The Roman version of abacus was a very good version of a personal calculator. It was quick and efficient and could come into the pocket of the shirt. The Roman abacus was composed of a metal frame with two sets of beads on it.
The upper part contained one bead and the lower bead contained four parts. All of these beads were used to perform a calculation on the abacus. These beads were used simultaneously and were very beneficial for large calculations.
In the first century a.d the use of abacus also spread to India. In India new ways were found out to record the contents of abacus and they used their own Indian-Arabic numeral system to record the contents of abacus.
The most famous Chinese abacus is called Suanpan. Suanpan was made of a wooden frame with two portions; the upper portion and the lower portion, both portions being divided by the horizontal rod. The upper portion contained two beads and the lower portion contained set of five beads. These beads were assigned some specific values.
The Chinese abacus was more efficient and variable in its functions. It could perform some complex functions like multiplication, division, square root and cube root etc. as well. It could also perform calculations in the hexadecimal number system.
Russian abacus called the Schoty has a single slanted deck, with ten beads on each wire, except one wire, which has four beads for quarter-ruble fractions. The Russian abacus is often used vertically, with wires from left to right in the manner of a book. For distinction the middle two beads were made of different colors to stand out from the remaining beads and remain helpful in calculations.
Abacus is used throughout history in different parts of the world and many cultures have brought about changes in it according to their traditions.


text:
SimpleTrl::SimpleTrl(const char* resString) {
	int l = strlen(resString);
	resourceString = new char[++l];
	strncpy(resourceString, resString, l);
}

bool SimpleTrl::equals(SimpleTrl* trl) {
	if(strncmp(resourceString, trl->resourceString, strlen(resourceString)) == 0) return true;
	else return false;
}

char* SimpleTrl::getString() {
	return resourceString;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Introduction: AP Chemistry (Advanced Placement Program Chemistry) is an introductory college level course offered at Frederick High School. By taking AP Chemistry, you will be taking a course similar or identical to the General Chemistry I and II classes offered at several Colleges and Universities. In this class we will explore several sub-fields of Chemistry, and complete a minimum of 16 laboratory experiments, to develop your understanding of Chemistry.
Course Objective: This course is designed to 1) present an in-depth, college level study of Chemistry, 2) aid students in developing college level critical thinking skills and study habits, and 3) prepare students for the comprehensive AP Chemistry Exam given in May. Students that earn a score of three or higher are eligible for college credit.
Expectations: This IS a college level chemistry course and will be taught as such. In order to be successful in this class, students must perform at college levels. All work will be graded at college performance levels. In addition to the state P.A.S.S. objectives, this course is regulated by the standards of the Advanced Placement Board.
All materials are to be brought to class daily regardless of activities planned.
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND LEADING TO SUCCESS IN AP CHEMISTRY: Students will draw upon previous learning in science and mathematics. Due to the advanced nature of this course, students should have successfully completed a minimum of Algebra I with a 3.0 (B); Chemistry I with a 3.0 (B). It is recommended that students have additional background in Physical Science, Geometry, and Algebra II. Students will be required to demonstrate their ability to convey scientific content via bluebook examinations, so a strong background in English composition is helpful.
Successful students will devote a minimum of an hour, daily, to study in this course. All assigned readings must be completed prior to class discussions. All assignments are due on the assigned dates. No late work will be accepted. No extra credit work is authorized for this class.
Academic Honesty: All students are expected to complete their own assignments. Cases of academic dishonesty will be referred to school administration for disciplinary action, and a grade of 0 will be recorded for that assignment.
Laboratory Safety: In accordance with existing regulations, all students must complete, with a score of 100%, a standardized laboratory safety examination within the first five class periods. No student may perform experiments or any laboratory work without direct supervision of a certified science teacher. Substitute teachers will not supervise laboratory activities. Student may be referred to school administration for any infraction at any time. Repeated infractions may lead to a student loss of laboratory access.
Grading Methods: Advanced Placement Chemistry is listed as an honors level course and grade point values will be assigned as outline in the student handbook in accordance with district policy. Individual assignments will be graded using the standard 10% scale: A, 100-90; B, 89-80; C, 79-70; D, 69-60; F, 59 and below.
The following categories have been created for this class. It is possible that not all of them will be used; however, no new categories will be added this year. The weight number is the MULTIPLIER; the total points from that category are MULTIPLIED by that number in computing your final grade. IT DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PERCENTAGE THAT CATEGORY PLAYS IN YOUR FINAL GRADE.
I, _________________________________________, have read the Advanced Placement Chemistry Course Syllabus, and agree to follow its intent.
I/We, _______________________________________, have read the Advanced Placement Chemistry Course Syllabus, and acknowledge the responsibilities of my/our child in this course and agree to the intent stated.


Mr. Shabinsky joined Arel Capital in 2013 and is responsible for analysis, due diligence and transaction execution functions for the acquisition of new assets. Mr. Shabinsky is also involved in the management and disposition of existing assets for the North East markets.
Mr. Shabinsky received a B.S. in Business Administration with an emphasis in Finance and Real Estate from the University of Colorado.


Sanguine Spa started in 2009 as an intimate home-based spa in Wilderness. The foundation for Sanguine Spa has always been to pamper clients with quality treatments at affordable rates. The spa and its only therapist, the owner, quickly became very popular and loved by clients and visitors for the quaint location and personalized treatments with massage forming the core of each treatment.
By the end of 2011 the Sanguine brand extended to an education and training centre in George. A receptionist was appointed with the same passion for the client service industry and we managed to transfer the Sanguine vision to students.
In 2014 Sanguine moved into its new premises in George and the Spa and College was now under one roof with awesome new spa therapies to offer! With an extra therapist, Sanguine Spa and College was growing due to our diligent focus on client relaxation, pampering stressed clients and offering a spa experience.
Now, in 2018, Sanguine Spa has 4 full time therapists and a team leader while Sanguine College has 2 full time lecturers. All staff are handpicked to ensure quality personalized treatments. Just like the treatments that made Sanguine beloved 9 years ago!
Michéle Cronjé - Owner, Therapist, Lecturer!
Hi everyone, my name is Michele and I'm the owner of Sanguine Spa and College. I have started this career in 2002 providing lectures and pampering clients.
I do love teaching students and seeing them develop their skills.
My favourite spa treatment is massage - whether full body, hands, feet, back or simply the face. I believe that is the essence of what a spa therapist does - providing comfort and relieve through touch.
Hello everyone, I am Angelique.
I started my career in 2012. I am a beauty therapist and team leader at Sanguine Spa and College.
I enjoy working with people. I love to nurture and support my team and I am energetic and full of ideas.
My favourite treatments are pedicure, eyelash extensions and gel overlays as you can see an instant result.
I look forward to host you at Sanguine.
My name is Dhall-Marie and I'm a qualified Health and Skincare therapist here at Sanguine Spa.
I've completed my studies at Riana's International Academy; and I've been working as a therapist since July 2009. My favourite treatments are facials, waxing and body treatments.
From this year onwards I'll be lecturing first year students at Sanguine College; and I'll be covering the following subjects: manicures and pedicure; waxing, make-up, skincare and massage.
2018 for me is a new chapter in my life, with new challenges, which I'm looking forward to.
Class is starting next Monday the 29th of January.
Even though I'll be lecturing, I will still do treatments in the Spa twice a month – usually the first and last weekend. So feel free to come and visit me.
Hi! My name is Jaimé and I am a qualified spa therapist at Sanguine Spa. I graduated in 2015 and my favourite spa treatments are pedicures and holistic massage, bacause I get to improve clients well-being internally, emotionally and spiritually.
Hi, my name is Chanté. I am a new therapist at Sanguine Spa. My favourite treatments are waxing and holistic massage. I like to make my clients feel relaxed and turn their frowns upside down!
Hi, my name is Siska. I am a post-graduate student at Sanguine College and is now a full time spa therapist at Sanguine Spa.
My favourite treatments to offer are facials and massage because I can see the end result after the treatment.
The thing that satisfies me the most is to see happy smiles on my clients pretty faces!
Hi Everyone. I'm Melissa. I was a former student at Sanguine collage in 2016 after that I help at sanguine Spa for a few months and then I worked as a full time therapist at Sorbet Eden meander and at Pezula spa and gym and today I'm a full time working therapist at Sanguine Spa.
Sanguine is a excellent collage to develop your professional skills. To be a team player, to have good communication skills, leadership skills, knowledge, client care and much more, but most importantly your inner self.
What nice is about the Collage is that, it is a small group and everyone gets individual attention, being heard, to listen and speak.
In Sanguine Collage there is always a time to play and to learn.
Lastly, I would like to thank Michele for being a great lecture. If it wasn't for her I won't be sharing my passion to everyone around me.
If you think of applying at sanguine college. Do it. You won't regret a thing. As long your mind and heart is at the right place.


