Since contact lenses are sitting in the middle of the ocular functional unit, they offer connections to many tissues at the ocular surface and they have remained of continuing interest to us. Members of the Ocular Surface Center Berlin (OSCB) have started their scientic work with contact lens studies.
Members of the Ocular Surface Center Berlin (OSCB) have served in the TFOS International Workshop on Contact Lens Discomfort (CLD). This initiative of the international scientific non-profit organization Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society (TFOS, www.tearfilm.org) has delivered the respective TFOS CLD REPORT in 2013 that found enormous world-wide interest.
Contact Lenses can correct refractive errors directly on the cornea and have some optical advantages. They are great tool for the correction of refractive errors because they act directly where the main refraction occurs, i.e. on the cornea.
Contact lenses allow a larger field of vision without the limitations in peripheral areas that occur with spectacles.
Thereby contact lenses allow a more natural visual impression than glasses.
Contact lenses can also correct irregular refractive errors in astigmatism due to corneal irregularities, much better than glasses. This applies at least when the corneal irregularities are milder and when rigid lenses are used. Because contact lenses form a new regular smooth outer optical surface of the eye, they can ´iron-out´ smaller irregularities of the corneal surface. The underlying irregularities of the cornea are then located underneath the contact lens and are simply filled by tear fluid which makes them optically disappear.
A further medical advantage of Contact Lenses is the correction of refraction differences between both eyes (termed anisometropia). This may result in different size of the retinal images (termed ´aniseikonia´) with problems for the brain to fuse them into one single image - This is quite irritating and can lead, apart from insufficient visual acuity, to a headache. Since Contact Lenses are sitting on the cornea and are thus closer to the natural optical system of the eye, they produce less differences in image size.
The correction of refractive accommodation impairment with advancing age, known as ´long-sightedness´ (or ´presbyopia´), can often be nicely achieved by using contact lenses. There are different strategies for applying optical principles in order to provide an overall acceptable vision outcome for far and for near distances without the need for using reading glasses or even carrying two pairs of spectacles.
Apart from these optical advantages, contact lenses are often superior when it comes to outdoor activities and sports where the absence of physically potentially impairing spectacles is often desirable. In this setting contact lenses certainly provide better visual performance, decreased risk of wounding and more ´freedom´.
We do not know the opinion of Roman Goddess VENUS (the Greek Aphrodite - the goddess of love and beauty) about cosmetic contact lenses but she may likely have preferred to avoid changing her immaculate beauty by wearing glasses. On the other hand, as she is just seawater-foam-born when she arrives here in crete she may have kept in mind that contact lenses are not ideal to wear in water. The most likely conclusion is therefore, that Venus was in fact emmetropic, i.e. she did not have any refractive errors - which is good for her and for us, because we can come to a successful end with our contemplations.
A certain division can be made between cosmetic and esthetic contact lenses.
ESTHETIC contact lenses try to avoid a change of the (normal) appearance of a person who would need an optical correction and does not want to wear glasses.
Cosmetic contact lenses are typically worn for medical purposes, e.g. when the colored diaphragm of the IRIS, located slightly behind the cornea, has any kind of malformation.
Such malformations can derive from disease or trauma or can also be inherited. In the worst case no iris is present, which is termed ´aniridia´, or it can be split (Iris ´coloboma´) or the iris may simply have holes.
Such Iris malformations are not only of conceivable esthetic disadvantage but they also impair the visual function.
A missing iris leads to a great ´overflow of light intensity in the eye. More than one hole , i.e. ín addition to the natural central opening, in the eye can lead to more than one image on the retina - in theory there would be one image per hole. This leads typically to ´Double Vision´ (´Diplopia´). So there really is a medical need for ´COSMETIC´ Contact Lenses.
However, under the term ´Cosmetic´ falls also the intended change of the appearance of the eye in all possible styles ... that could possibly be related to alterations of the ´personal body image´, or is more frequently, intended to impress other folks typically in public appearances.
Hmmmmm..... It is certainly needless to say that particularly such ´FUN´ contact lenses can cause harm to the eye. They are worn by typically inexperienced individuals on unconventional wearing schedules and may even be exchanged among people in the peer-group (... oh, great ... let me try that on) which can cause all different sorts of side effects.
Esthetic Contact Lenses are typically lenses that are worn because the individual needs an optical correction of his or her refractive error.
The refraction is then corrected by a Therapeutic Contact Lens if the individual does not like to wear spectacles because they are felt of esthetic disadvantage. Therefore Esthetic contact lenses are typically at the same time also therapeutic lenses.
Contact lenses can certainly be of esthetic advantage, apparently at least in view of many contact lens wearers as this seems to be the main reason for contact lens wear.
This applies even more to higher refractive orders that would need relatively thick glasses with ´bottle bottom´ appearance.
However particularly cosmetic and esthetic issues depend very much on subjective feelings ... and there are also opinions that highlight the potential improvement of an ´intelligent outlook´ by wearing glasses - well, that´s up to decide for every individual person.
are located between the eye ball and the palpebral conjunctiva.
with the risk of potential negative side effects ... but also with great therapeutic potential as a medical tool e.g. as bandage lenses post-surgery or as the novel types of scleral contact lenses that have evolved as an exciting new multi-purpose medical tool for ocular surface restoration.
Contact lenses are typically swimming on the bulbar surface within the pre-ocular tear film.
This is necessary for the smoothness of wearing and for the exchange of tear fluid during a blink.
The exchange of tear fluid is necessary to allow access of fresh tears to the tissue underneath the contact lens, mainly for the cornea since this has no own blood vessels.
Contact lenses thus split the tear film into a pre-lens and a post lens tear film.
Contact lenses are more demanding for the tear film and for the capacity of the ocular surface to produce such a volume of tears.
This is a reason why patients with dry eye disease, who typically have a lack of tears, have or develop (more) problems to wear a contact lens.
By their intimate relation with the tear film, contact lenses require a certain minimal amount of tear volume to be able to ´swim´. This minimal tear volume is higher than needed without wearing a contact lens. Contact lenses also increase the rate of evaporation of the aqueous phase of the tear film.
This explains, why patients with dry eye disease, who have an effective lack of tear volume on the eye, tend to become intolerant to contact lens wear even when they are used to contact lens wear and have worn a lens without problems before. On the other hand, individuals who appear to have a normal ocular surface but are in fact ´borderline´ normal, i.e. individuals where the available tear film is ´just good enough´, may develop dry eye symptoms when they are inserted a contact lens.
The latter case was actually the scenario in which Dr. DONALD KORB from Boston first identified Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) in patients who did not yet have problems without a contact lens.
… but then … why can contact lenses be used for a 'severe dry eye' ?
Patients with dry eye disease and a low tear volume typically have (more) problems to wear a contact lens - as explained above.
With this in mind, it comes as a surprise that contact lenses can be used in cases of dry severe eye disease as a very effective medical therapy instrument.
Such a lens, however, has a specific lens design (Scleral Contact Lens) that covers the almost whole anterior bulbar surface, that is normally exposed to the environment. Thereby, the available tear fluid is preserved in a tear-lake under the vault area of the scleral contact lens within a re-established kind of artificial ocular surface unit. These scleral contact lenses are explained in a separate chapter further down.
Even though contact lenses are typically swimming in the tear film, it is still unavoidable that they touch the ocular surface and cause friction, in certain regions and under certain conditions.
Contact Lens INTERACTIONS with the OCULAR SURFACE - A crtitical issue is the interaction between contact lens margin, posterior lid border and the corneal rim (limbus). Also, the contact lens margin typically exerts friction onto the bulbar conjunctiva.
A typical region of physical interaction between the contact lens and the wearer is the lens margin that gets in contact with the posterior eye lid border.
The posterior lid border is the region of the eyelid that is in most intimate contact with the eye ball. Most of the rest of the tarsal conjunctival surface of the eyelid appears to be slightly separated from the bulbar surface by the tear filled KESSING´s SPACE.
The Lid Wiper is a specialised epithelial thickening of the posterior lid border (the Lid Wiper) is the surface. It is in most direct contact with the eye balls and it distributes the tears into the thin pre-ocular tear film during the up-stroke of the blink.
Therefore, the posterior lid border is the region that is exposed to the highest amount of friction between the eye lids and the eye ball. In any event where the friction is increased, e.g. in Dry Eye Disease or in Contact Lens wear, the Lid Wiper of the posterior lid border will conceivably suffer first and probably most.
There is evidence for this concept because destruction of the Lid Wiper epithelium, identified and termed as ´Lid Wiper Epitheliopathy´ by Donald KORB, Boston, was found to be the first an most sensitive indicator of increased mechanical stress at the ocular Surface.
Some main side effects occur due to the direct mechanical impact, i.e. friction, of a contact lens and particularly its margin on the bulbar conjunctiva where they cause squamous metaplasia.
Depending on the fitting technique, the center of the lens may touch the apex of the cornea.
The contact lens moves with every move of the eye ball underneath and particularly with every one of the frequent eye blinks that occur about every 5-10 seconds to refresh the tear film. In the down-stroke of a blink the posterior lid border wipes over the contact lens margin.
Movement of a soft corneoscleral contact lens - the most frequently used lens type - on the ocular surface during eye movements and blinking.
The respective tissue irritation of the posterior lid border, which is the most sensitive region of the conjunctiva with highest nerve fiber density, is important This is usually the main issue during the adaption process of a wearer to a (new) contact lens.
In addition, all this typically occurs in the region of the corneal rim (limbus) - when the most popular type corneoscleral soft contact lenses are used, The limbus is a particularly delicate and important area of the cornea (please see there in the chapter for ocular surface).
Contact lenses are inevitably in contact to microbes, mainly bacteria. This is e.g. due to touching the lens with the fingers of the user.
but even when the fingers are cleaned, they were still in contact with water of sometimes doubtful quality, particularly when it comes from roof-top containers or had long rested in (warm) water pipes.
they live there ´as pets´ and don´t do too much harm - in fact a certain number and type of microbes is even necessary to remain healthy through a constant stimulation of our immune system.
This is nowadays investigated under the term of the ´ocular surface microbiome´ - sounds great and is a great topic ! However, under certain conditions bacteria may increase in number and then even ´pet´ bacteria can pose a problem, such as conceivably in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD). Or they may be joined by more aggressive/ pathogenic ´comrades from the neighborhood´ - a switch to pathogenic microbes can easily lead to a clinically relevant infection.
The ocular surface is a wonderful ´moist chamber´ for the cultivation of microbes ... full of nutrients and with very pleasant temperature ... and over all ... it is moist ! - Even thought there is certainly a plethora of so-called ´anti-microbial peptides and proteins´ (abbreviated as AMP) at their protective work.
Contact lens wear must be perceived to cause inevitably and continuous minute micro-trauma to the ocular epithelial surface that may breach the tight barrier of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium. This may make invasion easier for the microbes - most of which can normally not penetrate the intact epithelium. These contemplations are not pure theory but they are in line with a distinctly higher rate of ocular infections in contact lens wearers compared to non-wearers.
A particularly cozy surrounding for microbes are typically the contact lens containers where many microbes can produce a fortress of so-called ´biofilms´ for their protection and can sit their unharmed, even in the presence of effective disinfectants.
The formation of bio-films is a general protective mechanism of bacteria and also occurs on the contact lenses, where it may lead to deposits that are difficult to remove.
Some of these hygienic issues can probably be circumvented by the use of 'Disposable' Contact Lenses - often one day lenses - that are thrown away after use and are replaced at the next occasion where they are deemed as necessary by a perfectly new and clear contact lens.
But even with daily disposable contact lenses a certain increased risk of wounding and infections will conceivably remain, because of the named inherent general risk factors of a higher risk for micro-trauma and for possibly keeping microbes under the lens in contact with the tissue for a longer time than without a lens. This must always we weighed against the expected advancements of contact lens wear.
Scleral Contact Lenses with high tech designs and novel material properties have an amazing potential as medical tools for many ocular surface conditions, including severe dry eye disease.
Scleral contact lenses are very large - they span the whole cornea and rest on the bulbar conjunctiva overlying the sclera (...which is "the white in the eye´). Since they cover and protect the cornea, they have an enormous potential to treat many ocular surface conditions that were previously difficult to address without the use of surgery. In certain cases, Sclerals can postpone or even replace surgery.
Scleral contact lenses can be custom-produced based on the automated measurements that the clinician can nowadays obtain with sophisticated instruments from the ocular surface of the patient. Such custom tailored and perfectly adapted, high-tech material Scleral Lenses are much easier to fit and much more comfortable to wear than historic lens types.
Orthokeratology takes advantage of the effect that a rigid contact lens can slightly change the outer shape of the cornea - apparently without destroying or altering its integrity and health.
Thereby it is possible to ´adjust´ the shape of a cornea by overnight application of a rigid contact lens in order to correct the visual acuity. The temporary corneal shape ´correction´ typically remains for long enough time to have correct visual acuity during daytime without wearing this or another contact lens or glasses.
The change of corneal shape is only temporary and the ´original´ shape of the cornea will eventually re-occur when the OK-Contact Lens is removed. Therefore the OK-Lens must again be worn the next night in order to prolong and keep the effect.


