FINRA is adding a new Rule 4530 Problem Code to address changes the United States Department of Labor (DOL) has made to its fiduciary rule. The DOL has stated that certain provisions of the fiduciary rule and the related exemptions will become applicable on June 9, 2017. FINRA is also adding new fields to the Rule 4530 Filing Application Form, amending the existing Rule 4530 Product and Problem Codes and adding a new Problem Code, to address changes made by the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) to extend the MSRB customer complaint and related recordkeeping rules to municipal advisors. The changes to the MSRB rules will become effective on October 13, 2017.
In addition, FINRA is making other non-substantive technical and stylistic changes to the Product and Problem Codes and modifying the Rule 4530 system to limit the period during which firms can amend their submissions.
The amended and new Rule 4530 Product and Problem Codes are provided in Attachment A. For ease of reference, a marked-up version showing the most significant revisions to the current Product and Problem Codes is provided in Attachment B.
FINRA Rule 4530 (Reporting Requirements) requires firms to report, among other events, written customer complaints alleging theft or misappropriation of funds or securities, or forgery.3 The rule also requires firms to report quarterly statistical and summary information regarding written customer complaints.4 All customer complaint information must be electronically reported to FINRA via an application on the FINRA Firm Gateway. In addition, the rule requires firms to file with FINRA copies of specified criminal and civil actions,5 which firms may file online via the Firm Gateway.6 Firms are required to select the appropriate Rule 4530 Product and Problem Code when reporting customer complaint information and information relating to required documents filed under Rules 4530(f) and (g). In addition, firms must complete other fields on the Rule 4530 Filing Application Form, including the fields in the "Related To" subsection of the form.
In 2016, the DOL issued a final rule to amend the definition of "fiduciary" in 29 CFR 2510.3-21 and issued two new related exemptions, the Best Interest Contract Exemption and the Principal Transactions Exemption.7 In complying with the DOL fiduciary rule and the new exemptions, firms may have to impose limitations on particular securities transactions in customers' accounts. For instance, under the Best Interest Contract Exemption, a firm that avails itself of the exception for pre-existing transactions may not be able to purchase a new security for an existing customer's individual retirement account. In such instances, a customer may submit a written complaint to the firm regarding the firm's actions or inactions. To address issues that may arise in connection with a firm's compliance with the DOL fiduciary rule and the related exemptions, FINRA is adding new Problem Code 69—DOL Fiduciary Rule to the current Rule 4530 Problem Codes. Starting on June 9, 2017, firms may use Problem Code 69 to properly identify information reported to FINRA.
FINRA, working with the MSRB, is making changes to the Rule 4530 Filing Application Form and the Rule 4530 Product and Problem Codes to facilitate firms' compliance with the requirements of MSRB Rule G-8. Specifically, in the "Related To" subsection of the form, FINRA is adding a field for "Non-Registered Rep Associated Person" and one for "Municipal Advisory Services." Firms should select these fields when a reportable matter relates to an associated person who is not registered with a firm or relates to municipal advisory services. FINRA also is amending several of the existing Problem and Product Codes, such as Problem Code 56—Proxy/Prospectus, to clarify or extend their application to municipal securities and municipal advisory activities. Finally, FINRA is adding new Problem Code 15—Municipal Advisor Conflict of Interest, which relates to a conflict of interest arising in a municipal advisory role, including a breach of fiduciary duty, a duty of care or a duty of loyalty. Starting on October 1, 2017, firms may use the new fields and the amended and new Rule 4530 Product and Problem Codes relating to municipal securities and municipal advisory activities for reporting purposes.
Currently, the Rule 4530 system provides firms an indefinite period to amend their submissions. The purpose of allowing amendments to submissions is to provide firms the ability to promptly correct any erroneous information submitted through the system. Consistent with this purpose, FINRA is modifying the system to provide firms 30 calendar days after the reporting of a disclosure event and 30 calendar days after the due date for filing quarterly complaint information to amend their submissions.
The amended and new Rule 4530 Product and Problem Codes are provided in Attachment A and are also available on FINRA's website.
1. For purposes of reporting statistical and summary information regarding written customer complaints, firms may use new Problem Code 69 to report information regarding complaints received during the second calendar quarter (April 1, 2017, through June 30, 2017). The second calendar quarter report is due by July 17, 2017.
2. While the changes to the MSRB rules become effective on October 13, 2017, firms may begin using the amended and new Product and Problem Codes, including new Problem Code 15, on October 1, 2017, which is the start of the fourth calendar quarter period (October 1, 2017, through December 31, 2017) for reporting statistical and summary information regarding written customer complaints. The fourth calendar quarter report is due by January 16, 2018.
3. See FINRA Rule 4530(a)(1)(B).
4. See FINRA Rule 4530(d). The statistics that firms report provide FINRA with important regulatory information that assists with the timely identification of potential sales practice and operational issues.
5. See FINRA Rule 4530(f).
6. See FINRA Rule 4530(g). Firms also have the option of filing the documents required under FINRA Rule 4530(f) via mail or email.
7. See 81 FR 20946, 21002 and 21089 (April 8, 2016).
8. See MSRB Regulatory Notice 2017-03 (January 18, 2017).
Select the most prominent in the complaint from the following codes.
15 Debt-Municipal—Such products may include municipal securities with underlying bonds, notes, zeros, warrants, Variable Rate Demand Obligations, Alternative Minimum Tax bonds, certificates of participation, private placement or direct purchases. However, they should not include Municipal Investment Trusts (see Code 11), Auction Rates Securities (see Code 39), or Structured Products (see Code 42).
20 Variable Annuities—A variable annuity is an insurance company contract that allows the owner to elect to receive immediate or future periodic payments. A variable annuity is purchased, either with a lump sum or over time, with premiums allocated among various, separate account funds offered in the annuity contract. During the accumulation phase, the rate of return and the contract fund value on a variable annuity fluctuates with the performance of the underlying investments in the separate account funds, sometimes called investment portfolios or subaccounts.
38 Money Markets (e.g., commercial paper, Banker's Acceptance (BA), not money market funds)—When the matter is primarily related to money markets.
42 Structured Products—For the purpose of this reporting, structured products are investment instruments designed to facilitate a particular risk-return objective, the performance of which is based on one or more referenced asset, index, interest rate, or other market measure. They may include floater or inverse floater features. Some structured products offer full protection of the principal invested, whereas others offer limited or no protection of the principal. Structured products may be listed on a securities exchange or traded in the over-the-counter market.
43 Fixed Annuities—A fixed annuity is an insurance contract that is purchased either in a lump sum or over time. A fixed annuity is credited with a fixed or set interest rate and allows the owner to elect to receive immediate or future periodic payments. The insurance company guarantees both earnings and principal.
44 Equity-Indexed Annuities—An equity-indexed annuity is an insurance company product purchased either in a lump sum or with a series of payments. The insurance company credits the holder with a return that is based on performance of an equity index, such as the S&P 500 Composite Stock Price Index. The insurance company may guarantee a minimum return. After the accumulation period, the insurance company makes periodic payments under the terms of the contract or in a lump sum.
45 Life Settlements—A life settlement is a financial transaction in which a policy owner sells an existing life insurance policy to a third party for more than the policy's cash surrender value, but less than the net death benefit.
46 Viatical Settlement—The sale of a terminally ill policy owner's existing life insurance policy to a third party for more than its cash surrender value, but less than its net death benefit. Such a sale provides the policy owner with a lump sum. The third party becomes the new owner of the policy, pays the monthly premiums, and receives the full benefit of the policy when the insured dies.
47 Private Securities—Securities that are not registered; not listed on an exchange; and otherwise not publicly available for trade.
48 Non-Broker-Dealer Affiliate Product—Such as banking and insurance instruments or services related to non-broker-dealer affiliate activity and not otherwise characterized by another Product Code.
49 Exchange-Traded Notes (ETNs)—Senior, unsecured, unsubordinated debt security issued by an underwriting bank designed to provide investors access to the returns of various market benchmarks. ETNs do not actually own anything they are tracking. The note is backed by the credit of the underwriting bank that is promising to pay the amount reflected in the index, minus fees upon maturity.
** These account types are to be used when the allegations relate specifically to the type of account and not to an underlying security within the account.
Select the most egregious in the complaint from the following codes.
00 Miscellaneous (Sales Practice Only)—"Sales Practice" only ("Non-Sales Practice" Miscellaneous code is "99").
01 Misrepresentation—Allegations concerning false or misleading statements, claims, comparisons or omissions of material fact. Includes, but is not limited to, assurances and guarantees that are part of either oral or written communications or correspondence from an associated person to a customer, municipal advisory client, or prospect (not research/trading/investment banker/issuer/sponsor material).
03 Excessive Trading—Allegations concerning trading that was controlled by the firm or Registered Representative ("RR") and was excessive given the size, frequency, and character of the account in which trading was done solely to generate commissions or other compensation with disregard to the customer's investment objectives.
04 Suitability—Allegations concerning an unsuitable recommended transaction or investment strategy involving a security or securities, including possible violations of, among others, the following main suitability obligations: reasonable-basis suitability (must perform reasonable diligence to understand the nature of the recommended security or investment strategy involving a security or securities, as well as the potential risks and rewards, and determine whether the recommendation is suitable for at least some investors based on that understanding); customer-specific suitability (must have a reasonable basis to believe that a recommendation of a security or investment strategy involving a security or securities is suitable for the particular customer based on the customer's investment profile); and quantitative suitability (must have a reasonable basis to believe that a series of recommended securities transactions are not excessive where there is control over the account).
05 Failure to Follow Instructions—Allegations concerning the RR's or the municipal advisor's associated person's failure to follow specific instructions from the customer or the customer's proper power of attorney holder or authorized parties of corporate or other entity accounts.
07 Solicitation—Allegations concerning improper solicitation of an account or a transaction.
09 Communication with Public—Allegations concerning false or misleading statements, claims, comparisons, or material omissions in communications or correspondence to a customer or prospect (including flyers, retail communications, sales materials and advertisements prepared by an associated person).
11 Failure to Supervise—Allegations where a customer makes a sales practice complaint against his or her RR or a municipal advisor's associated person, and also cites a failure to supervise on the part of the named supervisor, such as the branch office manager, at the time the activity occurred.
14 Outside Business Activities—Allegations concerning the RR engaging in an undisclosed business activity (other than a securities transaction) outside the scope of his or her relationship with the firm (e.g., employment with another entity without the knowledge of the firm).
15 Municipal Advisor Conflict of Interest—Allegations that relate to a conflict of interest in a Municipal Advisory role, including a breach of fiduciary duty, a duty of care, or a duty of loyalty.
30 Complaints Referred to Previous Employer—Allegations received by a firm against a current or previously employed associated person regarding activities that occurred at the associated person's former employer firm.
31 Other Theft/Forgery—Allegations concerning theft or misappropriation of funds or securities or forgery against someone other than an associated person of the firm.
32 Identity Theft—Allegations concerning improper use of a customer's social security number or other non-public personal identity information by unauthorized individuals or entities.
33 Affiliate Activity (Non-Broker-Dealer or Non-Municipal Advisor)—Allegations concerning activity at an affiliate not otherwise characterized by another problem code.
40 Miscellaneous—Firm related complaints only. Non sales practice miscellaneous code is 99. Sales practice miscellaneous code is 00.
50 Transfer of Accounts—Allegations concerning full or partial transfer of a customer's account between broker-dealers. Includes both ACATS and manual transfers and internal transfers between branches.
51 Receipt or Delivery of Securities—Allegations concerning receipt or delivery of any type of security from broker-dealer to a customer or vice versa. Includes lost certificates, delayed securities transfers, non-transferable securities or securities not in transfer because of a fail.
53 Dividend and Interest Problems—Allegations concerning payments or charges of dividends or interest, including stock dividends. Does not include disbursement of automatic monthly dividend checks or margin interest dependencies.
54 Margin Problems—Allegations concerning margin, including account liquidations, margin call notification and margin interest discrepancies.
56 Proxy/Prospectus—Allegations by a customer concerning the delay or non-receipt of any of the foregoing, including an Official Statement prepared by or on behalf of a state or local government in connect with a new issue of municipal securities and shareholder mailings.
57 Execution—Allegations concerning non-execution, price discrepancy, delay in entry or report and delay in mutual fund purchases and redemptions.
58 Statement/Confirms—Allegations concerning physical characteristics and representation of statements/confirmations, failure to receive statement/confirmations and questions regarding the reported price, value of or failure to value, a security.
59 Tax Reporting—Allegations concerning tax reporting to, or on behalf of, a customer. Includes 1099, TEFRA withholding, K-1, W2-p, 5498 and Year-to-Date information appearing on monthly statements as well as any other tax reporting forms.
60 Fees and Commissions—Allegations concerning customary fees (custodial, administrative), service charges (bounced checks, lost certificate, replacement, etc.) and commissions/markups (markdowns) and wrap fees or fees for municipal advisory services.
61 Account Administration and Processing—Allegations concerning daily activity in a customer's account (e.g., trade corrections, journal entries, un-invested credit balances, and erroneous or missing positions in account).
62 On-Line Trading—Allegations concerning trading initiated by a client on-line, (including non-execution, price discrepancy, delays in execution and delays in trade confirmation).
63 Service Issues—Allegations concerning inadequate or unsatisfactory service from the firm or any of its employees.
66 Account Administration and Processing—Account Maintenance—Allegations concerning non-transaction-related problems with existing accounts (e.g., address changes, investment objective changes, title changes and account closing issues).
67 On-Line Issues—Allegations concerning access and functionality of a firm's online system (connectivity and navigation).
68 Firm Policy—Allegations concerning a customer's dissatisfaction with a firm policy or procedure (that is not otherwise better characterized by another Problem Code).
69 DOL Fiduciary Rule—Allegations concerning the firm's actions resulting from compliance with the DOL fiduciary rule and the related exemptions (e.g., allegation that the firm failed to follow instructions with respect to an account subject to transactional restrictions based on the DOL fiduciary rule and the related exemptions).
99 Miscellaneous (Non-Sales Practice Only)—"Non-Sales Practice" only ("Sales Practice" Miscellaneous code is "00").
** Problem Code 69 is effective 06/09/2017.
38 Money Markets (e.g., commercial paper, Banker's Acceptance (BA), not money market funds) if When the matter is primarily relateds to money markets.
01 Misrepresentation—Allegations concerning false or misleading statements, claims, comparisons or omissions of material fact. Includes, but is not limited to, assurances and guarantees that are part of either oral or written communications or correspondence from the Registered Representative (RR)an associated person to a customer, municipal advisory client, or prospect (not research/trading/investment banker/issuer/sponsor material).
03 Excessive Trading—Allegations concerning trading that was controlled by the firm or Registered Representative (" RR") and was excessive given the size, frequency, and character of the account in which trading was done solely to generate commissions or other compensation with disregard to the customer's investment objectives.
06 Documentation—Allegations concerning material inaccuracies, omissions, or failures to obtain or provide required documents.
09 Communication with Public—Allegations concerning false or misleading statements, claims, comparisons, or material omissions in communications or correspondence to a customer or prospect (including flyers, retail communications, sales materials and advertisements prepared by an associated personthe RR).
11 Failure to Supervise—Allegations where a customer makes a sales practice complaint against his/ or her account or registered representative ( RR) or a municipal advisor's associated person, and also cites a failure to supervise on the part of the named supervisor, such as the branch office manager, at the time the activity occurred.
12 Poor Recommendation/Poor Advice—Allegations that a recommendation to purchase, sell or exchange a security constituted poor advice.
30 Complaints Referred to Previous Employer—Allegations received by a firm against a current or previously employed associated person RR regarding activities that occurred at the associated person's RR's former employer firm.
31 Other Theft/Forgery—Allegations concerning theft or misappropriation of funds or securities or forgery against someone other than an associated person a RR of the firm.
33 Non-Broker-Dealer Affiliate Activity ( Non-Broker-Dealer or Non-Municipal Advisor)—Allegations concerning activity at an affiliate not otherwise characterized by another problem code.
52 Receipt or Disbursement of Funds—Allegations concerning funds received from or disbursed to a customer. Includes checks generated automatically, such as monthly dividend checks, IRS distribution, etc.
55 Reorganization/Redemption—Allegations concerning stock splits, tenders, mergers, bond/unit trust redemption and called bonds.
56 Proxy/Prospectus—Allegations by a customer concerning the delay or non-receipt of any of the foregoing, including an Official Statement prepared by or on behalf of a state or local government in connect with a new issue of municipal securities and a proxy, prospectus or shareholder mailings by a custome.
64 PATRIOT Act Liquidation—Allegations concerning the liquidation of an account due to the firm's inability to confirm the customer's identity as per Section 326 of the PATRIOT Act or failure to obtain foreign bank certifications per Section 313 and 319(b)of the PATRIOT Act.
65 Account Administration and Processing—Account Opening—Allegations concerning problems establishing a new account (e.g., delays in opening account, and issues with account type and documentation).
68 Firm Policy—Allegations concerning a customer's dissatisfaction with the RR or the firm as a result of a firm policy or procedure (that is not otherwise better characterized by another Problem Code).


