*Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant enzyme that we make in every cell in our body and is a significant component of our antioxidant defence system. High concentrations are produced in the liver where it plays a central role in ridding the body of harmful pollutants and protecting the tissues and cells from free radical damage.
Despite being a very small protein made up of three key amino acids lysine, cysteine and glutamine, Glutathione is a highly potent antioxidant and is therefore vital for health. It is amongst the most efficient substances used by cells and tissues throughout the body in their defence against oxidative stress. For this reason it is often referred to as the 'Master Detoxifier'. It is particularly active in tissues that are most susceptible to toxicity such as the brain, kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, skin and eyes.
Scientists agree that Glutathione status within the cells is a very good indicator of the cells overall health and its ability to fight toxins. Without glutathione, red cells die, white cells can't function effectively and nerve tissue degenerates.
Scientific experts agree that Glutathione is one of the primary protective compounds in the body. Theoretically supplementing with Glutathione may help to maintain antioxidant defences to combat various diseases; however it is subject to a number of gastrointestinal obstacles which may hinder its absorption.
Standard Glutathione tablets or capsules can't withstand the digestive processes in the body. The Glutathione is quickly broken down into its 3 constituent parts - cysteine, glycine and glutamine. These amino acids are sometimes needed to produce other substances in the body and so Glutathione doesn't always reach the cells intact.
Until recently intravenous delivery of Glutathione has proven to be the most effective route for absorption, but this method of delivery is both costly and impractical. However Liposomal Glutathione allows you to take Glutathione orally ensuring it reaches the cells where it is needed most.
Liposomal technology is able to increase the absorption of nutrients by capturing the active ingredients inside protective membranes called liposomes. These tiny liposomal bubbles consist of bi-layers of phospholipid molecules (similar to your own body's cell membranes), that protect the contents and manage to by-pass the digestive juices to deliver the Glutathione directly to the cells. This unique method of delivery protects the Glutathione from oxidation and degradation avoiding gastro-intestinal distress and ensures almost 100% bioavailability.


Multi-platinum singer-songwriter Hozier has today announced his much-anticipated new album Wasteland, Baby! set for release on March 1 on Island Records.
Current single Movement is another key track on Wasteland, Baby! In just two months the track has been streamed over 20.8 million times and has fast become a firm fan favourite at Hozier's live shows.
Following the success of his most recent UK tour, Hozier is set to announce the European leg of the upcoming global Wasteland, Baby! tour with dates scheduled throughout the rest of 2019. Pre-order the new album Wasteland, Baby! via https://store.hozier.com to get exclusive access to the pre-sale for tickets to the European leg of the upcoming Wasteland, Baby! Tour, Autumn/Winter 2019. Full tour dates and cities will be announced in February.
Hozier first rose to prominence following the release of his globally successful, triple platinum single Take Me To Church. The track was nominated for 'Song Of The Year' at the 2015 Grammy Awards, won 'Song Of The Year' at the 2015 Ivor Novello Awards, won 'Song Of The Year' at the 2015 BBC Music Awards and won 'Top Rock Song' at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards, where Hozier also won 'Top Rock Artist'. Take Me To Church has sold 2.23 million copies in the UK to date. Hozier also saw great success with Someone New, which went gold and Cherry Wine and From Eden both being certified silver.


A combination of skills in the areas of speech, language, hearing, and feeding.
A combination of skills to address balance, coordination, strength, and flexibility.
Techniques for self help, problem solving, visual perception, coordination and self-regulation.
Therapy Connections first opened it's doors 19 years ago and even though much has changed, much has stayed steady. Our mission statement says we provide quality therapeutic services. Our vision has never changed - we are in the business of creating futures. Children who will become adults in our communities. Adults who can enjoy our local bike paths - on foot, walkers, pedals, chairs, you name it!
But how they use these bike paths is not our end goal. How well they build sentences is not all we want. We strive for, push for and dream big for each child that walks through our doors. Each child is beautifully different- wonderfully complex- there is no one tool, method or answer for them all. This is where our years of experience counts.
What makes Therapy Connections different? Many of the therapists who were here when the doors opened are still here today. Four years ago, I took the reins from Joyce, and I am so incredibly proud to have his opportunity.
Our therapists are the best trained, and most loyal people I've ever had the privilege to work with. Why they stay: Therapy Connections is different. It's always been different, Wonderful and fun. I believe it's because we have a passion for what we do - and it seeps out.
We walk the walk with our families and are grateful for the chance to wake up and do it all over Again tomorrow.
Find out what's new at Therapy Connections!
Call Therapy Connections if you feel your child might benefit from physical therapy. (937) 427-1919.
Therapy Connections Has a Total Gym!
The Total Gym is a great piece of equipment for strength and flexibility. You may see your kids using it with our Physical Therapy team!
Looking for an enthusiastic part/full time pediatric Occupational Therapist to join our team! We offer flex scheduling and benefits. Please send resume to therapyconnections@sbcglobal.net.
We participate with many health insurance carriers. We are proud to serve as providers for a variety of insurance companies and school districts. Additionally, funding for services such as social skills groups and therapy may be available through various resources. Please call us for more information.
Greenebucs, the local chapter of Ambucs, assists children and veterans with disabilities achieve the benefits of riding a bike. Greenebucs provides people with disabilities with all the classic benefits of riding a bike: mobility, strength, exercise, coordination, interaction with family and friends, and just pure fun!. Therapy Connections is proud to be a demo location for this program, with many of our therapists belonging to the local Greenebucs Chapter of the Ambucs Organization.
If you know of a child or veteran who would benefit from an adaptive tricycle, please contact Therapy Connections or Greenebucs for information.
Friday Friends club is designed for teens and young adults with disabilities to have regular opportunities for successful social interactions. The group is led by a speech pathologist and other educators/helpers. Our group integrates learned social skills and facilitates in their implementation.


text:
Towing of drilling rig "Nanhai-8" from Murmansk to the Kara Sea in July 2018. Photo: Gazprom
Gazprom boosts reserves on shelf
Exploration drilling proves another almost 800 billion cubic meters of natural gas in offshore fields.
The Russian national energy company in 2017 discovered more new resources than ever before, company CEO Aleksey Miller last week told his Board of Directors. A total of 852,9 billion cubic meters of natural gas was recorded, the lion's share of it on the shelf.
According to the company, offshore well drilling in 2017 revealed a total of 768 billion cubic meters of natural gas. Most of it was found in the Leningradskoye field in the Kara Sea.
Two wells were drilled on the Leningradskoye by Chinese rig "Nanhai-8" and results show field reserves of 667 billion cubic meters, the company informs.
The Leningradskoye is one of the company's biggest offshore fields, albeit far smaller than the Shtokman field in the Barents Sea, which holds about 3,9 trillion cubic meters.
Gazprom has since 1995 discovered a total of 11 new natural gas fields on the shelf. Among them are the Severo-Kamennomysskoye and Kamennomysskoye-More in the waters around peninsula Yamal.
More drilling will be conducted in the years to come. According to the company's exploration program, a total of eight offshore wells will be drilled in the period 2018-2021. That includes the two wells this year in the Rusanovskoye and Nyarmeyskoye fields in the Kara Sea. The wells are drilled by the «Nanhai-8» and «Arkticheskaya» rigs respectively.
Gazprom will over the next three years also conduct more than 9,000 square km 3D seismic mapping.
Industry and Energy
What are 5 Norwegian supply vessels doing in Russia's Kara Sea?
Seismic vessels push Arctic limits
Well drilling starts in shallow waters of Ob Bay
Drilling rigs are on their way to Russian icy waters
The Chinese oilmen are back in Murmansk

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Using Serial to RJ45 cable to connect to a 3Com switch I have always use a serial to serial port or serial to usb to connect to switches.  Normaly they came with  RJ45 to usb cable in cases when I had a RJ45 cable to serial.  But now I have 3Com switch that apparently only came with Serial to RJ45 cable I have no idea how to use it.
I use the command screen /dev/ttysS0 or /dev/ttyUSB to connect to the switch, how am I supposed to called to the ethernet port, should I give it an IP address.  Or I need an Rj45 to USB cable.

