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List: Our Favorite Movie Mamas!
By Nguyen Le
It's here — the occasion to honor the half who forms half of us! We at InSession Film will celebrate Mother's Day by inviting you to meet the mamas that play an integral role in their respective films in the list below, our podcast (hear our thoughts on Tully here) and our at-SXSW review for the forthcoming mother-centric tale Hereditary.
And join us: Give a shout-out to your favorite on-screen mom in the comments, on our Facebook or Twitter!
~o~o~
Nguyen Le
Laura — Belén Rueda — El Orfanato (The Orphanage)
Much like her thrice-removed relative Grace Stewart in The Others, Laura holds enough power and presence that the film's other components, though supportive in design, seem inferior. With startling and affecting conviction, the character, a living person, is the force that haunts afterward. Don't mean to discredit you, whichever channel and site that has El Orfanato in their coverage — usually with the keywords "scariest" and "moments." J.A. Bayona's debut feature film is all art, and I'd say most of the trait stems from Rueda's impassioned embodiment of a mother searching for her missing son.
Unnamed* — Kim Hye-ja — Madeo (Mother)
Unless there's evidence pointing otherwise, how Bong Joon-ho's crime drama, a telling of a widow's quest to exonerate her intellectually disabled son, didn't get to be in the running for the 82nd Oscars' foreign film category will remain one of life's major conspiracies. Actually, I'll let it be — no accolade will validate what I see is, to date, the most compelling and heartfelt showcase of a mother's unconditional, gale-force-level love — as well as the staggering values and costs it may yield.
* In retrospect, that's a brilliant way to have her representing all mothers.
Mother Gothel — Donna Murphy — Tangled
She may only be Rapunzel's mother, but she earns every right to be on this best mamas list*. Aside from continuing animation Disney's knack for crafting top-shelf villains, Gothel, as with Madeo's eponymous character, scatters ambiguity onto a role long-defined as absolute to transfixing effect. What's more, the character is impeccably voiced and sung by Donna Murphy, whose appearance is borrowed and combined with Cher's to form a mother I think is criminally under-discussed. So what if she's animated?
* Credit to Yondu and James Gunn.
American Gangster's Mama Lucas (Ruby Dee) — the only force that can stun the country's then-most intimidating force.
Princess Mononoke's Moro (Akihiro Miwa/Gillian Anderson) — admit it, you've always wanted a Canis lupus mom.
The Incredibles' Elastigirl (Holly Hunter) — "a mom who saves the day" in literal form, and that's a delight.
Mean Girls' Mrs. George (Amy Poehler) — also known as the author of a timeless quote.
Goodnight Mommy's The Mother (Susanne Wuest) — not exactly a mom you'd like to be close to, but all those bandages create the magic.
Animal Kingdom's Janine (Jacki Weaver) — she may be called "Smurf," but don't you dare have her vexed.
Bambi's Mother (Paula Winslowe) — this is what "scarring sans knife" is like.
Daniel Brewer
Alice Hyatt — Ellen Burstyn — Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore
Burstyn is imperious in this beacon of New Hollywood anti-domesticity. In equal parts driven and protective; flawed and fragile, her portrayal of a mom reconciling a life of missed opportunities with those unforeseen is without equal.
Mary Tyrone — Katherine Hepburn — Long Day's Journey into Night
Long-since eschewing romantic lead roles alongside the likes of Cary Grant and Spencer Tracy (a transition confronted head-on in David Lean's masterful Summertime), Hepburn's later career was spotted by several expertly matriarchal turns. In Lumet's adaptation of the Eugene O'Neill play, this expertise plunges us deep into the numbing hopelessness of morphine-addict, Mary. A role of comparatively little screen time for Hepburn, but delivered with such force only the culmination of decades of craft can achieve.
Sophie — Meryl Streep — Sophie's Choice
An obvious candidate perhaps, but with good reason. Self-destructive and impossible, Sophie's existence remains an enigma to herself and, vitally, to us, before THE revelation, demanding of us all an answer to an answerless question. Streep has always been great, in Sophie's Choice never better.
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'s Martha (Elizabeth Taylor)
Psycho's Mother (Anthony Perkins)
3 Women's Willie (Janice Rule)
The Babadook's Amelia (Essie Davis)
We Need to Talk About Kevin's Eva Khatchadourian (Tilda Swinton)
Imitation of Life's Annie Johnson (Juanita Moore)
Two Women's Cesira (Sophia Loren)


Would you knowingly inject dangerous heavy metals such as mercury, lead and arsenic into your body? How about carcinogens and endocrine disrupters such as phthalates and hydrocarbons? Chances are that is exactly what you have done if you have a tattoo, because those substances are commonly found in the inks used for tattoos.
Lead interferes with a variety of body processes and is toxic to many of the body's organs and tissues, including the heart, bones, intestines, kidneys, nervous and reproductive systems. In severe cases, lead poisoning symptoms can include seizures, coma and death. Other symptoms commonly associated with lead exposure include abdominal pain, confusion, headache, anemia and irritability.
Beryllium is listed as a Class A EPA carcinogen. Exposure can cause Chronic Beryllium Disease, an often fatal lung disease.
Black tattoo inks are often made from soot-containing products of combustion called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Among the PAHs in the inks is benzo(a)pyrene, a compound identified in an Environmental Protection Agency toxicity report as "among the most potent and well-documented skin carcinogens."
By far the most common method of removing tattoos today is laser tattoo removal - a technique where a laser is used in repeated sessions to dissolve the tattoo. Once the tattoo inks are dissolved, their components - including any dangerous ones such as those outlined above - are absorbed into the body and bloodstream. Many may never be fully eliminated from the body, and even those components which do get eliminated may cause damage before they are eliminated.
An estimated 45 million people in the U.S. have at least one tattoo, including at least 36 percent of adults in their late 30s. For those who already have tattoos, the best advice may be to keep them - unless you want to use outdated tattoo removal techniques such as surgery which leave scars in place of the tattoos. If you don't already have a tattoo, the best advice is to not get one.


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The Bluest Eye
Prologue Section 1 Prologue Section 2 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11
All Themes Beauty vs. Ugliness Women and Femininity Race and Racism Home and Family Sex and Sexuality
All Characters Pecola Breedlove Claudia MacTeer Frieda MacTeer Cholly Breedlove Pauline Breedlove Henry Washington Samuel Breedlove China, Poland, and Miss Marie Maureen Peal Geraldine Louis Junior Soaphead Church
All Symbols Blue Eyes Marigolds
Instant downloads of all 1021 LitChart PDFs (including The Bluest Eye).
Prologue Section 1
Beauty vs. Ugliness
Women and Femininity
Race and Racism
Pecola Breedlove
Claudia MacTeer
Frieda MacTeer
Cholly Breedlove
Pauline Breedlove
Henry Washington
Samuel Breedlove
China, Poland, and Miss Marie
Maureen Peal
Louis Junior
Soaphead Church
The Bluest Eye Prologue Section 2 Summary & Analysis
Themes and Colors Key
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Bluest Eye, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
An unnamed narrator (later revealed to be Claudia) explains that no marigolds bloomed in 1941. At that time, the narrator and her sister (later revealed to be Frieda) believe that the flowers did not bloom because Pecola had been raped by her father, Cholly, and was pregnant with his baby. Although the community believes the baby would be better off dead, the narrator and her sister pray the baby will live. As a sacrifice for the unborn baby, they bury their money and plant marigold seeds, hoping that if they say the right words over them, the flowers would bloom and the baby would live. When the marigolds don't sprout and Pecola's baby dies, the girls believe it is their fault for not planting the marigolds correctly.
The community's wish for the death of Pecola's baby shows the extent to which racial, sexual, and social oppression negatively affects the novel's characters. For the community, the birth of Pecola's baby would symbolize and reveal the racial self-hatred and self-perceived ugliness that exist, but remain hidden, within the community. The narrator and her sister, however, have not been damaged to the extent that other community members have, and remain unaware of the baby's significance. As a result, they have enough compassion to desire the baby's survival.
Active Themes
Related Quotes with Explanations
For years, the narrator believes that she had planted the seeds too deep in the earth, and felt guilty about the baby's death. Eventually, however, she comes to believe that the earth itself was unyielding, and that their hopes of saving the baby were just as futile as Cholly's lust for his own child. In the end of the passage, the narrator states that it would be too difficult to understand why all of this happened, so instead, she decides to share how it occurred.
As a child, the narrator believed she could change the outcome of Pecola's pregnancy, but as a woman, she comes to understand her own powerlessness. The unyielding earth is a metaphor for the social realities of black women in 1941. The narrator and her sister were completely powerless over the conditions that allowed this atrocity to occur, and had no control over the outcome. Through telling how it happened, however, the narrative reveals the reasons why it occurred.
Powers, Jacob. "The Bluest Eye Prologue Section 2." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 21 Dec 2013. Web. 18 Jul 2019.
Powers, Jacob. "The Bluest Eye Prologue Section 2." LitCharts LLC, December 21, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2019. https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-bluest-eye/prologue-section-2.
Important Quote and Explanation from
(read the full quote with explanation and citation info)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Okieriete Onaodowan
Okieriete "Oak" Onaodowan[1] (/ˌɒkɛərˈjɛteɪ/, born August 16, 1987)[2] is an American actor, known for originating the roles of Hercules Mulligan and James Madison in the 2015 musical Hamilton and the role of Dean Miller in the ABC drama and Grey's Anatomy spin-off series, Station 19.
Onaodowan was born in Nigeria.[3] He grew up in Kampala, Uganda,[4] and graduated from West Orange High School in 2005.[5] Onaodowan briefly played football at Kampala High School but stopped after an injury during practice. As a result of the injury, Okieriete started to explore acting as an alternative extracurricular activity.[6]
Onaodowan had roles in Rocky the Musical and Cyrano de Bergerac on Broadway and was in the ensemble of the first national tour of American Idiot.[7] He had the leading role in Young Jean Lee's 2009 play, The Shipment,[8] and played the title role in J.C. Lee's Luce.[9][10]
By 2015, Onaodowan was an experienced stage actor[11]. He also had several screen credits, including Lou in Thanks for Sharing, and roles in Gravity and Blue Bloods.[12] He originated the roles of James Madison and Hercules Mulligan in the musical Hamilton on Broadway.[13][14][15] He won a Grammy Award as part of the cast album of Hamilton.[16]
Beginning July 11, 2017 (a week later than planned), he took on the role of Pierre in the musical Natasha, Pierre, and the Great Comet of 1812, replacing the outgoing Josh Groban.[17][18][19]
In 2018, he began playing the role of firefighter Dean Miller in the Grey's Anatomy spin-off Station 19.
CreditsEdit
TheatreEdit
Langston in Harlem, off-Broadway
Neighbors, off-Broadway
The Shipment, off-off-Broadway
Huntington Theatre Company
La Jolla Playhouse
Berkeley Repertory Theatre
Ragtime, Coalhouse, New Jersey Performing Arts Center
The Last Days of Judas Iscariot, Pontius Pilate, off-off-Broadway, 2004
American Idiot, Rock & Roll Boyfriend/Favorite Son (u/s), US Tour, 2011
Cyrano de Bergerac, Cadet/Pastry Cook/Sentry/Carbon de Castel-Jaloux (u/s)/Cuigy (u/s)/Musketeer (u/s), Broadway, 2012
Luce, Luce off-Broadway, 2013
The Shipment, off-Broadway, 2013
The Brothers Size, Old Globe Theatre, 2013
The Royale, Old Globe Theatre, 2014
Rocky, Dipper Riley/Apollo's Cornerman/Apollo Creed (u/s), Broadway, 2014
Hamilton, Hercules Mulligan/James Madison
Off-Broadway, 2015
Broadway, 2015–16
Natasha, Pierre, and the Great Comet of 1812, Pierre
Broadway, 2017
Ribbons, Student, 2010 (short film)
The One You Marry, Scott, 2011 (short film)
Thanks for Sharing, Lou, 2012
Gravity, Sam, 1 episode, 2010
[[iCarly], Anton Barke, 1 episode, 2012
Blue Bloods, Damon Williams, 1 episode, 2014
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Cash Lewis, 1 episode, 2016
Girls, Raneed, 1 episode, 2017
Game Shakers, Afrika Bambaataa, 3 episodes, 2017
Cousins for Life, Dean Miller, Main role
Awards, nominations and recognitionEdit
2016 Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Hamilton Won
Broadway.com Audience Choice Awards Favorite Breakthrough Performance Nominated
Onaodowan was included in the Forbes 30 Under 30 Hollywood & Entertainment list in 2016 for his acting in Hamilton.[20]
^ Sally, Henry (26 July 2015). "HAMILTON Meets Disney Meets WICKED in New #Ham4Ham Lottery Performance, Featuring Okieriete Onaodowan". Broadway World. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
^ Diggs, Daveed. "Tales from Backstage: Daveed Diggs in "Hamilton"".
^ Canty, Erin (25 February 2016). "How a second-generation immigrant conquered Broadway as one of America's Founding Fathers". Upworthy. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
^ Kletnoy, Sergio (13 July 2015). "Founding Father Alexander Hamilton's Life Is Now a Hip-Hop Musical". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
^ Herzog, Laura. "Broadway baby: 'Hamilton' star returns to N.J. alma mater", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, May 2, 2016. Accessed June 13, 2016. "Onaodowan grew up in Kampala with his parents and five sisters, and attended Gregory Elementary School, Roosevelt Middle School, and Kampala High School, graduating in 2005, school officials said."
^ Vicki Kyman, "The gentle giant of 'Hamilton': Meet N.J.'s Okieriete Onaodowan," NJ.com, June 12, 2016.
^ "Okieriete Onaodowan". broadwayworld.com. Broadway World. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
^ Scheck, Frank (27 January 2009). "Lods of Quality Material". New York Post. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
^ Scheck, Frank (22 October 2013). "'Luce' fizzles out despite performances". New York Post.
^ Charles Isherwood (21 October 2013). "Once Their Son, Now a Riddle J C Lee's 'Luce' at Claire Tow Theater". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
^ Hebert, James (3 December 2015). "The breathtaking 'Hamilton,' and its bloodlines with 'Allegiance'". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
^ "Meet the Cast of The Public Theater's HAMILTON". Broadway World. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
^ Kennedy, Mark (17 July 2015). "3 presidents in 'Hamilton' put 'blood into the statues'". Lima, Ohio. AP. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
^ Lee, Ashley (28 July 2015). "'Hamilton': Lin-Manuel Miranda Repeatedly Rewards Lottery Hopefuls With Unique Pre-Shows". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
^ "Q&As with Your Favorite Broadway Stars- HAMILTON's Okieriete Onaodowan". Broadway World. 2 October 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
^ "2016 GRAMMY Award Nominations". CBS News. 7 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
^ "The Great Comet on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
^ Paulson, Michael (2017-02-15). "A 'Hamilton' Star Is to Replace Josh Groban in 'Great Comet'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
^ Sblendorio, Marissa (2017-06-30). "HAMILTON's Okieriete Onaodowan Will Make His GREAT COMET Debut on July 11". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
^ Viagas, Robert (January 5, 2016). "Hamilton Actors on Forbes' "30 Under 30" Power List". Playbill. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Okieriete Onaodowan on IMDb
Okieriete Onaodowan at the Internet Broadway Database
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okieriete_Onaodowan&oldid=901100613"


