Why do people decide to have counselling?
Sometimes it can be helpful to talk about personal issues with a person who is independent of friends and family. Certain life events can be very difficult to deal with. However, you do not have to be in crisis before choosing to have counselling. You may be experiencing underlying feelings of dissatisfaction with life in general. All of these reasons and more bring people to counselling.
The first session lasts for approximately one hour. I will listen to your worries and assess whether counselling could be suitable for your needs. It is a chance to think about what you would like to get out of counselling and ask questions. The counselling process will be explained, covering things such as confidentiality and how to arrange and cancel appointments.
How long does a counselling session last?
Sessions last for approximately fifty minutes. Apart from the first which will last for approximately one hour. This will allow for any questions you have to be answered.
This is different for everyone depending on the issues you are facing and your personal requirements. Some people benefit from short term counselling whilst others benefit from longer term counselling. We will have regular reviews which give you the opportunity to reflect about where you are within your counselling process and ensure it is meeting your needs. If you would like to end your counselling sessions you can choose to do so at any point.
Yes counselling is confidential. There are some exceptions to keeping confidentiality in relation to duty of care and these will be explained to you in the first session.
If we both feel that counselling could be beneficial, you might want to arrange to have a second session. There is no pressure to arrange a further session after the first session. You may decide not to have counselling or you may like to have some space to think about whether to begin sessions.
Once a week is appropriate for the majority of people to begin with and at a later stage some people choose to come fortnightly as they feel the benefits of therapy. If you are unable to attend weekly sessions we can plan the frequency of the sessions to suit your lifestyle.
If you have any questions that aren't answered here, please don't hesitate to contact me.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Other primers, such as the second 'general primer', complementary
Posted on December 31, 2018 by cd174617
Other primers, such as the second 'general primer', complementary to a homopolymeric tail, and synthetically added to the mRNA at the 3′ end, or the sequencing primers themselves, are already limited to a single isolated strand, 'lifted' by the initial 5′ RACE approach. In the case of TCRs and B-cell receptors, the known region is the constant region of the receptor located just after the J segment in the mRNA transcript. This method induces less bias, compared with primers directed at the V and J segments, which are diverse across the genome. The use of RNA (and not DNA – more below) is another source of bias: there are different quantities of mRNA in different
cells. For example, active B cells and plasma cells produce vastly increased amounts of mRNA compared with resting B cells. Given that we aim to derive the structure of the repertoire, as it is defined per cell in the immune system, these different quantities of RNA may introduces a see more major bias toward sequences expressed by cells that are more actively producing RNA. Sorting INCB024360 for the removal of plasma cells may help to prevent such bias. In T cells, the problem may be more subtle, as activated cells may or may not produce more TCRs, depending on the stage of cell activation. Large-scale
repertoire analysis of immune receptors can provide powerful results. First, it may provide an insight to better understanding, or a temporal snapshot of the adaptive immune repertoire. Second, it may provide improved understanding of the way by which the immune system disposes of unwanted infections. Further, this knowledge could be used in therapeutic contexts, most obviously in vaccine development, but in principle in every aspect of maintaining organism homeostasis. Florfenicol The B and T cells, key players in the adaptive immune system, are typically activated by antigen contact via their receptors. The receptors are diversified through
a sequence of mechanisms that maximize this diversity to enable a potential response to every presented peptide. Heavy–light chain and β–α chain genes, generating the B-cell and T-cell heterodimer receptor, respectively, undergo non-precise V(D)J segment rearrangements, templated and non-templated nucleotide additions and deletions.27,28 Immunoglobulin chains further diversify through somatic hypermutations – a process of stepwise incorporation of single nucleotide substitutions into the V gene, underpinning much of the antibody diversity and affinity maturation.29,30 This immense theoretical combinatorial diversity challenges immunology. As recent as 2006, it was practically impossible to sequence enough DNA or RNA to obtain a statistically sound sample of the repertoire. The rapid advance in sequencing technologies provides improvements in read length, throughput and cost. These advances enable the current data sets of the immunological repertoire.
In addition to their involvement of mast cells in anaphylaxis, at
In addition to their involvement of mast cells in anaphylaxis, atopic asthma and other allergic disorders, mast cells are increasingly being recognized as regulators of innate or adaptive immune responses. Stephen AZD0530 J. Galli (Stanford, CA) proposed three hypotheses that: the potential to perform negative, as well as positive, immunomodulatory functions
is a basic property of the mast cell lineage; the mast cells can enhance and/or later help to limit certain innate and acquired immune responses and the extent to which mast cells actually perform such positive or negative immunomodulatory functions during specific immune responses in vivo is highly dependent on the individual biological setting. He also described mouse models used to analyse mast cell function in learn more vivo and to identify potential immunomodulatory roles for mast cells during specific immune responses
27. He observed that mast cell proteases can diminish the toxicity and mortality associated with either high concentrations of endogenous peptides (e.g. endothelin-1 or neurotensin) or exposure to the venom of certain poisonous snakes or the honey bee. In these settings, mast cells can limit morbidity and death at least in part by providing proteases that degrade the endogenous peptides or components of the venom within the skin. In addition, evidence derived from studies in mast Clomifene cell-engrafted WBB6F1-KitW/W-v or C57BL/6-KitW-sh/W-sh genetically mast cell-deficient mice indicates that mast cells can limit the magnitude and/or promote the resolution of certain innate or adaptive immune
responses by producing IL-10 and other products which can mediate a potentially wide variety of anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive effects 28. Dr. Galli recommended, when it is feasible (and it sometimes is not), using both types of mast cell-engrafted mice (i.e. employing WBB6F1-KitW/W-v and C57BL/6-KitW-sh/W-sh mice as recipients of the corresponding WT or genetically altered mast cells) to investigate roles of mast cells in vivo. He also recommended the development and careful evaluation of additional models, including putative "mast cell-specific Cre mice", in order to expand the array of tools available to study the roles of mast cells and their products in vivo. However, he emphasized that it is important that results obtained with each of the established or newer models be interpreted with thoughtful consideration of both the advantages and any potential limitations of the models used. Stephanie Eisenbarth (New Haven, CT) described the role of inflammasomes in adjuvants and allergic disease. Aluminum adjuvants, typically referred to as "alum", are the most commonly used adjuvants in human and animal vaccines worldwide; yet, the mechanism underlying alum's stimulation of the immune system has only recently been elucidated.
For one large group of subjects followed at one centre, the mean
For one large group of subjects followed at one centre, the mean doses of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) prescribed to prevent infections were 510 mg/kg/month in the 1980s; 580 mg/kg/month in the 1990s; and 570 mg/kg/month in the 2000s. The outcome of the steady increase in doses has led predictably to higher trough levels, as DAPT nmr reported by Lucas et al. [10]. While early studies attempted to deliver doses that led to 500 mg/dl as an appropriate minimum trough target, higher targets, approaching the mid-range of normal serum IgG concentrations (700–800 mg/dl) have been sought more recently. These differing schedules for Ig replacement have been
outlined [9,11]. Adequate Ig replacement leads to a marked decrease in the number of infections, to the point that bacterial meningitis or bacteraemia are rare, and episodes see more of pneumonia greatly diminished and generally
noted only in those with poor trough values or chronic lung damage. Higher trough levels to prevent pneumonia are also supported by meta-analysis: the incidence of pneumonia associated with 500 mg/dl trough levels was fivefold that with 1000 mg/dl [9]. However, what is less clear is whether the more currently used doses of Ig have led to even fewer infections, aside from pneumonia. In the past 2 decades, data collected by Lucas et al. [12] did not demonstrate any significant further reduction in the low infection rates for subjects given more Ig in these years. This indicates that the therapeutic objective might be achieved in many patients without the highest doses, although it is likely that some patients require these higher doses. The latter possibility is suggested from data on subjects with chronic lung disease, malabsorption or X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA), for which there is evidence suggesting that higher doses might be
preferable. In addition, it is not clear that Ig therapy protects fully against intracellular organisms such as viruses; this would lead to a 'background' level of infections that might not be eliminated readily by any dose of Ig. To examine this, Kainulainen et al. [13] found that Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) during a 12-month period, 10 adult common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and two XLA patients had 65 episodes of acute respiratory tract infections while on 400–600 mg/kg/month of Ig. The 11 spouses of these patients had 12 acute episodes (P < 0·001). Respiratory tract viruses were found in sputum in 54% of infections, and rhinovirus was the most common virus found. In more than half of patients, the rhinoviral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results remained positive for more than 2 months. Whether even higher doses might have altered these findings is an interesting question. The choice of location for therapy is best defined with the convenience and safety of the patients in mind.
07% in a relatively large screen
of HLA-A2 donors without
of HLA-A2 donors without melanoma [14]. Interestingly, tetramer-binding CD8+ T cells are Selleck CH5424802 also detectable in HLA-A2-negative healthy subjects at frequencies that are barely detectable ex vivo and approximately one order of magnitude lower than those detected in the HLA-A2+ individuals [15]. In both HLA-A2+ and A2– healthy donors, the phenotype and functional profile of these tetramer-binding CD8+ T cells are indistinguishable from that of the naïve CD8+ T-cell pool [13-15]. These findings were surprising and had no precedent in either the human or the mouse immune systems. For most other epitopes of CD8+ BVD-523 and also CD4+ T cells, the precursor frequency of naïve cells is far below the limit of detection of tetramers by ex vivo, multiparameter flow cytometry analyses. The estimates of such frequencies after magnetic
bead pull down of tetramer+ T cells have been approximated at one specific T cell per one million T cells [16-18]. In fact, the frequencies of Melan-A/MART-1-specific CD8+T cells in healthy individuals are comparable to those measured of T cells specific for some viral epitopes [19]. In sharp contrast, however, T cells specific for viral epitopes are phenotypically and functionally antigen-experienced memory T cells, corresponding to the previous exposure to the respective antigens [20]. Thus, the question was how such an abundant repertoire of naïve antigen-specific T cells could be generated, at least a hundred times more abundant than most other antigen-specific naïve T-cell precursors measured by tetramer binding
assays (Fig. 1). Two major reasons have emerged upon careful study of these cells in the human thymus and the composition of their TCR repertoire. It became clear, on the one hand, that a significant proportion of human subjects (more than half) contain detectable Melan-A/MART-1 tetramer+ CD8+ T cells in cord blood MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit lymphocytes [21]. Moreover, these cells are also measurable in single CD8+ thymocytes in thymuses from children. Thus, it appears that a high thymic output is one of the reasons for the high frequency of these cells. This is coupled with a slow in vivo turnover of these cells during adult life, as could be directly estimated by measuring two tell-tale features of proliferative history in human lymphocytes: the length of chromosomal telomeres and the levels of TCR-alpha excision circles [21]. To this day, the remarkable stability of the naïve Melan-A specific T-cell repertoire remains most intriguing. Indeed, the antigen Melan-A is normally expressed by melanocytes and even keratinocytes which receive from melanocytes melanosomes containing the Melan-A/MART-1 polypeptide [22].
In this study, the aim was to establish and optimize a method for
In this study, the aim was to establish and optimize a method for the detection of NDV-specific memory T cells in the chicken. The assay was then used to determine differences in the
development of NDV-specific T cells Alvelestat research buy upon ND vaccination in chickens differing in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Two animal experiments were performed. Experiment 1 was performed to determine the proliferative capacity of four different MHC haplotypes, while experiment 2 was performed to determine recall proliferation after experimental vaccination in two MHC haplotypes. Experimental chickens for optimization of a method for recall proliferation and for experiment 1. Offspring from different inbred chicken lines were used: line 2 (B12), line 133 (B13), line 130 (B130) and line 201 (B201), the MHC haplotypes are shown in parentheses. All lines are bred at Aarhus University [11]. The birds were vaccinated through drinking water at 3 and 8 weeks of age with a live attenuated Newcastle disease vaccine (Poulvac NDW; Fort Dodge Animal Health Ltd. Southhampton, UK) and once at 16 weeks of age intramuscularly (IM) with inactivated ND vaccine (Poulvac I-ND; Fort Dodge Animal Health Ltd.), according to Danish legislation. Blood samples were taken in the jugular vein and stabilized with either EDTA or heparin for optimization ICG-001 purposes and with EDTA
only for the MHC screening. Birds for optimization and MHC screening were tested up to 2 years after vaccination. Experimental chickens experiment 2. For this purpose, animals from two inbred chicken lines that differ immunologically with respect to their peripheral blood CD4/CD8 ratios were chosen. These were line 133 (B13) and
