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Archives of Organic and Inorganic Chemical Sciences
Research Article(ISSN: 2637-4609)
Excellent Crystal Coloration and An Extraordinary Improvements of Developing Synthetic Quartz Single Crystals Growth and Defects Volume 3 - Issue 3
Loai Aljerf*1 and Nuha AlMasri2
1 Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria
Received: July 21, 2018; Published: July 27, 2018
*Corresponding author: Loai Aljerf, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
DOI: 10.32474/AOICS.2018.03.000164
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The analysis of the impurity content crystals grown in sodium carbonate solution is carried out using flame technique. Colored crystals have been produced from aqueous solutions of potassium carbonate under laboratory conditions and using a steel autoclave. The seeds were slices cut parallel to the planes (0001). With the impurity of aluminum and irradiation, defective color centers have generated quartz coloration phenomenon. This is occurred on the base of the electrical balance by exchanging aluminum ions with tetravalent silicon ions in the presence of alkali elements (monvalent) i.e. Na+ or Li+. Interestingly, the current paper introduces a method suggests the utilization of silica-rich rocks to develop the growth of large crystals of synthetic quartz.
Keywords: Metallic impurity, Quartz, Crystalline, Piezoelectric, Aluminum, Flame photometric emission
Until recently, all the quartz required for the production of oscillator crystals for frequency control has been obtained from natural resources. Although quartz is one of the most abundant minerals in the earth's crust, it is only found in large crystals of the required quality in a few isolated regions. During the past 20 years, work has been carried out to develop processes for the controlled growth of quartz in the laboratory [1,2]. Considerable success has been obtained by many teams [3], crystals of piezoelectric-quality weighing over 1 lb. having been grown [4]. All the modern processes used for the growth of synthetic quartz have been developed by pioneering works [5,6] in the current century. Although the methods adopted by various workers in this field are basically similar, there are certain fundamental differences which affect the properties of the crystals. Because of its glass forming properties and its allotropic modifications it is not possible to grow quartz from the vapor or the melt. Growth from solution must be used and as quartz is virtually insoluble in aqueous media under ordinary ambient conditions it is necessary to use elevated temperatures and pressures to obtain sufficient solubility. These so-called hydrothermal conditions are probably similar to those in which much natural quartz has been formed. At temperatures approaching 400°C and pressures of 1000 atm (about 7 tons/in.2) quartz is readily soluble in alkaline solutions such as sodium carbonate.
Crystal Growing Technique
A schematic diagram of the apparatus used by the authors is shown in Figure 1. In what will be called the standard process, a steel autoclave constructed to withstand high pressures has seed crystals suspended from the lid and a supply of crushed meltinggrade quartz at the bottom. The autoclave is about 80% filled with a solution containing 88 g/L of sodium carbonate and sealed. The simple furnace used consists of a hotplate on which the autoclave stands surrounded by micaceous-flake thermal insulation. By this means a temperature gradient is established so that it is hotter at the bottom in the region of the nutrient crushed quartz than at the top where the seeds are located. Under the working conditions, the autoclave is filled with a single-phase fluid. The pressure developed being a function of the temperature and of the percentage of the space originally occupied by the solution at room temperature. The temperature at the base of the autoclave is controlled at about 400°C and the temperature at the seeds reaches equilibrium some 40°C lower. The temperature gradient along the length of the autoclave is not uniform, a fall of about 20°C occurring across the metal at the base and most of the remaining drop being across the nutrient. The space above the nutrient is approximately isothermal and the supersaturation in this region remains constant. Thus, crystals can be grown at approximately the same rate of growth in any part of the autoclave.
Figure 1: Diagram of apparatus for the growth of synthetic quartz.
For a given design of the autoclave, the rate of growth is dependent on seed orientation, pressure, temperature and temperature differential. The seed orientation which has been adopted in most of the work to be described is the basal plane or Z-cut. Figure 2 shows the relation between this cut and the minor rhombohedral or T-cut which has also been used as a seed for the growth of synthetic quartz. It is shown subsequently that the seed orientation not only affects the rate of growth but also has a marked effect on the way in which impurities are incorporated in the crystal. It is most convenient to control the rate of growth by means of the temperature difference and this is done by adjusting the flow of solution but not exceed a certain maximum, which, for the conditions used in the standard process, is about 0.5mm/day on each side of the seed measured in the direction of the optic axis. In fact, the visual quality is in some respects a misleading criterion and the measurements of the mechanical damping recorded in Table 1; show that a progressive improvement in crystalline perfection takes place as the growth rate is reduced. As it happens, for most practical applications the quality corresponding to 0.5mm/day is adequate but for especially stringent requirements it may be necessary to employ a lower growth rate or an alternative growing technique. A small pilot plant has been set up to grow crystals by the standard process. A growth of 15mm takes place in a period of about a month, the resulting crystals weighing about 135g.
Figure 2: Relationship between crystals grown on the basal plane (Z-cut) and the minor rhombohedral plane (z-cut).
Table 1: Mechanical damping of quartz
Influence of impurities
The standard process recrystallizes a low-grade quartz-which due to size and imperfections such as twinning is unsuitable for piezoelectric use into crystals of a size and quality which are ideally suited to this purpose. However, the melting grade quartz used as nutrient still has to be imported and considerable work has been carried out over the last 5 years to develop processes which can be used with relatively impure nutrient materials. Reasonable success has been obtained using flint and a variety of quartzites. Early in this investigation it was found that quartz could be grown on Z-cut seeds using impure nutrient materials, but that the quality, particularly of large crystals, was not good enough for piezoelectric use. It is now known that the poor quality is due to the incorporation of impurities in the synthetic crystal during growth. However, it was found that it was possible to grow crystals of piezoelectric quality by modifying the solution in which the crystals were grown. Good crystals have been grown from flint and impure quartzite by using a solution containing 40g/L Na2CO3, 33g/L NaOH, and 3.4g/L NaF. Further examination of a number of different quartzites showed that many of them could be used satisfactorily with the standard process; these are referred to as class A quartzites. It is now known that the difference between class A and class B quartzites (class B being those quartzites which require the modified process) lies in the type of accessory minerals which are associated with the quartz. In particular, the structure of the feldspar, which is commonly the primary accessory mineral in quartzites, plays an important role in deciding whether the material will be class A or B [7,8].
Work by Dickson et al. [9] using a paramagnetic resonance technique has shown that aluminum is the impurity which affects the quality of synthetic quartz crystals grown from class B materials using the standard sodium carbonate solution. This result has been corroborated by spectrographic analysis on a number of specimens. In addition, the direct test has been made by deliberately adding aluminum in a number of forms along with a pure quartz nutrient. Such adulterated quartz now acts as a class B nutrient and crystals grown from it using the standard solution have the habit and poor quality of a crystal grown under similar conditions from flint or a class B quartzite. Further, by using the modified solution, the defects can again be overcome. Figure 3 shows four crystals which illustrate this result. The crystals from left to right were grown from nutrients and in solutions. The most notable feature which can be seen from the photograph is the nature of the growth surface approximating to (0001). This surface is smooth on the crystals grown from quartz in sodium carbonate solution and from quartz with aluminum in the modified solution, but it is rough and pitted in the case of the crystals grown from flint and from quartz with aluminum, in sodium carbonate solution. It will be shown that the nature of the growth surface is closely related to the manner in which aluminum is incorporated in synthetic quartz grown on Z-cut seeds.
Figure 3: Crystals grown to illustrate the importance of aluminum as an impurity in low-quality nutrients.
It has been known for some time that when natural quartz is irradiated with X-ray or any other ionizing radiation, the material darkens. Grasse et al. [10] studied this phenomenon in detail and showed that the darkening produced in natural quartz is often non-uniform showing a banded structure. The darkening occurs in sheets parallel to the major rhombohedral planes and is therefore connected with the growth of the crystal, probably being associated with changes in the environment in which the crystal grew. When large crystals of synthetic quartz were first grown by the authors, their behavior under X-irradiation was determined. Figure 4 shows the result of irradiating an X-cut section of a synthetic quartz crystal grown on a Z-cut seed. It can be seen that the central region corresponding to the natural quartz seed has darkened uniformly and that there are two regions beneath the minor rhombohedral faces which have also darkened rather more intensely than has the seed. The remainder of the synthetic growth has not darkened under this dose. The diagram in Figure 5 shows the region under the minor rhombohedral face on a larger scale. The triangular region abc corresponds to growth which has taken place on the minor rhombohedral face as it develops. Spectrographic analyses of material taken from various regions of a number of crystals grown by the standard process have shown that the total aluminum concentration in the growth on the Z-cut orientation is commonly less than 40 parts in 106 atomic replacements. However, in the growth under the minor rhombohedral face the aluminum content may be 10 times this figure, i.e. 400 parts in 106. The impurity content of the melting-grade nutrient lies between these two figures and the low aluminum concentration in quartz grown on a Z-cut seed is in part due to the "scavenger action" of the growth on the minor rhombohedral faces which are formed during the growth. This also illustrates a general result found in the growth of synthetic quartz, namely that it is easier to introduce impurities during growth on the minor rhombohedral face than on the basal plane.
Figure 4: Photomicrograph of an X-cut section from a synthetic quartz crystal grown on a Z-cut seed from a pure melting-grade quartz nutrient after X-irradiation.
If, however, there is a large excess of aluminum in the system, it is found that the crystals grown on the basal plane will darken readily in a characteristic way as shown in Figure 6. In addition to the darkening of the seed crystal and the growth under the minor rhombohedral face, there is darkening of the primary growth in the form of distorted narrow-angled cones directed along the c-axis. These cones terminate in the rough, pitted growth surface and are apparently associated with the pits. This can also be seen from the bands which run parallel to the seed surface. These bands which are regions of either more or less intense darkening than the surrounding material are reproduced precisely on both sides of the seed. It can, therefore, be deduced that these bands are produced either by changes of the temperature or pressure in the autoclave or, what is more likely, by changes in the concentration of aluminum in the solution. These bands will therefore represent the nature of the growth surface at the particular time when they are formed. The discontinuities in these bands tend to follow the boundaries between the cones of darkening.