text:
Trite & Hackneyed
Write on, write on.
"In Sochi"; A (Terrible) Rap Debut About the 2014 United States Men's Olympic Hockey Team
Counted my Sochi 2014 chickens before they hatched by writing a rap about the United States men's hockey team winning gold. My plans -- obviously -- derailed yesterday, but I'm proud of how far the sport has come in our country, and I was proud enough of the lyrics I'd written to connect with a rapper dude I know to discuss recording it.
He booked us some studio time, and when the United States lost to Canada yesterday, I hung out on the scrap-the-whole-thing fence for the entire afternoon and evening. Late last night I decided to go through with it and put my humility with my hockey team: on the line. I've been supporting them for so long that it wouldn't be fair to leave them hanging after defeat.
Edits, then, were necessary as I, in the wee hours of the morning, wrote the final verse under the presumption that we would beat Finland this morning in the bronze-medal game. This, of course, was foolish of me, as a second round of edits was necessary, but I think that I subconsciously wrote that final verse with the distinct possibility of losing in mind.
As Johnny Utah said in Point Break, "Good guess, huh?".
So I went to Lew's and set up to cook breakfast for any bronze-medal-game patrons that might've shown (Editor's Note: Two did.), and when it was obvious breakfast wasn't going to happen, I split. After a failed attempt to get a hold of said rapper dude, I looked up the studio information on my own and went out there. I got in touch with the guy, recorded about five takes, and watched him work his magic.
And now I'm ready to share with you, in all its atrociousness, my rapping debut. But first, a few notes:
1) The rapper dude was supposed to rap. I was maybe -- maybe -- going to help fill some of the chorus lines, but let's just say I was not born with the gift of song. I can write the stuff, but the melody and the tune-carrying is a gig meant for someone else. Unless that somebody else doesn't show. Then, unfortunately for everyone, it's on me.
2) Mike Bailey at Industry Soundz is a solid guy. Wicked nice, patient, and helpful. Good attributes for being in this business, I imagine. So use him. He's on Facebook and Twitter.
3) The music belongs to Too $hort. I didn't write or record one lick of it. It's an instrumental version of his song, "The Ghetto." Only the lyrics in the below version are mine. I don't mention this because of copyright. I mention it because he's one of the most important rappers in the genre's history, and while he wrote a lot of songs about things you'd expect rappers to write songs about, he wrote some important songs, too, and this one might be one of the most important rap songs of all time.
It's beautifully crafted and about a piece of society that -- as the song states -- gets overlooked, and I don't want my rhymes (Note: Yes, I sad that just to say it. 'Cause I could.) to come across as a parody or a mockery of the song. $hort's verses in the track command a respect unworthy of many rappers, carry a swift power countless numbers will never touch. A lot of the songs he's recorded over the years have tapped levels of profanity and lewdness unfit for many an ear, which is fine by me, but that's not the case in this one. It's pure, it's real, and if you've never heard it, find it and listen to it.
Now, then. Further ado, etc., etc.
I make no apologies for this. United States hockey is my passion. Sticks and stones, people. Sticks. And stones.
Labels: DivShare, Hockey, Kansas City Chiefs, Movie References, Olympics, Photoshop Atrocities, Rapping, Sochi, St. Louis Blues, Twitter, White People
I love it!! Why the hell not??? Good for you. You will look back and say, um yeah, I wrote a rap song about my favorite sport.
pak gendoet November 16, 2014 at 2:46 PM
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Where I Used to Write
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
11/2 announcements
10/26announcements
Homily for September 14, 2014
Homily for September 7th, 2014
Homily for August 31, 2014
Twenty-second Sunday after Pentecost
St. Nektarios the Wonder-worker
Ephesians 5:8-19: St Paul exhorts us to walk as wise men by doing the will of God and avoiding the deeds of darkness.
Luke 8:41-56: From the Gospel of Luke we hear of Jesus healing a woman with a hemorrhage and raising a young girl from death; showing His desire to heal suffering and to respond to the faith of those who come to Him.
Troparion of the Resurrection: Let us believers praise and worship the Word, co-eternal with the Father and the Spirit, born of the Virgin for our salvation; for he took pleasure in ascending the Cross in the flesh, to suffer death, and to raise the dead by his glorious Resurrection.
Troparion of St. Nektarios the Wonder-worker: The offspring of Selyvria and the guardian of Aegina, the true friend of virtue who didst appear in the last years, O Nektraios, we faithful honour thee as a godly servant of Christ, for thou pourest forth healings of every kind for those who piously cry out: Glory to Christ Who hath glorified thee. Glory to Him Who hath made thee wondrous. Glory to Him Who worketh healings for all through thee.
Kontakion of the Presentation of the Theotokos: The all-pure temple of the Saviour, the most precious bridal-chamber and Virgin, the treasure-house of the glory of God, today enters the Temple of the Lord, bringing with her the grace which is in the divine Spirit; whom also the angels of God do celebrate in song; for she is the heavenly tabernacle.
Sunday, November 9 (Twenty-second Sunday after Pentecost)
Thursday, November 13 (John Chrysostom)
Friday, November 14 (Apostle Philip)
[FAST OF THE NATIVITY BEGINS]
11:00 a.m. -- Ladies meet for lunch and teaching at Christina Katool's
Sunday, November 16 (Twenty-third Sunday after Pentecost; Apostle Matthew)
Eucharist Bread …was offered by the Karams for the Divine Liturgy today.
November 9 Karam POT LUCK MEAL
set-up: R. Root/Abraham/Habeeb
November 16 Fahmy Algood/Lavric/Turner
November 20 (Wed. p.m.) D. Root (Artoklasia Bread) Great Vespers with Litia & Artoklasia
(Feast of the Presentation of the Theotokos in the Temple)
November 23 Wood Henderson/Baker/Lockhart
November 30 R. Root Karam/Stewart/Meadows
November 9 Tom Willingham Gal. 6:11-18 198
November 16 Walt Wood I Cor. 4:9-16 135
November 23 Sh. Charlotte Algood Eph. 2:14-22 207
November 30 Warren Strain I Cor. 4:9-16 135
The icons of the Platytera and the Nativity of our Lord have been ordered for the sanctuary.
* Father John will be in New Orleans November 10th-12th for the Deanery Clergy Retreat.
* The Fast of the Nativity begins Saturday, November 15th.
* As is our parish custom, we will celebrate the Advent Paraklesis service to the Theotokos in place of Daily Vespers on Wednesday evenings, beginning November 19th, at 6:30 p.m.
* We will celebrate the Feast of the Entrance of the Theotokos into the Temple with Great Vespers with Litia and Artoklasia on Thursday evening, November 20th, beginning at 6:30 p.m.
* We will be serving a meal at the Stewpot Ministries on Saturday, November 29th in conjunction with members of Holy Resurrection and Holy Trinity/St. John the Theologian Orthodox Churches.
* The enthronement of His Eminence, Metropolitan JOSEPH is scheduled for the weekend of December 5-7th at the Cathedral in Brooklyn, NY. Fr. John and Kh. Janet will be attending.
* The Feast of St. Nicholas will be celebrated with Orthros followed by Divine Liturgy on Saturday morning, December 6th, beginning at 9:00 a.m.
* Dr. Christopher Veniamin, Professor of Patristics at St. Tikhon Seminary will be speaking at St. Peter's February 1-4, 2015.
Young Adults Study Group: The Young Adults agreed to begin meeting twice a month. One of these meetings will feature a teaching by Fr. John on various aspects of the Orthodox Christian faith. Topics will include education, ethics and parenting children. The next meetings will be Sunday, November 16th and December 7th and 21st.
The Ladies of St. Peter will meet at the home of Christina Katool on Saturday, November 15, at 11:00 a.m.. Lunch will be served and Fr. John will be addressing the ladies as we begin our spiritual journey into the Advent Season. There will also be a brief organizational meeting. Please contact Christina if you would like to help in anyway.
Lower Mississippi Valley Teen Retreat: The Teen Retreat will be February 13-15, 2015 at Roosevelt State Park. The speaker for the retreat will be Heiromonk Benedict (Josuah Armitage). His topic will be "Dealing with Doubts about God." We are very excited to have Fr. Benedict come to address this important topic with our teens! Be sure to mark your calendars now.
Dr. Christopher Veniamin, Professor of Patristics at St. tikhon Seminary in South Canaan, Pennsylvania, will visit St. Peter's February 1-4, 2015. He will speak at our church on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday evenings at 7:00 p.m. His topic will be "The Orthodox Understanding of Salvation." We are priviledged to have a man of Dr. Veniamin's stature with us. This promises to be a most edifying and instructive time for our church. Please put these dates on your calendar and plan to be here.
Fasting Discipline for November
The traditional fasting (no meat, dairy, eggs, fish, wine or oil) is observed on all Wednesdays and Fridays of the month. Beginning November 15th, the first day of the Nativity Fast, the traditional fasting is observed each day of the week. Note, however, through December 19th there is a katlysis on Tuesdays and Thursdays when wine and oil are permitted, and on Saturdays and Sundays when fish, wine and oil are permitted.
Major Commemorations for November
November 13 St. John Chrysostom (repose)
November 14 Apostle Philip
November 16 Apostle and Evangelist Matthew
November 21 Entrance of the Theotokos into the Temple
November 23 St. Amphilochios of Iconium
November 25 St. Catherine the Great-martyr
November 30 Apostle Andrew, the First-called
Happy Birthdays in November:
November 5 -- Alexia Parker (#17!)
November 7 -- Jude Brock (#1!)
November 11 -- Adrian Lavric (#1!)
November 13 -- Sophia Skirtech (#6!)
-- Summer Goss
November 17 -- Karen Cooper
November 21 -- Ken Jones
November 24 -- Mildred Morris
November 29 -- Mike Pigott
Happy Anniversaries in November:
November 26 -- Glenn and Mildred Morris (#48!)
November 28 -- Dn. Terry and Sh. Charlotte Algood (#43!)
Thermostats in the Fellowship Hall: There are two thermostats in the Fellowship Hall—one in the main room to control the air in the main room, and a second one in the Nursery room that controls the air in all four of the Sunday School rooms. Please be sure that both thermostats are set to 80 degrees when you leave the building
Quotable: "By contemplative examination, the world is also called the aggregate of the collective noun which is applied to the separate passions. When we wish to give a collective name to the passions, we call them the world. And when we wish to designate them specifically according to their names, we call them passions. The passions are portions of the course of the world's onward flow; and where the passions cease, there the world's onward flow stands still. These are the passions: love of wealth; gathering objects of any kind; bodily pleasure, from which comes the passion of carnal intercourse; love of esteem, from which springs envy; the wielding of power; pride in the trappings of authority; stateliness and pomposity; human glory, which is the cause of resentment; fear for the body.."
St. Isaac the Syrian
Worship: Sunday, November 16, 2014 (Twenty-third Sunday after Pentecost; Holy
Apostle and Evangelist Matthew)
Scripture: I Corinthians 4:9-16; Matthew 9:9-13
Prosphora: Fahmy
Coffee Hour: Algood/Lavric/Turner


