The Ottoman forces were bent on conquering the Mediterranean Island of Cyprus, which belonged to the Venetian Republic. In 1570 the Ottoman troops invaded Cyprus and on September 8, the Feast of the Nativity of Our Lady, the City of Nicosia fell to the Ottoman scimitar. The Catholic fleet dispatched by the Pope and headed by Admiral Doria, withdrew when the Admiral learnt that a massacre followed the capitulation of Nicosia. The Pope was understandably alarmed by the news that Ottoman conquests advanced along the Mediterranean coast, and pleaded with the European monarchs, for an immediate response to repel the Ottoman onslaught. Similarly to Pope Urban II, Pope Saint Pius V urged the Catholic powers to unite into a Holy League and repel the menace. It was the time of the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation; many turned a deaf ear to the exhortations of the Pope, ignoring the needs of the Roman Church. Eventually, the Pontiff brought together the Holy League consisting of the Republics of Genoa, Lucca, Venice, the Dukes of Savoy, Parma, Ferrara, Urbino, the forces of King Philip II of Spain and Austria and the Military and Hospitaller Knights of Saint John and naturally the Papal Fleet. Don John of Austria, the twenty five-year-old son of Charles V and Philip's half-brother was appointed Commander of the Catholic fleet. Don John received the Pope's banner through Cardinal Granvalla and left Genoa for Naples on June 26, 1571. The Papal banner depicting the Blessed Virgin was lifted high on the masthead of John's ship. This banner can today be viewed at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostella in Spain. France refused to join the Holy League and was financing the Ottoman forces, this pathetic French political agenda was rightly deemed as being a great dishonor and betrayal of Christianity. France desired to weaken their long time enemy, the German-Austrian Kingdom.
The Pope in Rome urged the faithful to pray the Holy Rosary for a sure and rapid victory. His Holiness Pius V delivered his papal blessing saying: "Go forth in the name of Christ to combat His foes, you will be victorious." The Christians forces consisted of 50,000 sailors and 31,000 soldiers aboard 208 galleys, while the Ottoman built a fleet consisting of 300 ships. Previous to the Christian departure, 80,000 men fasted for three days, confessed their sins and received Holy Communion. As the Holy League set sail, news reached the Pope that the City of Famagusta on Cyprus had fallen to the Ottoman Turk. All the confraternities of the Holy Rosary were asked to redouble their prayers, the convents and monasteries kept vigils of prayer before the Blessed Sacrament. It was said that Don John and the soldiers from Christendom, entered battle with drawn swords in one hand and their Rosary beads in the other. Jesting at the previous year's failure by Admiral Doria, the Ottoman Commander was surprised that the Christians had finally decided to put a show of resistance. Ottoman forces retreated to the coast of Lepanto in the Gulf of Corinth and at dawn on October 7, the Catholic and Islamic fleets met at the entrance of the Gulf of Patras. The battle raged and the Ottoman held the upper hand. An indication of the outcome was sure in coming, for as the wind initially favored the Ottoman Fleet, it changed direction favoring the Catholics. What better representation of the Holy Spirit and the Blessed Virgin could have occurred through the change in wind direction? At Lepanto, a merciless bloody battle raged; Catholic soldiers climbed aboard Ottoman ships, which rammed Catholic vessels. Great carnage was everywhere, due to their heavy armor proud knights and soldiers sank into the depths of the sea, and hundreds of cannons pounded wooden vessels. Shouts, musket balls, arrows and splinters filled the air, hundreds of boats crashed into each other, the surface of the sea was littered with debris and floating bodies.
Before departing from the Genoese port, Don John of Austria was presented by Philip II of Spain, who in turn had received from the Archbishop of Mexico City, a picture of Our Lady of Guadeloupe painted in 1570 and touched to the original. The Image was placed in the chapel of the Admiral's vessel and together with the Genoese Andrea Doria, an invocation for protection was previous to the expedition expressed before the Image of Our Lady. Throughout the battle when the situation was unfavorable for the Catholics, the Admiral knelt before the Image and pleaded for Our Lady's intercession. This same Image is today kept enshrined in the Church of San Stefano in Aveto, Italy. Reliable historical sources state that at a certain critical point, Prince Mark Antonio Colonna, the Commander of the Papal fleet, received a direct instruction from the Blessed Virgin and attacked the galley of the Ottoman Commander Ali Pasha. Don John later reported that the battle on the galley of Ali Pasha, the great Ottoman flagship, raged for an hour. The Islamic soldiery twice repelled the attack upon the main mast. The Catholics prevailed and Ali Pasha was captured together with five hundred other soldiers. The Ottoman flags and standards were removed and the Cross-was hoisted upon the mainmast.
Upon the Spanish vessel 'The Marquesa,' there was amidst the soldiers, the writer Miguel de Cervantes. He was wounded in the chest and left hand, he later authored 'Don Quixote' and himself remembered the battle and his wounds to his left hand as occurring 'for the greater glory of his right.' Three galleys of the Order of Saint John held the far right and met in battle the corsair squadron of El Louck Ali, the viceroy of the Algiers. Although heavily outnumbered the Knights fought bravely. Such was the fear the Order of Saint John instilled in its enemy, that the son of the Count of Fuentes, Bernardino de Heredia and a Zaragozan Knight Jeroimo Ramires, who fought heroically and were both riddled with arrows, were not approached by their enemies before they were confirmed dead. When the Islamic fleet was defeated, El Louck Ali withdrew his corsair vessels and fled. Twenty thousand men of the Ottoman forces were killed or taken prisoner, while the Catholics had eight thousand casualties and twice as much injured. Out of three hundred Ottoman ships, two hundred were destroyed, and many others were captured, 15,000 Christian oarsmen were liberated.
At Lepanto, captured Ottoman Islamic POWs claimed of beholding a radiant Lady in the sky and admittedly, were terrified of her majestic and threatening countenance. The Turkish witnessed a Lady who gazed upon them so threateningly, that they could not gaze back at her and they rather retreated. The timing of Our Lady's apparition coincided with the turning of events (of the wind) in favor of the Catholic forces. The Catholic Fleet did not behold the Blessed Virgin, however many felt a heavenly assistance. Other Ottoman POWs swore that they saw Jesus Christ, Saint Peter, Saint Paul, and an army of angels with swords fighting against the Ottoman navy. The angels blinded the Turkish sailors with the smoke from the ships' cannons. How the Muslim sailors came to recognize the Christian saints and Jesus Christ is a mystery, however following characteristic descriptions of the saints, the interrogators might have interpreted the visions. Otherwise the Jihadists might have been Divinely enlightened to recognize against whom they were warring. The numerous witnesses of the apparitions disprove the allegation that these alleged visions, were a fabrication on the part of the Christians. Similar visions of Our Lady, including her glorious threatening holy countenance, her unbearable apparition and the compulsive mysterious force which obliged her enemies to gaze submissively to the ground, was reported in different ages, during far and removed battles, by diverse cultures who essentially opposed a genuine Catholic army which invoked her assistance.
Shamefully, during this moment of victory, the differences and bickering between the Catholic forces were not surmounted. Mark Antonio Colonna, the Commander of the Papal fleet, would later say: "Only by a miracle and the great goodness of God was it possible for us to fight such a battle. But it is just as great a miracle that the prevailing greed and covetousness have not flung us one against the other in a second battle."(1) It should be noted that disagreement between allied leaders could lead to an obvious disastrous outcome. The disagreement between Mustapha Pasha and Piali Pasha, during the siege on Malta in 1565, led to serious tactical mistakes on the part of the Ottoman force. On the other hand the Blessed Virgin led the bickering Catholics during the battle of Lepanto to victory. Mark Antonio Colonna's comments safely show that a victory was not brought about by the strength of the Catholics, but by the direct will of God through the intercession of Our Lady and the effectiveness of the faithful's prayers, who assiduously prayed the fifteen mysteries of the most Holy Rosary. Historians remember the Naval Battle at Lepanto, as the last battle of the oared galley, it surely indicated the proximity of the end of an age dominated by the Ottoman Empire. The Christians which powered the Ottoman fleet were liberated, at least the ones who survived.
Before the news confirming the Catholic victory arrived in Rome, the Pope beheld in vision, the outcome of the Battle at Lepanto. At dawn on October 7, 1571, Pope Pius V was accompanied by the faithful who were praying the Rosary in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, before the Image of the Blessed Virgin. Differing historical sources state that, while the Battle at Lepanto was in full swing, His Holiness the Pope was attending a meeting on finances. When victory was achieved the Pope Saint Pius V stood up from the important Church meeting and headed towards the window, whilst shedding copious tears and thanking God he exclaimed, "The Catholic fleet is victorious!" Yet other historical sources state, that the Pope stood up from the meeting and went to the window to pray the Rosary and whilst praying received the revelation that the Catholic fleet won the battle. On returning to the table he said: "It is not time to talk about business; our great task at present is to thank God for the victory He has just given the Catholic Armada."(2) The records show that at the same time the Pontiff made the statement, the Ottoman fleet was defeated. A few days later a courier, who was delayed by storms at sea, arrived in Rome with the news of the victory at Lepanto. To thank the Blessed Virgin, Rosary processions were held and Pope Pius V added the litany to the Holy Rosary. In 1712 Pope Pius V was canonized.
Chapter 9/45 – Russia, Friend or Foe?
Revelation 12: Who Is the Woman Clothed with the Sun?
'Let it be known' Is it a coincidence that such liberation fell on the ancient Christian Feast of St George April 23rd ?