line 130 (B130), the MHC haplotypes are shown in parentheses [11]. Ten birds from each line were vaccinated orally at 4 and 8 weeks of age with 1 dose of live attenuated Newcastle disease vaccine (Poulvac NDW; Fort Dodge Animal Health Ltd.). Recall proliferation was performed 3 weeks after the last vaccination. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein and stabilized with EDTA. MHC genotyping of chickens for experimental vaccination. All chickens used in the experiment were produced from MHC-characterized parents. The MHC haplotypes many of the offspring were confirmed by genotyping the LEI0258 microsatellite locus [12] by a PCR-based fragment analysis [13]. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood using the ArchivePure™DNA Blood Kit (5 PRIME GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Amplification by PCR and gel documentation were performed as earlier described [14]. PBMC isolation. PBMC were purified from heparinized or EDTA-stabilized peripheral blood density gradient centrifugation. One millilitre of blood was diluted with 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and layered onto an equal volume of Ficoll-Paque™ PLUS (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden) before centrifugation at 400 g for 35 min at 20 °C.
RCAN1 (regulator of calcineurin 1), previously referred to as ADA
RCAN1 (regulator of calcineurin 1), previously referred to as ADAPT78/DSCR1/MCIP1, was first identified as a Down syndrome critical region-localized gene on human chromosome 21 (Fuentes et al., 2000). It was subsequently shown to be inducible by multiple stresses and cytoprotective when overexpressed in hamster HA-1 cells (Crawford et al., 1997; Leahy & Crawford, 2000; Michtalik et al., 2004) or neuronal cells (Ermak et al., 2002). It
encodes two major transcripts that are translated into the protein products isoform 1 (RCAN-1) and isoform 4 (RCAN1-4). Isoform 1 is 36–41 kDa and usually expressed at constant levels, whereas isoform 4 is 25–29 kDa and highly inducible by intracellular calcium (Crawford et al., 1997; Michtalik et al., selleck kinase inhibitor 2004). Both forms inhibit calcineurin,
an intracellular phosphatase that mediates many cellular responses to calcium (Gorlach et al., 2000; Kingsbury & Cunningham, 2000; Rothermel et al., 2000; Rusnak & Mertz, 2000). This observation has led to increased interest in RCAN1, because calcineurin is involved in many cellular and tissue functions, and its abnormal expression is associated with multiple pathologies (Zhang et al., 1996; Kayyali et al., 1997; Molkentin et al., 1998; Lin et al., 2003). Calcineurin is a calcium/calmodulin-activated serine/threonine phosphatase that mediates calcium-dependent AUY-922 cost signal transduction pathways in eukaryotes (Rusnak & Mertz, 2000; Hogan et al., 2003), most notably through nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) (Rao et al., 1997; Peng et al., 2001; Crabtree & Olson, 2002; Hogan et al., 2002). Calcineurin is involved in T-cell activation, cytokine gene synthesis, skeletal and cardiac muscle growth and differentiation, memory processes, and apoptosis of T-lymphocytes, endothelial cells, neuronal cells, and macrophages (Liu et al., 1992; Shibasaki & McKeon, 1995; Hughes, 1998; Krebs,
1998; Mansuy et al., 1998; Molkentin et al., 1998; Crabtree, 1999; Kingsbury & Cunningham, 2000; Crabtree & Olson, 2002; Ryeom et al., 2003). It is also known to mediate neurotransmitter activity in the brain, where it is constitutes>1% of the total brain protein Diflunisal (Graef et al., 1999; Kingsbury & Cunningham, 2000; Naciff et al., 2000). Calcineurin is activated by increased cytosolic calcium, in turn dephosphorylating a number of cellular substrates including cytosolic NFAT. Dephosphorylated NFAT then migrates to the nucleus, where it activates the transcription of numerous genes including the cytokine and immune system regulators interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-12 p40, interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), CD40L, FasL, and CD25 (Rao et al., 1997; Crabtree, 1999; De Boer et al.
Interferon-gamma release assays (for example the QuantiFERON-TB t
Interferon-gamma release assays (for example the QuantiFERON-TB test) are also used to test for TB. These tests are useful for evaluation of LTBI in BCG-vaccinated individuals, including almost
all Japanese. Anti-tuberculosis agents are administered to treat LTBI in kidney transplant patients. Currie et al. performed a meta-analysis of the outcomes of INH prophylaxis in kidney transplant patients with LTBI. Of four tested randomized control trials, INH significantly reduced the level of active TB infections (RR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.19–0.51) but not hepatitis (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.91–1.65).[3] The European Guidelines suggest that INH treatment for 9 months, or RFP treatment for 6 months, is helpful in such situations.[4] Treatment of active TB infections in kidney transplant recipients involves prescription of INH, RFP, EB and PZA for
2 months; and INH and RFP are usually continued for a further 4 months. Co-prescription of CNI selleck chemicals and RFP is a critical issue in kidney transplant patients. RFP decreases the serum CNI level by inducing hepatic cytochrome P 450, and inadequate immunosuppression may trigger acute rejection. The CNI dose should be increased two- or threefold during treatment with RFP.[5] Nevertheless, the rate of acute rejection in transplant recipients treated with RFP is significantly higher than in those not prescribed RFP (35% and 19%, respectively).[6] This may reflect the fact that the bioavailability of CNI varies. Thus, several authors have Stem Cell Compound Library manufacturer sought to eliminate RFP from the antituberculosis drug cocktail given to kidney transplant
recipients. Yoon et al. used a quinolone-based regimen to treat tuberculosis in such patients.[7] Quinolones are commonly used as second-line treatments of TB in patients with multidrug-resistant infections or who respond adversely to first-line drugs. In the cited report, a quinolone-based regimen (n = 18, INH + levofloxacin + EB + PZA) was as effective as an RFP-based regimen (n = 91, INH + RFP + EB + PZA) when used to eliminate TB, but the number of acute rejections in the RFP group was fourfold higher than in the QNL group even though the CNI dose was increased two- to BCKDHA fivefold in the former group to maintain stable trough CNI levels. CYP3A4 is less likely to be induced by rifabutin than RFP. The protease inhibitors commonly used to treat HIV strongly induce CYP3A4, and a rifabutin-based regimen is usually prescribed to treat TB in HIV patients receiving anti-HIV agents. Lopez et al. reported the case of a 44-year-old Hispanic woman prescribed a rifabutin- rather than an RFP-based regimen to treat TB, because her serum CNI level had not entered the targeted trough range (from below) even though the CNI dose had been increased almost fivefold. The serum CNI level increased rapidly after the switch to rifabutin and was well maintained as the CNI dose was decreased gradually.
To date, the global impact of CNV on gene expression phenotypes v
To date, the global impact of CNV on gene expression phenotypes varies depending upon the gene [89], as increased copy number can be correlated positively [90] or negatively [91] with gene expression levels. Focusing upon CCL3L, gene copy number regulates the production of CCL3L1 both at mRNA and protein level: specifically, increasing CCL3L copy number was associated positively with CCL3L1 mRNA production and protein secretion [43,53,92]. The relationship between CCL4L copy number and the amount of CCL4L1 Autophagy Compound Library cell assay mRNA or protein expression has some, but still no conclusive, data. Although Townson and co-workers demonstrated that high CCL3L copy number correlates with increased chemokine
production [43], this study also analysed the CCL4L gene and failed to detect any consistent increase in CCL4L1 mRNA production from samples with a high CCL4L copy number. However, they found that individuals with only one copy of CCL4L had a consistently lower expression of CCL4L1 than those with a higher copy number. We note that at the time of its 2002 publication, Townson et al. were not aware of the existence of the CCL4L2 variant, which produces transcripts and proteins distinct to CCL4L1[48], and their need to be quantified independently. The assumption that all learn more the CCL4L copies that they quantified corresponded to CCL4L1 could explain the lack of a consistent correlation
between CCL4L gene copy number and CCL4L1 mRNA production in this study. More recently, a study by Melzer et al. reported a new cis-effect of a SNP located near the CCL4L1 gene (227 kb) on CCL4L1 protein production [93]. They hypothesize that the effect is caused by the CCL4L CNV in linkage
disequilibrium with the analysed SNP. Although CCL4L copy number probably influences mRNA/protein production, further studies are needed to assess the effect of CCL4L copies on gene expression. Future studies in this direction should analyse CCL4L1 and CCL4L2 copies independently to assess precisely the effect of the total CCL4L copies on gene expression (a general approach to discriminate CCL4L1 and CCL4L2 from the total CCL4L copies has been described [52]). If CNV affects entire genes, Edoxaban especially those with important effects on biological function, CNV would naturally be expected to affect susceptibility to disease. Concerning this review, CCL3L–CCL4L CNV has been associated with a variety of diseases, with viral infections and autoimmune diseases being the most represented categories. In Table 2, we summarized the disease association studies involving CCL3L and/or CCL4L CNV, including both positive and negative results. The most extensively studied and controversial association involves CCL3L CNV and HIV infection. The first data appeared in 2005, when a paper reported effects of CCL3L1 copy number variation on HIV-1 acquisition, viral load and disease progression [53].
Mimura I, Nangaku M The suffocating kidney: tubulointerstitial h
Mimura I, Nangaku M. The suffocating kidney: tubulointerstitial hypoxia in end-stage renal disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010 Nov;6(11):667–678 Nangaku M. Chronic hypoxia and tubulointerstitial injury: a final common pathway to end-stage renal failure.
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Jan;17(1):17–25 Nangaku M, Eckardt KU. Pathogenesis of renal anemia. Semin Nephrol. 2006 Jul;26(4):261–268 Nangaku M, Fliser D. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: past and future. Kidney Int Suppl. 2007 Nov;(107):S1–3 Shoji K, Tanaka T, Nangaku M. Role of hypoxia in progressive chronic kidney disease and implications for therapy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014 Mar;23(2):161–168 Tanaka T, Nangaku M. Recent advances and clinical application of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Exp Cell Res. 2012 May 15;318(9):1068–1073 Tsubakihara Target Selective Inhibitor Library chemical structure Y, Nishi S, Akiba T, Hirakata H, Iseki K, et al. 2008 Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy: guidelines for renal anemia in chronic kidney disease. Ther Apher Dial. 2010 Jun;14(3):240–275 Tsubakihara Y, Gejyo F, Nishi S, Iino Y, Watanabe Y, et al. High target hemoglobin with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents has advantages in the renal function
of non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Ther Apher Dial. 2012 Dec;16(6):529–540. "
"Aim: Early renal enlargement may predict the future development of nephropathy in patients with diabetes. The epidermal growth factor (EGF)-EGF PLX4032 ic50 receptor (EGFR) system plays a pivotal role in mediating renal hypertrophy, where it may act to regulate cell growth and proliferation and also to mediate the actions of angiotensin II through transactivation of the EGFR. In the present study we sought to investigate the effects of long-term inhibition of the EGFR tyrosine
kinase in an experimental model of diabetes that is characterized by angiotensin II dependent hypertension. Methods: Female heterozygous streptozotocin-diabetic TGR(mRen-2)27 rats were treated with the EGFR inhibitor PKI 166 by daily oral dosing for 16 weeks. Results: Treatment of TGR(mRen-2)27 rats with PKI 166 attenuated the increase in kidney size, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II glomerular hypertrophy and albuminuria that occurred with diabetes. The reduction in albuminuria, with EGFR inhibition in diabetic TGR(mRen-2)27 rats, was associated with preservation of the number of glomerular cells staining positively for the podocyte nuclear marker, WT1. Immunostaining for WT1 inversely correlated with glomerular volume in diabetic rats. In contrast to agents that block the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), EGFR inhibition had no effect on either the quantity of mesangial matrix or the magnitude of tubular injury in diabetic animals. Conclusion: These observations indicate that inhibition of the tyrosine kinase activity of the EGFR attenuates kidney and glomerular enlargement in association with podocyte preservation and reduction in albuminuria in diabetes.
TLR4-deficient BMDM stimulated with MRP8 also showed lower M1/M2,
TLR4-deficient BMDM stimulated with MRP8 also showed lower M1/M2, suggesting that the effect of MRP8 upon M1 dominancy might be partly through TLR4. Migration assay and phalloidin VX 770 staining of MΦ revealed that deletion of MRP8 resulted in less migration and stress fiber formation. Conclusion: Myeloid-lineage cell-derived MRP8 potentially contributes to glomerular injury through intraglomerular cell-cell crosstalk affecting MΦ characterization.
WEI QING-XUE WEI1, GAO LEI-PING1, WAN YI-GANG2 1Changshu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 2Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Introduction: Interstitial fibrosis (IF) is a vital factor leading to renal failure, which is aggravated by the imbalance between extracellular matrix (ECM) components production and degradation. Matrix metalloproteinases Akt inhibitor (MMPs) play a key role in ECM degradation while TGF-beta1 is a crucial regulator of ECM
protein synthesis and degradation. Although it has been confirmed that Uremic Clearance Granules (UCG), a natunal phytomedicine, are clinically effective in improving renal failure in China, the mechanisms remain a challenge. This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of UCG on IF by regulating MMPs synthesis and TGF-beta1 signaling in vivo. Methods: The rats with IF, induced by adenine and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) on day 15, were randomly divided into 4 groups: the sham-operated group, the vehicle group, the UCG group, and the enalapril group. All rats were killed on day 35 after administration. The rats' proteinuria, urinary N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (UNAG), blood biochemical parameters and RF morphological changes were examined. The protein expressions of ECM component such as collagen type IV (col-IV),
MMPs synthesis such as MMP-2, MMP-9, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, as well as TGF-beta1 signaling molecules including TGF-beta1, TGF-beta RI, TGF-beta RII, Smad2/3, phosphorylated-Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3), Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7, were observed respectively. Results: Adenine Succinyl-CoA administration and UUO induced severe renal damage, as indicated by renal dysfunction, proteinuria and the marked histopathological injury in the tubules and interstitium. This was associated with MMP-2/TIMP-1 imbalance and TGF-beta1/Smad signaling activity, as shown by up-regulation of the protein expressions of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta RI, TGF-beta RII, Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3 and Smad4, as well as down-regulation of the protein expression of Smad7. UCG treatment, however, significantly attenuated renal dysfunction and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. It regulated the protein expressions of MMP-2/TIMP-1, and suppressed the protein expressions of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta RI, p-Smad2/3 and Smad4, whereas it enhanced the protein expression of Smad7. Furthermore, the effects of UCG are stronger than those of enalapril partly.