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text:
Q: Spring Instantiation exception with java.lang.String What is wrong with the below bean? Using spring-beans-2.0 I'm getting below exception:
<bean id="logger" class="java.lang.String">
      <constructor-arg value="logger"/>
</bean>

logger bean ibjecting to :
<bean id="loggerType" class="java.lang.String" scope="prototype">
    <constructor-arg value="logger" />
</bean>

loggerbean injecting other bean that is correctly have argument as "java.lang.String".
Exception
Could not instantiate bean class [java.lang.String]: Illegal arguments for constructor;
  nested exception is java.lang.IllegalArgumentException:
  java.lang.ClassCastException@5083198c

A: If you are injecting another bean then use ref attribute instead of value attribute.
<bean id="loggerType" class="java.lang.String" scope="prototype">
    <constructor-arg ref="logger" />
</bean>

Or use <ref/> tag with bean as attribute
<bean id="loggerType" class="java.lang.String" scope="prototype">
    <constructor-arg>
        <ref bean="logger"/>
    </constructor-arg>
</bean>

For more info have a look at Spring documentation References to other beans (collaborators)
I suggest to move latest version of Spring - 4.0.6.RELEASE

A: String class has many one-argument constructors so Spring could choose wrong one, hence the exception.
I doubt it happens in newer versions of Spring. You said that you use Spring 2 and there is a bug related to this. But it seems to be fixed in newer versions.
The bug report says that it is fixed in version 3.0.3.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Justia › US Law › Case Law › California Case Law › Cal. App. 3d › Volume 21 › Promotus Enterprises, Inc. v. Jiminez
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Promotus Enterprises, Inc. v. Jiminez
[Civ. No. 28129. Court of Appeals of California, First Appellate District, Division Two. November 26, 1971.]
PROMOTUS ENTERPRISES, INC., Plaintiff and Appellant, v. XAVIER F. JIMINEZ et al., Defendants and Respondents
(Opinion by Taylor, P. J., with Kane, J., and David, J., concurring.)
Peter W. Drizin for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Tuckman & Phillips and David C. Phillips for Defendants and Respondents. [21 Cal. App. 3d 562]
TAYLOR, P. J.
This appeal by Promotus Enterprises, Inc. (hereafter Promotus) from a judgment sustaining the affirmative defense of lack of jurisdiction in personam of defendants, Xavier and Edith Jiminez (hereafter collectively Jiminez) in Promotus' Marin County action to set aside certain alleged fraudulent conveyances in order to execute on a prior judgment obtained by Promotus in Los Angeles against Pacific Scopitone, a partnership, Presents a question of first impression. Promotus asserts that: 1) as a matter of law, in order to be bound as an individual, Jiminez did not have to be personally served in the Los Angeles action or have knowledge of it; 2) the trial court erred in determining as a question of fact whether the attorney who made the general appearance for the partnership in the Los Angeles action was authorized to also appear on behalf of Jiminez individually; and 3) the findings are not supported by the evidence.
The basic facts are not in dispute. Commencing in 1964, Jiminez entered into a limited informal partnership with John P. Parsons, Jacob W. Ehrlich and others, for the purpose of promoting and leasing the Scopitone machine, a jukebox type of entertainment device. The partnership did business in the northern part of the state under the name of Pacific Scopitone Ltd., and in the southern part of the state as Scopitone of Southern California, Inc. From December 1964 until August 1965, Ambrose R. Epperson (aka Ray Epperson) was an employee and manager of Scopitone of Southern California, Inc. Defendant Jiminez was a sales representative and had an interest in any profits earned by Pacific Scopitone from its formation until July 1, 1965, when his employment and participation in the business terminated.
In March 1965, Promotus commenced an action against Pacific Scopitone, a limited partnership, naming as general partners Parsons and Jiminez, as well as Parsons and Jiminez as individuals. Attorney William A. Tookey of Pasadena, California, filed pleadings in the Los Angeles action and purported to represent all of the defendants, including Pacific Scopitone Ltd. and Jiminez individually. Jiminez was not served with process in the Los Angeles action nor did he verify any pleadings, appear as a witness or give testimony at any time. Jiminez had no communications, oral or written, at any time with Tookey and did not authorize Tookey to enter an appearance on his behalf. Jiminez had no knowledge of the Los Angeles action, wherein judgment against Scopitone for $51,900 was rendered in February 1967, until he was served with process in the Marin action.
The trial court found that there was no evidence that Tookey had actual [21 Cal. App. 3d 563] or implied authority to enter an appearance for Jiminez individually or that Epperson had any authority, either actual or implied, to retain Tookey to represent Jiminez individually. The trial court concluded that the purported general appearance on behalf of Jiminez individually in the Los Angeles action was not authorized, either expressly or impliedly, and that the Los Angeles judgment was, therefore, unenforceable to the extent that it attempted to bind Jiminez's individual property.
Promotus' argument is predicated on the pertinent provisions of the Corporations Code, set forth below, fn. 1 and the general rule that personal [21 Cal. App. 3d 564] service may be waived by a voluntary general appearance (Lacey v. Bertone, 33 Cal. 2d 649 [203 P.2d 755]). Promotus further argues that the question here presented is settled as a matter of law by these statutes as Corporations Code section 15015 provides that all partners are: 1) jointly and severally liable for everything chargeable to the partnership under Corporations Code sections 15013 and 15014; and 2) jointly liable for all other debts and obligations of the partnership "but any partner may enter into a separate obligation to perform a partnership contract." None of the authorities cited by Promotus support its contention.
Although our research has disclosed no California case in point, we find persuasive the approach and reasoning of Martinoff v. Triboro Roofing Co. (Sup.) 228 N.Y.S.2d 139, and Maglo v. Weaver, 11 N.J.Super. 32 [77 A.2d 499]. In Martinoff, the partnership was sued on an alleged tort liability and, as in the instant case, only one partner was served. The plaintiff asserted that the answer entered on behalf of the partnership was a general appearance for each and every one of the partners individually. In construing the portion of the New York partnership law concerning the joint and several liability of partners for torts committed in the course of partnership business, the New York Supreme Court said at pages 141 and 142: "By virtue of the joint nature of the liability, and irrespective of whether the action is brought against the partnership in its own name or in the names of the individual members as copartners, statutory authority permits a plaintiff who is entitled to recover to enter judgment against all of the partners even though only one, or less than all, of them has been served, but execution on such judgment is limited to the partnership property and the real and personal property of the partners summoned, and the judgment would be conclusive evidence of the liability of each partner upon whom the summons was served (See Civ.Prac.Act, §§ 222-a, 1197, 1198 and 1199; 19 Carmody-Wait, § 5, pp. 494-495; Eleventh Annual Report of the New York State Judicial Council, 1945, Recommendations etc. in Actions Against Partners and Joint Debtors, pp. 226, 231-237). Such judgment is not enforceable against the person or sole property of a partner who was not summoned, and a partner can be individually bound by the judgment, over and above his interest in the partnership property, only if he was served in the action or authorized an appearance therein on his behalf. [Citations.] Section 222-a in no way enlarges the limited effect of such judgment as to partners who have not been served, nor does it dispense with the necessity for service upon a partner in order to establish his personal unlimited liability [citations].
"While a voluntary general appearance by a partner would be equivalent to the service of a summons upon him (Civ.Prac.Act, § 237), in order [21 Cal. App. 3d 565] for such appearance to be effectual, in the absence of service of process, it must be with knowledge that there is an action pending and with the intention to appear therein [citation]."
In Martinoff, as here, only one partner was served and there was no showing whatsoever that any other partner intended to appear or that the general appearance entered for the partnership was authorized or ratified by any other partner. The court relied on the general rule that one partner has no implied authority to enter an appearance for a copartner. While he may, by appearance, bind the firm as well as himself, both as a copartner and individually, he cannot bind the other partners individually, citing 68 Corpus Juris Secondum, Partnership section 213, subdivision b, page 690.
In Maglo, the New Jersey case, a judgment was entered against a partnership. Shortly thereafter, one of the partners moved for relief from the judgment on the ground that the court lacked personal jurisdiction over him as due service of process had not been made upon him and the attorneys who appeared and pleaded for him had acted without his authority. The sheriff's return certified service of the summons on the complaining partner by leaving a copy with a member of his household at his usual place of abode. However, as the complaining partner had never resided at the address where service of process was certified to be made, the court concluded that there had not been sufficient strict and full compliance with the statutory directions under the applicable law to effect a valid substituted or constructive service of process. As to the question whether the appearance entered in the action for the complaining partner by the counsel retained and authorized only by the other partner, the court, relying on the general rule, held at page 501, that a partner's implied authority to defend an action against the partnership does not extend to entering an appearance for a copartner not served with process so far as to render him liable to judgment personally. The court also noted that a partner's implied authority for binding a copartner in this respect does not exist because fundamentally, it involves the question of due process. The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution requires that a party have notice of a proceeding so that he can defend and have his day in court (Detrio v. United States (5th Cir. 1959) 264 F.2d 658, 661).
[1] In the instant case, it is undisputed that Jiminez was not served with process in the Los Angeles action and the court found that Jiminez never had any knowledge of the action nor had he received any oral or written communication concerning the matter from attorney Tookey. The matter was presented to the trial court on the affidavits of the parties and [21 Cal. App. 3d 566] their answers to interrogatories, and cross-interrogatories. Tookey's answers to the interrogatories stated that he had been retained by Parsons and Epperson (erroneously referred to by Tookey as Epperley) to represent the partnership as well as the individual partners, and had so represented his authority to the Los Angeles court.
