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Morse School » Explore Morse » History of Morse School » The Morse School, 1957 - 1997
By the 1950's, the original Morse School had fallen into disrepair and could no longer meet the standards set by the school committee. The city obtained land between Memorial Drive and Granite Street from the Metropolitan District Commission, clearing tennis courts and swing sets, to make way for the new construction.
Carl Koch and Associates of Worcester, in collaboration with The Architects Collaborative of Cambridge, designed the new Morse School. With its one story, modular, glass-walled design, the plan embodied the new aesthetic of the Bauhaus movement.
When the school was dedicated in June 1957, the school committee published an accompanying pamphlet. In it, the author describes the overall concept for the building: "to make the child want to come to school and provide an environment in which learning can be a happy experience." Koch divided the school into four wings, grouping children by age. "The buildings were kept low to be in scale with the children using them. Bright durable colors were employed to to add cheerfulness, both inside and out, but only where they would not distract from the learning process."
The core of the building was designed for evening and weekend use as a community center. From the wide lobby, visitors could easily access both the cafeteria and auditorium. A large gym (70 feet by 90 feet) contained not only a regulation size basketball court, but also an oak backboard for practicing handball and tennis, and markings on the floor for badminton, volleyball, baseball, deck tennis, and shuffleboard.
The school boasted a fully appointed shop in which boys could learn cabinetry and metal- working. Equipment included a drill press, jigsaw, two lathes and soldering bench. A homemaking room abutted the courtyard. Sunlight flooded in through the floor to ceiling windows, enabling girls to easily see handwork projects. Girls learned how to cook on both electric and gas ranges, and could inspect clothes they had sewn in a three-paneled mirror. Each classroom had ample storage space for books and coats. Chalkboards, bulletin boards and map rails were all moveable, enabling each teacher to arrange his or her room in a unique manner. Natural light entered classrooms from both large windows and plastic bubble shaped "skydomes" in the ceilings. A state-of-the-art electrical cabinet in each classroom housed a telephone, program bells, intercom, clock and, perhaps most impressive of all, a 21-inch television.
When WGBH-TV began broadcasting "in-school television" less then a year after the Morse School (at Granite St.) opened, Morse students were ready to tune in. On March 29, 1958, the Boston Daily Globe reported that WGBH had aired its first thirty-minute school program, hosted by staff from the Museum of Science. Illustrating the piece with photographs of the Morse 6th grader, Philip Heyward watching the show.
Learn More
The Original Morse School, 1891 - 1956
Artwork Found Within the Walls for Morse School