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Standout works make The Exchange a good deal.
The Mattress Factory's latest Gestures show is by turns sobering and touching.
The latest in the Mattress Factory's Gestures series is a thoughtful examination of our sense of place.


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How To Break Up With A Friend Like A Mature Adult
By JR Thorpe
The emphasis on female friendship as the bedrock of adult life for women is not a new thing. A guide to the duties of noblewomen in 1600s Britain read that they needed to be concerned with "the care of children's education, observing a husband's commands, assisting the sick, relieving the poor, and being serviceable to our friends." And it's a thread that's only persisted throughout modern times, with everything from Girls to Parks & Recreation, emphasizing the hugely important role of female bonding. (Don't we all want Leslie Knope to call us a "beautiful tropical fish"?) But that neglects another side of friendships in general: Sometimes, they end, naturally or otherwise. Whether you grow apart, start to fight, or become increasingly uncomfortable in the relationship, sometimes the necessity of a friend breakup becomes apparent; but how do you break up with a friend properly?
We're becoming more aware of the serious pain caused by ending friendships, and the fact that it ranks as equivalent to that of romantic breakups. But it's still not a widely discussed experience; Meghan Murphy, writing in the New Statesman, called it a "strange cultural silence," but also makes the salient point that we're not culturally educated on how to deal with it. There are few songs or films or cultural experiences based wholly around the idea of how you break up with friends, but when it comes to boyfriends and girlfriends, we know the deal: talk to them in person, make it clear what's happened, let them down gently, behave properly, don't have sex with them six days later and confuse everybody.
The process of letting friendships go is a lot more opaque, but it doesn't have to be. Here's some expert advice on how to end a friendship.
Recognize Why It's Not Working In The First Place
What does a truly broken friendship look like? The distinct signs of a friendship that's flawed and needs some serious editing are as follows: It takes a lot of energy on your part, you hate hanging out with them and try to avoid it, you feel constantly criticized or pressured, there's constant fighting, and/or there doesn't seem to be a basis of respect any more. One of the experts, Suzanne Degges-White (whose book Toxic Friendships is one of the seminal texts on the subject), told Psychology Today that it basically boils down to three things:
Do I avoid calls, ignore texts, or frequently cancel out on plans with this friend?
Do I feel better or worse after spending time with this friend?
Do I ever find myself wondering how I ever ended up in a friendship with this person in the first place?
There is a distinct difference between a broken friendship and one that can be repaired. In case you want clarification, an excellent guide over at Women's Health lays out different scenarios in which some fix-it can be achieved — if you're in different life stages, exploring new interests separately, or feel there's an inequality of effort — and when it can't: when there's personal betrayal, a fundamental feeling of stress or misery, or nothing seems to be changing after efforts to make it better.
Evaluate Your Process By Knowing The Four Types Of Friendship
You know an issue is gradually gaining more attention when the New York Times devotes a lengthy editorial to it — and their guide on friendship breakups from October has significant resources for those of us who are starting to understand that a friendship just isn't working any more, even if we're not entirely sure why or how. One of the most important insights offered is the notion that there are four "types" of friendship, dictated by the foundations of your history and the strength of your bond, and that extrication from the relationship depends on that type.
The "types," according to psychotherapist Melissa Cohen, are "friends you have because of shared history; friends you've made due to forced togetherness; your surface social friends; and growth friends, meaning the people you want by your side as you go through life wherever you are." If that doesn't entirely fit your conception of your friendship group, there's another idea about the division of friends: Geoffrey Greif's "must, trust, rust, and just" friends. Must friends are deep connections, trust friends are close and comfortable but not besties, rust friends are those with long histories, and just friends are acquaintances you're happy to see but aren't going to pursue for a more intense connection.
The type of friendship you have dictates the manner in which it should end: Serious or long-lived friendships are likely to need a direct talk, while others can be tapered off gently, through less and less attention.
Don't Let Things Drag Out
"The longer you allow a poor relationship to drag on," writes Degges-White with co-author Judy Pochel van Tieghem in Toxic Friends , "the longer your period of suffering will last," and "the longer you delay, the more deeply entrenched the two of you become in the unhealthy system." It's a hard lesson to learn if you've been trying to make it work, whether by working on yourself (am I just being too judgmental? Maybe they're not being unreasonable) or by trying to have difficult conversations with them. But the process of "fixing" can drag on too long. Put a limit on things: Give it one more chance or another two months, for instance, and if there's no substantial change, get out.
Make It About You
No, really: The "it's not you, it's me" approach is the best one, because it realistically is probably about you, your expectations, your capabilities, and what you need and want from friends. Melissa Cohen told the New York Times:
It's O.K. to say, "I truly care about you and the relationship we've had, but I don't have the bandwidth or time to devote to our friendship anymore," or "I can't be the friend that you want me to be right now" ... Even if you feel it's your friend who is sucking you dry, or stuck in college partying mode, or not being considerate, you can compassionately and authentically say, "We don't seem to share the same goals and perspectives."
Acknowledging your part in what went wrong is not only better for them, it's also crucial for you to have healthier relationships in the future. And own your decision; don't say they pushed you to it.
Be Mature With Your Mutual Friends
Tell your mutual friends. Don't let them find out from anybody else; this is a matter that may seriously affect them and they deserve to know. Psych Central recommends what they call "The Sweden Strategy," in which you remain neutral and do not ask friends to pick or choose, even though they may make that decision for themselves. "Get comfortable with the fact that they may still spend a great deal of time with your ex-gal pal and that this is no reflection on you," the publication notes. "Resist bad mouthing your ex-friend to others. It will only make you look bad. If you need to vent, go to someone well outside the situation."
Your other friends do not need your mess; this is your business and yours alone, unless there has been a betrayal or abuse so fundamental that you feel they absolutely must know about it. And even then, be very careful.
Grieve — And Move Forward
Yes, grief is a perfectly rational way to discuss the feelings experienced after a breakup between friends, even if you were the one doing the breakup; society often minimizes the emotional results of these situations despite the fact that friendships often represent years of investment, intimacy and trust. Psych Central mentions a study where emotional negativity was higher among women who had dumped their friends than those who had dumped their lovers. As it turns out, the neurochemical experience of breakups with friends includes guilt, withdrawal, and physical pain.
The proper way to deal with this is to treat it as what it is: a loss. Whether it's grieving rituals, saying goodbye with a letter you'll never send, crying with a bucket of ice cream or something else, give yourself the space to be sad. Then, crucially, stop and pick yourself up. Dr. Irene Levine, friendship expert and author of Best Friends Forever, mentions in her advice column that "continuing to ruminate about the friendship will only make you more depressed rather than bringing about closure."
Celebrate Your Other Friendship Opportunities
A fascinating article in Quartz on the sociology of ending friendships uncovered some intriguing research: If you're more likely to believe that you can make new friends easily and have control over that aspect of your life, you tend to feel more free to escape bad friendships or ones that no longer work for you.
The findings are the work of Professor Angela Bahns, who has worked on how the friend-choices offered in our area affect our relationships; with a lot of different options, as on a college campus, we'll pick people who are similar and be more able to leave the friendship, but in a small community, we'll be satisfied with friends who are dissimilar and be less willing to break it up. If you don't feel as if you have the courage to leave or sufficient options to "replace" the friend who's causing problems, focus on other friendships and on the potential to meet new people.
Images: Pixabay; Giphy