Figure 5: Diagram showing the X-ray darkening of quartz deposited in the accessory growth on the minor rhombohedral face.
Figure 6: Characteristic X-ray darkening pattern found in an X-cut section of a synthetic quartz crystal grown on a Z-cut seed in the presence of a large excess of aluminum.
Mechanism of growth
The characteristic cone darkening structure can be used to obtain a model for the mechanism of growth on the basal plane. This is illustrated in Figure 7. It is assumed that growth takes place independently on a large number of centers in contrast to growth on a habit face where only a limited number of centers are active and growth takes place by sheets spreading across the growth surface. The growth centers on the basal plane may be associated with spiral dislocations but there is, as yet, no direct evidence for growth spirals. If it is now assumed that quartz is deposited on the individual centers at different rates it will be seen that those which are growing faster overtake their more slowly growing neighbors and render them inactive. In the schematic diagram in Figure 7, all nine centers are active at the beginning of the growth; at later stage only centers 2, 4, 6 and 8 are active and eventually only centers 4 and 6. If the aluminum incorporation is uniform on any one growth centre but differs from one to the next, it will be seen that this gives rise to the characteristic darkening pattern. Figure 7 also shows photomicrographs of the growth surfaces at various stages in the growth together with darkening patterns at similar stages for sections cut perpendicular to the c-axis. The individual "cobbles", which are the termination of the growth cones in the surface of the crystal, and the tine structure in the darkening patterns both tend to become coarser as the growth proceeds. This is in agreement with the suggested growth mechanism.
Figure 7: Illustrating the mechanism of growth of synthetic quartz on Z-cut seeds.
The nature of the rough, pitted growth surface obtained when quartz is grown on the basal plane in the presence of a large excess of aluminum cannot be directly explained in terms of the suggested mechanism. Figure 8a is a photomicrograph of the surface and shows clearly that the pits have no obvious crystallographic orientation. However, crystals have been grown with only just sufficient aluminum present in the system to commence the incorporation of aluminum by the above mechanism. In this case, the aluminum apparently only goes into the growth on isolated centers and produces a growth surface of the type shown in Figure 8b. It will be seen that certain of the larger cobbles have triangular pits at their centre. The relation between these pits and the rough growth surface produced by a large excess of aluminum is shown in Figure 8c and 8d. Figure 8c shows the growth surface of a crystal grown in the presence of a somewhat larger concentration of aluminum than that of Figure 8b. The pits are here more numerous and are commencing to overlap so that they interfere and lose their obvious crystallographic orientation. The crystal shown in Figure 8d has a rough surface similar to that in Figure 8a and has been lapped to remove most of the disturbed surface. The bottoms of the pits of the rough surface show approximately the same form as those in Figure 8b. The characteristic rough surface is, therefore, formed from a large number of pits which overlap and interfere until the shape and symmetry of the pits is completely lost.
Figure 8: The nature of the rough growth surface formed in the presence of a large excess of aluminum. (a) Rough growth surface. (b) Isolated pits. c) Interfering pits. d) Rough surface after most of the damage has been removed by lapping.
Figure 9: Diagram of a pit formed at the center of a growth cobble.
The nature of the individual pits is more readily seen by reference to Figure 9, which shows a diagram of a single cobble and its pit. The sides of the pit form reasonably flat faces which have been indexed using a microscope. The reason for the formation of such a high index face, if it is a true face, in the presence of excess aluminum is not understood. Figure 9 also shows a section containing the c-axis. If as appears likely, the pit is associated with the incorporation of aluminum, on irradiating such a section the growth cones giving rise to the cobbles with pits at their centers will darken readily. This is shown diagrammatically in Figure 9 while Figure 10 shows a photomicrograph which clearly illustrates this phenomenon. It has been seen that when crystals are grown in a large excess of aluminum, this aluminum is not incorporated uniformly in the crystal as it grows but is taken up preferentially on certain centers at the expense of the neighboring centers. As the lattice spacing will be a function of the aluminum concentration, it is reasonable to expect that strains will be set up at the boundaries between regions of different aluminum content. This strain can be seen readily by examining sections cut either parallel to or perpendicular to the c-axis in a polarizing microscope between crossed nicols. Parallel to the c-axis there are deep fissures found under the rough growth surface where the stress exceeds that necessary to produce fracture. Instead of the crystal appearing dark as it should in the extinction position, the field is crossed by bands of light and dark produced by the strain. The same phenomenon is, perhaps, more readily studied by examining sections cut perpendicular to the c-axis. Depending on the angle between the polarizer and analyzer the section should appear to be a uniform color when viewed in white light. Instead, a section cut from a crystal which has non-uniform aluminum incorporation will have a mottled appearance. This is shown in Figures 11 & 12, which are photomicrographs of two sections of the same crystal, Figure 11 being taken near the seed crystal and Figure 12 near the end of the growth. This again illustrates the way in which the number of active growth centers decreases during the growth. In this particular example, the density of active centers has decreased by a factor of the order of 20 in about 5mm of growth along the c-axis.
Figure 10: Photomicrograph of an X-cut section showing the relationship between the cones of darkening and the pits.
Figure 11: Strain pattern observed in crossed nicols in a Z-cut section of a crystal containing a large excess of aluminum (Section taken near seed/growth interface).
Figure 12: As Figure 11, Section taken near end of growth.
Comparison of the results of experiments in which crystals are grown on Z-cut seeds in the presence of high and low concentrations of aluminum shows that the mechanism by which aluminum is incorporated in the growing crystal is dependent on the concentration of impurity in the system. This has been studied more closely by a set of controlled experiments in which the concentration of aluminum, added as y-alumina, was steadily increased. Six crystals grown in the presence of aluminum deliberately added to the nutrient in proportions varying from 0.05 to 2.50% by weight are shown in Figure 13. The concentration of aluminum added to the nutrient for the six crystals numbered 1 to 6 from left to right is given in the caption. Examining the nature of the growth surface, it will be seen that the first two crystals show no obvious signs of the inclusion of aluminum. By contrast, crystals 3-5 show the characteristic rough growth surface, crystal 5 being so strained that the growth is hardly single crystalline. With 2.5% aluminum added to the nutrient (crystal 6) all growth is prevented. Further experiments carried out using concentrations of aluminum in the range 0.10-0.25%, show that the results are not consistent, in that a number of experiments carried out with the same aluminum concentration sometimes give a rough growth surface corresponding to non-uniform impurity incorporation and at other times give the smooth cobbled surface of the pure crystal. This behavior can be explained in terms of the suggested growth mechanism as follows in this paragraph. For low concentrations of aluminum in the system, the incorporation apparently takes place uniformly. Most of this aluminum is probably interstitial as the material only darkens slightly under X-irradiation. For high concentrations, it has been seen that the aluminum is taken up preferentially on certain growth centers. This can be understood, when it is considered that the energy required introducing an impurity atom is a function of the number of impurity atoms already incorporated in the growth on this centre. As the number of impurity atoms incorporated increases, the distortion of the lattice becomes greater and it becomes easier to include more impurity atoms. Thus, once the concentration of aluminum in the growth on a given centre exceeds a certain figure, further aluminum atoms will tend to be taken up preferentially on this centre at the expense of the neighboring centers. In a physical system of this type, the probability that non-uniform inclusion will take place and is a rapidly changing function of the concentration of impurity in the nutrient. It can be seen that this qualitative analysis explains the observations. For low concentrations of aluminum, the probability of non-uniform take-up is very small. As the concentration is increased the stage is reached where there is a reasonable chance that the aluminum is incorporated non-uniformly. This is the region where the results will not be consistent. At still higher concentrations, non-uniform inclusion will be the rule.
Specimens cut from the crystals shown in Figure 13 have been analyzed for aluminum and sodium using spectrographic and flame photometric techniques, respectively. The results are given in Table 2 in terms of the percentage atomic replacement of silicon by these elements have showed that the concentrations of sodium and aluminum are of the same order for low concentrations of aluminum added to the nutrient. This can be attributed to the sodium content tendency to saturate while the aluminum content continues to increase. It seems reasonable to conclude that the substitutionally added aluminum is associated with a sodium atom situated interstially. This centre would be responsible for the visible darkening produced by X-irradiation [11], a model consistent with that suggested by Ratheneau [12]. The excess aluminum found when the concentration added to the nutrient is large, could be present either as interstitial atoms or as two substitutional atoms associated with an oxygen vacancy. There is, at present, no evidence to distinguish between these two alternatives. In discussing the incorporation of impurities in synthetic quarts, some mention must also be made of work which has been carried out in attempts to include impurities other than aluminum [13]. It is well known that small monovalent ions in particular lithium and sodium can readily be introduced into the quartz lattice under the action of an electric field. These ions lie interstitially in the "tunnels" which are parallel to the c-axis in the quartz structure. It has already been shown that sodium is present in all synthetic quartz grown by the authors. Attempts have been made to introduce a number of other elements which might be expected to substitute for silicon in the lattice. In general, it has been found extremely difficult to introduce impurities into quarts grown on the basal plane. This result would appear to be different from that found by other workers in this field who have used seeds cut parallel to the minor rhombohedral face. In addition to aluminum, attempts have been made to incorporate the elements in growth on Z-cut seeds. Of these elements only, germanium has been successfully incorporated. Bearing in mind the similar ionic radii of silicon and germanium, it is not surprising to find that germanium will readily go into quartz as a substitutional impurity. Large amounts of germanium can be taken up by the quartz lattice without setting up measurable strain. As would be expected, the centre is not sensitive to X-irradiation. It is interesting to note that boron is not taken up, although its small size and its valence of three would, at first sight, make it an ideal atom for incorporation in the quartz lattice. No explanation is known for this behavior.
Figure 13: Crystals grown in the presence of increasing concentrations of aluminum. Aluminum by weight of quartz nutrient: (1) 0.05%, (2) 0.125%, (3) 0.25%, (4) 0.50%, (5) 1.25%, and (6) 2.50%.
