in which case, being as there is no change, no permit is required.
my experience has shown that a sharp-eyed experienced private sector property inspector on average will run circles around your average jurisdictional inspector. There is a very good reason for that fact and I'm sure most of you know what it is.
And why is that Jerry?
Let's compare apples to apples. You are comparing a sharp eyed experienced private sector property inspector to an average jurisdictional inspector. Not quite the same is it?
Even silly posts can be educational! It's just that some on here are so full of themselves that they can't see past their egos.
I have seen so many people on here make negative responses about AHJ's. It's like you guys think that HI's are the only inspectors out there worth anything!
But then again, what else am I supposed to expect from a HI forum:(.
Actually, many of us respect Building Officials and Code Inspectors and what they do, because we know it is the first line of defense against dumb builders, contractors and homeowners.
We also point out the stupidity of those same Building Officials and Code Inspectors when they so blatantly say something stupid, and then continue to show their lack of understanding of the code by repeating it over and over and over, trying to rescue themselves by posting even more inapplicable code sections in their effort to try to make what they are saying look not so stupid ... kind of like in the above posts.
When you make a mistake, admit it, re-affirm what is actually correct, and move on, rescuing what you can from was just happened. It's called "learning the hard way", but nonetheless "learning". It happens TO ALL of us.
We say something stupid, get beat over the head with the correct information until it soaks in, acknowledge the error, then move on and all is forgiven as we understand we are all human and humans make errors.
But to insist that the world is flat when it is known to be otherwise ... that is just crazy.
I gotta say... The content that has been generated (or denigrated) from this seamingly innocuous question (that had been asked so long ago) is begining to resemble the only toilet that had been delivered to a Texas Cilly Cook-off!
(:rolleyes: Don'cha love the code...?) which can also include permenant provisions for living, eating, and either sanitation or kitchen facilities, but not both.
Such rooms and spaces that are also part of a dwelling unit are not sleeping units.
2. The unit shall be provided with a seperate closet.
By the way, we use our real names here, so ... if you would, click on 'Contact Us' at the bottom and ask Brian to change your user name to your real name. Let's us "get to know each other". Thanks.
Hutchison Island, huh? I spent my teenage years in Ft. Pierce. Of course, though, most of the latter teenage years were spent surfing, mostly North Jetty, but sometimes we would go south of the South Jetty and travel down to remote spots to spend the night on the beach, dug out the sand, laid the surf board over us, shimmied around to cause the sand to fall in around us, which kept the sand fleas out while we slept.
Welcome! You got that right, this is a spirited bunch. This thread was brought back from the dead apparently when I posted a new web address to the HUD appraiser guidelines. I apologize for waking the sleeping giant!
Being new here myself I can say that I am glad I found this group. There is much to be learned here. We hope you enjoy your stay.
Yeah, I'm out on the island, east of Fort Pierce... I'm living in a condo complex that I permited while I was the BO with the City... (talk about making your own bed...) The island has changed a lot... But the city is pretty much the way it was back then... Ah, beautiful downtown Fort Pierce, where men are men and sheep are scared!
I think it's use is more generic than technical... after all it determins the specific use of a room or space... "used for sleeping..."
But, the first thing out of the owners mouth is always... "Hey man, I only moved some funriture around..."
We used to live where the water tower used to be at 9th street and Georgia Ave, our house was on the corner of 9th and Georgia and our neighbors house was on the corner of 9th and Parkway - now there is just empty space across the street from our old house.
Anyway, good to meet someone from the old neighborhood even if you were not there at the same time. Or were you?
- - SLEEPING UNIT. A room or space in which people sleep, which can also include permanent provisions for living, eating, and either sanitation or kitchen facilities but not both. Such rooms and spaces that are also part of a dwelling unit are not sleeping units.
Correct, but that becomes a local zoning issue with the number of person "renting" the space and the wording of the local zoning ordinances which governs landlords, rentals, etc., it is not a "building code" issue ... yet.
Once the housing violations start, then the landlord is required to bring the building up to the code for that use, AT THAT POINT ... it then becomes a permitting and building code issue for all specified corrections which now MUST be made ... with permits, of course.
Just kidding....kinda....but not....he is alright...everyone else is just wrong.
Now for what I think.
Now that I re read everything youn had to say so far I undestand exactly where you are coming from with the exception of the fact that no one needs to apply for the change of use or permanently taking a room and changing it to a bedroom............unless they get caught or someone dies then they can and may get legal charges put forth upon them because they chose to turn any old room buy moving the appropriate furniture into a sleeping room/sleeping unit/bedroom with out pulling a permit to possibly change heating, electrical, egress and lighting and such.
So, is a permit required.......Yes it is if it is a permanent change and structural, electrical, heating, egress etc etc are needed and not just a brief, mom and dad, are staying over for the night thing.
Should they, must they, can they, do they have to.....Who gives a dam about the wording. The answer is Yes. It is a legal fact that a permit must be pulled (in that example or most examples) unless you live on top of Old Rocky knob and der aint no poymits neded. Anyone can twist it any way they want. They are not going to change the facts of what must happen. I could care less if the exact wording is in any darn code book that states such.
But of course that is just my opinion.
Nice to have you Bob :p Hope you stick around!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
I could care less if the exact wording is in any darn code book that states such.
I know, I know. I am just a sweet heart of a guy so I will copy and paste what you said that makes you contradict yourself.
You know what....forget it. I will just use this.
If a tree falls in the middle of the forest will it make a very loud thud noise when it hits the ground even if there is no one around? Never mind answering that the answer is still yes.
If you move mother inlaw into a non compliant room (comliancey needed for a bedroom on a permanent level), no proper heat, egress, lighting etc etc etc.....Is there a code violation in that home??? Never mind. I will tell you that the answer is yes.
What does it take to turn the room into a bedroom legally and being code compliant so you can do construction, add ventilation, egress etc etc. Never mind. I will tell you.................A permit is the answer so you can do the changes and construction needed so it is note a code violation and you are now turning the whatever room into a code compliant legal bedroom.
It does not just take mom dying to make it non code compliant. It does not make it illegal just to plant mom into a non compliant sleeping quarters and she fries like your forgot about burger on the grill. It makes it illegal to plant her in that non complying room to begin with and you should not have planted her there on a permanent basis and moved her furniture in until you followed the letter of the law that has to do with being code compliant.
As I say. You are getting better and better at twisting and turning (by the way, you were awfully polite in the last post to me) but it still amounts to the same thing.
You are looking for a magic trigger that it is going to take to pull a permit to make it code compliant for moms safety. Unfortunately, while you are waiting for that trigger....well...think of the forgot about burger on the grill.
Have a wonderful night Jerry.
It was very nice talking to you.
You are correct there: Yes, there is a "code violation" in that room.
However, WAS a permit required to move her bed into that room? The answer is "No. A permit is NOT REQUIRED for that."
Is a permit required if the code violation is going to be corrected? Yes again.
Is a permit required if the code violation is not going to be corrected? No again.
Is anyone going to enforce that code on using that den for sleeping? No again.
UNLESS Bob's scenario happened and there were 13 people living there, then yes.
Ted, you are so convinced that you know it all and are right that you are not even paying attention to what is being discussed ... and they you say you don't care what the codes say, you are going to have it your way anyway ... which I understand, and which is why your arguments were meaningless.
When discussing code, code makes the difference, not "Ted's opinion of what he thinks and does not care what the code says."
extraneous and confusing language here). Such rooms and spaces that are also part of a dwelling unit are not sleeping units.
OK so "units" are out... but sleeping "rooms"
R313.1.1 Alterations, repairs and additions.
My A. is incorrect - a smoke detector is "required" to be added according to R313.2.1 which Bob provided.
My A. is incorrect regarding the smoke detector in that it is a "requirement".
My A. is correct to the extent of the answer, however, the answer should include a permit is "required" for the installation of the now "required" smoke detector - but not because of moving the furniture.
My A. is correct to the extent that it goes, however, it should also include that a permit is required for the now required smoke detector - in addition to the permit for the EERO.
With the code section Bob posted, R313.2.1, smoke detectors are required to be added ... NOT JUST TO THE NEW SLEEPING ROOM ... but "the individual dwelling unit shall be equipped with smoke alarms located as required for new dwellings;".
- R201.3 Terms defined in other codes. Where terms are not defined in this code such terms shall have meanings ascribed to them as in other code publications of the International Code Council.
- R201.4 Terms not defined. Where terms are not defined through the methods authorized by this section, such terms shall have ordinarily accepted meanings such as the context implies.
Sleeping rooms are not defined in the codes, thus the "term shall have ordinarily accepted meanings such as the context implies", which "ordinarily accepted meaning" is 'a room with a bed and a closet and which a primary use is intended to be for sleeping', and, in older homes (many older homes do not have closets) 'a room with a bed which a primary use is intended to be for sleeping'.
Those two, and the latter especially, pretty well defines the "ordinarily accepted meaning" of a "sleeping room", which means the living room and family room with the convertible sofas and chairs are not "sleeping rooms" when used for sleeping on those beds as that is not a "primary use", unless it is a "primary use" for that room.
We need a legal code definition of "sleeping room". One which, of course, exempts out all rooms which the primary purpose of which is not for sleeping, i.e., living rooms, office, breakfast room, dining room, den, family room, etc.
Okay, first I will start with the living room and family rooms as they are the rooms "mostly likely" to have ... sofas and chairs which are convertible into beds ... :) ... and, as those now have beds in them, are they now "sleeping rooms" and they now require smoke detectors added to the dwelling unit in accordance with new construction - that is, after all, what the code SAYS ... a "sleeping room" has just been created, AND - NO furniture has be moved and relocated.
Okay, to make it more complicated: A den with a day bed in it.
Unfortunately, Mr. Webster decided to not publish "Sleeping Room..."
It is all general guidelines in real estate definitions only. No codes.
In the 19th century there were no closets. We used wardrobes as part of our furnishings. Code-wise, needs a door and a qualifying window. Put your nap-mat anywhere you wish and have a good snooze.
Bob, welcome to the madness.
- - 201.4 Terms not defined. Where terms are not defined through the methods authorized by this section, such terms shall have ordinarily accepted meanings such as the context implies.
[quote]Oh yeah... that day bed...?!? Be careful... You could be treading on "Board and Care" occupancy there... Of course, depending on what you get for "personal care..."