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Moed's repeal of light rail project ban passes through committee
News & Media, Member Featured
INDIANAPOLIS – Legislation authored by Representative Justin Moed (D-Indianapolis) that would pave the way for Marion County to implement a light rail project passed through the Indiana House Roads and Transportation Committee today with a vote of 10-2.
House Bill 1365 would repeal a ban on the purchase, lease, acquisition, construction, or operation of a light rail project in various Indiana counties. Delaware, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Madison, and Marion counties are currently prohibited from developing light rail projects.
Light rail projects were originally banned in 2014 as part of legislation signed by Governor Mike Pence that was supposed to provide funding for mass transit to Central Indiana.
"This bill gives the citizens of Indianapolis the opportunity to choose what form of mass transit is best suited for their community," Moed said. "It is critical that we look to the future when developing our transportation and infrastructure. As we plan to attract more businesses to Indianapolis, communities in and around the city will continue to expand, and people will want an easy and reliable method of transportation, beyond driving a car, to and from the downtown area."
Legislation to repeal the ban on light rail in central Indiana was originally introduced by Moed in 2018 and received overwhelming support by House members, but the proposal was rejected in the Indiana Senate. In 2018, the light rail bill was considered to be a driving force behind efforts to attract an Amazon headquarters in Indiana. Although Amazon decided to locate its new headquarters elsewhere, the opportunity for more public transportation is expected to help attract other businesses to central Indiana.
House Bill 1365 now advances to the full House for consideration.
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Contagion | reviews, news & interviews
An airborne virus runs amok in Steven Soderbergh's star-laden thriller
by Matt WolfMonday, 17 October 2011
Gwyneth Paltrow succumbs to mysterious virus in 'Contagion'
What goes around, well, goes around in Steven Soderbergh's Contagion, which manages the dual feat of being at once scare-mongering (hypochondriacs should stay well clear) and stultifyingly dull. A variant on the we're-all-essentially-connected school of cinema that includes Babel and the recent London Film Festival opener, 360, the film charts a virus's progression from a seemingly inoffensive cough to a pandemic capable of felling one in 12 people on the planet, in which case I assume Hollywood itself might have to call it quits.
That would be no bad thing if this represents the best that proper film-makers can do: a movie that wears its grimness like some putative badge of honour as if to bring even a smidgen of wit to the table would be to discredit the likes of Gwyneth Paltrow and Kate Winslet, both of whom are seen working up a furious, and ominous, sweat. Instead, Scott Z Burns's script brings many a furrowed brow to bear to the tale of a rampaging disease that seems curiously choosy when it comes to its destinations. Despite the fact that 70 million people or more could perish, or so we're informed, such metropolises as New York are never mentioned in the list of blighted locales. Are we meant to infer that some urban centres have already suffered enough? In which case this is the most peculiarly selective pestilence to come down the cinematic pike in many a long year.
Enough of quibbling about a script that - with one or two exceptions - expresses zero interest in character except for a starry cast's individual potential as so many big-deal corpses. An ancillary question is posed by the presence of an Oscar-heavy slew of name players that amounts (as a friend remarked in passing beforehand) to a contagion of moviedom A-listers all its own. In fact, I'd give top marks to Broadway's rightly beloved Jennifer Ehle, playing a doctor from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention who manages to look purposeful, even sexy, cocooned in one of various necessarily protective suits.
It's been some time since I've encountered so self-serious a piece of work that actually seems this spurious
And at least her medic's trajectory possesses some logic of its own, which is more than can be said for the unashamedly radiant Marion Cotillard, here playing a physician-as-world-traveller who is taken captive in the line of professional duty only to learn to love the environs that have been forced upon her. Cotillard's fate would seem to amount to a casebook study in Stockholm Syndrome that the film seems not fully to comprehend, or maybe it's just that there are only so many afflictions a single narrative can take.
I'm not quite sure what point Contagion is actually trying to make, beyond adding to the feeling that humankind is essentially doomed on which, paradoxically, feel-good Hollywood has always thrived. (Once upon a time, earthquakes or towering infernoes were destined to decimate us, before it turned to general weather patterns, Aids, terrorists and heaven only knows what else.) A few of the wrinkles to the plot hint at a vaguely cautionary leitmotif, which is to say that one ought to be doubly careful of people who play around because of what (whom?) they might be picking up en route. On the other hand, isn't that merely the oldest trope in the book, on this occasion merely polished to an especially high, pharmaceutically panicked gloss?
Soderbergh is too visually arresting a talent not to effect intriguing variations on the clamour generated by galloping panic juxtaposed against the eeriness of public spaces - airports, restaurants, streets - emptied out by fear. (London had a mini-taste of the latter the night after the riots in the capital, when I travelled home from the theatre in what felt very much like a ghost town.) And the film-maker attempts a momentum matched nowhere by the script in a sequence of images stamped with the number of days that the virus has dealt its fatal blows, a device that comes to a cunning resolution at the far-from-reassuring end.
Disturbing, but for different reasons, is the gap-toothed fury of Jude Law, cast as an Antipodean-sounding journalist by the unlikely name of Krumwiede (!) who faces off against the voice of officialdom that is Laurence Fishburne, the latter playing a physician put on trial rather more for his morality than for his medical acumen. What with the globe-spanning accents sported both by Law and by Winslet, the latter in fiercely (albeit doomily) American mode, the film bears out in aural terms the global village suggested by its plot, so much so that one wonders why they didn't just go the distance and cast Cotillard as a Cockney.
Matt Damon (pictured above) does well as a softly spoken Midwesterner who tries to retain some sanity even as his family threatens to succumb around him, though the wispiest of subplots involving his teenage daughter's romantic fortunes is too silly to count for much. Indeed, it's been some time since I've encountered so self-serious a piece of work that actually seems this spurious and insubstantial once the belligerent theatrics fall away. On the other hand, I did happen to be seated near the one person at the screening who was coughing intermittently throughout the film. Anyone happen to know who - or how - he is?
Watch the trailer for Contagion
This is the most peculiarly selective pestilence to come down the cinematic pike in many a long year
Steven Soderbergh on Amazon
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The extent of the dairy industry in Wisconsin is suggested by this scene. Barn after barn has been built on the countless dairy farms to house the growing herds of cows. Wisconsin stands first of all the states in the United states in its dairy products. New York ranks second. The yearly value of the dairy products of Wisconsin is almost $100,000,000. Ten years ago it was only half this amount. The center of the dairying industry is in the southeastern part of the state. Creameries, condenseries, and cheese factories are counted by the hundreds. There are more than 3,000 cheese factories in the state. Wisconsin gave us the well known Babcock test. It was originated by Professor Babcock of the University of Wisconsin. By it one can tell the exact amount of butter fat in a given amount of milk. Creameries now buy milk on the "butter fat" basis. A dairyman by this test can tell which cows are most profitable. Some pay good returns; others do not give enough milk to pay for feed and care. All the dairy breeds of cattle are common in Wisconsin. The Holstein-Friesians, such as are shown here, are favored by many dairymen for several reasons. They are a strong, thrifty cattle. Even though the milk of the Holstein is not rich in butter fat, the quantity each cow produces more than makes up for such a loss. Besides, the cattle are good feeders. They are, therefore, a valuable beef cattle as well as dairy cattle. You can note the markings of the breed. They are black and white bodied, and usually have white legs. Observe the variety of coloring on their bodies. Contrast this breed of cattle with Jerseys. Keystone ID: 16709 Note: All titles, descriptions, and location coordinates are from the original Keystone Slide documentation as supplied by the Keystone View Company. No text has been edited or changed.


