text:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include "workgroup.h"
#include "tableaufs.h"
#include "libpq-fe.h"
#include "libpq/libpq-fs.h"

#define BUFSIZE          1024
#define TFS_WG_BLOCKSIZE 8196
#define _NAME_MAX "255"

#define TFS_WG_MTIME \
  ", extract(epoch from coalesce(c.updated_at,'2000-01-01')) ctime "

#define TFS_WG_LIST_SITES  \
  "select c.name" TFS_WG_MTIME "from sites c where 1 = 1 "

#define TFS_WG_LIST_PROJECTS \
  "select c.name" TFS_WG_MTIME "from projects c inner join" \
  " sites p on (p.id = c.site_id) where p.name = $1"

#define TFS_WG_LIST_FILE( entity, ext ) \
  "select c.name || '." #ext "' || case when substring(data from 1 for 2) = " \
  "'PK' then 'x' else '' end filename " TFS_WG_MTIME ", content," \
  "(select sum(length(data)) from pg_largeobject where pg_largeobject.loid = " \
  "repository_data.content) size from " #entity " c inner join repository_data " \
  " on (repository_data.tracking_id = coalesce(data_id,reduced_data_id))" \
  "inner join projects on (c.project_id = projects.id) inner join sites on " \
  "(sites.id = projects.site_id) inner join pg_largeobject on " \
  "(repository_data.content = pg_largeobject.loid) where pg_largeobject.pageno = 0" \
  " and sites.name = $1 and projects.name = $2 "

#define TFS_WG_LIST_WORKBOOKS TFS_WG_LIST_FILE( workbooks, twb )

#define TFS_WG_LIST_DATASOURCES TFS_WG_LIST_FILE( datasources, tds )

#define TFS_WG_NAMES_WITHOUT_SLASH(ext) \
  "replace(c.name,'/','_')||'." #ext "x', replace(c.name,'/','_')||'." #ext "' "

/** The global connection object */
static PGconn* global_conn;

/** Mutex for transaction LO access */
static pthread_mutex_t tfs_wg_transaction_block_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

/**
 * Connection data for postgres.
 *
 * This gets filled on the call to TFS_WG_connect_db.
 */
static struct tableau_cmdargs pg_connection_data;

/** Helper function to wrap connecting to a database using the connection data */
static PGconn* connect_to_pg( struct tableau_cmdargs conn_data)
{
  PGconn* new_conn = PQsetdbLogin(
      conn_data.pghost,
      conn_data.pgport,
      NULL, NULL, "workgroup",
      conn_data.pguser,
      conn_data.pgpass );

  /* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */
  if (PQstatus(new_conn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
  {
    fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", conn_data.pghost);
    fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(new_conn));
    PQfinish(new_conn);
    return NULL;
  }

  return new_conn;
}

/**
 * Helper function to get the current connection to the database
 *
 * TODO: should this reconnect be wrapped in a mutex?
 */
static PGconn* get_pg_connection()
{
  // List all cases, figure out which need reconnection
  switch( PQstatus(global_conn) )
  {
    case CONNECTION_BAD:
      fprintf(stderr, "CONNECTION_BAD encountered: '%s'. Trying to reconnect.\n", PQerrorMessage(global_conn));
      // overwrite the existing global (EEEEEK) connection
      global_conn = connect_to_pg( pg_connection_data );
      return global_conn;

    case CONNECTION_NEEDED:
      // Postgres 9 Docs is silent about this enum value. What does this state mean?
      // TODO: is it safe to return conn here?
      return global_conn;

    case CONNECTION_SETENV:
    case CONNECTION_AUTH_OK:
    case CONNECTION_SSL_STARTUP:
    case CONNECTION_MADE:
    case CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE:
    case CONNECTION_STARTED:
    case CONNECTION_OK:
    default:
      return global_conn;
  }
}

int TFS_WG_IO_operation(tfs_wg_operations_t op, const uint64_t loid,
    const char * src, char * dst, const size_t size, const off_t offset)
{
  PGresult *res;
  int fd, ret = 0;
  int mode;

  // get the connection via a reconnect-capable backer
  PGconn* conn = get_pg_connection();

  if ( op == TFS_WG_READ )
    mode = INV_READ;
  else
    mode = INV_WRITE;

  // LO operations only supported within transactions
  // On our FS one read is one transaction
  // While libpq is thread safe, still, we cannot have parallel
  // transactions from multiple threads on the same connection
  pthread_mutex_lock(&tfs_wg_transaction_block_mutex);

  res = PQexec(conn, "BEGIN");
  PQclear(res);

  fd = lo_open(conn, (Oid)loid, mode);

  fprintf(stderr, "TFS_WG_open: reading from fd %d (l:%lu:o:%tu)\n",
      fd, size, offset);

#ifdef HAVE_LO_LSEEK64
  if ( lo_lseek64(conn, fd, offset, SEEK_SET) < 0 ) {
#else
  if ( lo_lseek(conn, fd, (int)offset, SEEK_SET) < 0 ) {
#endif // HAVE_LO_LSEEK64
    ret = -EINVAL;
  } else {
    switch (op) {
      case TFS_WG_READ:
        ret = lo_read(conn, fd, dst, size);
        break;
      case TFS_WG_WRITE:
        ret = lo_write(conn, fd, src, size);
        break;
      case TFS_WG_TRUNCATE:
#ifdef HAVE_LO_TRUNCATE64
        ret = lo_truncate64(conn, fd, offset);
#else
        ret = lo_truncate(conn, fd,(size_t) offset);
#endif
        break;
      default:
        ret = -EINVAL;
        break;
    }
  }

  res = PQexec(conn, "END");
  pthread_mutex_unlock(&tfs_wg_transaction_block_mutex);

  PQclear(res);

  return ret;
}

int TFS_WG_open(const tfs_wg_node_t * node, int mode, uint64_t * fh)
{

  if (node->level != TFS_WG_FILE )
    return -EISDIR;
  else
    *fh = node->loid;

  return 0;
}

int TFS_WG_readdir(const tfs_wg_node_t * node, void * buffer,
    tfs_wg_add_dir_t filler)
{
  PGresult *res;
  int i, ret;
  size_t j, len;
  char * name;
  const char *paramValues[2] = { node->site, node->project };

  // get the connection via a reconnect-capable backer
  PGconn* conn = get_pg_connection();

  switch(node->level)
  {
    case TFS_WG_ROOT:
      res = PQexec(conn, TFS_WG_LIST_SITES);
      break;

    case TFS_WG_SITE:
      res = PQexecParams(conn, TFS_WG_LIST_PROJECTS, 1, NULL, paramValues, NULL, NULL, 0);
      break;

    case TFS_WG_PROJECT:
      res = PQexecParams(conn,
          TFS_WG_LIST_WORKBOOKS " union all " TFS_WG_LIST_DATASOURCES,
          2, NULL, paramValues, NULL, NULL, 0);
      break;

    default:
      // make sure res is initialized, so the code is clean and we dont get a warning
      res = NULL;
      fprintf(stderr, "Unknown node level found: %u\n", node->level);
      break;

  }

  if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
  {
    fprintf(stderr, "SELECT entries failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
    // TODO: error handling
    ret = -EIO;
  } else if (PQntuples(res) == 0 ) {
    ret = -ENOENT;
  } else {
    // return a zero as the universal OK sign
    ret = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++) {
      name = PQgetvalue(res, i, TFS_WG_QUERY_NAME);
      len = strlen( name );

      for ( j = 0 ; j < len ; j++ )
        if ( name[j] == '/' )
          name[j] = '_';

      filler(buffer, name, NULL, 0);
    }
  }

  PQclear(res);

  return ret;
}

int TFS_WG_stat_file(tfs_wg_node_t * node)
{
  const char *paramValues[3] = { node->site, node->project, node->file };
  PGresult * res;
  int ret;

  // get the connection via a reconnect-capable backer
  PGconn* conn = get_pg_connection();

  node->st.st_blksize = TFS_WG_BLOCKSIZE;

  // basic stat stuff: file type, nlinks, size of dirs
  if ( node->level < TFS_WG_FILE) {
    node->st.st_mode = S_IFDIR | 0555;   // read only
    node->st.st_nlink = 2;
    node->st.st_size = TFS_WG_BLOCKSIZE;
    node->st.st_blocks = 1;
  } else if (node->level == TFS_WG_FILE) {
    node->st.st_mode = S_IFREG | 0444;   // read only
    node->st.st_nlink = 1;
  }

  if (node->level == TFS_WG_ROOT) {
    time(&(node->st.st_mtime));
    return 0;
  } else if (node->level == TFS_WG_SITE) {

    res = PQexecParams(conn, TFS_WG_LIST_SITES " and c.name = $1", 1, NULL,
        paramValues, NULL, NULL, 0);

  } else if (node->level ==  TFS_WG_PROJECT) {

    res = PQexecParams(conn, TFS_WG_LIST_PROJECTS " and c.name = $2",
        2, NULL, paramValues, NULL, NULL, 0);