Thus, there is no merit to Promotus' assertion that the question is one of law. We have been aided by the excellent reasoning on this question by the trial court on its denial of Promotus' motion for a summary judgment. The trial court noted that: 1) a general partner does not normally have the authority to hire counsel to represent individual partners except so far as they may hold partnership assets; and 2) since the nature of the authority of a general partner and its extent is not uniform and not entirely governed by statute but depends on the individual agreement, and in many cases, may be implied from miscellaneous writings and conversations, the question of general manager Epperson's authority to hire counsel to represent the individual partners was even more ambiguous. As here, the partnership was an informal and oral one, the trial court properly concluded that the question was one of fact to be determined from all of the evidence (cf. J. & J Builders Supply v. Caffin, 248 Cal. App. 2d 292, at p. 297 [56 Cal.Rptr. 365]).
[2] Promotus also asserts that the trial court's findings are not supported by the evidence. While there was evidence that at the inception of the partnership Jiminez knew that a $50,000 obligation to Promotus had been assumed, there was no evidence, except in the affidavit of Tookey's attorney, to indicate that Jiminez had oral notice of the Los Angeles action. fn. 2 The testimony of Jiminez and his affidavit were to the contrary, and that he did not authorize an appearance on his behalf. The resolution of conflicts in the evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court. There is substantial evidence in the record to support the findings and judgment.
We are supported in our conclusion by a recent partnership decision of our Supreme Court, Fazzi v. Peters, 68 Cal. 2d 590, [68 Cal. Rptr. 170, 440 P.2d 242], wherein a copartnership was sued and service was made on all of the partners individually. As the action named only the copartnership as a defendant and did not name as defendants either of the partners individually, the court held that a judgment in personam could not be entered against one not a party to the action and voided the judgment against the individual partners. Similarly here, the Los Angeles judgment is void only [21 Cal. App. 3d 567] against Jiminez as an individual, but valid to the extent of his interest in the partnership and his possession of partnership assets.
The judgment is affirmed.
Kane, J., and David, J., concurred.
FN 1. Section 15009: "(1) Every partner is an agent of the partnership for the purpose of its business, and the act of every partner, including the execution in the partnership name of any instrument, for apparently carrying on in the usual way the business of the partnership of which he is a member binds the partnership, unless the partner so acting has in fact no authority to act for the partnership in the particular matter, and the person with whom he is dealing has knowledge of the fact that he has no such authority.
"(2) An act of a partner which is not apparently for carrying on of the business of the partnership in the usual way does not bind the partnership unless authorized by the other partners.
"(3) Unless authorized by the other partners or unless they have abandoned the business, one or more but less than all the partners have no authority to:
"(a) Assign the partnership property in trust for creditors or on the assignee's promise to pay the debts of the partnership.
"(b) Dispose of the good will of the business.
"(c) Do any other act which would make it impossible to carry on the ordinary business of a partnership.
"(d) Confess a judgment.
"(e) Submit a partnership claim or liability to arbitration or reference.
"(4) No act of a partner in contravention of a restriction on authority shall bind the partnership to persons having knowledge of the restriction."
Section 15011: "An admission or representation made by any partner concerning partnership affairs within the scope of his authority as conferred by this act is evidence against the partnership."
Section 15012: "Notice to any partner of any matter relating to partnership affairs, and the knowledge of the partner acting in the particular matter, acquired while a partner or then present to his mind, and the knowledge of any other partner who reasonably could and should have communicated it to the acting partner, operate as notice to or knowledge of the partnership, except in the case of a fraud on the partnership committed by or with the consent of that partner."
Section 15013: "Where, by any wrongful act or omission of any partner acting in the ordinary course of the business of the partnership or with the authority of his copartners, loss or injury is caused to any person, not being a partner in the partnership, or any penalty is incurred, the partnership is liable therefor to the same extent as the partner so acting or omitting to act."
Section 15014: "The partnership is bound to make good the loss:
"(a) Where one partner acting within the scope of his apparent authority receives money or property of a third person and misapplies it; and
"(b) Where the partnership in the course of its business receives money or property of a third person and the money or property so received is misapplied by any partner while it is in the custody of the partnership."
FN 2. Tookey's attorney, Drizin, stated in his affidavit that prior to the filing of the Los Angeles action, he discussed the Promotus claim with Jiminez over the telephone.
of California Court of Appeal opinions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Fe-rich ternary compounds: YFe10V2 and YFe10Cr 2
S. S. Jaswal, Y. G. Ren, D. J. Sellmyer
These compounds are prototypes of the Fe-rich ternary systems of ThMn 12 structure which are of considerable current interest as permanent magnet materials. The electronic structure of YFe1 0V2 and YFe10Cr2 have been studied with photoemission and spin-polarized calculations. The Fe d states dominate the calculated density of states (DOS) near the Fermi energy and there is a good correspondence between the DOS and the experimental spectra. The calculated magnetization is in very good agreement with the experimental data. The calculations give a magnetic moment of ∼1 μB at the V or Cr site antiferromagnetically coupled to the Fe moments. This leads to a significant reduction in the average moment per Fe atom in these systems. The charge transfers are, in general, small and are mostly from V or Cr to Y atoms. These charges are used to show that the point-charge model alone cannot explain the crystal-field data.
Journal of Applied Physics
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Fe-rich ternary compounds: YFe10V2 and YFe10Cr 2'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
electronic structure Physics & Astronomy
moments Physics & Astronomy
magnetic properties Physics & Astronomy
ternary systems Physics & Astronomy
permanent magnets Physics & Astronomy
crystal field theory Physics & Astronomy
charge transfer Physics & Astronomy
photoelectric emission Physics & Astronomy
Jaswal, S. S., Ren, Y. G., & Sellmyer, D. J. (1990). Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Fe-rich ternary compounds: YFe10V2 and YFe10Cr 2. Journal of Applied Physics, 67(9), 4564-4566. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.344871
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Fe-rich ternary compounds : YFe10V2 and YFe10Cr 2. / Jaswal, S. S.; Ren, Y. G.; Sellmyer, D. J.
In: Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 67, No. 9, 1990, p. 4564-4566.
Jaswal, SS, Ren, YG & Sellmyer, DJ 1990, 'Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Fe-rich ternary compounds: YFe10V2 and YFe10Cr 2', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 4564-4566. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.344871
Jaswal SS, Ren YG, Sellmyer DJ. Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Fe-rich ternary compounds: YFe10V2 and YFe10Cr 2. Journal of Applied Physics. 1990;67(9):4564-4566. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.344871
Jaswal, S. S. ; Ren, Y. G. ; Sellmyer, D. J. / Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Fe-rich ternary compounds : YFe10V2 and YFe10Cr 2. In: Journal of Applied Physics. 1990 ; Vol. 67, No. 9. pp. 4564-4566.
@article{25f9b0fb06cc443083e3d8c50d8f4789,
title = "Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Fe-rich ternary compounds: YFe10V2 and YFe10Cr 2",
abstract = "These compounds are prototypes of the Fe-rich ternary systems of ThMn 12 structure which are of considerable current interest as permanent magnet materials. The electronic structure of YFe1 0V2 and YFe10Cr2 have been studied with photoemission and spin-polarized calculations. The Fe d states dominate the calculated density of states (DOS) near the Fermi energy and there is a good correspondence between the DOS and the experimental spectra. The calculated magnetization is in very good agreement with the experimental data. The calculations give a magnetic moment of ∼1 μB at the V or Cr site antiferromagnetically coupled to the Fe moments. This leads to a significant reduction in the average moment per Fe atom in these systems. The charge transfers are, in general, small and are mostly from V or Cr to Y atoms. These charges are used to show that the point-charge model alone cannot explain the crystal-field data.",
author = "Jaswal, {S. S.} and Ren, {Y. G.} and Sellmyer, {D. J.}",
doi = "10.1063/1.344871",
journal = "Journal of Applied Physics",
T1 - Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Fe-rich ternary compounds
T2 - YFe10V2 and YFe10Cr 2
AU - Jaswal, S. S.
AU - Ren, Y. G.
AU - Sellmyer, D. J.
N2 - These compounds are prototypes of the Fe-rich ternary systems of ThMn 12 structure which are of considerable current interest as permanent magnet materials. The electronic structure of YFe1 0V2 and YFe10Cr2 have been studied with photoemission and spin-polarized calculations. The Fe d states dominate the calculated density of states (DOS) near the Fermi energy and there is a good correspondence between the DOS and the experimental spectra. The calculated magnetization is in very good agreement with the experimental data. The calculations give a magnetic moment of ∼1 μB at the V or Cr site antiferromagnetically coupled to the Fe moments. This leads to a significant reduction in the average moment per Fe atom in these systems. The charge transfers are, in general, small and are mostly from V or Cr to Y atoms. These charges are used to show that the point-charge model alone cannot explain the crystal-field data.
AB - These compounds are prototypes of the Fe-rich ternary systems of ThMn 12 structure which are of considerable current interest as permanent magnet materials. The electronic structure of YFe1 0V2 and YFe10Cr2 have been studied with photoemission and spin-polarized calculations. The Fe d states dominate the calculated density of states (DOS) near the Fermi energy and there is a good correspondence between the DOS and the experimental spectra. The calculated magnetization is in very good agreement with the experimental data. The calculations give a magnetic moment of ∼1 μB at the V or Cr site antiferromagnetically coupled to the Fe moments. This leads to a significant reduction in the average moment per Fe atom in these systems. The charge transfers are, in general, small and are mostly from V or Cr to Y atoms. These charges are used to show that the point-charge model alone cannot explain the crystal-field data.
U2 - 10.1063/1.344871
DO - 10.1063/1.344871
JO - Journal of Applied Physics
JF - Journal of Applied Physics