One way to ensure your own unhappiness is to form relationships with purely hypothetical people. This is not as difficult as it sounds, because you don't have to hallucinate the flesh and blood. The raw materials are all around you, in the shapes of the people in your life.
People are inherently flawed, however. Look closely enough at your friends, your family members, your coworkers, or your partner, and you will see ample room for improvement. Almost anyone could be a bit better with a nip here, a tuck there, a change in personality, a nicer job, a spiffier haircut, an altered habit or two. it is this idealized image that you should bond with, not the person's current manifestation.
Find a person (male or female, but a flip of the coin makes him male for our example) whom you don't really like all that much–at least not as he is.
Believe that within him you can see the raw materials of a truly wonderful person.
Begin a friendship or romance.
Fool him into believing that you are attracted to his present incarnation. not a fantasy of the future.
Once he's hooked, take out your carpentry kit and get started on the renovation.
Put yourself to work caring for the person, tending to his needs, and subverting your own. Spend so much time and effort that you create a debt he can only repay by changing. Keep this accounting in your own mind, without letting him know about it. Tell yourself that the vacuum of his own contributions will eventually seep into his consciousness and, inspired by your selfless example, he will (select one): (a) give up drinking, (b) get a job, (c) go back to school, (d) learn some manners, (e) end his criminality, (f) treat you properly, (g) stop sleeping around. or (h) learn to take care of himself.
Needless to say, this will not happen. You are working from a contract he has not seen and would not sign, and you have never made the terms of the relationship clear. He will interpret your loving care as acceptance of him as he is. If anything, his motivation to change will fade, not grow. This will permit you to become resentful: here you are, slaving away for him, and he does nothing in return.
Even if you have been clear all along that you think a bit of monogamy might be fun or that drug dealing is not an ideal long-term career choice, your actions will have spoken louder than your words. You stayed. Obviously–at least in the mind of the other person–you did not really want the change all that much or you did not really expect it.
Furthermore, the time you have spent on your involuntary rehabilitation project will have enabled you to distract yourself from the issues percolating in your own life. Starved for attention, your problems will have become more pressing and intractable. This will make them more difficult to resolve and will, coincidentally, provide your friend or partner with ammunition for their defensive position. "Look at you! You're hardly an example of perfect mental health yourself!" The person's benign tolerance for your self-neglect will give him–or her–a rationale for not changing to suit you, and the problem can continue.
Does all this seem too taxing? You can always try out a much watered-down version in any close relationship. Try to make your spouse, child, parent, roommate, or best friend change on just a few small variables. Anything will do. The worldwide favorites are lateness versus promptness and messiness versus order.
Harangue your organizationally challenged husband to get to places on time or your overly busy wife to use the laundry hamper. Firmly refuse to change your expectations or behavior. Surely it is your spouse's issue, not yours, so it is up to him or her to change. The fact that your spouse feels tyrannized by your enslavement to the clock or your overly fussy sense of sterility ("Oh, is Architectural Digest coming for a photo shoot?") is only defensiveness on their part.
Your "late" husband? You could try to make him as time conscious as you are–and fume every time you stand, drenched, waiting for him at a rainy street corner. Alternatively, you could give up and change yourself instead–perhaps by telling him that you will meet him inside the restaurant rather than out on the street.
Laundry is your chore, and your wife refuses to use the hamper? You could go on haranguing her to change. Or you could wash whatever you find in the hamper and ignore the bras on the floor nearby.
Your friend is notoriously bad with money? You could lecture him about how simple it is, or you could just refrain from making him the club treasurer.
If you were to end the power struggle, change might actually happen. Slowly. Over time. But it would not happen because of your fantasy or to suit you. indeed, by demanding that grown adults conform to your vision, you may be placing a roadblock in the way of their change, thus ensuring your misery. In order to remain autonomous, they must resist all of your efforts to reform them.
These battles will never be won, so you need not concern yourself that the brick wall, with repeat forehead strikes, will one day give way. It will go on providing you with the joys of futile effort forever. Sisyphus would be so pleased.
reprinted with permission: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.


One luxurious, but unheralded, aspect of a home spa is excellent bathroom task lighting.
Bathroom task lighting often gets short shrift or is completely ignored. I'm reminded of how little attention is given to this area almost every time we stay at a hotel or in someone's home. Rarely is the bathroom mirror lit well enough to see the detail we all need at various times. The same holds true inside a shower, in the commode area or below the sink where essentials are stored. Under sink storage, however, is deftly solved by the lighted Robern Vanity Drawers in one of my past posts.
Mirrors with integral lighting tend to be modern and streamlined. The frame on this one, in this all-white Danish architect's bath, is super sleek but a lighted frame like that lets you see well when applying makeup, giving yourself a mini-facial, flossing teeth, or shaving because your head is not blocking overhead lights.
Commodes are often sometimes in dark areas though this one is not. The photo speaks for itself.
In a Florida powder, room designer Pepe Calderin provides a brilliant lighting blueprint overhead for general illumination plus lighting along the top and bottom of the long mirror. Additionally, there are lavishly puck-lighteded stainless steel shelves used for displaying crystal figurines. No problem with seeing anything in this space! Covering the ceiling with mirror also magnifies the entire effect in a unique way.
Since our shower door exploded and 7 of us having been sharing one shower, we've had a time dealing with the wet towels. That rack in photo #2 looks like a great solution.
I'm a huge fan of my recessed cans. They give such wonderful overall lighting. I've got a project going in that area and will have a lot to share very soon.
Must confess that the stainless shelves are the least favorite bit in that bathroom but they are handsome nonetheless. Suppose that ladder/towel bar is old/salvage. But seems that two of these 3-part hooks or one 3 and one 5er would do the trick for you.
Thanks! That is a cool little space-saving gadget, and has character, too.
Can you give me the manufacturer information on that mirror with lights in it?
The bathroom with the illuminated mirror is from an architect in Denmark. No way to tell if it's a bought mirror or a custom installation. So no manufacturer available.


To be fair, glass is always better than plastic. It somehow gives you more confidence .
The Magic Flight Glass Stem is certainly the best option in the world of stems. By being three inches long, it provides you with enough distance from your heating element. The longer the distance, the cooler the vapor.
This accessory was built out of pyrex glass and is specifically intended for the Magic Flight Launch Box.