A: Usually, a professional switch has either a 9-pin serial port or an 8P8C port for dedicated console access.
The 9-pin port can be directly converted to the 8P8C port, for example by using this converter:
Once you have the 9-pin connection, you can use a standard USB-to-Serial cable to connect to it.
The important part to remember is that a 8P8C console port is completely different from a RJ45 network port.

A: There is a lot of commonality between switches, but you will almost always get the best information about how to connect, by looking up the guide/manual for the specific model/make of the equipment you are using.  Sometimes vendors change things.  Or they have non-standard equipment since company got merged/purchased with another.  3Com was acquired by HP, but that doesn't automatically make 3Com gear follow the HP standards.
The Getting Started Guide for your switch has all the details you should need to connect.
From the guide:

Connecting the Workstation to the Switch

*

*Connect the workstation to the console port using a standard null
  modem cable

*Open your terminal emulation software and configure the COM port settings to which you have connected the cable. The settings should be set to match the default settings for the Switch, which are:

*

*19,200 baud

*8 data bits

*no parity

*1 stop bit

*no hardware flow control

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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View of south lake near Peschiera del Garda (Verona, Italy) (probably with Lake Frassino or River Mincio), at the top off the painting are the mountains of Brescia (Italy). Painted after 1533 by Girolamo dai Libri.
Lake Garda is the largest lake in Italy. In Italian its name is Lago di Garda.
It lies in the north of Italy between Venice and Milan, in the regions of Veneto, Lombardy and Trentino.
The lake is 51.6 kilometres long and 17.2 kilometres wide. It covers an area of 369.98 square kilometres.
This page was last changed on 9 February 2017, at 13:46.