The best way to stand out in the story marketplace is to put out a well-crafted and highly polished manuscript. Unfortunately, that isn't always financially viable. We all know that to succeed in our writing, editing is the one step we can't skip on the road to publication. But, does it have to be so prohibitively expensive? No, it doesn't.
I've been where you are; I visited all the editors' sites hoping beyond hope that one of them was in my price bracket–and was skilled enough to do a good job. Alas, my search ended with my writing taking a backseat while I earned my Editing and Proofreading Diploma with distinction (150 CPD hours).
Sad face for the story people who live in my head. Big yay for you, and your bank account.
I aim to provide you with the best editing, proofreading, and beta reading service at an affordable rate.


I?m after some advice and knowledge from any of the amp technicians and amp builders on here! I was kindly pointed in this direction by @watson after asking the same question on a Facebook group.
I have just received a Fender Model T from the states (I live in UK) it?s currently wired for 120v/60hz US power supply. I wanted to ask about converting to UK 230v/50hz.
From the Fender schematics supplied on their site (see pic). It suggests this is relatively straight forward with rewiring the links to the power transformer and swapping fuses to T2A.
My question is apart from rewiring the input to transformer set up and replacing T4A for T2A fuses. Are there any other things to consider? Watson suggested the hz change causing the amp to run ?hot? but from the schematic chart saying 50/60hz under every voltage alternative I?m assuming the hz change from country to country was considered when building the amp.
Are there any known effects this power supply change will have on the amp regarding sound or anything else?
Obviously this is something I want to do properly without any issues or effects on the amps performance. From the schematic it seems that it was considered from day one that the amp could be set up on different voltage systems but always worth checking if anyone has done this and has any input on carrying out this job.
Also as I want to use the amp immediately and I?m not going to tackle to task myself are there any things to consider when buying an external step down power supply transformer? There are so many out there it?s hard to know what tech specs are important to consider.
Many thanks for any advice in advance!
I'm not really familiar with the Fender Model T, so take anything I say with the appropriate amount of caution.
I agree with you that the 50/60 Hz designation implies that line frequency should not be an issue. I wouldn't worry about that.
Have you measured your line voltage? In your place, I would, just to make sure as to which would be preferable, 230 or 240. Other than that, as you say, it does look to be pretty straightforward.
When I lived in Italy, some thirty years ago, we used transformers to run all of our gear. The only thing that had any issue was my TEAC 4-track. The difference between 50 and 60 Hz made it run slow, so all of the recordings I made there are now sped up. Other than that, we had no problems at all, certainly none with any of our amps. I wouldn't hesitate to use it with a step-down transformer.


text:
60 Leonis (b Leonis) é uma estrela na direção da Leo. Possui uma ascensão reta de 11h 02m 19.78s e uma declinação de +20° 10′ 47.1″. Sua magnitude aparente é igual a 4.42. Considerando sua distância de 124 anos-luz em relação à Terra, sua magnitude absoluta é igual a 1.53. Pertence à classe espectral A1m.

Ver também
Designação de Bayer
Designação de Flamsteed
Catálogo Henry Draper
Catálogo Hipparcos

Estrelas
Objetos de Bayer
Constelação de Leo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Click here to access information about currently active Section 319 and 205(j) projects in Wyoming.
Click here to access the Wyoming Association of Conservation District's 2018 Watersheds Progress Report, which provides information on the efforts of Wyoming's conservation districts to restore impaired waterbodies. Note the new Story Map format!
Click here to visit EPA's Nonpoint Source Success Stories website and read about Wyoming's restoration success stories.
Use the table below to find final reports for recently completed Section 319 and 205(j) projects. Use the search function to search for projects by keyword or sponsor. Due to the size of some reports, some appendices may not be posted. Please contact the NPS Program or the project sponsor for more information.


Prepare for a flash of neon in the apocalyptic wasteland as the long-awaited Fallout: New California is finally releasing this October. Dubbed the most ambitious Fallout mod ever, New California is effectively a prequel to 2010's acclaimed Fallout: New Vegas and it promises a whole new world for survivors to plunge into.
Gamers may be used to the card tables and Securiton robots of Obsidian's Fallout: New Vegas, but prepare for a whole new story away from the Courier and his package deliver. Originally called "Project Brazil," Fallout: New California has come a long way from its humble hopes of giving New Vegas a backstory, and while it may not be perfect, the mod is finally ready to tackle a gamble in the gaming world.
"Beacause something is missing - and all the testing guys noticed - is side quests. Again, not the end of the world, but you hit this story with huge replete branches 16,000 lines of dialogue deep and you expect some little moments with characters off to the side of the big arcs, and there just aren't that many of note. Again, because there was no one to code it! I'd also like to take time to revise some plot holes and gaps in the open possibilities that appeared in testing, and more streamlined opportunities for branches that aren't so hidden in past decisions that you're locked into a tunnel til the next major turn."
Side quests and character development have always been a major part of Fallout games, so it makes sense that, with so much time having already gone into New California, Lee wants to spend a little longer trying to get it right. Although the core storyline may still only be there come October, it should be enough of a tease to show the game's full potential.
Taking the action to the year 2260, Vault 18 opens on the streets of Los Angeles in a world that is anything but the Tinseltown everyone knows today. Players must pick a side as the warring factions of the New California Republic, Survivalist Army, and Super Mutants fight for territory. For those who have played Obsidian's game, they will spot the return of the New California Republic (NCR). Predating New Vegas by 21 years, New California will presumably put the pieces into play for how the NCR comes to cross paths with the Legion and the events of New Vegas.
New Vegas has grabbed headlines again only recently thanks to Bethesda's mysterious tease of something new. Instead of being a New Vegas remaster or a New Vegas sequel, Bethesda is workign on Fallout 76 instead - a reportedly online-focused prequel. Obsidian shared its disappointment over the news but also teased that the company could work on a Fallout game in the future. For the time being, though, it looks like there's more than enough to deal with when New California finally joins the unofficial ranks of the Fallout world.
Considering that New California was originally set to reach PC before Fallout 4's release, it has been a labor of love for Lee to get the game to where it is today. With a massive amount of dialogue, new characters, and a reported 12 different endings, New California is ambitious by any Fallout standard, let alone just a pet project. There is every chance that New California will go head-to-head with 76, meaning that the rest of this year is looking pretty rosy for Fallout fans. New California is offering beta testers the chance to sign up in July with the October release being called Beta 2.00. Either way, prepare to tool up and pick a side when Fallout: New California hits PCs this fall.