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<Hugh Reynolds: Of politicians and veterans
Special needs soccer team offers flexible approach>
Education, Letters
Letters: Revote required; corridor is public property
by Dan Barton/ April 6, 2015 /Comments closed
Time for another vote
Over the past two weeks we've read articles on how screwed up the plan is to build a new high school. It's time for the district and school board to declare the existing vote to build a new high school null and void and schedule a new vote on whatever you have in mind.
At the moment we don't know what you want to build, what it would provide in the area of improved instruction, what its size will be, what it will cost, what is the schedule to get it done, and most important of all, what is the district taxpayer cost obligation over what period of time.
In the process of documenting the above and scheduling a new vote you will begin to rebuild our confidence in your ability to use our money wisely. For now we don't believe you have the ability to organize a two-car funeral much less intelligently oversee a multimillion-dollar construction project.
Dr. Padalino, the ball is in your court.
Ronald E. Dietl, Kingston
It's not the railroad's corridor
Meg Carey, in her letter "Rail and trail would be win-win", March 26, seems to be acting with an air of authority in matters pertaining to the Catskill Mountain Railroad Company, Inc.
She says she could support a county legislature resolution to "reach an agreeable solution for all parties regarding the use of the former Ulster & Delaware railroad corridor" and that "It's time for the trail/cycling community to accept that the railroad has its place from Kingston to the Ashokan Reservoir, and perhaps further … " and that "Many in Ulster County feel that keeping the railroad and building a trail alongside would be a win-win solution."
Nice! Everyone likes a win-win solution! CMRRC, Inc. can use its new-found projected profits to fund what Ms. Carey says will satisfy "the many." That would be a restored-to-tip-top-condition railroad that is up to federal Class 1 standards for passenger use, and a multi-use trail built to federal standards as well alongside it, with all the "improvements" deeded to the taxpayer owners of the corridor, before another lease could be considered.
But, it's a not certain that CMRRC, Inc. will still be in the picture beyond the end of their lease, 13 months from now, given their current lease and lawsuit problems. With the end of the CMRRC, Inc.'s lease right around the corner, shouldn't the railroad first be required to submit a plan to their landlord defining how they're going to remove their equipment from County property by May 2016?
What is certain, and goes beyond the wish for a resolution that could be used to stall, delay, postpone and obfuscate an issue that's already been studied and decided are these facts: the "railroad" doesn't own the corridor or have any claim to it. They're tenants. The 185,000 Ulster County taxpayer owners, through representative government and enacted legislation, wisely committed to dedicate this public resource as a multi-use trail for the benefit of residents and tourists, with rail where it's appropriate, not a limited-use, private-corporation-owned amusement park ride that excludes the owners by blocking the gateway to the trail in Kingston.
Nick Mercurio, Rosendale
Tagged: catskill mountain railroad Kingston High School renovation
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gerald berke April 6, 2015 at 8:38 pm
Messers Diehl and Mercurio penned well thought out and insightful letters… thank you.
CP April 6, 2015 at 10:39 pm
Mr. Mercurio, you are so full of "what if's" that I'm not sure you see "what is." The CMRR has had new leadership over the past few years that has proven itself dramatically in 2014. Last year's income was ten times the previous year, and the railroad would have shown a healthy profit – which would have been put back into improving the right-of-way and rolling stock – had it not been needed to defend itself in court from what appear to this layman to be largely frivolous lawsuits.
It seems to me that a small but voluble and hostile group somehow has it in for the CMRR despite its recent success and future plans as outlined in its detailed business plan. Thousands of new tourists have come to the city of Kingston and to Ulster County. Hundreds of thousands of new dollars have come with them – all due to programs successfully executed by the Catskill Mountain Railroad. This is what the beginnings of success looks like – for the city, county, and yes, the railroad.
By all means, Mr. Mercurio – put it to a popular vote and bypass the politicians. I think you'll see strong support for the unique Ulster & Delaware RAIL corridor to be maintained as a railroad and for its opportunities for success as a regional attraction to be increased, not removed. Add a trail, sure, but scrapping the rails is irreversible. I suggest you look to "what is" and very well could be in the future, not a bunch of negative "what ifs."
Derek Balling April 20, 2015 at 12:24 am
Mr. Mercurio:
Just so we're all clear: as soon as the county pulls up the railroad ties and tracks, the County doesn't have "claim" to the corridor either.
The majority of those easements exist for the purpose of rail. When the rail goes away, so do the easements.
Sure, you can try railbanking (which I'm not an expert on, but I've read some compelling arguments that the corridor in question is not a legitimate candidate for railbanking)… or you can try eminent domaining the corridor. Both of those solutions are going to involve costly lawsuits and/or cash outlay to get the "track-less" land back in County hands.
Who's going to pay for that, because it darned well better not be *my* tax dollars…
Tom Healy April 21, 2015 at 8:56 am
Does anyone think that the DEP really cares about a trail? Or keeping ulster county residents heathly? With all the land NYC is buying up to keep it from building a filtration plant. With the 100 year history it has in Ulster county, For the few million in cost in building a trail. it, A) gets NYC off the hook (or so it seems) from county executive lawsuites (That have now disappeared) for muddy/terbid water discharges into the lower Esopus. Thus The county executive is selling out all those affected by it. B) If the DEP succeeds with Heins help in getting the tracks pulled for 11 miles "with no trains allowed" I would think the DEP just hit the jackpot legally for the cost of a few million .It will now will have much more control over this stretch than the county has now. The rights the county now has legally with a lease that keeps the Railroad intact along the resevoire in peptuity. If Ulster ripps up the track, with NYC saying "No trains" Ulster county has just given away the rights of the corridor for 11 miles. NYC would now have a Control that can now be much easily argued in court. Since they have been given stewardship of the corridor. And that is exactly what NYC has been doing to control upstate land for 100 years. Does getting rid of the railroad mean that much to Mike Hein? It Just one terrorist threat or incident and the corridor will be closed to everyone by NYC . as they have done after 911 So, No train or no tracks could very well = no trail. the DEP wins big for a few million dollars. Maybe that's their plan. Thank's to Ulster county and Mike Hein for giving it away.
CO April 21, 2015 at 11:01 am
It is not too late to let the railroad be a railroad and to continue and expand its success. Build a trail as well, if you will, but allow the railroad to continue to bring new visitors, new interest and new money to Kingston and the county. A vital and functioning Kingston-to-Glenford (or even Phoenicia) will be a unique regional attraction.


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Heißluft-Luftschiffe sind Luftschiffe, die ihren statischen Auftrieb durch den Dichteunterschied zwischen heißer und kalter Luft erhalten. Sie wurden von der Technologie der Heißluftballone abgeleitet.

Geschichte der Heißluft-Luftschiffe
Die ersten Heißluft-Luftschiffe, deren Auftrieb ausschließlich durch die Erwärmung des Tragvolumens erzeugt wird, tauchten mit der Renaissance des Heißluftballons in den 1970er-Jahren auf. Die Firma Cameron Balloons in England bot die ersten Heißluft-Luftschiffe ab Mitte der 1970er-Jahre neben den klassischen Heißluftballonen zum Verkauf an. Diese frühen Heißluft-Luftschiffe waren im Prinzip in die Länge gezogene Heißluftballone. Form und Stabilität wurden nur durch den statischen Druck der Heißluft innerhalb der Hülle erzielt. Die Brenneranlage war wie beim Ballon unterhalb der unten offenen Hülle angebracht.

Ende der 1970er-Jahre brachte die ebenfalls englische Firma Thunder & Colt ein erstes Überdruck-Heißluft-Luftschiff auf den Markt, welches dem Cameron Typ technisch überlegen war. Bei dieser Entwicklung wird der Hüllendruck mit Hilfe eines Gebläses erhöht und stabilisiert. Der Brenner arbeitete im Inneren der nun vollkommen geschlossenen Hülle. Die Anzahl der bis zur Jahrtausendwende von beiden englischen Typen weltweit verkauften Luftschiffe wird auf etwa 100 geschätzt.

Cameron Balloons in Bristol zog Mitte der 1980er-Jahre mit der Einführung eines eigenen Überdrucktypen ähnlicher Bauweise nach. Seit Mitte der 1990er-Jahre ist auch Lindstrand Balloons mit einem eigenen Überdruck-Luftschifftyp am Markt vertreten.

Nach wie vor gab es auch in den 1990er-Jahren große Entwicklungspotentiale. Bis zu Beginn der 1990er-Jahre hatte kein Hersteller wissenschaftliche Grundlagenforschung im streng klassischen Sinne unternommen. Die Entwicklungsarbeiten beschränkten sich auf das rein praxisorientierte Experimentieren und der handwerklichen Umsetzung subjektiver Flugerfahrungen einiger, weniger Piloten.