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Stochastic gradient descent is the dominant method used to train deep learning models.
There are three main variants of gradient descent and it can be confusing which one to use.
In this post, you will discover the one type of gradient descent you should use in general and how to configure it.
What gradient descent is and how it works from a high level.
What batch, stochastic, and mini-batch gradient descent are and the benefits and limitations of each method.
That mini-batch gradient descent is the go-to method and how to configure it on your applications.
Update Apr/2018: Added additional reference to support a batch size of 32.
Photo by Brian Smithson, some rights reserved.
Gradient descent is an optimization algorithm often used for finding the weights or coefficients of machine learning algorithms, such as artificial neural networks and logistic regression.
It works by having the model make predictions on training data and using the error on the predictions to update the model in such a way as to reduce the error.
Gradient descent can vary in terms of the number of training patterns used to calculate error; that is in turn used to update the model.
The number of patterns used to calculate the error includes how stable the gradient is that is used to update the model. We will see that there is a tension in gradient descent configurations of computational efficiency and the fidelity of the error gradient.
The three main flavors of gradient descent are batch, stochastic, and mini-batch.
Stochastic gradient descent, often abbreviated SGD, is a variation of the gradient descent algorithm that calculates the error and updates the model for each example in the training dataset.
The update of the model for each training example means that stochastic gradient descent is often called an online machine learning algorithm.
The frequent updates immediately give an insight into the performance of the model and the rate of improvement.
This variant of gradient descent may be the simplest to understand and implement, especially for beginners.
The increased model update frequency can result in faster learning on some problems.
The noisy update process can allow the model to avoid local minima (e.g. premature convergence).
Updating the model so frequently is more computationally expensive than other configurations of gradient descent, taking significantly longer to train models on large datasets.
The frequent updates can result in a noisy gradient signal, which may cause the model parameters and in turn the model error to jump around (have a higher variance over training epochs).
The noisy learning process down the error gradient can also make it hard for the algorithm to settle on an error minimum for the model.
What is Batch Gradient Descent?
Batch gradient descent is a variation of the gradient descent algorithm that calculates the error for each example in the training dataset, but only updates the model after all training examples have been evaluated.
One cycle through the entire training dataset is called a training epoch. Therefore, it is often said that batch gradient descent performs model updates at the end of each training epoch.
Fewer updates to the model means this variant of gradient descent is more computationally efficient than stochastic gradient descent.
The decreased update frequency results in a more stable error gradient and may result in a more stable convergence on some problems.
The separation of the calculation of prediction errors and the model update lends the algorithm to parallel processing based implementations.
The more stable error gradient may result in premature convergence of the model to a less optimal set of parameters.
The updates at the end of the training epoch require the additional complexity of accumulating prediction errors across all training examples.
Commonly, batch gradient descent is implemented in such a way that it requires the entire training dataset in memory and available to the algorithm.
Model updates, and in turn training speed, may become very slow for large datasets.
What is Mini-Batch Gradient Descent?
The model update frequency is higher than batch gradient descent which allows for a more robust convergence, avoiding local minima.
The batched updates provide a computationally more efficient process than stochastic gradient descent.
The batching allows both the efficiency of not having all training data in memory and algorithm implementations.
Mini-batch requires the configuration of an additional "mini-batch size" hyperparameter for the learning algorithm.
Error information must be accumulated across mini-batches of training examples like batch gradient descent.
Mini-batch gradient descent is the recommended variant of gradient descent for most applications, especially in deep learning.
Mini-batch sizes, commonly called "batch sizes" for brevity, are often tuned to an aspect of the computational architecture on which the implementation is being executed. Such as a power of two that fits the memory requirements of the GPU or CPU hardware like 32, 64, 128, 256, and so on.
Batch size is a slider on the learning process.
Small values give a learning process that converges quickly at the cost of noise in the training process.
Large values give a learning process that converges slowly with accurate estimates of the error gradient.
Tip 1: A good default for batch size might be 32.
… [batch size] is typically chosen between 1 and a few hundreds, e.g. [batch size] = 32 is a good default value, with values above 10 taking advantage of the speedup of matrix-matrix products over matrix-vector products.
Tip 2: It is a good idea to review learning curves of model validation error against training time with different batch sizes when tuning the batch size.
… it can be optimized separately of the other hyperparameters, by comparing training curves (training and validation error vs amount of training time), after the other hyper-parameters (except learning rate) have been selected.
Tip 3: Tune batch size and learning rate after tuning all other hyperparameters.
… [batch size] and [learning rate] may slightly interact with other hyper-parameters so both should be re-optimized at the end. Once [batch size] is selected, it can generally be fixed while the other hyper-parameters can be further optimized (except for a momentum hyper-parameter, if one is used).
In this post, you discovered the gradient descent algorithm and the version that you should use in practice.
I think this is lower than SGD, rather than BGD, am I wrong?
Typo, I meant "higher". Fixed, thanks.
The idea of batches in SGD and the Adam optimizations of SGD are orthogonal.
You can use batches with or without Adam.
Oh ok, and also isn't SGD called so because Gradient Descent is a greedy algorithm and searches for a minima along a slope which can lead to it getting stuck with local minima and to prevent that, Stochastic Gradient Descent uses various random iteration and then a proximates the global minima from all slopes, hence the "stochastic"?
Yes, right on, it adds noise to the process which allows the process to escape local optima in search of something better.
Suppose my training data size is 1000 and batch size I selected is 128.
So, I would like to know how algorithm deals with last training set which is less than batch size?
In this case 7 weights update will be done till algorithm reach 896 training samples.
Now what happens for rest of 104 training samples.
Will it ignore the last training set or it will use 24 samples from next epoch?
It uses a smaller batch size for the last batch. The samples are still used.
These quotes are from this article and the linked articles. They are subtly different, are they all true?
Yes, batch/mini-batch are types of stochastic gradient descent.
Thanks for the post! It's a very elegant summry.
– The noisy update process can allow the model to avoid local minima (e.g. premature convergence).
Can I ask why is this the case?
Because the weights will bounce around the solution space more and may bounce out of local minima given the larger variance in the updates to the weights.
Suppose there are 1000 training samples, and a mini batch size of 42. So 23 mini batches of size 42, and 1 mini batch of size of 34.
if the weights are updated based only on the sum of the gradient, would that last mini batch with a different size cause problems since the number of summations isn't the same as the other mini batches?
Good question, in general it is better to have mini batches that have the same number of samples. In practice the difference does not seem to matter much.
Shouldn't predict(X, train_data) in your pseudocode be predict(X, model)?
Could you please explain the meaning of "sum the gradient over the mini-batch or take the average of the gradient". What we actually summing over the mini-batch?
When you say "take the average of the gradient" I presume you mean taking the average of the parameters calculated for all mini-batches.
Also, is this post is an excerpt from your book?
The estimate of the error gradient.
Sorry Igor, I don't follow. Perhaps you can rephrase your question?
I think he's asking if you actually update the weights after computing the batch gradient calculation.
If I'm understanding write, The answer should be "yes". You would compute the average gradient resulting from the first mini-batch and then you would use it to update the weights, then using the updated weight values to calculate the gradient in the next mini-batch. Since the present values of the weights of course determine the gradient.
Could you please further explain the parameter updating in mini-batch?
Here is my understanding: we use one mini-batch to get the gradient and then use this gradient to update weights. For next mini-batch, we repeat above procedure and update the weights based on previous one. I am not sure my understanding is right.
Thank you for this well-organized, articulate summary. However, I think many would benefit from an example (i.e. facial-recognition program). In this part you might explain the unfamiliar notations employed for these equations.
I conclude thinking SGD is a kind of 'meta-program' or 'auxiliary-program' that evaluates the algorithms of the primary-program in a feedback cycle (i.e. batch, stochastic, mini-batch) that improves the accuracy of both. Is that accurate? To me, this parallels 'mindfulness' does that resonate?
SGD is an optimization algorithm plan and simple. I don't see how it relates to mindfulness, sorry.
But how does this relate to happiness ?
I must agree. It's fun times.
I'm sorry to hear that, perhaps post your code and error to StackOverflow.com?
Sorry, I don't have material on tensorflow, I cannot give you good advice.
Great tutorial !My question is in the end does mini batch GD ,Batch GD converge to same values of parameters or there is a difference.?
Each run of the same method will converge to different results.
Each version of the method will also converge to different results.
Could you please clarify, is it required to keep all elements from a training sample checked by SGD? Do we have to check that all elements from the samle have been chedked so far, and then the current epoch is over? Thus, on the last iteration withian an epoch SGD chooses the last unchecked element from the training set, so it does this step in non-random way? The second question – is it required to randomly choose mini-batches (of size > 1) either?
Yes. Normally, this is easily done as part of the loop.
No batch size can be evaluated and chosen in a way that results in a stable learning process.
I want to thank you for your well detailed and self-explanatory blog post.
Do you have an idea backed by some research paper about how to choose the number of epochs?
I know this question depends on many factors but let's narrow them down to only the dataset size in case of training ConvNets.
How would you suggest it is best to do mini batches on time-series data? I have a time-series data (of variable number of days each), I am using an LSTM architecture to learn from these time-series. I first form a look-back window and shift it over each series to form the training samples (X matrix) and the column to predict (y vector). If a batch is 32 samples, do all of the 32 samples have to be from one of series?
Have you got any code for this?
I understand in an image classification problem this wouldn't matter, in fact having random images in the batch might give better results (making a higher fidelity batch).
My datsaset has 160,000 training examples, image size as 512*960 and I have a GV100 with 32 GB dedicated GPU Memory.
My batch size is 512, but what should be my mini batch size to give faster and accurate training results?
I have tried it as 16,32 but they don't seem to have a much of a difference as when I run nvidia-smi the volatile GPU util is fluctuating between 0-10%. Is it because the time to load the batches on the GPU is very high? Is there any fix to increase the GPU-Util?
And considering my machine and training examples what would be the ideal batch and mini-batch size?
It depends on the model, e.g. if you are fitting an LSTM, then the GPU cannot be used much, if you are using data augmentation, then you will not be using the GPU much.
I am using a CNN, should not it be showing high volatile-gpu usage?
Yes, unless you are using data augmentation which occurs on the CPU.
Thanks, I am not using any kind of data augmentation as of now. On running nvidia-smi the volatile GPU util is fluctuating between 0-10% and occasionally shoots up to 50-90%. Is it because the time to load the batches on the GPU is very high? Like the R/W operations are taking too much time/memory?
160,000 training examples, image size as 512*960 and I have a GV100 with 32 GB dedicated GPU Memory.
Interesting, I'm not sure. Perhaps try posting to stackoverflow?


Composed by Johann Pachelben. Arranged by Benjamin Ayotte. 20 pages. Published by Ayotte Custom Musical Engravings (S0.247389).
Composed by Johann Sebastian Bach (1686-1750). Arranged by Benjamin Ayotte. Baroque Period. 9 pages. Published by Ayotte Custom Musical Engravings (S0.433837).
Composed by Johann Sebastian Bach (1686-1750). Arranged by Benjamin Ayotte. Baroque Period. 13 pages. Published by Ayotte Custom Musical Engravings (S0.433889).
Find scores for Quartet 2 Benjamin at Sheet Music Plus.