  } else if (node->level == TFS_WG_FILE) {

    res = PQexecParams(conn,
        TFS_WG_LIST_WORKBOOKS " and $3 IN (" TFS_WG_NAMES_WITHOUT_SLASH(twb) ") "
        "union all "
        TFS_WG_LIST_DATASOURCES " and $3 IN (" TFS_WG_NAMES_WITHOUT_SLASH(tds) ") ",
        3, NULL, paramValues, NULL, NULL, 0);
  } else {
    // res defaults to NULL
    res = NULL;
  }

  if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
  {
    fprintf(stderr, "SELECT entries failed: %s/%s", PQresultErrorMessage(res), PQerrorMessage(conn));
    // TODO: error handling
    ret = -EINVAL;
  } else if (PQntuples(res) == 0 ) {
    ret =  -ENOENT;
  } else {
    node->st.st_mtime = atoll( PQgetvalue(res, 0, TFS_WG_QUERY_MTIME) );

    if ( node->level == TFS_WG_FILE ) {
      node->loid = (uint64_t)atoll( PQgetvalue(res, 0, TFS_WG_QUERY_CONTENT) );
      node->st.st_size = atoll( PQgetvalue(res, 0, TFS_WG_QUERY_SIZE) );
      if ( node->st.st_size > 0 )
        node->st.st_blocks = (int) node->st.st_size / TFS_WG_BLOCKSIZE + 1;
    }

    ret = 0;
  }

  PQclear(res);
  return ret;
}

int TFS_WG_parse_path(const char * path, tfs_wg_node_t * node)
{
  int ret;

  if ( strlen(path) > PATH_MAX )
    return -EINVAL;
  else if ( strlen(path) == 1 && path[0] == '/' ) {
    node->level = TFS_WG_ROOT;
    return TFS_WG_stat_file(node);
  }

  memset(node, 0, sizeof(tfs_wg_node_t));
  ret = sscanf(path, "/%" _NAME_MAX "[^/]/%" _NAME_MAX "[^/]/%255[^/]s",
      node->site, node->project, node->file );

  /* sscanf returned with error */
  if (ret == EOF ) {
    return errno; // TODO: this so thread unsafe
  } else if ( strchr(node->file, '/' ) != NULL  ) {
    /* file name has / char in it */
    return -EINVAL;
  } else {

    fprintf(stderr, "TFS_WG_parse_path: site: %s proj: %s file: %s\n",
        node->site, node->project, node->file);

    // cast so the signed conversion warning goes away
    node->level = (tfs_wg_level_t)ret;

    // get stat from node
    ret = TFS_WG_stat_file(node);

    return ret;
  }
}

int TFS_WG_connect_db(const char * pghost, const char * pgport,
    const char * login, const char * pwd)
{
  // save the connection data to the global (eeeeek) state.
  struct tableau_cmdargs conn_data = {pghost, pgport, login, pwd};
  /*struct tableau_cmdargs conn_data = {(char*)pghost, (char*)pgport, (char*)login, (char*)pwd};*/
  pg_connection_data = conn_data;

  // Set up the connection
  global_conn = connect_to_pg( conn_data );

  // return based on whether we have the connection
  if (global_conn == NULL) return -1;
  return 0;
}


I have only one request," Kafka wrote to his publisher Kurt Wolff in 1913. "'The Stoker,' 'The Metamorphosis,' and 'The Judgment' belong together, both inwardly and outwardly. There is an obvious connection among the three, and, even more important, a secret one, for which reason I would be reluctant to forego the chance of having them published together in a book, which might be called The Sons."


text:
André-Charles Cailleau, nacido el 17 de junio de 1731 en Touraine y fallecido el 12 de junio de 1798 en París, fue un librero francés.

Fue autor de almanaques, obras jocosas y un diccionario de libros raros. De él se conserva una colección de las Cartas de Eloísa y de Pedro Abelardo, las Soirées de la campagne, 1766 y un Diccionario bibliográfico, histórico y crítico de libros raros compuesto en gran parte por el abad R.Duclos en 1790 y aumentado en un cuarto volumen por Jacques Charles Brunet en 1802.

Cailleau escribió bajo el pseudónimo de Le Sancelrien tourangeau.

Obras
 Clef du grand œuvre, ou Lettres du Sancelrien tourangeau, Corinthe et Paris, 1777
 Osaureus, ou le Nouvel Abailard, comédie en 2 actes et en prose, traduite d'un manuscrit allemand d'Isaac Rabener par A.-C. Cailleau), de Poilly, 1761
 Lettres et épîtres amoureuses d'Héloïse et d'Abeilard, tant en vers qu'en prose, publiées par A.-C. Cailleau, 1798
 Clef du grand œuvre ou Lettres du Sancelrien Tourangeau à Madame L.D.L.B***, Jobert, Bibliotheca esoterica, 1976

Bibliografía
 Dictionnaire bibliographique, historique et critiques des livres rares. 3 volumes, 1790, et un volume en 1802