Cox Shavings offers 100% premium pine and poplar shavings for your horse bedding needs. We have worked for over two decades and pride ourselves on producing only the best animal bedding. Our bedding is clean, safe & cost efficient without sacrificing quality. We keep our costs down and manage to provide our shavings in great quantity thanks to our partnership with our sister company Cox Interior, Inc. who makes a variety of items for the interior and exterior of your home. Then our focus turns to quality by running the shavings through our 26 million BTU dryer system followed by a rigorous screening process to remove dust. Next our shavings are loaded into our trucks to sell in bulk or bagged for convenience.
One of the largest expenses for any animal farm owner is the bedding and we strive to provide a great product at a great price. Our shavings have the best absorbency, fantastic cushion, and dust free consistency that you need. We understand the need to provide your animals with the best care and quality of life and think our bedding will help you accomplish just that.


Could you possibly give me information on how I go about applying for a working visa to work in Turkey.
It is essential that the foreigners intending to work in Turkey must obtain a work visa from the Turkish Missions abroad prior to their arrival. Those who arrive with their work visas and if the validity of their visas suitable, they will be granted a residency permit first for one year then three and five years.
You have to find your job first and put your application to a Turkish Mission abroad, e.g Turkish Consulate in London. Phone number is 020 7393 0202 — Fax: 020 7393 0066. The address is 43 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PA.
Please put your application as early as possible so that required formalities will be completed on time. You will then be granted with a work permit only if your application is suitable.
If you are granted with one year residency visa, please do not forget to convert this visa to a residency permit in Turkey within a month commencing your arrival.


NewDay USA is a diverse company hiring the best and brightest talent from all over the world. As a member of our Corporate Recruiting team at NewDay, you will be a real contributor to the growth of the company. You will provide the kind of exceptional talent that has made NewDay USA a different kind of company, serving our nation's veterans, service members and their families. The position of Corporate Recruiter is a fast-paced role, with real responsibility—as part of a fun, cohesive team.


Finally, there will be magazines for space aliens who want to pump iron and take steroids.
American Media agreed to pay a high price, $350 million, to the Weider family for its stable of magazines that includes Muscle & Fitness, Shape, Men's Fitness, Flex, and three others.
Cypress Group, which was backing former Times Mirror executive Jason Klein, was the underbidder.
American Media will combine the new titles with its current stable: the National Enquirer, Star Magazine, and the wacky Weekly World News.
The Weider family will be minority investors in AMI and Weider co-founder Joe Weider will get a seat on the AMI board of directors.
The Weider family is expected to end up with about a 10 percent stake in AMI. The winning bid is a multiple of 13 times earnings for a company with cash flow of $27 million on revenue of $175 million – considered a high price tag in the current market. "It's a nosebleed multiple," said Klein.
But American Media Chairman David Pecker insisted that tax breaks actually lower the real cost to him to around $290 million. Combined with the cost savings he can wring out of the company, the real cost to his company drops even further, he insisted.
The deal will be financed with $140 million in bank debt and $150 million in public bonds, said Pecker.
The deal boosts Weider's pro forma annual revenue from around $375 million to a combined $550 million.
While AMI won, the question on the minds of some rivals is whether Pecker and his chief backers at Evercore -Austen Beutner and Roger Altman- paid far more than they needed.
The deal was not finalized until early yesterday morning. "I'm going to invest and build," said Pecker.