text:
Gastro Obscura
El Meson de la Cava
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Renowned restaurant tucked in a cave once occupied by buccaneers.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/genesys33/217... (Flickr CC)
Left: http://www.flickr.com/photos/genesys33/217... (Flickr CC)
Right: http://www.flickr.com/photos/genesys33/218... (Flickr CC)
Top Places in Santo Domingo
The Sundial of Santo Domingo
Ruins of San Nicolás de Bari Hospital
Cathedral of St. Mary of the Incarnation
In 1965, this cave was used for storage by soldiers of the Organization of American States (OAS), an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., that counts all independent states in North, Central and South America as members. Two years later, it was turned into the Meson de la Cava restaurant.
The restaurant, considered one of the most distinguished in the area by both residents of and tourists to the Dominican Republic, is tucked into a natural limestone cave created by waves over billions of years. In addition to provisions from the OAS, the restaurant displays several of the valuable belongings found in the cave from previous occupants, which include the Taino Indians, buccaneers who hid in the caves before launching an attack on Santo Domingo, and the guerrillas who fought against the occupation by foreign forces in 1930.
The restaurant has three entrances at street level, but visitors must descend a 40-foot spiral staircase to get to the lobby, which is filled with stalactites and stalagmites.
While some might expect that the restaurant relies on its unique environs to draw visitors in, the Meson de la Cava is known for preparing some of the region's best cuisine. Local, hand-selected ingredients are brought in daily, as is a catch from the Caribbean Sea. The diverse menu is focused around Spanish-influenced modern classical French and local Caribbean cuisine.
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restaurants subterranean sites Unique Restaurants & Bars caves ecosystems
Nicholas Jackson
Yahoo! Travel: Meson de la Cava (El): http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-2769911-el_meson_de_la_cava_santo_domingo-i
Frommer's: El Mason de la Cava: http://www.frommers.com/destinations/santodomingo/D39995.html
Trip Advisor: El Mason De La Cava: http://www.tripadvisor.com/Restaurant_Review-g147289-d1045821-Reviews-El_Meson_De_La_Cava-Santo_Domingo_Dominican_Republic.html
Av. Mirador Sur #1
Dr. Rafael M. Moscoso National Botanical Garden
Memorial Museum of Dominican Resistance
A remarkable range of flora and fauna are represented in this Dominican nature preserve.
A collection cataloguing one of the most brutal dictatorships in modern history.
The first hospital in the New World.
Built in 1512, the oldest cathedral in the Americas.
Old Stonehouse Brewery
A watering hole where the options for seating include a bar, patio, or subterranean cave.
Peach Springs, Arizona
Caverns Grotto
In a 345-million-year-old cave that's 200 feet underground, dinner awaits.
Tuscumbia, Alabama
Rattlesnake Saloon
You'll need cowboy boots to trek to this old-fashioned saloon nestled in a giant natural cave.
Diani Beach, Kenya
Ali Barbour's Cave Restaurant
Drink and dine in a coral cave that's at least 120,000 years old.
Appears in 1 List
13 Places to Eat and Drink That Are Literally Underground
Bank vaults, bunkers, and grottoes house some fantastic restaurants and bars.
Diana Hubbell September 23, 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Can't use QBFC5 in Windows 7 64 bit We are trying to move an old client application from one PC to a new windows 7 64 bit PC. At the time the software was developed we used QBFC version 5 to interact with quickbooks, however it appears now that we can no longer do so. I attempted to register the interop.qbfc5lib.dll after installing the QBFC5 installation package and we still receive an error message. I've also attempted installing the most recent version of the SDK to the system and upgraded the QBRPXML2 to the most recent version. The client is now running QB2013 on the server and has updated his data to this version.
The error we are receiving is: "Retrieving the COM class factory for component with cLSID {4877276c-486d-b201-f096035ca4df} failed due to the following error: 80040154.
Suggestions other than recompile the code?