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Q: Can I force dovecot to ignore pop3 requests to delete received email? this is my first SF question, so please be gentile:
Is there an easy way to force dovecot pop3 server to ignore "delete messages" commands after being fetched by the MUA?
Here are the issues I'm facing:

*

*my boss wants to force everyone into a server-side "no delete
message"-policy, for archiving, auditing and backup&recovery purposes

*the requisite here is pop3, so imap is out

*the mailusers are virtual users (held in a mysql db)

*don't have the budget to set up a separate mail-arvhing server

*don't want to use shaggy way (aka immutable flag, r/w permissions for Maildirs, etc)

One way to solve it (my guess) is to setup a postfix-forwarding rule to a separate MANAGER account, but there will be problems later in effective email recovering (aka clearly disseminate emails for different users)
Help?
Thanks!
Edit:
Will be asking same question on dovecot-dedicated forums, just thinking to broaden my tech scope :)
dovecot 2.0.15

A: Shortest answer
No
Short answer
Get sources of dovecot, grok code edit and remove DELE command. Compile, install and be ready to "upgrade nightmare"
Longer anser
NEVER ignore and violate RFC, according to which DELE in POP3-session must delete message in spool. Tell boss to fund technical solution, because it give in future alot less headache and problems
Solution for you task, not answer on question
Change MTA configuration and extend every mail-user on host into "dual-user" alias-system, i.e. ordinary user@yourdomain.com will transform into something like
user: user-m, user-b

there user-m & user-b are identical users (for MTA and Dovecot) with one difference: user-m have POP3-access, user-b have not.
You have to have *2 space for mail, but get manageable and full archives per user

A: While I know this is an old question, I'm updating it with current information.
The file:
/etc/dovecot/config.d/20-pop3.conf

contains the following section:
# This option changes POP3 behavior so that it's not possible to actually
# delete mails via POP3, only hide them from future POP3 sessions. The mails
# will still be counted towards user's quota until actually deleted via IMAP.
# Use e.g. "$POP3Deleted" as the value (it will be visible as IMAP keyword).
# Make sure you can legally archive mails before enabling this setting.
#pop3_deleted_flag =

So by enabling this with something like
pop3_deleted_flag = $Pop3Deleted

Would achieve the required effect.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The number one disaster in the U.S., floods can happen anywhere at any time. Everyone is at risk, no matter how near or far you live from the coast. Floods are caused by storms, hurricanes, water backup due to inadequate or overloaded drainage systems, as well as broken water mains.
Most homeowners policies do NOT cover flood damage.
Only one-third of Florida residents have flood insurance, leaving $55 billion of property uninsured and many at risk for losing their most valuable possession, their home.
A few inches of water in your home can cause tens of thousands of dollars in damage.
A Flood Map Change in Palm Beach County will Affect 100,000 Properties – What Now? Find the answers to some frequently asked questions about this change and how it will affect your flood risk. Learn More in our latest blog.


text:
Home » News • Press • Press Release
East Lothian Courier – 04 June 2021
I've no doubt that the UK Government Minister would have enjoyed his visit to Glenkinchie last week. The new visitor centre's a remarkable venue and it's a tragedy that it's been unable to be fully utilised due to restrictions. That'll change soon but what won't alter are the risks East Lothian and Scotland face from trade deals such as the one with Australia, which he was promoting with his trip.
Of course, a reduction in the current modest tariff on Scotch Whisky will be a benefit. But just how much is hard to say as it was already doing well, with Australia being the 8th biggest global market. A slight reduction will have a limited impact on what's already a premium product.
On the other hand the damage to other sectors and in particular farming could be considerable. It's why the NFU and other trade bodies have spoken out. Cheap imports of lamb in particular will be a threat to the sector here and especially in more northern areas. The scale of farming's far greater in Australia as well as methods being different, if not undesirable.
There are other factors that also cause concern. ISDS or Investor State Dispute Settlement must be opposed as much as the threat of cheap imports. It's a rather benign term for what can have grave consequences for our society. It's a method by which big corporations can sue Governments when they dislike legislation or actions. It's not only used to bully developing countries but even developed ones. We have to oppose it here as it allows big business to undermine elected governments.
That's not to say Governments should be beyond reproach, but that isn't the way. Indeed I'll be writing to the Scottish Finance Secretary as support announced for the Taxi Trade's entirely inadequate. Many in the county ply for hire either here or in Edinburgh. It's a hard shift and coronavirus has decimated the trade. As restrictions begin to lift having a trade in existance to supply the need that'll be there's essential. Much more must be done or we'll all lose out.
News, Press, Press Release
← Boxing Success – Scotsman Article – 25 May 2021 Independence in the UK – Scotsman Article – 01 June 2021 →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