text: * [SPOJ - Problem Description](http://www.spoj.com/problems/NSTEPS/)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
09:20 PM, June 23, 2019 / LAST MODIFIED: 09:25 PM, June 23, 2019
Opposition MPs slams govt for keeping scope of whitening black money
Opposition lawmakers today criticised the proposed budget specially for keeping the scope for whitening undisclosed money while treasury bench hailed it.
They came face to face while taking part in the discussion on the proposed budget for 2019-20 fiscal year in the parliament this evening.
Business leader turned ruling Awami League lawmaker Abdus Salam Murshedi said the proposed budget was good for countrymen as well as businessmen.
"Keeping the scope of whitening undisclosed money in the budget was timely and positive step," he said adding that the real estate sector will be boosted up for this decision.
"You cannot have development keeping money idle," said Salam.
About an hour later, Jatiya Party lawmaker Rowshan Ara Mannan censured the government for keeping scope for whitening black money. She alleged that the government keeps the scope to legalise the undisclosed money in favour of black money holders and the rich.
About the top 300 loan defaulters, she said the names of many large loan defaulters were missing in the list as they manage to keep away their names from the list through High Court stay orders.
"Government is interested to take credit of large-scale budget, but they are not that much interested to recover the default loans," she said.
"Government should ensure stern punishment for the loan defaulters," she said.
She urged to finance ministry not to increase VAT on e-commerce as it will affect online business. She also urged not to increase tax at source on family savings certificates.
Jatiya Party Sayed Abu Hossain said that banks are facing liquidity crisis as the government are taking loan from the banks.
He also demanded cancellation of additional five per cent supplementary duty tax on phone calls.
"There are some inconsistencies in the budget," ruling Awami League MP Tofail Ahmed said.
He urged the prime minister and finance minister to remove the inconsistencies in the proposed budget.
Tofail, however, did not mention the inconsistencies and termed the proposed budget as "very good one".
Tofail and others senior Awami League MPs like Amir Hossain Amu, Sheikh Fazlul Karim Selim, Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali, Afsarul Ameen, discussed Awami League's history and its contribution to the nation at length as the party celebrated the 70th founding anniversary on the day.
They also praised Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman for his leadership for making the Bangladesh independent.
Bangladesh national budget for FY 2019-20
whitening black money
Bangladesh politics
Khaleda subjected to 'state repression': Fakhrul
AL candidate for Dhaka 14 by-polls likely to be elected unopposed
AL founding anniversary: PM pays homage to Bangabandhu
Tofail Ahmed to give away all his property
UP election: 2 stabbed outside Patuakhali voting centre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Set includes 7 steel guide bushings in popular sizes plus two lock rings, all in a fitted case. Compatible with all brands of router bases or router plate rings that have a recessed 1-3/16" center hole.
Made in USA, 3yr warranty.
A good guide bushing setup is as important as ever, both for traditional pattern routing and for the variety of new bushing-based jigs on the market.
These Porter-Cable bushings are the genuine article, American-made with a 3yr warranty. The Porter-Cable design has become the often-copied, unofficial industry standard, and they fit all brands of router bases or router plate rings that have a recessed 1-3/16" center hole. Pair these bushings with a guide bushing-compatible MagnaLOCK ring for your INCRA router lift or router mounting plate.
This set includes 7 steel guide bushings in popular sizes plus two lock rings, all packed in a fitted case with the bushing sizes indexed on the lid for easy identification.


text:
Les Trigonioidea sont une super-famille de mollusques bivalves.

Liste des familles
Selon  :
 famille Eoschizodidae Newell & Boyd, 1975 †
 famille Erugoniidae McRoberts, 2017 †
 famille Groeberellidae Pérez, Reyes & Damborenea, 1995 †
 famille Myophoriidae Bronn, 1849 †
 famille Prosogyrotrigoniidae Kobayashi, 1954 †
 famille Scaphellinidae Newell & Ciriacks, 1962 †
 famille Schizodidae Newell & Boyd, 1975 †
 famille Trigoniidae Lamarck, 1819

Notes et références

Liens externes

Trigonioida

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Warning: This is based off of absolutely nothing.
For many years, Demons see us as toys. They live inside of our souls, waiting for the chance to ruin a life or break a heart. They torment us to get our attention before they rip our hearts out. They speak our language in our own bodies to gain your friends' trust. Keep that in mind as I tell you the story my friend told me 26 years ago.
It all started around 10:21 PM. I heard a vase falling onto the floor with a loud crash. I went to go investigate the sound as I didn't know what it was. I had discovered it was just a small priceless vase. I kept them around the house, because I crafted their patterns. I was going back to sleep when, a loud knock at the door woke me up. I grabbed a dagger and approached the door, securing the area 20 feet in front of me. My enemy Keith was at the door. Looking for an "Early Fight" even though it was 11:20 PM. I answered the door. After that Keith screamed with the dagger in his chest. I was stabbing him in the chest. It felt like my arms were going against my own will. Eventually I killed him with the final blow. I didn't even care anymore. I went back into my "Sleep mode" for the night.
The next morning was very calm. I didn't remember what happened last night, and I didn't care. I went into the kitchen to get my morning coffee, and to my surprise, I saw Keith's dead body. Frightened by the sight, I dropped my coffee. I decided to call 911 to "try and save his life", But it was too late. He had no pulse at all. What I didn't know was, "Did I do it?" "Did My Sins do this?" I Decided to bury the body before my friend noticed. I went back inside with chills running up my spine. I decided to watch the news to figure out the 7-day forecast. There was a news flash however. "Late Last Night, a psychopathic neighbor killed his own brother for no reason". Shocked, I changed the channel to watch Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs. There were so many questions I had. So little answers I got from the news earlier. I decided to take a very short nap until 1:25.
Around 3:25 PM when I woke up, I was covered in a lot of blood. This is when I lost my mind, and started running downstairs to watch the news. Upon reaching the TV, there was another story to be told and hopefully a few more answers to my questions. "Around 2:30 PM, The Psychopath struck again! Killing 12 Suburban Neighbors." Shocked and miserable, I turned off the TV and decided to stay up all night. Since it was Sunday, I would be glad to be back in High School before I took another life. During the time I was using to stay up, I was playing Pokemon White Version 2. I Caught a Shiny Lairon, a Cobalion, I got a Lunatone, and I beat the Final Gym leader.
When I walked in, people just stared at me with blank expressions. They were staring at blood on my jacket. My primary enemies were just standing away from me. I found out that my gym teacher hung himself because of the fear of being killed by the "Pyschopath". When I walked into my first period, I was the only student in the class, excluding: Steven, Samantha and Lauren. They all stared at me. Working for the newspaper was Terry. Apparently he found out that "I" killed my neighbors. Suddenly. Everyone sat away from me during lunchtime. Terry had shared the secret with the entire world! I lost control of myself, and stabbed Terry in the throat with a fork. I spat on him and walked away. Everyone saw what happened. The only one who didn't, was Zoey. She was my girlfriend. She would never betray me...Right?
The next day, there was a new neighbor. The neighbor was the new student. The others told him to stay away from me "Before I killed him". It sounded stupid to Zoey. It wasn't a joke to me. I felt ashamed after yesterday. I was left out of every activity, even Dodgeball. They wouldn't go within 5 feet of me. Zoey on the other hand, wouldn't go 1 foot within range. We were still close friends. The New Student was in my last period. His name was Ryan. We eventually became the best of friends. He shared what he liked about the popular trading card game: Yu-gi-oh in front of the entire class. He told us his favorite card within the universe. After I went home, the remaining neighbors were right outside my door. One had an axe. The other had a mace with a large amount of blood, another had a collection of daggers. Everyone wanted to kill me. I eventually made it into my bedroom without being killed by everyone.
The next morning, there was a very large amount of blood on the walls. I yelled loudly and went RUNNING into the living room. The news was on luckily. I could figure out what happened. "The Psychopath strikes again! Yesterday, 2 children and 19 adults were found dead in a suburban neighborhood. People are advised to stay indoors at all co-" That's when I smashed the TV. It was flying in the air, and it hit the wall with a crash. I never felt furious before...When I knew it. I really was the killer. I covered my eyes. I wanted to die quickly. I decided to turn myself in. I was put into a cell with Zoey. Which wasn't saddening anymore. I felt...Home. We were both charged with 10 years in prison. I was happy. I felt free of the devil himself.
Today, I feel like I'm free. Today, I feel happier than a clown...Today I felt like nothing could stop me anymore from living peacefully. Let this be a lesson. Never trust yourself for a second. Your soul can lie to you all the time. This is good advice, and I advise that you use it.


Berggruen Holdings is developing an integrated IT park and township project in Mohali, Punjab; the project land is spread over 125 acres.
Mohali is adjacent to Chandigarh, in Punjab, India. The area has unrivalled transportation links to Chandigarh, making it an excellent choice for many multinational corporations, including Dell, Infosys and Philips.
Mohali, with its growing population and corporate presence, is quickly emerging as a profitable option for developing commercial real estate projects.


Kitties with Addison's may not show any obvious signs of illness. When they do, the symptoms can be fairly generic, and can come and go for no apparent reason.
via Diagnosing Feline Addison's Disease Hypoadrenocorticism.