A: I had this problem with a client who I had used QBFC 8 and he had switched to a new computer. I didn't do a lot of research, but it appears that the installers that Intuit has on their websites use different CLSID than I originally had built against. I just downloaded and installed QBFC 5, which I didn't have anything installed for, and it shows the following CLSID in the registry (I'm on Windows 7 64-bit):
QbFC5.QBOESessionManager {86AC2FAD-C987-4757-B591-02F9867A8BE5}
QbFC5.QBSessionManager {4877276C-A727-486D-B201-F096035CA4DF}
The only thing I can think of is that the COM files that were originally installed on your development machine have been changed in a later installation. For my client on QBFC8, I simply switched to using QBFC12 and recompiled the code.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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League of Women Voters Supports Carbon Tax Proposal
4/15/2013 BOSTON—The League of Women Voters of Massachusetts has submitted testimony in support of a bill proposing to create a carbon tax in the state to the Joint Committee on Revenue.
The League supports H.2532, "An Act Relative to shifting from carbon emissions to transportation investment," sponsored by Rep. Thomas Conroy and Sen. Michael Barrett.
Launa Zimmaro, energy and resource conservation specialist for the Massachusetts League, noted in the written testimony that this is the first carbon tax proposed at the state level.
"As such, it promises to serve not only to reduce carbon emissions in Massachusetts, but as a model and catalyst for state, national and international action," she wrote. "This groundbreaking legislation is significant not only for its environmental and symbolic value, but also for revenue generation for the Commonwealth – revenue that is needed to support the transition from a carbon-based energy system to a future of clean, renewable energy."
"The relatively low cost of carbon based fuels encourages their use and stymies conservation and investment in clean, renewable energy development. H.2532 focuses on the demand side of the carbon equation by pricing carbon to reflect its true social cost, a cost that has been borne by, but hidden from, the public," the League testimony stated.
Enacting a carbon tax would provide incentives to reduce use of carbon-based fuels, generate revenues for public transportation and clean-energy initiatives, and begin to address climate change issues, according to the testimony.
The bill contains provisions to offset the impact of the carbon tax on lower-income households.
For LWVMA testimony on this bill, click here.


text:
Am I Wry? No
Set as current obsession
Go to artist profile
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The opening track and second single off of Mew's third album Frengers was originally released on Mew's second album, Half the World Is Watching Me, in 2000. The re-recorded version saw a single release and peaked at No. 47 in the UK and No. 16 in Norway in 2003. View wiki
The opening track and second single off of Mew's third album Frengers was originally released on Mew's second album, Half the World Is Watc… read more
The opening track and second single off of Mew's third album Frengers was originally released on Mew's second album, Half the World Is Watching Me, in 2000. The re-recorded ver… read more
Frengers
280,784 listeners
17 more albums featuring this track
Farah, now that we're here
Can you tell me exactly how I should have done?
Farah, drives with her eyes closed
Do you ever inflict unwanted…
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About This Artist
Mew is an alternative rock band which formed in Hellerup, Denmark in 1995. The band consists of Jonas Bjerre (vocals), Bo Madsen (guitar), and Silas Utke Graae Jørgensen (drums). When on tour, Mew is supported by Dr. Nick Watts (Headswim) on keyboard, and Bastian Juel on bass (original bassist Johan Wohlert left in 2006, but returned to the band in 2014). The band's music can be described as experimental pop or as singer Jonas Bjerre mentioned in a recent interview: "I think that we combine pop music with something that's much more experimental, in our own way. I don… read more
Mew is an alternative rock band which formed in Hellerup, Denmark in 1995. The band consists of Jonas Bjerre (vocals), Bo Madsen (guitar), and Silas Utke Graae Jørgensen (drums). When on t… read more
Mew is an alternative rock band which formed in Hellerup, Denmark in 1995. The band consists of Jonas Bjerre (vocals), Bo Madsen (guitar), and Silas Utke Graae Jørgensen (drums). When on tour, Mew is supported by Dr. Nick Watts (Heads… read more
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text:
Mr. Bookdwarf Reviews 3 books of poetry
How do you feel about rhyme? Personally, I don't much like it. It throws me off, makes me think more about the fact that I'm reading a poem and less about what I'm reading. A slant rhyme, some alliteration, fine. But a straight-on rhyme of two words at the end of a line? No. Kay Ryan makes me reconsider that rejection. Read A Hundred Bolts of Satin, with its incredibly short lines and the rhyming of "back," "track," "unpack." The words call out to you – not least because some of them are all alone on their own lines – but also because that's about all the rhyme there is in the poem. Three words out of sixty-six line up like that and you have to think again. I'm still not going to start rhyming in my own poems. But Ryan's got something going here that's well worth examining. And Say Uncle costs less than six bucks, meaning those economical lines are also economically priced.
Charles Simic is obviously a master: More than 18 books of poems, poet laureate, all that. But read all of That Little Something and you'll notice that he does seem to clench his fists a lot. He is an unsettled person, and his poems unnerve me.
Joseph Legaspi's book, Imago, has a strong flavor of the author's childhood in the Phillippines, and the cruelties and oddities of childhood anywhere in the world. You get a feel for the suffocating heat of a small rural hometown, for the way sibling rivalry and affection shade into violence, for a child's realization that parents are fallible. Several poems focus on the Phillipine ritual of circumcision at puberty, which in its strangeness to a western audience forces the recognition that all the rituals of adolescence are strange and painful. I had to stop and shake my head after a lot of these poems, and it took me more than a week of train-rides to read them all, but they're very good.
This entry was posted in Book Reviews on June 17, 2011 by bookdwarf.
← I Hope Joanne Chang is Reading This Rules of Civility by Amor Towles →
1 thought on "Mr. Bookdwarf Reviews 3 books of poetry"
Shelley June 20, 2011 at 4:39 pm
I think Kay Ryan is making a lot of readers reconsider a lot of things! Including rhyme. Like anything else, I think, it can be used carefully or carelessly. As a writer, it's my job to take care.