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Home » Context of 'June 22, 2004: White House Declassifies Several Documents Related to Interrogation Policy'
Context of 'June 22, 2004: White House Declassifies Several Documents Related to Interrogation Policy'
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January 18-25, 2002: President Bush Ignores Advice from Senior Cabinet and Military Officials, Decides Geneva Conventions Do Not Apply to Taliban
Siding with the Pentagon and Justice Department against the State Department, President Bush declares the Geneva Conventions invalid with regard to conflicts with al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Secretary of State Colin Powell urges Bush to reconsider, saying that while Geneva does not apply to al-Qaeda terrorists, making such a decision for the Taliban—the putative government of Afghanistan—is a different matter. Such a decision could put US troops at risk. Both Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and Joint Chiefs chairman General Richard B. Myers support Powell's position. Yet another voice carries more weight with Bush: John Yoo, a deputy in the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel (OLC—see October 23, 2001). Yoo says that Afghanistan is a "failed state" without a functional government, and Taliban fighters are not members of an army as such, but members of a "militant, terrorist-like group" (see January 9, 2002). White House counsel Alberto Gonzales agrees with Yoo in a January 25 memo, calling Yoo's opinion "definitive." The Gonzales memo concludes that the "new kind of war" Bush wants to fight should not be equated with Geneva's "quaint" privileges granted to prisoners of war, or the "strict limitations" they impose on interrogations (see January 25, 2002). Military lawyers dispute the idea that Geneva limits interrogations to recitals of name, rank, and serial number, but their objections are ignored. For an OLC lawyer to override the judgment of senior Cabinet officials is unprecedented. OLC lawyers usually render opinions on questions that have already been deliberated by the legal staffs of the agencies involved. But, perhaps because OLC lawyers like Yoo give Bush the legal opinions he wants, Bush grants that agency the first and last say in matters such as these. "OLC was definitely running the show legally, and John Yoo in particular," a former Pentagon lawyer will recall. "Even though he was quite young, he exercised disproportionate authority because of his personality and his strong opinions." Yoo is also very close to senior officials in the office of the vice president and in the Pentagon's legal office. [Ledger (Lakeland FL), 10/24/2004]
Undermining, Cutting out Top Advisers - Cheney deliberately cuts out the president's national security counsel, John Bellinger, because, as the Washington Post will later report, Cheney's top adviser, David Addington, holds Bellinger in "open contempt" and does not trust him to adequately push for expanded presidential authority (see January 18-25, 2002). Cheney and his office will also move to exclude Secretary of State Colin Powell from the decision-making process, and, when the media learns of the decision, will manage to shift some of the blame onto Powell (see January 25, 2002). [Washington Post, 6/24/2007]
Final Decision - Bush will make his formal final declaration three weeks later (see February 7, 2002).
Entity Tags: US Department of Defense, US Department of Justice, Richard B. Myers, US Department of State, Taliban, Office of Legal Counsel (DOJ), John C. Yoo, Alberto R. Gonzales, Richard ("Dick") Cheney, Colin Powell, Al-Qaeda, Condoleezza Rice, Donald Rumsfeld, John Bellinger, George W. Bush, Geneva Conventions, David S. Addington
Timeline Tags: Torture of US Captives, Civil Liberties
January 25, 2002: Gonzales Recommends Retaining Decision to Declare War on Terror Exempt from Geneva Conventions
White House lawyer Alberto Gonzales completes a draft memorandum to the president advising him not to reconsider his decision (see January 18-25, 2002) declaring Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters ineligible for prisoner of war status as Colin Powell has apparently recommended. [US Department of Justice, 1/25/2004 ; Newsweek, 5/24/2004] The memo recommends that President Bush accept a recent Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) memo saying that the president has the authority to set aside the Geneva Conventions as the basis of his policy (see January 9, 2002). [Savage, 2007, pp. 146]
Geneva No Longer Applies, Says Gonzales - Gonzales writes to Bush that Powell "has asked that you conclude that GPW [Third Geneva Convention] does apply to both al-Qaeda and the Taliban. I understand, however, that he would agree that al-Qaeda and the Taliban fighters could be determined not to be prisoners of war (POWs) but only on a case-by-case basis following individual hearings before a military board." Powell believes that US troops will be put at risk if the US renounces the Geneva Conventions in relation to the Taliban. Rumsfeld and his chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Richard B. Myers, allegedly agree with Powell's argument. [New York Times, 10/24/2004] But Gonzales says that he agrees with the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel, which has determined that the president had the authority to make this declaration on the premise that "the war against terrorism is a new kind of war" and "not the traditional clash between nations adhering to the laws of war that formed the backdrop for GPW [Geneva Convention on the treatment of prisoners of war]." Gonzales thus states, "In my judgment, this new paradigm renders obsolete Geneva's strict limitations on questioning of enemy prisoners and renders quaint some of its provisions." [Newsweek, 5/24/2004] Gonzales also says that by declaring the war in Afghanistan exempt from the Geneva Conventions, the president would "[s]ubstantially [reduce] the threat of domestic criminal prosecution under the War Crimes Act [of 1996]" (see August 21, 1996). The president and other officials in the administration would then be protected from any future "prosecutors and independent counsels who may in the future decide to pursue unwarranted charges." [New York Times, 5/21/2004; Newsweek, 5/24/2004]
Memo Actually Written by Cheney's Lawyer - Though the memo is released under Gonzales's signature, many inside the White House do not believe the memo was written by him; it has an unorthodox format and a subtly mocking tone that does not go with Gonzales's usual style. A White House lawyer with direct knowledge of the memo later says it was written by Cheney's chief lawyer, David Addington. Deputy White House counsel Timothy Flanigan passed it to Gonzales, who signed it as "my judgment" and sent it to Bush. Addington's memo quotes Bush's own words: "the war against terrorism is a new kind of war." [Washington Post, 6/24/2007]
Powell 'Hits the Roof' over Memo - When Powell reads the memo (see January 26, 2002), he reportedly "hit[s] the roof" and immediately arranges for a meeting with the president (see January 25, 2002). [Newsweek, 5/24/2004]
Entity Tags: George W. Bush, Office of Legal Counsel (DOJ), Geneva Conventions, Alberto R. Gonzales, Colin Powell, David S. Addington, Al-Qaeda, Taliban, Richard B. Myers
February 7, 2002: White House Declares Geneva Convention Does Not Apply to Taliban or Al-Qaeda
The White House declares that the United States will apply the Geneva Conventions to the conflict in Afghanistan, but will not grant prisoner-of-war status to captured Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters. Though Afghanistan was party to the 1949 treaty, Taliban fighters are not protected by the Conventions, the directive states, because the Taliban is not recognized by the US as Afghanistan's legitimate government. Likewise, al-Qaeda fighters are not eligible to be protected under the treaty's provisions because they do not represent a state that is party to the Conventions either.
Administration Will Treat Detainees Humanely 'Consistent' with Geneva - In the memo, President Bush writes that even though al-Qaeda detainees do not qualify as prisoners of war under Geneva, "as a matter of policy, the United States Armed Forces shall continue to treat detainees humanely and to the extent appropriate and consistent with military necessity, in a manner consistent with the principles of Geneva." The presidential directive is apparently based on Alberto Gonzales's January 25 memo (see January 25, 2002) and a memo from Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, David Addington (see January 25, 2002).
Bush Chooses Not to Suspend Geneva between US and Afghanistan - The directive also concludes that Bush, as commander in chief of the United States, has the authority to suspend the Geneva Conventions regarding the conflict in Afghanistan, should he feel necessary: Bush writes, "I have the authority under the Constitution to suspend Geneva as between the United States and Afghanistan, but I decline to exercise that authority at this time." Though not scheduled for declassification until 2012, the directive will be released by the White House in June 2004 to demonstrate that the president never authorized torture against detainees from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. [George W. Bush, 2/7/2002 ; CNN, 2/7/2002; Newsweek, 5/24/2004; Truthout (.org), 1/19/2005; Dubose and Bernstein, 2006, pp. 191]
Overriding State Department Objections - Bush apparently ignores or overrides objections from the State Department, including Secretary of State Colin Powell (see January 25, 2002) and the department's chief legal counsel, William Howard Taft IV (see January 25, 2002). Both Powell and Taft strenuously objected to the new policy. [Savage, 2007, pp. 147]
Ignoring Promises of Humane Treatment - The reality will be somewhat different. Gonzales laid out the arguments for and against complying with Geneva in an earlier memo (see January 18-25, 2002), and argued that if the administration dispensed with Geneva, no one could later be charged with war crimes. Yet, according to Colin Powell's chief of staff, Lawrence Wilkerson, sometime after the Bush memo is issued, Vice President Cheney and Defense Secretary Rumsfeld decide to ignore the portions promising humane treatment for prisoners. "In going back and looking at the deliberations," Wilkerson later recalls, "it was clear to me that what the president had decided was one thing and what was implemented was quite another thing." [Dubose and Bernstein, 2006, pp. 190-191]
Entity Tags: Geneva Conventions, George W. Bush, Colin Powell, Lawrence Wilkerson, William Howard Taft IV, Richard ("Dick") Cheney, Bush administration (43)
After February 7, 2002: Bush Authorizes Secret CIA Prison System
The Salt Pit, a secret CIA prison near Kabul, Afghanistan. [Source: Space Imaging Middle East]President George Bush signs a secret order authorizing the CIA to set up a network of secret detention and interrogation centers outside the United States where high value prisoners can be interrogated "with unprecedented harshness." [Newsweek, 5/24/2004] This takes place shortly after February 7, 2002, when Bush declared that al-Qaeda and Taliban prisoners were not subject to the Geneva Convention (see February 7, 2002). The first secret CIA prison will begin operating in Thailand in March 2002 (see March 2002).
Entity Tags: George W. Bush, Central Intelligence Agency
Timeline Tags: Torture of US Captives, Complete 911 Timeline
July 2002: New, Poorly Trained Interrogators Arrive at Bagram
A new interrogation unit arrives at the Bagram Collection Point (BCP), the improvised interrogation and holding facility at Bagram Air Force Base (see October 2001). The unit is headed by Lieutenant Carolyn Wood (see January 22, 2003-May 8, 2003), who leads a 13-man unit from the 525th Military Intelligence Brigade at Fort Bragg, NC. Wood's unit is augmented by six Arabic-speaking reservists from the Utah National Guard. Many in the group, consolidated under Company A of the 519th Military Intelligence Battalion, are counterintelligence specialists with no background in interrogation. Only two of the soldiers have ever questioned actual prisoners. The training they receive is ad hoc and minimal. The noncommissioned officer in charge of the interrogators, Staff Sergeant Steven Loring, will later tell investigators, "There was nothing that prepared us for running an interrogation operation" like the one at Bagram. Nor are the rules of engagement clear. The platoon uses the standard interrogations guide, Section 34-52 of the Army Fleld Manual, and an order from Defense Secretary Rumsfeld to treat prisoners "humanely" and, when possible, within the strictures of the Geneva Conventions. But when President Bush determines in February 2002 that the Conventions do not apply to Taliban and al-Qaeda captives (see February 7, 2002), the interrogators decide they "could deviate slightly from the rules," in the words of Utah reservist Sergeant James Leahy. "There was the Geneva Conventions for enemy prisoners of war, but nothing for terrorists," Leahy will tell Army investigators. And the detainees, senior intelligence officers say, are to be considered terrorists until proved otherwise. One group of soldiers is later dubbed "the Testosterone Gang"; they decorate their tent with a Confederate flag, spend large amounts of time bodybuilding, and quickly earn a reputation as some of the most brutal of the soldiers at Bagram. [New York Times, 5/20/2005]
Entity Tags: US Department of the Army, Carolyn A. Wood, Donald Rumsfeld, Steven Loring, George W. Bush, James Leahy
Timeline Tags: Torture of US Captives
October 11, 2002: Army Officials Request Permission to Use More Aggressive Techniques in Interrogation of Guantanamo Terror Suspects
Two days after General Rick Baccus has been relieved from duty as the guard commander at Guantanamo (see October 9, 2002), and almost one and a half months since the writing of the Office of Legal Counsel's (OLC) August memo on torture (see August 1, 2002), military intelligence at Guantanamo begin suggesting new rules of interrogation. Lieutenant Colonel Jerald Phifer, Director J2, sends a memo, to Major General Michael E. Dunlavey, Commander of Joint Task Force (JTF) 170, requesting approval for more severe interrogation techniques. [US Department of Defense, 10/11/2002 ; New Yorker, 2/27/2008] In 2009, Senator Carl Levin (D-MI) will write (see April 21, 2009) that Dunlavey's request is sparked by recent reports on the use of SERE training techniques for interrogation purposes (see January 2002 and After and April 16, 2002). [Huffington Post, 4/21/2009]
Three Categories of Techniques - The memo states, "The current guidelines for interrogation procedures at GTMO [Guantanamo] limit the ability of interrogators to counter advanced resistance." Phifer proposes three categories of techniques. The mildest, which includes yelling and weak forms of deception, are included in category one. Category two techniques are more severe and require approval by an "interrogator group director." They include the use of stress positions for up to four hours; use of falsified documents; isolation for up to 30 days; sensory deprivation and hooding; 20-hour interrogations; removal of comfort and religious items; replacing hot food with cold military rations; removal of clothing; forced grooming, including the shaving of beards; and playing on detainees' phobias to induce stress, such as a fear of dogs. The harshest techniques, listed in category three, are to be reserved for a "very small percentage of the most uncooperative detainees" and only used with permission from the commander of the prison. These methods include using non-injurious physical contact like poking or grabbing; threatening a detainee with death or severe pain or threatening that a family member would be subjected to such harm; exposing him to cold weather or water; using a wet towel to "induce the misperception of suffocation." [US Department of Defense, 10/11/2002 ; New Yorker, 2/27/2008]
Desire to Extract More Information from Detainee - The request is prompted in part by military intelligence's belief that Guantanamo detainee Mohamed al-Khatani has more information than the FBI has managed to extract from him. "Al-Khatani is a person in… whom we have considerable interest," Dell'Orto will explain during a 2004 press briefing at the White House. "He has resisted our techniques. And so it is concluded at Guantanamo that it may be time to inquire as to whether there may be more flexibility in the type of techniques we use on him." [Washington File, 6/23/2004]
JAG Officer Concludes Tactics are Legal - The same day, a staff judge advocate, Lieutenant Colonel Diane E. Beaver, reviews Phifer's proposed techniques for legality and, while making qualifications and recommending further review, concludes in a memo to Dunlavey that they are legal. Also the same day, Dunlavey sends the list of techniques to his superior, General James T. Hill, commander of the Southern Command, requesting approval for their use. Dunlavey writes: "Although [the techniques currently employed] have resulted in significant exploitable intelligence the same methods have become less effective over time. I believe the methods and techniques delineated in the accompanying J-2 memorandum will enhance our efforts to extract additional information." [US Department of Defense, 10/11/2002 ] Beaver concludes that since President Bush had decided that all the detainees "are not protected by the Geneva Conventions" (see January 18-25, 2002, February 7, 2002), all of the desired techniques are allowable because "no international body of law directly applies." [Savage, 2007, pp. 178]
Entity Tags: Rick Baccus, George W. Bush, James T. Hill, Carl Levin, Daniel J. Dell'Orto, Diane E. Beaver, Michael E. Dunlavey, Mohamed al-Khatani
June 26, 2003: Bush Declares US Committed to Eliminate Torture; White House Reassures CIA that It Still Supports Agency Torture of Prisoners
President Bush issues a proclamation to mark the United Nations International Day in Support of Victims of Torture. Bush states that the US is "committed to the worldwide elimination of torture and we are leading this fight by example." He vows to prosecute torture and to prevent any "other cruel and unusual punishment." The CIA's chief lawyer, Scott Muller, complains to the White House that Bush's statement could cause CIA interrogators, authorized by Bush to torture suspected al-Qaeda members (see February 7, 2002), to fear that they could be used as scapegoats by the administration. White House officials reassure Muller that despite Bush's words, the administration still supports the CIA's torture of prisoners. [New York Times, 5/3/2009]
Entity Tags: Scott Muller, Bush administration (43), George W. Bush, Central Intelligence Agency
May 19, 2004: US Denies Media Access to Secret Prisons in Afghanistan, Using Geneva Conventions as Excuse
Lt. Col. Tucker Mansager tells reporters that the media will not be permitted access to secret detention facilities in Afghanistan, claiming that to do so would violate the prisoners' rights under the Geneva Conventions. However in February 2002, the administration had denied "prisoner of war" status to all Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters captured in Afghanistan (see February 7, 2002) on grounds they were "illegal combatants." Since then, the US has maintained that these prisoners are not protected by the Conventions. Nonetheless, Mansager explains: "Part of… spirit [of the Geneva Conventions] is to ensure that the persons under confinement are not subject to any kind of exploitation. It is the coalition's position that allowing media into the facilities would compromise that protection." [Reuters, 5/19/2004]
Entity Tags: Tucker Mansager
June 8, 2004: August 2002 'Golden Shield' Memo Leaked to Press
The Washington Post reveals the existence of a secret August 2002 memo from the Justice Department. This memo advised the White House that torturing al-Qaeda terrorists in captivity "may be justified," and that international laws against torture "may be unconstitutional if applied to interrogations" conducted in the US war on terrorism (see August 1, 2002). The legal reasoning was later used in a March 2003 report by Pentagon lawyers assessing interrogation rules governing the military detention center at Guantanamo Bay (see March 6, 2003). Bush officials say that despite the memo, it has abided by the Geneva Conventions and other international treaties proscribing torture (see February 7, 2002). The incidents at Abu Ghraib, where numerous Iraqi prisoners were tortured, maimed, and sometimes murdered, were not policy, officials say. Human rights organizations and civil libertarians are appalled at the memo. "It is by leaps and bounds the worst thing I've seen since this whole Abu Ghraib scandal broke," says Tom Malinowski of Human Rights Watch. "It appears that what they were contemplating was the commission of war crimes and looking for ways to avoid legal accountability. The effect is to throw out years of military doctrine and standards on interrogations." A senior Pentagon official says that the Judge Advocate Generals (JAGs) were quick to challenge the Justice Department opinion when it was promoted by the Pentagon. "Every flag JAG lodged complaints," the official says. A senior military attorney says of the memo: "It's really unprecedented. For almost 30 years we've taught the Geneva Convention one way. Once you start telling people it's okay to break the law, there's no telling where they might stop." [Washington Post, 6/8/2004] Attorney General John Ashcroft tells the Senate Judiciary Committee that he will not discuss the contents of the August 2002 memo, nor turn it over to the committee. "I believe it is essential to the operation of the executive branch that the president has the opportunity to get information from the attorney general that is confidential," he says. [Washington Post, 6/8/2004]
Entity Tags: Senate Judiciary Committee, Bush administration (43), Geneva Conventions, John Ashcroft, Tom Malinowski, US Department of Justice, Judge Advocate General Corps, US Department of Defense
June 22, 2004: White House Declassifies Several Documents Related to Interrogation Policy
To demonstrate that President Bush has never authorized torture against prisoners, the White House declassifies and releases a large number of internal documents, including the February 7, 2002 memo (see February 7, 2002) signed by Bush, and documents, inter alia from Gen. James T. Hill, showing that the US military interrogators were seeking more aggressive interrogation techniques. The disclosures are made, according to Alberto R. Gonzales, because the government "felt that it was harmful to this country, in terms of the notion that perhaps we may be engaging in torture." [Washington Post, 6/23/2004]
Entity Tags: George W. Bush, Bush administration (43), Alberto R. Gonzales, James T. Hill
November 8, 2004: US District Judge Rules that Guantanamo Hearings for Hamdan Unlawful; Halts Hearing
Salim Ahmed Hamdan. [Source: Public domain]US District Judge James Robertson rules that the Combatant Status Review Tribunal being held at the Guantanamo base in Cuba to determine the status of detainee Salim Ahmed Hamdan is unlawful and cannot continue. At the time of the decision, Hamdan is before the Guantanamo military commission. [Washington Post, 11/9/2004; USA Today, 11/9/2004] The commission system, as set up by White House lawyers David Addington and Timothy Flanigan three years before (see Late October 2001), gives accused terrorists such as Hamdan virtually no rights; in author and reporter Charlie Savage's words, "the [Bush] administration had crafted rules that would make it easy for prosecutors to win cases." [Savage, 2007, pp. 195-196]
Violation of Geneva Conventions - Robertson, in his 45-page opinion, says the government should have conducted special hearings to determine whether detainees qualified for prisoner-of-war protections under the Geneva Conventions at the time of capture. [USA Today, 11/9/2004] He says that the Bush administration violated the Geneva Conventions when it designated prisoners as enemy combatants, denied them POW protections, and sent them to Guantanamo. [Boston Globe, 11/9/2004] The Combatant Status Review Tribunals that are currently being held in response to a recent Supreme Court decision (see June 28, 2004) are inadequate, Robertson says, because their purpose is to determine whether detainees are enemy combatants, not POWs, as required by the Third Geneva Convention. [USA Today, 11/9/2004]
Rejects Claims of Presidential Power - Robertson also rejects the administration's claim that the courts must defer to the president in a time of war. "The president is not a 'tribunal,'" the judge says. [USA Today, 11/9/2004] Robertson, a Clinton appointee, thus squarely opposes both the president's military order of November 13, 2001 (see November 13, 2001) establishing the possibility of trial by military tribunal, and his executive order of February 7, 2002 (see February 7, 2002) declaring that the Geneva Conventions do not to apply to Taliban and al-Qaeda prisoners. "The government has asserted a position starkly different from the positions and behavior of the United States in previous conflicts," Robertson writes, "one that can only weaken the United States' own ability to demand application of the Geneva Conventions to Americans captured during armed conflicts abroad." [USA Today, 11/9/2004; Washington Post, 11/9/2004; Boston Globe, 11/9/2004]
Orders Military Courts-Martial - Robertson orders that until the government conducts a hearing for Hamdan before a competent tribunal in accordance with the Third Geneva Conventions, he can only be tried in courts-martial, according to the same long-established military rules that apply to trials for US soldiers. [Washington Post, 11/9/2004; Boston Globe, 11/9/2004] Robertson's ruling is the first by a federal judge to assert that the commissions are illegal. [Washington Post, 11/9/2004]
Hearings Immediately Recessed - When word of Robertson's ruling comes to Guantanamo, Colonel Peter Brownback, presiding over a pretrial hearing for Hamdan, immediately gavels the hearing closed, declaring an "indefinite recess" for the tribunal. [Savage, 2007, pp. 195-196]
Ruling Applauded by Civil Libertarians, Rejected by Bush Lawyers - Anthony Romero, director of the American Civil Liberties Union; Eugene Fidell, president of the National Institute of Military Justice; and Michael Ratner, president of the Center for Constitutional Rights, all applaud Robertson's ruling. [Boston Globe, 11/9/2004] The Bush administration rejects the court's ruling and announces its intention to submit a request to a higher court for an emergency stay and reversal of the decision. "We vigorously disagree.… The judge has put terrorism on the same legal footing as legitimate methods of waging war," Justice Department spokesman Mark Corallo says. "The Constitution entrusts to the president the responsibility to safeguard the nation's security. The Department of Justice will continue to defend the president's ability and authority under the Constitution to fulfill that duty." [Washington Post, 11/9/2004; Boston Globe, 11/9/2004] He also says that the commission rules were "carefully crafted to protect America from terrorists while affording those charged with violations of the laws of war with fair process." [Boston Globe, 11/9/2004]
Ruling May Affect Other Detainees - Though the ruling technically only applies to Hamdan, his civilian attorney, Neal Katyal, says it could affect other detainees. "The judge's order is designed only to deal with Mr. Hamdan's case," Katyal says. "But the spirit of it… extends more broadly to potentially everything that is going on here at Guantanamo." [USA Today, 11/9/2004]
Entity Tags: Mark Corallo, Neal Katyal, James Robertson, George W. Bush, Anthony D. Romero, Peter Brownback, Charlie Savage, US Supreme Court, American Civil Liberties Union, Salim Ahmed Hamdan
Late 2005: Pentagon Refuses to Adopt Proposal Directing Military to Observe Geneva Convention Article
Deputy Defense Secretary Gordon England, who for a year has advocated that the US issue clear rules about detention and interrogation of terror suspects (see Summer 2005), calls a meeting of three dozen Pentagon officials, including the vice chief and top uniformed lawyer for each military branch. England wants to discuss a proposed new directive defining the US military's detention policies. The secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force are present, as are generals from each branch of service and a number of military lawyers, including Naval General Counsel Alberto Mora. The agenda is set by Matthew Waxman, the deputy assistant secretary for detainee affairs. Waxman says that the president's general statement that detainees should be treated humanely "subject to military necessity" (see February 7, 2002) has left US military interrogators and others unsure about how to proceed with detainees. Waxman has proposed making it official Pentagon policy to treat detainees in accordance with Common Article III of the Geneva Conventions, which bars cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment, as well as "outrages against human dignity." The standard has already been in effect since the Geneva Conventions were first put into place over 50 years ago, and US military personnel are trained to follow it. In 2007, the Washington Post will observe, "That was exactly the language… that [Vice President] Cheney had spent three years expunging from US policy." Mora will later recall of the meeting, "Every vice chief came out strongly in favor, as did every JAG," or Judge Advocate General.
Opposition - Every military officer supports the Waxman standard, but two civilians oppose it: Stephen Cambone, the undersecretary of defense for intelligence, and William Haynes, the Pentagon's general counsel and a close associate of Cheney's chief counsel, David Addington. Cambone and Haynes argue that the standard will limit the US's "flexibility" in handling terror suspects, and it might expose administration officials to charges of war crimes. If Common Article III becomes the standard for treatment, then it might become a crime to violate it.
War Crimes Questions - An exasperated Mora points out that whether the proposal is adopted or not, the Geneva Conventions are already solidly part of both US and international law. Any serious breach is in legal fact a war crime. Mora reads from a copy of the US War Crimes Act, which already forbids the violation of Common Article III. It is already the law, Mora emphasizes, and no one is free to ignore it. Waxman believes his opponents are isolated, and issues a draft of DOD Directive 2310, incorporating the Geneva-based language.
Browbeating Waxman - Within a few days, Addington and Lewis "Scooter" Libby, Cheney's chief of staff, bring Waxman in for a meeting. The meeting goes poorly for Waxman. Addington ridicules the vagueness of the Geneva ban on "outrages upon personal dignity," saying it leaves US troops timid in the face of unpredictable legal risk. Waxman replies that the White House policy is far more opaque, and Addington accuses him of trying to replace the president's decision with his own. Mora later says, "The impact of that meeting is that Directive 2310 died." Shortly thereafter, Waxman will leave the Pentagon for a post at the State Department. [New Yorker, 2/27/2006; Washington Post, 6/25/2007]
Entity Tags: Alberto Mora, David S. Addington, Lewis ("Scooter") Libby, William J. Haynes, War Crimes Act, Matthew Waxman, Gordon England, Richard ("Dick") Cheney, US Department of Defense, Geneva Conventions, Stephen A. Cambone
Early 2006: Architect of Iraq War Expresses Pride in Decision to Ignore Geneva Conventions in Interrogating Detainees
Douglas Feith. [Source: Whodidit.org]Law professor Phillippe Sands interviews Douglas Feith, the former undersecretary of defense for policy and one of the key architects of the Iraq invasion. [Vanity Fair, 5/2008] Feith is joining the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University as a lecturer. [Washington Post, 5/25/2006] Feith discusses his great pride in his part in the administration's decision to ignore the Geneva Conventions' restrictions on interrogating prisoners (see February 7, 2002). Feith says that Geneva merely got in the way of the US doing what it needed to do with regards to the detainees. Since al-Qaeda and Taliban operatives did not function under Geneva, he argues, the US did not need to, either. Feith says that between his arguments and the contempt the civilians in the White House and the Pentagon held for the military officers who stood by the Geneva restrictions, the decision was made to set Geneva aside when circumstances warranted. It was never a matter of questioning Geneva's status as international law, but deciding to whom and in what circumstances the conventions apply.
Catch 22 - Sands writes that according to Feith's (and eventually the administration's) rationale: "Geneva did apply to the Taliban, but by Geneva's own terms Taliban fighters weren't entitled to POW status, because they hadn't worn uniforms or insignia. That would still leave the safety net provided by the rules reflected in Common Article 3—but detainees could not rely on this either, on the theory that its provisions applied only to 'armed conflict not of an international character,' which the administration interpreted to mean civil war. This was new. In reaching this conclusion, the Bush administration simply abandoned all legal and customary precedent that regards Common Article 3 as a minimal bill of rights for everyone.… I asked Feith, just to be clear: Didn't the administration's approach mean that Geneva's constraints on interrogation couldn't be invoked by anyone at Guantanamo? 'Oh yes, sure,' he shot back. Was that the intended result?, I asked. 'Absolutely.… That's the point.'… As he saw it, either you were a detainee to whom Geneva didn't apply or you were a detainee to whom Geneva applied but whose rights you couldn't invoke."
Impact on Interrogations - When asked about the difference for the purpose of interrogation, Sands will write: "Feith answered with a certain satisfaction, 'It turns out, none. But that's the point.' That indeed was the point. The principled legal arguments were a fig leaf. The real reason for the Geneva decision, as Feith now made explicit, was the desire to interrogate these detainees with as few constraints as possible." Reflecting on that time, Feith says with obvious relish, "This year I was really a player." Sands asks Feith if he ever worried that the Geneva decision might have eroded the US's moral authority. Feith's response is blunt: "The problem with moral authority [is] people who should know better, like yourself, siding with the _ssholes, to put it crudely." [Vanity Fair, 5/2008]
Entity Tags: Phillippe Sands, Geneva Conventions, Douglas Feith, Al-Qaeda, Georgetown University, Taliban
July 12, 2006: Bush Administration Agrees to Follow Geneva Conventions with All Al-Qaeda Suspects in US Custody
Daniel Dell'Orto. [Source: US Department of Defense]Shortly after the Supreme Court rules that the Geneva Conventions apply to detainees suspected of terrorist affiliations (see June 30, 2006), the Bush administration publicly agrees to apply the Conventions to all terrorism suspects in US custody, and the Pentagon announces that it is now requiring all military officials to adhere to the Conventions in dealing with al-Qaeda detainees. The administration says that from now on, all prisoners in US custody will be treated humanely in accordance with the Conventions, a stipulation that would preclude torture and "harsh interrogation methods." Until the ruling, the administration has held that prisoners suspected of terrorist affiliations did not have the right to be granted Geneva protections (see February 7, 2002). Lawyer David Remes, who represents 17 Guantanamo detainees, says, "At a symbolic level, it is a huge moral triumph that the administration has acknowledged that it must, under the Supreme Court ruling, adhere to the Geneva Conventions. The legal architecture of the war on terror was built on a foundation of unlimited and unaccountable presidential power, including the power to decide unilaterally whether, when and to whom to apply the Geneva Conventions." But in the wake of the ruling the administration is pressuring Congress to introduce legislation that would strip detainees of some of the rights afforded them under the Conventions, including the right to free and open trials, even in a military setting. "The court-martial procedures are wholly inappropriate for the current circumstances and would be infeasible for the trial of these alien enemy combatants," says Steven Bradbury, the acting chief of the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel. Bradbury and Daniel Dell'Orto, the Defense Department's principal deputy attorney general, have repeatedly urged lawmakers to limit the rights of detainees captured in what the administration terms its war on terrorism. Dell'Orto says Congress should not require that enemy combatants be provided lawyers to challenge their imprisonment. Congressional Democrats have a different view. Senate Judiciary Chairman Patrick Leahy (D-VT) says, "I find it hard to fathom that this administration is so incompetent that it needs kangaroo-court procedures to convince a tribunal of United States military officers that the 'worst of the worst' imprisoned at Guantanamo Bay should be held accountable" for crimes. "We need to know why we're being asked to deviate from rules for courts-martial." [Washington Post, 7/12/2006]
Entity Tags: US Department of Justice, US Supreme Court, US Department of Defense, Patrick J. Leahy, Al-Qaeda, Daniel J. Dell'Orto, David Remes, Geneva Conventions, Office of Legal Counsel (DOJ), Steven Bradbury
Timeline Tags: Torture of US Captives, Complete 911 Timeline, Civil Liberties
February 2009: Bush Administration Officials Critical of Detainee Policy
Two senior Bush administration officials reflect on the executive order denying any Geneva Convention protections to Taliban and al-Qaeda detainees (see February 7, 2002). Jack Goldsmith, formerly head of the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) at the Justice Department, says: "To conclude that the Geneva Conventions don't apply—it doesn't follow from that, or at least it shouldn't, that detainees don't get certain rights and certain protections. There are all sorts of very, very good policy reasons why they should have been given a rigorous legal regime whereby we could legitimatize their detention. For years there was just a giant hole, a legal hole of minimal protections, minimal law." Lawrence Wilkerson, the chief of staff for Secretary of State Colin Powell, recalls: "Based on what the secretary and [State Department legal adviser William] Taft were telling me, I think they both were convinced that they had managed to get the president's attention with regard to what they thought was the governing document, the Geneva Conventions. I really think it came as a surprise when the February memo was put out. And that memo, of course, was constructed by [Cheney chief counsel David] Addington, and I'm told it was blessed by one or two people in OLC. And then it was given to [Vice President] Cheney, and Cheney gave it to the president. The president signed it." [Vanity Fair, 2/2009]
Entity Tags: Lawrence Wilkerson, Jack Goldsmith
Timeline Tags: Civil Liberties