The Bachelor of Creative Industries at UON is a dynamic new interdisciplinary degree that enables you to combine creative skills with commercial awareness. The degree offers you the choice to specialise in your creative passion in a variety of areas including Creative Arts and Visual Art (Imaging Technologies and Studio Practices).
These Creative Industries specialisations are built around core courses rich in entrepreneurial activity, business skills, digital literacies and critical thinking.
Throughout the degree you will develop professional networks and engage with a range of practitioners and audiences. By the end of the degree you will have attained sought-after, real world skills that will position you well for future employment and entrepreneurial success.
With the emergence of new technologies in many creative fields, the creative industries are amongst the fastest growing sectors within Australia.


text:
Average Cost Of Car Insurance Per Month In Nyc ?>
Average Cost Of Car Insurance Per Month In Nyc
It calls for any replacement to "allow states to ask for and receive broad authority to reform their individual health insura.
Well, according to the Council for Community and Economic Research, the total cost of living in San Francisco is 62.6% higher than the U.S. average—and housing is.
The truth is, a $125 per person per month grocery budget may seem like a farce to a household spending $300 per person, but it's achievable.
Hiring movers can cost between $488 and $1,363 with an average rate of $25 to $50 per hour. The cost of moving locally can range from $800 to $2,000 for a four.
What is the monthly cost of car insurance for your Tesla Model S. Let us know what you pay Monthly, Ontario, Canada – I'm paying just $14 more per month than I was with my Subaru Legacy, Suburban NYC area.
Well, because anyone can drive an Uber car. Last month, Uber announced it would spend a paltry $10 million over the next t.
Aug 17, 2017. user wrote that friends tend to budget $1,000 per year for towing and ticketing costs;. While NYC car insurance rates are generally cheaper than those in. with an average annual premium of $3,550, compared to $2,272.80 in Manhattan. Startup offers monthly valet parking for New Yorkers—anytime.
Apr 28, 2015. According to the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), the average annual cost of car insurance nationwide was $815 in.
Oct 27, 2015. costs to rent a car at airports in the three largest cities in the country — New York City, You may already have insurance coverage for rental vehicles through your auto. Cost of car rental at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. ENTERPRISE. Two-day cost: $12.68 per day, for a two-day total of $25.36
Determining the average of car insurance isn't as easy as just throwing out a number and. MI is the area with the highest car insurance rates, with rates averaging $400 to $500 a month. D.C. in fifth with just over $2000 per year in annual auto insurance rates. 340 E 29th St #14C New York, NY 10016 – (401) 580-7272.
Many people are surprised at how much extra they have to pay when they use their private health insurance in hospital. By contrast, there are few, if any, additional costs in the public. ranged fro.
Here's what it takes in Canada, based on where you live Transport costs generally account for 20 per cent of after-tax income. If you're looking to buy a car, it's a bit trickier. Not only will you.
The population density was 1060 people per square mile. A 90-minute trip over 18 miles costs $17.65 in U.S. dollars. To ta.
The Annual Cost Of Pet Ownership: Can You Afford A Furry Friend?
How Much Should You Budget for Groceries? Check out this grocery spending guideline to see how much you should be spending (and how much you could be saving) on.
Is insurance. to make two claims per 12-month period, but the deductible for each claim is just $25. This makes the Wells Fargo coverage significantly more valuable for minor repairs, such as a rep.
In the North America, Zipcar and the City of New York announced. to Americas' costs, starting with fleet. We reduced second quarter per-unit fleet costs by 7% in contrast to the 10% increase in qua.
The size of claims — which in industry lingo is called "claims severity" — is trending higher and affecting several auto insurance companies.
Prescription drugs cost patients plenty, but the most expensive among them can be as much per year as a car (an average $35,411, according to automotive site Kelley.
Taking all expenses into account, the cost of living in New York City is at least 68.8% higher than the national average. If you live in the city center, however, it.
Mar 21, 2016. Wisconsin car owners pay some of the cheapest car insurance premiums, with typical costs at $912 a year, $413 less than the average.
This tool will estimate the out-of-pocket costs — like fuel, state fees, maintenance, financing and insurance — and depreciation of a car for the. about once a month, as tires lose an average of ab.
Cadillac is among the many car manufacturers looking. Cadillac's launching Book first in the New York metropolitan area, with the aim of expanding it to other markets gradually. There's no set term.
The average Model 3 insurance cost across 150 ZIP codes is $2,814 per year. "In the last month we had more and more people coming in with Model 3, and they were all complaining about high insurance.
See the average cost of car insurance for a six-month policy. Compared to high cost states, most states ranking in the middle per cost don't have as many risky.
Best 6 Months Car Insurance Some states allow auto insurers to cancel policies within the first 60 days for any reason. Auto insurance policies typically last six or 12 months. Switch your car insurance to the AARP® Auto Insurance Program from The Hartford and save. Enjoy great rates that recognize your experience and the extra benefits you deserve as an AARP member. Get an auto insurance quote today. You may be eligible for additional savings. Quinn Car Insurance Fully Comp Stripped Bare For Ricky Johnson's
Here's a sign that the connected car revolution is in full swing. Starting in February, a beta test in New York City will allow a select few (sign up now!) to rent a Cadillac for $1,500 per month.
If you own and operate a vehicle, car insurance is a necessary purchase. On average, Americans spend $125 a month, or $1,503 for an annual rate, on car insurance.
This is part of the same political-cultural civil war that I discuss in my New York Times best-seller. while keeping your.
A new report has ranked New York. per 100 million miles driven. "Insurance rates in Mississippi are also fairly low, which raises the chance that an accident will lead to someone paying for repairs.
Sep 20, 2018. According to carinsurance.com, the average insurance rate for. A monthly transit pass in New York costs $116.50 per month, about 75%.
Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen, stated in a message published online that National Preparedness Month is "an opportunity. by J.D. Power, the average cost of homeowner's or renter's in.
To own a car or not to own a car in NYC—that is the question.
Car Insurance Quotes Online Go Compare Advert
Cheapest Car Insurance Ottawa Ontario Events


text:
///<reference path="../../../android/content/res/Resources.ts"/>
///<reference path="../../../android/util/TypedValue.ts"/>
///<reference path="../../../android/view/animation/Animation.ts"/>
///<reference path="../../../android/view/animation/Transformation.ts"/>

module android.view.animation {
import Resources = android.content.res.Resources;
import TypedValue = android.util.TypedValue;
import Animation = android.view.animation.Animation;
import Transformation = android.view.animation.Transformation;
/**
 * An animation that controls the scale of an object. You can specify the point
 * to use for the center of scaling.
 *
 */
export class ScaleAnimation extends Animation {

    private mResources:Resources;

    private mFromX:number = 0;

    private mToX:number = 0;

    private mFromY:number = 0;

    private mToY:number = 0;

    //private mFromXType:number = TypedValue.TYPE_NULL;
    //
    //private mToXType:number = TypedValue.TYPE_NULL;
    //
    //private mFromYType:number = TypedValue.TYPE_NULL;
    //
    //private mToYType:number = TypedValue.TYPE_NULL;

    private mFromXData:number = 0;

    private mToXData:number = 0;

    private mFromYData:number = 0;

    private mToYData:number = 0;

    private mPivotXType:number = ScaleAnimation.ABSOLUTE;

    private mPivotYType:number = ScaleAnimation.ABSOLUTE;

    private mPivotXValue:number = 0.0;

    private mPivotYValue:number = 0.0;

    private mPivotX:number = 0;

    private mPivotY:number = 0;

    /**
     * Constructor to use when building a ScaleAnimation from code
     *
     * @param fromX Horizontal scaling factor to apply at the start of the
     *        animation
     * @param toX Horizontal scaling factor to apply at the end of the animation
     * @param fromY Vertical scaling factor to apply at the start of the
     *        animation
     * @param toY Vertical scaling factor to apply at the end of the animation
     * @param pivotXType Specifies how pivotXValue should be interpreted. One of
     *        Animation.ABSOLUTE, Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF, or
     *        Animation.RELATIVE_TO_PARENT.
     * @param pivotXValue The X coordinate of the point about which the object
     *        is being scaled, specified as an absolute number where 0 is the
     *        left edge. (This point remains fixed while the object changes
     *        size.) This value can either be an absolute number if pivotXType
     *        is ABSOLUTE, or a percentage (where 1.0 is 100%) otherwise.
     * @param pivotYType Specifies how pivotYValue should be interpreted. One of
     *        Animation.ABSOLUTE, Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF, or
     *        Animation.RELATIVE_TO_PARENT.
     * @param pivotYValue The Y coordinate of the point about which the object
     *        is being scaled, specified as an absolute number where 0 is the
     *        top edge. (This point remains fixed while the object changes
     *        size.) This value can either be an absolute number if pivotYType
     *        is ABSOLUTE, or a percentage (where 1.0 is 100%) otherwise.
     */
    constructor(fromX:number, toX:number, fromY:number, toY:number,
                pivotXType=ScaleAnimation.ABSOLUTE, pivotXValue=0, pivotYType=ScaleAnimation.ABSOLUTE, pivotYValue=0) {
        super();
        this.mResources = null;
        this.mFromX = fromX;
        this.mToX = toX;
        this.mFromY = fromY;
        this.mToY = toY;
        this.mPivotXValue = pivotXValue;
        this.mPivotXType = pivotXType;
        this.mPivotYValue = pivotYValue;
        this.mPivotYType = pivotYType;
        this.initializePivotPoint();
    }

    /**
     * Called at the end of constructor methods to initialize, if possible, values for
     * the pivot point. This is only possible for ABSOLUTE pivot values.
     */
    private initializePivotPoint():void  {
        if (this.mPivotXType == ScaleAnimation.ABSOLUTE) {
            this.mPivotX = this.mPivotXValue;
        }
        if (this.mPivotYType == ScaleAnimation.ABSOLUTE) {
            this.mPivotY = this.mPivotYValue;
        }
    }

    protected applyTransformation(interpolatedTime:number, t:Transformation):void  {
        let sx:number = 1.0;
        let sy:number = 1.0;
        let scale:number = this.getScaleFactor();
        if (this.mFromX != 1.0 || this.mToX != 1.0) {
            sx = this.mFromX + ((this.mToX - this.mFromX) * interpolatedTime);
        }
        if (this.mFromY != 1.0 || this.mToY != 1.0) {
            sy = this.mFromY + ((this.mToY - this.mFromY) * interpolatedTime);
        }
        if (this.mPivotX == 0 && this.mPivotY == 0) {
            t.getMatrix().setScale(sx, sy);
        } else {
            t.getMatrix().setScale(sx, sy, scale * this.mPivotX, scale * this.mPivotY);
        }
    }