Es herrschten ein- bis zweisitzige Überdruck-Typen mit einem Volumen von 1500 bis 3000 m³ vor. Die Motorleistungen variierte dabei zwischen 18 und 37 Kilowatt (25–50 PS). Die erreichbaren Geschwindigkeiten lagen bei etwa 18 bis 28 km/h (10–15 kn). Die Flugzeiten der Serienmodellen betragen ein bis anderthalb Stunden. Je nach Eignung des Fluggeländes und der Professionalität der jeweiligen Mannschaft, sind diese am Markt befindlichen Heißluft-Luftschiffe bei Bodenwinden von 6 bis maximal 8 Knoten (Windstärke 2) einsetzbar. Konventionelle Heißluft-Luftschiffe sind demnach ein Stück wetterempfindlicher als Heißluftballone und haben ein ähnliches Einsatzprofil wie die sogenannten Special Shape Ballons (Ballone mit Hüllen in Sonderform).

Thunder & Colt wurde 1995 von Cameron Balloons aufgekauft.

Entwicklung in Deutschland

Die in Aachen ansässige GEFA-FLUG GmbH beschäftigt sich seit Mitte der 1970er-Jahre mit der Entwicklung und dem Einsatz von Leichter-als-Luft-Fahrzeugen und seit 1980 vor allem mit der Entwicklung von Heißluft-Flugsystemen, die seither bei verschiedenen Projekten in rund zwanzig Ländern zu wissenschaftlichen und kommerziellen Zwecken eingesetzt wurden. Höhepunkte der bisherigen technischen Entwicklung ist 1996 eine gemeinsam mit Thunder & Colt entwickelte zweisitzige Luftschiffkonstruktion, sowie ein leistungsfähiges viersitziges Heißluft-Luftschiff, welches Ende 1999 nach den bekannt strengen und international gültigen Kriterien durch das deutsche Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA) als Muster zugelassen worden ist. Insgesamt 25 solcher Fluggeräte hat die GEFA-FLUG bis zu Beginn des Jahres 2002 hergestellt.

Neben aerodynamischen Untersuchungen im Windkanal und der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung rein aerostatischer Fragestellungen mittels Messflügen mit Temperatursensoren an Bord und deren computergestützte Auswertung wurden Hüllenstoffe untersucht und Nahttechniken weiterentwickelt. Ein weiterer Entwicklungsschwerpunkt war der Versuch die allgemeine Manövrierfähigkeit mittels einer pneumatischen Rudersteuerung zu verbessern, um so die physische Arbeitsbelastung des Piloten und seiner Mannschaft zu verringern. Im Einzelnen musste das neu konzipierte Luftschiff aber vor allem die Vorgaben des Technologieprojektes Nordrhein-Westfalen erfüllen:

Die Vorgaben des NRW-Technologieprojekts Heißluft-Luftschiff (1994–1999) lauteten:
Musterzulassung durch das Luftfahrt-Bundesamt
Tragkraft zur Mitnahme von vier Personen
Aufrüsten und Flugeinsatz bis 12 Knoten Bodenwind
Steigerung der Fluggeschwindigkeit auf über 20 Knoten
Verbesserung der allgemeinen Manövrierfähigkeit
Reduzierung und Vereinfachung der Bedienungselemente (unter ergonomischen Aspekten)
Steigerung der Flugzeiten auf mehr als zwei Stunden
Mannschaft einschließlich Pilot nicht größer als vier Personen
nur ein Zugfahrzeug mit Anhänger für Transport von Crew und Fluggerät notwendig
massive Steigerung der Lebensdauer der Hüllenmaterialien auf 400 bis 500 Stunden.

Der Weg zum Ziel:
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen über aerodynamische und auch thermodynamische Parameter von Heißluft-Luftschiffhüllen u. a. im Windkanal, durch Computersimulationen und durch Ermittlung von Daten durch Messflüge
Untersuchungen zur Lagestabilität und Steigerung der Manövrierfähigkeit von Heißluft-Luftschiffen im Windkanal
Untersuchungen verschiedener Hüllenstoffe, deren Materialverhalten unter Flugbedingungen, sowie Untersuchungen zu Alterungsprozessen des Hüllenmaterials und der Nähte.
Optimierung der Näh- und Nahttechniken unter dem Aspekt höherer Sicherheiten und verbesserter Lebensdauer
Gewichtsoptimierung am Gesamtsystem Hülle und Gondel durch Materialanalysen
Flugerprobungsprogramm zwecks Feststellung verschiedener Parameter bezüglich Lagestabilität und Temperaturverteilung
Rückfluss und Umsetzung der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in die Serienfertigung
Erarbeitung von international gültigen Bauvorschriften mit dem Luftfahrt-Bundesamt
Aufstellen eines Flugerprobungsprogrammes für die Musterzulassung
Erstellung eines Ausbildungskonzeptes für Piloten mit dem Bundesminister für Verkehr
Festlegung von Kriterien für lizenzierte Prüfer mit dem Luftfahrt-Bundesamt
Zertifizierung der GEFA-FLUG nach JAR 21 als Entwicklungs-, Herstellungs- und Wartungsbetrieb durch das Luftfahrt-Bundesamt

Einsatzgebiete
Heißluft-Luftschiffe bedienen einen Nischenmarkt. Einer größeren Verbreitung steht, neben der relativen Unbekanntheit der vorliegenden Möglichkeiten, vor allem die nach wie vor geringe technische Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Fluggeräte im Wege, die sich in der großen Wetterempfindlichkeit negativ auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit äußert.

Luftwerbung
Der größte Anteil der Heißluft-Luftschiffe findet Verwendung im klassischen Einsatzgebiet, der Luftwerbung. Die allgemeinen Einsatzbedingungen ähneln denen von Heißluftballonen. Aufgrund des Motorantriebes kann ein Luftschiff jedoch im Gegensatz zum Ballon länger über einem vorher ausgewählten Standort verharren. Heißluft-Luftschiffe reagieren wie Heißluftballone empfindlich auf Thermik und werden deshalb in den Monaten mit hohen Sonnenständen (April bis September) vorzugsweise in den ersten Stunden nach Sonnenaufgang und in den letzten Stunden vor Sonnenuntergang eingesetzt, da dann die Luft auf Grund schwacher bzw. fehlender Thermik am ruhigsten ist.

Mit seinem Flugzeitenprofil bietet sich bei der Luftwerbung folgende Verwendungsart an: Der Besuch von Großveranstaltungen aller Art, die bis in die Abendstunden andauern, wie Open-Air-Konzerte, Volksfeste und Sportveranstaltungen. Darüber hinaus Einsätze in der Nähe von Autobahnen, Autobahnkreuzen und Ballungszentren in der frühmorgendlichen und auch abendlichen Hauptverkehrszeit. Im Winter rundet der Besuch von publikumstarken und medienträchtigen Wintersportveranstaltungen mit Flügen entlang von Skipisten oder Schanzen das Szenario ab. Bei den hier aufgezeigten Einsatzmöglichkeiten ist das Heißluft-Luftschiff dem Heißluftballon vom Werbewert her erheblich überlegen, da seine Flugroute weitestgehend planbar und es nicht wie der unsteuerbare Ballon ein Spielball der Lüfte ist.

Heißluft-Luftschiffe werden gerne als Kameraplattform von Fernsehsendern und Fotojournalisten benutzt. Statt eines Honorars für die Flugzeit wird häufig Sendezeit mit dem Einblenden des Luftschiffes durch eine zweite Kamera am Boden vereinbart – eine "intelligente" Variante von Produktplatzierung, wie sie natürlich auch mit dem Gas-Luftschiff realisierbar ist.

Ein weiterer nicht zu unterschätzender Vorteil des Heißluft-Luftschiffes gegenüber dem Gas-Luftschiff ist die Tatsache, dass sich bei fast allen Flugeinsätzen ein Start- und Landeplatz in der direkten Umgebung der jeweilig zu besuchenden Veranstaltung finden lässt. So werden die Zuschauer aktive Teilnehmer des Geschehens um das Luftschiff herum, was wiederum dessen werblichen Gegenwert steigert.

Luftsport
Heißluft-Luftschiffe ähneln in vielen Punkten dem klassischen Heißluftballon. Der eigentliche Unterschied gegenüber dem Heißluftballon besteht im Antrieb, der dem Heißluft-Luftschiff seine Manövrierfähigkeit verleiht. Allerdings wird diese Manövrierfähigkeit von der jeweiligen Wetterlage mitbeeinflusst. Es lag auf der Hand, diese neuartigen Luftfahrzeuge auch zu Wettbewerben und Rekordzwecken einzusetzen. Es dauerte allerdings etwa 15 Jahre, bis es 1988 zur Durchführung der ersten offiziellen Weltmeisterschaft in Luxemburg kam.

Heißluft-Luftschiff-Wettbewerbe bestehen aus Distanz- und Dreiecksfahrten über Land, Slalomkursen, Demonstration der allgemeinen Manövrierfähigkeit, Präzisionsaufgaben mit zentimetergenauem Abwurf von Markern und Pylonrennen mit "fliegendem Start". Das Anspruchsvolle an diesen Wettbewerben ist jeweils die Mischung der einzelnen von einer internationalen Jury gestellten Aufgaben zur jeweiligen Tagesaufgabe, die Piloten werden dabei sowohl psychisch, als auch physisch aufs Äußerste gefordert.

Sechs Weltmeisterschaften haben bis 2004 in Europa stattgefunden. Die erste außereuropäische Weltmeisterschaft wurde im September 1998 in Kanada veranstaltet. Die 10. Weltmeisterschaft findet 15. – 22. Februar 2018 im Tegernseer Tal statt; insgesamt 10 Mannschaften aus Litauen, Polen, Schweden, Schweiz, USA und Deutschland (mit 5 Meldungen) nehmen teil.
2015 fand die erste Deutsche Meisterschaft (Offiziell: "Offene Deutsche Luftschiff-Meisterschaft") ebenfalls im Tegernseer Tal statt. Daneben gab es auch etliche Europameisterschaften und einige Luftschiff-Festivals sowie inoffizielle Wettbewerbe.