Hydrotherapy Started 4.5weeks, and my 5 week update.
After a lull of not much happening, its suddenly full speed ahead, and now its all appointments galore!! I had my first Physio appointment to discuss the plan of action, and I was given new exercises to try out at home. That was at 4 weeks post op on a Friday, and the following Monday was my Hydrotherapy session.
The water felt amazing, its been over 2 years since I'd last had #Hydrotherapy and I'd forgotten the sheer bliss of walking unaided, pain free and such warmth. It was busy and as I'm not a newbie to hip rehab, I had a fair idea of the structured plan. I also knew what to expect, though that doesn't stop me from making daft mistakes!!
To warm up • walk up and down pool forwards. • walk up and down pool sideways.
I came out after 30 mins, I'd done way too much, but hand on heart it felt good to move freely, to be productive and proactive in recovery. I knew it was too much, but there is no pain, just aching muscles. I felt weak coming out, and it was a lovely surprise to see Hubby sitting in waiting room for me, and he'd bought chocolate!! This is the sweetest gesture!
Homeward bound I felt sorer, but a soothing hot water bottle fixed that. Still not taking any painkillers, which I've taken since 2005 so its a HUGE improvement for me.
The following day was dreaded dentist again (I'd had an appointment the week before, and sitting for 50mins seized my hip like hell. I suffered for days afterwards) so I did not look forward to this appointment at all. Again I sat for 60mins + this time, and hip was aching a lot from previous days Hydro. Eventually I got seen and 5 injections later I had a tooth removed.
(I have a lot due to #EhlersDanlosSyndrome which means anaesthetic runs out fast, or it doesn't work. EDS also ruins all my joints, my bones, my teeth, cartilage everywhere!!) Not just a hip issue. It went as well as it could. And considering hip had been beasted the day before, then forced into a sitting position passed 90degrees it felt OK??
Its now Wednesday night, and I've rested my obviously sore achy face, but I've managed to complete land Physio at home, and its been hip wise totally OK. I'm starting to really feel it's worked.
Omg its 4 weeks, and the biggest changes are happening, I've progressed to one crutch outside now, had my LAST Clexane injection, and started my Hospital based Physio as well.
Once I had gone to one crutch inside the house, I was eager to do it outside, to be less cumbersome and lumbering. And the gamble paid off, I did ensure I felt no pain or stiffness first though. Reading my body and its signals. This had a impact on my mentality, I felt a lot more independent, and less 'sick'.
We went to #Barmouth to celebrate 150th Anniversary, it was a spur of the moment trip. Set off at 1.30pm and arrived at 4pm, once there we walked the beach (me already on a beach, surprisingly OK even though only 3 and a bit weeks post op) and with 1 crutch too.
This trip tested me beyond anything I could of imagined, the crowds were bigger than I thought they would be, queues were enormous!! So lots of standing, trying out this hip, and it coped. Yes painkillers were needed, but less than pre-op, and all the aches and pains were worth it. I took 2 full days to recover, a lot of hot water bottles and rest. But I was happy as Larry I'd done it.
And so onwards to more Physio and Hydro that's coming up in the next few weeks, in fact Hydro is on Monday afternoon. Exciting times…..
Glossybox arrived and I'm a…… #Mermaid just the box I wanted too. I'd really wanted a Meemaid one, as my username everywhere is Sirenmoonbee, so mermaids are my thing!! Plus I'd seen inside the #Unicorn ones. So imagine my surprise, and disappointment that my #Mermaid box were exactly the same!!
Would of been nice two completely different boxes. Only difference I could see was the quote inside the box, and the box colouring and tissue paper. Though the #Unicorns for a sticker/bookmark thingie that us Sirens didn't.
Along with the boxes they created jumpers saying unicorn or Mermaid, and though they were embroidered, they were so over priced £29.99 for a simple fruit of the loom Grey Marl jumper with a word in it. Not only is grey marl used for prisoners in the uk, it just looks cheap, and I'm 41year old woman, not a ganster teen. And for customers loyal to glossy they should be getting deals not ripped off. I couldn't see how it cost or is worth £29.99 but that's just my opinion.
What was in the box was good though, and I knew I'd personally got my monies worth as I'd be using 90% of it myself. I actually eye rolled so hard over the #LordAndBerry Brow Pencil which isn't FULL Size. But I stand corrected, I ended up using it immediately. It's a marbled eyebrow pencil giving the brow multi tonal coverage, looking a lot more natural. So even though I'm generally over lord and berry being in EVERY box, it turned out good this time.
#Kawaii Brush Cleaner, it's one of those half achy shapes, you stick on your fingers and use soap and clean brushes. I think it's great, I will use it. But I'd never buy one at £7.99!! Bet I could find similar cheaper, but no matter least I have one now.
#Sleek the only product I won't be using. I don't use blusher anyways, but this shade is shocking. Think Aunt Sally from Worzel Gummage. Why would anyone chose this shade? *side note* some even got Red. That blows my mind. Besides the colour, I personally don't like the feel, texture of it. But it is clever going from cream to powdery. I could see a lot of people loving it.
#Bang a brand I've never heard of, but it feels luxurious in the hand, it's weighty but small. Gorgeous silver lid, glass dish. It a powerful product, light pinky gold, for highlight, blusher, lips or eyes. Better yet Cruelty Free.
Last but not least #MakeUpRevolution Palette, Unicorns Vs Mermaids and it's totally suitable for this box. Crazy colours for myself, but maybe it's time I lived a little? It's a £4 palette and as I have lots of make up revolution already I knew it would be reasonable at building up, blending out and giving colour popping shades. I wasn't disappointed.
Overall I loved the box, but I felt it could of been more fun for two completely different boxes. And instead of grey marl prison jumpers, maybe nice black and white t-shirts instead.
How is it three weeks already? Thankfully it's going by pretty quickly and each day I'm getting stronger and more able. Downside means I can help family more, especially when I use the perch in the kitchen. So no more time off as a housewife and mum. Not that I've had much time off really, as from day one it's been all about physio, which honestly truly takes most of the day, and all of your energies!!
As you can see above, the scars are fantastic, super tiny and clean, easy to disguise if you wanted too. Not too deep or wide. Really amazed they can do so much epic work inside and leave such tiny marks outwardly.
This week I've managed to go pillow shopping, which changed all comfort on bed, real game changer!! And my new bed really helps as well. It's the perfect height and firmness too. Hips never been so looked after. So back to shopping, I took 2 crutches while outside, and I'm so glad I did. As good as I can mobilise and I can, I soon wear out, and feel weak, with horrendous back pain. So shopping wasn't a long affair, just enough to get things done, and back home to crash out all night as a recovery.
Another thing that's new this week, is medication. Tormented by co-codamol and crippling belly ache, I've swapped it for Ibuprofen 400mg instead. 1 three times a day. Not as effective, but it's nice to be free of stomach ache. So I'd say I was coping, it's not perfect, and it doesn't take everything away, but it helps.
Physio has gotten more intense, probably subconsciously I'm holding longer, or stretch is more thorough, as I'm still on basics, but I can feel a difference. Still hate tummy time though. And now I've introduced some light weights for upper body.
Just doing gentle light weighted chair exercises, so there's no pressure or stress put into the hips, it's all to increase my heart rate and to lubricate joints, as crutches are hellish on shoulders, hands.
And finally my success this week, I've successfully gone down to one crutch around the house, making moving much easier, and more effective. Not quite brave enough to do it outside yet, but it's progress.
Only pains I feel so far, are constant back ache, this is awful daily so I need to keep an eye on it. Knee pain still but it could be from the torn mcl done in May. And occasionally hip aches like a dull ache, I'm thinking it's more muscular though. Only twice have I felt that awful groin pain, both times I'd clearly done too much!! So I'm hoping I learn not to push too far to awaken that pain again.
So there you have it, so far I'm immensely pleased I went ahead with this surgery.
Two weeks post op, well technically its 16 days as I write this, on my lazy Saturday morning. I say lazy Saturday, but while recovering pretty much every day is exhausting and gruelling with Physio. I'd read, researched and compiled exercises from various sources. But after twice feeling a sharp groin pain, I've decided to stop. Not stop Physio all together, just do the important ones.
As I haven't come this far to undo it all now, and with no official Physio guidance until 20th October, I'll have to seriously learn how to take a backseat. Which is immensely difficult for me, I much prefer the proactive approach.
Glute squeezes is the first exercise, and pushing knee into a flat surface and holding is the second. Both basic exercises designed to awaken muscles and ensure they don't waste away. Ideally do these every few hours, around 10 reps but always build up to 10, not to start at 10.
My worst exercise is Tummy Time or Prone Lying down, you lay on your tummy flat for now, but it's a long exercise, Hospital want you to manage 2 hours a day, broken into 30mins x 4 sessions.
Another one I don't like really. The sensation is odd feeling, and I tense up when it should be totally relaxed. You will need some help achieving this exercise. Rotation of the hip while your assistant holds the knee and stabilizes it.
Not included on my exercise sheet but told to do it by physiotherapist the day after surgery is the Hip Abduction while lying down, so not as much pressure goes through the leg. Simple but very effective.
So that's what I've been up to everyday since surgery. I tried some other exercises but they aggrivate the groin and I'm no longer doing them, at least nor until I speak to a professional. Here they are below.
So that's it, that's my recovery so far. Not the most exciting. Although I did have a wonderful evening in the middle of this week. You can read that in my previous post. I was invited to a blogger event. Very spoilt, had a wonderful time, and I forgot my woes for a few hours. Side note its took a couple of days to settle hip down from that outing, but totally worth it too. I'm also over my #Clexane as they bloody hurt!! Oh well 15 down 13 to go…..
I've just had one of the best salon experiences I've ever had last night. I was offered to experience the salon, and drinks and canopies as a blogger, to see inside the workings of this salon with a difference, and write about it.
So here I am writing about this beautiful, modern and sleek salon. You'd be forgiven for thinking you'd stepped into a spa rather than salon. The decor is crisp, clean and elegant, and instantly welcoming. Situated in a Home of the Country village, a far cry from the hussle and bustle of high streets. The calmness and wellness of spa like settings, means you can unwind, relax and enjoy the experience. Which is exactly what I did.
The staff were lovely, they had the added challenge that I'm on crutches, and not just from my recent surgery, but I have mobility issues anyway. And from this prospective, I was wholly impressed with the adaptability of the staff, the accessibility of the salon, and how I wasn't a problem. As a person that uses walking aids, I see the lack of compassion, or even the desire to assist almost on a daily basis. So when I say I was treated like a human, like a normal person, know that this isn't a natural occurrence.
First off was a tour, I was offered to choice to proceed due to said crutches, offered assistance and they went at my pace (rather than race ahead and make me feel like a burden) we went into the colour developing balcony. Where the colour clients can sit, have unlimited soft drinks, hot drinks from their fridge, or coffee machine, the area is peaceful, and away from prying eyes, and gives you a true area of relaxation while the colour takes. This is not other salons where everyone man and his dog can see you. This already impressed me.
Then down the stairs, across to find some others stairs to even more upper space. I honestly thought we'd seen it all. Clearly this building is a tardis, as there is an incredible amount of space.
Following the tour, we separated and got to try out different treatments, and I began with the most exciting for myself, a hair tutorial updo. Something I really needed in my life, as lately I've felt drab, dated and uninspired. Its no wonder really, as I'm often in hospital, or recovering or doing Physio. Nothing about those things say glamorous hair style. So I'd definitely say I was stuck in a rut. Laura Jayne immediately put me at ease, we discussed expectation, desires and achievability for me. We soon married up ideas and it was nice to be heard, as well as giving their well formed knowledge. And a glorious curl tutorial with straighteners was given, I had opportunities to have a go, while also having it done too. The conservation was free flowing and easy. The staff are very attentive, thus giving the boutique expensive spa feel but being an actually affordable experience.
Once I'd mastered my tutorial enough it was time to switch places and go and find Anthony John himself, and have a colour consultation. I'm no stranger to colour, but I'm usually purple and I do it at home, so this part was a real education for me, understanding skin tones, eye colour and marrying them up, with your desired colour choice, I discovered I'd already been subconsciously choosing cool toned colours and I was delighted to find out that I was right in that choice. The whole chat was relaxed, informal and really useful, it explained my pull towards certain colours and not knowing why.
Once this consultation had finished, I felt more confident about my hair's its condition from my own at home processing and I was encouraged to further this knowledge about my hair, by going under their unique Kèrastase camera that can magnify your scalp by 200 times, bit freaky and scary. Do I really want to know? And incredibly magnify your hair by 600 times. To really get to grips of what's going on, notifying areas that need extra TLC, or potential up coming conditions. So I braved it with Troy, who guided me through the process, explaining the findings in easy to understand terms, I have an oilier scalp than I used too, so this could be medication, previous surgery or even seasonal. So a prescription of products were discussed and I got some samples that Emma prepared for me. I also saw that even though the hair had been previously bleached harshly, dyed purple then brown at a later date, the cuticles of the hair were calm and smooth, though some were sensitive. So much better than I ever imagined.
After all this pampering the evening was over, but the treats didn't stop there!! Not only had we been treated, and taught valuable information. We were also give goodie bags along with prescription samples. How spoilt are we?? I had a really wonderful time, I was nervous and anxious as I've had a few salon experiences that put me off salons as a whole. And now I'm a convert, but not back to a high street one, this is much more my cup if tea.
Here's my fabulous goodies that I got to take home, some #KMS #AddVolume, #MoistRepair, #Mousse, #HairStay anti humidity Spray. As well as #Shampoo and #Conditioner along with my #Kèrastase specific to my hair condition treatments.