    //resolveScale(scale:number, type:number, data:number, size:number, psize:number):number  {
    //    let targetSize:number;
    //    if (type == TypedValue.TYPE_FRACTION) {
    //        targetSize = TypedValue.complexToFraction(data, size, psize);
    //    } else if (type == TypedValue.TYPE_DIMENSION) {
    //        targetSize = TypedValue.complexToDimension(data, this.mResources.getDisplayMetrics());
    //    } else {
    //        return scale;
    //    }
    //    if (size == 0) {
    //        return 1;
    //    }
    //    return targetSize / <number> size;
    //}

    initialize(width:number, height:number, parentWidth:number, parentHeight:number):void  {
        super.initialize(width, height, parentWidth, parentHeight);
        //this.mFromX = this.resolveScale(this.mFromX, this.mFromXType, this.mFromXData, width, parentWidth);
        //this.mToX = this.resolveScale(this.mToX, this.mToXType, this.mToXData, width, parentWidth);
        //this.mFromY = this.resolveScale(this.mFromY, this.mFromYType, this.mFromYData, height, parentHeight);
        //this.mToY = this.resolveScale(this.mToY, this.mToYType, this.mToYData, height, parentHeight);
        this.mPivotX = this.resolveSize(this.mPivotXType, this.mPivotXValue, width, parentWidth);
        this.mPivotY = this.resolveSize(this.mPivotYType, this.mPivotYValue, height, parentHeight);
    }
}
}


text:
UPDATED: President signs omnibus including 'Cadillac' and medical device tax delays
Flickr user Tobyotter
President Obama on Friday signed the 2016 Consolidated Appropriations Act into law. The Senate had voted 65-33 to pass the $1.1 trillion omnibus spending bill earlier Friday after it had cleared the House easily.
The bill provides $622 billion in tax breaks, including delays to the ACA's Cadillac tax and medical device tax. The House had separately passed a tax extenders bill as a first step before approving the massive spending measure last week.
In a statement Friday, Vice President Joe Biden praised the bipartisan compromise, saying, "This agreement reverses self-inflicted wounds like sequestration, averts another unnecessary government shutdown, and lays a path forward to the type of governing by consensus that the American people deserve and expect."
The Cadillac tax was originally set to take effect in 2018. As previously reported, reactions to the Cadillac tax had been split as supporters argued its revenue is key to sustaining the ACA, while high ranking Democrats in both the House and Senate preferred eliminating the tax entirely.
With the tax now delayed two years, the government will lose the estimated $91 billion in revenue the tax would bring during the next decade.
In addition, under the measure, the ACA's medical device tax will be suspended through 2017. The 2.3% tax was expected to raise $30 billion over 10 years but the tax has been a thorn in the side of the medical device industry. Last year, an internal audit by the Treasury's inspector general for tax administration found thousands of companies were not paying the tax, leading to a big shortfall in revenues from the tax.
The New York Times reported Republicans say the tax discourages "the development and sales of innovative, lifesaving medical technology." GOP opponents to the two ACA taxes state the delay and suspension could help establish a foundation to repeal other ACA provisions.
USA Today House passes $622 billion in tax breaks
The Washington Post House passes spending bill that would avert shutdown
The Wall Street Journal Congress Passes $1.15 Trillion Spending Bill
U.S. News & World Report Deal on Spending Bill Offers Something for Everyone
The New York Times House Reaches Accord on Spending and Tax Cuts


I admit it, I am SO not ready for winter. You wouldn't be if you lived in the snow belt either… all the cold winter days spent snow blowing through drifts that go up to your waist.
But I am enjoying the stunningly beautiful fall colors that come with the season that ushers in winter.
Every day that I walk around my yard I wish that I could share the beautiful experience. The vivid colors, the slight breeze that rustles through the grass and leaves, the slight nip that cools the warm air… it is all so picturesque, so lovely.
Well why not share? I'll give you a little "fall tour" of a different sort, because I haven't time to decorate my house for fall, but I barely feel I have to with all the lovely things that catch my eye around my yard.
There are a slew of beautiful red, gold, and green leaves, berries, and more around my yard.
When I look out my living room window I see a field of ferns growing naturally amid an opening in the trees, and in the fall just before they slumber for the winter they turn the most beautiful golden color and all you see is a sea of gold ferns swaying together in the breeze. It is amazing.
I love ferns, green or gold. I'm afraid I couldn't do photographic justice to the field of ferns in the middle of my backyard forest. The sun glinted off of them, and they were just so lovely!
I've harvested nearly all the vegetables from my deck garden, but this little late bloomer seems to be determined to make it!
The last of the flowers hanging on through the turning season. The yellow really pops amid the beige stalks.
I hope you enjoyed the beautiful things in my fall yard. Take a tour of my summer deck garden here.
The fall color in your yard is absolutely gorgeous. I moved to the beach a few years ago and while I love it most of the year I still really miss fall and all of its beauty!
Thank you my friend! I wish you could see it in real life…it is amazing to see that field of ferns.
We have just a few select trees that are changing colors, but oh my your backyard looks stunning! I'm from Indiana originally so I love me a good Midwest fall!! Plus, I'm a landscape architect so I'm totally a plant nerd, too.
Oh golly, I wish you could come design my landscape! My yard is pretty but very much wild… lol!
Aw thanks girly! Shucks, enjoy the warmth while you have it! Lol! I'll be buried in snow before too long!


Written by Mansoureh Galestan on 27 March 2019 .
With political prisoner Fatemeh Mossanna and her husband, Hassan Sadeqi detained in Iran's Evin and Gohardasht prisons, respectively, one of the regime's agencies confiscated their house. Then, 10 days ago, the same agency seized the business belonging to the couple.
According to Iman Sadeqi, his parents suffer from various illnesses and need to receive medical care. However, judicial authorities have not been cooperating, and his parents have not been allowed to go to hospital where he made arrangements at his own expense.
Before they get married Fatemeh Mossanna and Hassan Sadeqi were supporters of the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK) and were both imprisoned in the 1980s. In fact, Hassan Sadeqi was only 15 when he was first arrested and imprisoned for six years. When she was just 13, Fatemeh Mossanna, and her mother, Ferdows Maboubi, were arrested and imprisoned for two and four years.
Fatemeh Mossanna also had three brothers, called Ali, Mostafa, and Morteza. All of them, including her sister-in-law were sentenced to death and executed. Ali Mossanna was executed while his wife and two daughters aged 4 and 6 were in prison.
Fatemeh Mossanna and Hassan Sadeqi were arrested on January 28, 2013, three decades later, along with their 16-year-old son. They were all imprisoned in Evin. While their son was released shortly afterwards, the couple remained under interrogation for a very long time. This was so they could be questioned about why they held the funeral ceremony for Hassan Sadeqi's father who had died at Camp Liberty, Iraq because this is where the PMOI members resided.
Camp Liberty was a former United States military installation in Baghdad, Iraq, which has been used from 2012 to September 2016 to house the members of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI, also called MEK), who had been forcibly evicted from Camp Ashraf. Now those members have been moved again for protection from Iran, this time to Albanian.
On April 9th, 2014, Hassan Sadeqi and Fatemeh Mossanna were sentenced to 15 years in prison by the 26th Branch of the Revolutionary Court in Tehran on the charge of having contacts with the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran.


Social change? Culture is the key to people's heart – Go India, go future!
It's culture that often is underestimated when plans are made how to offer a better education, how to change economic crisis and critical social behavior. But culture is often the key to people's heart.
"…In the outskirts of Dharwad, smack dab in the middle of absolutely nowhere, …you can hear sweet traditional Karnataka music plucked by the fingers of first through tenth graders.
Desai from School Without Walls, learned what he knows from Baskin Robins. Working at Baskin Robins as a young man, he realized that the company, as would be natural for a multinational ice cream chain, focused on earning and uniformity. Indians, he says, have lost cultural literacy with too much of a focus on learning to earn. His school, School Without Walls, instead focuses on cultural literacy, consciousness and the local.


text:
F-35 Makes Its Mark in Marine Corps, Air Force October 17, 2012 — The engines roared overhead as an F-35B fell into formation. Although this is a basic maneuver for the test pilots, the possibilities for combat environments created by these elite aircraft working together are anything but mundane.The F-35, which features three variants to be used by the Marine Corps, Air Force and Navy, is a single-seat aircraft MORE
Data Center Improves Self-service for ID Cards October 3, 2012 — The Defense Manpower Data Center is making it easier for service members and their families to get and maintain identification cards.The center has launched its RAPIDS -- Real-time Automated Personnel Identification System -- self-service portal to allow service members and reservists with the Defense Department?s common access card, or CAC, to MORE
Time Remains for Absentee Voting, Official Says October 3, 2012 — Absentee Voting Week is a reminder that it?s still possible for eligible U.S. voters overseas to register and to vote, the acting director of the department?s Federal Voting Assistance Program said today.?It?s not too late to vote,? Pamela S. Mitchell told reporters during a telephone news conference.Mitchell said that during Absentee Voting Week, MORE
Iron man challenge tests endurance, strength, teamwork October 3, 2012 — The Prince George?s County Police Department?s Special Operations Division hosted its third annual Iron Man Endurance Competition at T. Howard Duckett Park, Sept. 26, and several military teams once again joined in the challenge.?The purpose of the competition was to have the local agencies come together and build camaraderie, as well as show the MORE
Roth Contributions to Open to All Active-duty Troops October 1, 2012 — Beginning Oct. 1, 2012, active-duty members of the Army, Navy and Air Force will be able to contribute to the Roth Thrift Savings Plan as part of their investment planning, Defense Financing and Accounting Service officials said today.The after-tax contributions will be electronically deducted from service members? pay accounts.Active-duty service MORE
Dempsey Releases Concept to Build Joint Force 2020 October 1, 2012 — At the heart of the Capstone Concept for Joint Operations released today by the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is an idea called globally integrated operations, which will be used to build and organize Joint Force 2020.The concept stresses the military?s agility and flexibility as the United States faces unclear and unknown threats in the MORE
Computer Users Must Practice Cybersecurity October 1, 2012 — National Cyber Security Awareness Month in October lasts just 31 days, but practicing good cybersecurity is important 365 days a year, the Defense Department?s deputy chief information officer said yesterday.Because users engage with the network on a daily basis, good cybersecurity practices should be second nature, Robert J. Carey, DOD?s deputy MORE
A decade later: prior Marine, Seabee reunite in Afghanistan October 1, 2012 — The sound of power tools and commands come from the battalion aid station startling a few Marines walking by. Two corpsmen stick out from the crowd of sailors inside the building, working to remodel their work area.The two servicemembers started their military careers in different fields, but now they work together in Afghanistan. One trained to be MORE
Marines sight in aboard USS Rushmore October 1, 2012 — The pang of M16 and M4 rifles echoed across the ocean as paper targets where filled with shot holes. It was obvious that the Marines were doing work on the flight deck.During the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit and Peleliu Amphibious Ready Group?s Western Pacific deployment, Marines from Combat Logistics Battalion 15 decided to let loose a few MORE
Marines kick into high gear to prepare for air show October 1, 2012 — Before aircraft can soar above cheering crowds, Marines with operations and logistics spend months in advance coordinating and preparing safe boundaries with fencing and provide seating, water stands and restroom facilities for the comfort of spectators during the air show.?Their work often goes unseen but, without them the flight line would become MORE


text:
\section{Introduction}

A gauge Chern-Simons theory is interesting both for its mathematical
novelty and for its applications for certain planar condensed matter
phenomena (such as the fractional quantum Hall effect) and for nonabelian
gauge models in field theory. For example, the supersymmetric
index can be computed in ${\mathcal  N}=1$ super
Yang-Mills theory in three spacetime dimensions with a Chern-Simons
interaction at level $k$ by making a relation to a Chern-Simons theory
\cite{witt99}.

Recently the Chern-Simons functional has been actively
studied in low dimensional
topology in connection with Floer homology \cite{floe88-118}, where
it was used as a Morse function. This functional has also been used in
topological field theory, where the new
topological invariants of oriented 3-manifolds and links in it were
specified \cite{witt89-121}. The topology of manifolds can be studied with
the help of the path integral approach in quantum field theory, which
suggests the asymptotic behaviour of invariants including the
Chern-Simons invariant, eta invariant, Redemeister torsion, and so on
\cite{moor89-123,dijk90-129,kirb91-105,free91-141,jeff92-147,roza96-175,
adam95,byts97-505,byts98-13}.
Under such circumstances it is important to have an explicit formula for
the Chern-Simons invariant.

The Chern-Simons invariants for the case of $SU(2)$ and for some classes of
3-manifolds (including the Seifert fibered 3-manifolds) have been listed in
\cite{kirk90-287,kirk93-153,auck94-115} by cutting a 3-manifold into pieces
for which the invariants can be computed. The formula for the Chern-Simons
invariants of irreducible $SU(n)-$flat connection on the Seifert fibered
3-manifolds has been derived in \cite{nish98-9}.
In this paper we shall compute this invariant using the index theorem for
a manifold with a closed hyperbolic boundary
$X_{\Gamma}=\Gamma\backslash {\Bbb H}^3$.