A striking example has been the growth of intensely colored emerald green quartz, a variety which does not occur naturally. From the circumstances in which this crystal was grown, it has been deduced that the coloration is produced by the presence of a trace of chromium [13]. This diagnosis has still to be confirmed. The coloration in this crystal is very stable, being unaffected by heat treatment up to the a-ß inversion temperature or by prolonged X-irradiation. Preliminary transmission measurements show that the material has an apparent cutoff in the ultraviolet at 2800 Ǻ. It appears likely that this synthetic material is not related to the "greened" amethyst described by Samoylovich [14].
Table 2: Sodium and aluminum concentrations in synthetic quartz grown in Na2CO3 solution on Z-cut seeds in the presence of aluminum.
The recent investigation, still incomplete, has shown that the nature of the cation in the solution from which the crystals are grown can have a considerable effect on the way in which impurities are incorporated in synthetic quartz. An investigation of the type described can be of value to the worker studying color centers in quartz in a number of ways.
a. The process described for the growth of large crystals of synthetic quartz can provide material with total impurity content, and particularly substitutional aluminum content, lower than is found in natural quartz. This is of value to the worker, studying radiation damage in quartz. With regard to the substitutional aluminum content, it must be noted that the concentration in a number of specimens grown under nominally similar conditions will differ slightly and partly as a result of the statistical nature of the process and also as a result of variations in the purity of the nutrient.
b. Controlled amounts of the impurities present in natural quartz can, in certain instances, be introduced. This can be of considerable assist in identifying the nature of those color centers which are impurity-dependent.
c. By the introduction of impurities not found in natural quartz, material with new properties can be grown. For example, if sufficient chromium can be introduced into the green quartz it may be possible to obtain quartz which is paramagnetic.
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Home / Featured / Albirex Edge Out Resilient Eagles To Extend Winning Streak
Albirex Edge Out Resilient Eagles To Extend Winning Streak
By Eagles Admin on 9 April 2015
Albirex Niigata FC (S) defeated Geylang International FC to a score-line of 1-0, at the Jurong East Stadium on the 8th April 2015. With that hard-fought and slender victory, the White Swans did not only extend their winning streak to four straight matches, but also increased their clean sheet record to four games as well.
With the emphatic result, Albirex moved back to the summit of the Great Eastern Yeo's S.League table with a two-point lead over Brunei DPMM FC, whom now have two games in hand. On the other hand, the spirited Eagles still remain in 7th spot with five points earned out of five matches.
The visitors, Geylang started the first-half brightly and enjoyed most of the possession in the opening minutes of the game. However, the match was soon halted after the 'Lightning Warning System' was activated in the 3rd minute. After an approximate 15 minutes, the fixture, then resumed. However, this time round, Albirex turned the tide and dominated ball possession for longer periods.
Albirex's captain, Itsuki Yamada had the first chance of the game after Shun Inaba intelligently set him up with a fantastic through ball into the penalty box. However, Yamada dragged his shot well wide, across the goal-line.
The White Swans then made no mistake with their second chance as, Rion Taki calmly slotted the opener past Eagles' Yazid Yazin from close range, after connecting well with Fumiya Kogure's low cross into the six-yard box.
With the 1-0 lead, Albirex then pushed forward in search for another goal to double their lead. However, the Eagles' goalkeeper denied the White Swans two golden 'goal-scoring' opportunities, with his cat-like reflexes. Firstly, Yazid made an outstanding finger-tip save to keep out Albirex's Atsushi Kawata's outer-foot effort from outside the box. Next up, was Fumiya Kogure's curling free-kick attempt, which was safely gathered by the Geylang's experienced custodian.
Despite the constant attacks from the White Swans, the Eagles once again proved that they were no pushovers and almost succeeded in scoring an equalizer in the 32nd minute. Geylang's captain, Jozef Kaplan met with Yuki Ichikawa's cross, he then neatly turned away from his marker, before launching a powerful attempt which unfortunately, smashed against the side-netting.
Ex-Geylang International striker, Shotaro Ihata had the last chance of the first-half to add another goal to Albirex's tally. However, despite executing a lovely skill to turn away from Hafiz Osman at the edge of the box, he fired his effort just wide of the goal.
The resilient Eagles, started the second-half determined to overturn the current deficit and indeed, were the more dominant side after the restart. They almost accomplished an equalizer in the 48th minute, but Eagles' Tatsuro Inui rocket shot, from 30 yards out came off the underside of the crossbar and Bruno Castanheira also failed to capitalise on the rebound as Albirex's custodian, Yosuke Nazawa parried the shot away to safety.
A few minutes later, Geylang had another notable chance to score an equalizer. However, it was apparent that the Eagles had hardly any luck in front of goal that night with winger Hafiz Nor, failing to connect with Tatsuro Inui's delicious cross despite being unmarked and only yards away from goal.
With Geylang rueing at their missed opportunities, Albirex continued to threaten and try their luck from distance. However, the former then had to thank, Yazid Yasin for keeping them alive in the game with only a one goal deficit as he displayed his goalkeeping heroics once again. The 36-year-old made three stupendous diving saves to keep out lethal efforts from Atsushi Kawata, Kento Nagasaki and Rion Taki.
The visitors were then presented another glorious chance in the 89th minute to probably earn a point from their journey to the western part of Singapore. After a goal-mouth scramble caused by Inui's deep cross into the box, Eagles' young starlet, Shawal Anuar picked up the loose ball in the penalty area, but regrettably, blazed his shot over the crossbar, ending all hopes of clinching a point.
Geylang's Assistant Coach Owen Monaghan, stood in for the suspended Jorg Steinebrunner, admitted that his side failed to grasp the game in the opening 45 minutes and paid for their bad start by conceding a goal early in the game. Owen said, "After conceding the early goal, it was generally an uphill task to overcome. However, the team (Geylang) played much better in the second-half with more drive and desire, but we (Geylang) just couldn't get that elusive goal. "We (Geylang) will keep working hard in trainings to retain the ball better and will come back stronger against Brunei DPMM at Bedok Stadium," added Owen.
Full Time : Albirex Niigata FC (S) (Rion Taki 12′) 1 – 0 Geylang International FC
EAGLES' Editor Man Of The Match: Yazid Yazin (GK)
Geylang International FC: Yazid Yasin (GK), Yuki Ichikawa, Kento Fukada, Hafiz Osman, Anaz Hadee (Syed Thaha 64'), Tatsuro Inui, Hafiz Nor, Shah Hirul (Khairulnizam Jumahat 69'), Mustaqim Manzur (Shawal Anuar, 82'), Jozef Kaplan (C), Bruno Castanheira
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Summer break, back home, laying up on the sand at North 'Gong, book in hand. Inside the front cover: "Linda Kennedy 07/09". A book I had purchased five years ago and never read: Virginia Woolf - A Room of One's Own. I wondered how many other unread books I had at Mum's?
By the fourth sentence Woolf was speaking inside of me. The way she wrote of the multi-layered meanings of women and fiction were the same sentiments I shared for the weighted meanings of Aboriginality and architecture/ Aboriginal architecture/ Aboriginal design. I wouldn't even know where to begin when including the remaining element: women and Aboriginality and architecture.
"When you asked me to speak about [Aboriginal] [architecture] I sat down on the [beach] and began to wonder what the words meant. They might mean simply a few remarks about [Dillon Kombumerri]; a few more about [Jefa Greenaway]; a tribute to the [Lanes] and a sketch of [Merrima Design/NSW Government Architects Office] [in the sun]; some witticisms if possible about [Michael Mossman]; a respectful allusion to [Rueben Berg]; a reference to [Carol Go-Sam] and one would have done. But at second sight the words seemed not so simple. The title [Aboriginal] [architecture] might mean, and you may have meant it to mean, [Aboriginal people] and what they are like; or it might mean [Aboriginal people] and the [architecture] that they [design]; or it might mean [Aboriginal people] and the [architecture] that is [designed] about [their culture]; or it might mean that somehow all three are inextricably mixed together and you want me to consider them in that light."
Of course there are many differences between Woolf and I, as there are between women/fiction and Aboriginal(ity)/architecture. To start, nobody has asked me to speak about Aboriginal(ity)/architecture - the days have passed when a woman may only be asked her opinion.
The thinking that linked me to Woolf was the critical response of deconstructing the questions asked of us as the other, rather that appeasing the listener with niceties and carefully selected examples. Often as the 'other', we burden ourselves with expectation/responsibility, in my world, the expectation that as an Aboriginal person in the archi-sphere, I should be able to reach a conclusion, to identify a solution, to define meaning in a concept such as "Aboriginal architecture".
I am not interested in the separation of the many present layers: pre-invasion Aboriginal architecture, or Aboriginal identity and architecture, or architecture designed for Aboriginal people, or Aboriginal people designing architecture, or contemporary architecture for Aboriginal users. I am interested in how they are all inextricably mixed together.
"But when I began to consider the subject in this last way, which seemed the most interesting, I soon saw that it had one fatal drawback. I should never be able to come to a conclusion.... ...All I could do was to offer you an opinion upon one minor point - [an] [Aboriginal person] must have [a determination] of [one's] own if [one] is to [study/design/practice architecture]; and that, as you will see, leaves the great problem of the true nature of [Aboriginality] and the true nature of [architecture] unsolved."
This "minor point" of self-determination and its relevance to Aboriginal people and architecture I will surely develop across future blog posts. As a start, I will say that access to public education is fundamental. Beyond that, one must remain determined to push through the white colonial patriarchal system that overwhelms architecture education and architecture practice. One must expect systematic racism and ignorance in institutions and one must be determined to resist them. It is more complex than having money, it is more complex than having a room of one's own.
To follow this "minor point", a note on "the great problem" that attaches itself to any opinion in the greater discussion of Aboriginality and architecture. The problem being that the "true nature" and meaning of the colonial constructs of "Aboriginality" and "architecture" have created rigidity and boundaries within design and the built environment that limit design solutions, that limit design innovation and discussion, and most concerning, that limit the way that we live.
The notion of "Aboriginality" or what it takes for something designed/built to be "Aboriginal" or to have Aboriginal identity is complex and as any other cultural construct, it is diverse, and it is in a state of constant change. The notion of "architecture" and what it means to be "designed" or "built" remain colonial concepts, and beyond that, what it means for a space to be occupied, to be owned, are impositions of the colonial value system.
And so it is - the beginning of my blog - Future Black. Stay tuned to read more of my opinions/questions about "Aboriginal architecture", my passion for decolonising design in the built environment, and my experiences and perceptions as an Aboriginal woman navigating the colonial systems of design and architecture in Australia.
"At any rate, when a subject is highly controversial - and any subject about [Aboriginality] is that - one cannot hope to tell the truth. One can only show how one came to hold whatever opinion one does hold."