Enlaces externos

Editores de Francia
Fallecidos en París

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
All Games > Adventure Games > Thief of Thieves
In Thief of Thieves you play as a cat burglar using stealth, social engineering and team members to pull off some high profile heists across the world. Based on the comic book series by Robert Kirkman, it's time for Celia to make the leap from apprentice to master.
Mostly Positive (82) - 78% of the 82 user reviews for this game are positive.
Rival Games
Adventure	Indie	Female Protagonist	Choices Matter	Action	Stealth	Comic Book	Heist	Story Rich	Strategy	Atmospheric	Episodic
Points Shop Items Available
Title: Thief of Thieves
Genre: Action Games, Adventure, Indie
Developer: Rival Games
Publisher: Skybound Games
Release Date: Jul 16, 2018
Buy Thief of Thieves: Season One
"I would definitely recommend this to comic-book turned game fans or to anyone craving a spot of thievery."
7.6 – Hooked Gamers
"The game's stylistic choices are second to none. Hell, I've even found myself whistling the soundtrack here and there."
Comicsverse
"If a game like Hitman but involving no killing, presented in a comic book art and told through a Telltale-like episodic narrative arc sounds intriguing, Thief of Thieves is right up your alley."
4/5 – DarkStation
In Thief of Thieves, you play as a cat burglar using stealth, social engineering and team members to pull off some high profile heists across the world.
Based on the award winning comic book series by Robert Kirkman, Thief of Thieves is a story of heists and the people behind them. It's time for Celia, protege of master thief Redmond, to make the leap from apprentice to master. A botched job takes Celia to Europe, where she joins a new team of criminals for a crime spree. Get to know your team, choose your approach on the field, but be careful – the choices you make may have drastic consequences.
A new continent and a new team - will you make the cut?
The story is told via comic frames and gameplay, where Celia makes her way through scenes ranging from cocktail parties to construction yards by using her skills in social engineering and sneaking - never violence.
Stunning Visuals – Unique visual style combining hand-drawn 2D comics and 3D environments into one seamlessly flowing story experience.
Living, breathing characters brought to life by such voice actors like Fryda Wolff (Mass Effect: Andromeda), Stephen Stanton (Rogue One), Emily O'Brien (Death Stranding), Cissy Jones (Firewatch, The Walking Dead: Season One), Fred Tatasciore (Kung Fu Panda 2), and Elias Toufexis (Deus Ex: Human Revolution)
A tailor-made story – the choices you make shape the narrative and build the relationships with your team members.
Thief of Thieves is based on the comic book series created by Robert Kirkman and published by Skybound Entertainment.
This game contains flirtation, social drinking, references to drug use, threats, and off-screen violence.
OS: Microsoft Windows XP/Vista/7/8/8.1 (64-bit)
Processor: Intel Core 2 Duo, 3.0GHz or AMD Athlon 64 X2 6400+, 3.2GHz
Graphics: nVIDIA GeForce GTX 460,1 GB or ATI Radeon HD 6800, 1 GB (Does not support Intel Integrated Graphics Cards)
OS: Microsoft Windows 7/8/10 (64-bit)
Processor: Intel Core i5-3470, 3.20GHz or AMD FX-6300, 3.5Ghz
Graphics: nVIDIA GeForce GTX 660, 2 GB or AMD Radeon HD 7870, 2 GB (Does not support Intel Integrated Graphics Cards)
Based on the comic book by Robert Kirkman. Thief of Thieves is a registered trademark owned by Skybound, LLC. ©2018 Skybound, LLC. Skybound and any related marks or logos are registered or otherwise protected trademarks owned by Skybound, LLC and/or its affiliates.
Mostly Positive (82 reviews)
Negative (21)
Steam Purchasers (82)
Your Languages (74)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Defra's consultation on the draft UK notification to the European Commission to secure additional time to meet the limit values for PM10
Posted by Editor on 22 February 2009
Consultation responses required by 10 March 2009
The Rt. Hon. Hilary Benn MP The Rt. Hon. Geoff Hoon MP Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Secretary of State Transport Nobel House Great Minster House
17 Smith Square 76 Marsham Street
London SW1P 3JR London SW1P 4DR
By email to: [email protected]
Dear Secretaries of State (and Defra consultation team),
Consultation on the draft UK notification to the European Commission to secure additional time to meet the limit values for particulate matter for certain zones/agglomerations in accordance with the Council Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe
UK fails to satisfy in London any of the three conditions for a time extension to comply with legal standards for dangerous airborne particles (PM10)
European Commission should 'throw the rule book' at the UK, and reject its application, unless the UK submits a wholly convincing plan to improve air quality in London
London needs one or more additional inner low emission zones implemented by early 2010 backed by a fully funded government 'green deal'
The purpose of this letter is to respond on behalf of the Campaign for Clean Air in London (CCAL) to the consultation (the Consultation) being carried out by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) on the draft United Kingdom (UK) notification to the European Commission (the Commission) to secure additional time to meet the limit values for particulate matter (PM10) for certain zones/agglomerations in accordance with the Council Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (the new AQ Directive). The consultation documents can be found at:
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091116061446/http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/air-quality/index.htm
This letter is addressed jointly to the Secretary of State for Transport because CCAL understands that the Department for Transport (DfT) has joint responsibility with Defra for the UK meeting its legal obligations in respect of air quality.
The Prime Minister has been copied, given the cross-departmental issues raised, and all London's MEPs and others have been copied given that the Commission has already started legal action against the UK for failing to notify a time extension by the deadline set by the Commission of 31 October 2008.
As you know, only the UK, Cyprus, Estonia, Portugal, Slovenia and Sweden out of some 24 countries have failed so far to submit any time extension notification plans to the Commission.
In CCAL's carefully considered view, the UK does not satisfy either of the pre-conditions for it to obtain a time extension to comply with limit values for PM10.
In particular, the UK fails to pass either the 'First condition' – measures to achieve compliance by the initial attainment date; or the 'Specific condition for PM10' – site-specific dispersion characteristics, adverse climatic conditions or transboundary contributions. Both of these pre-conditions must be met if the UK is to obtain a time extension to comply with limit values for PM10.
CCAL would need to be completely wrong on every point made in this letter in connection with the above pre-conditions if the UK is to be eligible for a time extension to comply with limit values for PM10. This seems highly unlikely given that the questions are ones of fact.
Furthermore the UK has made no reasonable effort yet to satisfy the 'Second condition' – measures to achieve compliance before the new deadline. It has not been helped in this regard by: its reliance on measures that the Mayor of London says he plans to scrap or suspend; its vague words about committing to work with the Mayor of London; and/or its obvious non-compliance over at least part of the London road network even by 2011 (i.e. six kilometres or is it 12 kilometres with modeling errors?).
CCAL will therefore urge the Commission to 'throw the rule book' at the UK and reject its time extension notification (TEN) for failing to meet the conditions necessary for such a time extension unless the UK submits a wholly convincing and timely plan by the deadline set by the first written warning (i.e. Letter of Formal Notice). To be wholly convincing, such a plan must be backed by all necessary funding and immediate action to ensure that limit values for PM10 will be complied with sustainably throughout London by no later than 11 June 2011.
CCAL will urge the Commission to progress vigorously legal action, in parallel with any consideration of a belated TEN from the UK, against the UK and the five other Member States that failed to submit a TEN by the Commission's deadline of 31 October 2008. These countries are clearly in need of 'encouragement'. Otherwise, what incentive would there be in future for any country to comply within the first six months of a deadline set by the Commission? CCAL understands that the fines against the UK could total £300 million just in respect of PM10. The Commission is not on some 'frolic': all the fault sits at the government's feet after more than 10 years of inaction and disregard for deadlines and/or repeated warnings.
CCAL urges the government to learn now from its serious failings to comply with limit values for PM10 – including the current difficulties it faces in applying for a time extension – and to propose and implement rapidly plans to comply fully with limit values for NO2 by January 2010.
In CCAL's carefully considered view, the UK is likely currently to miss – by a large margin – not just the limit values for NO2 due to be met since 1999 by January 2010 but also the limit value plus margin of tolerance which must not be exceeded if the time extension provisions are to be used. CCAL considers currently therefore that the UK should not waste everyone's time by submitting a TEN on NO2 – it should instead focus all its energies on complying urgently with the limit values for NO2 (as it will need to do when legal action is surely launched against it). The UK needs a convincing action plan for NO2 now.
Finally, the UK seems to be one of the least compliant countries and worst 'free-riders' in the whole of Europe when it comes to complying with air pollution legislation. We need urgent and energetic cross- departmental action, lead personally by the Prime Minister, if sustainability issues are to be addressed holistically.
The UK breached legal standards for dangerous airborne particles in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008
You will be aware that the UK breached the annual average and daily limit values for PM10 in London in each of 2005, 2006 and 2007. A full list of the 34 zones and/or agglomerations where air quality laws were breached in the UK in these years can be found at:
Link no longer available
The UK breached also air quality laws for PM10 in 2008.
You will be well aware too that poor air quality has serious implications for public health. It results in between 12,000 and 24,000 premature deaths each year in the UK. Those with asthma, lung diseases and heart conditions are the most susceptible. These numbers compare with some 617 premature deaths per annum from workplace-related passive smoking before recent legislation came into force and up to 22,000 premature deaths per year from alcohol consumption. The excellent Rogers Review estimated that in 2005 the UK's annual cost of health impacts from just one form of air pollution, PM10, was between £9.1 billion and £21 billion.
It is unacceptable that these health based standards are still far from being met.
European Commission has already started legal action against the UK for the above breaches
The Commission started legal action against the UK on 29 January 2009 for breaching limit values for PM10 in 2005, 2006 and 2007 when it sent the UK a Letter of Formal Notice (i.e. a first written warning). Please see the Commission's press release:
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-09-174_en.htm
This action followed the failure by the UK to comply with the deadline set by the Commission on 8 July 2008 of 31 October 2008 to submit a notification for a time extension in respect of PM10 (as the UK is allowed to do under Article 22 of the new AQ Directive). Please see the Commission's press release:
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/08/1112&format=HTML&aged=0&languag e=EN&guiLanguage=en
CCAL understands that the UK now has until late March 2009 to reply to the Letter of Formal Notice after which time the Commission can send a Reasoned Opinion (i.e. a second and final written warning to the UK). For details of the legal process, please see:
Usually two months thereafter the Commission may ask the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for a judgment against the UK. If the UK fails to comply with the ECJ's judgment, the Commission may ask the ECJ to impose unlimited lump sum and daily fines on the UK.
CCAL understands that the fines against the UK could total £300 million just in respect of PM10. In seeking such fines, the Commission would not be on some cruel 'frolic': all the fault sits at the government's feet after more than 10 years of inaction and repeated disregard for deadlines and/or warnings.
Member States may seek an exemption from applying limit values for PM10 until June 2011
CCAL understands that the UK may notify the Commission when, in their opinion, the conditions are met in a given zone or agglomeration for postponing the attainment deadline for the limit values for NO2 and benzene or for being exempt from the limit values for PM10.
To do so, the UK bears the burden of proving that:
1. for NO2 and benzene – first condition – the limit values cannot be achieved by 1 January 2010 (which will require the UK to show that efforts have been made to achieve compliance);
2. for PM10, that:
condition – all appropriate measures have been taken at national, regional and local level to meet the deadline for the limit values i.e. 1 January 2005; and
specific condition – the limit values could not be achieved because of the presence of one or more of the following elements:
site-specific dispersion characteristics;
adverse climatic conditions; or
transboundary contributions;
3. for PM10, NO2 and benzene, if the first condition (and specific condition for PM10 notifications) is met – second condition – that:
compliance with the limit values will be achieved at the expiry of the postponement (for NO2 and benzene) or exemption period (for PM10); and
the exceedances during the extension will remain below the limit values plus the maximum margin of tolerance provide for in Annex XI to the new AQ Directive.
In other words, for PM10, the UK may wish to seek an exemption for historic breaches of limit values in 2005, 2006 and 2007 and prospective breaches of limit values in 2008 (which are still to be reported upon), 2009 and 2010. CCAL understands that the UK plans currently to seek (in late 2009 or early 2010) a time extension to comply with the limit values for NO2 until January 2015. Note that the Specific condition will not be applicable for NO2 (or benzene).
If the Commission does not raise objections within nine months of receipt of an official and complete notification, the limit values for NO2 and benzene are postponed from 1 January 2010 to January 2015 at the latest. For PM10, the exemption from the limit values will in that case apply for up to three years ending on 11 June 2011.
The legal basis for seeking such an exemption is set out principally in Article 22 of the new AQ Directive which can be seen at:
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:152:0001:0044:EN:PDF
The Commission has provided guidance on the process for seeking a time extension principally in the form of a:
1. 'Communication from the Commission on notifications of postponements of attainment deadlines and exemptions from the obligation to apply certain limit values pursuant to Article 22 of the new AQ Directive' (the Communication):
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0403:FIN:EN:PDF
2. and a Staff Working Paper accompanying the above Communication:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/pdf/sec_2008_2132_en.pdf
The UK does not satisfy any of the three conditions for a time extension to comply with PM10 laws
In CCAL's carefully considered view, the UK does not satisfy any of the three conditions for it to obtain an exemption from the limit values for PM10 in London. As you know, each zone and pollutant will be assessed individually. Defra cites Marylebone Road as representing the worst air quality in London.
CCAL's analysis of the three conditions follows below.
First condition – measures to achieve compliance by the initial attainment date
To obtain an exemption for PM10, the UK must prove that it took appropriate action in the period preceding the date on which the limit values for PM10 became mandatory. Only if it can be shown that efforts have been made to achieve compliance can the UK claim, in accordance with Article 22(1), that conformity with the limit values could not be achieved by the deadline. The UK fails to saistfy the First condition, inter alia, because:
a) Table 5.14 on page 80 of Annex B shows that only four of the eight measures mentioned were started before January 2005. Indeed the others were started after 2005 (e.g. incentives for the early take up of Euro 5 vehicles only entered into force in January 2009 and the Taxi Emissions Programme started after 2005 and was fully implemented by July 2008 with no subsequent measures planned);
b) the same Table 5.14 shows, worse still, that: two of the four measures that were adopted by the due deadline have no information available, even now (in 2009), on their impact on roadside concentrations; and the other two together reduced roadside concentrations by a total of only 2.5 μg/m3. It is clear therefore that a vague and inadequate effort was made to achieve the limit values before the initial attainment date;
c) Annex XV on page 38 of the new AQ Directive lists the types of measures that should have been considered and used by the UK prior to 2005 to tackle compliance with limit values for PM10. See:
Table 5.14 highlights by omission the UK's failure to adopt a number of these measures by the deadline of January 2005 such as reduction of emissions from vehicles through retrofitting with emission control equipment. Where is the UK 's demonstration – as required by the new AQ Directive and paragraph 22 on page 6 of the Communication – that all appropriate measures were taken before January 2005 when key measures such as low emission zones and emission abatement schemes were late, half-hearted or non-existent?: and
d) the Commission makes clear in paragraph 23 on page 6 of the Communication that, in its assessment it will also take into account the impact of correct transposition and implementation of the Directives included in Section 2 of Part B of Annex XV and of timely availability of the plan or programme in accordance with Article 8(3) of Council Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management.
The UK admits in its draft submission (Form 8) that it has been subject to infringement action for Marine elements of Directive 2005/33/EC as regards the sulphur content of marine fuel. More significantly though, just two days after the UK launched this consultation saying – in Annex A Form 8 – that it was not subject to subject to infringement action on Directive 2006/32/EC on Energy Efficiency, the Commission sent a final written warning (i.e. Reasoned Opinion) to the UK for failing to implement that legislation properly. Please see:
http://ec.europa.eu/community_law/eulaw/decisions/dec_09_01_29.htm
Perhaps, most importantly though, the Commission should be checking whether the UK has transposed correctly the primary air quality legislation. In this regard, in just one example, it is clear that the UK has failed to transpose and/or implement correctly even the most fundamental details of the legislation. The UK defined a limit value in its Air Quality Standards Regulations 2003 and 2007 as a "concentration" when all the EU Directives have defined a limit value as "a concentration to be attained within a given period and not to be exceeded once attained". This is an extraordinary failure by the UK.
See AQSR 2003:
http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2003/20032121.htm
See AQSR 2007 (page 5):
http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2007/pdf/uksi_20070064_en.pdf
See the new AQ Directive:
We should not forget either that, on the same day Defra launched belatedly its consultation on PM10, the DfT launched a foreshortened and belated consultation to address its failings to implement properly important legislation designed to reduce sharply harmful emissions from vehicles. Please see:
The DfT admitted this week that it has failed often to implement European Union legislation thereby highlighting a likely systemic failure across government. Please see:
http://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2009-02-12b.255494.h&u=9844#c21700
It is astonishing that the UK has failed to transpose or implement correctly crucial legislation that has, at its heart, a framework to protect public health.
In conclusion, it is clear to CCAL that the UK did not adopt or implement adequately measures to reduce PM10 levels in Greater London by the initial attainment date. Therefore, the UK does not satisfy the first condition necessary for a time extension.
Specific condition for PM10 – site-specific dispersion characteristics, adverse climatic conditions or transboundary contributions
To obtain an exemption for PM10, the UK must prove that the limit values could not be achieved because of one or more of the following elements:
Site-specific dispersion characteristics
This exemption is designed to allow exemptions only for so called 'street canyons' where pollution may be 'trapped' and hard to disperse because of exceptional local conditions (e.g. poor urban planning). The UK fails to satisfy the Specific condition, inter alia, because:
a) the government admits (rightly) in paragraph 230 on page 77 of Annex B that the Marylebone Road site does not meet the definition used by the Commission for street canyons (see paragraph 29 on page 8 of the Communication);
b) furthermore, even if it did (which it does not), paragraph 28 on page 7 of the Communication makes clear that "Site-specific dispersion criteria may be claimed only where it can be demonstrated that the exceedances occurs locally in such specific area and not elsewhere, such as urban background or along less densely built up streets in the same air quality zone or agglomeration". That is clearly not the case since, for example, the Cromwell Road monitoring station operates in less densely built up streets (it is in the garden of a museum) and showed 39 exceedances in 2005. Please see:
http://www.londonair.org.uk/london/asp/publicstats.asp?statyear=2005&mapview=all&regio n=0&site=KC2&postcode=&la_id=&objective=All
c) Figure 66 at the top of page 95 of the London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory 2004 (LAEI 2004) shows in a 'Transect of London' that many roads across London breach the limit values for PM10. Please see:
http://static.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/air_quality/research/emissions-inventory.jsp
CCAL has submitted a Freedom of Information/Environmental Information Request to the Greater London Authority seeking further information about the Marylebone Road site and other sites in London.
Even Defra admits (rightly) that strict site-specific conditions do not apply at the Marylebone Road site. It is clear to CCAL that, even if they did (and they do not), the UK could not justify a time extension because similar problems exist also along less densely built up streets and/or in the urban background.
Adverse climatic conditions
CCAL notes and agrees with Defra that the UK cannot consider adverse climatic conditions to have caused the breaches of limit values for PM10 in London in 2005.
Transboundary contributions
This exemption is designed to allow time extensions only where air pollution generated in another country is a major cause of breaches of standards elsewhere. It is designed for countries such as The Netherlands and Belgium which experience significant problems from French and German air pollution drifting across their borders.
It is implausible that London's air pollution problems are caused in large part by continental European air pollution drifting across the Channel against the prevailing winds. Not surprisingly, Defra's work makes clear that the facts do not support a case for using this exemption. In particular, the UK fails to satisfy the Specific condition, inter alia, because:
a) the UK admits in Table 5.13 on page 79 of Annex B that the Transboundary contribution to exceedances of the daily limit value in Greater London in 2005 was not the cause of non- compliance;
b) CCAL cannot understand how the UK government considers that Transboundary contributions could possibly be the source of nearly half of the exceedances monitored at the Marylebone Road site. The much more authoritative LAEI 2004 Report states on page 10 that road transport is responsible for 71%, 70% and 64% of the total PM10 emissions in 2003, 2004 and 2010 respectively across the whole of the Greater London area (with cars and light goods vehicles alone responsible for 60% and 21% respectively of emissions from all vehicles in 2010). With respect, it seems likely that local concentrations of PM10 in Marylebone Road will reflect a much higher than city-wide average of road transport emissions i.e. well over 70% in 2005. Please see:
CCAL urges the government to check its facts thoroughly against the authoritative work done for, and showed in, the LAEI 2004 Report (and/or subsequently) and/or by the excellent Kings College London air quality team; and
c) furthermore, even if Transboundary contributions were the cause of breaches of limit values in Marylebone Road (and they were not), paragraph 40 on page 9 of the Communication makes clear that "Member States claiming a transboundary contribution must indicate whether consultations have been held with the Member State in which the pollution originates, in accordance with Article 8(6) of Directive 96/62/EC (Article 25 of the new AQ Directive). If no such consultations have taken place, despite the origin of the pollution being known, the Member State concerned may be considered not to have taken all appropriate measures to meet the original deadline". CCAL has found no evidence in the consultation documents that the UK has complied with this condition partially or fully.
CCAL has asked Defra separately for evidence that such consultations took place.
In conclusion, it is clear to CCAL that none of site-specific dispersion, adverse climatic conditions or transboundary contributions were responsible individually or in any combination for the UK failing to achieve compliance with the limit values for PM10 in Greater London by the initial attainment date. Therefore, the UK does not satisfy the Specific condition for a time extension for London.
Second condition – measures to achieve compliance before the new deadline
Even if the first condition and the specific condition were met by the UK for PM10 in London (which CCAL does not consider is the case), the UK must prove that it will achieve compliance with the limit values before the new deadline.
The UK must also prove that the exceedances during the time extension period will remain below the limit values plus the maximum margin of tolerance provided for in Annex XI to the new AQ Directive. In CCAL's views, Defra's current such plans make no effort to address this problem.
The UK fails to satisfy the Second condition, inter alia, because:
a) Defra admits in paragraph 236 on page 80 of Annex B (i.e. Annex B – Technical report to accompany UK PM10 Time Extension Notification forms) that 'The baseline projection for Greater London shows that the daily limit value is not projected to be met in 2011. Sensitivity analysis reduced the total road length exceeding to around 6 [kilometres] which is well within the uncertainties of the model';
b) Defra says the UK is depending for compliance on the Mayor of London delivering improvements through the London Congestion Charge when Mayor Johnson said on 27 November 2008 he proposes to scrap the western extension of the London Congestion Charging Zone. Please see:
http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/10590.html