The Legislative Council has referred an inquiry into the Commercial Passenger Vehicle Industry Act 2017 Compensation Scheme. The Committee membership has not yet been appointed by the Council and the inquiry cannot commence until the members are appointed. When this happens and the Committee meets, the inquiry can commence and calls for submissions can be advertised. Until this time, enquiries can be directed to the Committee's Secretary, Mr Patrick O'Brien, at eic.council@parliament.vic.gov.au or on 8682 2881.


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Isifiya and Daliat El Carmel
The Druze village of Isfiya is located on the top of the Carmel Mountain commanding a panoramic view of the surrounding green hills. The village has a rich tradition of openness, hospitality, and warmth that is characteristic of the Druze community.
The Druze village of Isfiya is located on the top of the Carmel Mountain commanding a panoramic view of the surrounding green hills. The village has a rich tradition of openness, hospitality, and warmth that is characteristic of the Druze community. Its special location and rich ethnic tradition and culture have proved especially attractive for travelers and tourists.
Isfiya was first established during the 17th and 18th century by Druze from the mountains of Lebanon. They were later joined by several Egyptian families, and in 2003 the village was merged with the neighboring Druze village of Daliat El Carmel. The two unified villages are known today as Ir Carmel.
The village has opened itself to tourists, while at the same time preserving its traditional Druze life style. The Druze are well-known for their warm hospitality and receive guests with smiling enthusiasm. The Isfiya residents are no exception, and welcome visitors into their homes, where they can get a close glimpse of Druze religious customs and traditions.
Visitors can walk through the narrow streets of the village and wander through the picturesque alleyways on their own, but it is recommended to go with a guide, who will add to your visit by showing you around and telling you interesting stories about the community. In the center of the village are several old buildings built in the style characteristic of northern Israel and southern Lebanon. There is also an olive press in the impressive ancient quarter where visitors can learn about the process of making olive oil and make oil candles.
The main street of the village has a lively bazaar filled with a variety of colorful shops. Nearby restaurants serve guests spicy ethnic foods. The colorful market is filled with visitors on Shabbat and is a noisy, festive place filled with exotic aromas and colors.
Visitors who wish to learn about the Druze culture from close up can lodge in an authentic Druze home or in guesthouses run by the local residents. Guests can enjoy traditional foods, listen to stories, and watch special performances of traditional music, song and dance. Those who would like to have a religious experience can visit the Druze house of prayer, the mosque, or in the Catholic-Maronite Church.
The western entrance to Isfiya has a beautiful promenade overlooking the view. Isfiya is a good departure point for nature walks in the Carmel Mountains nearby.
Daliyat el-Carmel is a colorful village that offers wonderful hospitality with a smile and is also very interesting. Daliyat el-Carmel was founded in the 17th century by Druze from Mt. Lebanon.
Daliyat el-Carmel's colorful market, open on Saturdays, is only an excuse to come to this special place. On the main street dozens of stores offer their varied wares and one can get lost in the abundance and variety. Between the stores are many restaurants serving genuine Druze ethnic foods, bakeries that fill the air with the sweet smell of baklava pastries. Other food stands sell high quality olive oil, olives, pita bread and locally produced labaneh cheese. The flurry of activity, the colors, the new beside the old, and the village bustling with people are a multi-sensational experience not to be missed. The market also has a few galleries where cultural evenings can be held, alongside the Druze hospitality.
Apart from Daliyat el-Carmel's main street, with its tourist center, on 22nd Street there is the house of Sir Laurence Oliphant, an Englishman who loved the Holy Land and moved here in 1880 to help the Jews during the period of the First Aliya wave of immigration. Today his house serves as a military memorial to village residents who served in the Israel Defense Forces and gave their lives for their country. The front courtyard of the house is a plaza that overlooks the slopes of the Carmel hills.
The Druze heritage house is on 8th Street and houses an exhibit about the Druze lifestyle. One can also just wander around the village to no specific place; walk through the narrow passageways that wind their way between old houses, prayer halls and holy sites, beside olive oil presses, textile workshops and art galleries.
In recent years the villagers have begun hosting groups in their homes, and such a visit offers a glimpse of their houses, culture and tradition. The local residents offer tourists and genuine ethnic foods, wear their traditional clothes, tell stories about the Druze heritage and there are even guest houses designed with an authentic Druze décor.
This review is republished courtesy of The Ministry of Tourism (www.goisrael.com).