text:
Samsung TV Plus announced: the free streaming service for Samsung Smart TVs and soon also for Samsung phones
Sophie Baker
Samsung today launched its Samsung TV Plus live streaming service in the Netherlands. It is a free streaming service that complements the streaming applications that Samsung Smart TV users can actually use. The service will also work on Samsung phones with the Samsung TV Plus Mobile app.
Samsung TV Plus for Smart TVs
Owners of Samsung Smart TVs that appeared after 2017 can use Samsung TV Plus for free starting today. Samsung TV Plus is a broadcast service consisting of 20 channels, 6 of which are local channels and 14 international channels, such as Rakuten, Euronews Live, Filmstream, and EDGEsport.
According to Samsung, the latest functions of the Smart TV can be triggered via a shortcut on the remote control, including the new streaming service. Samsung will regularly update its streaming service for a better user experience and on-demand content will also continue to grow.
Samsung TV Plus for Galaxy phones
Samsung TV Plus was already launched in the US last year, with the app arriving in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany and India in April. France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and Austria will also be able to benefit from the Samsung TV Plus mobile phone experiences in the first half of 2021. When it was the turn of the Netherlands and Belgium, the South Korean manufacturer did not announce.
Samsung TV Plus was launched in 2015 and it is good for serving more than 1000 channels worldwide. The service is completely free and requires no downloads, registration, credit card, subscription, or additional hardware. Samsung TV Plus is now available in 23 countries around the world.
See also Providers: There are no roaming charges in the UK yet
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TimeSpring is a mobile platform that enables time-released messaging. People can send photos, video, and sentiment to an unlimited number of recipients and have them delivered up to thirty years in the future. For parents, it has become a way to share memories (photos and video) with children. For grandparents, it has become a way to always stay connected to their children and grandchildren even beyond their lifetime. For people who are unfortunate to have a terminal illness, it's the security of leaving behind a legacy for those that they love, and provides time for those who are so cheated by it. It is easy to use. Simply add recipients to your TimeSpring wheel, and start scheduling messages to be received at the future date.