text:
Talk Talk were an English rock band formed in 1981, led by Mark Hollis (vocals, guitar, piano), Lee Harris (drums), and Paul Webb (bass). The group achieved early chart success with the synth-pop singles "Talk Talk" (1982), "It's My Life" and "Such a Shame" (both 1984) before moving towards more experimental music in the mid-1980s, pioneering what became known as post-rock. Talk Talk achieved widespread critical success, while selling records in Europe and the UK with the singles "Life's What You Make It" (1985) and "Living in Another World" (1986), and in 1988 they released their fourth album Spirit of Eden, which was critically acclaimed yet commercially less successful.
Friction with the band's label, EMI, resulted in legal action and countersuing. Webb departed, and the band switched to Polydor for their final album, 1991's Laughing Stock, but split soon afterwards. Singer Mark Hollis released one solo album in 1998 before retiring from the music industry. The band's founding bass player and drummer, Paul Webb and Lee Harris, played in several bands together; long-term collaborator Tim Friese-Greene continued in the business as a musician and producer.
Talk Talk saw a mild resurgence in popularity after the band No Doubt covered "It's My Life" in 2003.
Talk Talk began as a quartet consisting of Mark Hollis formerly from The Reaction (vocals/main songwriter), Lee Harris (drums), Paul Webb (bass guitar), and Simon Brenner (keyboards). In their early years they were often compared with Duran Duran. In addition to a band name consisting of a repeated word, the two shared a Roxy Music-inspired musical direction, as well as the same record label (EMI) and producer (Colin Thurston). The band also supported Duran Duran on tour in late 1981.
The band released their first single, "Mirror Man", on EMI in February 1982. The single was not a great success, but was quickly followed by their self-titled single in April 1982 (a rerecording of a track by The Reaction) which reached No.52 in the UK. The band's first album, titled The Party's Over, was released in July 1982. The band had their first UK Top 40 hits with the singles "Today" (UK No. 14) and a re-release of "Talk Talk" (UK No. 23). These singles also were hits in other countries including Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The re-release of the "Talk Talk" single reached the U.S. Top 75. The album was produced by Colin Thurston, who was Duran Duran's in-house EMI producer at the time, but picked by Hollis because of his involvement with David Bowie's Heroes. It was a moderate success in the UK reaching No.21, and was later certified Silver by the BPI for sales of 60,000 copies by 1985. It was a Top 10 hit in New Zealand.
Brenner left after the 1983 non-LP hit single "My Foolish Friend", which was produced by frequent Roxy Music collaborator Rhett Davies. At this point, Talk Talk was now a trio, as Brenner was never officially replaced. However, Tim Friese-Greene was recruited to assist with the recording of their second album, It's My Life, and he became the band's producer as well as keyboardist and Hollis' songwriting partner. Although a major contributor to the band's studio output and a de facto fourth member, Friese-Greene never officially joined the band; and as such did not regularly play with the touring band, and was absent from the band's publicity material.
Although major success still eluded them in the UK, Talk Talk achieved considerable international success in 1984/85, particularly in continental Europe, North America and New Zealand with the album It's My Life. The accompanying single "Such a Shame" (a song inspired by the book The Dice Man) became a Top 10 hit in Austria, France, (Germany), Italy, Netherlands and Switzerland during this period. The title track of the album was also a Top 10 hit in Italy (where a remix of six songs from the albums and non-album singles, It's My Mix, was the No. 86 best-selling album of 1985), and entered the U.S., Canadian, French, German, New Zealand and Netherlands Top 40. A third single, "Dum Dum Girl", was a success in some European countries and in New Zealand; however, the album and its singles were largely ignored in the UK. Commercial success notwithstanding, the band made deliberate choices that moved them away from the mainstream. The music video for "It's My Life", for instance, featured a grumpy Hollis who mocks lip-synching; after EMI protested, they re-shot the video, turning it into "a total piss-take of lip-synching", in Alan McGee's words.
The artist James Marsh designed the first cover image for It's My Life based on the band's name. He followed the theme for subsequent singles, remaining the band's artistic frontman and creating all their covers and posters throughout their career.
Talk Talk abandoned the synthpop style completely with their third album, 1986's The Colour of Spring. It became their biggest success in the UK, making the Top 10 (and certified Gold by the BPI for sales over 100,000 copies), in part due to the Top 20 single "Life's What You Make It", which was also successful internationally. Another single, "Living in Another World", charted in the Top 40 in Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Italy (and just outside the Top 40 in the UK and France). By this time, all Talk Talk songs were being written by Hollis and Friese-Greene. The extended line-up for the 1986 tour consisted of Hollis, Webb and Harris, plus John Turnbull (guitars), Rupert Black and Ian Curnow (keyboards), Phil Reis and Leroy Williams (percussion), and Mark Feltham (harmonica). Most notable among these concerts was their appearance at the Montreux Jazz Festival, 11 July 1986, released on DVD in 2008 as Live at Montreux 1986.
The success of The Colour of Spring afforded the band a bigger budget and schedule for the recording of their next album. Over a year in the making, and featuring contributions from many outside musicians, Spirit of Eden was released in 1988, on EMI's Parlophone label. The album was assembled from many hours of improvised instrumentation that Hollis and Friese-Greene had edited and arranged using digital equipment. The result was a mix of rock, jazz, classical, and ambient music. Critically praised, the album reached the UK Top 20 and was certified Silver by the BPI for sales of over 60,000 copies.
The band announced they would not be attempting to recreate the album live (since, according to Hollis, "People would just want to hear the songs as they are on the album and for me that's not satisfying enough"). Without touring and without music videos and singles as the band originally intended, there was little marketing left that the record company could do; in the end the band grudgingly agreed to a video for the remixed version of "I Believe in You", released as first single. Hollis, though, was unhappy with the video, as he made clear in an interview with Q Magazine:-
"I really feel that [the video] was a massive mistake … I thought just by sitting there and listening and really thinking about what it was about, I could get that in my eyes. But you cannot do it. It just feels stupid. It was depressing and I wish I'd never done it."
During the making of Spirit of Eden, Talk Talk manager Keith Aspden had attempted to free the band from their record contract with EMI. "I knew by that time that EMI was not the company this band should be with", Aspden said. "I was fearful that the money wouldn't be there to record another album." EMI, however, wished to keep the band on their roster. After many months of litigation, the band ultimately succeeded in extracting themselves from the contract. EMI then sued the band, claiming that Spirit of Eden was not "commercially satisfactory", but the case was thrown out of court. Webb left the band in late 1988.
With the band now released from EMI, the label released the retrospective compilation Natural History in 1990. It peaked at number 3 on the UK album chart and was certified Gold by the BPI for sales of over 100,000 copies. It was also an international success and eventually went on to sell more than 1 million copies worldwide. The 1984 single "It's My Life" was also re-released, and this time became the band's highest charting single in their native country, reaching number 13 on the UK Singles Chart. A re-release of the single "Life's What You Make It" also reached the Top 30. Following up on this renewed popular interest in the band, the label then released History Revisited in 1991, a compilation of new remixes, which made the UK Top 40 (it also reached the Top 30 in Germany and the Top 75 in the Netherlands). The band sued EMI for releasing the remixed material without their permission.
By 1990 the band consisted only of Hollis, Harris and Friese-Greene. They signed a two-album contract with Polydor Records and released Laughing Stock on Polydor's Verve Records imprint in 1991. The band had morphed into what was essentially the studio recordings of Hollis and Friese-Greene, along with a session musicians (including long-term Talk Talk drummer Harris). Laughing Stock crystallised the experimental sound the band started with Spirit of Eden (which has been retroactively categorised as "post-rock" by some critics. Despite being even more minimalist than its predecessor, Laughing Stock peaked at No. 26 in the UK Albums Chart.
After Laughing Stock, Talk Talk disbanded in 1991; Hollis said that he wished to focus on his family. Paul Webb rejoined Lee Harris, and the two went on to form the band .O.rang, while Tim Friese-Greene started recording under the name Heligoland. In 1998, Mark Hollis released his self-titled solo début Mark Hollis, which was much in keeping with the minimalist post-rock sound of Spirit of Eden and Laughing Stock, but he retired from the music industry shortly afterwards.
Webb also collaborated under the name of Rustin Man with Portishead lead singer Beth Gibbons and released Out of Season in 2002 and Drift Code in 2019, while Lee Harris featured on the Bark Psychosis 2004 album, ///Codename: Dustsucker.
Mark Hollis died on 25 February 2019, aged 64.
Talk Talk's influence upon musicians has exceeded the band's visibility among the general public. Along with the band Slint, Talk Talk are credited with inventing "post-rock" in their last two albums, Spirit of Eden and Laughing Stock. The artists who have praised the band or cited them as an influence include Tears for Fears, Matthew Good, Elbow, Shearwater, M83, Bark Psychosis, Cedric Bixler-Zavala of The Mars Volta, Steven Wilson of Porcupine Tree, Storm Corrosion (a joint project between Opeth's Mikael Åkerfeldt and Porcupine Tree's Steven Wilson), Steve Hogarth of Marillion, Richard Barbieri of Japan and Porcupine Tree, and Death Cab for Cutie.
The bands Placebo, Weezer, The Divine Comedy and The Gathering covered their song "Life's What You Make It" and No Doubt scored a global hit with a cover of "It's My Life" in 2003. Lights recorded a cover of "Living in Another World" in 2012.
Guy Garvey of the band Elbow said:-
"Mark Hollis started from punk and by his own admission he had no musical ability. To go from only having the urge, to writing some of the most timeless, intricate and original music ever is as impressive as the moon landings for me."
A tribute album and anthological book, both titled Spirit of Talk Talk, were released in 2012. The book includes all the artwork James Marsh did for the band, and hand-written lyrics (by the band). The album includes covers by various artists, proceeds going to the conservation organisation BirdLife International.
Hollis and Talk Talk continue to be praised as artists who did not cave in to the pressures of corporate and commercial interests. Says Alan McGee, "I find the whole story of one man against the system in a bid to maintain creative control incredibly heartening."
80s Studio albums
1982- The Party's Over
1984- It's My Life
1986- The Colour of Spring
1988- Spirit of Eden
1991- Laughing Stock
It's My Mix (1985; released only in Italy and Canada)
Mini LP (1985, contains remixes only and similar to It's My Mix).
Natural History: The Very Best of Talk Talk (1990): UK No. 3, Germany No. 10, Netherlands No. 16, New Zealand No. 20, Switzerland No. 27
History Revisited: The Remixes (1991): UK No. 35
The Very Best of Talk Talk (1997): UK No. 54, Norway No. 20 (in 2002)
Asides Besides (1998)
12×12 Original Remixes (1999)
Remixed (same as 12×12 Original Remixes) (2001)
Time It's Time (2003)
The Essential (2003)
Introducing … Talk Talk (2003)
Essential (2011)
Natural Order (2013)
Tags: 80s bands, 80s music, 80s rock, 80s rock bands, it's my life, lee harris, lifes what you make it, mark hollis, paul webb, talk talk
Private Benjamin (1980)
A Country Practice
80s Highlights- Bruce Spr...
Record Mirror Magazine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Leading US forex broker FXCM announced that it has signed a white label agreement with stock and derivatives broker Halifax New Zealand to offer retail FX and CFD trading to NZ customers.
FXCM will be transferring its existing clients in New Zealand to Halifax in the upcoming months, and they will be informed of this transition in advance. Halifax New Zealand, on the other hand, will enable its customers to access the FXCM's trading platforms and services, while trading with a locally regulated broker, as Halifax New Zealand Limited is registered as a Financial Service Provider (FSP) and regulated by the Financial Markets Authority (FMA) of New Zealand.
Presently the NZ company is also a white label partner of Interactive Brokers and provides its clients with access to over 36 exchanges worldwide through Trader Workstation platform.
This white label agreement is another cost optimization move by FXCM, as the company emphasizes on paying out its high-interest loan to Leucadia National Corp (NYSE:LUK). The loan was necessitated after the heavy losses incurred by the broker due to the Swiss franc spike last year.
In line with its current policy to sell assets and free up capital, the agreement with Halifax New Zealand will enable FXCM to retain, or maybe even increase, its NZ trading volume, while not holding as much capital, since client funds will be officially kept with the white label partner.
FXCM is one of world's largest forex brokers in terms of trading volume. It is a registered futures commission merchant (FCM) and a retail forex dealer (RFED) with the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The broker is also registered with the relevant regulatory bodies in the UK, Germany, Italy and Australia. It provides forex and contracts for difference (CFDs) trading, spread betting and related services to both retail and institutional customers. Through its offices in the US, the UK, Germany, Australia, France, Italy, and Greece, and affiliate offices in Canada, Israel, Chile, Japan, and China, the broker offers 40 currency pairs on the Trading Station and MetaTrader 4 trading platforms.