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Q: Optimize for Max Degree of Parallelizm in Azure Data Lake What are the guidelines, or where can we find guidelines for designing a system for optimal parallelism.   I understand that the data is split out across the individual nodes and optimized to do so.
The data that I have in files currently has multiple customer, sites, products and users in it.   I need to aggregate by customer, site, product which means that subsets of that data can be easily calculated in individual nodes and the brought back to a single node for output at the end of processing.
However I am not seeing that level of parallelism in the job graph.  It is showing MDOP but not in a way that seems optimal.  I have 4 different calculations that are done independently on customer, site, product.  It is paralleling the 4 calculations, but doing it on the entire dataset.  When in reality it should be able to fan it out where say 10 nodes get a 1 customer each, then each of those nodes could fan its calculations out to 4 more nodes.  (note numbers here simply for example, scale of data is much larger).
How do I optimize either layout of files or logic of U-SQL to encourage more MDOP?

A: Is your data coming from unstructured files or U-SQL tables? How much data are you processing (you need more than 250MB in a non-partitioned file to get parallelism).
If the data comes from files, you may be able to partition the files and use file sets and ROWCOUNT hints to get better parallelism.
If the data is stored in U-SQL tables, you can use the table partitioning and column clustering to influence the parallelization.
Also, at what level do you look at the parallelization? Note that the job graph will show you super vertexes (SV) that just show the group of vertices that do the same job. Each vertex within (if there is enough data) will execute in parallel on a slice of data. And - if possible - will be passed to other vertexes with minimal shuffling.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The 5 Best 80s Danny DeVito Movies
If you're looking for a great comedy movie, look no further than Danny DeVito movies from the 1980s. Danny DeVito is a comedy legend, and he is one of the most recognizable actors in Hollywood. Standing at a whopping 4'9, Danny has made a living playing characters that are often seen as comical or strange. With such classics as "The War of the Roses," "Batman Returns," and "Twins," it can be hard to narrow down which movies were his best from the 1980s. But we've done our research and narrowed it down for you.
1) Ruthless People (1986)
Directed by Jim Abrahams, David Zucker, and Jerry Zucker, Ruthless People tells the story of a married couple who are taken hostage by a man seeking revenge against them. Danny stars as the husband, who is forced to use his wit and intelligence to save himself, his wife, and his business. This movie is full of hilarious one-liners and features a stellar cast, with actors like Bette Midler and Judge Reinhold.
2) Tin Men (1987)
This "coming of age" story takes place in 1963 Baltimore when aluminum-siding was just becoming popular. Danny DeVito plays an aging salesman who clashes with the young upstart played by Richard Dreyfuss. The two men battle it out for the same customers, using their own unique tactics to try and win them over. This movie is full of humor and heart and is a must-watch for any fan of Danny DeVito.
3) Throw Momma from the Train (1987)
This dark comedy tells the story of a man who hatches a plan to get rid of his mother by convincing her ex-husband to throw her off a train. Danny stars as the man, alongside actors like Billy Crystal and Anne Ramsey. Danny's character is a loud and pushy Jewish man who goes to great lengths to try and convince the other characters in the movie to carry out his plan.
This movie is full of hilarious moments and is an excellent choice if you're looking for something both funny and twisted.
4) Twins (1988)
This classic comedy stars Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny DeVito as twin brothers separated at birth. When they finally meet each other, they discover that they have a lot in common – including a talent for causing chaos. This movie is full of laugh-out-loud moments and is a must-watch for any fan of 80s comedies.
Directed by Ivan Reitman, Twins is a brilliant movie that helped pave the way for future comedic hits starring multiple lead actors.
5) War of the Roses (1989)
Directed by Danny DeVito himself, War of the Roses tells a twisted love story between a man and a woman who can't stop fighting with each other. Danny stars as a divorce attorney who uncovers the truth about his clients' rocky relationship and tries to use it for personal gains. His clients battle it out for custody of their children, creating hilarious antics along the way. This movie is full of drama and comedy, making it a perfect choice if you're looking to switch up your typical rom-com viewing game plan.
This movie is full of hilarious moments and features an all-star cast, with actors like Michael Douglas, Kathleen Turner, and Danny Devito's future wife at that time, Rhea Perlman.
This Hollywood classic is one of the best Danny DeVito movies to have come out of the 1980s. If you haven't seen it yet, be sure to check it out! You won't be disappointed.
« The 5 Best 80s Sci Fi Movies
The 5 Best 80s Steve Martin Movies »


As you journey with Wycliffe through John Wycliffe: The Morning Star you will gain a new thankfulness for and joy in the book that you can now hold in your hands. We will instruct you how to proceed. To learn more about the LaymansBookstore. Will I be able to track my package? We will ship your package through the United States Postal Service. Wycliffe found himself in the middle of religious, political and social conflicts. Even when they threw his ashes in a river, the ideas he preached continued to spread. Despite their attempts to destroy Wycliffe's mark on the world, the Church couldn't get rid of him.
You have a choice to pick up a Bible, open an app, or click on the internet and read God's message to you. Our founder, Dr Enis Sakirgil is from the city of Antioch, which is mentioned in the Books of Acts, has a profound love for supporting and seeing the Gospel proclaimed to many nations! John Wycliffe found himself in the middle of religious, political and social conflicts. All links are located at the bottom of our pages. He was uncompromising in his belief that the true authority of the land was not the Monarchy nor the Church, but God alone. So the pearl of the gospel is scattered and trodden underfoot by swine. He Preached That the Only True Authority is the Word of God John Wycliffe taught that God's forgiveness cannot be bought with indulgences. Note: We are now partnering with Vision Video for Film sales.
He preached that the only true authority is the Word of God, and the Word could only be understood by all if the people could read it in their native tongue. John Wycliffe taught that God's forgiveness cannot be bought with indulgences. An Oxford scholar, one of Europe's most renowned philosophers, John Wycliffe was a defender of English nationalism against the power of the pope and a champion of the poor against the injustices of the rich. The ideas he presented, and the translation he labored over would rock the boat of the medieval church forever. Our goal is your satisfaction.
They viewed the Bible as its own property and believed they, as the leaders of the church, were the only ones capable of understanding the Word of God. For it was not a battle over land or men, it was a battle over words. A world where the Bible is written only in a foreign tongue and even if you had a Bible you couldn't read and understand? A portion of any purchases made on the Vision Video site after clicking through from our Site will go to the support of the cost of creating and maintaining this website. I cannot understand why Hollywood has not produced epic films about the lives of the English Reformers. Some Bible verses that you will find helpful for doing this, and that you may want to commit to memory are found on other pages on our web site see: , , and. It was sort of a Protestant 200 years before there were Protestants! Franciscan type of Order for Evangelism.
They needed to rely on the words of God, rather than the words of the papacy which he believed to be corrupt to find truth and guidance. Simply being ahead of college and rectory is not enough to inflame the anger of the Church, however, and it was Wycliffe's scholarly pursuits and writing which would lead the Church to such drastic measures following his death. John Wycliffe's story, however, began long before the Church leaders, desperate to erase his name from their past, dug up his remains, burned them, and threw them into the river. Customers in the United Kingdom, please visit www. We would be thrilled if you stay in touch! So, with the help of his friend John Purvey, Wycliffe began translating God's word from Latin into English. The Battle For The Bible A collection of historical records, the Law, poetry, prophecy, the gospel, the most influential book in history, God's love letter to us- the Bible. The list contains related movies ordered by similarity.
His story is one of perseverance in the face of persecution, of strength in the face of opposition, of joy in the face of hardship. How can I get free shipping? John Wycliffe: The Morning Star is not rated and may include violence and issues not suitable for young children. The 14th century, Oxford University scholar often found himself caught between opposing theological, political and societal forces: He defended England's autonomy against the pontiff's authority and championed the indigent against the wealthy's abuses. Your order will be shipped from our warehouse in Mora, Minnesota within 1 business day M-F. An Oxford scholar, one of Europe's most renowned philosophers, he was a defender of English nationalism against the power of the Pope, and a champion of the poor against the injustices of the rich. An Oxford scholar, one of Europe's most renowned philosophers, John Wycliffe was a defender of English nationalism against the power of the pope and a champion of the poor against the injustices of the rich. Packages shipped with Priority Mail are insured.
The ensuing battle between Wycliffe and the Church is a story of one man against many, and as you watch John Wycliffe: The Morning Star, you will begin to realize the importance of the fight. Who was John Wycliffe that we now remember him? This was the collection of words that would drive Wycliffe's life. This will take you to the Film offer on the Vision Video Site. When will I get my order? The matching attributes are highlighted in bold. Where the only knowledge you have of your creator is what you are told? Wycliffe, a scholar at the university of Oxford, begins to find evidence in his studies of scripture that challenges the authority of the Catholic church, and is especially disturbed by the excess and lavish living of those high within pontiff's circle.
Watch John Wycliffe: The Morning Star on Netflix Today!
Just call 918-481-9999 ext : 1 or email us. We have been in business since 2004. The Church regarded the translation of the Bible into the common tongue and its availability to the people as the greatest heresy of all. John Wycliffe preached that the only true authority is the Word of God, and the Word could only be understood by all if the people could read it in their native tongue. If you believe there is a claim of some sort that we have not investigated to ensure such infringement has not taken place please.
. Without Wycliffe, Luther's ninety-five theses may never have been nailed with bold strokes into that thick door of the Wittenburg church. In the case of Wycliff, it did not cost him his life, but it came close several times. One of the goals is for LaymansBookstore. It is safe to bet, that in our world today you can access and read God's word within mere minutes, if not seconds. This lower-budget, but still outstanding portrayal of Wycliff is worth a careful watch to get acquainted with his life and work and his stand for Christ and the Bible, during an age of corruption. Our policy is to treat overseas orders on a case-by-case basis.