text:
Oil-reliant Kazakhstan falls behind former laggard Uzbekistan in growth
Reporting by total.kz
Editing by The Tribune
While industrial production contracted in virtually all other former Soviet countries during 2020 amid the COVOD crisis, Uzbekistan, which has taken some radical steps toward liberalization in the last three years, even showed a modest 0.7 percent increase in industrial production in 2020.
This is of special interest to neighbour Kazakhstan, whose much smaller population and crude oil exports have made it one of the most affluent ex-USSR countries.
In the industrial sector, Uzbekistan's manufacturing industry registered annual growth of 7.1% against 3.9% in Kazakhstan during 2020. In the field of heat and energy production Uzbekistan grew 12.5%, while in Kazakhstan the sector contracted by 0.3%.
Uzbekistan's more diversified economy has helped.
By contrast, extraction industries continue to dominate in Kazakhstan. Oil and mining in 2020 amounted to 43.9% of overall output. This dangerous dependence explains how Uzbekistan is starting to overtake Kazakhstan in overall economic growth.


There are many ways you can conduct free online marketing and right at the beginning, you can at least try a free campaign based on content marketing.
Sometimes, however, even though you have tried everything, it might not be enough. If you want to really be successful, there is a financial side of the marketing strategy you might want to consider.
You can start on the right foot by creating an advertising campaign based on banner ads.
Where can you launch a banner ad campaign?
Now, that you don't need to be a professional designer to create your banners thanks to the professional design tools such as Bannersnack, your main thoughts should focus on the delivery channels. However, you should also study the basics of banner advertising and choose the type of banner to display. Now, let's talk about where to launch your campaign.
A banner ad campaign may be exactly what your business needed in order to generate more awareness, attract more customers or build a strong brand. There are many professional channels to choose from, besides the traditional direct approach. However, in order to be able to know which one to choose for your own campaign, you need to at least know where you can start such a campaign and the benefits that arise from each option.
One of the biggest and oldest advertising networks still available and effective in 2017, Google Display Network, maybe the starting point you need if you want to advertise your business or website online.
There are a few things, however, you should know about Google Display Ads. Although when it comes to sizes and formats Google accepts virtually anything from the standard 300×250 pixels banner to the wide skyscraper of 970×90 pixels, there are some recommended sizes that are more popular, such as the 300×250, 728×90 and 160×600 ad units.
Next, you should consider the content of your banner. Google accepts static and animated banners but you should consider designing an animated banner of 15 seconds or shorter if you want to be accepted in their network. Also, you should use the entire space of your banner and make it easily distinguishable from the website content. This means that if you choose a white background, the banner should be framed with a contrasting border.
Finally, Google does not allow you to use any images that might trick your audience to click on your links. This means that your buttons or images cannot be similar to operating system messages, warnings, or dialogue boxes. If you are already working with Bannersnack on the other hand, such issues will no longer be of concern, since everything included in our database is already proofed for Google Display.
Google is one of the most popular and powerful companies with services related to the World Wide Web. Google Display ads are a great method to reach out to people on the websites they read, through the Gmail app or on YouTube, the most popular video sharing network of today's online environment. In other words, this is a great channel for a successful banner ad campaign.
Other than that, you can choose how to deliver your banners based on specific audiences, languages, countries and other demographics but also on contexts.
Learn how the network works and sign up here.
Microsoft's search engine, Bing, may not be as popular as Google but at the same time, it's worth to at least consider it as a delivery channel for your business ads. Based on the keywords entered by Bing users when they conduct an online search, the Bing Ad Network displays similar or related ads for the companies that are paying for their services. The system is similar to that of Google.
What is this a good choice?
"Google's total share of the US desktop search market has dipped below its previous 64% to 63.8%. Microsoft's share of desktop search is now sitting at 21.6%"a report from Search Engine Journal states. According to them, although the ratio is more than 3 to 1 in favor of Google, Microsoft's search engine share of the search market is rising while Google Search's share is dropping.
In conclusion, while Bing may not catch up with Google in the near future, with a 21% desktop search share it remains a delivery channel to be taken into consideration for a marketing campaign.
That's not all, however, as the Bing network is not limited to the search engine. Your Bing ads may also be delivered to other channels such as "partner sites, through Windows 10, Cortana and Office, plus across third-party platforms and partnerships".
Social media adds more to the Internet than facilitating communication for people from all over the world. In 2017, social media has become a way of life for billions of people who spend more hours online than ever. It's only logical that a marketing campaign should be considered also on these channels, in order to reach out to your targeted audience and speak with them exactly where they are.
Which are the best three social media platforms suitable for banner advertising?
We are dealing here with the most popular social media network. It's a fact you should consider when you are pulling together an advertising campaign. There are over 2 billion active Facebook users out of which, 1.15 billion are active every day, with an average time spent online of more than 20 minutes. Regardless of your niche, Facebook is able to deliver your ads to your targeted audience sometimes even better than other advertising channels.
Facebook collects data from all its users. There are billions of people on Facebook, a social media platform that allows you to properly target your ads based on actual demographics and analytics data that few other channels have. In other words, Facebook allows you to effectively target your ads, whether you choose to promote sponsored posts or deliver traditional ad banners on their website. And let's not forget about Facebook Video Ads, since everyone predicts that in the future video will be the go-to format for ads.
As part of the Facebook advertising network, Instagram may not be as popular but it may prove to be more effective if your target audience is mobile based. We've already learned that desktop advertising is slowing down while mobile advertising is getting more effective. This happens not just because some parts of your target audience do not care about banner ads but because their mobile devices are slowly replacing their computers due to the advancements in technology. People do not need laptops or desktops anymore, they can do everything on their smartphones and as a consequence, the mobile advertising industry is rising rapidly.
There is an interesting study published by Social Bakers that unveils the Importance of Instagram advertising compared to Facebook. According to them, media companies receive four times more interactions on Facebook but what really matters at this point, is that Instagram delivers higher numbers in brand engagements.