c) Defra says the UK is depending for compliance on the Mayor of London on improvements through the London Low Emission Zone (LEZ) when Mayor Johnson announced on 2 February 2009 – just six days after Defra launched this consultation and four days after the Commission started legal action against the UK – that he proposes to scrap Phase 3 of the London LEZ. Note also that 'soft' enforcement means that the existing LEZ may not have shown yet its full benefit to public health. Please see:
d) Defra puts much store in paragraph 3.7 on page 8 of the main consultation document that 'The UK Government and the Mayor of London have committed to working together to identify further measures, to ensure the UK will meet the limit value for PM10 in London in 2011. These measures could include national, London and local measures as necessary'. In CCAL's view, past experience suggests this is a hollow promise when lives are being lost now. Even if this promise were to be delivered upon, at some unspecified date in the future, it does not meet the condition required for a time extension i.e. that the UK shows how limit values will be complied with by the deadline of 11 June 2011; and
e) Defra has shown no measures that will ensure that exceedances will remain below the limit values plus maximum margin of tolerance. Indeed, already in 2009, in the six weeks up to mid-February, the level of PM10 at the Marylebone Road monitoring site averaged 49 micrograms per cubic metre (μg/m3) i.e. it exceeded the rate for the limit value plus maximum margin of tolerance of 48 μg/m3. Please see the current readings:
http://www.londonair.org.uk/london/asp/publicstats.asp?region=0&site=MY1&Maptype=Google&mapview=all&statyear=2012&la_id=&zoom=9&lat=51.431751825946115&lon=-0.17578125&laEdge=
f) finally, please note that, despite warm words in the consultation document about existing measures being likely to deliver compliance with the limit values, there is evidence that air pollution has started in 2009 at higher levels in some parts of London that in the same period in 2008. For example, please check monitoring sites in Brompton Road and Kings Road.
In conclusion, it is clear to CCAL that the UK is still far from showing: how it will achieve compliance with the limit values for PM10 in London before the new deadline; or that exceedances will remain below the limit value(s) plus maximum margin of tolerance if the time extension provisions are used.
Others comments
CCAL has the following further comments on the consultation:
a) there was no excuse for the UK missing the deadline set by the Commission of 31 October 2008 to submit a TEN. CCAL explained in detail on page 8 of a letter to Commissioner Dimas dated 1 November 2008 why the UK should have met this (very reasonable) deadline. In particular, please note that Regulations 8 and 28 of the AQSR 2007 make clear that 'Improvement plans' need only be consulted upon when they relate to benzene, NO2 and ozone. There is no legal requirement for the UK to hold the current consultation on PM10 and – even if there is (are there is not) – the UK has held similar such consultations in the past well before the end of the calendar year instead of well after it. The proposed date of June 2009 for submitting a TEN to the Commission is unnecessarily late and seems designed cynically to coincide with elections for the European Parliament;
b) CCAL understands that the UK has no plans to submit a TEN request in respect of Gibraltar and instead expects Gibraltar to submit its own request. Please will you clarify the government's stance on Gibraltar in the (eventual) TEN including timescales and responsibilities? CCAL notes that the UK will remain fully exposed to legal action – from the Commission and others – for breaches of limit values for PM10 in Gibraltar in respect of 2006 and 2007 (and future years when breaches arise) unless a time extension is obtained;
c) CCAL notes that Glasgow also seems to fail to satisfy the conditions for a time extension for PM10 (see page 108 Annex B); and
d) CCAL finds inexplicable Defra's cost-benefit analysis in the 'Summary: Intervention & Options' paper. First, the report should be about cost-effective compliance with health based legal deadlines not weighing up the likely costs of legal action for breaching those laws. Second, it is ridiculous to weigh the costs of a national scheme for the abatement of particulate matter against the need to adopt additional measures to improve air quality in London only.
Such analysis is anyway irrelevant and 10 years too late since the UK either did or should have done such analysis before signing up to the legal framework for air quality laws in 1999.
CCAL was pleased to see however that the Ministerial sign-off includes, for the first time, a consideration of the 'impact of the leading options' instead of just costs and benefits when legal deadlines must be met to comply with air pollution standards. Please will the government change the statement to read – when environmental deadlines must be met – to "I have read the Impact Assessment and I am satisfied that it represents the correct view of the most cost effective and practical means of complying with the UK's environmental obligations".
Please note that CCAL is responding to the consultation, in general and subject to the above exceptions, only as it relates to London.
Requirement to comply with limit values for NO2 by 1 January 2010
CCAL urges the government to take the necessary action to comply with the limit values for NO2 by 1 January 2010 (and in any event to meet the strict legal conditions that would be necessary for a time extension). The UK's lack of action in respect of NO2 has been so gargantuan that: over 100 UK cities breached in 2008 what will be the legally binding limit value for average annual NO2 from January 2010; and even the government's own projections show widespread breaches of the limit value plus margin of tolerance for NO2 in London in 2010 and 2015 (and no doubt between those dates). The limit value for peak exceedances for NO2 was breached before mid-January in 2009 i.e. within two weeks not 12 months. Please see the UK's inadequate submission to the Commission on its plans and programmes to comply with the limit values for NO2:
http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/gb/eu/aqpp/envsutvxa
Please take urgent action to remedy this wholly unacceptable situation and comply fully with the UK's legal obligations in respect of limit values for NO2.
Consequences and next steps
In CCAL's carefully considered view, the following actions are required now:
i. the Commission should 'throw the rule book' at the UK (i.e. follow, to the letter, the requirements for assessing a time extension on PM10) and reject the UK's TEN application unless the UK submits a wholly convincing and timely plan by the deadline set by the first written warning (i.e. Letter of Formal Notice) – backed by all necessary funding and immediate action – to ensure that limit values for PM10 will be complied with sustainably throughout London by no later than June 2011. Not least, by rejecting the UK's application and confirming that the UK does not meet either or both of the pre-conditions for a time- extension for PM10 in London, the Commission would, in effect, be (rightly) standing back and allowing UK citizens to start their own legal action against the government for breaching limit values for PM10 in 2005 and/or any year since; and/or
ii. the Commission should progress full legal action, in parallel with any consideration of a belated TEN from the UK, against the UK and the five other Member States that failed to submit any part of a TEN by the deadline of 31 October 2008. It is clear that these countries must be 'encouraged' if a level playing field is to be established across Europe. It would be completely wrong to drop, or put on hold, legal action against these six Member States just because they respond now (if they do) to the current written warning (when an earlier one was sent in June 2008). What incentive would there be in future to comply with initial deadlines?: and/or
iii. CCAL does not understand why the Commission has sent now a Letter of Formal Notice to the UK (after the warning sent on 30 June 2008) when it could have chosen to proceed against the UK, as soon as it missed the deadline of 31 October 2008, to the third stage of the legal process i.e. to seek an immediate judgment by the ECJ. CCAL will urge the Commission therefore to go immediately to the ECJ, rather than issuing a final written warning with a further two month delay, if the UK fails to submit a wholly convincing plan to the Commission by the end of March 2009; and/or
iv. thereafter, if the UK fails to respond appropriately and urgently to an ECJ judgment, the Commission should press for unlimited lump sum and daily fines against the UK. CCAL understands that these fines could reach or exceed some £300 million.
The London Proposal
With speculation that relations are breaking down between the (Labour) government and the (Conservative) Mayor of London, CCAL urges both parties to seek common ground and protect the public health of Londoners.
CCAL considers that several areas must be addressed fully if the UK's proposal to the Commission, to ensure the limit values for PM10 are to be achieved in London by 11 June 2011, is to be credible. The government must commit to a 'green deal' that provides all necessary funding and administrative and other support necessary for the Mayor of London to tackle the most polluted parts of London at a minimum by:
i. launching urgently a major programme to improve public understanding of air quality issues which may trigger large scale behavioural change (e.g. all advertising for vehicles in London should show levels of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen as well as carbon dioxide – to demonstrate clearly the perils of diesel emissions in cities);
ii. introducing, by early 2010, one or more additional inner low emission zones to match at least the Euro 4/IV standard for diesel emissions for particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen (which may need to extend to the north, south, east and west of the current Central and Western Congestion Charging zones);
iii. ensuring black taxis (and public hire vehicles) meet at least Euro 4 engine emission standards for particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen by late 2010. Has anyone asked the Public Carriage Office what measures it would recommend if it is to play the fullest part possible in ensuring that limit values are achieved in the most cost effective manner by 2011?;
iv. ensuring London's bus fleet meets at least Euro 4/IV engine emission standards for particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen (e.g. by adopting selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or SCRT equipment (i.e. to treat particulate matter as well as oxides of nitrogen)) by 2011. Has anyone asked Transport for London's bus team what measures it would recommend if it is to play the fullest part possible in ensuring that limit values are achieved in the most cost effective manner by 2011?;
v. ensuring that limit values for PM10 (and NO2) will be achieved sustainably along the whole length of the Olympic Route Network well ahead of London 2012; and
vi. implementing urgently a comprehensive package of measures to tackle emissions from a wide range of other sources e.g. demolition and construction; incinerators and other regulated sources; and gas boilers.
Other measures may be needed but they must be timely and shown to be effective. It is essential that PM10 and NO2 are addressed holistically if cost savings are to be achieved.
Please work together to deliver urgently the above measures to protect the health of Londoners.
Reply to consultation question
In CCAL's carefully considered view, in response to the Consultation question in paragraph 3.11 on page 8 of the Consultation document:
"CCAL considers that the draft notification to the European Commission (Annexes A and B) and/or the draft Impact Assessment (Annex C) does not present an accurate and/or complete case for postponement of the attainment deadline for PM10 until 2011 for Greater London for the reasons set out in detail in this letter. CCAL is not commenting on other zones or agglomerations except as set out in this letter."
For the avoidance of doubt, CCAL reserves all its legal rights to take action on the matters raised in this letter and otherwise.
Please respond to this letter by addressing fully the points made in an urgent UK submission to the Commission and by taking decisive action now to comply with limit values for NO2 and PM10.
Thank you and your many colleagues for all that you do to improve air quality in London. Please confirm receipt of this letter to the electronic email address provided separately.
cc: By hand:
The Rt. Hon. Gordon Brown MP, The Prime Minister
Commissioner Dimas, Environment DG
The Rt. Hon. Geoff Hoon MP, Secretary of State for Transport
The Rt. Hon. Ed Miliband, Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change
The Lord Hunt of Kings Heath, Minister for Air Quality
Boris Johnson, Mayor of London
Peter Daw, Interim Strategy Manager (Air Quality, Energy and Climate Change),
GLA Dame Judith Mayhew, Chair, New West End Company
Daniel Moylan, Deputy Chair, Transport for London
Dragomira Raeva, EU Policy Unit, European Environmental Bureau
Dr Martin Williams, Senior Reporting Officer, Atmospheric Quality and Industrial Pollution, Defra
Tim Williamson, Deputy Senior Reporting Officer, Defra
John Bowis MEP, Conservative
Jean Lambert MEP, Green
Baroness Ludford MEP, Liberal Democrat
Claude Moraes MEP, Labour
Gareth Bacon AM, Conservative, London Assembly Member
Darren Johnson AM, Green, Chair of the Environment Committee, London Assembly
Caroline Pidgeon AM, Liberal Democrat, Deputy Chair of the Transport Committee
Murad Qureshi AM, Deputy Chair, Environment Committee, London Assembly
Valerie Shawcross AM, Chair of the Transport Committee, London Assembly
Councillor Colin Barrow, Leader of the Council, City of Westminster
Councillor Danny Chalkley, Cabinet Member for Transport and Environment, City of
Councillor Merrick Cockell, Leader of Kensington and Chelsea Council