\section{The Chern-Simons invariant}

In this section we briefly summarize the formalism that we shall use in
this paper. Our goal is to present a formula for the $U(n)$-
Chern-Simons invariant of an irreducible flat connection on a closed
hyperbolic 3-manifold. This invariant is defined by the Chern-Simons
functional $CS$ which can be considered as a function on a space of
connections on a trivial principal bundle over a compact oriented
3-manifold $X_{\Gamma}$ given by

$$
CS(A)=\frac{1}{8\pi^2}\int_{X_{\Gamma}}\mbox{Tr}\left(A\wedge dA+\frac{2}{3}A
\wedge A\wedge A\right)\mbox{.}
\eqno{(2.1)}
$$
Let $X$ be a locally symmetric Riemannian manifold with negative sectional
curvature. Its universal covering ${\widetilde   X}\rightarrow X$ is a
Riemannian symmetric space of rank one.
The group of orientation preserving isometries ${\widetilde G}$ of
${\widetilde   X}$ is a
connected semisimple Lie group of real rank one and
${\widetilde   X}={\widetilde   G}/{\widetilde   K}$,
where ${\widetilde   K}$ is a maximal compact subgroup of ${\widetilde   G}$.
The fundamental group of $X$ acts by covering transformations on
${\widetilde   X}$ and gives
rise to a discrete, co-compact subgroup $\Gamma \subset {\widetilde   G}$
such that $X=\Gamma\backslash {\widetilde   G}/{\widetilde   K}$.
If $G$ is a linear connected finite
covering of ${\widetilde   G}$, the embedding
$\Gamma\hookrightarrow {\widetilde   G}$ lifts
to an embedding $\Gamma\hookrightarrow G$. Let $K\subset G$ be a maximal
compact subgroup of $G$, then $X_{\Gamma}=\Gamma\backslash G/K$ is a compact
manifold.

Let ${\rm g}={\frak k}\oplus {\frak p}$ be a
Cartan decomposition of the Lie algebra ${\rm g}$ of $G$. Let
${\frak a}\subset{\frak p}$ be a
one-dimensional subspace and let $J=K\bigcap G_{{\frak a}}$ be the
centralizer of ${\frak a}$ in $K$. Fixing a positive root system of
$({\rm g},{\frak a})$ we have an Iwasawa decomposition
${\rm g}={\frak k}\oplus {\frak a}\oplus {\frak n}$. For
$G=SO(m,1)$ \,$(m\in {\Bbb Z}_{+})$, $K=SO(m)$, and $J=SO(m-1)$.
The corresponding symmetric space of non-compact type is the real hyperbolic
space ${\Bbb H}^m$ of sectional curvature $-1$. It's compact dual space is
the unit $m-$ sphere.

Let ${\Bbb P}=X_{\Gamma}\otimes {\frak G}$ be a trivial principal bundle
over $X_{\Gamma}$ with
the gauge group ${\frak G}=U(n)$ and let
${\frak A}_{X_{\Gamma}}=\Omega^1(X_{\Gamma},{\frak g})$ be the
space of all connections on ${\Bbb P}$; this space is an affine space of
1-forms on $X_{\Gamma}$ with values in the Lie algebra ${\frak g}$ of
${\frak G}$.
The value of the function $CS(A)$ on the space of connections
${\frak A}_{X_{\Gamma}},\, A\in{\frak A}_{X_{\Gamma}}$, at a critical point
can be regarded as a topological invariant of a pair $(X_{\Gamma},\chi)$,
where $\chi$ is an orthogonal
representation of the fundamental group $\pi_1(X_{\Gamma})\equiv \Gamma$.

Let ${\frak A}_{X_{\Gamma},F}=\{A\in{\frak A}_{X_{\Gamma}}|F_A=
dA+A\wedge A=0\}$
be the space of flat connections on ${\Bbb P}$. An important formula
related to the integrand in (2.1) is

$$
d{\rm Tr}\left(A\wedge dA+\frac{2}{3}A\wedge A\wedge A\right)
={\rm Tr}\left(F_{A}\wedge F_{A}\right)
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(2.2)}
$$

Eq. (2.2) gives another approach to the Chern-Simons invariant.
Indeed, let $M$ be an oriented 4-manifold with boundary
$\partial M=X_{\Gamma}$.
One can extend ${\Bbb P}$ to a trivial ${\frak G}-$ bundle over $M$; then
Stokes' theorem gives

$$
CS(A)=\frac{1}{8\pi^2}\int_{M}\mbox{Tr}\left(F_{{\widetilde   A}}\wedge
F_{{\widetilde   A}}\right)
\mbox{,}
\eqno{(2.3)}
$$
where ${\widetilde   A}$ is any extension of $A$ over $M$.
Eq. (2.3) can be viewed as
a generalization of the Chern-Simons invariant to the case in which $\Bbb P$
is a non-trivial $U(n)-$ bundle over $X_{\Gamma}$ \cite{nish98-9}. In fact
we shall show that the Chern-Simons functional is well-defined
${\rm modulo} ({\Bbb Z}/2)$ in the case of a $U(n)-$ connection.

\section{Invariants of closed hyperbolic manifolds}

Let ${\Bbb E}_{\chi}={\widetilde   X}\otimes_{\chi}{\Bbb C}^n$ be a flat
vector bundle, and let ${\widetilde  {\Bbb P}}$ be a principal $U(n)-$
bundle over
$X_{\Gamma}$ which is an extension of $\Bbb P$. Any 1-dimensional
representation $\chi$ of
$\Gamma$ factors through a representation of $H^1(X_{\Gamma},{\Bbb Z})$.
It can be
shown that for a unitary representation $\chi: \Gamma\rightarrow U(n)$,
the corresponding flat vector bundle ${\Bbb E}_{\chi}$ is topologically trivial
$({\Bbb E}_{\chi}\cong X_{\Gamma}\otimes {\Bbb C}^n)$ iff
${\rm det}\,\chi|_{{\rm Tor}^1}: {\rm Tor}^1\rightarrow U(1)$ is the trivial
representation.
Here ${\rm Tor}^1$ is the torsion part of $H^1(X_{\Gamma},{\Bbb Z})$ and
${\rm det}\,\chi$ is a 1-dimensional representation of $\Gamma$ defined by
${\rm det}\,\chi(\gamma):={\rm det}\,(\chi(\gamma))$, for $\gamma\in \Gamma$.

For any representation $\chi: \Gamma\rightarrow U(n)$ one can construct a
vector bundle ${\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi}$ over a certain 4-manifold
$M$ with
boundary $\partial M=X_{\Gamma}=\Gamma\backslash{\Bbb H}^3$ which is an
extension of a
flat vector bundle ${\Bbb E}_{\chi}$ over $\Gamma\backslash{\Bbb H}^3$.
Let ${\widetilde   A}_{\chi}$ be any extension of a flat connection
$A_{\chi}$
corresponding to $\chi$. The index theorem of Atiyah-Patodi-Singer for the
twisted Dirac operator $D_{{\widetilde   A}_{\chi}}$
\cite{atiy75-77,atiy75-78,atiy76-79} is given by

$$
{\rm Ind}\left(D_{{\widetilde A}_{\chi}}\right)=\int_{M}{\rm ch}
({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})
{\widehat  A}(M)-\frac{1}{2}(\eta(0,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})+
h(0,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi}))
\mbox{,}
\eqno{(3.1)}
$$
where $h(0,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})$ is the dimension of the space of harmonic
spinors on $X_{\Gamma}$ ($h(0,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})
={\rm dim}{\rm ker}\,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi}$ =
multiplicity of the 0-eigenvalue of ${\mathcal  O}_{\chi}$ acting on
$X_{\Gamma}$); ${\mathcal O}_{\chi}$ is a Dirac operator on
$X_{\Gamma}$ acting on spinors with coefficients in $\chi$ (for details see
Appendices A and B).

The Chern-Simons invariants of $\Gamma\backslash{\Bbb H}^3$ can be derived
from Eq. (3.1) as follows. For a closed manifold $M$ we have

$$
-\frac{1}{8\pi^2}{\rm Tr}\left(F_{{\widetilde   A}_{\chi}}\wedge
F_{{\widetilde   A}_{\chi}}\right) ={\rm ch}_2({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})
\mbox{,}
\eqno{(3.2)}
$$
where ${\rm ch}_2({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})$ is the second Chern
character of ${\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi}$, which is expressed in terms
of the first and second Chern classes:

$$
{\rm ch}_2({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})=
\frac{1}{2}c_1({\Bbb {\widetilde E}}_{\chi})^2-
c_2({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(3.3)}
$$
The Chern character and the $\widehat  A-$ genus are given by

$$
{\rm ch}({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})={\rm rank}\,
{\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi}+
c_1({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})
+{\rm ch}_2({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})
$$
$$
={\rm dim}\,\chi +c_1({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})+
{\rm ch}_2({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})
\mbox{,}
\eqno{(3.4)}
$$
and
$$
{\widehat  A}(M)=1-\frac{1}{24}p_1(M)
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(3.5)}
$$
Thus we have

$$
{\rm ch}({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi}){\widehat  A}(M)=\left({\rm dim}\,\chi+
c_1({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})+
{\rm ch}_2({\Bbb {\widetilde  E}}_{\chi})\right)
\left(1-\frac{1}{24}p_1(M)\right)
$$
$$
={\rm dim}\,\chi+c_1({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})+
{\rm ch}_2({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})-
\frac{{\rm dim}\,\chi}{24}p_1(M)
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(3.6)}
$$
The integral over the four manifold $M$ takes the form

$$
\int_M {\rm ch}({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi}){\widehat  A}(M)=
\int_M {\rm ch}_2({\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}_{\chi})-\frac{{\rm dim}\,
\chi}{24}\int_M p_1(M)
$$
$$
=-\frac{1}{8\pi^2}\int_M {\rm Tr}\left(F_{{\widetilde   A}_{\chi}}\wedge
F_{{\widetilde   A}_{\chi}}\right)-\frac{{\rm dim}\,\chi}{24}\int_M p_1(M)
\mbox{,}
\eqno{(3.7)}
$$
and we have

$$
{\rm Ind}\left(D_{{\widetilde   A}_{\chi}}\right)=-\frac{1}{8\pi^2}\int_M
{\rm Tr}\left(F_{{\widetilde   A}_{\chi}}\wedge
F_{{\widetilde   A}_{\chi}}\right)
$$
$$
-\frac{{\rm dim}\,\chi}{24}\int_M p_1(M)
-\frac{1}{2}(\eta(0, {\mathcal  O}_{\chi})+h(0,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi}))
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(3.8)}
$$
For a trivial representation $\chi_0$ one can take a trivial flat connection
${\widetilde   A}\equiv{\widetilde   A}_{{\chi}_0}$;
then $F_{{\widetilde   A}_{{\chi}_0}}=0$ and
for this choice we get

$$
{\rm Ind}\left(D_{{\widetilde A}_{\chi_0}}\right)=-\frac{1}{24}
\int_M p_1(M)-\frac{1}{2}\left(\eta(0,{\mathcal  O})+h(0,{\mathcal  O})\right)
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(3.9)}
$$
Using Eqs. (3.8) and (3.9) one can obtain

$$
{\rm Ind}\left(D_{{\widetilde A}_{\chi}}\right)-{\rm dim}\chi
{\rm Ind}\left(D_{{\widetilde A}_{\chi_0}}\right)
=-\frac{1}{8\pi^2}\int_M
{\rm Tr}\left(F_{{\widetilde   A}_{\chi}}\wedge
F_{{\widetilde   A}_{\chi}}\right)
$$
$$
-\frac{1}{2}\left(\eta(0,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})-
{\rm dim}\,\chi\eta(0,{\mathcal  O})\right)
\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, {\rm modulo}({\Bbb Z}/2)
\mbox{,}
\eqno{(3.10)}
$$
and

$$
CS(\chi)\equiv
\frac{1}{2}\left({\rm dim}{\chi}\eta(0,{\mathcal  O})-
\eta(0,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})\right)
\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, {\rm modulo}({\Bbb Z}/2)
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(3.11)}
$$
We are now able to use the formulae (C.3) and (C.6) of Appendix C for the eta
invariant in Eq. (3.11).
It follows that

$$
Z(0,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})=Z(0,{\mathcal  O})^{{\rm dim}\,{\chi}}
e^{-2\pi i CS(\chi)}
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(3.12)}
$$
Finally the Chern-Simons functional takes the form

$$
CS(\chi)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}{\rm log}\left[
\frac{Z(0,{\mathcal  O})^{{\rm dim}\,\chi}}{Z(0,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})}\right]
\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, {\rm modulo}({\Bbb Z}/2)
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(3.13)}
$$