Coverage for risk is not just a hypothetical exercise; businesses of all types are exposed to a range of complex risks that threaten their existence. The team at Surplus Insurance Brokers Agency, Inc. makes the effort to dig in and understand the true needs of the situation then create an innovative solution to place the risks your insured faces. Whether it's short-term need covering rental of heavy equipment, special event coverage and liquor liability, or longer-term property coverage for a manufacturing plant, restaurant or other enterprise, talk to us about your particular risk. Our team is friendly, creative, and eager to work with you; we do what it takes, even making a journey to see the situation for ourselves.


text:
Does Shopping Actually Make You Happy?
By Priya Rao
CLUELESS, Alicia Silverstone, 1995. © Paramount/ Courtesy: Everett Collection©Paramount/Courtesy Everett Collection / Everett Collection
To say that I had just been eyeing Charlotte Chesnais's layered, vermeil drop earrings would be one of the many understatements of 2016. I practically stalked them, checking The Line and Net-a-Porter almost daily, but at $680 and $755, respectively, I couldn't pull the trigger on the sculptural designs—my bank account was already depleted and I had yet to purchase any of my Christmas presents for my 12-person immediate family.
According to Alexa von Tobel, founder and CEO of financial planning company, LearnVest, and New York Times bestselling author of Financially Fearless, the average family spends about $463 on each other during the holidays, while that same family has less than $400 in savings. Embarrassingly, my single-person household mimicked those statistics.
My said purchasing power, or perspective of it, changed in December when the statement earrings were marked down 40 percent to $272. Scared to lose them forever—they were perfect for the New Year's Eve plans I didn't have—I feverishly marched over to The Line's Greene Street location in New York City, tried them on for the umpteenth time, and pulled out my credit card on the spot. Oh, and did I mention, I also managed to scoop up Chesnais's silver, yellow, and pink orbitalesque works of art, too? I mean, I could give those as a gift.
More shopping news:
You Can Now Get Sophia Webster Shoes at a Major Discount
Versace Sued for Allegedly Using a Code Word to Profile Black Shoppers (Update)
14 Fashion Essentials You Should Own by Age 30
Indeed, some might say I could be an emotional shopper—in fact, my friend Brendan often asks, "Where did you get that?" and "When did you buy that?" when he notices anything new I'm wearing. Granted, he was previously a litigator. But he wasn't wrong in his line of interrogation. I didn't need those earrings, much less could I afford them, but buying them made me feel good—kind of like the effervescent first sip of Veuve Clicquot. And if I was feeling any sort of stress or sadness, wandering into a store, whether it was Zara or Totokaelo, usually yielded poor financial choices, kind of like aimlessly walking into a Whole Foods when you are hungry.
Still, I wasn't alone. More than five in six Americans admitted to impulse-buying in a survey conducted by creditcards.com last year. And the perfect opportunity for game-time purchases happened for most people when things go on sale.
"Sales are effective because they tap into our sense of fear," says New York-based clinical psychologist Ben Michaelis. "When we are afraid that we are going to miss out on an opportunity, we are usually pretty motivated to act quickly." Manisha Thakor, director of wealth strategies for women at Buckingham Strategic Wealth and the BAM Alliance, agrees, saying, "Sales introduce a dangerous cocktail of emotions: Savings! For a limited time! You are smart if you buy on sale!" So, I was basically screwed from Black Friday well into the new year.
Lisa Morse, a clinical psychologist in New York City, likens sale or compulsive shopping to other problematic addictions like alcoholism or binge eating. "If you want that glass of wine and you have no problem with alcohol, you might really enjoy your glass of pinot noir," she says. "But if you have an alcohol issue, you're going to have the glass. It's going to make you feel temporarily better, and you are going to want more and more and more, and ultimately not satisfy the reason you were drinking to begin with."
Do I care more about that sale or owning my apartment?
That's not to say that all of us have shopping addictions, myself included, but it's easier to engage in these kind of behaviors when now more than ever there is such a focus on materialism, greater access to credit, and 24-hour access and anonymity in online shopping. Morse captures the latter perfectly, saying, "Being able to sit at your computer at 3 a.m. in the morning and spend thousands of dollars eliminates that barrier to entry."
Fittingly, playing offense is Tobel's way of measuring if you can really afford said impulsive purchases and if they actually do make you feel better. "Not having a financial plan is a plan—the plan is you're winging it," she says. "It becomes so much less emotional when you really think 'What do I care more about?'" Trust me, during that Net-a-Porter sale, I wanted 40 pairs of shoes and four dresses, but I ended up asking myself, "Do I care more about that sale or owning my apartment?"
Which brings me back to those gold Charlotte Chesnais earrings: Did they bring me more pleasure than say that $272 would have in my savings account? In that instant, they certainly did, but as days went by, I felt guilty about it—guilty for spending money I didn't have and guilty for not spending it on others. After torturing myself for a few days, I finally registered the words "Final Sale" on the receipt and wore my finery proudly—first, with a fellow editor for a drink at the The Bowery Hotel, and then the very next day for my nephew's violin recital. See, I told myself, they were worth it. But shortly after I arrived to the Upper East Side venue that Saturday morning and whipped my hair out of my face, a fellow violin enthusiast informed that while she loved my earrings, I was missing one. And, she was right, somewhere along my 13-block walk on Park Avenue, it must have fallen out. God-given proof: Impulse buying certainly was a bitch.
Fashion editor Yasmin Sewell on the one investment piece you should own:
Keywordscharlotte chesnaisnet-a-portershoppingthe line


ARE THE LOCKS ON YOUR MANAGED PROPERTIES PUTTING YOUR TENANTS IN DANGER?
Fire safety in apartments has been in the news a lot recently. GPM Locks would like to help you keep your tenants safe.
All landlords have legal obligations as regards fire safety At the very least you should ensure that there is an adequate means of escape in case of fire, and landlords of shared and Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMO) properties will have additional obligations, both under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order (2005) , Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Alarm (England) Regulations 2015 and the Housing Act 2004. Legislation creates a legal entity known as the "responsible person". So if you are the owner, manager, agent or even own a flat within a block 'you will need to check' if YOU are the responsible person.
If a person has a contractual or tenancy obligation for the maintenance, repair of safety of a premises they can be regarded as a person in control of the premises and therefore acquire responsibility relating to the extent of their control. It has to be understood that the 'responsible person' has an absolute duty to comply with legislation. The responsible person has to 'get on with it' without waiting for a prompt or direction from the enforcing authority. As in health and safety legislation, ignorance will be no defence for non-compliance.
Ensure that all outside doors can be easily opened at all times from the inside. If you fit a mortise lock, make sure you install one with a thumb turn which can open from the inside. Having a spare key by the door is less satisfactory as it can get lost.
By having the thumb turn on the inside of the property this allows your tenants to exit the property in a fast manor with out the need to search the apartment for a key in the event of a fire.


Sharp cliffs of hills and narrow valleys of the Aravalis dominate the landscape of Sariska, whose forests are dry and deciduous. Within the Sariska wildlife sanctuary there are the ruins of medieval temples of Garh-Rajor, belonging to the 10th and 11th centuries.
A 17th century castle on a sharp hilltop at Kankwari, provides a panoramic view of flying Egyptian vultures and eagles. The area was declared a sanctuary in 1955 and became a National Park in 1979.
The Sariska park is home to numerous carnivores including Leopard, Wild Dog, Jungle Cat, Hyena, Jackal, and Tiger. These feed on an abundance of prey species such as Sambar, Chital, Nilgai, Chausingha, Wild Boar and Langur. Sariska is also well known for its large population of Rhesus Monkeys, which are found in large numbers around Talvriksh.


text:
Ex-Nigerian President, Obasanjo, Allegedly Flogs Relative's Wife With Horse Whip Over N160m 'Theft' In Ogun State
SaharaReporters gathered that Obasanjo personally flogged Mrs Adebayo several times with a horse whip (Koboko) for an alleged 'theft' of N160m.
by SaharaReporters, New York Jul 22, 2020
Residents of Olaogun in Ifo Ibogun area of Ogun State were shocked on Tuesday when a former Nigerian President, Olusegun Obasanjo, stormed the area with a truckload of armed security operatives and allegedly physically assaulted the wife of his close relative and top confidant, Adebayo Molaja.
It was not clear how the issue came about and what actually prompted the former President, who is also a retired military general, to take such action.
A resident of the area, who asked not to be named for safety reasons, however, told SaharaReporters that Obasanjo was heard shouting "Omolaja, ole! Abiodun, ole! Won loji N160m (Omolaja thief! Abiodun thief! They said you stole N160m)" during the incident.
The resident added, "Obasanjo came from his Ota farm abode at exactly 5:00am while people were still sleeping. He was accompanied by fiery-looking security men armed to the teeth who condoned the residence of the Adebayos. He immediately called out Mrs Adebayo and ordered the mobile policemen with him to form a barricade. He then proceeded with a horse whip (Koboko) to personally flog the woman several times.
"Many residents of the community were shocked. Hundreds of commercial bike riders popularly called Okada parked at the scene wondering whether there was an armed robbery incidence or any other tragic occurrence."
Other residents of the community, who witnessed the incident and were contacted by SaharaReporters for comments all declined citing safety concerns.
Attempts to get the reaction of Kehinde Akinyemi, spokesperson for Obasanjo, was unsuccessful as his telephone line was not reachable at the time of this report.


At Cydia Geeks, we are all about the latest Jailbreak, iPhone, iOS tutorials, and . ô pc up-date August ò 22 2018 by ó the Stev k0l6eျ iplpromo Download iFunbox. devices is a huge selling point for the world's most popular mobile platform.


text:
Susie Wolff (tidigare Stoddart), född 6 december 1982 i Oban, är en brittisk racerförare. Hon har sedan  varit testförare hos Williams i formel 1. Hon bor i Schweiz tillsammans med sin man Toto Wolff, som har varit delägare i Williams F1 och som är stallchef hos  Mercedes Grand Prix. De gifte sig i oktober 2011.

Racingkarriär

Tidig karriär
Susie Wolff började med karting 1996. Hon utsågs till årets bästa brittiska kvinnliga gokart-förare 1996-1998. År 2000 utsågs hon till en av världens bästa kvinnliga gokartförare.