Explore the beautiful Marloes Peninsula on this circular coastal walk in the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. It's a wonderful area with great views towards the nearby Skomer Island, spectacular cliff tops and fields with pink wildflowers and heather in the summer.
The walk starts at the Martin's Haven car park near the excellent Lockley Lodge Visitor Centre. You then head towards the coastguard hut and Wooltack Point for great views across St Bride's Bay. You continue along the coast with more splendid views towards Skokholm and Grassholm islands. The area is wonderful for wildlife with wild ponies, gannets and seals to look out for in the autumn months.
To continue your walking in the area you can catch the boat from Martin's Haven to the wonderful Skomer Island from April to October.
If you head east you can visit the lovely Marloes Sands and Marloes Mere. Here you'll find a bird hide where you can look out for a variety of birds visting the little lake.


text:
package org.apache.isis.core.metamodel.facets;

import org.apache.isis.core.commons.lang.StringExtensions;

public class MethodPrefixConstants {

    public static final String GET_PREFIX = "get";
    public static final String IS_PREFIX = "is";
    public static final String SET_PREFIX = "set";
    public static final String CLEAR_PREFIX = "clear";
    public static final String MODIFY_PREFIX = "modify";
    public static final String ADD_TO_PREFIX = "addTo";
    public static final String REMOVE_FROM_PREFIX = "removeFrom";

    public static final String NAME_PREFIX = "name";
    public static final String DESCRIPTION_PREFIX = "description";
    public static final String OPTIONAL_PREFIX = "optional";

    public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = "default";
    public static final String CHOICES_PREFIX = "choices";
    public static final String AUTO_COMPLETE_PREFIX = "autoComplete";

    public static final String HIDE_PREFIX = "hide";
    public static final String ALWAYS_HIDE_PREFIX = "alwaysHide";

    public static final String DISABLE_PREFIX = "disable";
    public static final String PROTECT_PREFIX = "protect";

    public static final String VALIDATE_PREFIX = "validate";
    public static final String VALIDATE_ADD_TO_PREFIX = VALIDATE_PREFIX + ADD_TO_PREFIX;
    public static final String VALIDATE_ADD_TO_PREFIX_2 = VALIDATE_PREFIX + StringExtensions.capitalize(ADD_TO_PREFIX);
    public static final String VALIDATE_REMOVE_FROM_PREFIX = VALIDATE_PREFIX + REMOVE_FROM_PREFIX;
    public static final String VALIDATE_REMOVE_FROM_PREFIX_2 = VALIDATE_PREFIX + StringExtensions.capitalize(REMOVE_FROM_PREFIX);

    public static final String FIELD_PREFIX = "field";
    public static final String ACTION_PREFIX = "action";

    public static final String CREATED_PREFIX = "created";
    public static final String LOADED_PREFIX = "loaded";
    public static final String LOADING_PREFIX = "loading";
    public static final String SAVED_PREFIX = "saved";
    public static final String SAVING_PREFIX = "saving";
    public static final String PERSISTED_PREFIX = "persisted";
    public static final String PERSISTING_PREFIX = "persisting";
    public static final String DELETED_PREFIX = "deleted";
    public static final String DELETING_PREFIX = "deleting";
    public static final String REMOVED_PREFIX = "removed";
    public static final String REMOVING_PREFIX = "removing";
    public static final String UPDATED_PREFIX = "updated";
    public static final String UPDATING_PREFIX = "updating";
    public static final String SINGULAR_NAME = "singularName";

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Pumpkin jars! These were way easier to make than I imagined. All you need is a squirt of acrylic paint and copper wire. Thin your paint down with lil bit of water and swirl around... When we dressed our linden trees with the grape vines, we following the vine lead. Once the vines were round the linden tree trunks, we added rusted steel lead garlands. This look to me is a good partnership.
People come up with so many creative ideas and for sure the braided nutella Christmas tree bread is one of them! Imagine how great would this look on the table when all …... To the stake I tied the twine and pulled out about 20' in a straight line, making sure that it went directly over the trunks of the grape vines I wanted to trellis and tied it to another stake. Then I marked 8' and 16' from the first stake. I now had the points marked for my 3 posts.
make a grapevine tree...I've done this with chicken wire, grapevines and a large tub of water . Visit Christmas lights tend to burn out eventually. Unless you have a strand that burns with the exception of the problematic light, it can be a real headache to find the faulty bulb. Consider investing in a light tester, which will examine each specific light and spot the one that requires how to make curly hair straight without heat To the stake I tied the twine and pulled out about 20' in a straight line, making sure that it went directly over the trunks of the grape vines I wanted to trellis and tied it to another stake. Then I marked 8' and 16' from the first stake. I now had the points marked for my 3 posts.
Have your kids help pick out ornaments for this colorful creation. Get the Cloth. DIY Golden Wreath and Garland The more, the merrier! A matching wreath and garland set will make for a very coordinated Christmas. Get the tutorial at Sugar and Cloth. SHOP FERN LEAVES how to make a backdrop for youtube "Grape tree foods how to care for grape vines in spring,how to grow grape vines on a pergola planting vines for wine,propagating grape vines the complete grape growing system." "maybe this would work better than a standar T trellis for the hardy kiwis."
For years friends have given me "gardening" Christmas ornaments. I have sprightly garden Santas, garden angels, miniature gardening tools, flower and butterfly ornaments, and all manner of garden knick-knacks made especially for hanging on a Christmas tree.
To the stake I tied the twine and pulled out about 20' in a straight line, making sure that it went directly over the trunks of the grape vines I wanted to trellis and tied it to another stake. Then I marked 8' and 16' from the first stake. I now had the points marked for my 3 posts.
Grape Vine Christmas Trees com: Grapevine Tree Use this garland to decorate Christmas trees, wreaths and home decor pieces Grapevine Brown 15" Fold Flat Sphere with 100 Clear, Warm White, LED Lights by Crab Pot Christmas Trees.


Technically, this is set before last week's Angel. It's also a new episode stuck before weeks of reruns before the new episodes come back in force this April. Spoilerish random thoughts are below.
The running joke about chains.
Giles' conversation with Wood in the basement.
Spike's conversations with the women of his past.
Whoa, the next Buffy is set before the Angel the war made me miss? Freaky! : ) Gives me a chance to get back on track.
Well, to be precise, the events in the beginning of this episode precede the events of last week's Angel. The events near the end of the episode are likely concurrant with them. Either way, you will not need to watch last week's Angel to understand this Buffy, and vice versa.
Ya know, on the one side we have Cordy and her "daddies have responsibilities…" talks, and on the other its Spike's twisted oedipian tale of siring his mom.


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5 free programs for transitioning service members (and spouses!)
Mighty Moments
Uniformed Man Seen Kneeling at Iraq Vet Beau Biden's Grave During Inauguration
Under the Radar by Military.com
As President Joe Biden was addressing the nation Wednesday after swearing in as the 46th U.S. president, a quiet moment was captured 110 miles away from the nation's capital.
A journalist with The News Journal in Delaware saw a lone person in a blue uniform kneeling over the grave of the president's late son, Beau Biden, who died in 2015 at the age of 46.
Poignant moment: While Joe Biden gave his inauguration speech, a lone man in a uniform knelt at the Delaware grave of his son Beau. pic.twitter.com/QkCuJRHzTz
— Patricia Talorico (@PattyTalorico) January 20, 2021
"No one else was around on this cold, windy afternoon except for a few people doing outside work at the cemetery," Patricia Talorico, the News Journal reporter, wrote about the moment. "… The person in the uniform bowed their head and clasped their hands. The image brought tears to my eyes."
Read Next:Biden Says US Will Repair Its Alliances, Calls for Americans to Unite
The person captured in Talorico's viral photo, which was shared by tens of thousands on social media, has not been identified. Talorico said that while the journalist in her wanted to ask the person's identity and see why they were there, she "knew it was a time to be respectful."
"I drove away," she said, adding, "Some things in life you just let be."
Beau Biden, a lawyer who served in the Delaware National Guard, is buried at St. Joseph on the Brandywine Church cemetery in Greenville, Delaware. In 2008, he deployed as a major to Iraq, where he served on the staff of Biden's defense secretary nominee, retired Army Gen. Lloyd Austin.
Before Biden left Delaware this week ahead of his inauguration, he spoke at the Major Joseph R. "Beau" Biden III National Guard/Reserve Center, which is named for his son.
"Ladies and gentlemen, I only have one regret: He's not here," Biden said of his son, fighting back tears. "Because we should be introducing him as president."
The person at Beau Biden's grave kept their head bowed before and after Biden's roughly 20-minute inauguration address, clasping their hands, Talorico wrote.
Biden, who said in a 2019 speech that he suspects his son's cancer was caused by exposure to burn pits in Iraq, is expected to expand medical benefits for veterans who became sick after being exposed to environmental toxins.
"President-elect Joe Biden has made clear that our nation's most sacred obligation is to take care of the members of our military and their families, when they're deployed and when they return home," Leo Cruz, Biden's military and veterans issues campaign director, told McClatchy after the November election.
This article originally appeared on Military.com. Follow @militarydotcom on Twitter.
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Map of Hunter Island, TAS 7330
The Hunter Island, the main island of the Hunter Island Group, is a 7,330-hectare (18,100-acre) island, located in Bass Strait, that lies between King Island and north-west Tasmania, Australia.
The island is located near Three Hummock Island, several kilometres off the north-west coast of Tasmania. The island is run as a cattle property and there is a homestead on the island. A privately owned barge is used for transport to Smithton on the north coast of Tasmania. The island is approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) long, and 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) wide at its widest point.
The East India Ship Phatisalam was wrecked on the island in 1821.
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The duo partnered with Producer 1st official, who's also a Boston native, to create an innovative sound that represents the elegance of Massachusetts. The Myster DL Films directed visual captures breath taking views of Lowell, MA, and is just a glimpse of what he has in store. Intertwining scenes really keep your eyes glued to the crisp visual that illustrates the struggling situations they have had to overcome. "Dreams" is just a taste off of Sinical's forthcoming album, . Be sure to check these two artist on SinicalHipHop.com to get updates on this release.