\section{Concluding remarks}

For an irreducible
$U(n)-$ representation formula (3.13) gives the values of the Chern-Simons
invariants. This is the main result of the paper. The formula for the
Chern-Simons functional involves a Selberg type zeta function
$Z(0,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})$ associated with
twisted eta invariants of Atiyah-Patodi-Singer
\cite{atiy75-77,mill78-108,mosc}.
In the case of a $U(n)-$ connection this is a well-defined functional,
${\rm modulo}({\Bbb Z}/2)$. Note also that the explicit results
(3.12) and (3.13) can be very important for the study of the relation between
quantum invariant
for an oriented 3-manifold, defined with the help of a representation theory
of quantum group \cite{resh91-103}, and  Witten's invariant \cite{witt89-121},
related to the path integral approach. We hope to return to this study
elsewhere.

\section{Appendix A. Dirac operators and the eta invariant}

We recall in this section some standard material on Dirac bundles
(for details see, for example, Ref. \cite{laws89}). Let $M$ be an
even-dimensional orientable Riemannian manifold with boundary
$\partial M\equiv Y$ and let ${\Bbb E}\rightarrow M$ be a hermitian
vector bundle equipped
with a compatible connection $\nabla$. Let ${\Bbb C}\ell(M)$ denote
the complexified Clifford bundle. We suppose that there is a bundle map from
${\Bbb C}\ell(M)\rightarrow {\rm End}\,{\Bbb E}$ which is an algebra
homomorphism on each fiber and which covers the identity:
\newpage
\vspace{1cm}
$$
\begin{picture}(120,80)
\put(60,30){$M$}
\put(0,80){${\Bbb C}\ell(M)$}
\put(100,80){${\rm End}\,{\Bbb E}$}
\put(40,83){\vector(1,0){52}}
\put(28,75){\vector(1,-1){30}}
\put(105,75){\vector(-1,-1){30}}
\put(210,50){$(A.1)$}
\end{picture}
$$
is commutative. Denote by ${\Bbb S}$ the spin bundles associated to the two
half-spin representation of ${\rm Spin}({\rm dim}M)$; then
${\Bbb S}={\Bbb S}^{+}\oplus{\Bbb S}^{-}$ where ${\Bbb S}^{\pm}$ are
half-spin bundles. $\nabla$ induces a connection on
${\Bbb S}\otimes{\Bbb E}$ which is compatible with both the metric and the
${\Bbb Z}_2-$ grading. The latter connection canonically defines a Dirac
operator $D: C^{\infty}({\Bbb S}^{+}\otimes{\Bbb E})\rightarrow
C^{\infty}({\Bbb S}^{-}\otimes{\Bbb E})$ described by

$$
D: C^{\infty}({\Bbb S}_{\Bbb E}^{+})\stackrel{\nabla}{\longrightarrow}
C^{\infty}(T^{*}M\otimes {\Bbb S}_{\Bbb E}^{+})\stackrel{{\frak M}}
{\longrightarrow}C^{\infty}({\Bbb S}_{\Bbb E}^{-})
\mbox{,}
\eqno{(A.2)}
$$
\vspace{0.3cm}

\noindent
where ${\frak M}: T^{*}M\longrightarrow
{\rm Hom}({\Bbb S}^{+}_{\Bbb E},
{\Bbb S}^{-}_{\Bbb E})$ denotes the Clifford multiplication and
${\Bbb S}^{\pm}_{\Bbb E}\stackrel{def}{=}{\Bbb S}^{\pm}\otimes{\Bbb E}$.

Suppose the metric on a neighborhood ${\frak U}\simeq [0,1)\otimes Y$ of
the boundary
is a product metric. Then near the boundary $Y$ one has a separation of
variables which leads to the representation
$D=\sigma\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}+{\mathcal  O}\right)$, where the
decomposition $\phi = dx\wedge \phi_1(x)+\phi_2(x)$ of a smooth form $\phi$
is used. Thus $D$ acts on
$C^{\infty}\left((0,1),\Omega^p(Y)\oplus\Omega^p(Y)\right)$,
$\Omega^p(Y)$
being the space of smooth $p-$ forms on $Y$. A little computation shows
that ${\mathcal  O}$ is an elliptic self-adjoint map on
$\Omega^p(Y)$ defined by
${\mathcal  O}\phi=(-1)^{k+p+1}(\varepsilon*d-d*)\phi$
\cite{atiy75-77}, where the symbol $*$ denotes
the duality operator on $Y$, $k=({\rm dim}\,Y)/4$ and
$\phi$ is either a
$2p-$ form $(\varepsilon=1)$ or a $(2p-1)-$ form $(\varepsilon=-1)$.
The operator ${\mathcal  O}$ maps even (odd) forms to even (odd) forms and can
therefore be decomposed as follows:
${\mathcal  O}={\mathcal  O}^{ev}\oplus{\mathcal  O}^{odd}$,
where ${\mathcal  O}^{ev}$ is isomorphic
to ${\mathcal  O}^{odd}$ \cite{atiy75-77}.

Recall some standard material on the eta invariant
of a self-adjoint elliptic differential operator acting on a compact
manifold $Y$.
For details we refer the reader to Refs. \cite{atiy75-77,atiy75-78,atiy76-79}
where the eta invariant
was introduced in connection with the index theorem for a manifold with
boundary. To define a spectral invariant which measures the asymmetry of the
spectrum ${\rm Spec}({\mathcal  O})$ of an operator ${\mathcal  O}$,
one starts with next proposition.

\medskip
\par \noindent
{\bf Proposition A.1.}\,\,\,{\em The holomorphic function

$$
\eta(s,{\mathcal  O})\stackrel{def}{=}
\sum_{\lambda\in {\rm Spec}{\mathcal  O}\backslash\{0\}}
{\rm sgn}(\lambda)|\lambda|^{-s}={\rm Tr}\left({\mathcal  O}
\left({\mathcal  O}^2\right)^{-(s+1)/2}\right)
\mbox{,}
\eqno{(A.3)}
$$
is well defined for all $\Re s\gg 0$ and extends to a meromorphic function
on ${\Bbb C}$}.

\medskip

Indeed, from the asymptotic behaviour of the heat operator at $t=0$,
${\rm Tr}\left({\mathcal  O}\exp{(-t{\mathcal  O}^2)}\right)=O(t^{1/2})$
\cite{bism86-107} and from the identity

$$
\eta(s,{\mathcal  O})
=\frac{1}{\Gamma\left(\frac{s+1}{2}\right)}\int_{{\Bbb R}_{+}}
{\rm Tr}\left({\mathcal  O} e^{-t{\mathcal  O}^2}\right)t^{(s-1)/2}dt
\mbox{,}
\eqno{(A.4)}
$$
it follows that $\eta(s,{\mathcal  O})$ admits a meromorphic extension to the
whole $s-$ plane, with at most simple poles at
$s=({\rm dim}\,Y-k)/({\rm ord}\,{\mathcal  O})$\,\,\,$(k\in {\Bbb Z}_{+})$ and
locally computable residues.

It has been established that point $s=0$ is not a pole, which makes it
possible to define the eta invariant of ${\mathcal  O}$ by
$\eta(0,{\mathcal  O})$.
It also follows directly that
$\eta(0,-{\mathcal  O})=-\eta(0,{\mathcal  O})$ and
$\eta(0,\lambda{\mathcal  O})=\eta(0,{\mathcal  O})$, $\forall \lambda>0$.
One can attach the eta invariant to any operator of Dirac type on a compact
Riemannian manifold of odd dimension. Dirac operators on even dimensional
manifolds have symmetric spectrums and, therefore, trivial eta invariants.
Because ${\mathcal  O}^{ev}$ is isomorphic to ${\mathcal  O}^{odd}$, we have

$$
\eta(s,{\mathcal  O}^{ev})=\eta(s,{\mathcal  O}^{odd})=
\frac{1}{2}\eta(s,{\mathcal  O})
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(A.5)}
$$

\section{Appendix B. Closed geodesics on negative curvature manifold and
Selberg type zeta function}

Let $Y$ be a compact oriented $(4m-1)-$ dimensional Riemannian manifold of
constant negative curvature. A remarkable formula relating
$\eta(s,B)$,\, $B\equiv{\mathcal  O}^{ev}$, to the closed geodesics on $Y$
has been derived by Millson \cite{mill78-108}. More explicitly, Millson
proved the following result for a Selberg type (Shintani) zeta function.

\medskip
\par \noindent
{\bf Theorem B.1} (Millson [20]).\,\,\,{\em Define a zeta function by the
following series which is absolutely convergent for $\Re\,s>0$

$$
{\rm log}Z(s,B)\stackrel{def}{=}\sum_{[\gamma]\neq 1}
\frac{{\rm Tr}\tau^{+}_{\gamma}-{\rm Tr}\tau^{-}_{\gamma}}
{|{\rm det}(I-P_h(\gamma))|^{1/2}}\frac{e^{-s\ell(\gamma)}}{m(\gamma)}
\mbox{,}
\eqno{(B.1)}
$$
where $[\gamma]$ runs over the nontrivial conjugacy classes in
$\Gamma=\pi_1(Y)$, $\ell(\gamma)$ is the length of the closed geodesic
$c_{\gamma}$ (with multiplicity $m(\gamma)$) in the free homotopy class
corresponding to $[\gamma]$, $P_h(\gamma)$ is the restriction of the linear
Poincar\'{e} map $P(\gamma)=d\Phi_1$ at $(c_{\gamma},\dot{c}_{\gamma})\in TY$
to the directions normal to the geodesic flow $\Phi_t$ and
$\tau^{\pm}_{\gamma}$ is parallel translation around $c_{\gamma}$ on
$\Lambda^{\pm}_{\gamma}=\pm i$ eigenspace of
$\sigma_B(\dot{c}_{\gamma})$ ($\sigma_B$ denoting the principal symbol of $B$).
Then $Z(s,B)$ admits a meromorphic continuation to the entire complex plane,
which in particular is holomorphic at $0$. Moreover

$$
{\rm log}Z(0,B)=\pi i\eta(0,B)
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(B.2)}
$$
}

\medskip

In fact $Z(s,B)$ satisfies the functional equation

$$
Z(s,B)Z(-s,B)=e^{2\pi i\eta(0,B)}
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(B.3)}
$$

\section{Appendix C. Twisted eta invariants associated to locally symmetric
spaces}

Milson's formulae have been extended by Moscovici and Stanton \cite{mosc}
to Dirac type operators (acting in non-positively curved locally symmetric
manifolds), even with additional coefficients in locally flat bundles. We
now present the main results obtained in \cite{mosc}.