text:
1Details
1.1Background: referendum
1.2Violence
1.3InterFET
1999 East Timorese crisis
The 1999 East Timorese crisis was a conflict. Militia who did not like the independence in East Timor started the conflict when they attacked civilians. These attacks led to more violence all over the country. Most of the violence occurred in the capital Dili.
The violence started after the result of an election was independence from Indonesia. About 1400 people are thought to have died. An UN force (InterFET) made up mainly of people from the Australian Defence Force was sent to East Timor to establish and maintain peace.
Details[change | change source]
Background: referendum[change | change source]
In 1999, there was a lot of pressure on Indonesia. Therefore, the Indonesian government decided to hold a vote. In this referendum it asked the people of East Timor, whether they wanted to stay with Indonesia or become independent. Portugal had done some lobbying. The referendum was held on August 30. In it, a clear majority (78.5%) of people voting said they would prefer to become independent.[1] The alternative proposal would have been to stay with Indonesia, but to have many freedoms as an autonomous province, called Special Autonomous Region of East Timor (SARET).
Violence[change | change source]
Directly after the referendum, violence broke out. The violence came from Indonesian soldiers and from a special East Timorese pro-integration militia which was supported by Indonesia. These troops became violent and terrorised the population. They did not like how the people had voted. About 1400 Timorese people were killed. 300.000 had to flee to West Timor to live as refugees. Most of the infrastructure of the country, including houses, watering systems, and the electricity was destroyed. Noam Chomsky said: "In one month, this massive military operation murdered some 2,000 people, raped hundreds of women and girls, displaced three-quarters of the population, and demolished 75 percent of the country's infrastructure."[2]
InterFET[change | change source]
On 20 September 1999 the Australian-led peacekeeping troops of the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) came to the country. This ended the violence. Activists in Portugal, Australia, the United States, and elsewhere pressured their governments to take action. US President Bill Clinton eventually threatened Indonesia, that the IMF loans would be stopped. Indonesia was in deep economic troubles already. The Indonesian government agreed to withdraw its troops and allowed a multinational force into Timor to stabilize the area. It was clear that the UN did not have sufficient resources to fight the paramilitary forces directly. Instead, the UN authorised the creation of a multinational military force known as INTERFET (International Force for East Timor), with Security Council Resolution 1264.[3] 23 nations sent troops, about 11,000 people in total.[4] The force was led by Major-General Peter Cosgrove. Troops landed in East Timor on 20 September 1999.
↑ "Article 21: Right to take part in and select government". BBC Website. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
↑ (Radical Priorities, 72)
↑ "Resolution 1264 (1999)" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. 15 September 1999. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
↑ "East Timor peacekeeping mission to conclude". army.gov.au. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999_East_Timorese_crisis&oldid=8196664"
Civil wars involving Asia
Conflicts in 1999


The Junior Kindergarten is for children who are 3+ to 5 years and is designed to nurture your child's early academic, social-emotional, and creative skills until they transition into kindergarten. It's designed to nurture your child's early academic, social-emotional, and creative skills. The class will have a maximum of 20 children with two co-teachers and an assistant teacher.
The class focuses on supporting the 3 year old's increased independence along with their desire to work and play with others. Every day, children have the opportunity to engage in playful and hands-on experiences that support a child's sense natural curiosity as they engage in art, dramatic play, block exploration, science investigation, games, and more. Through these daily experiences, the children build their language, their cognition, and their relationships with others.
The class also focuses on supporting the 4 year old's desire to learn and create. Daily experiences are created so that children can construct their own understanding of the world, talk about their understanding of the world with peers and teachers, and practice this understanding in small groups as they look at focused strategies in early literacy and math.
In the Junior Kindergarten class writing, reading, and math experiences are authentic and focused around helping the children build the underlying foundation that set the stage for deep understanding of the subjects. Children, for example, can be seen writing their names on a clipboard as they wait their turn for a material, drawing in their science notebook as they make observations of ladybugs, developing their spatial awareness as they consider which block would fit best in a structure, and building their number sense as they set the table with enough plates for all the children to eat lunch.
Every day, the children also visit our large, indoor playground where they are invited to climb, run, slide, swing, and build the gross motor skills that are central to their larger development.
We understand the importance of helping the Junior Kindergarten children develop a positive self-concept by increasing their independence. Children in the Junior Kindergarten class are given age-appropriate responsibilities such as setting the table for meals and serving their own food, helping prepare their items for rest time, maintaining the classroom environment, and taking care of classroom pets.
The junior kindergarten program at Creative Scholars is designed to support the child's intellect, creativity, and ability to work with others that will help them become innovative, considerate, and engaged individuals ready to enter kindergarten with confidence.
Snacks and an organic lunch are included in the cost of tuition.
We introduce everyday objects in new and unexpected ways to spark creativity. These young students are provided the freedom to manipulate different materials in an organic and unstructured, allowing for exploration and experimentation. Their artistic endeavors and self-directed explorations fun and an important learning opportunity. They can explore a variety of concepts, from fine motor skills to experimentation.
Our large, open-ended toys provide our junior kindergarten students with endless play opportunities. These tools of learning help to fuel creativity and let their imaginations drive learning. As they create, they work together to learn collaboration, cooperation, and teamwork skills.
Sensory play continues as an important source of learning for our junior kindergartens. Messy play encourages creativity, experimentation, and out-of-the-box thinking.
Dramatic play allows our young students the opportunity to explore roles and activities they experience throughout their day. Using their imaginations, they step through activities like washing dishes and preparing food.
Science and math learning takes shape through a variety of organic materials and experiences. Our junior kindergarten students are given the time and space to explore the materials allowing them to fully explore their features like texture, weight, and size.
We encourage a variety of messy creative fun. Art supplies mixed with natural elements provide important outlets for sensory and experimental artistic expression.
The children have the chance to expand their knowledge through reading materials that support the activities and resources throughout their classroom. This allows them to connect book learning with real-world, concrete subjects.
Interacting with animals helps children build their empathy and nurturing skills in a safe, supportive way. Animals provide an important connection to the natural world that enhances our little students' respect for life and the greater world around them.
STEM and high-quality problem-solving are integrated seamlessly throughout our students day-to-day activities. This helps children begin a lifelong love of engineering and scientific inquiry.
Experimentation opportunities allow little learners the chance to combine unlikely materials to explore cause and effect through direct observation. Manipulating these materials and activities provides additional support for fine motor skills.
Group play is an important part of social development for these students. They're learning empathy, social problem-solving, cooperation, while they nurture friendships with their peers.
Gross motor play is an important part of our students' days at Creative Scholars. The students have ample time to run, jump, and play. Organized obstacle courses provide ways for young minds to explore spatial problem-solving while they exercise their developing bodies.
Our teachers serve our students as they nurture and enrich the children's educational journey. They serve as guides to help the children explore their interests and learn deeply about the world around them.
Fun and engaging activities are a cornerstone of our approach to early learning. Children learn best when they're enjoying the educational process.