Golden Auctions had auctioned off some amazing rare pieces including a handwritten sexually explicit letter with a final auction price realizing $34,300 as well as contracts including his first contract with Digital Underground. A key piece in their auction however was his signed and handwritten essay "Is Thug Life Dead?" which came from former Death Row employee Nina Bhadreshwar. That hammered down at a whopping $173,000.
Back in May Tupac's 1996 H1 Hummer hit auction and ended at a final price of $337,145. Moments In Time decided to add to the excitement by offering the car that Tupac was fatally shot in. The 1996 BMW 750iL has more than 98,000 miles on the odometer however carries the asking price of $1.5 million. Shakur was shot on September 7, 1996 as he rode along side Suge Knight, co-Founder of Death Row Records. He died six days later in a Las Vegas Hospital.
Other notable events these past months included the crew of N.W.A. being inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Dr. Dre, Ice Cube, ,MC Ren, ,and DJ Yella were all out and about in NY last year together and all were willing signers so collectors, dealers, and fans alike were all treated to rare complete signed items with the exception of course of the deceased member Eazy-E.


Rekindle old friendships and reminisce with fellow alumni and students.
Introduce, give advice, employ and offer to act as a mentor to a current student or young graduate.
Leverage  your  professional network. Introduce yourself to U of T Engineering graduates and students.
Gain professional leads and connections through U of T Engineering's global online community.


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Cervical Cancer Symptoms
Home INTRODUCTION HOW CANCER DEVELOPS Safety Systems Fail Proto-Oncogenes Become Oncogenes Tumor Suppressor Genes Stop Working Cell Cycle Clock Malfunctions Cells Achieve Immortality Cells Break Free and Spread Tumor Forms Tumors Spread CAUSES OF CANCER Carcinogens Tobacco Smoke Diet Pathogens Radiation Environmental and Occupational Chemicals Hereditary Factors Steroid Hormones Population Demographics TYPES OF CANCER Prostate Cancer Breast Cancer Lung Cancer Colorectal Cancer Lymphoma Bladder Cancer Uterine Cancer Skin Cancer Kidney Cancer Leukemia Pancreatic Cancer Ovarian Cancer Stomach Cancer Bone Cancer Cervical Cancer Blood Cancer DIAGNOSIS Detection Staging TREATMENT Surgery Radiation Therapy Chemotherapy Hormone Therapy Immunotherapy PREVENTION Lifestyle Changes Screening and Early Detection CANCER RESEARCH Clinical Trials Basic Research TROPIC OF CANCER Polyp (Tumor) Ketoconazole Home
Early Symptoms Of Cervical Cancer - Hpv Cervical Cancer
Cervical Cancer, malignancy in the cervix, the narrow opening at the lower end of the female uterus, or womb, that leads into the vagina. The disease accounts for about 6 percent of all cancers in women and commonly affects women between the ages of 40 and 55. About 12,800 cases of cervical cancer are discovered annually in the United States, and about 4,600 women die each year from the disease, according to the American Cancer Society. The Canadian Cancer Society estimates that each year 1,400 Canadian women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 420 die from the disease.
An abnormally rapid growth of cells in the cervical epithelium, the outermost layer of cells, indicates a precancerous state. This condition often corrects itself, and the tissue returns to normal. But in some cases, cancerous cells take over most or all of the epithelium, creating a condition known as cancer in situ. If cancerous cells penetrate to deeper cell layers of the cervix, they are capable of spreading to other tissues and organs in the body, a malignancy called invasive cervical cancer. The rate of invasive cervical cancer has declined steadily in recent decades, although the incidence of cancer in situ has increased. Early detection and improved treatment may be largely responsible for the change. An increase in the number of hysterectomies (removal of the uterus and cervix) performed in older women may also be a factor.
Early Symptoms Of Cervical Cancer
In its early stages, the presence of cervical cancer may not create any noticeable symptoms. As the cancer progresses, the woman may experience a watery vaginal discharge and painless bleeding. Over time, the bleeding becomes heavier and more frequent, and pain becomes noticeable in the lower abdomen or back.
The best tool for diagnosing cervical cancer is the Pap smear, named after its developer George N. Papanicolaou. In this simple test, cells are removed from the cervical epithelium with a cotton swab or wooden scraper and examined under a microscope for precancerous cell changes and signs of malignancy.
If the Pap smear reveals epithelial abnormalities, a physician will recommend that the woman undergo a colposcopy. In this procedure, which may be performed in a physician�s office, a microscope-like instrument called a colposcope is used to provide the physician with a magnified view of the vaginal and cervical surfaces. If any abnormal or suspect tissues are noted, biopsy samples are removed using small forceps. If these samples reveal cancerous or precancerous lesions when examined under a microscope, a more extensive biopsy called a cone biopsy may be performed under general anesthesia for a definitive diagnosis.
Annual Pap smears are recommended for most women, beginning soon after they become sexually active. Women who have normal, consecutive Pap smears each year and are at low risk for cervical cancer, such as women who have had hysterectomies or are not sexually active, may decide with their health care providers to have Pap smears at two- or three-year intervals.
Unfortunately, a significant number of women, particularly women of low socioeconomic status and women over the age of 60, do not have regular Pap smears. One study reported that of 481 women diagnosed with advanced cervical cancer, more than 28 percent had never had a Pap smear; almost 33 percent had not had one for at least five years prior to detection; and 15 percent did not return for proper follow-up care after an abnormal or inconclusive test.
Gynecologists use a Pap test to detect abnormalities in cervical cells, which may signal cancer. Cells are scraped from the cervix, then spread on slides and studied with a microscope. Healthy cervical cells (left) are fairly uniform in size and shape, while diseased cervical cells (right) are irregular and disfigured.
Cervical cancer has been compared to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) because it is closely linked to certain types of human papilloma virus (HPV) spread by sexual intercourse. Up to 97 percent of women with cervical cancers are infected with HPV. Studies indicate that women who have intercourse at an early age, who have multiple sexual partners, or whose male partners have multiple sexual partners, are at particular risk. One study found that women are 5 to 11 times more likely to develop cervical cancer if their male partners frequent prostitutes or have numerous sexual partners. (Hpv cervical cancer)
Usually the body�s immune system fights HPV so successfully that the tissue returns to normal within 6 to 18 months. New exposures to HPV mean new infections, and the greater the number of exposures, the greater the risk of cancer. The correct use of condoms during intercourse lowers the risk of spreading HPV. (Hpv cervical cancer)
Some women may be genetically predisposed to cervical cancer. A 1999 study reviewed the health records of 127,000 relatives of 75,500 women with cervical cancer, tracking mothers and daughters and differentiating between biological and adoptive relatives. The study found a risk for cervical cancer among women in a family. The study also indicated that women are at risk for cervical cancer at a younger age if their mother or a sister had the disease.
Surgery may be used to remove tissues showing precancerous changes and cancers in situ. Cryotherapy, which uses extreme cold to destroy tissues, and electrocoagulation, which uses heat to remove tissue, may also be used. Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy (anticancer drugs), or a combination of techniques are used to treat invasive cervical cancer. The treatment of choice depends on the size of the tumor and the stage of the disease. Until recently, doctors treated advanced cervical cancer with radiation only. In 1999, however, five new studies found that combining radiation with the drug cisplatin, marketed under the brand name Platinol, improves the chance of survival by up to 50 percent.
About one-third of all women who have invasive cervical cancer will experience a recurrence of the disease, usually within two years after initial treatment. It is therefore critical that women who have had cervical cancer be monitored at frequent intervals.
According to the American Cancer Society, about 90 percent of the women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer survive for at least one year after diagnosis. The five-year relative survival rate is about 70 percent. Women diagnosed with cervical cancer in situ have a five-year relative survival rate of about 90 percent. However, only about half of all cervical cancers are discovered at this stage. In general, survival rates are significantly lower for women of low socioeconomic status, probably because they are less likely to have access to health-care or screening programs that detect cervical cancer in its early stages.
Next: Blood Cancer
� auuuu.com 2008.


Photos and recipe courtesy of Celeste.
Great way to store those fresh herbs for later use. It's a nice enhancement to cooking as well. Put herbs in an ice tray, add olive oil and freeze.
Recipe first appeared on Facebook.com .


Money is messy. Money is emotional. Money is complicated. At Capital One, we share our experiences with each other at a live storytelling event called People + Money to better understand how money shapes our lives, outlooks, values and more. We're bringing three of our favorite stories to you to spark conversations about the universal, yet incredibly unique relationships we have to money, and how these perspectives can help us all live better lives.


iDrinkCoffee.com Club - Earn 3898 Reward Points Worth $3.89!
Began their journey in 1932, Australia-based Breville is highly admired worldwide for its innovative household products. The company launched its first espresso machine - ESP10 for domestic consumers in 2001. In 2004, the Breville launched ESP8XL in the United States and the company has been serving the coffee lovers with top-notch coffee since then.
The Crystal Clear has a large-capacity, cordless jug made of German SCHOTT glass. Its high power means faster boiling. Ease of mind matches ease of use -- everything touching your tea is BPA free; the wide, soft-opening lid prevents splashes and the safety auto shut-off prevents boil-off.


Modular design– consists of a heavy duty frame with removable (slide-in or slide-out) sides and centre sections for easy installation and maintenance.
Flexible– the bed length is 650mm, wich allows more flexibility with different loading zones. Multiple Slider Impact Beds can be installed consecutively.
Maintenance friendly– slider sections and design allow for easy access and quick replacement of worn impact beds.
Long lasting– the combination of Heavy Duty frames and High-Quality Low Friction Impact Beds transforms your impact zone into a low maintenance area.
Absorbs impact– our impact bars are designed with a top layer of UHMWPE – for smooth gliding of the conveyor belt. The middle layer is of rubber – to cushion the impact load, while the lower layer is for fastening impact pads onto the support frame.
Improved sealing– when skirting rubber is installed on top of the Impact Bed due to even support across its length.
Corrosion protection– the entire frame is electro-galvanised to provide corrosion protection throughout the lifespan of the Impact Bed.


The idea is for everyone to have a great time. This means NO losers! Your guests can "bet" all they want without fear of losing their shirt! The ONLY money alowed is CASINO FUN money, of which there is lots! There is no real gambling.
OK, but does it feel like being in a real casino?
Most definitely! We only use genuine casino grade tables, roulette wheels, slot machines and equipment that create the atmosphere. Add to this our Pit Bosses and Dealers that look the genuine article. They supply the fun and excitement for an unforgettable experience.
Where do we get the "money"?
Casino Fun provides all the "money" and tokens. The amount is agreed in advance with the host as well as the policy for additional "funds" for guests who run out early.
What about all the little details?
- How much space do we need?
- How many players per table?
- Do we need a theme?
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- Cash or open bar (or both)?
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Q: C++/CLR: command-line error only when compiling x86 I'm building a project that uses C++/CLI to wrap a C# dll. Everything works just fine when compiled in x64. Debug & release both work on x64.
When I switch to x86, however, I get the following error:

command-line error: cannot open metadata file "D:\path\to\CppWrapper\CsLibrary.dll"

...followed up with the list of "name must be a namespace" errors you would expect after a library link has failed.
I've been going around and around in the individual project settings to no success.