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'Pharma Bro' Martin Shkreli Banned From Drug Industry for Life, Ordered to Pay Back $64 Million in Profits
A federal judge in Manhattan on Friday handed down a harsh punishment to notorious "Pharma Bro" Martin Shkreli, the former hedge fund manager who infamously hiked the price of a life-saving drug by more than 5,000% overnight, CNBC reported.
As a penalty for his monopolistic behavior, Judge Denise Cot banned Shkreli from the drug industry for life and ordered him to pay back more than $64 million of the profits he earned after hiking the cost of anti-parasitic drug Daraprim from $13.50 a pill to an eye-popping $750 per pill in 2015.
At the time, Daraprim was the only federally approved treatment for toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection that can cause serious or even life-threatening problems for pregnant women, their babies, and people with compromised immune systems — such as some cancer or HIV/AIDS patients. Generic versions of the drug didn't reach the market until 2020. Shkreli, who quickly became the most hated man in America after his firm exclusively purchased the rights to the drug only to ratchet up its cost, was found guilty of violating federal and state anti-competitive conduct laws in a federal court in the Southern District of New York.
"Americans can rest easy because Martin Shkreli is a pharma bro no more," New York Attorney General Letitia James said in a statement following the ruling.
According to Fox News , James and the Federal Trade Commission sued Shkreli, his former company Vyera Pharmaceuticals, and a former business partner named Kevin Mulleady for "illegally monopolizing" the drug. The lawsuit, filed two years ago, was later joined by several other states.
Shkreli's former company Vyera was previously ordered to pay a $40 million settlement as a result of the lawsuit. And Mulleady was banned for seven years from the drug industry.
Shkreli is currently serving a seven-year federal prison sentence for […]
PLEASE Help Us Fight the Good Fight
Today's Goliath is the Mainstream Media Industrial Complex that brainwashes the masses.
Our mission is very straightforward: To counter the false narratives and nefarious agendas destroying America today. It isn't easy for obvious reasons; despite incredible growth over the last year we are still a very tiny fish in a huge media pond. But we're fighting and we will continue to do so, Lord willing, for as long as we possibly can. The battle for America's present and future is too important for us to back down to the giants that stand in our way.
We need help. I don't want to say "desperately," but the need is definitely great. If you have the means, please donate through our GivingFuel page or via PayPal. Your generosity is what keeps these sites running and allows us to get the truth to the masses. We've had great success in growing but we know we can do more with your assistance.