You are here: Home / Archive / Past Years / 2015 / April / AViD: Bill Cotton "Iowa Roots Vol. 1: Ruminations Upon a Unique land, Uncommon People"
AViD: Bill Cotton "Iowa Roots Vol. 1: Ruminations Upon a Unique land, Uncommon People"
On April 7 at 7pm, Bill Cotton will discuss his new book Iowa Roots Vol. 1: Ruminations Upon a Unique land, Uncommon People.
When Texas native Bill Cotton came to Iowa more than fifty years ago he never anticipated falling so deeply in love with the Hawkeye state and its people. Iowa Roots follows Cotton's journey through Iowa as a United Methodist Minister and all the people he meets along the way.
Cotton learns the unique stories of people that make Iowa special and realizes just how remarkable the Midwest can be. From political activists to progressive farmers and everyone in between, Iowa is home to many uncommon people with stories of perseverance and hope that we can all learn from. Iowa's landscape has also captured Bill's heart and he shares the hustle and bustle of the city, the charm of small towns, and the beautiful escape of nature all in one place. Cotton's first book, A Madison County Journal, is a personal reflection of his seasons of grace in Iowa. He and his wife, Jan Hill, live in Des Moines.


I am well aware of the economic and social upheaval the prospective law might trigger once applied. I invite you to a reading of the articles of the bill, currently under study by the House of Representatives' Housing Committee. It is anyone's guess whether the law would be passed, postponed, or cancelled; this will depend on indicators of tenants' response.
Articles (1), (2) and (3) deal with building units rented to State authorities and apparatuses. The bill stipulates that their rental contracts should be terminated, unless these authorities are still in need of the units for public interest. In this case the rental contract may be extended for a maximum of five years at a new, higher value defined by the executive code of the law. At the end of the five years, the units must be vacated and returned to their owners.
Articles (4) and (5) deal with housing units rented for non-residential use: for commercial, industrial, professional or technical purposes. The bill stipulates that, if the tenant dies, the contract is terminated. It may be extended only once for a five-year period as of the implementation of the law, at a higher rental value according to the table of transitional provisions included in the law.
Article (6) tackles housing units rented for residential purposes but which do not fall under law (4) of1996 which freed rental values and contract durations. The bill stipulates that current rental contracts expire ten years after the new law goes into effect. The rental value is reviewed in accordance with the table of transitional provisions included in the law. This takes into account the conditions, location, and distinct characteristics of each building to determine the increase in rent. A contract does not expire in case the tenant or landlord dies during this period; it passes to the next of kin.
Article (7) stipulates that in case the landlord still wishes to let any of the building's units at the end of the 10 transitional years mentioned in Article (6), priority is to be given to the initial tenant who occupied the unit. The rental contract is then governed by the civic law.
Articles (8) and (9) deal with other aspects of the landlord-tenant relation. Article (8) stipulates that in case the tenant gives up the rented unit before the end of the transitional period stipulated by the law—five or 10 years depending on the use of the unit—the landlord must compensate the tenant for giving up the remaining period, with not more than 25 per cent of the market rental value of the unit. Article (9) stipulates that, during the transitional period, the tenant is not entitled to give up the rental contract or to sub-let the unit without approval of the landlord. Otherwise, the contract would be automatically annulled, without warning or court ruling.
I see Article (10) as highly important and critical, and expect it to lead to not a few conflicts or disputes. The article tackles a situation common in a large number of old buildings, when tenants no longer live in their housing units yet retain them closed since the rent is too meagre to constitute any burden on their finances. 'Old buildings' denotes all buildings built before the 1960s, and those built after the 1960s but governed by the 1960s rental law. Article (10) stipulates the automatic termination of the contract without need of warning or court ruling in case the rented unit remains unused for more than three years, provided any proof is supplied that the tenant has alternative housing inside or outside Egypt. Once more I stress that although this article intends to bring long-overdue justice to landlords, it will not pass without a fair share of conflict.
Article (11) settles an issue that has long been a subject of dispute between landlord and tenant; it requires the tenant to shoulder a share of the maintenance and restoration costs of the building, as well as its security. The contract is automatically terminated in case the tenant fails to honour this responsibility.
Article (12) is another important article since it takes into account the underprivileged who fear they would never be able to find affordable housing once their 'old' rental contracts expire under the new law. It stipulates the formation of a fund to support underprivileged tenants. The fund is to be financed through the real estate tax proceeds and a portion of the rent, in accordance with the transitional measures included in the law. Article (12) also stipulates that the State should build housing units for underprivileged tenants, to be rented through long-term rent or finance leasing.
Article (13) tackles the means by which the new rental values for old buildings should be determined. It stipulates the formation of special committees in each governorate to assess the building according to neighbourhood and location, as well as to its proximity to places of particular allure such as beaches, gardens and public parks. A building is also categorised as luxury, medium or economic housing according to its structure, finish and the public utilities it offers. The committees are formed through a decision by the administrative authority concerned; each committee must include representatives of the landlords, the tenants and real estate taxation authority.
Article (14) tackles in detail the gradual raises applied to rents, according to the estimates made by the committees mentioned in Article (13). The raises begin with 20 per cent of the value estimated by the committee, and go up to 100 per cent at the end of the 10 years, following which all contracts answer to the provisions of the civic law.
I believe that responses to this bill will vary depending on the stakeholders, be they landlords or tenants. I also believe that it can finally bring long-awaited justice.
Brexit: Are Britons having second thoughts?


LOS ANGELES, Jan. 15, 2019 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global dashboard Camera market size is projected to around USD6.0 billion by 2026, the market is projected to grow with 14.1% CAGR during the forecast timeframe. Increasing consciousness among the global populace about vehicular safety, along with implementation of numerous favorable government initiatives to drive acceptance of, for instance, cameras, is boosting the global industry.
Favorable government initiatives and increasing need for vehicular safety are some other factors expected to spur dashboard camera market development.
The global need for dash cams is anticipated to witness a considerable increase due to increasing inclination among motorists for such devices in order to seek additional legal protection in case of accidents and road accidents. There has been a surge in consciousness about the benefits of car digital video recorders (DVRs) among the global population, which is credited to frequent news incidences displaying footage of road accidents and crashes captured by such gadgets.
A number of European nations, for instance U.K., France, and Italy are boosting the usage of digital video recorders (DVRs) in cars to record video clips for surveillance purposes that can also be ultimately deployed as evidence in judicial proceedings. Numerous car insurance providers operating across the U.K. have started delivering substantial discounts on car insurance premiums for vehicles fitted with dashboard cameras. As a result of this, a mainstream of cab drivers and fleet owners in the nation are positively inclined to regard installation of such cameras to save on insurance premium costs.
Also, a group of start-ups in U.S. have established an innovative business model, wherein they deliver monetary rewards to drivers for installing dashboard cameras in their vehicles. The focus is to gather dash cam recorded data and eventually aid technology businesses in building maps for self-driving cars. As a result, a growing number of ride-hailing service providers across North America, for instance, Lyft and Uber, have begun deploying in-car DVRs to record their rides.
The global dashboard camera market is segmented into product, technology, video quality and region. On the basis of product, the global dashboard camera market is segmented into 1-Channel and 2-Channel. On the basis of the technology, the global dashboard camera market is segmented into basic, advanced, and smart. On the basis of the video quality, the global dashboard camera market is segmented into SD & HD and Full HD & 4K. On the basis of region, the global dashboard camera market is segmented into Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, North America, and Middle East & Africa.
Europe and North America are characterized by speedy acceptance of full HD dashboard cameras that are fast replacing SD dashboard cameras. 2-channel dashboard cameras are progressively preferred by commercial fleet operators to seek additional protection against cases of worker fraud and in the event of a mishap.
In 2018, the European industry captured the largest share, both in terms of revenue and shipments. Asia Pacific and Middle East are anticipated to observe significant development over the forecast timeframe due to increase in sales of passenger automobiles. Focused presence of dash cam producers and their superior production capabilities and abundant availability of inexpensive labor in Asian nations, for instance, China and Taiwan, are anticipated to boost the Asia Pacific market.
Asia Pacific is expected to observe lucrative CAGR in the forthcoming years. Developing economies, for instance, China, and India have been experiencing strong economic development. Growing standard of living in these nations has encouraged the need for progressive products and procedures. Increasing disposable income is anticipated to trigger the regional need for dashboard cameras in the near future.
Prominent global industry players have started merging innovative car DVRs with progressive safety features, for instance, blind spot detection, collision avoidance systems and lane departure warning systems, and to encourage their acceptance among commercial as well as individual vehicle owners and drivers. These market players are business sophisticated dashboard cameras with built-in sensors, which offer forward smash warnings to the driver, ultimately as greater defense against potential mishaps. The key players catering to the global dashboard camera market are Panasonic Corporation, Pittasoft Co. Ltd., Cobra Electronics Corporation, Garmin Ltd., ABEO Technology, Falcon Zero LLC. and DOD Tech.