Ein deutsches Luftschiffrennen fand am 20. August 2005 in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe anlässlich des 95. Jahrestages der ersten deutschen Luftschiffparade statt. Es nahmen sieben Heißluft-Luftschiffe teil. Erster wurde Karl-Heinz Krug, Platz zwei ging an Tanja Witte, Dritter wurde Helmut Seitz.

Der Luftsport und alle Arten von Meisterschaften und Treffen tragen und trugen erheblich zur Weiterentwicklung von Heißluft-Luftschiffen bei. Das Gleiche gilt auch für die erheblich gestiegenen Fähigkeiten der Piloten.

Umweltbeobachtung
Ein stetig wachsender Markt, der sich mit dem Heißluft-Luftschiff bedienen lässt, besteht im Umweltschutz und dem Umweltbeobachtung.

Seit jeher wird der Einsatz von Ballonen und Luftschiffen für die Erderforschung und die Umweltbeobachtung propagiert und durchgeführt. In den 1920er- und 1930er-Jahren gab es einige Flugexpeditionen zur Erderkundung. 1926 und 1928 die Polarfahrten von Amundsen und Nobile mit den Luftschiffen "Norge" und "Italia", sowie 1931 die mehrtägige Polarforschungsfahrt des Luftschiffes LZ 127 "Graf Zeppelin" unter der Leitung von Dr. Hugo Eckener.

Die Vorteile von Luftschiffen und insbesondere von Heißluft-Luftschiffen gegenüber "Schwerer als Luft"-Flugsystemen für Beobachtungsaufgaben sind u. a.: beliebig lange über einer Stelle zu schweben und Zwischenlandungen auch auf nicht vorbereitetem Gelände durchführen zu können, ggf. mit dem Einsammeln von Proben aller Art.

In Verbindung mit dem "Baumfloß" leistete ein französisches Luftschiffteam wichtige Arbeit zur Dokumentation der tropischen Flora. Ein "Baumfloß" ist eine Konstruktion aus Pontons und Netzen das vom Luftschiff auf das Kronendach des Tropischen Regenwaldes abgesetzt wird. Dort kann ein Forschungsteam Pflanzenproben sammeln, die auf ihre medizinische Verwendbarkeit untersucht werden. Um größere Flächen zu erkunden kann das Luftschiff mit einem Pontondreieck – einer Miniaturform des Baumfloßes –, das unter dem Luftschiff angebracht ist, ebenfalls Proben sammeln. Seit 1986 gab es mehrere Expeditionen, die in Kamerun, Französisch-Guayana und Brasilien stattfanden.

Fotografische Dokumentationen beispielsweise der beiden Schlösser von Neuschwanstein, von Flusslandschaften bei Forschungsprojekten des World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in Deutschland und Österreich und ähnlichen Projekten des Naturschutzbundes Deutschland mit teilweise recht aufwändigen Dokumentationen von Überschwemmungsgebieten und Auenwäldern belegen auf sehr eindrucksvolle Weise die Eignung von Heißluft-Luftschiffen für das Umweltmonitoring bzw. die Nahbereichsvermessung. Das Heißluft-Luftschiff bietet oftmals die beste und häufig die einzige Möglichkeit wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen aus der Luft vorzunehmen, die vom Boden aus entweder sehr zeitaufwendig, oder auch teilweise unmöglich sind. Der Einsatz von "Schwerer als Luftfahrzeugen" scheidet hierbei ebenfalls aus, da Flächenflugzeuge zu schnell fliegen und Hubschrauber mit ihrem Rotorabwind gerade die sensiblen Flächen stören, oder sogar zerstören, die es zu beobachten gilt.

Ein Einsatz ganz besonderer Art fand im März 1994 im hohen Norden Norwegens, in Vadsø, der Landestation der Polarexpeditionen von Amundsen und Nobile der 1920er Jahre statt. Dort, am nördlichsten Zipfel Europas und damit weit oberhalb des Polarkreises an der Barentssee erinnerte das "Adler Luftschiff" im Rahmen der "Operation ARCTIC SKY '94" mit seinen Flügen am historischen Ankermast an frühere Luftschiffexpeditionen in der Arktis. Die Beförderung einer internationalen Sonderpost an Bord des "Adler Luftschiffes" erbrachte durch den Verkauf dieser Briefe Spendenmittel in fünfstelliger Höhe für das Pestalozzi Kinderdorf am Bodensee.

Ein anderer großrahmiger Einsatz führte ein Luftschiffteam im Februar 1998 nach Tansania in die Serengeti. Sie operierten dort auf den Spuren von Vater und Sohn Grzimek, die dort Ende der 1950er-Jahre mit einer einmotorigen Dornier 27 die Wanderung der großen Tierherden beobachtet und analysiert haben. Das "Adler Luftschiff" diente 1998 einmal mehr als Kameraplattform für ein Filmteam der ARD und von ARTE, um wie bei den Grzimeks in den 1950er-Jahren die Wanderung der großen Herden aus der Luft zu beobachten. "Serengeti wird nicht sterben" hieß die Expedition in Analogie zum 40 Jahre früher gedrehten, weltberühmten und mit einem Oscar prämierten Film der Grzimeks. Auch bei diesem Vorhaben wurde eine Sonderpost befördert, ebenfalls mit Spendeneinnahmen in fünfstelliger Höhe. Der Film über diese Expedition wurde über zwanzig Mal auf verschiedenen deutschen und internationalen TV-Sendern ausgestrahlt.

Technik
Historisch unterscheidet man zwei Bauformen, die natürlichen oder künstlichen Überdruck nutzen.

Natürlicher Überdruck

Da ist zum einen der ohne künstlichen Überdruck auskommende Typ. Seine Form erhält er lediglich durch den statischen Druck der Heißluft in der Hülle und über eine Windschürze, die Fahrtwind in die Hülle presst. Diese Konzeption ist recht einfach in der Fertigung und in der Handhabung, da sie sich in allen Komponenten sehr eng an den bekannten Heißluftballon anlehnt. Die Brenneranlage befindet sich unterhalb der Füllöffnung in einer offenen Gondel, die oftmals einem Ballonkorb ähnelt. Aufgrund des geringen Überdruckes in der Hülle ist die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Fluggeräte allerdings sehr begrenzt. Einsätze lassen sich nur bei (fast) Windstille und nur in böenfreier Luft durchführen.

Künstlich erzeugter Überdruck
Um die allgemeine Leistungsfähigkeit zu steigern, entwickelte die englische Firma Thunder & Colt ab Ende der 1970er-Jahre ein Heißluft-Luftschiff mit künstlichem Überdruck. Der Überdruck wurde anfangs durch ein unterhalb des Brenners montiertes Gebläse, und zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt zusätzlich durch den Antriebspropeller erzielt. Das Brenneraggregat befindet sich bei diesem Typen im Inneren der nunmehr völlig geschlossenen Hülle.

Das bei beiden Bautypen vom Heißluftballon entlehnte Hüllenmaterial ließ allerdings auch bei den ersten Überdruck-Typen keine wirklich hohen Hüllendrücke zu, beziehungsweise die Lebensdauer der Hüllen betrug meist weniger als 100 Flugstunden. Dies änderte sich erst mit der Verwendung von hochreißfesten Nylongeweben mit Silikonbeschichtung. Der Überdruck beträgt bis zu 15 Pa, Gasluftschiffe nutzen im Vergleich einen Überdruck von rund 500 Pa.

Antrieb und Steuerung
Als Antrieb werden Zweitakt-Ottomotoren verwendet. Je nach Luftschifftyp haben sie eine Leistung von etwa 20 – 50 kW. Der übliche Kraftstoffvorrat beträgt etwa 25 Liter. Für den Gasbrenner zum Erwärmen der Luft werden rund 60 kg Propangas mitgeführt.

Gesteuert wird mittels eines Seitenruders, die Höhensteuerung wird wie beim Heißluftballon manuell über die Häufigkeit und Dauer der Betätigung der meist einflammigen Brenneranlage realisiert. Höhen- und Seitenleitwerke sind, wie die Hülle, ebenfalls rein pneumatische Konstruktionen und am Heck angeordnet. Der für die Stabilität der Leitwerke notwendige Druck entsteht in der Regel über einen Teil des Propeller-Luftstroms, der durch eine Lufthutze hinter dem Antriebspropeller den Leitwerken zugeführt wird und dort für einen Überdruck sorgt. Die Leitwerke verfügen über keinerlei feste Bauteile.

Heißluft-Luftschiffe besitzen ein Abfluggewicht bis zu rund 900 kg.

Gondel
Die Gondel besteht zumeist aus einem rostfreien Rohrrahmen und Aluminium- und Kunststoffverkleidungen.
Sie bietet Platz für zwei oder vier Personen. Die Sitzanordnung ist je nach Modell nebeneinander oder in Tandemkonfiguration ausgeführt. GEFA-FLUG stellte auch Heißluft-Luftschiffgondeln für sechs Insassen her.

Vergleich mit Gas-Luftschiffen
Die Entwicklung, die Herstellung und auch der Betrieb von Gas-Luftschiffen ist sehr kostenintensiv, was ihre Verwendung in vielen Bereichen der Luftfahrt nach wie vor ausschließt. Konventionelle Gas-Luftschiffe sind personalintensiv im Betrieb und verursachen auch bei vorübergehendem Nichtgebrauch erhebliche Kosten z. B. für die Unterbringung und die Betreuung in einem Hangar. Gas-Luftschiffe lassen sich nur rentabel betreiben, wenn sie auf eine hohe Flugstundenzahl im Jahresgang kommen.

Bei all diesen Punkten haben Heißluft-Luftschiffe entscheidende Vorteile. Bei Nichtgebrauch können sie z. B. auf einem Transport-Anhänger verpackt werden und verursachen so keine weiteren nennenswerten Kosten. Das Gas-Luftschiff erreicht seinen jeweiligen Einsatzort nur mit erheblichen Aufwand an Logistik (Bodenmannschaft, Ankermast, Planungskosten etc.) und ausschließlich auf dem Luftweg. Das Heißluft-Luftschiff wird dagegen kostengünstig im Anhänger auf der Straße transportiert. Gas-Luftschiffe vergleichbarer Größe wie Heißluft-Luftschiffe haben auch heute meist noch Mannschaften von 8 bis 10 Mitarbeitern. Größere Gas-Luftschiffe älterer Bauart benötigen sogar bis zu 20 Personen.