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April 26, 2012 The Perkins Journal
HOLLYWOOD -- You can start calling Ashton Kutcher the multi-million dollar man! Word is he'll be back next season on "Two And a Half Men" for $1 million an episode. But before he starts shooting his second season, he'll start shooting "Jobs," the Steve Jobs biopic about the late Apple tycoon. Looking at pictures of Jobs from his youth reveals he and Ashton could be twins. Job's former partner at Apple, Steve Wozniak, a former "Dancing With the Stars" con- testant, has given his blessing and says, "Steve would have approved of Ashton playing him." Multiple Oscar-winning director Clint Eastwood: is headed, ba k ib acting x, ia the upconling bas baii! pi c "Trouble With the Cm've," filming in Atlar/ta, hometown of.the Braves. But have no-fear, Clint still-is in control -- he's producing and his partner, Robert Lorenz, is directing. They've rounded up a first-rate cast with Justin Timber- lake, Amy Adams, Matthew Lillard, John Goodman and Scott Eastwood. Yes, Scott is Clint's son (with former flight attendant Jacelyn Reeves) and had roles in "Gran Torino," "Invictus" and the January 2013 release of !'Texas Chainsaw Massacre 3D". And here's, an update on Clint"S "A Star Is Born" with Beyonce. Will Fet- ters, who wrote the screenplay, admitted he based the role that Tom Cruise may end up playing on Nirvana lead singer Kurt Cobain, who met a tragic, prema- ture end. "The Help" Oscar-winner Octavia Spencer is trapped on a train full of travelers struggling to co-exist in a world covered in ice and snow in "Snow Piercer." Her fellow passengers ar6;' Captain America" Chris Evans, "Man on a Ledge" co-star Jamie Bell, Osc - vinner Tilda Swinton ("Michael Clayton") and two- .time Oscar nominee John Hurt. Carol Burnett celebrates her 79th birthday on April 26. Seems like we met only yesterday when I was 11 and she was 26 and starring at The Phoenix Theatre in "Once Upon a Mat- tress," later to move to Broadway, while moonlighting on "The Garry Moore Show." Her variety show, "The Carol Burnett Show," ran for 11 years on CBS. Carol maintains the networks couldn't afford to produce a show like hers today, which is one of the reasons she hasn't return to weekly television. Outside of a few guest shots on TV shows and voice-overs in two animated films, "Horton Hears a Who" ('08) and "The Secret World of Arrietty" this year, she stays close to home with Brian Miller, her husband of 10 years. He's a drummer and contractor for the Hol- lywood Bow ! Orchestra, and 23 years younger than she. Oh Carol, always a trendsetter ... you put the "cou-cou" in cougar before it was even a TV series ! Send letters to Tony Rizzo's Hollywood, 8306 Wilshire Blvd., No. 362, Beverly Hills, CA 90211. (c) 2012 King Features Synd., Inc. Ashton Kutcher 1. GEOG- RAPHY: What is Europe's bFlfi longest i' ez fiver? 2. TELEVISION: What was the fictional home state of"M A S H" surgeon Hawkeye Pierce? 3. MOVIES: What was the name of the woodcarver and creator of "Pinocchio" in the Disney film? 4. LANGUAGE: What does "gesundheit" mean in German? 5. RELIGION: Who is the patron saint of dancers? 6. ROYAI_S: Who preceded Queen Elizabeth H in the English throne? 7. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE: What is the term for the pointed wheel at the end of cowboy boots' spurs? 8. I3TERATURE: In Inn Fleming's spy nov- els, what agency did James Bond work for? 9. FOOD & DRINK: What fruit that is com- monly eaten today was widely considered poisonous until the 18th century? 10. INVENTIONS: What popular drink did druggist John Pemberton invent in 1886? ANSWrERS 1. The Volga River 2. Maine 3. Geppetto 4. To your health 5. St. Vitus 6. Her father, George VI 7. Rowel 8. MI6 (Military Intelligence Section 6) 9. The tomato 10. Coca-Cola (c) 2012 King Features Synd., Inc. ve ARIES (March 21 to April 19) Temper your typical Aries urge to charge into a situation and demand answers. Instead, let the Lamb's gentler self emerge to deal with a problem that requires delicacy. TAURUS (April 20 to May 20) You are aware of what's going on, so continue to stand by your earlier decision, no matter how persuasive the counter-arguments might be. Money pressures soon will ease. ...... GEMINI (May 21 to June 20) By all means, have fun and enjoy your newly expanded social life. But don't forget that some people are depending on you to keep promises that are very important to them. CANCER (June 21 to July 22) You need to wait patiently for an answer to a workplace problem and not push for a decision. Re- member: Time is on your side. A financial matter needs closer attention. LEO (July 23 to August 22) You now have information that can influence that deci- sion you planned to make. But the clever Cat will consult a masted friend or family member before making a major move. VIRGO (August 23 to September 22) Good news: You're finding that more doors are opening for you to show what you can do, and you don't even have to knock very hard to get the attention )/ou �re'seeking. .o LIBRA (September 23 to October 22) Your gift for creating order out of chaos will help you deal with a sudden rash of responsibili- ties that would threaten someone less able to balance his or her priorities. SCORPIO (October 23 to November 21) Congratulations. Your energy levels are coming fight back up to normal -- just in time to help you tackle some worthwhile challenges and make some important choices. SAGITTARIUS (November 22 to De- cember 21) The sage Sagittarian should demand a full explanation of inconsisten- cies that might be cropping up in what had seemed to be a straightforward deal. CAPRICORN (December 22 to January 19) A conflict between obligations to family and to the job can create stressful problems. Best advice: Balance your dual priorities so that one doesn't outweigh the other. AQUARIUS (January 20 to February 18) Don't guess, speculate or gossip about that so-called "mystery" situation at the work- place. Bide your time. An explanation will be forthcoming very soon. PISCES (February 19 to March 20) Bore- dom might be creeping in and causing you to lose interest in a repeat project. Deal with it by flipping over your usual routine and find' new wayto.do an old task , ........ :BoR " IIS WEEK: You can warm thr7""i" : eoldest heart with your lyrical voice and: , :b#gh.ti e. You find yourself at home i you are. : :i