Title: Berry/vegetable times. August 2006.
need attention from you to help get the most growth possible.
times with little or no rain and very high temperatures.
subject of this newsletter article.
methyl bromide and other fumigant gases.
information and field evaluations this fall.
costs for any of these high barrier mulches.
treated acre) with the high barrier mulch.
barrier mulch the better off we will be.
Florida Distribution: Crop Protection Inc.
Imaflex Inc. / Canslit Inc.
reduced rate applications of soil fumigants.
yellow, red, or black polytubing.
to use high barrier / VIF plastic mulch.
fumigation season begins in late August.
whether from Mother Nature or you.
method of fertilization but is the most expensive.
leached and must be applied more frequently.
amount of flowers set for next year's harvest.
and Cabrio, in a rotation with Bravo.
you had a problem with this.
Be safe in the heat!
been ordered for the fall strawberry crop.
dip plants in fungicides before planting.
Abound or Switch may be recommended if C.
after treatment to avoid phytotoxicity.
Colletotrichum crown rot caused by C.
vegetation and infects young plants from the top.
controlled by routine applications of captain.
strategies for controlling Phytophthora crown rot.
and crown rots will not be severe this year.
are adequate to protect the first crop.
disease pressure on the main crop.
considered important to both organizations.
on diseases that affect transplant quality.
load of Yummy Queensland Strawberries".