We Choose Virtues can help you inspire children to live like Jesus in their every-day lives.
If you have children in Preschool or Elementary, the most helpful item you can purchase from this category is the Teacher Card set. If you want to bundle the items we recommend, The Church Kit for Kids (Pictured here) is a great choice. It contains the Teacher Cards, 15 posters and lots of printables. We have listed some other items that you might want to use as supplements.
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text:
The Hopewells
Heath's Earliest Residents
Text taken from:
People of the Mounds: Ohio's Hopewell Culture
by Bradley T. Leper
THE HOPEWELL CULTURE
We know the Hopewell principally from their mounds. Archaeologists have excavated scores of Hopewell mounds in search of knowledge about these ancient people. Many of these mounds were places of burial and, as a result, we know quite a lot about the Hopewell "way of death." But the burials and the construction of mounds may only represent the climactic events in a series of activities performed at these special sites.
Before the mounds were built, the Hopewell erected large wooden structures on the site. Some of these structures probably were charnel houses, places where the Hopewell dead were prepared for burial or cremation. Others could have been council houses, places of worship, or all of these things. They may have been used over and over again, as layer upon layer of colored clays and sands sometimes are found covering the floors. Each layer may represent the ritualized ending of one phase of activity and the beginning of another. Often, clay basins were built into the upper most floors and some of these served as crematories.
Once they had fulfilled their role in Hopewell society, whatever that role may have been, the wooden structures were burned to the ground, or carefully taken down. Then these places of ceremony and burial were covered with mounds of earth, some of which were quite large such as those at sites like Seip, Harness, and, the largest, Mound 25 at the Hopewell Mound Group. Mound 25, actually three conjoined mounds, was 500 feet long, 180 feet wide, and 30 feet high when mapped by Squier and Davis in the 1840s.
Sometimes the Hopewell would perform this cycle of activities many times in the same general area. The resulting clusters of anywhere from two to a dozen or more mounds might be enclosed by an elliptical or rounded rectangular earthen wall. At Mound City there are at least 23 mounds of varying shapes and sizes surrounded by the walls of an enclosure.
The people buried in the mounds include males and females, young and old. The Hopewell often cremated their dead, but extended burials in prepared tombs are also common. They often clothed or wrapped the bodies in fine textiles. Sometimes they would bury an array of ornaments and objects of ritual with the dead.
The skeletons uncovered by archaeological excavations into Hopewell mounds show us that, in life, these people were healthy and robust. Infant mortality probably was high by today's standards, but many Hopewellians lived to a ripe old age. The elderly likely held a special place in Hopewell societies. They represented "living archives" of lore on all aspects of the natural and supernatural worlds. Although the Hopewell probably had leaders of some considerable power and influence there is no evidence, such as consistent patterns in burial practices, that their leaders inherited political power after the manner of kings or pharaohs.
The most spectacular offerings frequently were not associated with a particular burial and may, therefore, represent some other ritual activity. Such offerings might include large numbers of copper earspools, copper axes and adzes, plaques of copper or mica cut into various abstract designs or representational forms, animal effigy pipes often carved from Ohio pipestone or other works shaped from various materials brought from the ends of the Hopewell world. These exotic materials included the raw copper and silver from the Lake Superior area; mica, quartz crystal and chlorite from the southern Appalachians; pearls, fossil shark teeth, alligator teeth, conch shells and sea turtle shells from the Gulf Coast; obsidian from the Rocky Mountains; and meteoric iron from various sources. Some archaeologists think these exotic commodities represent a far flung network of trade. But very little material from Ohio, such as tools shaped from Flint Ridge flint, is found at the other end of the so-called Hopewell interaction sphere. Perhaps the trade involved deer skins or other things which have left no traces in the soil for archaeologists to unearth. Perhaps it was not trade at all. Exotic raw materials may have been brought to Ohio by people on pilgrimages or by Ohio Hopewell who collected the materials while on extended quests to far off lands.
The Hopewell people frequently enclosed places of special importance with earthen walls built in diverse shapes and sizes. Squier and Davis originally classified these into two broad categories: works of defense and sacred enclosures. Archaeologists still recognize the basic distinction between hilltop enclosures, with walls that follow the edges of bluff tops, and geometric earthworks which are usually built on broad, flat river terraces. But they no longer interpret most of the hilltop enclosures as defensive works, even though many still bear the name of "fort". The Fort Ancient site, for example, has more than three miles of embankments with more than 60 passages allowing entry into the enclosure. Ditches, or moats, were dug inside the walls, rather than outside where we might expect to find defensive features. These facts indicate many of the hilltop enclosures were never intended to serve as forts.
The walls of Hopewell enclosures generally were not used to cover burials. Only at the Turner Group of earthworks near Cincinnati and at Mound City have archaeologists recovered burials beneath the walls of an enclosure. Burial mounds occasionally are enclosed by circular or elliptical embankments, but many, perhaps most, of the earthworks were not used for mortuary ceremonialism.
The gigantic earthen enclosures of the Hopewell are among the most compelling and mysterious architectural remains of ancient America. Embankments of earth built in the shape of simple geometric figures or following the contours of a hilltop are the tantalizing vestiges of a sacred landscape molded from Ohio's soils nearly 20 centuries ago. Most of these earthworks appear to represent places of social, political and religious significance . But it is difficult, if not impossible, to translate this abstract geometry into sure knowledge about the activities and beliefs of the prehistoric builders. Important clues to the function of the earthworks may still lie buried beneath our feet, or may wheel across the sky above our heads.
Ray Hively, a physicist, and Robert Horn, a philosopher, together recently determined the circular enclosures connected to octagons, at Newark and Chillicothe, record in the alignment of their walls the rising and setting points of the moon through an 18.6 year long cycle. Some scholars argue such alignments are coincidental and the Hopewell were not astronomers. But it should not be surprising these people were aware of the cyclical nature of the apparent motions of the moon and sun, nor that they attached importance to these phenomena. Indeed, we should move beyond the question of whether or not the alignments are intentional or accidental. The important question now is, were the earthworks used as instruments for making astronomical observations or, do the astronomically significant alignments of the walls fulfill a strictly symbolic function? In either case, Hopewellian monumental architecture serves to bring the celestial choreography down to earth.
An unexpected precision underlies Hopewellian geometry. Squier and Davis noted a remarkable correspondence between the form and dimensions of earthworks located many miles apart. For example, the circles connected to the octagonal enclosures at both Newark and the High Bank Works in Chillicothe were the same size as the inner of two concentric circles which once graced Circleville. The outer circle at Circleville was the same diameter as Newark's Great Circle.
There are other important connections between the Hopewell earthworks at Newark and Chillicothe. The Scioto Valley north and south of the modern city of Chillicothe has the largest number and greatest diversity of earthworks built in North America. The Newark Works are the single largest complex of joined geometric earthen enclosures ever built. Octagon State Memorial in Newark and the High Bank Works in Chillicothe are the only two circular enclosures joined to octagons built by the Hopewell and the main axis of these two sites are oriented precisely perpendicular to each other, even though they are more than 50 miles apart.
There is some evidence to suggest the connections between ancient Newark and Chillicothe were formalized in a prehistoric roadway of long, straight parallel walls. Caleb Atwater, one of Ohio's first archaeologists, suggested in 1820 that the parallel walls which ran southwestward from Newark's octagon might extend thirty miles or more. In 1862 James and Charles Salisbury, early residents of Newark, traced these walls six miles "over fertile fields, through tangled swamps and across streams, still keeping their undeviating course." They did not follow the road to its end, but noted the walls headed in the direction of Chillicothe.
If the Hopewell truly built such a long, straight "roadway" they would not have been the only culture in the Americas to do so; but they would have been among the first. The Anasazi of Chaco Canyon and the Maya of the Yucatan built the most famous networks of long, straight roads more than a century after the Hopewell. The roads of the Maya were ceremonial highways and pilgrimage routes connecting one special place with another. It is often inappropriate to draw analogies between cultures so widely separated in space and time, but perhaps Hopewellian Newark and Chillicothe were great religious centers like Mecca, Santiago de Compostela, or the Vatican. Pilgrims from across eastern North America may have come to these places bearing offerings of rare and precious items; perhaps they left with a spiritual recompense – an oracular message or a religious inspiration. This would provide one of many possible explanations for the presence of large quantities of copper, mica and other exotic materials in Ohio's mounds and the relative absence of material goods from Ohio in sites at the periphery of Hopewellian influence.
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text:
ZINA TOURS PORTUGAL
OFFICIAL TOUR GUIDE ZINAIDA BATRAKOVA
EXCURSIONS, PRIVATE TOURS AND TOUR GUIDE SERVICES
Car Mazda 5 with 7 seats
ZINA TOURS PORTUGAL its a professional team of tour guides registered at the Portuguese tourism bureau "Turismo de Portugal".
We offer our services to all Russian speakers and also Portuguese (including Brazilians who are always welcome) to make excursions and transfers within mainland Portugal, personalized tours according to the wishes of our customers, walking tours and of entertainment so that your holiday in Portugal become enjoyable and memorable.
Mazda 5 with interior in leather and electric side doors
We own very comfortable cars, trying always that our services are carried out with the utmost rigor and professionalism and that the relationship with our customers become more familiar as possible during your stay, giving as much information about this amazing country, habits and traditions of the Portuguese.
Minivan Peugeot Traveller Allure Long with 8 seats
We are also available to help you with Russian language speaking staff in the organization of events, congresses, conferences and other services as well as personalized accompaniment of entrepreneurs or businessmen on their travels to our country as well as we can give technical assistance in the field of architecture, construction and rehabilitation of properties through specialized personnel.
Peugeot Traveller Allure Long with interior in leather and panoramic roof
For any issue related to our services, informations, marking tours and respective prices, please contact us in advance via our email address or phone shown on page "CONTACTS".
SOME OF THE MOST VISITED TOURIST SITES
LISBON - THE CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE
In the Belem area; the National Palace of Ajuda, where are currently made the most solemn presidential banquets with a collection of ancient tapestries, furniture, Saxon porcelain chandeliers from the 19th century, fresh paintings and resplendent interiors. With its beautiful salons, where they performed traditional ceremonies like the "kiss hands" and the royal dances.
Jeronimos Monastery; a monument recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage, a world masterpiece, an inexhaustible source of mysteries and symbols of the Renaissance rise.
Carriages Museum; with the best collection of carriages in Europe, a unique ceremonial instances of the "Golden Age of Portugal".
And others... like the Tower of Belem, in addition a visit to the Pastry Belem, the most famous pastry of the city, where a convent secret recipe makes a stunning and delicious custard tarts. (See page "LISBON")
SINTRA, ROCA CAPE, CASCAIS AND ESTORIL
All day excursion through the region of Sintra, Cascais and Estoril. It begins with a visit to Pena National Palace, as it were a fairytale castle on the top of Serra de Sintra with a protected forest park that has remained untouched by man.
Regaleira Estate and his philosophical park; nature's splendor and elegance of its symbolic sculptures, underground labyrinths, cold and mysterious.
Roca Cape; the western most point of continental Europe. Its not enough to view the majestic cliffs overlooking a vast abyss, which is always something new and unique.
Passing along the sea overlooking the wild waves in Guincho and the tourist resorts of Cascais and Estoril. (See page "SINTRA")
FATIMA, BATALHA, ALCOBAÇA, NAZARE AND OBIDOS
The trip includes visits to four famous holy sites in Portugal and a fishing village.
Fatima; place internationally recognized after the phenomenon of the apparition of the Virgin Mary in 1917.
Batalha; Portugal is a beautiful gothic cloister! Monastery built in the fifteenth century with an amazing lacework decoration... the oldest stone splendor in the country with stained-glass windows.
Alcobaça; the largest of the ancient monasteries, to admire the purity of lines and the harmony of the stone arches.
Nazare; a fishing village on the Atlantic coast with a captivating landscape, a huge beach, the admiration of the blue sea and sandy coves between the rocks.
Obidos; the "City of Kings", inexpugnable fortress full of flowers, with many small cork and ceramic crafts shops. (See page "FATIMA")
Copyright © 2019 - Zina Tours Portugal - Зина Туры Португалия