Let ${\widetilde   Y}$ denote be a simply connected cover of $Y$ which is
a symmetric space of noncompact type, and let ${\Bbb {\widetilde   E}}$
denote the pull-back to $\widetilde   Y$ for any vector bundle
${\Bbb E}$ over $Y$. Bundles which will be considered satisfy a local
homogeneity condition. Namely, a vector bundle ${\Bbb E}$ over $Y$ is
${\mathcal  G}-$ locally homogeneous, for some Lie group ${\mathcal G}$, if
there is a smooth action of ${\mathcal  G}$ on ${\Bbb E}$ which is
linear on the fibers and covers the action of ${\mathcal  G}$ on
$\widetilde   Y$. Standard
constructions from linear algebra applied to any ${\mathcal  G}-$ locally
homogeneous ${\Bbb E}$ give in natural way corresponding ${\mathcal  G}-$
locally homogeneous
vector bundles. In particular, all bundles $TY, {\Bbb C}\ell(Y),
{\rm End}\,{\Bbb E}\simeq {\Bbb E}^{*}\otimes {\Bbb E}$ are ${\mathcal  G}-$
locally
homogeneous \cite{mosc}. We shall require also that all constructions
associated with ${\mathcal  G}-$ locally homogeneous bundles to be
${\mathcal  G}-$
equivariant. For example, for each $g$ in ${\mathcal  G}$ the commutative
diagram is

$$
\begin{CD}
{\Bbb C}\ell(\widetilde   Y)@> >>{\rm End}\,{\widetilde  {\Bbb E}}\\
@V{ g}VV @VVgV\\
{\Bbb C}\ell(\widetilde   Y)@> >> {\rm End}\,{\widetilde  {\Bbb E}}
\end{CD}
\eqno{(C.1)}
$$
\vspace{0.3cm}

\noindent
Let ${\mathcal  O}$ denote a generalized Dirac operator associated to a locally
homogeneous bundle ${\Bbb E}$ over $Y$. We shall require ${\mathcal  G}-$
equivariance for ${\widetilde   \nabla}$ the lift of $\nabla$ to
${\widetilde   {\Bbb E}}$ and therefore
the corresponding Dirac operator is then ${\mathcal  G}-$ invariant.

The main results can be stated as follows.

\medskip
\par \noindent
{\bf Theorem C.1} (Moscovici and Stanton [21]).\,\,\,{\em The following
function can be defined, initially for $\Re(s^2)\gg 0$, by the formula

$$
{\rm log}Z(s,{\mathcal  O})\stackrel{def}{=}
\sum_{[\gamma]\in {\mathcal  E}_1(\Gamma)}
(-1)^q\frac{L(\gamma,{\mathcal  O})}
{|{\rm det}(I-P_h(\gamma))|^{1/2}}\frac{e^{-s\ell(\gamma)}}{m(\gamma)}
\mbox{,}
\eqno{(C.2)}
$$
where ${\mathcal  E}_1(\Gamma)$ is the set of those conjugacy classes
$[\gamma]$
for which $Y_{\gamma}$ has the property that the Euclidean de Rham factor
of ${\widetilde   Y}_{\gamma}$ is 1-dimensional, the number $q$ is one-half the
dimension of the fiber of the center bundle $C(TY)$ over $Y_{\gamma}$, and
$L(\gamma,{\mathcal  O})$ is the
Lefschetz number (see Ref. \cite{hott73-10}).
Furthermore ${\rm log}Z(s,{\mathcal  O})$ has a meromorphic continuation to
${\Bbb C}$ given by the identity

$$
{\rm log}Z(s,{\mathcal  O})={\rm log}{\rm det}^{'}
\left(\frac{{\mathcal  O}-is}{{\mathcal  O}+is}\right)
+\pi i\eta(s,{\mathcal  O})
\mbox{,}
\eqno{(C.3)}
$$
where $s\in i{\rm Spec}^{'}({\mathcal  O})$\,\,\,
$({\rm Spec}({\mathcal  O})-\{0\})$, and $Z(s,{\mathcal  O})$ satisfies the
functional equation

$$
Z(s,{\mathcal  O})Z(-s,{\mathcal  O})=e^{2\pi i\eta(s,{\mathcal  O})}
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(C.4)}
$$
}
\medskip

Suppose now $\chi: \Gamma\rightarrow U(F)$ be a unitary representation of
$\Gamma$ on $F$. The Hermitian vector bundle
${\Bbb F}={\widetilde   Y}\times_{\Gamma}F$ over $Y$ inherits a flat
connection from the trivial connection on
${\widetilde   Y}\times F$. We specialize to the case of locally
homogeneous Dirac operators
${\mathcal  O}: C^{\infty}(Y,{\Bbb E})\rightarrow C^{\infty}(Y,{\Bbb E})$ in
order to construct a generalized operator ${\mathcal  O}_{\chi}$, acting on
spinors with coefficients in $\chi$.
If ${\mathcal  O}: C^{\infty}(Y,V)\rightarrow C^{\infty}(Y,V)$ is
a differential operator acting on the sections of the vector bundle $V$,
then ${\mathcal  O}$ extends canonically to a differential operator
${\mathcal  O}_{\chi}: C^{\infty}(Y,V\otimes{\Bbb F})\rightarrow
C^{\infty}(Y,V\otimes{\Bbb F})$, uniquely characterized by the property that
${\mathcal  O}_{\chi}$ is locally isomorphic to
${\mathcal  O}\otimes...\otimes {\mathcal  O}$\,\,\,(${\rm dim}\,F$ times)
\cite{mosc}.

One can repeat the arguments of the previous sections to construct a twisted
zeta function $Z(s,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})$.

\medskip
\par \noindent
{\bf Theorem C.2} (Moscovici and Stanton [21]).\,\,\,{\em There exists a
zeta function  $Z(s,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})$, meromorphic on ${\Bbb C}$,
given for $\Re(s^2)\gg 0$ by the formula

$$
{\rm log}Z(s,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})\stackrel{def}{=}
\sum_{[\gamma]\in {\mathcal  E}_1(\Gamma)}
(-1)^q{\rm Tr}\chi(\gamma)\frac{L(\gamma,{\mathcal  O})}
{|{\rm det}(I-P_h(\gamma))|^{1/2}}\frac{e^{-s\ell(\gamma)}}{m(\gamma)}
\mbox{;}
\eqno{(C.5)}
$$
moreover one has

$$
{\rm log}Z(0,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})=\pi i\eta(0,{\mathcal  O}_{\chi})
\mbox{.}
\eqno{(C.6)}
$$
}
\medskip

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
PoliticsCommunity
Notable Black Politicians That Made History On Tuesday's Election
BExcellence Team
This past Tuesday was a great day for the many black politicians in America. A large number of them were victorious in state and local races across the nation. These politicians range from mayors to a lieutenant governor to council members. Even more impressing, a number of them also made history for being the first black person (or one of the very few) elected for their position.
Here is the list of the black politicians that were victorious this past Tuesday.
Justin Fairfax, Lieutenant Governor-elect of Virginia
The DNC spent a lot of money and effort courting the black vote in Virginia. It paid off! Eighty seven percent of African-Americans in Virginia voted for Ralph Northam, getting his number two on the ticket elected as lieutenant governor. Fairfax is only the 2nd black politician to be elected to a state-wide office.
Sheila Y. Oliver, Lieutenant Governor-elect of New Jersey
This former Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly made history as the New Jersey's first Black lieutenant governor-elect.
RELATED: Will Recent Racial Tensions Reengage Black Voter Turnout?
Vi Lyles, Mayor-elect of Charlotte, NC
Charlotte elected its first black female mayor this past Tuesday. Vi Lyles formerly served as assistant city manager in Charlotte.
Andrea Jenkins, City Council Member elect in Minneapolis
In a historic win, Andrea Jenkins became the first openly transgender black woman elected to a public office in America.
Wilmot Collins, Mayor-elect of Helena, Montana
This Liberian-born immigrant became the first black mayor-elect in Montana in modern history. Collins immigrated to the U.S. 23 years ago and worked in the state's Department of Health and Human Services and specialized in child protection.
There were even more African American politicians elected to various positions. If this trend continues, we should see more diversity to the election process in the highly important mid-term elections coming up next year.
politics featured community
The Black Excellence Team is here to deliver to you the best in black culture, lifestyle, travel, and more!
3 Steps to Take When Starting a Non-profit Organization
Black Don't Crack: 50 Stunning Stars Over 50


text:
Book Review: All Rights Reserved
All Rights Reserved is Gregory Katsoulis' debut book and he most certainly starts off with a bang! The story follows protagonist Speth Jime in a futuristic dystopian world where lawyers have taken control. Words, gestures and facial expressions are now copyrighted/patented/trademarked and come at an exorbitant cost. After the age of fifteen, citizens must carefully choose their words or risk falling into debt and ultimately becoming slaves of the government.
After having witnessed the death of her best friend due to the crippling debt his family faced, Speth vows to never speak again. Her silent protest sparks a rebellion as others are inspired to follow her footsteps. But Speth never wanted to be a leader, and in fact doesn't know in which direction she should be leading people. Then there are the lawyers and citizens committed to the regime who are constantly finding ways to make her life difficult in a push for conformity. This novel follows Speth's journey as she struggles to navigate through the consequences of her actions and decide what she really wants in life.
Review by a Surly patron & book-lover; find the book on our eLibrary here.
PLOT ★★★★☆
All Rights Reserved is different from other titles in the genre, in that there isn't a clear goal that the plot is being driven towards. At times this can make progress of the storyline feel clunky and slow. However, I suspect this was a purposeful decision from Katsoulis; the trade-off here means that although we don't get the fast-paced fight scenes we are accustomed to, it provides a greater sense of realism to Speth's life. She never meant to start a rebellion, and so it would be unrealistic to expect her to immediately rise to the plate and begin leading her followers. Realism lies at the heart of this novel, making this particular plot progression not only refreshing, but also a consistent and wise choice.
CHARACTER ★★★★☆
Katsoulis certainly created a challenge for himself when he developed a character who never speaks for the entire duration of the novel – but he rises to the occasion. Initially it may be difficult to adjust to the lack of dialogue from our protagonist, and the one-sided conversations can seem frustrating at times. However, where other people may see this as a failure of the author, what it actually represents is Katsoulis' ability to not only produce a captivating story but to also manipulate his readers' reactions. The very same frustration you might feel eight chapters in, is the very same that Speth is likely feeling. This successfully connects us to her as a character in a way that other novels can never truly achieve. Likewise, given that the entire narrative is from the perspective of Speth's thoughts and observations, this means only readers are privy to what she would otherwise be communicating to others. Katsoulis places readers in a unique position that fosters our love for Speth as a character and maintains her relatability. Without giving away any spoilers, be forewarned that Speth continuously makes poor (rather questionable) choices throughout the course of the book. Whilst some readers may find this cause for complaint, it actually adds an additional layer to the realism that Katsoulis works so hard to establish. The truth is, ordinary people consistently fail to make the perfect reasoned choice and sometimes they don't take into consideration the impacts their decision might have on other people. This makes Speth more authentic and not as predictable as your usual YA protagonist: readers become invested in her story, you will find yourself wanting to continue following along as she makes these critical mistakes but ultimately grows from them.
WORLD BUILDING ★★★★★
This is the area in which Katsoulis excels. He manages to create an entirely foreign world that is completely different to our own, and yet it feels entirely familiar. As a reader it isn't hard to imagine the few steps we as a society would have to take before we end up in the same position as Speth. In fact, the novel's world is so believable because Katsoulis takes the time to develop a story of exactly how society ended up this way. Often this is where YA dystopia fall short; they simply throw readers into a generic landscape brought about by vaguely mentioned climate threats, or passing allusions to government takeovers. With this novel, readers can understand very clearly how small, seemingly meaningless, changes to our world snowballed until the very fabric of our reality has gradually eroded beyond recognition. Not only does this further immerse you in the plot, it also provides depth to some of the key themes.
THEMES ★★★★★
Dystopian novels are defined by their ability to provide a detailed social commentary of the world we currently live in, and the one not too far in the future. However, sometimes YA fails to delve into these issues beyond a superficial glance. Katsoulis focuses his novel entirely on these key issues, abolishing the unnecessary love triangles and battles which would otherwise distract readers from the powerful messages of the book. The concept of this storyline was an incredibly inventive approach to exploring the issues regarding freedom of expression and, more broadly, how we use language in our daily lives. It makes you consider if the words you personally use have any value or if we are simply wasting them – this introspection is what makes Katsoulis' story truly resonate with readers.
All Rights Restricted isn't just another dreary YA dystopia, it is a story that deserves to be read by everyone; the concept is innovative and the central themes are well developed. Katsoulis produces a captivating backdrop for the relatable struggles of Speth and will leave you itching to pick up the sequel. So why not give it a try, you can find it in our catalogue here.
Keep up–to–date with all things MSA Find out more