År 2001 började Wolff sin tävlingskarriär och tävlade i vinterserien av Formel Renault. År 2002 tävlade Wolff i det brittiska Formel Renault-mästerskapet, vilket hon fortsatte med 2003 och 2004. Under 2005 flyttade Wolff till det Brittiska F3-mästerskapet. Hon körde bara två lopp och tog poäng i det ena.

DTM
Under 2006 körde Wolff DTM, där hon tävlade för Mücke Motorsport i en Mercedes-Benz. Hon tog inga poäng, hennes bästa resultat var en niondeplats, just utanför poängplats. Under 2007 fortsatte Wolff med DTM men lyckades inte ta några poäng. Under 2008 bytte hon team till Persson Motorsport, men tog inga poäng, vilket inte heller gjorde 2009. Under 2010 lyckades Wolff ta två sjundeplatser på Lausitzring och Hockenheimring, och tog därmed fyra poäng. Åren 2011-2012 tog Wolff inga poäng.

Formel 1
Den 11 april 2012 bekräftades det att Wolff skulle bli testförare för Williams, som hennes man Toto Wolff redan var aktieägare i. År  meddelade Williams att Wolff skulle köra det första träningspassen till Storbritanniens och Tysklands Grand Prix. Vid Storbritanniens Grand Prix blev Wolff den första kvinnan att delta under en tävlingshelg i formel 1 sedan , då Giovanna Amati gjorde tre misslyckade kvalförsök. Men hennes tid på banan blev kort då motorn havererade efter tre varv. I Tyskland kom hon inte ens ett varv innan växellådan gick sönder. Men när hon väl kom ut var hon endast två tiondelar bakom sin rutinerade stallkamrat, Felipe Massa.

Referenser

Noter

Webbkällor
 Susie Wolff på Driver database

Externa länkar

Födda 1982
Kvinnor
Levande personer
Brittiska racerförare
Skotska racerförare
Brittiska F3-mästerskapsförare
DTM-förare
Personer från Argyll and Bute

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Bachaa Party has specially designed this new collection of Boys polo shirts just to give your little champ a sporty look! Buy high-quality Jeans shirt for boy and lace it with shorts and joggers. The extra soft and extra Stylish shirt for boy is all you need for your baby's everyday look. So, get your hands on now on our one of the most stylish and anticipated collection of Little boys dress shirts. Our trendiest Shirts for boys are best for all casual and party wear. Made of 100% pure cotton and soft and breathable fabric, these shirts are safe for your baby's skin.


text:
Blockstack Launches Bid to Hold 1st Ever SEC-Regulated Token Sale
The company says that it's hoping to provide a regulatory pathway for other companies to follow in.
Rachel McIntosh | News ( CryptoCurrency ) | Thursday, 11/04/2019 | 13:00 GMT+1 2019-04-11 18:40:27
Photo: SEC
Blockstack Token LLC, a subsidiary company of decentralized computing network firm Blockstack PBC, announced today that it has filed a statement with the SEC seeking permission to conduct a token sale in accordance with the SEC Regulation A+ framework.
The announcement said that if approved, the offering will be "the first SEC-qualified token offering of its kind." Proceeds of the sale will "be used to accelerate the development of its decentralized computing stack and
Discover Barcelona Trading Conference – A Top Tier Crypto Trading Event
app ecosystem."
Blockstack has been built to act as a platform for decentralized, privacy-focused applications that can serve as alternatives to the software that most people use every day. For example, the network is already home to Graphite, a decentralized alternative to Google Docs.
Alternatives to Facebook and other social networks where users own their data are already here. @TheEconomist covers how @MastodonProject and Blockstack give users back the control: pic.twitter.com/oy0Xoc2Xaz
— Blockstack (@blockstack) February 5, 2019
"We've been working with securities lawyers to create a legal framework that can enable blockchain
protocols to comply with SEC regulations."
Muneeb Ali, co-founder and CEO of Blockstack PBC, said that one of Blockstack's goals in working with the SEC is to improve the regulatory ecosystem for all crypto companies. "Recently, U.S. markets have been closed to crypto projects given regulatory uncertainty, and we believe in opening the U.S. markets to innovation in this area," he said in the announcement.
"We've been working with securities lawyers to create a legal framework that can enable blockchain protocols to comply with SEC regulations. Our framework is consistent with the latest SEC guidelines released last week."
Ali believes that given the steps that Blockstack has taken, it may be the first blockchain project to gain legal access to public markets in the US.
A number of blockchain-related companies are trying to make progress with the SEC on a few different fronts, but so far to little avail. One of these companies, Bitwise Asset Management, made a splash in the crypto industry when it published a presentation that it had made to the SEC showing that only 5 percent of Bitcoin's average daily trading volume is real.
Tags: blockchain / blockchain companies / crypto / regulations / sec
Grayscale Reports 84 Percent Investment from Institutions


text:
Polycyrtus soniae är en stekelart som beskrevs av Dmitriy R. Kasparyan och Ruiz-cancino 2003. Polycyrtus soniae ingår i släktet Polycyrtus och familjen brokparasitsteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Brokparasitsteklar
soniae


text:
The Joy of Sex: The Ultimate Revised Edition (Paperback)
By Alex Comfort
A revised and updated edition of the book famous for helping couples discover how sex can be playful, erotic, passionate, exhilarating, and most of all, pleasurable.
The Joy of Sex revolutionized how we experience our sexuality. An international bestseller since it was first published in 1972, Dr. Alex Comfort's classic work dared to celebrate the joy of human physical intimacy with such authority and candor that a whole generation felt empowered to enjoy sex. Now fully updated, revised, and reillustrated, The Joy of Sex once again sets the standard as the world's most trusted sex manual.
Substantial revisions from sex expert and relationship psychologist Susan Quilliam include new information on:
• Key scientific discoveries in the fields of psychology, physiology, and sexology
• The Internet and couple-friendly pornography
• The importance of sex to our growth as people and partners
• Maintaining a fulfilling sex life as we get older
Above all, The Joy of Sex emphasizes the importance of happy and healthy sexuality in our lives.
DR. ALEX COMFORT was one of the world's leading experts in the field of human sexuality and one of the most versatile authors of the twentieth century. He died in March 2000 at the age of eighty.
SUSAN QUILLIAM is a relationship psychologist and an advice columnist. She writes, broadcasts, and presents internationally on topics surrounding love and sexuality.
Self-help / Sexual Instruction
Health & Fitness / Sexuality
Family & Relationships / Love & Romance
Publisher: Harmony
Publication Date: December 29th, 2009
"Answers questions no one had in 1972 . . . this time through the eyes of women, too."
"There's something to celebrate about the enduring life of so seminal a piece of educational literature."
"[Succeeds] in bringing The Joy of Sex up to current standards."
"An old book now has a lot of new tricks."
"A bellwether of human sexuality for decades . . . the new version is better."
"Witty, fanciful, and mercifully free of moralizing."
"An intelligent sex manual that is serious without being solemn."
—Desmond Morris, author of People Watching and The Human Sexes: The Natural History of a Man and a Woman


2010 | AO "NPP "ZVEZDA"
Tests of a prototype of the anti-G suit designed for T-50 pilots were begun.
The State tests of the ejection & shock-absorbing system of a new generation for the KA- 52 combat helicopters were completed.
The beginning of the К-37-800М ejection & shock-absorbing system mass supplies.
The commencement of works on creation of the KC-2010 ejection system with a pneumatic energy source.


text:
" " done; female chieftain, not easy to grasp, Chairman Mao personally why forgive her?
Before and after the new Chinese was established at a period and the era of the old regime, social contradiction, social turbulent. In a United States socialist and other powers, the bandits and look at fiercely as a tiger does, the reactionary forces. According to statistics before and after the founding of new China in the territory of the people's Republic of China actually has more than 200 million bandits, in order to eliminate the banditry central China issued instructions that suppress bandits, many bandits have been arrested, the bandits nest wind to disintegrate. There is a girl named Chen Dasao in the chieftain many bandits, her experience is legendary.
Chen sister is Changshun County, Guang Xiang Shun Dynasty Village, whose real name is called Cheng Lianzhen. Because looks gorgeous married a called Chen Zhengming of the big landlords and when the second housing. At that time the landlord can not simply the rich and have the money, they have their own vested interests in order to protect their own private armed, even if there is no private armed with a few guns as a facade. Cheng Lianzhen married to Chen Zhengming, often with Chen Zhengming attended a variety of formal or informal occasions. Soon, her name is known to outsiders, these people respectfully call her Aunt Chen.
In the previous:The governor's death: the monkey: chicken, the Empress Dowager Ci Xi a shot on the results of a high-ranking officials
The next article:This battle is known as the eastern Moscow defense and the Japanese casualties far more than our army