A: I eventually gave up and went through the csproj files one by one for every project in the solution to make sure all the build outputs were pointed the right way. I've managed to solve this issue and have moved on to the next issue.
Who would have thought switching from x64 to x86 would be such a mess?


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Die Fußball-Amateurliga Bremen 1956/57 war die achte Spielzeit der höchsten Amateurklasse des Bremer Fußball-Verbandes. Meister wurden die Amateure von Werder Bremen.

Abschlusstabelle

(M) Meister der Vorsaison
(N) Aufsteiger

Aufstieg und Deutsche Amateurmeisterschaft
Als Bremer Vertreter nahm der Bremer SV an der anschließenden Aufstiegsrunde zur Oberliga Nord teil, hatte aber dort keinen Erfolg.

Die Amateure von Werder Bremen nahmen an der Deutschen Amateurmeisterschaft 1957 teil und schieden durch eine 2:3-Niederlage gegen den BFC Alemannia 90 aus.

Literatur

Weblinks
 Amateurliga Bremen 1956/57 bei f-archiv.de

1956
Fußballsaison 1956/57

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Tags: guns | ammo | editor | fired
Guns & Ammo Editor Fired for Second Amendment Piece
By Melissa Clyne | Thursday, 07 November 2013 01:11 PM
Guns & Ammo magazine has apologized for running a column opining that regulating the Second Amendment is not an infringement on gun owners' rights.
"I thought it would generate a healthy exchange of ideas on gun rights," wrote contrite Jim Bequette, the magazine's editor. "I miscalculated, pure and simple. I was wrong, and I ask your forgiveness."
The publication has also fired the column's writer, Dick Metcalf, a long-time editor at the firearm enthusiast magazine, which enjoys a circulation of 416,224, according to Alliance for Audited Media.
Editor's Note: Should ObamaCare Be Defunded? Vote in Urgent National Poll
After the piece ran, Guns & Ammo came under fire from angry readers, besieging the magazine's Facebook page.
Readers and gun enthusiasts are now applauding the decision to can Metcalf.
Bequette bent over backward to assure readers of Guns & Ammo's unwavering support for unfettered firearm possession.
"Historically, our tradition in supporting the Second Amendment has been unflinching," he wrote. "No strings attached."
"In publishing Metcalf's column, I was untrue to that tradition, and for that I apologize. His views do not represent mine — nor, most important, Guns & Ammo's. It is very clear to me that they don't reflect the views of our readership either."
Metcalf took the position that regulation does not equate to an infringement to bear arms, arguing that all constitutional rights are rightly regulated.
"Freedom of speech is regulated," he wrote. "You cannot falsely and deliberately shout, 'Fire!' in a crowded theater. Freedom of religion is regulated. A church cannot practice human sacrifice."
To ensure responsible gun ownership, firearms training should not only be required, it is necessary, according to Metcalf. He questioned whether Second Amendment purists would find it acceptable for someone to drive a car on public roads without any training, testing, or license. To Metcalf, the two scenarios share the same basic principle.
"I firmly believe that all U.S. citizens have a right to keep and bear arms, but I do not believe they have a right to use them irresponsibly. And I do believe their fellow citizens, by the specific language of the Second Amendment, have an equal right to enact regulatory laws requiring them to undergo adequate training and preparation for the responsibility of bearing arms."
Obama Renews Push for Gun Control Legislation
'Tinker Tour' Seeks to Educate Students in Their First Amendment Rights
Guns Ammo magazine has apologized for running a column opining that regulating the Second Amendment is not an infringement on gun owners' rights.
guns,ammo,editor,fired
Thursday, 07 November 2013 01:11 PM


Pune, India - November 9, 2018 /MarketersMedia/ — The financial industry is witnessing rapid technological changes, deployment of mobile applications being one of them. As people are increasingly becoming more aware of the importance of financial management, this is the right moment to launch a finance app for mobile phones. Creating the Best Finance App requires you to focus on technological expertise, market analysis, third-party collaborations, cost analysis, and customer experience.


text:
#import "RCTAppState.h"

#import "RCTAssert.h"
#import "RCTBridge.h"
#import "RCTEventDispatcher.h"

static NSString *RCTCurrentAppBackgroundState()
{
  static NSDictionary *states;
  static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
  dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
    states = @{
      @(UIApplicationStateActive): @"active",
      @(UIApplicationStateBackground): @"background",
      @(UIApplicationStateInactive): @"inactive"
    };
  });

  return states[@([[UIApplication sharedApplication] applicationState])] ?: @"unknown";
}

@implementation RCTAppState
{
  NSString *_lastKnownState;
}

@synthesize bridge = _bridge;

#pragma mark - Lifecycle

- (instancetype)init
{
  if ((self = [super init])) {

    _lastKnownState = RCTCurrentAppBackgroundState();

    for (NSString *name in @[UIApplicationDidBecomeActiveNotification,
                             UIApplicationDidEnterBackgroundNotification,
                             UIApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification]) {

      [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] addObserver:self
                                               selector:@selector(handleAppStateDidChange)
                                                   name:name
                                                 object:nil];
    }
  }
  return self;
}

- (void)dealloc
{
  [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] removeObserver:self];
}

#pragma mark - App Notification Methods

- (void)handleAppStateDidChange
{
  NSString *newState = RCTCurrentAppBackgroundState();
  if (![newState isEqualToString:_lastKnownState]) {
    _lastKnownState = newState;
    [_bridge.eventDispatcher sendDeviceEventWithName:@"appStateDidChange"
                                                body:@{@"app_state": _lastKnownState}];
  }
}

#pragma mark - Public API

/**
 * Get the current background/foreground state of the app
 */
- (void)getCurrentAppState:(RCTResponseSenderBlock)callback
                     error:(__unused RCTResponseSenderBlock)error
{
  RCT_EXPORT();

  callback(@[@{@"app_state": _lastKnownState}]);
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Riffelbildung bezeichnet das Entstehen wellenförmiger Vertiefungen im Fahrspiegel von Eisenbahn-Schienen. Die Ursachen sind vielgestaltig, besonders häufig kommen sie durch schleifende Abnutzung beim Bremsen und bei Kurvenfahrten von Zügen und durch Unregelmäßigkeiten der Räder zustande. Riffelbildungen werden durch Abschleifen mit einem speziellen Schienenschleifzug beseitigt. Die Riffel finden sich häufig auf kurvenreichen Streckenabschnitten.
Die eigentliche Ursache der Riffel ist im Zusammenhang zwischen Gleisgeometrie und der immer leicht schwingenden Bewegung der konischen Radsätze (Sinuslauf) auf den Schienenköpfen zu sehen. Diese an sich konstante Schwingung kann durch verschiedene Faktoren gestört werden und damit wird die Abnutzung des Schienenkopfs punktuell erhöht.
Auch bei Straßenbahnen tritt dieser Effekt auf. Das liegt zum Teil am Oberbau und an der Gleisgeometrie (alter) Straßenbahnstrecken, bei denen die Schienenköpfe beider Schienen nicht leicht nach innen geneigt sind.

Siehe auch
 Wellblechpiste, vergleichbares Phänomen im Straßenverkehr

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Bahnanlagentechnik


text:
'use strict';

const buildCountCommand = require('./collection_ops').buildCountCommand;
const formattedOrderClause = require('../utils').formattedOrderClause;
const handleCallback = require('../utils').handleCallback;
const MongoError = require('mongodb-core').MongoError;
const push = Array.prototype.push;

/**
 * Get the count of documents for this cursor.
 *
 * @method
 * @param {Cursor} cursor The Cursor instance on which to count.
 * @param {boolean} [applySkipLimit=true] Specifies whether the count command apply limit and skip settings should be applied on the cursor or in the provided options.
 * @param {object} [options] Optional settings. See Cursor.prototype.count for a list of options.
 * @param {Cursor~countResultCallback} [callback] The result callback.
 */
function count(cursor, applySkipLimit, opts, callback) {
  if (applySkipLimit) {
    if (typeof cursor.cursorSkip() === 'number') opts.skip = cursor.cursorSkip();
    if (typeof cursor.cursorLimit() === 'number') opts.limit = cursor.cursorLimit();
  }

  // Ensure we have the right read preference inheritance
  if (opts.readPreference) {
    cursor.setReadPreference(opts.readPreference);
  }

  if (
    typeof opts.maxTimeMS !== 'number' &&
    cursor.s.cmd &&
    typeof cursor.s.cmd.maxTimeMS === 'number'
  ) {
    opts.maxTimeMS = cursor.s.cmd.maxTimeMS;
  }

  let options = {};
  options.skip = opts.skip;
  options.limit = opts.limit;
  options.hint = opts.hint;
  options.maxTimeMS = opts.maxTimeMS;

  // Command
  const delimiter = cursor.s.ns.indexOf('.');
  options.collectionName = cursor.s.ns.substr(delimiter + 1);

  let command;
  try {
    command = buildCountCommand(cursor, cursor.s.cmd.query, options);
  } catch (err) {
    return callback(err);
  }

  // Set cursor server to the same as the topology
  cursor.server = cursor.topology.s.coreTopology;

  // Execute the command
  cursor.s.topology.command(
    `${cursor.s.ns.substr(0, delimiter)}.$cmd`,
    command,
    cursor.s.options,
    (err, result) => {
      callback(err, result ? result.result.n : null);
    }
  );
}

/**
 * Iterates over all the documents for this cursor. See Cursor.prototype.each for more information.
 *
 * @method
 * @deprecated
 * @param {Cursor} cursor The Cursor instance on which to run.
 * @param {Cursor~resultCallback} callback The result callback.
 */
function each(cursor, callback) {
  const Cursor = require('../cursor');

  if (!callback) throw MongoError.create({ message: 'callback is mandatory', driver: true });
  if (cursor.isNotified()) return;
  if (cursor.s.state === Cursor.CLOSED || cursor.isDead()) {
    return handleCallback(
      callback,
      MongoError.create({ message: 'Cursor is closed', driver: true })
    );
  }

  if (cursor.s.state === Cursor.INIT) cursor.s.state = Cursor.OPEN;

  // Define function to avoid global scope escape
  let fn = null;
  // Trampoline all the entries
  if (cursor.bufferedCount() > 0) {
    while ((fn = loop(cursor, callback))) fn(cursor, callback);
    each(cursor, callback);
  } else {
    cursor.next((err, item) => {
      if (err) return handleCallback(callback, err);
      if (item == null) {
        return cursor.close({ skipKillCursors: true }, () => handleCallback(callback, null, null));
      }

      if (handleCallback(callback, null, item) === false) return;
      each(cursor, callback);
    });
  }
}