Die Bodenmannschaft eines Heißluft-Luftschiffes kommt dagegen mit drei bis vier Personen aus, da diese Fluggeräte nur bei günstigem Wetter und für einige Stunden eingesetzt und nach erfolgtem Einsatz wieder verpackt werden.

Abgesehen von ihrer geringeren Leistungsfähigkeit sind Heißluft-Luftschiffe flexibler einsetzbar als Gas-Luftschiffe. Interessant ist dieser Umstand vor allem bei Planung von Einsätzen in entfernteren Ländern, in denen das Gas-Luftschiff entweder gar nicht, oder aber eben nur mit immensem Überführungsaufwand eingesetzt werden kann.

Ein erheblicher Nachteil des Heißluft-Luftschiffes gegenüber dem Gas-Luftschiff ist das physikalisch bedingte, erheblich größere notwendige Volumen um auf vergleichbare Nutzlasten zu kommen. Helium besitzt gegenüber erhitzter Luft bei den heute gebräuchlichen Temperaturen von max. 127 °C den ca. drei- bis dreieinhalbfachen Auftrieb. Dieser Umstand kann durch die Verwendung wesentlich leichterer Hüllenstoffe etwas ausgeglichen werden und wird sich durch die massive Weiterentwicklung von Heißluft-Luftschiffen (reißfestere Stoffe und deren höhere Temperaturbelastbarkeit) noch weiter verkleinern lassen. Ein erheblicher Unterschied wird aber, rein physikalisch bedingt, immer bestehen bleiben.

Auch werden Heißluft-Luftschiffe nie die Wetterfestigkeit von Gas-Luftschiffen erreichen, da sich bei höheren Windgeschwindigkeiten und turbulenter Luft die großen Heißluft-Luftschiffhüllen nicht aufrüsten (aufblasen und anheizen) lassen. Ihre Einsatzgrenze wird auf 12 bis maximal 15 Knoten Bodenwind geschätzt, die sich, wenn überhaupt nur mit erheblichem technologischem Aufwand, einer größeren Mannschaft und damit verbundenem größeren finanziellem Aufwand überwinden ließe. Damit wird jedoch der eigentliche Vorteil des Heißluft-Luftschiffes gegenüber dem Gas-Luftschiff, einfach und kostengünstig zu sein, geschmälert.

Einige kennzeichnende Parameter für Heißluft-Luftschiffe sind:
kostengünstig in der Entwicklung und Herstellung, da technologisch (noch) recht einfach
kostengünstig im Betrieb, vor allem bei kurzzeitiger, tageweiser Nutzung
geringe Nutzlast ermöglicht nur kurze Flugzeiten; Flugeinsätze haben deshalb in der Regel lokalen bis regionalen Charakter
Passagierbeförderung bei bisheriger Bauweise (in der Regel nur 1 Passagier) wirtschaftlich (vorläufig noch) unbedeutend.

Ausbildung und Pilotenlizenz
Es sind mindestens 6 Flugstunden und Fahrten notwendig um in Deutschland die Fluglizenz für Heißluft-Luftschiffe zu erwerben. Voraussetzung für die Umschulung auf Heißluft-Luftschiffe ist das Vorhandensein einer Heißluftballon-Pilotenlizenz mit ausreichender Flugerfahrung.

Nicht nur der Pilot braucht Schulung, auch die Bodenmannschaft. Das Training schließt diese Fragen ebenfalls mit ein. Empfohlen wird jedem Piloten, seine eigene Mannschaft zur Schulung mitzubringen. Ebenfalls Inhalt der Ausbildung sind auch die Themen Wartung und Pflege, aber auch grundsätzliche Fragen bezüglich der Reparatur des Gesamtsystems.

Ausblick und Entwicklungstendenzen
Zur Zeit (Stand 1. Januar 2008) gibt es weltweit drei behördlich lizenzierte Unternehmen, die Heißluft-Luftschiffe herstellen, die englischen Anbieter Cameron Balloons/Thunder & Colt, Lindstrand Balloons und die deutsche GEFA-FLUG. Es ist der kleine Nischenmarkt, die nach wie vor relative Wetterbegrenztheit, das notwendige und hohe Spezialwissen, aber auch die relative Unbekanntheit des Flugsystems Heißluft-Luftschiff, die einer Verbreitung im größeren Umfang im Wege steht. Daneben muss berücksichtigt werden, dass auch der Betrieb von Heißluft-Luftschiffen einigen finanziellen Aufwand erfordert.

Ob es neben den hier beschriebenen viersitzigen Heißluft-Luftschiffen in der Zukunft auch noch größere Typen geben wird, hängt von der Entwicklung des Marktes für die derzeit lieferbaren Typen ab.

Weiterentwicklungsimpulse kommen beispielsweise über die Verbesserung der Manövrierfähigkeit, einhergehend auch mit der Reduzierung der Thermikempfindlichkeit. Die größten Potenziale liegen in der Weiterentwicklung der Hüllenstoffe, die noch leichter und fester werden, sowie höhere Temperaturen für gesteigerten Auftrieb erlauben und eine längere Lebensdauer besitzen. Eine Erhöhung des Innendrucks lässt höhere Fahrtgeschwindigkeiten zu, als mit den momentan verwendeten Materialien.

Bei GEFA-FLUG und der Firma Festo, einem Hersteller für Pneumatik-Komponenten, gibt es gemeinsame Überlegungen ein erhebliches Maß an pneumatischen Steuerungselementen einzubringen, um sowohl die Manövrierfähigkeit, aber auch den Bedienungskomfort für den Piloten zu erhöhen. Verschiedene Hersteller arbeiten an einem sogenannten "pneumatischen Muskel", der gleich an mehreren Stellen Verwendung finden könnte.

Die Verbesserung der Heißluft-Luftschiffe steigert einerseits die Leistungsfähigkeit, verkleinert andererseits aber auch die Lücke im Anwendungsbereich gegenüber dem Gas-Luftschiff. Sie werden, zumindest auf absehbare Zeit, jedoch nicht in wirkliche Konkurrenz zueinander treten, sondern sich auf Grund ihrer unterschiedlichen Technik- und Anwendungsprofile ergänzen.

Die Entwicklungspotentiale des Heißluft-Luftschiffes werden höher eingeschätzt als die des Gas-Luftschiffes, welches sich durch seine über 150-jährige Entwicklungsgeschichte u. a. auch für militärische Zwecke auf einer sehr viel höheren Entwicklungsstufe befindet und daher nur in kleineren Schritten weiterentwickelt wird. Der physikalisch bedingte Unterschied der verschiedenen Dichten von erwärmter Luft und Helium als Traggas wird jedoch bleiben.

Hersteller und Modelle
(Auswahl, nach Hersteller)

Augur Aerostatic Systems Inc. (RosAeroSystems-Russland)
AV-1R (zweisitzig in Zusammenarbeit mit der tschechischen Firma Kubicek, s.r.o.)
Au-29 (einsitzig)
Boland Balloon (USA)
Modell A-3 und A-5
Cameron Balloons
AS80GD
AS105GD
AS105MKII
AS120MKII
GEFA-FLUG
AS 105 GD (zwei- oder viersitzig)
AS 105 GD/6 (sechssitzig)
Kubicek AV-1, 1997 von Kubicek Balloons/Tschechien für einen Kunden in Moskau/Russland gebaut
Lindstrand Hot Air Balloons Ltd
HS110

Weblinks
gefaflug.com GEFA-Flug (Hersteller und Betreiber, deutsch)
www.geo-dieluftwerker.de geo - Die Luftwerker (derzeit (Herbst 2016) einziger Instandhaltungsbetrieb für Heißluft-Luftschiffe in Deutschland)
www.events-online24.de Luftsportaktivitäten deutschlandweit (Betreiber, deutsch)
www.cameronballoons.com Cameron Ballons (Hersteller, engl.)
www.lindstrand.co.uk  Lindstrand Hot Air Balloons Ltd (Hersteller, engl.)
www.myairship.com/hotship/index.html (Hersteller, engl.)

Einzelnachweise

Luftschiff

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Jim Bueermann
President, Police Foundation
homepage police foundation twitter policing news twitter
In September 2012, Jim Bueermann was appointed as the president of the Washington, DC-based Police Foundation. Founded in 1970, the Police Foundation is America's oldest non-pa ...read more
In September 2012, Jim Bueermann was appointed as the president of the Washington, DC-based Police Foundation. Founded in 1970, the Police Foundation is America's oldest non-partisan, non-profit police research organization. The mission of the Police Foundation is "to advance policing through innovation and science."
He worked for the Redlands Police Department for 33 years, serving in every unit within the department and retired in the summer of 2011. He was appointed Chief of Police and Director of Housing, Recreation and Senior Services in 1998. From June 2011 until September 2012 he served as an Executive Fellow with the US Department of Justice's National Institute of Justice and a Senior Fellow at George Mason University's Center for Evidence Based Crime Policy.
As a police chief, he developed a holistic approach to community policing and problem solving that consolidated housing and recreation services into the police department and was based on risk and protective factor research into adolescent problem prevention. This strategy was recognized as one of the country's 25 most innovative programs in the 2000 Innovations in American Government program sponsored by Harvard's Kennedy School.
Jim was the first police chief inducted as an Honorary Fellow into the Academy of Experimental Criminology and into the Halls of Fame at George Mason University's Center for Evidence Based Crime Policy and the School of Behavioral Science at California State University, San Bernardino.
He is on policing advisory boards at Cambridge University and George Mason University, was appointed by US Attorney General Eric Holder to the US Department of Justice's Science Advisory Board and serves on the the FBI National Academy's Advisory Board. He was recently appointed to the National Academies of Sciences Panel on Proactive Policing and served on the Academies Roundtable on Crime Trends and Stanford University's Executive Session on Correctional Realignment. In addition, he works extensively in the field of evidence based policing, innovative technologies and prisoner reentry.
He is a graduate of California State University, San Bernardino, the University of Redlands, the FBI National Academy and the California Command College.