As a budding Python dev, you must have read about virtualenv all over the place. Despite its popularity, I could not find a good, short explanation, written for beginners when I was getting started. I have figured out how it works, and now I can explain it to you.
virtualenv is so easy conceptually that I was ashamed of not understanding it earlier. When I first heard about it, I thought of it as some sort of Python module organizing tool. I thought to myself, "what about all of the packages I already have installed?" I didn't understand whether I would have to somehow organize all the stuff I had installed before using virtualenv.
Then I realized that this handy-dandy tool is something entirely different and supposed to be used in conjunction with globally installed packages.
There are many detailed explanations for virtualenv, but here's my (perhaps too) simple attempt at clearing it out for any beginners.
virtualenv itself is installed globally. Then you can use it to create Python environments inside directories of your choice. When you make an environment, it creates a folder holding an instance of Python. When you 'activate' this Python environment, it runs a process inside your Terminal, which routes any Python commands to this instance of Python. This includes any package installations you make and scripts you run.
Simply put, it treats this folder as the global Python installation.
Ideally, you should install the packages you import from several of your projects globally using pip install or easy_install. After all, you'll add these as dependencies anyway, so you don't need to keep it all in your project directory, like Node.js modules (Node.js is actually what sparked my realization of what virtualenv is).
you should consider using virtualenv to keep these in your project's folder.
Note: Some people like to create virtualenv environments for all of their projects, installing all required packages in it. This is also a good way to keep things separate and self-contained, similar to the typical Node.js development setup.
When you make a virtualenv environment, it is not accessible by anything unless you activate it. Thus, any tinkerings you do to the Python installation and anything you install 'globally' is simply out of scope after you deactivate this environment.
Create a directory in the location of your choice. All your project code goes inside a subdirectory of this one. You could put your code here, and just .gitignore the environment folder to keep it out of your Git commits.
In the freshly created directory, type virtualenv env. You can replace env with any name of your choice, like virtualenv myCoolDjango16Projectlol. This will create a folder with the specified name.
Use source env/bin/activate, replacing env with whatever name you chose for your environment. On Windows systems just use env\Scripts\activate.
Install Django 1.6 or whatever older package(s) you need as usual. Assume you do not have any global packages installed (because your env or myCoolDjango16Projectlol directory is temporarily your global Python environment). Your existing release installations of Django and other packages will remain untouched and usable in any other projects.
Simply type deactivate or exit/logout from your command line to close the environment.
Whenever you are ready to work on this project, repeat step 3 to activate the environment. You can delete the virtualenv folder as usual, create it again and reinstall anything as you wish.
For more advanced help, check out the official documentation.


Baoguang Temple, 宝光寺 in Chinese, is located in Xindu district 18 km north of Chengdu, Sichuan province, China.
The early history of Baoguang can be traced back to Tang Dynasty. With an area of 100,000 square meters, the temple is well-known for its architecture. There are more than 400 large stone pillars. The temple houses important cultural treasure including: sharira and a Tang Dynasty (618-907) sharira stupa; a Liang Dynasty (502-587) jade Buddha and stone sharira stupa; a Shu Hang Zang ritual bronze ding vessel; a Tang Dynasty ceramic stupa; a copy of Flower Adornment Sutra (Avatamsaka Sutra) dated back to the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), made with gold and silver pigment.
The temple was first built during the Tang Dynasty, then it was burnt down during the Ming Dynasty; and rebuilt after the Kangxi Emperor (1654-1722) reign in Qing Dynasty. It is easy to take bus to the temple from Chengdu.


text:
Q: Google Maps iOS SDK animate map padding SwiftUI I'm looking to animate my Google Map's padding, as when a bottom sheet appears, the map padding resizes dynamically.
The GMSMapView.padding documentation says it can be accomplished with a UIView block based animation, but I'm not sure how that would tie in to a SwiftUI application?
The bottom sheet works fine, it shows when expected and passes the correct padding value through to the MapView. It's just the animation I can't figure out. (The bottom sheet uses this component if you're curious https://github.com/LucasMucGH/BottomSheet)
Any help would be greatly appreciated, thanks.
Current relevant code:
struct MapView: UIViewRepresentable {

  var bottomPadding: CGFloat
  private let mapView = GMSMapView(frame: .zero)

  func makeUIView(context: Context) -> GMSMapView {
    return mapView
  }

  func updateUIView(_ mapView: GMSMapView, context: Context) {
    mapView.padding = UIEdgeInsets(top: 0, left: 0, bottom: bottomPadding, right: 0)
  }
}

struct ContentView: View {

  @State var showBottomSheet: ShowBottomSheet = .hidden

  var bottomSheetHeight: CGFloat {
    if showBottomSheet == .visible {
      return showBottomSheet.rawValue
    } else {
      return 0
    }
  }

  var body: some View {

    GeometryReader { geometry in
      ZStack {

        // Map
        MapView(bottomPadding: geometry.size.height * bottomSheetHeight)
        .edgesIgnoringSafeArea(.all)
        .bottomSheet(
          bottomSheetPosition: $showBottomSheet,
          options: [
            .allowContentDrag,
            .swipeToDismiss,
            .noBottomPosition,
            .shadow()
          ],
          content: {}
        )
      }
    }
  }
}

enum ShowBottomSheet: CGFloat, CaseIterable {
    case hidden = 0, visible = 0.5
  }

A: If anyone's interested I worked out how to do it. The solution was simpler than I expected, it's literally just wrapping the padding parameter in a UIView.animate closure, then calling it in the updateUIViewController method:
private func setMapPadding(mapView: GMSMapView) {
    UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.5, delay: 0.18, usingSpringWithDamping: 0.75, initialSpringVelocity: 0) {
      mapView.padding = UIEdgeInsets(top: 0, left: 0, bottom: bottomPadding, right: 0)
    }
  }

func updateUIViewController(_ uiViewController: MapViewController, context: Context) {
    animateCameraToNewGeoFactMarker(mapView: uiViewController.mapView)
  }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Updated April 18, 2019 – If you follow us on social media you've no doubt seen the photos of our Relentless Effort Bucket recipients, but what does it mean? One of our team's core culture beliefs is Relentless Effort, leading us to never quit, no matter the circumstances. Each game a recipient is chosen who best demonstrates that belief during the game.
December 21, 2018 – We are excited to bring your our 2019 schedule poster! This season's poster features a bevy of Biola lacrosse players who will lead us as we head into a new year. The background features Biola's original location on Hope Street in Downtown Los Angeles, with the iconic "Jesus Saves" sign. The words "Better Today, Better Tomorow" signify the team's pathway to elite by getting better day after day.
As the new school year rapidly approaches, so does the Fall Ball schedule for Biola Lacrosse. This year promises to be one of the most challenging schedules ever played, with an exciting new opportunity ahead of us.
The 2018 version of the alumni game is set! The game will take place on October 27th as part of Biola's Family Weekend. The game will start at 12:00pm, with an hour of warm-up time beforehand, because we know that hammy you pulled during last year's game needs extra attention.
We are also in the planning stages for a post-game alumni barbecue at the home of a local alumnus. Stay tuned for more details about our post-game plans. We look forward to welcoming our alumni back to Biola!
Thank you fans and parents for your support during the 2019 season!


text:
Experience the excitement of railroad travel on your private car
Since 1988, Classic Rail Cars has been the choice of adventurers and those seeking a unique vacation. Classic Rail Cars owns and operates nine railroad passenger cars that are available for lease or charter.
The Blue Ridge is currently being used in shortline and dinner train service on the Northern Central Railway, in New Freedom, PA. The Blue Ridge still wears it's L&N-inspired blue livery from recent service as part of the Tennessee 2000 consist. The Imperial Sands is now based in Northern New Jersey on the tracks of the Morristown and Erie Railroad. Both cars are available for lease.
For charter or excursion information, contact Renee Luebke at (703) 519-5230 or rsluebke@aol.com.
Classic Rail Car's Amtrak certified fleet:
The Imperial Sands 4-4-2 Sleeper.
The Blue Ridge self-contained heavyweight business car.
Commuter Coaches and Parlor Cars for sale.
The story of Classic Rail Cars.
The Northern Central Railway.
Route of the Liberty Limited dinner train.
Links to other private railroad car sites:
The Virginia City San Francisco-based heavyweight observation car
The AAPRCO Site Homepage of the American Association of Private Railroad Car Owners
Railroadiana Department:
Railroad Collectibles for Sale.
Calendar of U.S. Railroadiana shows.
Classic Rail Cars is a longtime supporter of Operation Lifesaver,
A non-profit organization dedicated to teaching and promoting rail safety.
The Classic Rail Site was selected as a
Microsoft Network "Pick of the Week" (Travel and Leisure 9/4-10/96).
Classic Rail Cars is a member of AAPRCO The
American Association of Private Railroad Car Owners
The Blue Ridge and Imperial Sands carry the markers for the 1993 AAPRCO transcontinental special. This photo was taken in Tennessee Pass by Dennis Opferman
Page updated 4/9/99 by Tom Coughlin