/**
 * Check if there is any document still available in the cursor.
 *
 * @method
 * @param {Cursor} cursor The Cursor instance on which to run.
 * @param {Cursor~resultCallback} [callback] The result callback.
 */
function hasNext(cursor, callback) {
  const Cursor = require('../cursor');

  if (cursor.s.currentDoc) {
    return callback(null, true);
  }

  if (cursor.isNotified()) {
    return callback(null, false);
  }

  nextObject(cursor, (err, doc) => {
    if (err) return callback(err, null);
    if (cursor.s.state === Cursor.CLOSED || cursor.isDead()) return callback(null, false);
    if (!doc) return callback(null, false);
    cursor.s.currentDoc = doc;
    callback(null, true);
  });
}

// Trampoline emptying the number of retrieved items
// without incurring a nextTick operation
function loop(cursor, callback) {
  // No more items we are done
  if (cursor.bufferedCount() === 0) return;
  // Get the next document
  cursor._next(callback);
  // Loop
  return loop;
}

/**
 * Get the next available document from the cursor. Returns null if no more documents are available.
 *
 * @method
 * @param {Cursor} cursor The Cursor instance from which to get the next document.
 * @param {Cursor~resultCallback} [callback] The result callback.
 */
function next(cursor, callback) {
  // Return the currentDoc if someone called hasNext first
  if (cursor.s.currentDoc) {
    const doc = cursor.s.currentDoc;
    cursor.s.currentDoc = null;
    return callback(null, doc);
  }

  // Return the next object
  nextObject(cursor, callback);
}

// Get the next available document from the cursor, returns null if no more documents are available.
function nextObject(cursor, callback) {
  const Cursor = require('../cursor');

  if (cursor.s.state === Cursor.CLOSED || (cursor.isDead && cursor.isDead()))
    return handleCallback(
      callback,
      MongoError.create({ message: 'Cursor is closed', driver: true })
    );
  if (cursor.s.state === Cursor.INIT && cursor.s.cmd.sort) {
    try {
      cursor.s.cmd.sort = formattedOrderClause(cursor.s.cmd.sort);
    } catch (err) {
      return handleCallback(callback, err);
    }
  }

  // Get the next object
  cursor._next((err, doc) => {
    cursor.s.state = Cursor.OPEN;
    if (err) return handleCallback(callback, err);
    handleCallback(callback, null, doc);
  });
}

/**
 * Returns an array of documents. See Cursor.prototype.toArray for more information.
 *
 * @method
 * @param {Cursor} cursor The Cursor instance from which to get the next document.
 * @param {Cursor~toArrayResultCallback} [callback] The result callback.
 */
function toArray(cursor, callback) {
  const Cursor = require('../cursor');

  const items = [];

  // Reset cursor
  cursor.rewind();
  cursor.s.state = Cursor.INIT;

  // Fetch all the documents
  const fetchDocs = () => {
    cursor._next((err, doc) => {
      if (err) {
        return cursor._endSession
          ? cursor._endSession(() => handleCallback(callback, err))
          : handleCallback(callback, err);
      }
      if (doc == null) {
        return cursor.close({ skipKillCursors: true }, () => handleCallback(callback, null, items));
      }

      // Add doc to items
      items.push(doc);

      // Get all buffered objects
      if (cursor.bufferedCount() > 0) {
        let docs = cursor.readBufferedDocuments(cursor.bufferedCount());

        // Transform the doc if transform method added
        if (cursor.s.transforms && typeof cursor.s.transforms.doc === 'function') {
          docs = docs.map(cursor.s.transforms.doc);
        }

        push.apply(items, docs);
      }

      // Attempt a fetch
      fetchDocs();
    });
  };

  fetchDocs();
}

module.exports = { count, each, hasNext, next, toArray };


After weeks of heavenly weather followed by a beautiful Indian Summer, Autumn has taken its turn. Trees transform to their seasonal colours, leaves turning yellow, red and golden brown find themselves under our feet giving us so much pleasure. The cool and pleasant temperatures often tempt us to go out and walk ! A little insight into the activities of what can be done during the next few weekends in the forest !
The season has began ! France is filled with places abundant in mushrooms ! No matter where you are, either in Ile-de-France, Périgord, les Landes or in Alsace, more than 80 species of mushrooms are hidden in these forests ! And you can discover them ! Dress warmly with good waterproof shoes, arm yourselves with a small knife during your harvest, place the mushrooms in a wicker basket or natural fibre bag so they do not sweat as they would if contained in plastic.
If in the slightest doubt, show your pickings to a pharmacist or an expert before consuming them.
A family outing which will entertain beginners as much as the experienced mushroom gatherers !
The autumn is a photographers's delight. Nature offers a kaleidoscope of lively colour which can leave you in awe ! The ground is covered with hues that give such strength of character to the landscape which lies before us. The ideal opportunity to grasp all this in a photo during a beautiful autumn stroll ! By means of a smartphone, a camera or of a more professional device, enjoy photographing the various opportunities that Mother Nature has to offer. Foliage, trees, animals, everything is subject to the photo !
A stimulating activity for the children: the creation of their own nature album ! At the same time as being educational it can also make for a wonderful memory, organise an afternoon when your children can discover the the treasures of the forest ! In search of various types of leaves or flora at hand, the children will be amazed by the diversity ! Back home, dry the leaves and begin to compile an album. An activity over several days your children can develop their curiosity and possibly it may create vocations !


The first number is nitrogen (N). It makes green.
A high first number would be found in grass fertilizer. I have been known to goose my basil with nitrogen, because the big green leaves are what I want.
Nitrogen can be found in lots of stuff from the air we breathe, to the blood in our veins (blood meal), to the waste we produce (manure.) It's in plant material. So when you bag and toss your leaves or grass, you are losing nitrogen. It is the biggest fertilizer need of most plants and you will need a good bit of it to grow big, green, healthy plants and lawns.
Nitrogen run-off is the big, bad, boogieman of pollution, so don't pour on a tsunami of the stuff or apply a year's supply right before the hurricane.
The second number on your fertilizer package is Phosphorus (P). P makes a plant flower and grow roots. Flowers are vitally important if you want fruit! Fertilizers with big middle numbers go by names like Colorboost and Bloom Buster. Get the point?
Phosphorus is found in things like: rock phosphate and compost. It's kinda of hard to come by, but that's ok because the plant doesn't need a huge amount and again, run-off is bad.
The last number is Potassium (K). This makes for healthy strong stems and tissue development. It gives your bell peppers strong walls.
Potassium can be found in wood ash. I had a redneck neighbor in South Carolina who insisted on calling wood ash, "Pot ash." Nothing I said could persuade him to call it anything else. This guy owned half the town and was a multimillionaire. Bought his wife a red Jaguar for Valentines day one year.
It's not just a good story - "Pot ash" makes it easy to remember wood ash. Wood ash is a great source of K and the end result of your campfire. K is the end element in the fertilizer content analysis. You'll remember it now!
We use mostly organic solutions at our farm. Soil structure is really, really important and organic is the very best way to build it.
I'm a borderline vegetarian and most organic fertilizers (manure, fish emulsion, bone meal...) are made from exploiting animals. A lot of times dead animals. If you don't believe me, just take a whiff of blood meal. That's just gross and nasty.
Whatever was in the exploited animal (example - lead content in fish) just got spread on your veggies.
Manure contains bio-hazards. That is why they "sanitize" it, to negate the bio-hazard content.
It takes a ton of it - literally.
It smells nauseatingly bad. Sometimes for weeks. Even the vegetables sometimes stink. Hard to eat them raw that way.
Strangely, organic is not always the least harmful gardening method. Try killing squash bugs with organic pesticide. (YES! Organics use pesticide!) Try it 2-3 times a week all summer! When you are drenched in pyrethrin and go home without any squash - again - you might understand. Don't bother sending me hate mail from Michigan or Wisconsin or any other Northern state. I used to live there. Down here, We got BUGS!!


text:
Cyfrowa linia abonencka (od ang. digital subscriber line – DSL) – technologia cyfrowego szerokopasmowego dostępu do Internetu. Standardowa maksymalna prędkość odbierania danych waha się od 8 Mb/s do 52 Mb/s oraz od 1 Mb/s do 5 Mb/s dla prędkości wysyłania w zależności od stosowanej w danym kraju technologii DSL. Dla technologii ADSL prędkość wysyłania danych jest niższa od prędkości ich odbierania, natomiast prędkości te są symetryczne w technologii SDSL. Wynalazcą modemów DSL był Joseph W. Lechleitter, pracownik firmy Bellcore, który w latach osiemdziesiątych zademonstrował projekt budowy tych urządzeń.

Według szacunków firmy badawczej Point Topic pod koniec marca 2004 na całym świecie było 73,4 mln użytkowników dostępu do Internetu w technologii DSL – najwięcej w Niemczech (15 mln), Chinach (13,9 mln), Japonii (11 mln) i Stanach Zjednoczonych (10,5 mln). Według przeprowadzonego przez GUS badania wykorzystania technologii informacyjno-telekomunikacyjnych w gospodarstwach domowych i przez osoby prywatne w 2011 z szerokopasmowych połączeń internetowych w technologii DSL korzystało 3,4 mln gospodarstw domowych (27,3% wszystkich gospodarstw domowych w Polsce z przynajmniej jedną osobą w wieku 16–74 lata).

Historia
Początek techniki DSL datuje się na 1988, kiedy pracownicy firmy Bellcore opracowali metodę transmisji sygnału cyfrowego przez niewykorzystywane pasmo wyższych częstotliwości dostępne na zwykłej linii telefonicznej łączącej centralę telefoniczną z lokalem abonenta. Technologia DSL umożliwia wykorzystanie istniejących linii telefonicznych do komunikacji cyfrowej i przesyłanie sygnału cyfrowego parą przewodów miedzianych zwykłej linii telefonicznej bez zakłócania usług głosowych. Jednakże operatorzy miejscowych central telefonicznych ILEC (ang. Incumbent Local Exchange Carries) nie byli entuzjastycznie nastawieni do DSL, według nich nie było opłacalne instalowanie drugiej linii telefonicznej dla klientów, którzy preferowali połączenie wdzwaniane (ang. dial-up), a szerokopasmowe łącza stałyby się konkurencją istniejącej już ISDN. Sytuacja zmieniła się w późnych latach dziewięćdziesiątych, kiedy operatorzy sieci telewizji kablowych rozpoczęli kampanię marketingową na rzecz szerokopasmowego dostępu do Internetu. ILEC uświadamiając sobie, że większość klientów wybiera dostęp szerokopasmowy, pospieszyli z udostępnianiem technologii DSL.