text:
Newly Renovated Beachside Hotel & Suites Brings a Fun and Fresh Vibe to Cocoa Beach
COCOA BEACH, Fla., May 15, 2020 – Following a 10-month, $5.9 million makeover of its Cocoa Beach property that included a complete rebranding, Innisfree Hotels officially opens its newly renovated boutique hotel doors on Florida's Space Coast.
Formerly known as the Quality Inn & Suites Port Canaveral, the strikingly updated Beachside Hotel & Suites has been returned to its sixties glory, giving off a relaxed retro vibe that's virtually synonymous with its home – the surfing capital of the East Coast.
The hotel's location at 3901 N. Atlantic Ave. is situated just 300 feet from the world-famous Cocoa Beach oceanfront. Guests can expect optimal beach access and complimentary use of beach cruiser bicycles, beach wagons, boogie boards and surfboards, among other covetable amenities.
"Our property puts guests right at the epicenter of Space Coast culture and excitement along one of Florida's most-beloved pieces of coastline," said Ted Ent, CEO of Innisfree Hotels. "We have 170 guest rooms available, plus a new lazy river pool and deck area, a poolside bar and a considerable courtyard space, appealing to families and couples, leisure and business travelers and solo wanderlusters alike."
Providing loads of additional charm, the hotel's lobby has been remodeled and its conference rooms redone with more than 3,000 square feet of meeting space. Hotel guests will benefit from an expanded array of amenities that include complimentary breakfast, pet-friendly accommodations and shuttle service to and from Orlando International Airport and Port Canaveral.
The exterior of Beachside Hotel & Suites will also be getting a major facelift in the form of vibrant, rainbow-colored walls. In the coming months, the property plans to commission a large, can't-miss outdoor mural from a local Space Coast-based artist.
"We are thrilled with the transformation of this hotel – it puts you in vacation mode the second you spot it," said Ent. "We believe it will become an essential part of the traveler's local experience as they get an authentic taste of the lifestyle and laid-back spirit of the Space Coast."
Innisfree acquired the Quality Inn & Suites property in 2018 as part of a strategic move into the Space Coast region. The hotel, which was originally built in 1965, lies within walking distance of more than 20 restaurants and dozens of shops, including the original flagship Ron Jon Surf Shop. Other nearby attractions include the historic Westgate Cocoa Beach Pier, the Brevard County Zoo, Canaveral National Seashore and Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. For more information, visit beachsidehotelcocoabeach.com or call (321) 783-2221.