text:
Q: Have Links inside the frame open in same window Have a dropdown with a bunch of links alongwith Open directly, Next and Previous buttons on IE8.
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Above is the code(test.jsp followed by the HTML code containing main frame and navigation frame - the navigation frame is navigation and all the links within it should open within the main frame) which gets called on click of these buttons to move forward, previous or load directly. The issue is that these links open in either new window or new tab but never in same window. Would highly appreciate if anyone provides any recommendations around the same.

A: On every link of navigation page, you need to add the target of the display frame or better add <base target="display"> to the head section of test.jsp. The target decides where to open the link in.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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2015 Wagon Days Poster Howard Lacina, artist
City of Ketchum
480 East Avenue N.
Ketchum, Idaho 83340
"Small Town, Big Life"
Ketchum Gave His Name to Town and Vanished Into History
Grigsby, 1st Female Patrol Officer Promoted to Sergeant
Water Calls
Art in Unexpected Places; Examples From Aspen
Department Highlight
A Message From Mayor Nina Jonas: Access to Public Lands and Resources
Welcome to the Wild West! As we celebrate Wagons Days and our mining heritage, it is apparent how much our relationship with public lands has changed. The fantastic public lands and resources that surround Ketchum have defined our way of life first through mining and now, predominately, recreation. These public lands enlighten our character and are one of Ketchum's greatest assets.
Access to the iconic Big Wood River and backdoor mountain trails has become more limited as adjacent private properties have developed. Typically, access points to public lands and resources are established during development approvals for construction. However, as plants grow and buildings appear, the public loses awareness of these access points. This leads to an inadvertent privatization of public lands.
To assure meaningful access to these lands, the city of Ketchum has begun posting signs, trimming vegetation and adding bark or decomposed granite to indicate public access trails clearly. The city will be working in partnership with the Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, Blaine County Recreation District, Wood River Land Trust and Trout Unlimited. We anticipate finishing the work by next summer.
Maintaining access so residents and visitors alike can use and enjoy public lands is important in keeping Ketchum a unique setting where we can live and play. Click here for an updated river access map.
See you on the trail, Nina
You greenies are so concerned about air quality but we don't even have a monitoring station here.
Both air and water quality are monitored in Ketchum. The air quality monitoring station, operated by the state Department of Environmental Quality, is located on the roof of Hemingway Elementary School. You can monitor reports online yourself or follow city postings on Facebook and Twitter. We always include warnings when the air is unhealthy because of such events as nearby forest fires.
For air quality reports, go to http://airquality.deq.idaho.gov/ to access the latest information from "Ketchum (PM2.5)." You can see real-time conditions, generate a station report in a variety of formats and see what the station looks like.
For information on smoke from wildfires, check out a cooperative blog maintained by county, state, tribal and federal agencies.
The city public works department monitors drinking water regularly for coliform and other bacteria, lead and copper and other possible contaminants. Results are published by the state Department of Environmental Quality.
For information on the health of our rivers, go to the U.S. Geological Survey's Idaho Water Science Center for data on stream flow, water temperature and other measurements. Data is collected at 150 sites in Idaho, including points on the Big Wood River and Warm Springs, Trail and Silver creeks.
Do you have a question for Mayor Nina Jonas? AskNina@ketchumidaho.org
Note: If you submit a question to "Ask Nina," your name may be published unless you request that it be withheld.
Miners at unidentified mine shaft. Photo courtesy of The Community Library
As we celebrate Wagon Days this weekend, think back to a time when the mountains were valued more for their lead and silver than their beauty and serenity.
Remember a time when government processes were so loose that a town could be named for a man who spent a winter nearby, then disappeared into obscurity.
Ketchum takes its name from David Ketchum, a bachelor prospector who spent the winter of 1879-80 in a cabin by a hot springs near the mouth of Warm Springs Creek.
He was ambitious enough to obtain and sell four parcels of land, according to Blaine County Courthouse records. He also applied for a post office near his cabin, calling the site "Leadville." Officials in Washington thought Leadville was too common a name for a town in the mining heyday of the West. So the grant of a post office, made on April 19, 1880, called the town Ketchum, apparently because Ketchum's name was on the application.
What else do we know about him? He is said to have had a beard, although no photos appear in histories of the city. The Ketchum Keystone newspaper in 1882 described him as "that great and good man and Christian mule-skinner." Some say he was headed for Arizona when he left town. Others say he has descendants in northern Idaho or Montana.
At this point, it seems unlikely that we will know more. But this weekend's Wagon Days celebration will bring back memories of his mining and mule-skinning talents.
Festivities for Wagon Days, initiated in 1958 as a reason for summer visitors to stay through Labor Day weekend, begin tonight and run through Monday. A complete schedule is at www.wagondays.org.
The Big Hitch parade, one of the largest parades in the country without motorized vehicles, pays tribute to the muleskinners like Ketchum who founded the community. It ends with a string of historic ore wagons, pulled by a 20-mule team guided by a jerk line and once used to bring ore over Galena Summit. The designation was the Philadelphia smelter, located near Ketchum's cabin.
Philadelphia Smelter mule teams ready to pick up ore in the 1880s. Photo courtesy of The Community Library
If government processes were a bit lax in the late 1800s, private enterprise was hard at work. The two-day journey from the lead mines followed a route over Galena Summit, just as steep and undoubtedly more narrow and rugged than it is today. A private company built a toll road in 1882, charging $1.50 for a wagon and team. It was quite a sum, given that $1.50 was the average daily wage for a California farm worker and the best paid factory workers made about $2 a day.
So come out for Wagon Days this weekend, stop by the city's Ore Wagon Museum at East Avenue and Fourth Street and see the narrow, towering wagons, and line the streets for the Big Hitch parade Saturday at 1 p.m. You'll get a glimpse of life generations ago, and a realization of how lucky we are that Ketchum survived its mining years to offer the #SmallTownBigLife we have today.
Michal Grigsby, a former detective and patrol deputy for the Ketchum Division of the Blaine County Sheriff's Office, has been promoted to patrol sergeant in the city of Ketchum.
Grigsby, a 1998 graduate of Wood River High School, started her law enforcement career with the Bellevue marshal's office in 2000. In 2005 she joined the Ketchum police department, now part of the Blaine County Sheriff's Department.
Grigsby holds an Idaho Peace Officer Standards and Training Advanced Patrol Certificate and three instructor certifications. She also is a field training officer. She has been involved with Ketchum's community policing program, and has worked as a marine deputy and drug detection K9 handler.
Why police work? "People always ask me that," she said with a smile. Before joining the Bellevue marshal's office, she had worked for a restaurant and an airline.
"As a police officer, every day is different. "You don't do the same thing every day. Ketchum is special," she added, "because of the diverse population and the combination of tourists and local residents. They need different kinds of help and I enjoy working with them."
Grigsby grew up in the Wood River Valley. She and her husband enjoy kayaking and hunting.
A water call occurs when a senior water user claims they are not receiving the full volume of their water right and requests that the Idaho Department of Water Resources administer more junior water rights in the basin in order to deliver water to the senior right. This can result in curtailment of water use by junior users in order to increase the water supply available to the senior user.
In February 2015, a group of senior surface water holders located in the southern part of the Wood River Basin (Basin 37) (consisting primarily of farmers south of Picabo Hills on both the Silver Creek and Big Wood sides) did just this when it requested that the department administer upstream junior groundwater rights, including those owned by the city of Ketchum.
Under the framework of conjunctive management, in which the state is tasked with administering surface water and groundwater rights concurrently, the majority of groundwater rights in our basin have priority dates junior to the calling surface-water right holders. This call has set in motion a process by which the state must assess water use, delivery patterns and efficiency of water use by the calling water users, determine the extent to which these users may or may not have experienced material injury to their water rights as a result of water use by junior users, and evaluate - most likely via surface and groundwater modeling - the extent to which curtailment of junior groundwater uses can provide additional water to satisfy the calling of senior water rights.
This process will likely be lengthy, require participation by the junior groundwater users in the basin, the calling senior surface water holders and the department, and involve significant legal and engineering work. The city of Ketchum is working collaboratively with other cities in the basin to respond to these calls.
Read "Water 101" in the Aug. 14 enewsletter for more information.
Art in unexpected places: examples from aspen
The Ketchum Arts Commission, which has brought the city art in unexpected places ranging from manhole covers to a ski gondola, will collaborate with two other local organizations for a Wednesday, Sept. 16 presentation on art in unusual places in Aspen.
The free program, which will begin at 6:30 p.m. at The Community Library, is sponsored by the commission, the library and the Sun Valley Center for the Arts. The title is "We All Know What We Know: Art In Unexpected Places, A Collaboration Between Aspen Skiing Company and Aspen Art Museum." Read press release here.
The format will be a conversation between Aspen Skiing Company CEO Mike Kaplan and the museum's Heidi Zuckerman .
The ski company and the museum have collaborated for 11 years to bring contemporary art to the ski experience through annual artist-commissioned lift ticket designs, as well as on-site art installations in Snowmass's Elk Camp Ski Lodge and on the slopes of the four Aspen Skiing Company resorts: Aspen Mountain, Highlands, Buttermilk and Snowmass. "Art In Unexpected Places is a unique and valuable model for integrating the cultural and athletic sides of a mountain town and we are excited to learn from them," said Trina Peters, co-chair, Ketchum Arts Commission.
WHAT DO YOU WANT FROM VISIT SUN VALLEY?
A workshop with the Visit Sun Valley regional marketing agency to discuss its proposed use of city funds will be on the agenda for the City Council meeting on Tuesday, Sept. 8 at 5:30 p.m. Visit Sun Valley will receive $440,000 from the city of Ketchum for fiscal year 2015-2016 and additional funding from the city's 1% local option tax.
This will be the second workshop-type meeting with agencies receiving city funds in which City Council members, members of the public and an outside consultant with expertise in the subject will discuss their expectations. The first workshop to use this new, proactive approach was with Mountain Rides on Aug. 17.
Following are the topics that the City Council plans to address with Visit Sun Valley. If your concern is not listed, please attend the meeting or send an email to participate@ketchumidaho.org.
Should Visit Sun Valley be expected to fund and help organize events that attract visitors?
What is the function of the Visitors Center? What are future plans, given the possibility of the sale of the building in which it is currently located?
Do we need more regional marketing?
How can the relationships between Visit Sun Valley and the community be strengthened?
What metrics are being used to measure success and are they appropriate?
How can Visit Sun Valley provide more support to its membership? What can members do to increase the effectiveness of Visit Sun Valley?
Ketchum Business Directory Coming
The city will add a business directory to the website, www.ketchumidaho.org, on Oct. 1. It will list each city of Ketchum business-license holder with location, contact information, website and the date the business license was first obtained. Ketchum began issuing business licenses in 2007.
All businesses with a physical location within city limits are required to obtain a business license. The cost is $50 annually. Visit www.ketchumidaho.org/business or contact the city clerk at 726-3841 for more information.
More Airlines Seats This Winter
This winter will bring an increase of 48,000 airline seats from December through March, Carol Waller, director of Fly Sun Valley Alliance, has announced. This represents a 13 percent increase in seat capacity from last year and an increase of 46 percent over the past three years. An expanded marketing program with a budget of more than $1 million is planned, she said. Nonstop flights service will be available to Seattle, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Denver and Salt Lake City.
WHAT WE'RE READING ... AND WRITING
Mayor Nina Jonas
Revenge of the Affordable Dream Towns
Baird Gourlay, councilmember
Aspen is third U.S. city to reach 100% renewable energy
Filing Period Closes Friday for City Council Seats
The filing period closes tomorrow for two seats on Ketchum City Council that will become vacant Jan. 1. Required papers are available at City Hall, 480 East Ave. N., today and tomorrow from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. The terms of Councilmembers Michael David and Jim Slanetz expire at the end of the year. The election is Nov. 3.
Idaho Power Rebate Is Here
Ketchum this week received a check for $52,626.75 from Idaho Power, its rebate for installing new, more energy-efficient equipment at the wastewater treatment plan. The new equipment also cut energy usage by approximately 43 percent per month.
Governor Seeks PUC Applicants
Gov. Butch Otter is calling for applicants for a vacancy on the state Public Utilities Commission starting in January. Interested applicants can contact Ann Beebe in the governor's office at (208) 334-2100 or ann.beebe@gov.idaho.gov. The deadline for applications is Tuesday, Sept. 22.
Fall Youth Program Registration Available Online
Registration for city fall youth recreation programs is now open online. The after-school program at Atkinson Park serves children currently enrolled in second through fifth grades. Soccer and swimming programs also are available. Volunteer coaches are needed for fall soccer. If interested, please call 726-7820 or email bnoyes@ketchumidaho.org.
City Partners with WaterSmart Software
Ketchum's partnership with WaterSmart will allow residents to access detailed information about their household water use, compare it to homes of similar sizes in their neighborhood and have access to customized recommendations on how to save water and money. The portal will be available Oct. 1. Watch for more information in the next newsletter.
Girls on the Run Decorate Cookies for Police Department
It's not every day that the police department receives homemade, hand-decorated cookies. So we were particularly pleased when members of the Girls on the Run, a learning program for girls ages 8 to 13, brought cookies to thank police for their help to the community. The cookies and police chief even make a brief appearance in the new Girls on the Run video.
City Offices to Close Monday
Ketchum city offices will be closed Monday, Sept. 7, for the Labor Day holiday.
Attend the next regular City Council meeting at 5:30 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 8, because of the Labor Day holiday on Monday. City Council meetings are held on the first and third Mondays of each month in Ketchum City Hall. Click here to see the agenda and staff reports or scan the QR code.
Planning and Zoning Commission meetings are held on the second and fourth Mondays of each month. The next P&Z meeting will be held at 5:30 p.m. on Monday, Sept. 14 in Ketchum City Hall. Click here for agendas and staff reports or scan the QR code.
If you cannot attend the Council or P&Z meetings and have an opinion, please submit your comments via email to participate@ketchumidaho.org. Your input and engagement is encouraged. All comments will be reviewed.
You are receiving this email because you have requested it or done business with the City of Ketchum in the past. We appreciate our residents, businesses and visitors and look forward to telling you more about Ketchum and receiving your input. To subscribe, click here. If you would like to unsubscribe, please click on the link below.
participate@ketchumidaho.org | www.ketchumidaho.org