At the same time, Instagram uses the same advertising platform the Facebook uses but their ads are not different than regular posts. This means that they are not intrusive at all, an important fact in converting your invested money in actual followers and potential customers.
Things look even better now after Instagram launched their Ad Stories feature, which allows you to post your advertising banners into other people's stories, thus, reaching an even wider audience. Why? Well, people love Instagram stories, the number of users sharing them, increases by the hour, and most of all, you get to take your ads to the next level.
As a marketing platform, Twitter was always regarded as one of the top channels for content distribution. It's easy to get used to sharing your links on Twitter for free but what about advertising? How many of you know that this possibility exists and in many cases, it may prove to be a better choice than for instance, Facebook?
With Twitter ads, you can amplify your messages and get more people to talk about your brand, products or services. Considering your targeted audience is on Twitter, this platform may allow you to grow your exposure and maximize your reach through mentions, retweets, likes, and replies.
Remember how we've talked about Instagram ads and the fact that they are effective because they appear as regular posts and as a consequence, they are not intrusive to your audience? Well, the same thing applies to Twitter ads. Also, we know that more than 67% of US-based companies are using Twitter for marketing purposes, a good enough reason to think the platform works since there are so many businesses to invest time and money in it. That's not all, however, as 74% of the customers follow brands on Twitter to get updates about their services or products. Almost half of these people are willing to get to the companies' websites for more information.
We've learned so far about some of the most popular delivery channels for a banner advertising campaign. However, the entire world does not revolve around the major players from social media, Google and Microsoft. You can also choose a dedicated platform that deals only with ads. Carbon is one of these companies.
They are also a great choice if you want to reach out to designers and developers, with a main focus on design and dedicated blogs and websites. Whether you are a professional designer or a marketer with affinity to design, you should consider this platform as a great opportunity not only to test the visual quality of your banners but also to reach out to websites from your niche and as a consequence, to their audience.
"Carbon ads" delivers an average of 100 million ad impressions every month. The platform is able to deliver better ROIs due to their unique way of doing business. The network is divided into three circles of influence, with each circle being highly focused and curated to provide quality impressions. There is the business circle for general business purposes, the design circle and de developers circle. Members of these networks or circles, as they call them, are accepted via invite-only. This means that your ads are most likely to land on curated and well-targeted websites.
BuySell Ads is something entirely different than anything we've talked about so far. Basically, it is an advertisement marketplace where you, as an advertiser review the publishers that have listed their websites and choose exactly where to buy your ad space. In a way, BuySell allows you to engage in direct advertising, a rather traditional and yet effective way of conducting marketing.
When you engage in direct marketing and advertising, you know exactly where you are going to display your ads. This is an important thing, as the more targeted your ads are, the less concerned you are about conversion.
For example, if you are selling cooking utensils and deliver your ads to blogs from the cooking niche, considering that they are relevant blogs in their industry, your ads will reach out to exactly the audience you need in order to get new customers.
BuySell Ads is the middleman you need in order to buy ad space through direct marketing. It's easier to find what you need when websites are grouped into one big database.
Despite the fact that millions of people are using ad blockers these days, banners may still be effective if you choose the right channels. There are reports that banners ads can increase your traffic up to 300 percent and increase awareness of your brand with up to 63 percent.
This means that despite the fact that it may seem that no one likes them, display ads can still be a good choice as long as you know what you are doing. Let's take for example a study case published on Retargeter.
According to their reports, Battlbox, a company founded in 2015, managed to expand their customers base with no less than 6000 new customers during a 9-month campaign. Their banners generated a 110% click-through rate and a 6.43:1 ratio for the "return on ad spend".
Finally, there are also some other stats published by Iron Paper, which states that desktop advertising is expected to slow down, as it did for the past few years. However, this does not mean that display advertising will also fall. As a matter of fact, it is expected that the average revenue per user will actually grow, continuing its path from 2015 and 2016.
The "average revenue per user in the banner advertising segment is increasing. Although desktop revenue is falling, mobile is pulling up the slack with revenue growing from $29.68 in 2015 to $39.27 in 2016 per Internet user" the report said.
A successful banner advertising campaign starts with the design of the banner. Yes, the advertising network is important as well but your budget may be wasted for nothing if your banner fails to transmit the correct message to your target audience. So, what makes a banner good for advertising?
The design of an advertising banner starts with choosing the right size. Bannersnack allows you to generate a full set of banners so that you will have no problems related to the acceptable sizes regardless of the ad network you choose. However, if you consider to only design a specific display ad, you should take into advice what we've discussed for Google Display network, and select one of the three popular sizes recommended there.
Also, if you are engaged in direct advertising and get to choose where to place your banner, it's important to negotiate for a good placement, close to the main content of the website, and the header section.
More is not always better when it comes to advertising banners. An overcrowded banner with visuals may prove to be ineffective as the viewer will lose focus on what is important.
The focus is on their advertised product, there is no background noise to distract the viewer from the message and there is a clear and simple call to action.
The HTML5 banner: When it comes to a static banner, there should be no issues. However, if you are considering creating animated banners, there is no other better option for you than the HTML5 banner. Flash is not supported by all browsers and operating systems and animated GIFs are displayed in a lower quality. Plus, if you want your banners to be also interactive, the HTML5 script is still your best option.
Display advertising may help you grow awareness of your brand and expand your audience. Unlike traditional advertising, online advertising will not drain out your marketing budget. While it is cheaper than TV, radio or print advertising, it will also allow you to better target your audience and deliver your message exactly to the people you know they might be interested in your business.
There are many delivery channels for an advertising campaign and this article tried to pinpoint some of the best 5 choices you have on this subject. Our suggestion is to try at least two of them at the same time and publish your banners on an advertising platform and on social media for better results.
Which one of these platforms would you choose in order to create a banner advertising campaign and why? Do you know other advertising networks that are able to deliver similar or even better conversions?