text:
Stitt announces secretary of Native American affairs
The Oklahoman, FROM STAFF REPORTS
(Former state Rep. Lisa Billy, shown speaking at the state Capitol in 2015, has been named secretary of Native American Affairs. [AP File Photo])
Gov. Kevin Stitt on Wednesday named Lisa J. Billy, a Chickasaw Nation legislator and former state House representative, as secretary of Native American Affairs.
Senate confirmation is required for Billy's appointment to the cabinet position.
Billy has served in the Chickasaw Nation Legislature since 2016 and previously served from 1996 to 2002.
Stitt said Billy has been a "consistent and faithful representative for the people of Oklahoma."
"She will bring her hard-work ethic and wealth of experience to the table in order to serve as an advisor to my administration and help foster strong partnerships between our tribal governments and the State of Oklahoma," Stitt said in a news release.
Billy served in the Oklahoma House from 2004 to 2016. She held various leadership roles during that time, including floor leader from 2014 to 2016, deputy whip from 2004 to 2008 and vice chair of the Republican Caucus from 2006 to 2008.


text:
Ceci est une liste exhaustive des voies publiques de Wattrelos.

B
 rue de Béthune.

C
 rue de Calais ;
 rue Carnot.

G
 rue Gambetta ;
 Grand-Place, voir place Jean-Delvainquière.

H
 place de l'Humanité, anciennement place du Crétinier.

J
 place Jean-Delvainquière ou Grand-Place de Wattrelos.

P
 rue des Patriotes.

R
 rue Roger-Salengro.

S
 rue du Sapin Vert.

T
 rue du Tilleul ;
 rue de Toul.

V
 rue de Voltaire.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Wattrelos