Take control of the drifting feeling on the highway or trail with the Fox Racing Shox 2.0 Performance Series IFP Steering Stabilizer. Wandering steering may be a symptom of over-sized or aggressive tires. This steering stabilizer will aid you by dampening any sudden jolts or bumps in terrain. Simply bolt the 2.0 Performance series IFP Stabilizer onto your Jeep Wrangler JL to experience smoother side to side movement. With an aluminum shock body, it will resist rust and dissipate heat faster than steel. The mono-tube's internal reservoir design keeps the oil and nitrogen gas separate. It is sealed off with a scraper seal, wiper seal, and redundant sealing pack system main seal. Fox engineered this stabilizer to not fade, even under heavy abuse. The high pressure nitrogen gas and JM92 oil will not combine and cause aeration. For increased suspension articulation and reduced road noise, Fox uses black nitrile rubber bushings in their shocks.
Great product. Just put it on my 2018 Jeep JL . After I had my Jeep dealer install the 2" Mopar lift last month the Jeep would go a little wobbly at every bump in the road. This fixed it. Installed it in just minutes.
Looks good, works good. Not a big difference from stock but perhaps a little smoother bumps. Installs very easy with only two bolts and maybe 10 minutes of time.


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Home Entertainment Get Inspired By Gong Yoo's Hairstyle!
Get Inspired By Gong Yoo's Hairstyle!
zalora.com
The Handsome Actor Gong Yoo
Gong Yoo started his career as an actor in 2001. He is well-known for the Korean dramas The 1st Shop of Coffee Prince as well Goblin: The Lonely and Great God. His latest role in movie Train to Busan is also getting a lot of attention, as it has been very successful both in and outside Korea. Gong Ji-Cheol, or using his stage name, Gong Yoo, started his showbiz career as a video jockey on Mnet in 2000, and debuted as an actor in the TV series School 4 in 2001.
Beside his exquisite performances and talent in acting, Gong Yoo is also known for his fashion sense. His casual style and hairstyle, especially his natural-looking parting-perm creates a chic, mature men's look. It's become his signature look now, with so many people calling it "Gong Yoo's hairstyle".
In this article, Channel Korea will discuss Gong Yoo's signature hairstyle and his hairstyle evolution through all his career. Let's check it out!
Gong Yoo's Hairstyle Evolution
2005: Gong Yoo's Debut As an Actor
https://korea.iyaa.com/
Gong Yoo started his show business career as a video jockey on Mnet in 2000, and debuted as an actor in the TV series School 4 in 2001. When he made his debut, his hairstyle could be described as Gong Yoo's fresh hairstyle! He was still wearing this style when he appeared in the SBS drama Hello My Teacher, in which he played the role of a student who always got in trouble with his teachers. His hairstyle fit the role of a high school troublemaker in that era.
Not going to lie, Gong Yoo was a lot younger when he had that hairstyle, but it really gave him a fresh and youthful attitude.
2006: Gong Yoo's One of the Time Hairstyle
On MBC's drama One Fine Day, Gong Yoo appeared with an old-school hairstyle, which radiated a classy aura. Even though this kind of style is too old-school for today's generation, back in 2006, Gong Yoo's hairstyle was the most popular style for men in Korea. He only had this style for a little while, though, until he changed it again for another drama role.
2007: Gong Yoo The "Coffee Prince"
MBC.com
Gong Yoo was cast in MBC's romantic comedy The 1st Shop of Coffee Prince in 2007, which became his breakout role. The popularity of the drama not only solidified his status as a leading man, but also made him a hallyu star. In the drama, which also starred Yoon Eun-hye, Gong Yoo played a character who was full of coffee imagery and love, and the hairstyle he wore made him look more mature. Though it was a little too much, this style helped him to create the perfect aura for his character.
After his appearance in the drama, this hairstyle began to become popular around both Korea and Japan.
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Hotels in Phuket are available at low rates—even the 5-star hotels.
Take a look at Phuket's top rated and most preferred hotels.
Phuket is a very affordable city, costing only about $104 per day for a couple. Where you stay will dictate what you pay; inland properties are cheaper than those along the beach, but require some travel time each day to most attractions. There are also many hotels near Phuket airport for convenience. That said, 5-star hotels in Phuket are the cheapest in the world, so if you want to splurge, this is the place! The best hotels in Phuket, Thailand offer a diverse selection including luxury, economy, hostel and boutique choices.
Patong is the center of Phuket culture and nightlife, and home to many of Phuket's hotels. Inner Patong can be noisy, but is within easy reach of attractions and the city centre; while outer Patong is quiet, the resorts here are generally more expensive and upscale. Would you rather experience a night on the town, or a relaxing stay by the beach? Your taste will determine which area is best for your stay.
Most 5-star hotels in Phuket will run about $80-220 per night. The Pavilions Phuket is one luxury option that offers beautiful villas and friendly, professional service. Renaissance Phuket Resort & Spa is among the hotels near Phuket airport, measuring at just 16km away. This hotel also offers villas and modern rooms to make you feel at home.
The best hotels in Phuket, Thailand don't require heavy spending. The Bauman Residence Hotel offers fully furnished balconies and private outdoor pools, and is placed right in the heart of the city. Another one of the best cheap hotels in Phuket, Thailand is the Nap Patong Hotel, which has upscale, modern rooms close to the beach.
Hostels can cost as low as $5-14 per night, making them the best option for those in need of cheap hotels in Phuket, Thailand. They're accessible to students and youth, offering a sense of freedom even if they are light on amenities. Pineapple Guesthouse sets a great example for cheap hotels in Phuket, located close to Karon beach and offering motorbike rentals for easy travel. It even has a relaxed café with traditional Thai food.
Phuket is no stranger to hip clientele, leading to the establishment of many boutique hotels in Phuket City centre. BYD Lofts is among the best hotels in Phuket City centre, serving as a relaxing oasis from the ehustle and bustly of the city's daily activities. Surintra is a beautiful but reasonably priced hotel that provides great value and impressive views from its terrace and balconies. For the artistically minded, check out Foto, an adults-only hotel inspired by black and white photography.
Phuket's history dates far back to the city's foundation in the first century, B.C. by Indian colonists. Ever since this first settlement, the island has attracted traders and explorers from all over thanks to its rich natural resources. These include gem stones, ivory, peals, timber and more—but most notably and recently, Phuket island was known for its tin trade.
Phuket's tin resources generated interest in the region from Western powers such as the Dutch, French and British. Tin also caught the attention of Chinese laborers, who came to the region to mine for the metal. Today, China's influence in Phuket history is still visible in the city's architecture, cuisine and many Buddhist landmarks.
Phuket is a colorful and vibrant city, filled with open-air street markets and activity. Outside of the city itself, the island offers awe-inspiring views and stunning natural landscapes. The entire island is surrounded by crystal-clear water and gorgeous beaches, contributing to a laid-back, fun atmosphere for travelers and locals alike to enjoy.
Phuket's population is mostly Thai-Buddhist, as evidenced by the nearly 40 Buddhist temples (called "what" in Thai) spread across the island—some of which are more than a century old! People from all over marvel at these magnificent temples that still play an important role in locals' daily lives today. Among the most notable temples is Wat Chalong. This temple is guarded by two huge, gilded statues of monks who tended to those wounded in the 1876 Tin Rebellion. The temple also features an impressive pagoda reaching 60 meters in height.
Another notable landmark commemorating Phuket culture is the Heroine's Monument in the center of Thepkasattri Road's roundabout in Thalong. Depicting Kunying Chan and Thao Sri Suntorn, the monument pays tribute to the two sisters who raised forces—including women disguised as men— in 1785to fight the invading Burmese army. Every year, the Phuket people celebrate these sisters with the Thao Thepkasattri-Thao Sri Suntorn Festival.
Finally, Old Phuket Town is the city's historical district, filled with historical sites and traditional shops. Wandering this area is a great way to observe and take in daily Phuket life while learning about the island's history. Visitors can marvel at the mansions from the island's era of tin trading or visit public and private museums.
If you want to explore Phuket history and culture, check the tripoki tours search engine. This tool helps you find cultural tours to any destination, including Phuket, Thailand. You can refine your results by category, price and length in duration to plan your itinerary. Don't miss a must-see site!
Throughout the island, you can participate in authentic Phuket culture or discover amazing natural scenes. In addition to some of the historical sites mentioned above, beachgoing visitors enjoy Phang Nga Bay, characterized by steep, dramatic cliffs that stand in stunning contrast to the tranquil surrounding water. The bay provides an excellent view of Phuket wildlife in addition to its atmosphere.
Close to Phuket are the Phi Phi islands, made famous for serving as the backdrops of iconic Hollywood scenes. Much of the islands are protected as national parks, and tourists can explore the environments by snorkeling, scuba diving and kayaking.
Back on the Phuket mainland, you can check out the Phuket Zoo to meet exotic animals not found back at home. If you love art, the Phuket Trickeye Museum displays trompe l'oeil wall murals. The 45-meter-tall marble Big Buddha statue is another popular tourist site on Karon beach.
It might not be surprising to learn that Phuket cuisine is one of the biggest draws to the city for tourists. The island is well-known for its fresh, high-quality and affordable seafood. What makes dining in Phuket unique, though, is its Chinese-inspired cuisine. This culinary trend passed down through the island's history offers an interesting and unique take on traditional Thai dishes.
The Phuket beaches serve as great backdrops to evening dining. Stop by Old Siam Restaurant for a romantic Thai dinner along the beach. If you want to dig your toes in the sand while sipping on a good cocktail, take a visit to Casuarina Beach Restaurant.
Your stay in Phuket would be a waste without trying a dish straight from a Phuket street vendor. On a single walk around the city, you'll no doubt find temporary and permanent street stalls selling food of all types, from salads to roti to Middle Eastern cuisine.
Whether you prefer open-air street markets or western-style department stores and malls, you'll no doubt enjoy shopping in Phuket. Phuket Walking Street is a weekly market in Phuket Old Town featuring food, handicrafts and other souvenirs sold by locals. You'll find all sorts of unique curiosities here at good prices.
Stop by Naka Market in the evening to dine and shop in a festive night market atmosphere. You never know what you'll find at Naka Market. With even live animals on prominent display, there's always something fun to see there—even if you don't feel like spending much money.
If you want a shopping experience closer to what you'd find at home, check out Jungceylon Shopping Mall in Patong. This mall carries leading brands in fashion, entertainment, beauty and electronics. You'll find famous and familiar brands and shops and restaurants.
Phuket is known as a party paradise, host to an active nightlife and many parties. This makes it a popular destination for younger tourists who want to let loose and have fun after a day at the beach. The most notable spot for Phuket nightlife is Bangla Road in Patong, which is a neon-lit stretch crowded with late-night revelers. Popular clubs in the area include Illuzion and Seduction. Want to catch a live music show? Drop by Rock City Phuket or Red Hot Bar.
Befitting its festive, celebratory atmosphere, Phuket hosts many festivals throughout the year. Vegetarians will feel right at home on the island during the Vegetarian Festival, providing a fun way for foodies to enjoy the local culture. In fact, the Vegetarian Festival is Phuket's most popular event!
Shortly after the Chinese New Year, the Phuket Old Town Festival features parades, dancing troupes and other traditional performances that put the local artistic culture on display. Gawk at unique and beautiful costumes, including a Chinese dragon dance! This festival is fun for all ages, making it the perfect event for families to enjoy together.
The Kathu Festival in July celebrates the city's Chinese culture, offering delicious Chinese dishes and performances of music by Chinese artists. As a beautiful tribute to local performing and culinary arts, the Kathu Festival in Phuket is a great way to participate in the local culture.


The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), one of the most heavily sanctioned countries in the world, continues to generate enough capital to make consistent strides in nuclear and missile technology. To this point, it has been successful in avoiding regime collapse. This analysis details how the isolated regime has been able to function economically in spite of numerous sanctions from the United Nations and other countries around the world. Sanctions have been aimed at both at the political elite and general citizen levels. Elites use state institutions as well as businesses to generate substantial amounts of foreign currency to fund a lavish lifestyle and a nuclear program. Normal citizens rely on border regions and black markets for their survival. The pervasive use of foreign currency among North Korean citizens has appeared to keep the general economy afloat. North Korea has had numerous economic setbacks, but the reactions of sympathetic governments and the average citizen seem to have created an economic system that is increasingly resistant to crash. This paper synthesizes information from defector interviews, global trade reports, and UN effectiveness reports to create a comprehensive illustration of how the economy of North Korea continues to function in a relatively stable manner.