text:
Jānis Kuga (né le  à Ikšķiles pagasts en Lettonie – mort le  à Toronto au Canada) est un peintre et scénographe letton.

Biographie
Jānis Kuga est né dans la maison « Puriņi » à Ikšķiles pagasts (aujourd'hui Tīnūžu pagasts). Il est allé à l'école primaire pendant trois hivers consécutifs. En 1889–1890, il a poursuivi sa scolarité à l'école paroissiale d'Ikšķile. En 1905, il est diplômé de l'Académie d'art et d'industrie Stieglitz. À la fin de ses études supérieures, la bourse du fonds culturel lui permet de voyager en Europe. Il parcourt l'Allemagne, la France, l'Italie, l'Espagne, l'Angleterre, la Belgique et Hollande. En 1909-1921, il travaille comme scénographe dans plusieurs théâtres de Lettonie. De 1921 à 1944, il est professeur à l'Académie des beaux-arts de Lettonie, où il obtient une chaire de professeur en 1928, et dont il devint le recteur à deux reprises (1934—1940, 1941—1944).

Jānis Kuga était l'auteur de la décoration du Théâtre National de Lettonie le jour de la proclamation de la République de Lettonie le , dans ses murs. Il a créé le décor pour plusieurs pièces de théâtre en Lettonie et à l'étranger, ainsi que pour les premiers films lettons. A l'église d'Ikšķile il peint des tableaux d'autel.

En 1926, il est nommé chevalier, puis, en 1936, officier de l'Ordre des Trois Étoiles. Il reçoit, en 1938, la Croix de la Reconnaissance. Il a également été décoré avec l'Ordre de Léopold II (1931) et l'Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur (1939).

À la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, lorsque l'occupation des pays baltes par l'URSS devient imminente Jānis Kuga quitte le pays. En 1944, il s'exile en Allemagne, puis, en 1951, part pour les États-Unis, pour enfin s'installer au Canada en 1969. Il meurt à Toronto à l'âge de 90 ans.

Le , une plaque commémorative est opposée sur la façade de sa maison à Ikšķile, au  de la rue qui porte aujourd'hui son nom.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Peintre letton du XIXe siècle
Peintre letton du XXe siècle
Scénographe letton
Chevalier de l'ordre de Léopold II
Naissance en décembre 1878
Naissance en Lettonie
Décès à Toronto
Décès en novembre 1969
Décès à 90 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Mother's Day Proclamation – demand for disarmament and peace
by kracktivist in Advocacy, Announcements, Health Care, Human Rights, Justice, Kractivism, Law, Minority Rights, Violence against Women, Women Rights Tags: Battle Hymn of the Republic, Disarm, Julia Ward Howe, Mother's Day, New York City, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Samuel Gridley Howe, United States
The First Mother's Day proclaimed in 1870 by Julia Ward Howe
was a passionate demand for disarmament and peace.
Arise, then, women of this day! Arise, all women who have hearts, whether your baptism be that of water or tears!
Say firmly: "We will not have great questions decided by irrelevant agencies. Our husbands shall not come to us, reeking with carnage, for caresses and applause. Our sons shall not be taken from us to unlearn all that we have taught them of charity, mercy and patience. We women of one country will be too tender of those of another to allow our sons to be trained to injure theirs."
From the bosom of the devastated earth, a voice goes up with our own. It says, "Disarm, Disarm!"
The sword of murder is not the balance of justice. Blood not wipe out dishonor, nor violence indicate possession. As men have often forsaken the plow and the anvil at the summons of war, let women now leave all that may be left of home for a great and earnest day of counsel. Let them meet first, as women, to bewail & commemorate the dead. Let them solemnly take counsel with each other as to the means whereby the great human family can live in peace, each bearing after his own time the sacred impress, not of Caesars but of God.
In the name of womanhood and of humanity, I earnestly ask that a general congress of women without limit of nationality may be appointed and held at some place deemed most convenient and at the earliest period consistent with its objects, to promote the alliance of the different nationalities, the amicable settlement of international questions, the great and general interests of peace.
Biography of Julia Ward Howe
US feminist, reformer, and writer Julia Ward Howe was born May 27, 1819 in New York City. She married Samuel Gridley Howe of Boston, a physician and social reformer. After the Civil War, she campaigned for women rights, anti-slavery, equality, and for world peace. She published several volumes of poetry, travel books, and a play. She became the first woman to be elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1908. She was an ardent antislavery activist who wrote the Battle Hymn of the Republic in 1862, sung to the tune of John Brown's Body. She wrote a biography in 1883 of Margaret Fuller, who was a prominent literary figure and a member of Ralph Waldo Emerson's Transcendentalists. She died in 1910.
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On October 6th, the Department for Business, Innovation & Skills hosted an event in partnership with the Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR) and the Science, Technology, Engineering, Medicine Public Relations Association (Stempra), in order to explore better ways of communicating science.
Earlier in the year, BIS and CIPR commissioned research into the role that science public relations plays in the science communication landscape, and to identify the challenges faced in relation to the accurate communication of science.
The Proof team attended the conference alongside over 100 other senior figures in the formal science communications community to discuss how the public relations sector can help to address some of the communication challenges that lie ahead.
Read more about the event here. Proof BD Director, Jennifer Johnson, has also written a blog post summarising the day's event and the outcomes from the discussion. You can read her take on it here.