text:
CEO of Mighty Oaks Foundation "Jeremy Stalnecker" is working on fortifying the wounded Military Families
Distressing memories or thoughts are normal after a traumatic event but typically resolve given time. When these feelings persist longer than a month, the patient may have PTSD, which is a post-traumatic stress disorder. This disorder affects about 7% of the general population. Among veterans, the figure ranges from 11% to 20%. The recent suicide rate in veterans is estimated as high as 8,000 suicides per year. A number of factors, including a heavy reliance on reservists, are behind the high rates of PTSD in veterans of these operations.
The government has out-and-out done its best to give consolation but in point of fact, the number of suicides was still the same. Here, the one organization "Mighty Oaks Foundation" is incredibly active in strengthening the military families, giving them comfort and hope to find peace in their mind as well as positivity in life.
Keeping well with the families for a couple of years now, Jeremy Stalnecker, the CEO of Mighty Oaks, is vigorously involved in a number of programs that not only led to solacing the lives of veterans for real, in reality, improved the probability of suicides per year. Well, if we talk about how and what headed Jeremy this way? So in the year 1999, he was assigned to the First Battalion, Fifth Marines, First Marine Division as an infantry platoon commander. Serving first as a rifle platoon commander in a helicopter company and then as the platoon commander of the counter-mechanized platoon, Jeremy learned valuable leadership and communication skills that he continues to use today.
In January 2003, Fifth Marines, as a part of the First Marine Division, deployed to Kuwait in support of what would become Operation Iraqi Freedom. As the war began, First Battalion, Fifth Marines was the infantry battalion used to breach the berm separating Kuwait and Iraq and secured the first major objective of the war. This led to a road march that ended with the battalion occupying Baghdad and seizing the presidential palace in northern Baghdad on the Tigris River. Throughout this movement, Jeremy and the counter-mechanized platoon provided navigation and lead security for the battalion.
While in the Marine Corps, God was working in Jeremy's life to turn his heart toward full-time ministry. Just one month after returning from Iraq, Jeremy became a staff member of his home church at Coastline Baptist in Oceanside, CA. Here he gained ministry experience that would equip him for the further leading of God. In his role as an Assistant Pastor, he counseled and mentored many couples and individuals while also maintaining other church responsibilities. It was a great privilege for him to be able to serve in this capacity so close to Camp Pendleton since most of the people he worked with were either Marines or the family members of Marines.
Over the year 2008, Jeremy and his family took on a new responsibility when he became the Senior Pastor, just east of San Francisco Bay at Bay Area Baptist Church in Fremont, CA. In this capacity, he continued to minister to families and individuals in a wide range of areas. After serving in the role of senior pastor for nearly seven years, the door leading to a full-time position with the Mighty Oaks Foundation opened. This move brought together both his ministry experience and military background in a way that allows him to serve and minister to many hurting veterans, service members, and their families. Along with his wife Susanne and their four children, Jeremy works to reach the hurting and provide the healing found in Christ.
Published June 3, 2021 By Brand Buzz
Categorized as Lifestyle Tagged CEO Jeremy Stalnecker, Jeremy Stalnecker, Mighty Oaks Foundation, Mighty Oaks Foundation CEO, Military Families, Military Veterans
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BMW will launch i4 and i4 M50 electric sports sedan in 2022