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Key Fifa official says Sepp Blatter must stick to decision to quit
Domenico Scala underlines need for a new president after reports of Blatter U-turn
Domenico Scala, head of Fifa's audit and compliance unit, has urged Sepp Blatter not to renege on his promise to stand down as Fifa president. Photograph: Reuters
Owen Gibson
Sun Jun 14 2015 - 14:54
The head of Fifa's audit and compliance unit, Domenico Scala, has underlined the need for a new president and for widespread reform in the wake of reports that the incumbent Sepp Blatter could try and stand again despite promising to quit.
Scala, who appeared alongside Blatter when he announced his departure, is understood to be adamant that he must follow through on his promise to stand down."For me, the reforms are the central topic. That is why I think it is clearly indispensable to follow through with the initiated process of president's change as it has been announced," Scala said on Sunday.
His comments came after a Swiss newspaper reported an unnamed source close to Blatter as saying he had received messages of support from Asian and African associations asking him to rethink his decision and had not ruled out staying on.
Fifa insiders swiftly branded the suggestion "nonsense" and in a statement world football's embattled governing body, in crisis since US prosecutors charged 14 officials, nine of whom are current or former Fifa executives, over widespread bribery and fraud, pointed to Blatter's announcement on 2 June.
In that statement, he said he would carry on until an extraordinary elective congress to be held between December and February next year. But he was clear in his intention to "lay down my mandate" and stated: "I shall not be a candidate."
Scepticism from those insistent on fundamental reform is inevitable since Blatter also promised in 2011 that his fourth term as president would be his last before performing a U-turn and declaring his "mission" unfinished.
Since Blatter announced he would leave, just four days after being re-elected as president, there has been great speculation within football as to his motives.
Some have suggested he was buying time to find a way to cling on as president. Others believe that, despite the fact that some of his closest lieutenants are among those indicted by US authorities, he planned to use the time until the new election to ease a favoured successor into the post.
Since Blatter made his announcement, amid the fallout from the FBI investigation that alleged a "World Cup of fraud" going back two generations, world football's power brokers have been circling one another and calibrating their next moves.
The Uefa president, Michel Platini, has held meetings with the Kuwaiti Fifa executive, Sheikh Ahmad al-Fahad al-Sabah, who supported Blatter at the last election and is seen as the key powerbroker in Asia. Sheikh al-Sabah is also believed to have met with Issa Hayatou, head of the Confederation of African Football.
Blatter referred to "far-reaching, fundamental reforms" in the speech in which he promised to stand down, but appears to be mainly focused on limiting the powers of the confederations around the executive committee table.
A Fifa executive committee meeting on 20 July will set the date of the "extraordinary congress" that will elect the next Fifa president, with mid-December the most likely date.
In the meantime, there will be continued pressure on Blatter to stand down immediately, both from within Fifa and without. Further revelations are expected as more US court documents are unsealed and the arrest and extradition process continues.
Damian Collins, the Tory MP who has been a prime mover in the NewFifaNow campaign, said on Sunday: "We know Blatter will do all he can to try and retain influence over Fifa to protect himself and this cronies. He needs to go now."
However, even if Blatter were to stand down immediately, under Fifa rules his place as president would be taken by Hayatou as the most senior Fifa vice president until an election could be held.
In the last week alone, Interpol has cancelled its relationship with Fifa and its director of communications, Walter de Gregorio, left the organisation. It came days after he told a joke about Fifa's travails on television, but the Swiss report also claimed he had clashed with Blatter because he was adamant that he should quit as president.
(Guardian service)
FifaAhmad Al Fahad Al SabahDamian CollinsDomenico ScalaIssa HayatouMichel PlatiniSepp BlatterWalter De Gregorio
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Latest news from the world of sport, along with the best in opinion from our outstanding team of sports writers


Whether you are a homeowner, business owner or municipality, you have several different utilities running through your property. These utilities include water, sewer, cable, telephone, electrical and gas. It is important to know where these underground utilities are located.
Whether you are just planting a tree or undergoing a major addition, it is extremely important that you "know before you dig." Pinpoint Leak Detection can locate any utility and identify them with distinctively different markings. By inducing an underground electronic signal, Pinpoint can not only determine the location but also indicate the depth of each utility.


text:
package voldemort.serialization.protobuf;

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;

import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;

import voldemort.serialization.Serializer;

import com.google.protobuf.Message;

/**
 * A serializer that relies on Protocol Buffers for serialization and
 * deserialization. Only Java clients are supported currently, but there are
 * plans to support clients in other languages.
 *
 * An example configuration of a value-serializer follows.
 *
 * <pre>
 * <value-serializer>
 *   <type>protobuf</type>
 *   <schema-info>java=com.linkedin.foobar.FooMessage</schema-info>
 * </value-serializer>
 * </pre>
 *
 * Once support for clients in other languages is available, a comma-separated
 * list will be accepted for the schema-info element (one for each language).
 */
public class ProtoBufSerializer<T extends Message> implements Serializer<T> {

    private static final String ONLY_JAVA_CLIENTS_SUPPORTED = "Only Java clients are supported currently, so the format of the schema-info should be: <schema-info>java=foo.Bar</schema-info> where foo.Bar is the fully qualified name of the message.";

    private final Method parseFromMethod;
    private final Class<T> messageClass;

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public ProtoBufSerializer(String currentSchemaInfo) {
        try {
            this.messageClass = (Class<T>) Class.forName(getJavaFqnForMessage(currentSchemaInfo),
                                                         false,
                                                         Thread.currentThread()
                                                               .getContextClassLoader());

            if(!Message.class.isAssignableFrom(messageClass))
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Class provided should be a subtype of Message");

            parseFromMethod = messageClass.getMethod("parseFrom", byte[].class);
        } catch(NoSuchMethodException e) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No parseFrom static method found, the provided class is not a Message.",
                                               e);
        } catch(ClassNotFoundException e) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
        }
    }

    private String getJavaFqnForMessage(String currentSchemaInfo) {
        if(StringUtils.isEmpty(currentSchemaInfo))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The type protobuf requires a non-empty schema-info.");

        String[] languagePairs = StringUtils.split(currentSchemaInfo, ',');
        if(languagePairs.length > 1)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(ONLY_JAVA_CLIENTS_SUPPORTED);

        String[] javaPair = StringUtils.split(languagePairs[0], '=');
        if(javaPair.length != 2 || !javaPair[0].trim().equals("java"))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(ONLY_JAVA_CLIENTS_SUPPORTED);

        return javaPair[1].trim();
    }

    public byte[] toBytes(T object) {
        return object.toByteArray();
    }

    public T toObject(byte[] bytes) {
        try {
            return messageClass.cast(parseFromMethod.invoke(null, bytes));
        } catch(InvocationTargetException e) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
        } catch(IllegalAccessException e) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Marvin Muoneke and Boulevard Big Band to perform with choir in Weston
Vicky Angear
Marvin Muoeneke and the Boulevard Big Band.
A Weston-super-Mare band is joining forces with a choir and Britain's Got Talent favourite Marvin Muoneke for a gig in the town next month.
For the first time ever, 18-piece Boulevard Big Band is teaming up with 30-strong mixed close harmony chorus Bristol A Cappella to perform a range of songs from Frank Sinatra to Ed Sheeran at St Paul's Church on July 13.
Marvin Muoneke, also known as Marvin The Jazzman, is also performing on the night.
Boulevard Swing is renowned for its exciting repertoire of live jazz music which blends 1940s and 50s big band classics with Rat Pack gold and more.
A Cappella Swing Fest promises to be a night to remember with rousing performances of some of the most popular songs of our time.
The event starts at 7.30pm at St Paul's Church, in Walliscote Road.
Tickets, priced £10-12 are available at www.bristolacappella.co.uk/shop


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Q: use Jackson JSON library with JAXB annotations I'm trying to enable JAXB annotation support within my RESTEasy based web application and this article was suggested to me (http://wiki.fasterxml.com/JacksonJAXBAnnotations).  I'm able to get the jackson-xc.jar but I don't see how to register the annotation introspector.  Currently, RESTEasy automatically serializes my JSON responses, where would the below fit? Currently, RESTeasy serializes the JSON object automatically.
Include jackson-xc jar, which contains org.codehaus.jackson.xc.JaxbAnnotationIntrospector
Register this annotation introspector
    ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
    AnnotationIntrospector introspector = new JaxbAnnotationIntrospector();
    // make deserializer use JAXB annotations (only)
    mapper.getDeserializationConfig().setAnnotationIntrospector(introspector);
    // make serializer use JAXB annotations (only)
    mapper.getSerializationConfig().setAnnotationIntrospector(introspector);

A: What you need to figure out is how to make RESTeasy use ObjectMapper you have configured. JAX-RS offers generic way to do this via providers, but there may be simpler way(s) to do this with RESTeasy.
Some JAX-RS implementations also register JAXB annotation introspector by default.
Last thing: are you sure you need to use JAXB annotations? While Jackson can use them, preferable method is to either just use basic naming convention for discovery and jackson's own annotations in case where overrides are needed. Problem with JAXB is that it is xml-specific so there is little bit of impedance when used with JSON.

A: Thanks for the reply, I'll take a look at your suggestions...
The reason why we want to stick with the jaxb annotations is that the @XmlRootElement(name="userResponse") annotation allows an extra wrapping element that we want in our JSON responses.  See example below:
We want to have {"response":{"userResponse":[{"user":{"businessRegion":"US","firstName":"joe","language":"en","lastName":"smith"}}}]} instead of what Jackson currently outputs, {"response":[{"user":{"businessRegion":"US","firstName":"joe","language":"en","lastName":"smith"}}]}.  Is there anyway to mimic the @XmlRootElement in Jackson without adding an additional wrapper class?
User class:
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD)
@XmlRootElement(name="userResponse")
public class UserResponse extends AbstractResponse{
    private Users user;