A method for transmitting a web page to a client device is described. Template information, sub-template information, and delta information are identified based on a request for information from the client device. The template information includes seldom changing elements of a web page. The sub-template information includes: (i) information that changes less frequently than delta information, and (ii) elements of a web page shared by several templates. At least one of the template information, sub-template information, and delta information is retrieved from a location other than an originating server that is the original provider of information requested by the client device. The request is responded to by sending to the client device the template information, sub-template information and delta information. In addition, a system for transmitting a web page to a client device is described.
This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/923,292, filed Aug. 6, 2001, entitled "Template Identification With Differential Caching" now issued as U.S. Pat. No. ______ on ______.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/923,809, filed Aug. 7, 2001, entitled "Efficient and Low-Cost Compression Using Differential Caching". Each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
This invention relates to distinguishing different elements in a web page so as to reduce the bandwidth and computing resources required to transmit a web page over a network.
One technique to optimize bandwidth usage and save computing resources involves responding to a request for a web page by looking to what information a client device may have already received from a server at an earlier point in time. Information included in a document may be distinguished from other information included in that same document by looking to how frequently the information changes and whether a user has the most recent version of that part of the document. Using these criteria, information in a document may be categorized as either (1) template information (including information that changes infrequently) or (2) delta information (including information that changes relatively frequently or is somehow personalized with respect to a user). Differential caching and service of template and delta information results in a saving of bandwidth and other computing resources because information that does not change frequently may be compressed and cached at a server that is relatively proximate to one or more end users.
Differential caching based upon the distinction between template information and delta information does not necessarily result in a substantial savings of bandwidth and computing resources under all conditions, particularly under those conditions when amount of delta information exceeds the amount of template information. For example, different elements in a personal web page, such as those provided by Yahoo, may change at very different rates with respect to each other.
For example, the headline stories presented to a user may change every hour, whereas elements associated with the user's decision to view a particular topic may change only occasionally, and still other elements (such as the title bars in a page or logos associated with the provider of the content) may change very rarely. Under these circumstances, the template contains relatively little information compared to the amount of delta information. Under these circumstances, differential caching may not significantly reduce the amount of bandwidth and other resources needed to transmit a web page because a large part of the page must be freshly obtained from the content delivery network or re-compressed every time it is transmitted.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a technique for efficiently serving relatively non-static content in a content delivery network that does not suffer from the drawbacks of the known art.
In a first aspect of the invention, information in a document is categorized with respect to the number of times that the information is served to a client or a set of clients within a period of time. The information in a document may be categorized as (1) delta information (that is, information that changes rapidly or is unique to a particular user), (2) sub-template information (including information that changes less frequently than delta information, and (3) template information, which changes very seldom. For example, a personalized web page (such as those available through Yahoo) may include (1) template information, such as the Yahoo logo and associated headers; (2) one or more sets of sub-template information, such as news reports, televisions listings and comparable information that change at more or less regular intervals, and (3) delta information, such as personal messages to an individual, stock market quotes or other relatively ephemeral messages.
In a second aspect of the invention, both the template information and sub-template information are compressed and cached. Compressing and caching both sub-template information and template information results in a significant savings of bandwidth and computing resources, such as would be required if the sub-template information were treated as delta information and were not stored in a cache as is the case in the prior art. This savings is enhanced when the compressed template and sub-template information are sent to a large number of users.
In a preferred embodiment, the sub-template and template information are treated separately, so that each is compressed and cached in a different location or a different memory address from the other. When a user requests a document, the document may be comprised of template, sub-template and delta information, some of which the requesting user or other users may have seen before. Selective compression and caching of these elements with respect to the likelihood that these elements will change can result in a savings of bandwidth and computing resources that is not available in the prior art.
In a third aspect of the invention, the compressed and cached versions of the template and sub-template information are tagged with an indicator (referred to herein as an etag) that identifies the version number of a template or sub-template, so as to distinguish it from other, previous versions that a user may have received or that may be cached in a server, either in the content delivery network or on a proxy server. In a preferred embodiment, other types of electronic tags, such as place markers, are used to identify a location in the page where the material is to be inserted and provide other related information.
In a fourth aspect of the invention, a hierarchy of templates and sub-templates is created, so as to form a lattice structure where a given sub-template can be shared by multiple templates. In a first example, a personalized web page associated with a user may include some of the same sub-templates as a different personalized web page associated with a different user. In this example, a template is associated with each user or group of users; this template references sub-templates which contain portions of the contents of the page (e.g. a sub-template for the weather section of the page, a sub-template for the news section, and so on). Such sub-templates can be shared by several templates (as occurs when several users wish to watch the same news). In a second example, sub-templates can be used in a personalized media stream as when a user watches a news story which includes personalized advertisement. If the number of different personalized advertisement streams is much lower than the number of individual viewers, it is most efficient to treat each advertisement stream as a sub-template, personalization information as delta information and the rest of the data stream as a template.
In a preferred embodiment, differential caching of template and sub-template information and differential service of template, sub-template and delta information is particularly useful with respect to personalized web pages that are comprised of elements that can be configured in many different ways and sent to many different users. In other embodiments, this technique can be used with regard to database queries, streaming media and other information obtained from a network.
In a preferred embodiment, an encoder specifies how the final page is to be assembled, but not where the assembly should occur. Thus, the web page can be assembled, either in whole or in part, by any downstream element that (1) understands encoding and (2) has access to the cached information.
FIG. 1 is an overview of a system for new template identification with differential caching.
FIG. 2 is an exemplary view of different elements in a web page that are differentially cached.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram, illustrating a method for using a system for new template identification with differential caching.
The invention is described herein with regard to preferred steps and data structures. Those skilled in the art will recognize, after perusal of this application, that the described steps and data structures are not limited to any particular processing devices (whether general-purpose or special-purpose processing devices, or specific circuitry). Rather, those of ordinary skill in the art would be able to implement the described steps and data structures, and equivalents thereof, without undue experimentation or further invention. All such implementations are within the scope and spirit of the invention.
A system for new template identification with differential caching (shown by general character reference 100) includes one or more clients 110, an originating server 120, a content delivery network 130, a set of proxy encoder servers 140 and a communication network 150.
Each of the one or more clients 110 includes a client workstation 111 and a client operator 112.
The client workstation 111 includes a computing device, along with a local memory, operating system software and a display element. In a preferred embodiment, the computing device includes a personal computer, a hand held or laptop computer, a telephone interface (such as a cellular phone) to such a remote computer or any other device that fits the general Turing paradigm.
The client workstation 111 also includes a web browser 113. In some embodiments, the client workstation 111 also includes a decoder 114.
The web browser 113 (such as "Internet Explorer" , "Netscape Navigator" or a comparable product) uses a message transfer protocol, such as HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol), or a variant thereof, to generate request messages 115 and receive content (for example, web pages or information from a database) or other messages from the content delivery network 130.
The decoder 114 is either a browser add-on or is coupled to a proxy server locally close to the client 110 (for example, an enterprise or ISP cache).
Regardless of location, the decoder 114 causes the web browser 113 to interact with the set of proxy encoder servers 140, identifies previous versions of content that have already been received, decompresses compressed content and integrates the various elements comprising the content into a display for presentation to the client operator 112. In a preferred embodiment, the decoder 114 is coupled to the web browser 113, preferably as a browser add-on.
Other embodiments (known as "clientless") do not include a decoder 114. In these clientless embodiments, the encoder encodes the templates and delta information at a level understandable by the browser 113 using DHTML, XML or some other scripting technique.
The client operator 112 might include one or more individual persons or a proxy for one or more such persons (for example, a human administrative assistant, or a computer program or other artificial intelligence system acting on behalf of another).
The originating server 120 includes a processor, computer program and data memory, and operates under control of software to perform the tasks described herein. It is capable of using a message transfer protocol, such as HTTP or a variant thereof, to receive request messages 115 for documents (for example, web pages) from clients 110, the content delivery network 120 or the proxy encoding server 140 and to respond to those request messages 115. In a preferred embodiment, the originating server 120 is the original provider of content.
The content delivery network 130 includes a set of mirroring servers 135 situated in different locations throughout the network so as to minimize bandwidth required to respond to request messages 115. Similar to the originating server 120, the content delivery network 130 includes at least one processor, computer program and data memory, operates under control of software and is capable of using a message transfer protocol, such as HTTP or a variant thereof, to receive request messages 115 for documents.
In a preferred embodiment, both the originating server 120 and the content delivery network 130 each include a database of documents such as web pages, embedded objects for web pages, databases or any information such as may be requested by a client operator 112.
In alternative embodiments, the content delivery network 130 may also include various databases for caching template information, sub-template information, delta information to be inserted into template or sub-template web pages, and code fragments or compressed versions of any of the above. In both preferred and alternative embodiments, the mirroring servers 135 include most or all of the same content as the originating server 120, but are positioned more locally to the client device 110. Information is served from the mirroring servers 135 to the client devices 110 so as to minimize bandwidth used to transmit content to a client device 110. In this way, the mirroring servers 135 act as a unified content delivery network 130.
Similar to originating servers 120 and mirroring servers 135, the proxy encoder server 140 also includes a processor, computer program and data memory, and operates under control of software to perform the tasks described herein. The proxy encoder server 140 also includes compression software 142 and software 144 for identifying elements in a web page. Compression software 142 may include gzip or glib or some other comparable product that performs a compression algorithm such as Huffman coding or arithmetic coding. Software 144 for identifying elements in a web page can (1) distinguish, (2) isolate and (3) tag template information, sub-template information and delta information prior to compression, as well as (4) cache the compressed information.
The proxy encoder server 140 is capable of using a message transfer protocol, such as HTTP or a variant thereof, to receive request messages 115 for documents (such as for example, web pages) from clients 110, the content delivery network 130 or the originating server 120 and to respond to those request messages 115.
In a preferred embodiment, proxy encoder servers 140 are logically local to the originating server 120. However, in other embodiments, they may be positioned between the client devices 110 and the content delivery network 130. Requests from the client device 110 that are originally directed to the originating server 120 or the content delivery network 130 are redirected to the proxy encoder server 140. In a preferred embodiment, the proxy encoder server 140 is transparent to the client device 110, the originating server and the content delivery network 130.
Client devices 110, the originating server 120, the content delivery network 130 and the proxy encoder server 140 are coupled using a communication network 150. In a preferred embodiment, the communication network 150 includes a computer communication network, such as the Internet. However, in alternative embodiments, the communication network 150 might include an intranet, extranet, VPN (virtual private network), ATM system, a portion of a private or public PSTN (public switched telephone network), a frame relay system, or any other communication technique capable of performing the functions described herein.
In a preferred embodiment, request messages 115 are generated by the client 110. The request messages 115 are sent directly to the content delivery network 130 or the originating server 120. If there is a proxy encoder 140 "in front" of either the content delivery network 130 or the originating server 120, the request message 115 will be received by the proxy encoder 140. The actions of the proxy encoder 140 are transparent to both the client 110 and the server. The proxy encoder server 140 retrieves the document, including template information and sub-template information (if such information is available) from the content delivery network 130. If template and sub-template information are not available, software 144 is used to dissect web page and break it down into template information, sub-template information or delta information. Each of these components separately compressed, tagged with an etag to provide additional information and cached at the proxy encoder server 124.