Wattrelos
Wattrelos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Register today for Softball, Tee Ball, and Instructional Machine Pitch.
Uniform Sizing Charts
12U Cooperstown Trip
Tee Ball & Machine Pitch
Fields & Schedule
Support VHLAA
Snowball Scholarship
Longhorns Baseball
Proudly supporting Instructional, Recreational, and Tournament Baseball Teams.
8U-13U Baseball Moves to NKB.
Our 8U-14U teams will compete across a number of leagues, including NKB, Crosstown, and Independent. At the 8U level, the Longhorns will be creating & running a local "8U Machine Pitch" league for teams in the immediate area (VH, CS, Ft Mitchell, Park Hills, Fort Wright, Edgewood). 9U-13U will be "player pitch" as in previous years.
All of our 8U & Above baseball teams will play a full regular schedule featuring a wider range of teams to compete against. Longhorns fees for the season continue to be as affordable as any other league in the area, and our "all-in" fees include: Full practice & game schedule (15-18 games), end of season tournament, full uniform, team equipment, and special events throughout the season, including "Longhorns Night."
10U-13U Tournament Teams Are Also Moving to NKB.
10U-13U Tournament Teams will also either play in NKB or as an Independent, and also play in 4-6 additional weekend tournaments. Weekend tournaments will allow for more competitive, tournament-style baseball to continue to develop our advanced players & teams. All Tournament Team fees for the season also continue to be as affordable as any other advanced league in the area, and "all in" fees include: Full practice & game schedule (15-18 games), end of season tournament, weekend tournament fees, 2 full uniforms (home & away), a practice jersey, team equipment, and special events throughout the season, including "Longhorns Night." Game schedules will be from late April through late June. Practices will occur during weeknights (Coach's decision on time & day) in Villa Hills at either Franzen Park or Villa Madonna.
Age Ranges Listed on the Registration Page
Ideal age ranges are listed for each team on the registration page. Players may be permitted to play up 1 year (level), but this is discouraged. For example, a player in 8U may be permitted to play 9U, but not up to 10U. Players who wish to play up one level will have to be approved to play up a level by the Villa Hills Longhorns Athletic Assoication Board. Several factors go into the decision process to play up a level, not just your player's talent level.
INSTRUCTIONAL BASEBALL: Tee Ball and Machine Pitch
The Villa Hills Longhorns will again offer Instructional Tee Ball to our young athletes (normally ages 4-5). We also offer a local league for our intermediate baseball players, with the league moving to a "Machine Pitch" program (in place of "Coach Pitch"). This will allow our players (normally ages 6-7) to get better, more consistent pitching while also preparing them for their entry into 8U "Machine Pitch" in the 2nd grade. More details are available for each age group on the registration page. The Longhorns do not specifically mandate certain age ranges to the Tee Ball & Machine Pitch levels, as we think this is a decision parents should make based on their own child's skill level. The general "rule of thumb" is that any first-time player should start with Tee Ball, and progress to Machine Pitch after 1-2 years, or when their skill level dictates.
2023 Registration for all age levels is now open for the season.
Copyright © Villa Hills Longhorns Athletic Association. All Rights Reserved.


Last week, it was a canopy of tomato plants. This week, a sea of tomatoes seems to fill the south entrance of Rudy's Happy Patch Market. Protective tents have been moved to protect the ripe produce from the rays of summer sunshine.
In the photo above, Nakia examines fresh tomatoes from the gardens and bins of the market, as she removes any over-ripe ones from the display.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In the last two years, tensions have been increasing between the University administration and me regarding the financial relationship between the University and the School of Law. When I was a candidate for the Deanship, I was aware that, historically, the University retained a high percentage of the revenue generated by the law school. I was assured by the President at that time that he was aware of the problem and would work with me to remedy it over time. As I began my deanship, I realized that the law school did not possess accurate data in many areas, including its financial situation. Obtaining accurate financial data regarding the School of Law has not been an easy task. ... My insistence on having accurate data has exacerbated the difficulties between the University and me.
The financial data demonstrates that the amount and percentage of the law school revenue retained by the University has increased, particularly over the last two years. For the most recent academic year (AY 10-11), our tuition increase generated $1,455,650 in additional revenue. Of that amount, the School of Law budget increased by only $80,774. I do not know of any law school in the country receiving such a small percentage of its generated tuition revenue. A recent article in The New York Times noted that a 25-30% revenue retention by a university was considered high by national standards. As of academic year 2010-11, the University retained approximately 45% of the revenue generated by law tuition, fees and state subsidy. Using any reasonable calculation of the direct and indirect University costs, the University was still diverting millions of dollars in law school revenue to non-law University functions.
The unwillingness of the University to discuss in a meaningful way the growing imbalance in the financial relationship was also becoming a matter of principle to me. We have increased our in-state tuition over 70% and our out-of-state tuition over 48% in the last seven years. Our in-state day students last year paid $1,450 more in tuition and fees than University of Maryland law day students and our in-state part-time students paid $2,080 more than the University of Maryland law part-time students. Of our students in the 2010 graduating class who borrowed money, the average law school debt was over $95,000. Media reports continually criticized the rising costs of legal education. I was becoming increasingly uncomfortable justifying tuition and fee increases to law students when the money was actually being used to fund non-law University initiatives. I was also concerned about my continuing effectiveness as Dean given statements by University officials that there were no plans to remedy the situation and that significant funding for School of Law programs was not a University priority.
I am grateful for my four years as Dean of the School of Law. I am pleased to say that I am leaving the school in excellent shape. Our US News ranking has jumped from 170 to 117, with another jump projected in March 2012. Our new building is on schedule to open in January of 2013. In my four years, we have hired an amazing new group of faculty members. We are teaching better, writing more, and increasing our national reputation for academic quality. We have opened a number of new Centers, highlighted by our collaboration with the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in the Center for Medicine and Law. Our bar passage rates are up and our student organizations are thriving. Our entering class in 2011 is our most highly qualified ever and is incredibly diverse. We offer hundreds of internships and our presence in Washington, DC is expanding. In sum, we are improving significantly in every manner by which a law school is measured. The ABA site visit team noted that they had never observed so many excellent classroom teachers, both full-time and adjunct, in one school. They also noted that they had never visited a law school in which everyone seemed so happy. I can't think of two better compliments for a law dean.
Dean Closius has been such an excellent dean at UB. His being asked to resign is a great injustice.
Note that this is not about how much tuition students are charged.
It is about how much the Law School gets to keep.
If that does not indicate that the system is broken, I don't know what will.
Maybe I'm naive, but it's hard to imagine that the percentage of tuition money that this University of Baltimore takes from its Law School will remain so high after the public release of the ex-Dean's letter. The University will likely release a face-saving "we we're gonna do that all along" letter as they do so.
I like the cut of Dean Closius' jib, and I have someone, finally, in the law education field to admire. Not all law school deans are cringing hacks, I guess.
Undoubtedly the teachers of sociology, education, womens studies and such need some source of revenue to pay their salaries. They outnumber and out vote the law school faculty so they pervail. It's interesting to see the national drama of the productive subsidizing the unproductive via the progressive tax system play out in the most left-wing of settings, the University.
I don't agree with his complaint. A dean is an employee, not a CEO. His superior, the President, shouldn't have to explain divisional cash flows to him. And customers don't need explanations of costs and cash flows either--- just of what hte quality of the product is.
Or, if we take a more academic framework, why should the rich law school, basically a trade school, get to be even richer at the expense of more academic departments such as physics and history?
tuition if it doesn't get a significant portion of the raise?
news will be all those who teach in these "Studies" programs will have to find a real job.
@Willis - Seems to me if the law school is a "trade school," then maybe these "divisional cash flows" need to be examined to determine whether or not they are "Unrelated Business Taxable Income" (Google it). Oh, that's right, the academy doesn't think it should PAY taxes, just agitate for higher taxes for everyone else.


text:
A Congolese delegation is in the country for a visit to see how much the country has changed and developed in order for them to share this with other Rwandan nationals in their country. The 10 member delegation consists of representatives of the Congolese government, representatives of the refugees in Congo and officials from UNHCR.
The visit is organised under the tri-partite arrangement and it is as a result of a recommendation made in February to encourage refugees to come and see how the country is doing ahead of the cessation clause coming into effect in December this year.
The delegation will mostly visit state offices that are mandated to take care of the general welfare of the Rwandan people. The repatriation of refugees to the country is a voluntary exercise but the permanent secretary in the Ministry of Disaster management and refugee affairs, Jean Damascene Kayitana pointed out what the next process will be for those who choose not to come back.
The delegation will be here until the 22nd of April. The ministry says so far the visits courtesy of the come and see program have been successful with about 1,400 refugees having returned to Rwanda. So far 70,000 refugees are still outside Rwanda.