text:
Black Atlanta social life prior to hip-hop's impact
The following article on social life on Black Atlanta is the second of a four-part series spotlighting Atlanta's rich social scene, prior to the meteoric success of hip-hop and other mediums, including the rise of Tyler Perry as an international movie mogul. The series targets Atlanta's social scene circa 1960 thru 1990. Enjoy and be educated about a wonderful era, way before Atlanta became the "ATL". Veteran music writer Timothy Cox offers his personal insight about a unique period in our city's rich music history.
by Timothy Cox
Before joining the U.S. Army Band, Wayne King, 63, was a young trumpeter living in West Atlanta, eager to ply his trade amongst major Atlanta musicians like Morehouse Band director, Roderick "Rod" Smith, Tommy Stewart and Jothan Collins, both stalwarts of Alabama State University's music program. King regularly played first-chair with Stewart's big bands, often contracted to perform at the annual Jack "The Rapper" Music Conventions at Dunfey's Royal Coach, Northside and the Airport Marriott. King, a Thomasville, Ga. native, fondly recalls Saturday afternoon jam sessions at Paschal's.
But for Black Atlanta it was the Monday sessions at Living Room Lounge which remains legendary. With SOS Band's tenor saxophonist Sultan Muhammad and vocalist Al Ridge at the helm, the jam sessions attracted the premier vocalists and musicians in the region. Temptations' drummer/singer Ali "Ollie" Woodson was a regular performer, while vocalist Al Ridge, was the session's headliner. SOS trumpeter-vocalist Abdul Ra'oof was another frequent performer at the Monday sessions. "Definitely the place to be, and it attracted all the fine people of the city – real folks who understood one another, no pretentious attitudes at the Living Room. Dad (owner) wouldn't stand for it," said Ra'oof.
Sunday night jam sessions in Black Atlanta were also held on Piedmont Road at the Café 290. Sunday nights continues to be a popular night for attracting jazz-flavored talent, according to guitarist Reggie Ward. "The Café still has that old-school vibe to it," he adds.
Atlanta's social scene attracted a variety of socialites, athletes and other notables
After gaining her credentials to work in the airline industry from the Wilma Boyd Travel School in Pittsburgh, Beaver Falls (Pa.) native Clarice Carter Williamson, 60, now of Lithonia, packed her bags and caught a flight from "The Burgh" to live with an aunt in Stone Mountain. "When I first arrived, me and the girls would go to Marko's and V's on Campbellton Road," she said. "That was the early '80s," she said. "We really had some great times". Though she's now has five grandchildren, Williamson and a couple of girlfriends still manage to hit a spot or two "every blue moon," she said. She named "Gigolo's on Gresham Road, Sudo's in Ellinwood (Fairview Road) and the Whiskey Mistress, downtown, as three current locations with the old-school flavor.
Ken Broughton, 64, is another native Atlantan who quickly draws up comparisons between today's Black Atlanta club scene and the vibe from yesteryear.
"There's no comparison. It's definitely a much different scene than from back in the day," said the Stone Mountain native.
Coming from a large family of gospel musicians, Broughton said his reputation as a devout gospel man equaled his family's reputation as committed party folks. "We threw apartment parties and hotel parties – moreso than the club scene. We (The Broughton Boys) established a strong reputation for good parties at apartment complexes in College Park, Westside – you name it. We did it right. But we also did our fair share of clubbing too," he added, while his longtime wife, Shirley Radney Broughton, listened to some of his exploits. "That was way before me," she smiled.
Broughton said he and the boys were consistent patrons of Black Atlanta mainstays like the Blue Dolphin, Mr. V's Figure 8, Cocacabanna, Cisco's, Ellerie's and the American Legion, an after-hours joint that closed at 6 a.m. – all on Cambellton Road. San Soucie on West Peachtree Street, was another attraction, he said. "Back then, you had mostly all live bands – and you had to dress the part. They looked good – so we had to be clean too.
We mostly wore suits," he recalled. "Funny thing about us club-hoppers back then – you typically ran into the same people, wherever you went. But that was okay – it was like we all got along, like one big happy family," said Broughton who's now a grandfather and a deacon at his family church, Fairfield Baptist Church in Stone Mountain. "Very little drama in those days. It was more about guys dancing
with, and meeting the ladies – and vice-versa. It was all about 'good times' – just like the song and the TV show," he added.
What helped make Atlanta the place to be in the 1970s?
Darryl Dunn of Pittsburgh, recalls several visits to relatives in Decatur when he was a young man. "I recall them taking me to the Royal Peacock on Auburn Avenue in 1965 to see Jackie Wilson. The memory of that performance is engrained in my mind forever," said the retired bandleader, deejay and black music historian.
Dunn, 74, considers the 1973 election of Maynard Jackson as the city's first black mayor, as very pivotal in the evolution and social-image development of Atlanta. Also, when the city approved the Oct. 26, 1970 return fight of then-dispelled boxer Muhammad Ali with Jerry Quarry, that was another significant event that propelled Atlanta's image as an international player, especially for black social life, he said. "These events helped dispel the notion that Atlanta was just a slow, Southern town. It boosted its image as a big-city player nationally, especially in the music industry. And in 1996, who was invited back to light the Olympic Torch? Muhammad Ali again!" Dunn was a regular participant of Atlanta's Jack "The Rapper" Music conventions, and fondly recalls the summer 1984 keynote address of Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan. He also credits the annual Bronner Brothers hair-care conventions as major contributors to the city's rising societal status.
The '80s evolution and revolution into a recording industry player
Evolution of the Atlanta social scene occurred when Cameo and Larry Blackmon arrived from Brooklyn and formed Atlanta Artists Records around 1983. It was also around this same time when a popular funk band from Aliquippa, Pa. called Rare Experience, relocated to the South – seeking their pop-band fortunes. Though the group's total success fell short, two members have remained in Atlanta as producers and Music Directors, namely Reggie "Wizard" Jones and his cousin, Allen "Grip" Smith – both keydboardists. They found individual and united success producing groups with LaFace and So So Def Records. Jones was recently the MD (music director) for Justin Bieber, a role he also employed with Usher. Smith has MD ties with Keith Sweat and members of Jermaine Dupri's musical collective in addition to artists like Silk, Escape, Goodie Mob, Da Brat and 112.
Jones and Smith both credit native-son bands like Brick and SOS Band for including them in the scene, even though they were newcomers to Atlanta. "Our connections to both of those groups are still vital to our success, even now," says Jones. "They showed us mad love," Jones added.
In February 1990, this writer attended the exclusive, special-called press conference in suburban Buckhead, when Arista Records executive Clive Davis introduced Antonio "LA" Reid and Kenny "Babyface" Edmonds as the new leaders of Atlanta-based LaFace Records. Thereafter, artists like TLC , Toni Braxton, Silk and Outkast, started gaining national renown — sparking a new legion of artists showcasing Atlanta's burgeoning recording industry success.
Guitarist Freddie Campbell, 62, of Orlando, Fla., worked with several bands after relocating to Atlanta in 1993. Gigs at Club 20 Grand with TC Jason Bryant and Smooth Wave, are memorable," he said. "But you have to credit SOS and Brick, because they are the pioneers of Atlanta's RnB music scene. When SOS released "Take Your Time," in 1980, it became a national anthem way before LaFace and Bobby Brown settled in. And Brick was hot back in '77, so it was them and SOS who set the bar really high," said Campbell who lived in Ellinwood, Ga. after leaving Aliquippa, Pa.
'Freaknik' is an era that won't be forgotten
Regardless of your current age, whether you're a Gen-Xer, a milliennial or an old-school-boomer, the era of Freaknik will always be a phenomenal event for black Atlanta.
With origins harkening from HBCU students of the metro Washington, DC, Maryland and Virginia area, Freaknik initially started in 1983 as a Greek-oriented gathering of black college sororities and fraternities. Within ten years, the annual springtime ritual morphed into an affair that attracted as many as 350,000 young blacks to metro Atlanta, and ultimately gained a stigma of lewdness, looting, sexual assault, some violence with scantily clad girls dancing in cars along Peachtree Street. Mark Oliphant, 53, was a Morehouse College sophomore in 1989.
"If you ask my fellow AU Center colleagues from the late '80s early' 90s era what was the best-ever Freaknik, bar none (without incident, police involvement etc.) they would all agree that Freaknik '89 at Washington Park in SW Atlanta (The SWATS) was the most fun ever. Oliphant is now a vocalist, actor and PR consultant in South Fulton, Ga.
Oliphant names the following clubs as crowd-favorites during that era: Phoenix Dance Club, Fat Tuesdays, Frozen Paradise and Diamonds and Pearls (two clubs next to one another – also owned by Fred Tokars).
Tags: Diamonds and Pearls, Fat Tuesdays, Frozen Paradise, Phoenix Dance Club, SOS Band


Welcome to the BCS Wolverhampton Branch website.
Full details of our events can be obtained by clicking the forthcoming or past events link on the left hand menu.
We meet at the University of Wolverhampton for our events.
The BCS was the world's first wired professional society. BCSnet provides a huge amount of information about the BCS and the BCS's Internet connectivity services.
Easy to use interfaces, including text, images, sounds etc.
Female members may be interested in the BCSWomen Group. There are also a number of Specialist Groups (SGs), which cater for a variety of tastes.
Feel free to contact the BCS Wolverhampton Branch at wolvescommittee@bcs.org.


Abstract : The amygdala is a richly connected subcortical structure critical for our emotional repertoire. As organisms interact with their environments, the positive and negative outcomes associated with different stimuli are important quantities for guiding appropriate behavior. Moreover, these value estimates must be updated when environmental contingencies change. Although the amygdala is well known to for its role in fear conditioning, there is increasing evidence that it is involved in a wider range of functions.
In this talk, I will present work examining two aspects of amygdala function. First, I will discuss experiments suggesting a role for the amygdala in guiding spatial attention, potentially through interactions with lower level visual cortices. Second, I will discuss experiments characterizing the interaction between the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex during reversal learning involving both rewarding and aversive outcomes. These data highlight a role for the amygdala in coordinating and influencing a broad array of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses depending upon both positive and negative outcomes.


These kind of archive purges, whether through negligence or purpose, seem to be coming at an increasing rate. Last year it was Digg. Now Upcoming.org. Even Formspring is shutting down and deleting all 4 billion posts. And I'm sure there were a dozen lesser-known companies in between.
Luckily there's a new effort to download the Upcoming archive with this GitHub project. It makes it easier to spin up multiple Heroku instances to get around Yahoo's IP address rate limiting. Andy has an update on this project and the folks behind it: Archive Team. They're making good progress on Upcoming, as well as Posterous and Formspring.
This entry was posted in Technology and tagged digg, upcoming, yahoo on 2013/04/23 by manton.
RapidWeaver is a popular web site building app from Realmac Software. It's got a great Mac UI, a bunch of nice themes, and a strong community of developers and plug-ins. One of those plug-ins is Stacks, which is so useful that it has its own set of third-party components.
Check out the stack here as a free download.
This entry was posted in Programming and tagged rapidweaver, searchpath, stack on 2013/04/08 by manton.