text:
Statement of Most Rev Donal Murray, Bishop of Limerick 'the death of Pope John Paul II'
STATEMENT BY THE MOST REVEREND DONAL MURRAY,
BISHOP OF LIMERICK
'THE DEATH OF POPE JOHN PAUL II'
The death of Pope John Paul is the end of one of the most remarkable pontificates
in the history of the Church. It has been our privilege to witness his powerful
presence, to have recognised his leadership in the search for Christian unity,
for peace and justice, for greater fidelity to the Gospel; we have heard his
challenging, deep and wide-ranging teaching and guidance to the Church and the
Now we, whom he served so faithfully, are joined in prayer for him as he crosses
the final Threshold of Hope. He died as the Church celebrates the day he
designated as Divine Mercy Sunday. His second encyclical was a profound and
powerful reflection on the mercy of God the Father. We surround him by our
prayers and entrust him to that mercy which he described as "the most stupendous
attribute of the Creator and Redeemer" (Dives in Misericordia, 13).
No Pope has ever been so visible and so available. In the course of his pontificate
he conducted almost 1,200 General Audiences, attended by nearly eighteen million
people. He visited 129 different countries on 104 foreign journeys. On World
Youth Days, unforgettable experiences for those privileged to be present, millions
of young people gathered to be inspired by him. He also made nearly nine hundred
visits to various places in Italy, including over 300 visits to parishes in the
diocese of Rome.
His teaching in Letters, Exhortations and General Audiences, are a treasury from
which the Church will be drawing sustenance long into the future. In particular
his Encyclicals have given us rich reflections on Christ the Redeemer, on the
Father of Mercies and on the Holy Spirit, Lord and Giver of Life. His deep devotion
to the Blessed Virgin to whom he addressed his Papal motto, Totus Tuus, was
reflected in everything he said and wrote. He addressed major issues of social
concern and the principles of the Church's social teaching. He pointed with
increasing insistence to the danger of losing sight of the human capacity to
seek and discover the truth, and to how profoundly dehumanising that can be,
especially in the sphere of morality. In all of this we saw the passionate
commitment to human dignity and freedom in every moment and condition of life
that was expressed in his first encyclical. If we look at ourselves in the light
of the Incarnation and Redemption, he said, this bears fruit not only of adoration
of God but of wonder at ourselves: "the name for that deep amazement at human worth
and dignity is the Gospel" (Redemptor Hominis 10).
No Pope has communicated so personally. He published several books, Crossing
the Threshold of Hope, Gift and Mystery, Arise Let us be on our Way, and most
recently in Memory and Identity. He even published a book of poetry Roman Triptych,
which includes a reflection on the conclave which will take place to choose
his successor under Michelangelo's awesome portrayal of the Last Judgement in
the Sistine Chapel:
Lo, they see themselves in the midst of the beginning and the End,
between the Day of Creation and the Day of Judgement…
During the conclave Michelangelo must teach them – Do not forget:
Omnia nuda et aperta sunt ante oculos Eius. [Everything is naked and
open to His eyes (Heb 4:13)]
You who see all, point to him!
He will point him out… (Roman Triptych, CTS, London 2003).
The cardinals who are now gathering for his funeral will shortly be called
to exercise what he called 'a shared concern for the legacy of the keys'.
We pray to the One who sees all, asking the gift of wisdom to guide them
in choosing the man that God points out; we ask in the words of the liturgy:
"In your mercy grant your Church a shepherd who will walk in your ways and
whose watchful care will bring us your blessing" (Mass for the Election of
a Pope or Bishop, Opening Prayer).
As we pray for Pope John Paul, we in Limerick, have warm memories of the
vigorous man who visited our diocese in the first year of his pontificate.
Honouring his memory means listening again to his challenging words. Each
layperson is 'an extraordinary work of God's grace and called to the heights
of holiness'. He told every member of the lay faithful, 'you are called to
fulfil your role in the evangelisation of the world'. He spoke about the
importance of roots and about the essential role of the family as 'the
primary field of Christian action' for lay Christians. He told us in no
uncertain terms that Ireland must choose and that this was a time of testing,
a time of decision. We can be in no doubt that he would have wished to
issue the same challenge if had been able to come to Ireland again. His
words are even truer now than when he spoke them in 1979.
Now his hoped for return visit to Ireland cannot take place. He has set
out on the final stage of his pilgrimage to God. Before he became Pope he
had written that any life lived in the awareness of the mystery of Christ
and of the fullness of life already begun in Christ 'is in a certain sense
ratified by death… that awareness is the distinguishing mark of (the Christian's)
dying' (Wojtyla K, Sign of Contradiction, Chapman, London 1977, p. 161).
The burden of responsibility that he has carried for so long has been taken
from his shoulders; his illness and frailty are over. We pray that the Lord
is receiving him into the joy and fullness of life promised to good and
faithful servants and that the final words he spoke in Ireland are now being
fulfilled for him; "Slán go deo le brón is buairt".
May he rest in the peace of Christ.
+ Donal Murray
Martin Long Director of Communications (086 172 7678)
Brenda Drumm Communications Officer (087 233 7797)
Diocesan Masses in Armagh and Clogher for late Pope John Paul II
Catholic Schools mark the death of Pope John Paul II


text:
package net.java.sip.communicator.service.globalshortcut;

import java.awt.*;

/**
 * Event related to global shortcut.
 *
 * @author Sebastien Vincent
 */
public class GlobalShortcutEvent
{
    /**
     * Key stroke.
     */
    private final AWTKeyStroke keyStroke;

    /**
     * Shows the event type:
     * pressed is false
     * released is true
     */
    private final boolean isReleased;

    /**
     * Initializes a new <tt>GlobalShortcutEvent</tt>.
     *
     * @param keyStroke keystroke
     */
    public GlobalShortcutEvent(AWTKeyStroke keyStroke)
    {
        this.keyStroke = keyStroke;
        isReleased = false;
    }

    /**
     * Initializes a new <tt>GlobalShortcutEvent</tt>.
     *
     * @param keyStroke keystroke
     * @param isRelease if the event is for release this parameter is true
     * else this parameter is false
     */
    public GlobalShortcutEvent(AWTKeyStroke keyStroke, boolean isReleased)
    {
        this.keyStroke = keyStroke;
        this.isReleased = isReleased;
    }