By buying your products from Selfpharma, you are guaranteed that they will be of high quality. All products we sell have a packaging suitable for transport and storage.
For your comfort and safety, the products offered by Selfpharma are subject to rigorous control and created by leading laboratories and pharmaceutical institutes.
Selfpharma ensures you a minimal period of 2 years legal warranty on the goods of the site. This legal warranty applies to any defect of conformity of the bought good. The legal warranty can be called upon if the nonconformity of the provided good is noted in the 2 years after the delivery of the good.
If the defect appears in the first six months, it is supposed to exist since the delivery of the good. Selfpharma must prove the opposite in the event of dissension.
If the defect appears more than six months after the delivery, the consumer is held to prove the existence of nonconformity at the time of the delivery.
Any defect resulting from the damage caused to the good by the user will automatically involve the forfeiture of right.
In case of defect, the consumer must inform Selfpharma as soon as possible. You are entitled to a repair or the replacement of the good without expenses, in so far as this is possible and reasonable. Only if repair or replacement is unreasonable or impossible or cannot be carried out within a reasonable delay, a reduction in price or refunding is granted. The duration of 2 years warranty cannot be prolonged.


It' s been five years since Roger and Bracha Smith took over the reigns of the online model rocketry retailer, JonRocket.com. To thank all of their customers for supporting the business, JonRocket.com is holding a sale event which runs through July 8.
Almost everything at JonRocket.com is on sale with savings of up to 50% off the store's regular low prices. As always, orders of $48 or more to US addresses ship for free while Florida residents can get free shipping on orders of $20 or more by entering the discount code FLORIDA at checkout.
High winds threatened to spoil an otherwise perfect day for rocket launching.
But, we monitored the wind speed and launched during the pauses between the gusts.
Tom tested the winds by flying his Lawn Dart. It landed not too far from the launch pads. Then Tom flew his latest creation, No Stack.
Tom's cardboard creation performed a few aerobatic loops after leaving the launch rod.
Between the gusts of wind, Carl Campbell snuck a few launches of prototypes for upcoming scale kits from DFR Tech.
We were once again visited by an eagle which accompanied a flock of turkey buzzards circling over our launch site for a few minutes.
Ton Tweit launched his FlisKit's Nell twice. The first time, the igniter leads caught on the bottom of the rocket and it barely left the launch rod. The second time, it flew well on a B motor.
When I first saw the new little plastic Coke bottles, my first thought was … that would make a neat rocket. Someone else had the same idea, but actually did it.
Tom T's Pink Crayon was not the last launch of the day, but Bracha, Oscar, and I had to leave a little early, so it's the last launch we saw.
You can view the rest of my photos of the March ROCK Launch in the RocketReviews.com Photo Album.
After a couple of scrubbed launches due to dry weather, ROCK returned to fill the skies with rockets in June.
Flyers were anxious to turn in their flight cards and take their rockets to the launch pads.
One of the first rockets to fly carried a passenger – a single Love Bug. I'm not sure I've ever seen one fly solo before. I don't think I've seen one do anything solo before.
In spite of the very hot weather, we had a number of people show up to fly a variety of rockets including some cluster-powered birds.
Some odd-rocs also flew including an homage to my favorite sandwich, the Fluffernutter!
Tom Tweit, who I met at the Maker Faire, showed up and launched one of his crayon rockets.
One of the rockets landed inside our JonRocket.com trailer. I gave the owner a good deal when I sold it back to him.
As the skies grew a little more cloudy, Tom Tweit launched his Bull Pup.
Additional photos of the June ROCK launch are in the June 2012 ROCK Launch Photo Album at RocketReviews.com.


text:
Agrilus gaoligong es una especie de insecto del género Agrilus, familia Buprestidae, orden Coleoptera.

Fue descrita científicamente por Jendek, 2000.

Referencias

gaoligong
Insectos descritos en 2000


Doug Ammar is the Executive Director of Georgia Justice Project. An organizations that defends low income people in court and helps them put their lives back together — win or lose. We discuss his journey and the challenges of a holistic approach to social justice.
Doug discusses his road from law school to the early years of Georgia Justice Project, steps away from Martin Luther King's old church.
Doug talks about the early days of Georgia Justice Project when money was tight.
Doug goes over the breakthrough moment when he received a sign that he was on the right path with Georgia Justice Project.
Doug tells a success story of one his clients who overcame drugs.
Lobbying to change laws that affect people accused of crimes.
Let Doug know how much you enjoyed this interview.
Align your life with something bigger than you.


Japan's love for Kit Kat is parallel to none! Reinventing their love for the chocolate bar again, Nestlé, Japan will launch a new Chocolate boutique in Tokyo's hip Daikanyama district. The branch will be like no other and will present an all new chocolate tasting experience for its customers.
Being the ninth of the KitKat boutiques in Japan, the new store will be labelled "Below Freezing Chocolatory" and will offer an exceptional experience to all those who walk in. Giving a gourmet take to chocolate eating, the pop-up store will offer a unique "Minus-196 Degrees Celsius" Kit Kat which is made using liquid nitrogen to instantly cool the Kit Kat bar giving its exterior a crisp and crunchy texture. And not just any Kit Kat will be up for grabs. The "Moleson" model of the wafer bar, released earlier this year is the chosen one for this unique experience. There will be more in store for the customers who will be able to choose from 20 different toppings for their customized Moleson along with a choice of dessert sauces which will then be cooled using liquid nitrogen.
The driving force behind the chocolatory is famed Japanese patissier Yasumasa Takagi who has earlier delivered hit ideas like the baked KitKat in 2014. Visitors at the store will also receive picture books of the chocolate making process, a taste of raw ingredients including 100% pure chocolate pieces and will also get a chance to get clicked at the personalized photo booth at the store! Launching on 5th August, the store will be kept open for a limited period of 12 days. With its unique concept, the store truly promises to be the "coolest" place to visit in Tokyo, quite literally!
READ: Priced at $260 per bar, could To'ak be the world's most expensive chocolate?


restraint storage box is included. Led Strip lights to illuminate the floor are also included.
RAMP Height 1150mm Long X 800mm wide on piecelight wieght manual folding with easy up assist , including integrated handles on both sides.
Total Cost of this convertion in over $43000.
quick connect front and rear retractable wheel chair restraints and a lap -belt as standard .We will integrate the roof shoulder belt to the lap-belt.A restraint storage box is included. Led Strip lights to illuminate the floor are also included.


Vertical farm designs feature elegant lines and lots of glass.
Most vertical farm designs depict them as ultra-modern, stylish skyscrapers, 30 to 40 stories tall. Each floor could potentially feature a variety of crops and small livestock. Tanks would house fish and other seafood. Using technology to minimize waste and energy use, and to facilitate recycling, is essential. To that end, they would contain glass walls, large solar panels, high-tech irrigation systems and incinerators that burn waste for energy. A variety of monitoring systems would ensure that energy and water go where they need to go and that temperature controls are carefully maintained.
Water would be carefully distributed through irrigation while any excess water would be collected and recycled. Dew can be collected through evaporation. Sewage, also known as "black water," can be cleaned by algae and plants and made potable. Or it can be treated by filters and made into "gray water," which is sterile and useable for irrigation. Cities dump billions of gallons of gray water into rivers every day.
Methane gas, instead of being allowed to escape into the atmosphere, would be collected. Any excess energy would be sold back to the local energy grid.
Dr. Despommier believes that 150 30-story farms could feed all of New York City. Elegantly designed, these vertical farms would be carefully placed around a city or clustered together in a nearby development (in the case of New York City, possibly on Governor's Island). They would remain unobtrusive, or even pleasant to the eye.
For vertical farming to be possible, experts from a variety of disciplines have to come together, including agriculture, agronomy, civil planning, architecture, engineering, economics and public health. But we're not starting from scratch. Dr. Despommier and others have published studies describing plans for development and implementation of vertical farms. In fact, all of the technology behind vertical farming already exists, though it could take up to 10 years to figure out how to make these technologies work together. Even so, we already grow plants hydroponically (without soil), in extreme environments and on space ships. Biomass, methane collection and waste-water collection are becoming essential tools of conservation.
Some criticize vertical farming because it would eliminate jobs of conventional farmers and those who transport and package their goods. To those critics, one could point out that 95 percent of Americans were farmers before the Industrial Revolution, and this may simply be the next step in that evolution. But it's also the contention of Dr. Despommier that vertical farming would create jobs. Thousands of people would be required to develop, build and maintain these systems. The socioeconomic impact could be immense, especially for those who struggle as subsistence farmers or in abject poverty. In the developing world, the presence of a dependable food supply and improved nutrition would raise standards of living, allow the development of commerce and shift children away from agricultural work and into schools.
Two hurdles remain for vertical farming to become a reality: money and government support. However, Dr. Despommier is already in touch with investors and philanthropists who want to establish a Center for Urban Sustainable Agriculture. With enough investment, the first vertical farm could be up and running (and even profitable) in 15 years, while government support would surely help in their proliferation.
For more information about vertical farming and other related topics, and to watch a video showing a vertical farm design, please check out the links below.


Heather was quite sick during the beginning of her pregnancy and lost a bit of weight. Other than that things went very well and she loved everything about being pregnant; she felt the best she ever has while she was expecting. She labored naturally until 9.5cms when she opted for an epidural due to intense back labor. Heather is a single mother who lives with her mom and younger brother and says that they are all pitching in to raise her son with a bit of an "it takes a village" mentality. Breastfeeding was something that Heather always wanted to do and expected to come easy but she and Colton had quite a rough start. She had 4 bouts of mastitis, an abscess that needed to be lanced and drained and found out at about 4 months that Colton had a tongue tie. She chose not to get it corrected and when he was about 6 months old it had stretched enough that they experienced their first ever pain free nursing session. Things went well from then on and Colton self weaned at 27 months. Heather is a strong believer in women believing in themselves and celebrating themselves even when they're not their most comfortable and she hopes to be an inspiration to others. She knows she is beautiful and hopes that others can come to know that about themselves too.