THE | COURT PARROT. | A NEW | MISCELLANY, | In PROSE and VERSE; | [None of which were ever before published] | Containing, among many other curious Pieces, | [two columns] [column one] I. The Life and Progress (in | [i]Hudibrastick[/i] Verse) of the noted | Mrs, [i]C- Ph-ps[/i], from her Mar- | riage with [i]D-fi-ld[/i], and after-| wards with a certain Merchant, | while her former Husband was | living: Her suing for a Divorce, | and the Proceedings in the [i]Arches | Court[/i] of [i]Canterbury[/i], &c. | II. The Secret History of [i]Hen- | rada[/i], &c. her Amours and In-| trigues with [i]Congravino[/i], a famous | Poet, by whom she had one | Daughter; her Seperation from | her Husband, Count [i]Adolphus[/i], | who had been extreamly fond of | her; her inheriting a superior | Title upon the Death of her Fa- | ther, and a large Estate to support | the new Dignity; her Behaviour | at the Time of her Death, and an | Account of her making her | Daughter her sole Heiress, to [/column one] | [column two] whom she bequeathed [i]Congravino[/i]'s | Estate which he left to her, and | a considerable personal Estate. | III. C-t Honesty. Occasi- | on'd by a certain Nobleman's not | paying his Debt: Inscrib'd to | the E- of [i]T-[/i] | IV. Sham Loyalty: Or, The | Disappointed Poet, [i]&c. &c. &c.[/i] | V. An Elegy on the late | Dutchess of [i]Ormonde[/i]. | VI. [i]HARPER[/i] triumphant: | Or, the [i]Drury-Lane[/i] Tragedy. | VII. Beauty, a burlesque Poem; | inscrib'd to the Lady [i]H---n[/i], | formerly Miss [i]E-s.[/i]. | VIII. [i]Cupid[/i] rival'd by [i]Bacchus[/i]: | Or, The Carbuncled Lady: In- | scrib'd to the Same. | IX. The Politick Lady: Or | Trial the best Proof of Ability, | Inscrib'd to the Same. [/column two] | [manicule] Among many other curious Particulars inserted in | this Miscellany, is an excellent Ballad, call'd, The | [i]Norfolk[/i] Freeholders, (to the Tune of, [i]Hogan[/i] of | [i]Houghton[/i]) printed on purpose to send down after | a certain great Projector, who vainly opposes the | Interest of Sir [i]Edmund Bacon[/i] and [i]William Wood- | house[/i], Esq; | [rule] | [i]LONDON printed: Sold by [i]J. Dormer[/i] and [name obliterated] | [[i]Price[/i] One Shilling.] 1733.
In the imprint of the ECCO copy, the name of 'S. Slow' is crossed out.
CONTENTS: Prose: pp. 13-22. MISCELLANY GENRE: collection of topical and scandalous verse.
The Progress of Mrs. C-- Ph------s.
An Elegy on the Death of the late Dutchess of Ormonde.
An Ephithalamium on the Nuptials of his Serene Highness William, Prince of Orange, with Her Royal Highness Anne, Princess Royal of Great Britain.
An Epistle from a poor Poet, to Lord Reason.
The Norfolk Freeholders. A New Ballad. To the Tune of, Hogan pf Houghton.
Beauty. A Burlesque Poem. Inscrib'd to the Lady H---n, formerly Miss E---s.
Cupid rival'd by Bacchus: Or, the Carbuncled Lady. Inscrib'd to the Same.
The Politick Lady: Or, a Trial the best Proof of Ability. Inscrib'd to the Same.
Sham Loyalty: Or, the Disappointed Poet.
Stephen Duck's Congratulatory Poem on the Nuptials of the Prince of Orange, with the Princess Royal of England.
Harper Triumphant: Or, the Drury-Lane Tragedy.


LaVerne Baca, 61, of Minturn, passed away on Saturday, Dec. 8, 2018. A visitation will be held on Saturday, Dec. 15, 2018, at St. Patrick's Parish Church in Minturn from 1 to 2 p.m., with a rosary service to follow at 2 p.m. A Mass of Christian burial will be held at 10 a.m. on Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2018, at St. Joseph Catholic Church in Pueblo, with burial to follow at Roselawn Cemetery in Pueblo where Mrs. Baca will be placed at rest near her mother.
Please visit http://www.kentfuneralhomes.com to leave a condolence for the family.


text:
Building cars by design will add value
The New York Times Syndicate's
Published Monday, February 16, 2009
In late December, the Bush administration agreed to bail out two of the Detroit Three. Too much capacity, huge legacy costs and unattractive product lineups are all to blame for this humbling collapse, but the immediate problem was a shockingly fast and steep drop in demand for automobiles in critical markets worldwide.
Indeed, with annual US auto sales down by over 20 per cent year over year and western European sales declining by close to 10 per cent in the last months of 2008, the only bright spots are developing markets such as China and India, which still enjoy sales growth rates of as much as seven per cent.
Economics plays a large role – the vast majority of consumers in these markets simply can't afford big, expensive cars.
Efficiency matters, too: With gas prices volatile and anticipated to resume their sky-high ascent as world economies revive, fuel-efficient cars make sense, especially in countries like China and India, which have to import virtually all the oil they use.
Finally, concerns about the environment are important, as developing nations seek to put a lid on carbon emissions even as the number of vehicles on their streets continues to rise.
That shouldn't imply, however, that consumers in developing markets are willing to put up with "cheap" cars or little cars from which critical features have simply been removed in order to sell them for less money. Rather, like many car buyers in the West, these consumers are looking for low-cost vehicles that are designed specifically for their needs, but that maintain high standards of quality, reliability and style. In other words, these consumers are "value" shoppers.
The meaning of value, of course, varies with one's point of view. Consumers in India, for instance, need cars that maximise passenger room because they use their car primarily as family vehicles to drive around town; by contrast, in the West, with its better roads and routine long-distance driving, cargo capacity matters more. And Indian drivers are willing to pay a bit more for cars that offer the latest in comfort, safety and utility, but not for cars with power windows and locks or fancy sound systems.
Succeeding in developing markets, therefore, requires rethinking from start to finish how new cars should be designed and built. It calls for a deep understanding of the unique needs of consumers in developing countries and the ability to assemble the combination of power trains, bodies, features and options that best match those desires – at affordable prices.
We call this process "design to value". It's a far cry from "design to cost", the typical approach used to make cars, in which a final price is set and the new car is then engineered to be sold profitably at that price; the concept of how consumers perceive value does not really enter into the equation. Design to value, on the other hand, involves a series of complex, varied, carefully thought-out decisions about which types of engines to use; which equipment should be standard; what safety add-ons to include; how parts and materials are engineered; and which designs are most attractive to the target customer base. And if an automaker hopes to differentiate its products from others in the market, these decisions must be made in light of the kinds of value decisions competitors are making.
That's not to say cost isn't important; manufacturers should still begin by removing unnecessary costs from the vehicle to the greatest degree possible. This bare-bones cost structure becomes the new baseline to which they can add high-value features, while staying within the price window. Each choice must be made with reference to both the increased costs required to integrate the option and the expected gains in sales. The ideal option may trim razor-thin profit margins even further, but it should also generate more revenue from the sale of more cars, offsetting the higher expenses.
And it's critical to make these decisions in the very early stages of design, when 80 per cent of the cost and value of a car is already determined.
The first step in a design-to-value analysis involves determining what exactly is important to consumers. How much does the size of the engine matter? Do customers care about power steering or fancy instrument gauges? What audio system options might customers be willing to pay for? Demographics, market trends, industry experts and focus groups all can help in gaining a clear understanding of what drives value for specific consumers.
Those value drivers must then be placed in the context of the new car's baseline cost. That cost has already been determined by how the car will be built, what materials and basic features will be used and how additional factors such as plant location, supply chain and distribution logistics, and overhead fit into the equation. Against that baseline, the automaker can analyse which features and options truly add value for consumers and design them into the car. This analysis should also take into account the competitive landscape: What features is the competition offering? How much does it cost to add them? And how much value do they add to competitors' final product?
Armed with broad knowledge of costs, customer preferences, customer perceived value and competitive activities, manufacturers can then begin to gather ideas from throughout the enterprise – engineers, designers, purchasing managers, manufacturing chiefs and corporate executives – for new approaches to everything from the design of the car itself to manufacturing footprints, supplier relationships and logistics. But all choices must add value to the final product.
No car maker has fully embraced the concept of design-to-value yet, though some have come close. India's Tata Motors gave a great deal of thought to what first-time car buyers in India were looking for as it designed its small, $2,500 (Dh9,175) Nano, to be launched by March 2009 (possibly with pilots before then). It's time that the concept of design-to-value finds its place among Western manufacturers – not just for export, but also for their home markets.
- The writers are with Booz & Company. Courtesy The New York Times Syndicate's Global Business Prespectives


Norman McLaren meets John Carpenter.
FILM TRIP is a micro cosmic journey made entirely with a super8 filmstrip using camera-less technique and stop motion animation. An abstract graphical-sound film that synchronises analogue and organic visuals with an intriguing minimalistic synthesiser soundtrack.
FILM TRIP is a micro cosmic journey made entirely with a super8 filmstrip using camera-less technique and stop motion animation. An abstract graphical sound film that synchronises analogue and organic visuals with an intriguing minimalistic synthesiser soundtrack.


All Harrogate Town away tickets are on general sale. The club would like to make clear this fixture is strictly all ticket; there will be no entry without a valid ticket . . . despite what some social media sites might be saying!
We offered the 'queue buster' service! – At the ticket office window main stand reception 1.45pm until 3.15pm (for those of you that like to arrive at 2.59). All you had to do is order your ticket(s) online or over the phone by 5pm Friday 7th April and they will be ready for you in an envelope at this window – we will ask for surname and postcode as proof of purchase.
Any ticket(s) ordered after the 5pm deadline on Friday 7th will not be ready and you'll have to join the pay on the day ticket queue.
If you decide not to take any of the above options and still wish to purchase on the day. The ticket office inside the main stand reception will also be open from 1.45pm until 3.15pm. We can take either cash or debit cards payments. Please be prepared to wait.
We still have some seating tickets available.
There will be a further ticket update on Sunday 9 April.


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