In an alternative embodiment, each mirroring server 135 maintains a copy of template information and sub-template information for a particular document. When the document is requested by a client 110, the mirroring server 135 provides the template information and sub-template information to the client 110 from its cache, while obtaining the delta information from the originating server 120 (or from a content distribution network 130 similarly disposed for distributing delta information). Sending the template information and sub-template information from the originating server 120 to the mirroring servers 135 is separate from sending the delta information from the originating server 120 to the client 110.
In a preferred embodiment, partial assembly of the template and sub-template information may occur at the mirroring server 135 or any other server that understands encoding and has access to the cached information. In this embodiment, the client 110 does not have to make multiple requests to the mirroring server 135 for different information. This is particularly beneficial to the client 110 who generally requires the total document, rather than the individual sub-templates.
FIG. 2 is an exemplary view of different elements in a document that can be differentially cached.
The document (indicated by general character reference 200) includes template information 210 (also referred to as a "template"), sub-template information 220 (also referred to as a "sub-template") and delta information 230 (also referred to as a "delta").
Template information 210 (shown in the document 200 as a web page identifier) includes information that is relatively static and does not change frequently. For example, template information 210 may include logos associated with the site provider, title bars that identify the type of information that follows, a list of stocks in a user's portfolio for which the user frequently requests market quotes and other information that does not change frequently.
In a preferred embodiment, the template information 210 is embedded with place markers 212. Place markers 212 are used to define a location for the insertion of sub-template information 220 and delta information 230.
In a preferred embodiment, after the document 200 is requested by a client device 110, the template information 210 is compressed and cached in an address associated with at least one location, such as the proxy encoder server 140 or a mirroring server 135. An etag 214 identifies the version number of the template information 210.
Sub-template information 220 includes information that changes relatively frequently, such as a breaking news story, television listings that remain relatively constant for a day, an unchanging weather report and other comparable features. It is not uncommon for sub-template information 220 to be inserted in different locations in a web page during the course of a day. Similarly, different users may display identical sub-template information 220 in different places in their personal web pages. Under these conditions, the sub-template information 220 remains unchanged except for its location in a page. As noted above, place markers 212 are used to position such material in a document 200.
Similar to template information 210, sub-template information 220 is compressed and cached at least one of a number of possible locations, including the mirroring server 135 and the proxy encoder server 140. An etag 214 identifies the version number of the sub-template information 220.
Delta information 230 includes relatively ephemeral information such as stock quotes, personalized reminders to a client operator 112, advertising content (such as banner ads), weather reports and similar matter that changes frequently.
In a preferred embodiment, delta information 230 is not compressed or cached, but served directly to the client device 110 either by way of the proxy encoder 140 or directly from the content delivery network 130. In other embodiments, the delta information 230 may be compressed and cached if it will be reused at a future point in time (such as rotating banner advertisements).
Place markers 212 identify the location where delta information 230 may be inserted into the template information 210. For-example, if template information 110 includes a list of stocks for which the client operator 112 requests quotes, the place marker 212 for the delta information (that is the individual stock quotes) will be embedded adjacent to the associated stock names.
In another embodiment, the delta 230 includes code describing where and how to combine the sub-template(s) 220 with the template 210 to generate the document. Such embodiments do not require place markers 212 or 214.
A method 300 includes a set of flow points and process steps as described herein.
The method 300 is performed by the system 100. Although the method 300 is described serially, the steps of the method 300 can be performed by separate elements in conjunction or parallel, whether asynchronously, in a pipelined manner, or otherwise. There is no particular requirement that the method. 300 be performed in the same order in which this description lists the steps, except where so indicated.
At a flow point 310, the system 100 is ready to begin performing a method 300.
At a step 311, the client 110 generates a request message 115 for the document 200. The request message 115 can be directed to either the mirroring server 135 or the originating server 120. In a preferred embodiment, the request message 115 is made using the decoder 114, preferably on the client's web browser 113.
In a step 312, the decoder 114 sends the request message 115 to the proxy encoder 140, situated preferably near the mirroring server 135 or the originating server 120. Since the request message 115 was sent through the decoder 114, the proxy encoder server 140 knows that the client can integrate template information 210, sub-template information 220 and delta information 230 and is otherwise compatible with systems that provide delta encoding.
In "clientless" versions (that is, those clients without a decoder 114) the request message 115 goes directly from the browser 113 to the proxy encoder server 140, bypassing the decoder 114.
In a step 313, the proxy encoder server 140 fetches a document 200 from either the originating server 120 or the mirroring server 135, depending upon which is closest to the proxy encoder 140. After obtaining this content, the proxy encoder 140 updates the template 210 for the document 200 and compresses the updated template 210. In the event that there is not a template 210 associated with document 200, the proxy encoder 140 generates a template 210, compresses the template 210 and caches it.
In a step 314, the proxy encoder 140 determines whether sub-templates 220 are desirable and constructs the sub-template(s) 220. This is done by looking to the size of the delta information 230. If the delta 230 is very large with respect to the template 210 and includes regularized information, that regularized information is isolated and used as a sub-template 220. As with the template information 210, the proxy encoder 140 compresses and caches the sub-template information 220.
In a step 315, the decoder 114 retrieves the compressed template 210 and the compressed sub-template 220 from either the proxy encoder server 140 or the mirroring server 135, (depending where the proxy encoder 140 specified the compressed template 210 and compressed sub-template were cached in the previous step) by making a request, either immediately or at a later point in time. Upon retrieving the compressed template 210 and compressed sub-template information 220, the decoder 114 decompresses them, and inserts the sub-template information as directly by the place markers 212.
In the clientless version, the browser 113 automatically and immediately retrieves the template 210 and the sub-template 220 from the site specified in the previous step.
In a step 316, the proxy encoder 140 sends the contents of the template 210 and sub-template 220, and one or more etags 214 that correspond to the versions of the template 210 and the sub-template 220.
If the contents and etag 214 are sent from the mirroring server 135, then the mirroring server 135 searches its cache for the template 210 and sub-template 220. If the template 210 and sub-template 220 are present in its cache, the mirroring server 135 sends the template 210 and the sub-template 220 directly to the client 110. However, if either or both of these elements are not present in the cache, then the mirroring server 135 automatically fetches the missing element from the encoder proxy 140, caches the fetched element, and sends the element to the client 110.
The following steps occur when a client operator 112 (either the same client operator or a different one) subsequently requests the document 200.
In a step 317, the client 110 requests a document 200 by generating a request message 115. Similar to steps 310 and 311, the decoder 114 directs the request to the proxy encoder 140, changing as to further specify a version number that is used to ascertain if changes have occurred.
In a step 318, the proxy encoder 140 receives the request from the decoder 114. If the proxy encoder 140 determines that a version of the template 210 or sub-template 220 are not present in the database, the proxy encoder 140 obtains the document 200 from either the originating server 120 or the mirroring server 135, identifies template information 210 and sub-template information, compresses the template 210 and sub-template 220 and caches them.
If, however, the template 210 and the sub-template 220 are available, the proxy encoder 140 calculates the differences between the versions of template 210 and sub-templates 220 that are available in the database and a newer version of the document 200 such as may be available from the originating server 120 or the mirroring server 135. These differences may involve changes in the location where the sub-template is displayed (for example, two different users may choose to have the same information in a personal web page displayed in different locations). Such changes are not true delta information 230 because they can be remedied by positioning information that is already present in a cache differently in a document 200. Other differences may be true delta information 230.
In a step 319, the proxy encoder 140 may send either the delta information 230 to the decoder 114 (that is, if the decoder 114 can accept delta information 230) or it sends the document 200 to the client 110.
Steps 317 through 319 are described with respect to a client-server implementation. In the "clientless" version, the proxy encoder server 140 does not need to know which version of the template 210 and sub-template 220 are at the client 110. This information is not needed because the proxy encoder server 140 makes this decision a priori and instructs the client 110 to use a specific version of these elements. Under these circumstances, steps 317-318 in the "clientless" version involve the browser 113 (rather than the decoder 114) directing the request message 115 to the proxy encoder 140.
Although preferred embodiments are disclosed herein, many variations are possible which remain within the concept, scope and spirit of the invention; these variations would be clear to those skilled in the art after perusal of this application.
a software module programmed to (i) retrieve at least one of the template information, sub-template information, and delta information from the memory based on a request for information from the client device and (ii) respond to the request by sending to the client device the template information, sub-template information and delta information.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the memory is in a server other than an originating server that is the original provider of the information requested by the client device and the software module is within a proxy encoder server that is programmed to intercept-requests for information from the client device that are intended for the originating server.
3. The system of claim 2 wherein the software module in the proxy encoder server is programmed to retrieve the template information and sub-template information from memory in a content delivery network, the content delivery network comprising a set of mirroring servers situated in different locations throughout a communication network and one or more of the mirroring servers may be positioned more locally to the client device, each mirroring server includes most of information likely to be requested by the client device that is included in the originating server.
4. The system of claim 2 wherein the software module in the proxy encoder server is further programmed to (i) identify template information, sub-template information and delta information in a web page and (ii) store such identified information in the memory.
5. The system of claim 2 wherein the software module in the proxy encoder server is further programmed to (i) tag the template information so as to identify a version of the template information and (ii) tag the sub-template information so as to identify a version of the sub-template information.
6. The system of claim 1 further comprising a software module programmed to (i) compress template information, (ii) compress the sub-template information, and (iii) cache the compressed template information in the memory in a memory address location different from the compressed sub-template information.
7. The system of claim 1 wherein the template information is embedded with place markers that define a location for insertion of sub-template information and delta information in the template information when assembling a web page.
8. The system of claim 1 further including a decoder coupled to a user's browser in the client device that integrates the template information, sub-template information and delta information into a display for presentation to the user in the user's browser as an assembled web page.
responding to the request by sending to the client device the template information, sub-template information and delta information.
10. The method of claim 9 further comprising a step of redirecting the request from the client device to a proxy encoder server and subsequently performing the identifying, retrieving, and responding steps at the proxy encoder server.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the redirecting step is performed by a decoder coupled to a user's browser in the client device.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein the retrieving step comprises retrieving the template information and sub-template information from a content delivery network, the content delivery network comprising a set of mirroring servers situated in different locations throughout a communication network and one or more of the mirroring servers may be positioned more locally to the client device, each mirroring server includes most of information likely to be requested by the client device that is included in the originating server.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein the responding step comprises integrating the template information, sub-template information and delta information at the proxy encoder into an assembled web page.
14. The method of claim 9 wherein the identifying step includes tagging the template information so as to identify a version of the template information, subsequently the identified version of the template information is retrieved and sent to the client device in the retrieving and responding steps, respectively.
15. The method of claim 9 wherein the identifying step includes tagging the sub-template information so as to identify a version of the sub-template information, subsequently the identified version of the sub-template information is retrieved and sent to the client device in the retrieving and responding steps, respectively.
16. The method of claim 9 wherein the identifying step comprises identifying delta information that is relatively ephemeral information.
17. The method of claim 9 further comprising a step of compressing and caching the template information, and the retrieving step comprising retrieving and decompressing the compressed, cached template information.
18. The method of claim 9 further comprising a step of compressing and caching the sub-template information, and the retrieving step comprising retrieving and decompressing the compressed, cached sub-template information.
19. The method of claim 9 wherein the-template information is embedded with place markers that define a location for insertion of-sub-template information and delta information in the template information when assembling a web page while performing the responding step.
20. The method of claim 9 wherein the responding step comprises integrating the template information, sub-template information and delta information in a decoder coupled to a user's browser in the client device into a display for presentation to the user in the user's browser as an assembled web page.