This charming apothecary bottle has been handmade of porcelain and finished with a thick clear glaze to allow the beautiful porcelain to shine through. Large polka dots have been applied with gold luster and the ceramic stopper has been glazed with a matte/metallic black. A striking decorative item, this bottle would look great on a bar or in any display group on a coffee table.


text:
Covid deaths in India reach a quarter of a million amid fears PCR tests are giving false negatives
Wednesday 12 May 2021, 10:45pm
India is currently recording more Covid cases per day than the rest of the world put together, ITV News Correspondent Juliet Bremner reports
The Covid-19 death toll in India has reached another grim milestone, as more than a quarter of a million have died from the virus since the start of the pandemic.
What is also worrying are the claims that PCR tests are failing to identify large numbers of infected people in the country.
India confirmed 4,205 more coronavirus deaths on Tuesday, setting another daily record.
Its official toll has passed 250,000 but the figures are considered to be a vast undercount due to inadequate testing and records.
Around 370,000 new infections were reported by authorities in the last 24 hours. India now has an overall total of 23 million confirmed cases, the health ministry said.
Boy, 13, preparing father's body for funeral at roadside crematorium among the haunting images of crisis
The World Health Organization says India accounted for half of the global number of cases reported last week. And it is recording more cases per day than the rest of the world put together.
Sister and brother Vineeta and Ashwani Malik are self-isolating in their apartment after losing both of their parents to Covid within 24 hours.
They were convinced their mother and father had coronavirus but the PCR tests kept coming back negative and hospitals refused to give them a bed.
Sister and brother Vineeta and Ashwani Malik have lost both their parents to Covid-19 Credit: ITV News
Vineeta said: "Nobody was able to take him into the hospital. The government guidelines said the report should read positive, it doesn't matter how critical the person is, nobody cared."
The extended family have all developed Covid symptoms but everybody has tested negative.
Dr Suranjit Chatterjee , from Apollo Hospital in Delhi, said the numbers of false negatives are a problem: "So many of them this time, people who have been tested and having typical Covid symptoms and not being found positive on the PCR."
Asking if this may be because a new variant is not being detected by tests, he said: "It is possible that a few of the variants may not be picked up. But my first feeling is that it is the timing of the test and it is the way the test is being done."
Covid in India: 'The black market saved my family. If it'd been left to the public health system, they would have died'
Meanwhile, a gurdwara has been converted into a temporary hospital providing 400 beds. It will accept anyone with Covid symptoms.
The hospital has only been open for 24 hours and 60 of the beds have already been filled. Doctors fear in the next two to three days, all 400 will be taken.
Covid-19 medical adviser, Dr Harmeet Singh Rehan, said: "If it opens, certainly diseases will spread again and now this is the time when we have to prepare for a third wave also, which people are expecting to come and they are expecting that it's going to be more dangerous than the second wave even."
A gurdwara in India that has been converted into a temporary hospital with 400 beds Credit: ITV News
Authorities have warned that nearly 90% of districts in the country are seeing a high infection rate.
Although daily cases have shown very early signs of flattening, with nearly four million cases still active, the country's health care system remains strained with limited hospital beds, oxygen and medicine.
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Home » Science
Why Does A Lover Pull Away after Sex?
Submitted by Marnia on Thu, 2005-06-23 10:53
Artikel auf Deutsch lesen
Dopamine. It's at the core of our sexual drives and survival needs, and it motivates us to do just about everything. This mechanism within the reward circuitry of the primitive brain has been around for millions of years and has changed very little. Rats, humans - indeed, all mammals - are very similar in this respect.
Dopamine is behind a lot of the desire we associate with eating, libido and sexual intercourse. Similarly, all addictive drugs trigger dopamine (the "craving neurochemical") to stimulate the pleasure/reward circuitry. So do gambling, shopping, overeating and other, seemingly unrelated, activities. Go shopping: dopamine. Smoke a cigarette: dopamine. Computer games: dopamine. Heroin: dopamine. Orgasm: dopamine. They all work somewhat differently on the brain, but all raise your dopamine in key reward circuitry structures. You get a bigger blast of dopamine eating high-calorie, high-fat foods than eating low-calorie vegetables. You may believe that you love ice cream, but you really love your blast of dopamine. You're genetically programmed to seek out high-calorie foods over others.
Similarly, dopamine drives you to have sex over most other activities. With dopamine as the driving force, biology has designed you to engage in fertilization behavior to make more babies, and urges you to move on to new partners to create greater genetic variety among your offspring. Your primitive brain accomplishes these goals of more progeny and promiscuity by manipulating your brain chemistry, and thus your desires and thoughts. High levels of dopamine increase sexual desire, encouraging you to behave recklessly. The thrill of a new affair and the rush from using Internet pornography are examples of high dopamine.
Unfortunately, consistently high levels of dopamine lead to erratic behavior and compulsions that are not conducive to survival. (See the "EXCESS" column in the chart below.) Most mammals, therefore, evolved with defined estrus periods when they "go into heat." The rest of the time they are more or less neutral about sex.
Humans, however, don't have a period of "heat" followed by a long period of indifference to sex. Unlike all other mammals, we have the potential for on-going, dopamine-driven sexual desire. Yet we, too, self-regulate. An "off switch" kicks in after too much passion. Two events happen simultaneously (in addition to many others, not yet well understood). Dopamine plummets and prolactin soars. In humans, it's not known how long prolactin stays elevated after orgasm, thus inhibiting dopamine. If rats are any indication prolactin may surge a few times a day creating a yo-yo cycle for some indefinite period (two weeks in rats).
Dopamine is "go get it!" and prolactin is "whoa!" This mechanism shifts your attention elsewhere: to hunting and gathering, taking care of babies, building shelters, and so forth. Without this natural, protective shutdown, you would pursue sex to the exclusion of all other activities. When rats were wired so that they could push a lever in their cages to stimulate the nerve cells on which dopamine acts, they just kept hitting the lever until they dropped - not even pausing to eat, nurse offspring or investigate potential mates.
Dopamine fosters cravings; the rise in prolactin puts the brakes on. Neurochemical events like these (drop in dopamine and rise in prolactin) are at the root cause of perception shifts that so often follows in the days or weeks after a passionate encounter. For more on the neurochemstry of sexual satiety see Women: Does Orgasm Give You a Hangover? and Men: Does Frequent Ejaculation Cause a Hangover?
Feelings & behaviors associated with dopamine levels (or altered sensitivity to dopamine)
"Normal"
Addictions Addictions Healthy bonding
Compulsions Depression Feelings of well-being, satisfaction
Mania Anhedonia—no pleasure, world looks colorless Pleasure, reward in accomplishing tasks
Sexual fetishes Lack of ambition and drive Healthy libido
Sexual addiction Inability to bond Good feelings toward others
Unhealthy risk-taking Low libido Motivated
Aggression Erectile dysfunction Healthy risk taking
Psychosis Social anxiety disorder Sound choices
Schizophrenia ADHD or ADD Realistic expectations
Sleep disturbances, "restless legs" Parent/child bonding
Contentment with "little" things
As you can see from this chart, a balanced level of dopamine is necessary for good mental health. When dopamine drops, you can feel like something is dreadfully wrong. Too much dopamine also leads to reckless behavior and restless anxiety, which can be quite severe. Either way, these uncomfortable feelings are often then projected onto your partner. Bingo! Suddenly, he or she doesn't look so appealing.
This is a very uncomfortable cycle to experience in your intimate relationship. During the "hangover," or "low-dopamine" portion of the cycle, you may feel abandoned, or as if someone is demanding things from you in ways that you cannot tolerate. Or you may desperately seek new highs (alcohol, sweets, new partners, pornography, and so forth) to raise your dopamine levels again. 1 Perhaps you can see how this cycle of highs and lows, or attraction and repulsion, can make your relationship feel more like a roller-coaster ride than a romantic fairytale. It is like starting and stopping in heavy traffic. It shows up in lovers' lives as intense attraction, followed by behaviors that tend to separate them. (Prolactin can promote separation, too, as we'll see in a moment.) The point is that conventional sex can play havoc with your neurochemistry. Much of the time, your dopamine levels will be uncomfortably high or uncomfortably low. This is why the ancient Chinese Daoists and other sages throughout history have recommended making love without conventional orgasm. By avoiding the extreme highs that over-stimulate the nerve cells in the primitive brain, you also avoid the temporary lows that accompany recovery. You help keep your dopamine levels within ideal ranges. This produces a sense of wellbeing, which promotes harmony in your relationship.
Dopamine is not the only culprit that contributes to the behaviors and mood swings that separate intimate partners emotionally. Prolactin, the neurochemical that shoots up after orgasm, is associated with many of the very symptoms that long-term couples complain of in their relationships. After mating, female rats show twice-daily surges in prolactin for up to two weeks - even if they don't get pregnant, and evidence of a similar post-coital prolactin surge in women is now showing up.
Finally, prolactin is associated with the stress of feeling hopeless. As partners grow distressed and discouraged by the puzzling highs and lows in their relationships, their higher prolactin levels can compound their distress. They forget what it feels like to be in balance, and gradually lose their natural sense of wellbeing. It's possible that surges of prolactin inhibit dopamine - and increase your craving for better sex or new partners who would raise your dopamine levels.
Symptoms associated with excess prolactin
(This chart is for chronically high prolactin - surges would have more subtle effects)
Loss of libido Loss of libido
Mood changes / depression Mood changes / depression
Hostility, anxiety Impotence
Headache Headache
Menopausal symptoms, even when estrogen is sufficient Infertility
Signs of increased testosterone levels Decreased testosterone levels
Weight gain Weight gain
Intercourse may become painful because of vaginal dryness Peripheral vision problems
Infertility, irregular menstruation Gynecomastia (growing breasts)
There are at least three sources of emotional friction related to these brain chemistry shifts:
(1) Partners get out of sync. Dopamine levels rise in one while the prolactin levels are still high in the other. You may desperately want sex, while your partner has no interest at all.
(2) Partners project their state of mind onto each other. When you feel rotten, or "hungry," or just plain "off," it's normal to find fault with the person closest to you. It honestly seems like you'd feel fine if he'd just be more generous, or she would just stop shopping for more and more shoes and make love.
(3) Partners' brains get rewired over time, away from love and toward defensiveness. The part of your primitive brain that is designed to react to snakes and predators is now being activated by your partner. Certainly your partner didn't threaten to poison you, but sex with your partner later made you feel bad at a subconscious (neurochemical) level.
Actually, of course, your partner is innocent. You hurt yourself by letting biology tell you how to have a good time in the bedroom. Your subconscious, however, feels that your lover is the culprit.
Virtually no one identifies this hidden, biological source of distress. Instead, the part of your brain that analyzes looks for other explanations. You know, for example, that you don't feel right. Your partner is acting weird. You're upset, and your honeymoon has ended. Maybe you write off your uneasiness as a mood swing, or get a prescription for an antidepressant. Or maybe you feel that your partner is somehow to blame for the fact that you feel rotten.
"If only he would help more around the house." "If only she would stop badgering me." And so on. Yet, when you try to fix each other, you're addressing symptoms and ignoring the deeper problem - these neurochemical shifts. To heal the underlying problem, you may just have to change the way you make love.
‹ Why Desire Drives Us Wild up Why Does the Honeymoon End? ›
Overview of science concepts
Men: Does Frequent Ejaculation Cause A Hangover?
Women: Does Orgasm Give You A Hangover?
"The Coolidge Effect"
"The Ecstatic Exchanges: Why They Work"
"Why Does A Lover Pull Away after Sex?"
"Super Size Orgasms?"
"The Big 'O' Isn't Orgasm"
"Your Brain on Sex"
"Yesterday's Genes"
"The Monogamy Challenge"
"Why Does the Honeymoon End?"
More Reuniting articles
Science research
Journalists' articles