. Let me start off by saying there is a 60% chance I will actually participate for all 24 hours. I will probably not be able to stay up all night but I am going to try to do as much as I can. I have a big pile of books to dip in and out of all day, snacks and comfy clothes so I plan to enjoy a weekend of reading.
So clearly I have a problem with way too many books. I will be shocked if I even finish one book. I have already started Stars Above and Eligible because I couldn't wait!
and occasionally doing an update here. I am excited to see how this goes. Good luck to everyone else participating! Check back tomorrow for more.
Well the first hour of the Readathon is in the books (pun intended).
I had a pretty rough night of sleep so naps will definitely be in order today.
I started out this morning with a berry and kale smoothie. It is an absolutely delicious concoction with a hint of basil. Sadly, I forget to get bananas so that was missing from the smoothie. I am finishing up Eligible by Curtis Sittenfeld this morning and while making my breakfast was listening to Stars Above on audiobook. I love the Overdrive app so that I can check out audiobooks from the library.
This is where I will be reading today. This is my favorite reading corner. I plan to switch it up throughout the day but this will probably be my primary spot. It's full of light and the chair is so comfortable.
I hope everyone else is having a great start to Readathon! I can't wait to check in on social media later today.
2) Which book in your stack are you most looking forward to? Jane Steele!
4) Tell us a little something about yourself!I love reading obviously, am a photographer and have four sisters who are my absolute best friends.
5) If you participated in the last read-a-thon, what's one thing you'll do different today? If this is your first read-a-thon, what are you most looking forward to? This is my first Readathon and I am most looking forward to reading lots and interacting with other people who love reading as much as I do.
1914 bride on the cover.
(spoiler alert I am now a wedding photographer :-) To this day Maud Hart Lovelace is my favorite author.
2. The best thing about being a kid was going to the library and my sisters and I would get giant stacks of books. Our librarians loved us and knew we would finish the books in two weeks and be back for more. I still get joy from going to the same library and seeing books I read as a child.
through a mail order catalog and the thrill of opening that box full of shiny, new books.
4. Every day at lunch my mom, four sisters and I would sit around our big farm house style table and read while eating.
5. I remember getting in trouble and having my books taken away as punishment.
Just checking in! I have been trying to stay off social media because I have found it is too distracting. I was going to check in every few hours but I think I will limit it more.
I finished Elgible and it was absolutely hilarious. I really enjoyed it. My next read of the day is Wedding in the Family by Rosamund Du Jardin. I also broke into my first snacks of the day! I thought I should start with the healthy snacks ha ha.
Rosamund Du Jardin wrote books in the 1950s and they are absolutely delightful young adult books. They are funny and charming. I am also taking a few breaks and listening to Stars Above on audio to give my eyes a little break. I am enjoying all the stories about the characters before the Lunar Chronicles begin. I made a very unhealthy, but delicious, pepperoni pizza for lunch which I kindly shared with my husband. Now back to reading!
I finished Wedding in the Family. I really enjoyed Tobey finally marrying Brose and am interested to read more of her sister Midge's stories. The next book I started is The Perfect Paragon, an Agatha Raisin book. I also whipped up a batch of delicious salted caramel brownies.
I only have three stories left to listen to in Stars Above and then I will start listening to Jane Eyre on audiobook. My eyes were starting to get a little tired so I headed outside with a Buffy the Vampire Slayer graphic novel. It's nice to have a location change. I am starting to think I got too many snacks and won't even be able to eat them all. Perish the thought.
Well I attempted to take a nap around four but it didn't really work out. So I took a relaxing walk around my neighborhood while listening to Stars Above. It is an absolutely gorgeous evening.
I finally reached the stories in Stars Above that occur after Winter and I love catching up with where my favorite characters have ended up. I also am loving my Agatha Raisin book. Sometimes I just am in the mood for those formulaic books that are almost always the same with just a few details changed. Agatha Raisin is so predictable but those books always make me laugh. I love all the new characters now that she is running a detective agency. I switched to reading in my sunroom to give myself a change of scenery. My dog is not happy with how much I am reading and not paying him attention.
I have decided to forgo dinner and just eat all my snacks that I planned on munching on throughout the day. But I really haven't been that hungry. I will now have to chug water the rest of the night because I just ate so much salt. But it was delicious.
have finished four books and one graphic novel so far. I am one chapter away from finishing my audiobook, Stars Above. I had a Coke around 6 and it's definitely giving me bursts of energy as I am so not used to caffeine anymore.
I started and finished On The Way Home which is the diary of the trip Laura Ingalls Wilder made from DeSmet to her final hometown in Missouri. It was a really quick read and I enjoyed it with all the LIW books I have been reading lately. I found it so interesting how she described the field conditions and prices of land. That was important information to them and it's so cool to read details like that in 2016.
I am definitely starting to lag a little so it's time for some chocolate and to read a Ramona book. I probably am going to try to nap for a few hours and then continue. I really don't want to go to sleep and then just wake back up at six or seven. It will be interesting to see how the rest of the night (morning?) will go!
I finished Stars Above. I liked the collection of stories. Not a lot of new information but still enjoyable. Ramona and Her Father is a Newbery Award winner and reading it as an adult was different. It was a surprisingly serious book with Ramona's father losing his job and her trying to get him to stop smoking. My poor eyes are a little tired so I listened to my Jane Eyre audiobook for awhile. I just started The Geography of You and Me by Jennnifer E. Smith. I am thinking I might nap for a couple of hours. I do have all day to sleep tomorrow if need be but I feel like I will enjoy this readathon more if I am reading because I want to and not just to stay awake all 24 hours!
is they are an organization that uses volunteer readers to record public domain audiobooks. I love being able to listen to hours and hours of classic audiobooks. Of course these are not professional readers so sometimes you can get terrible readers. But it really is just a wonderful organization and if I had a better voice I would love to be a reader. I thought I would listen to Jane Eyre before I read Jane Steele. Ok back to reading for the next two hours! I will check back in when it's over.
After getting a few hours sleep this morning I am ready to do my Dewey's 24 Hour Marathon Wrap Up!
Approx. 21 hours. I took a much needed nap from 2:50 am-5:15 am.
This was my first Readathon and I absolutely loved it! I made sure to pick a lot of short reads and audiobooks so that I would not get burned out by one book. I did much better than I thought I would do. I honestly thought I would fall asleep most of the night so I am happy that I stayed up for almost all of the readathon. I tried not to check in on social media too much. I ended up going to the Facebook group only once because there were so many posts but tried to check into Twitter every few hours. I only ended up entering a few of the mini challenges because at the end I just wanted to read. Thanks to everyone who cheered for me on Twitter. It was a great event and props to the organizers and hosts. I am looking forward to the October event and hoping to get my sisters involved. What was your favorite part of the readathon and what was one must read book you read? Answer in the comments below! My favorite part was the books and food and my must read book is Elgible. I hope everyone gets lots of rest today!
Well it certainly was a cold winter and spring is taking its sweet time getting here. Which means I have been reading a lot. So far this year I have read 50 books. I am 33% towards my Goodreads goal of 150 books read in 2016. I have read some good books and also some not so good books. I have read a lot of four star books this year which makes me happy. My favorite books of the year so far have been Illuminae by Amie Kaufman, The Girl in the Red Coat by Kate Hamer, Here's My Heart: A Legacy and Love and War by Leigh W. Callan, Ready Player One by Ernest Cline, and the Legend series by Marie Lu.
I have also been excited to discover author Rosamund Du Jardin. She wrote young adult novels in the 1950s. They are just delightful. They remind me of Beverly Cleary's books for older kids or a later Maud Hart Lovelace. They are just simple, happy books. I wish I could have read these when I was younger. I am still working through all her books the library has.
I have also been on a Laura Ingalls Wilder kick after finally reading Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography. I adored Pioneer Girl. It was absolutely amazing for a LIW enthusiast. There were pages and pages of anointed notes. My nerd heart sang for joy. I am in the middle of The Selected Letters of Laura Ingalls Wilder by William Anderson. I love how the letters give a peek inside Laura's writing process. I read a fictionalized account of Rose Wilder Lane, A Wilder Rose by Susan Witting Albert. I also have two more books West From Home and On the Way Home, which are letters and diaries from Laura's trips. I can't wait to read those!
Yesterday was Beverly Cleary's 100th birthday! How amazing is that! I love, love all of her books. The Ramona books were some of my favorites as a kid. I always felt I had so much in common with her. I also loved Dear. Mr. Henshaw and Ellen Tibbetts. But Fifteen is my favorite book of hers. I just love Jane Purdy and I appreciate how confident she becomes by the end of the book and doesn't care if people make fun of the flowers she is carrying. Yesterday I decided to read the first two Ramona books again. And wow they really hold up. They are delightful!
As far as book challenges this year I cut way down. The only one I am really participating in is Read Your Own Damn Books. I have such high TBR pile (and two bookcases). Hopefully this challenge will help me clear some of them out and stop me from buying more books. I am putting myself on book buying hold. I can only read books I already have or library books. So far I have read 17 books that qualify for this challenge. I also am still doing the Century in Books challenge. I am also going to participate in the Dewey's 24 Hour Read-a-Thon. I won't do all 24 hours because I have an MS Walk that morning but I will try to participate as much as possible. I just put a bunch of books on hold at the library so I will have a big pile and variety to choose from.
So that's what's going on here in my reading adventure. What has your reading year looked like so far? What is the best book you have read this year?
I love books and reading. There is nothing better than getting lost in a good book. No matter what is going on in your life you can always get distracted or cheer up with a book. 2014 has been a wonderful year for me in many ways but especially since I had a wonderful reading year.
I read 205 books in 2014 with a total of 68,442 pages. Technically not all of them were actually read but a lot were audiobooks so listened to. I am happiest with the fact that 152 of the books were library books. My goal was to check out more books from the library and not spend so much money on books. I also completed a few challenges this year.
I just finished this challenge today on the last day of the year! I read The Longest Winter: The Battle of the Bulge and the Epic Story of World War II's Most Decorated Platoon by Alex Kershaw to complete the a reference to time category. You can read about the other categories read in this post. Honestly this is a challenge I usually forget about and it just happens that I read books that fit into the categories. Hopefully next year I can purposely complete this challenge.
I had so much fun thankful reading this year. You can read all about it in here, here, here, here and here. I ended up completing five books and reading parts of two more for this challenge.
Jon Acuff challenged his followers to read more books in 2014. I will have to say this was the push I had to read more books than I have in the last few years. I have always been a huge reader but starting and owning my own business for the last few years had put reading on the back burner. I completed 211 books for this challenge as it started a little before the new year. I wasn't great about posting every book to the Empty Shelf Challenge Pinterest board but I tracked them all in Goodreads. Another great thing was discovering so many new books through the Pinterest board from what others were reading.
Thankful Reading in November (of course).
I have decided to do two more challenges in 2015: 26 Books and A Century Of Books.
It has been a wonderful 2014. Happy New Year and here's to a wonderful 2015! Thanks for reading!


text:
Q: F#, Deedle: Generic Frame constrained to type Frame< obj,obj > I have a function that receives an obj and tries to guess if it's a string, a Deedle Frame or something else:
let exampleF (data : obj) =
    match data with
    | :? string as s -> "string: " + s
    | :? Frame<'a,'b> as d -> "Frame"
    | _ -> "something else"

The problem is that Frame<'a,'b> is constrained to type Frame< obj,obj >. So if I had someFrame of type Frame< int,string >, exampleF would output "something else". However, if exampleF had another branch with " :? Frame< int,string > as d ->", someFrame would be correctly caught.
How can I capture all Frames in a pattern matching like that without having to specify the inner types?

A: Jim Foye helped me to find the answer:
let exampleF data =
    match data.GetType() with
    | typ when typ.IsGenericType && typ.GetGenericTypeDefinition() = typedefof<Frame<_,_>> -> "Frame"
    | typ when typ = typeof<string> -> "string"
    | _ -> "something else"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On-line shopping has grow to be very common wherever you might be. Additionally people who are new to shopping for valuable gem stones can have a much easier time studying what the bodily viewable differences are in the comfort of dwelling reasonably than going from store to buy. Listed below are 5 shopping rules that may enable you to come dwelling with clothes gadgets which are actual bargains that can make you look and feel good.
A property supervisor should search to keep these items under control always. The historical past of online shopping by itself symbolizes the change in our society and has by now turn into a service used by enterprise and common shopper all over the world. In case you are solely shopping for prepackaged food, you possibly can actually move by the supermarket, but if you have to examine produce, meats, or fish, the time you spend goes to be drastically elevated.
You can too take away items from your shopping cart when you need to take action. Cost is normally carried out by bank card. 4) Worth and Selection: One advantage of shopping online is being able to shortly seek out offers for gadgets or providers with many different distributors.
A special day of sale is among the issues that appeal to individuals to flock to a shopping middle. The final day of sale requires some unexpected free objects and some severe drop in marked prices. If you want to purchase other gadgets, you click the "add to cart" button near them, and when you're completed you check out.
The cons that you may run into with regards to conventional shopping is that the store you're shopping at may not accept your fee method. This data is priceless at this starting stage of your shopping profession. While shopping is kind of a necessity (for groceries, clothes, etc.), it has now change into an habit for many.
It's a good option to present that your career in shopping is more than some part time passion. The psychology behind on-line shopping is there are no human limitations to confront you, you simply select, click and pay and anticipate the shock. Some shopping services ask their customers to position orders on a regimented schedule; one each week or every ten days.
Again, decide objects you would use, and never retailer (unless you are a reseller). Busy lives and the necessity for 2-parent incomes have made the need for on-line shopping a necessity. It contains every thing, and is a tremendous alternative for budding, gifted enterprise people to showcase their merchandise and get patrons.… Read More..
You'll be able to't help it. When a lady in a pink costume walks into a room, or a man in a striking black swimsuit wearing a vibrant crimson tie, you turn and look. There were no designers, models, star or fashion design labels that the country may show off. In the event you like to dress to impress, go for it. When you like your excessive heels, go for it (although I wouldn't put on them on a regular basis – give your ft the break they deserve).
It's important to pursue a fashion design diploma before you begin your jobs. Fashion types have been changed that allowed more freedom of choices. Fashion merchandising is an fascinating career option for those who are desirous to work in an surroundings of modern fashion enterprise.
ZALORA is on the forefront of males's fashion traits, carrying 1000's of items ranging from t-shirts , baju melayu moden to jeans, sneakers to formal sneakers and wallets to belts. Fashion designers typically need to create budgets for his or her projects, as well as work within these budgets.
Increasing affluence after World Battle II and, most significantly, the advent of low cost colour printing within the 1960s, led to a huge increase in its gross sales and heavy protection of fashion in mainstream ladies's magazines, followed by males's magazines within the Nineteen Nineties.
The '80s was the period of self consciousness and American designers like Calvin Klein turned widespread. Every stakeholder together with designers, exporters, textile gamers and retail chains need to return together along with the federal government to ensure that the position of Indian fashion is robust within the coming years.… Read More..