DSL jest główną konkurencją dla modemów kablowych zapewniającą szybki dostęp do Internetu użytkownikom domowym w Europie oraz Ameryce Północnej. W standardzie ADSL możliwa jest transmisja danych z prędkością 8 Mb/s na odległość 2 km przy użyciu skrętki przewodów miedzianych. W przypadku dalszych odległości widać wyraźny spadek maksymalnej przepustowości. Najnowszy standard VDSL2 daje możliwość przesyłania strumienia danych z prędkością do 200 Mb/s, w zależności od odległości do multipleksera dostępowego cyfrowych linii abonenckich DSLAM (ang. DSL Access Multiplexer).

Działanie
Przyłącze lokalne publicznej komutowanej sieci telefonicznej (PSTN, ang. public switched telephone network) projektowane było dla komunikacji głosowej i sygnalizacji, w postaci najstarszych, podstawowych usług telefonicznych POTS (ang. plain old telephone service); pojęcie transmisji danych nie było wtedy znane. Z przyczyn ekonomicznych system telefoniczny przesyła sygnał mowy ograniczając zakres częstotliwości do przedziału pomiędzy 300 a 3400 Hz – taki zakres częstotliwości jest wystarczający do dobrego zrozumienia ludzkiej mowy. Usługi wykorzystujące modemy w sieci telefonicznej są ograniczone przepustowością kanału telefonicznego.

W lokalnych centralach telefonicznych mowa jest próbkowana z częstotliwością 8000 Hz, kodowana w formie 8-bitowego sygnału i przesyłana dalej w postaci strumienia danych 64 kb/s. Zgodnie z twierdzeniem o próbkowaniu pozwala to na przesyłanie sygnału o maksymalnej częstotliwości 4000 Hz. Ponieważ wyższe częstotliwości dźwięku nie niosą żadnych użytecznych informacji o mowie, więc nie są przepuszczane przez sieć telefoniczną (zostają odfiltrowane).

Przyłącze lokalne (miedziane) łączące centralę telefoniczną z większością abonentów jest zdolne do przesyłania częstotliwości wyższych niż wynoszący 3,4 kHz limit POTS. Limit ten może być wyższy w zależności od odległości i jakości przyłącza. Technologia DSL wykorzystuje to wyższe, nieużywane pasmo przyłącza poprzez tworzenie kanałów, o szerokości 4312,5 Hz każdy, zaczynających się pomiędzy 10 a 100 kHz, w zależności od konfiguracji systemu.
Przydział kanałów jest kontynuowany na wyższych i wyższych częstotliwościach (dla ADSL do 1,1 MHz) aż do czasu, gdy nowe kanały będą uznane za nienadające do użytku. Każdy kanał jest rozszerzony, aby nadawał się do użycia na więcej niż tylko jednej trasie, jak jest to w przypadku połączeń POTS. Więcej nadających się do użytku kanałów przyrównuje się do większego dostępnego pasma, dlatego ważnymi czynnikami są odległość i jakość linii. Pula nadających się do użycia kanałów jest rozdzielana na dwie grupy strumieni ruchu – wysyłania i odbierania – opartych na wstępnie skonfigurowanych proporcjach. W założonej grupie odrębne kanały są spajane w jedną parę cykli, każdy w innym kierunku. Podobnie jak analogowe modemy, nadajniki DSL stale monitorują jakość kanałów i w zależności od tego, czy dany kanał jest użyteczny, czy nie, są one dodawane lub usuwane.

Sukces komercyjny DSL i podobnych technologii w dużej mierze odzwierciedla fakt, iż w ostatnich dekadach, gdy urządzenia elektroniczne stają się szybsze i tańsze, koszty rozmieszczania (słupów, rowów etc.) nowego okablowania pozostają nadal wysokie. Technologia DSL stosuje złożone algorytmy przetwarzania sygnału cyfrowego w celu ominięcia fizycznych ograniczeń pary przewodów miedzianych (skrętki). Nie tak dawno koszt podobnej instalacji mógłby być ogromny, ale dzięki technologii VLSI koszt instalacji DSL na istniejących przyłączach lokalnych, z multiplekserem DSLAM na jednym końcu i modemem DSL na drugim, wymaga mniejszej ilości nakładów od tych, jakie pociągnęłaby instalacja światłowodu.

Technologia DSL może być stosowana w większości mieszkań i małych biur. Odpowiednie filtry umożliwiają jednoczesne działanie usług telefonicznych oraz DSL. Modem DSL może korzystać z tej samej linii abonenckiej co urządzenia komunikacji oparte na POTS, włączając faksy i modemy analogowe. W tym samym czasie tylko jeden modem DSL może używać linii abonenta. Standardową metodą udostępniania DSL wielu komputerom w tym samym lokalu jest użycie routera, który nawiązuje połączenie między siecią DSL a siecią lokalną Ethernet lub wi-fi.

Kanały strumieni wysyłania i odbierania są używane do nawiązania połączenia między abonentem a dostawcą usług internetowych.

Wyposażenie
Abonent instaluje w lokalu modem DSL. Ten nawiązuje i utrzymuje połączenie pomiędzy centralą DSLAM a komputerem użytkownika (zazwyczaj po magistrali RS232, USB lub sieci lokalnej Ethernet)

W początkowych okresach działania usługi DSL instalacja wymagała wizyty technika w lokalu abonenta. Rozdzielacz sygnału (filtr dolnoprzepustowy) był instalowany blisko punktu rozgraniczenia, z którym instalowana była wydzielona linia. Dziś wielu dostawców DSL oferuje abonentowi zestaw – modem z instrukcjami do samodzielnego montażu. Do prawidłowego działania usługi wymagane jest wpięcie filtru DSL w każde gniazdo telefoniczne z wyjątkiem tego, do którego podłączony będzie modem. Filtr dolnoprzepustowy tłumi częstotliwości powyżej pasma użytkowego dla telefonów, czyli 4 kHz. Zapobiega to zakłócania sygnału cyfrowego DSL przez wyższe harmoniczne sygnału rozmownego. Jednocześnie modem DSL posiada na wejściu filtr górnoprzepustowy, który wycina pasmo rozmowne oraz w standardzie B pasmo systemu ISDN, który również może pracować na jednej linii z systemem DSL.

W centrali telefonicznej sygnał jest również separowany. Sygnał cyfrowy kierowany jest do karty modemowej, a następnie do multipleksera, który kończy cykle DSL sumując je i przekazuje do kolejnego transportu.

Protokoły i konfiguracje
Wiele technik DSL na tym samym połączeniu wprowadza, przez niskopoziomową warstwę strumienia danych, warstwę ATM do adaptacji liczby różniących się technologii.

Implementacje DSL mogą tworzyć sieci mostowe. W takiej konfiguracji grupa komputerów abonenta efektywnie łączy się w pojedynczą podsieć. Wcześniej implementacje używały protokołu DHCP, który umożliwia uzyskanie od serwera danych konfiguracyjnych takich jak adres IP abonenta z uwierzytelnieniem przez adres MAC czy przydzieloną nazwę hosta. Późniejsze implementacje często używają protokołu połączenia punkt-punkt przez Ethernet lub ATM (PPPoE lub PPPoA).

Przykłady technologii DSL
xDSL (ang. X digital subscriber line) to zbiorowe określenie wszystkich technologii cyfrowych linii abonenckich, używających wielu schematów modulacji w transmisji danych przez symetryczne linie miedziane. Pierwszy x w nazwie jest zamiennikiem początkowej litery, pod którą ukrywa się dana specyfikacja. W jej skład wchodzą takie technologie jak:
 ISDN – Integrated Services Digital Network (standard cyfrowej linii telefonicznej z której wyłoniła się technologia DSL)
 IDSL – ISDN digital subscriber line (wariant ISDN)
 ADSL – (asymmetric DSL), asymetryczna cyfrowa linia abonencka. Wykorzystuje do przesyłania danych tradycyjne miedziane linie telefoniczne, umożliwiając bardzo szybkie połączenie z internetem (ADSL określa się również mianem cyfrowej linii telefonicznej). W standardzie ADSL, połączenie od użytkownika do serwera odbywa się ze średnią prędkością 640 kb/s, natomiast w drugą stronę – od serwera do użytkownika – sięga już 15 Mb/s. ADSL wymaga zastosowania specjalnych urządzeń rozmieszczonych w niewielkich odległościach od użytkowników oraz specjalnych modemów.
 HDSL – high-bit-rate digital subscriber line, szybka cyfrowa pętla abonencka, rozwiązanie to stosowane jest głównie w Europie (i częściowo również w Polsce). Pozwala na połączenie z siecią z szybkością 2 Mb/s w obydwu kierunkach. Wymaga jednak dwóch par kablowych. Modemy HDSL stosuje TP SA w sieci Polpak-T (dostęp bezpośredni z szybkością transmisji do 2 Mb/s i z użyciem protokołu Frame Relay).
 RADSL – rate-adaptive digital subscriber line, wersja ADSL. Umożliwia automatyczne dopasowanie się współpracujących modemów do lokalnych warunków i maksymalne ich wykorzystanie. Jest jeszcze w fazie badań laboratoryjnych.
 SDSL – symmetric digital subscriber line (single-line DSL), "pojedynczy" i znacznie wolniejszy HDSL. Przekaz odbywa się w obydwu kierunkach z prędkością 768 kb/s. Zaletą SDSL jest jednak to, że potrzebuje tylko jednej miedzianej pary w kablu.
 VDSL – very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line, ITU G.993.1, bardzo szybkie rozwinięcie ADSL umożliwiające uzyskanie prędkości do 52 Mb/s i 16 Mb/s od użytkownika. Działa jednak tylko na bardzo krótkich odcinkach – średnio do 1300 m
 VDSL2 – ITU G.993.2, Rozwinięcie technologii VDSL, nawet do 250 Mb/s pobierania, oraz do 100 Mb/s wysyłania na odcinku do 50 m.
 G.SHDSL (ITU-T)
 skyDSL – łącze satelitarne używające jako kanału zwrotnego połączenia telefonicznego, GPRS lub innego klasycznego łącza internetowego.
 CDSL (określana też jako lite DSL lub G.Lite) – technika ta może zdobyć popularność wśród użytkowników prywatnych o niezbyt wygórowanych wymaganiach co do prędkości przekazu. Nie wykorzystuje szerokich pasm, przez co jej transmisja jest wolniejsza: "do" użytkownika wynosi 1 Mb/s, "od" niego 128 kb/s.

ADSL to obecnie najbardziej rozpowszechniona forma dostępu do Internetu w Polsce. Transmisja z wykorzystaniem technologii VDSL2 jest stopniowo wdrażana.

Zobacz też
 Digital Loop Carrier
 COFDM
 FTTH

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Zalecenie ITU-T G.995.1 : Overview of digital subscriber line (DSL) Recommendations

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