text:
package com.yummynoodlebar.web.rest.controller;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.UUID;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus;

import com.yummynoodlebar.core.services.OrderService;
import com.yummynoodlebar.events.orders.OrderDetails;
import com.yummynoodlebar.events.orders.OrderDetailsEvent;
import com.yummynoodlebar.events.orders.RequestAllOrdersEvent;
import com.yummynoodlebar.events.orders.RequestOrderDetailsEvent;
import com.yummynoodlebar.web.rest.domain.Order;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/aggregators/orders")
public class OrderQueriesController {

	private static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(OrderQueriesController.class);

	@Autowired
	private OrderService orderService;

	@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
	@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.OK)
	@ResponseBody
	public List<Order> getAllOrders() {

		List<Order> orders = new ArrayList<Order>();
		for (OrderDetails detail : orderService.requestAllOrders(new RequestAllOrdersEvent()).getOrdersDetails()) {
			orders.add(Order.fromOrderDetails(detail));
		}
		return orders;
	}

	@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, value = "/{id}")
	public ResponseEntity<Order> viewOrder(@PathVariable String id) {

		OrderDetailsEvent details = orderService.requestOrderDetails(new RequestOrderDetailsEvent(UUID.fromString(id)));

		if (!details.isEntityFound()) {
			return new ResponseEntity<Order>(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
		}

		Order order = Order.fromOrderDetails(details.getOrderDetails());

		return new ResponseEntity<Order>(order, HttpStatus.OK);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Betsy Balcombe
Lucia Elizabeth Balcombe also known as Betsy Balcombe
Kensal Green Cemetery, England
Abell, L. (1844). Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon during the first three years of his captivity on the island of St. Helena / Mrs. Lucia Elizabeth Abell. Lond.: Murray
Edward Abell
Lucia Elizabeth Balcombe Abell (1802 − 29 June 1871) was a friend of Napoleon I during his exile at Saint Helena. She was also an author and a land owner in New South Wales, Australia.
3 In film
Biography[edit]
Lucia Elizabeth Balcombe (also known as Betsy Balcombe) was born in 1802 as the second child of William and Jane Balcombe, née Cranston.[1] Her father was Superintendent of Public Sales for the East India Company. Balcombe and her sister Jane, two years her senior, were educated in England. In 1814, the sisters returned to Saint Helena with their parents and two younger brothers. There they resided in a little cottage called the Briars,[2] which was the residence of Napoléon Bonaparte during the first three months of his exile in Saint Helena.[3]
In October 1815 Napoléon Bonaparte was exiled to Saint Helena by the British government.[4] Because Napoleon's residence, Longwood House, had not yet been rehabilitated, he was housed in a pavilion near 'The Briars' for the next two months. Although Balcombe was fearful of Bonaparte the first time they met, over time she and the emperor became friends.[5] The French officers and servants were jealous of the young English girl, who addressed Napoleon as "Boney", without being reprimanded by him.
After Napoleon was removed to Longwood House, Balcombe would often visit him. The European press recognised the relationship between the 47-year-old Napoleon and the teenage girl and wrote about a love story. In March 1818, the Balcombes left St. Helena and went back to England. Saint Helena governor Hudson Lowe disapproved of the friendship between the Balcombes and Napoleon, suspecting them of smuggling secret messages out of Longwood House.[6]
In May 1821, Betsy Balcombe married Edward Abell and had a daughter but the marriage soon failed.[7] Balcombe earned money by teaching music. In 1824 she made a visit with her family to New South Wales, Australia but returned to England soon after.[8] In 1830 she returned to New South Wales with her brother William and together they took up a land grant adjoining their father's property near Bungonia.[9]
Some years later she returned to London and in 1844 published a book Recollections of Emperor Napoleon[10] recounting her experiences on St Helena.[11]
After further travels in France and Algeria Betsy Abell died in London, on 29 June 1871,[12] and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.[13]
Lucia Elizabeth Balcombe Abell: To Befriend an Emperor: Betsy Balcombe's Memoirs of Napoleon on St. Helena. Welwyn Garden City, UK: Ravenhill, 2005, ISBN 1-905043-03-1
Anne Whitehead: Betsy and the Emperor: The True Story of Napoleon, a pretty girl, a Regency rake and an Australian colonial misadventure. Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2015, ISBN 978-1-76011-293-6
Costain, Thomas. "The Last Love". Republished: Doubleday, 2000. A fictionalized story of the relationship between Napoleon and Betsy Balcombe and her family.
Brookes, M. (1960). St. Helena story / Dame Mabel Brookes; with a foreword by R. G. Menzies. London; Melbourne: Heinemann.
In film[edit]
Napoléon is a 2002 historical TV miniseries which explored the life of Napoleon Bonaparte (based on Max Gallo's book Napoleon) of Napoleon's life. In the series, 14-year-old Betsy Balcombe is played by Tamsin Egerton-Dick.
Monsieur N. is a 2003 British-French film depicting Napoleon's life in St Helena Island directed by Antoine de Caunes. Betsy Balcombe is played by Siobhan Hewlett.
Sarah York
^ Joan Kerr (editor), The Dictionary of Australian Artists Painters, Sketchers, Photographers and Engravers to 1870, Cambridge University Press, New York,1989. ISBN 0-19-553290-2, P.4
^ In 1960, the Australian writer Dame Mabel Brookes (1890–1975), Betsy Balcombe's grandniece, bought "The Briars" and gave it to the French nation. Brookes, M. (1960). St. Helena story / Dame Mabel Brookes; with a foreword by R. G. Menzies. London; Melbourne: Heinemann.
^ Abell, L. (1844). Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon during the first three years of his captivity on the island of St. Helena / Mrs. Lucia Elizabeth Abell. Lond.: Murray
^ Jacques Godechot, Napoleon I, Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.. 17 May 2019, access date 10 June 2019
^ 'Abell, Lucia Elizabeth', publisher Design & Art Australia Online, date created 1 Jan. 1992, last updated 19 Oct. 2011, date accessed 2019-06-10
^ Abell, L. (1844). Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon during the first three years of his captivity on the island of St. Helena / Mrs. Lucia Elizabeth Abell. Lond.: Murray.
^ Lucia Elizabeth "Betsy" Balcombe Abell Find a Grave, memorial ID 43020113
Radio 4 – Betsy and Napoleon
Betsy Balcombe at Find a Grave
BNF: cb11328357z (data)
PLWABN: 9810705452705606
SNAC: w66t2vsc
VcBA: 495/4808
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betsy_Balcombe&oldid=987687326"
Saint Helenian people of European descent
British writers
British emigrants to Australia
Use British English from March 2011
Use dmy dates from September 2020
Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers
This page was last edited on 8 November 2020, at 16:59 (UTC).