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Rick Santorum on Leno: "We are going to have a Republican president"
Erika Johnsen 10:42 AM on May 09, 2012
As promised, here's the video of Rick Santorum appearing on The Tonight Show last night, backing up the e-mailed endorsement of Mitt Romney he sent out to supporters late on Monday night. The erstwhile presidential candidate looked perfectly chipper and relaxed:
"Well, I met with Governor Romney last Friday, and you know, we'd been trying to work on a meeting, and I think we just needed some time. You know, it was a rough-and-tumble campaign. I can't say it would've been an easy thing the next day to turn around and say, let's just go forward. It was tough. … And, I felt comfortable after that meeting, and over the weekend I worked on it, and we decided to put it out late at night so it would be sort of the first thing people would see in the morning, and, you know… I laid out sort of the case, and just said, you know, here's sort of what we went through, here's the discussion, here's why I decided… but this was a letter to my supporters, who were for me, to say, well here's now why I think we should rally around Mitt Romney and support him."
Santorum got a good bit of flak for the interpretably half-hearted missive; MSNBC's Joe Scarborough, for example, called it a "bush league" endorsement, saying: "If you don't want to endorse him, don't endorse him. That's fine. People will respect him for not endorsing him. Again, this is like Obama on gay marriage. Don't try to have it both ways. Don't endorse in the 13th paragraph. Be a man." Harsh words, but this appearance gave Santorum a chance to address both the manner of his endorsement and his past criticisms (which we'll likely see chop-shopped in Democrats' ads) in a more easygoing setting, which I think he did successfully. In a nutshell: don't read too much into my 'thirteenth-paragraph' endorsement, I was just laying out my case; campaigns are tough and emotional and I needed some time; I had a chance to talk out my reservations with Romney in our meeting, and I'm firmly on board.
So, that's Romney's most serious former rival declaring himself ready to let the campaign's bygones be bygones and join Team NObama. Everybody in? Good. Let's do this.
Tags: MITT ROMNEY RICK SANTORUM ENDORSEMENTS JAY LENO CAMPAIGN SOCIAL CONSERVATIVES
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