text:
Q: can you do a if value == any part of a List in python if Command == wikiL:
    wikipediaSearch()

That is my code and the list is
wikiL = ['Wiki', 'wiki', 'WIKI', 'wIKI', 'Wikipedia', 'wikipedia', 'WIKIPEDIA', 'wIKIPEDIA']

Is there anyway I can do this because when I try it doesn't do anything

A: In Python there is the in operator you just have to do:
if Command in wikil:
     wikipediaSearch()

A: Yes you can do that:
if value in list:
    <then do what you want to do here>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I don't know why it took me this long to get to this. It was the buzz book a few years back, and I've been hearing about it periodically ever since (the peeps over at Bookriot are constantly singing it's praises, even now). There's even regular copies of it at the used bookstores I go to (Pulp Fiction in Vancouver! Go there!). I think I was just under the (completely and entirely wrong) impression that this was a soppily dramatic YA novel, a la John Green, about a murdered girl and all her angst. This isn't the first time that that's happened, I made a snap judgement about a book and was way off base, but I think this may be the most wrong I've ever been.
I can't believe this is Celeste Ng's debut novel. There are writers out there (lots of them), good, competent writers, who have whole careers where they never produce something this insightful, this subtle, this good. It's so beautifully written and she manages to fit so much stuff in such a small package. At it's most basic this is the story about a girl's death, how and why it happened, and what happens after. But it's also about love and want and loss. About racism and family and the weight of expectations. And above all that, or maybe beneath it, it's about miscommunication. How hard and complicated it is to be human, how complex our feelings are, how impossible it can be to convey what we really mean. So often we miss the point of another person's actions or words or gestures because we're too busy seeing it through the filter of our own flaws and insecurities. We see jabs aimed at our most vulnerable points because that's what we're afraid people we love are going to do, or we end up striking other people in their's because we're too busy licking our own wounds to notice the damage we're doing.
This book may not have been the overly dramatic teen soap that I was expecting it to be, but it was an emotional, difficult read. There's a lot of ugliness and at times the book can be pretty bleak and heartbreaking, but it's not all tears and misery. There's genuine love and affection, hope and good people doing good things, insight into the human condition. Basically gals what I'm saying is hold on to your butts, because it's a bit of a ride.
Recommended for people who like crying, and being sad, and learning stuff about what it is to be human, even if it isn't always the easiest stuff to admit to or see.