    /**
     * Returns keyStroke.
     *
     * @return keystroke
     */
    public AWTKeyStroke getKeyStroke()
    {
        return keyStroke;
    }

    /**
     * Returns isReleased.
     *
     * @return release flag of the event
     */
    public boolean isReleased()
    {
        return this.isReleased;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A new report released today by Sotheby's International Realty Canada reveals the impact of rising interest rates, stricter mortgage lending guidelines, and recent housing policies and taxes on the country's major metropolitan top-tier real estate markets during the first half of 2018. While the $1 million-plus Greater Toronto Area (GTA) market remained resilient and the Montreal market flourished, Vancouver and Calgary underwent severe adjustments.
Following a 5% year-over-year contraction in top-tier real estate market activity in 2017 compared to 2016, $1 million-plus residential real estate sales (condominiums, attached homes, and single family homes) in the City of Vancouver slackened in the first six months of 2018.
Sales over $1 million decreased 19% year-over-year to 1,939 units in the first six months of the year, while $4 million-plus sales decreased 47% to 111 units.
While the city's condominium market remained robust, Vancouver's $1 million-plus detached home market saw a significant reduction in activity, a result of buyer uncertainty, wavering supply, and the consequences of governmental measures implemented since 2016 to curtail escalating prices.
New federal mortgage lending rules that limited borrowing capacity further eroded the accessibility of the conventional real estate market and the single family home market in particular, and cast shadows on consumer confidence.
As a result, $1 million-plus single family home sales decreased 36% to 885 homes sold in the first six months of 2018, compared to the same period in 2017. Luxury sales over $4 million decreased 55% year-over-year to 86 units.
Demand was redirected into the already heated $1 million- plus condominium and attached home markets. In the first half of 2018, $1 million-plus condo sales increased 9% to 708 homes sold compared to the same period last year.
The $4 million-plus segment exhibited year-over-year gains of 35% to 23 units sold.
Lack of attached home supply and constrained purchasing power amongst buyers resulted in a 3% decline of attached home sales in the first six months of 2018 to 346 homes sold.
Minimal activity took place in the $4 million-plus market where two attached homes sold in the first six months of 2018, compared to three in the same time period last year.
Overall, $1 million-plus real estate sales (condominiums, attached homes, and single family homes) decreased 11% year-over-year to 350 units sold in the first half of 2018.
The $1 million-plus single family home market decreased 13%, with 304 homes sold in the first half of 2018, while attached home sales over $1 million dipped 24% year-over-year to 29 units sold.
In face of rising inventory and softening consumer demand, Calgary's $1 million-plus condominium market remained quiet in the first half of 2018; 17 properties sold compared to six sold in 2017 during the same time period.
The resurgence was masked by comparisons to unprecedented gains in the GTA's $1 million-plus real estate market from 2015 to 2017. $1 million-plus residential real estate sales (condominiums, attached and single family homes) increased 56% in 2015 over 2014, 65% in 2016 over 2015, then peaked 41% year-over-year at new records in the first half of 2017.
In contrast, during the first half of 2018, a total of 7,684 properties over $1 million sold in the GTA, a 46% year-over-year drop when compared to 2017's historic highs, while luxury sales over $4 million declined 51% to 127 units sold.
In the City of Toronto, 3,526 properties sold over $1 million and 91 properties sold over $4 million during the first half of 2018, a decline of 32% and 52% respectively.
Despite declines relative to 2017, 2018 sales trended above 2015's healthy market activity. GTA $1 million-plus real estate sales in the first half of 2018 increased 25% from the 6,152 units sold in the first half of 2015 while sales over $4 million were up 72%.
Compared to the same period of 2015, sales over $1 million in the City of Toronto were up 14% in the first half of 2018, while sales over $4 million were up 44%.
While $1 million-plus attached home sales volume fell 42% compared to 2017 levels, and $4 million-plus sales fell from three to two units sold, activity reflected limited inventory rather than soft demand. 57% of $1 million-plus attached homes sold above list price in the GTA after spending an average of 15 days on the market, the highest percentage of above-list sales and the shortest number of days on market for residential housing types in the $1 million-plus segment.
Similarly, while GTA condo sales over $1 million fell 13% in the first half of 2018 to 658 units and luxury condo sales over $4 million fell 40% to nine units, 31% of the sales took place above list price. Condo sales velocity stayed in line with the brisk pace experienced in the record-setting first half of 2017, at an average 25 days on the market.
Overall $1 million-plus residential real estate sales (condominiums, attached and single family homes) in Montreal experienced a 24% year-over-year increase in the first half of 2018 compared to the year prior, totalling 460 sales. $1 million-plus condominiums led in year-over-year percentage gains of all property categories as sales jumped 25% year-over-year to 81 condominiums sold.
Multiple bidding wars sparked amongst purchasers, as a result, 14% of $1 million-plus condominiums sold above list price. Montreal's top-tier attached market surged throughout the first half of 2018, with sales over $1 million increasing 58% year-over-year to 171 units.
The single family home market saw a 5% increase from the first half of 2017, with 208 units sold in 2018 compared to 199 units sold the same year prior.


Peggy Vaughan was appointed to the MoneyGram International Board of Directors in February 2014. Along with MoneyGram, Vaughn serves as a Director of APQC Consulting Group, Inc. and as Member of Portfolio Advisory Board at Texas Women Ventures. Vaughan brings to the MGI board more than 25 years consulting experience leading large-scale, operational improvement, restructuring, technology and change management engagements. Vaughn began her consulting career at PriceWaterHouseCooper (PWC) and became a partner in 1988. While at PWC, Vaughn led many high-profile initiatives including the US Services Industry, the Americas SAP Practice and the Global Supply Chain Practice. Additionally, Vaughan served as an elected member of the PWC US Board of Partners and PWC Global Board of Directors. Following her role at PWS, Vaughan served on the Global Management Board for IBM, successfully launching top-performing business platforms in key growth markets as IBM's Global Consulting Services Leader. Vaughn currently serves on the Advisory Committee for the Texas Women's Venture Fund. She is a graduate of Southern Methodist University and holds a Master of Business Administration from the University of Texas at Austin.