iCanon 粉絲簽到打卡帖 2018年10月10日-粉絲打卡簽到區-粉絲交流區-iCanon 愛佳攝影俱樂部 - Powered by Discuz!
我在 2018-10-10 08:35 完成簽到,是今天第一個簽到的用戶,獲得隨機獎勵 魔力 1568MP,另外我還額外獲得了 魔力 10MP.
GMT+8, 2019-4-25 22:48 , Processed in 1.614415 second(s), 16 queries , Apc On.


convey a compelling story on its own.
texture, face shape, and pupil characteristics.
OPPO R15 Pro makes a breakthrough in full screen development.
the mobile phone look like one whole display.
a dreamy and natural effect.
OPPO R15 Pro is made to be water resistant. Now, you can use the device to make calls when caught in the rain, even with heavy splashes.
you a more fluid camera and game experience.
always be one step ahead of your opponents.
Pay, your bank card, or transport card.
of the system make for extended operating life.
2. OPPO R15 Pro has a 20MP front camera, and 20MP+16MP for the rear camera for better user experience and imaging effects, the OPPO R15 can produce photos of about 8MP, 12MP, 16MP and 20MP when operating in different modes. The actual output of pixel shall be subject to the settings.
6. 3430mAh is typical battery values for OPPO R15 Pro.
8. OPPO R15 Pro is not a professional-grade waterproof mobile phone. The splash, water, and dust resistant performance under normal conditions reaches the IP67 level under the IEC 60529 standard according to the tests conducted within a controlled laboratory setting. The anti-splash, water resistant, and dust-proof performance is not permanent, it may decline gradually due to daily wear. Please do not charge the mobile phone when it is in damp conditions. Please refer to the User Manual for the cleaning and drying instructions. Damages caused by liquid immersion are not covered by the warranty.
IMX519. Now you can shoot photos that tell great stories.
bringing you perfect selfies even in backlight conditions.
day. Now it's so easy to add some fun to your photos.
at the world at your fingertips.
with storyline so that every moment becomes more impressive.
making the surface appear less flat and more organic.
excellent touch and feel in a glass.


text:
"VOICES"
Celebrity Singers of, Pop, Rock, and R&B
Lead singer of Sugar Ray
Musical accomplishments include:
- 10 million records sold worldwide
- Two Top 10 albums
- Two #1 Hits
- Four Top 10 Hits
- Six Top 40 Hits
Mark McGrath
Title: McGrath playlist
Lead singer of Goo Goo Dolls
John Rzeznik
Title: John Rzeznik playlist
Grammy Nominated Singer-Songwriter
Natasha Bedingfield
Title: Natasha Bedingfield playlist
Frontman of the platinum selling, Grammy-Winning band The Wallflowers
Jakob Dylan
The Wallflowers
Title: Jakob Dylan playlist
Grammy Award Winner Singer-Songwriter
Title: Macy Gray playlist
Lead singer, composer, and guitarist of Everclear
Art Alexakis
Title: Art Alexakis playlist
Lead singer and primary songwriter of Collective Soul
Ed Roland
Collective Soul
Title: Ed Roland playlist
Grammy award-winning and multi-platinum recording artist
Title: Coolio playlist
HIP HOP'S first superstars and pioneers.
Sugarhill Gang
Title: Sugarhill Gang playlist
1980s rap pioneer Tone-Loc was the second rap act ever to reach #1 on Billboard's album charts.
Tone-Loc
Title: Tone-Loc playlist
Dean Torrence was one half of the popular 1960s "surf music" singing duo "Jan & Dean"
Dean Torrence
Title: Dean Torrence playlist
Multi-Platinum Recording Artist
Uncle Kracker
Title: Uncle Kracker playlist
One of the most popular vocalists of the modern age.
Taylor Dayne
Title: Taylor Dayne playlist
Grammy Award winner of the Dazz Band and 20-year veteran lead singer of Kool & The Gang.
Skip Martin
Dazz Band Kool & The Gang
Title: Skip Martin playlist
Former lead singer of Journey from 1998 to 2006
Steve Augeri
Title: Steve Augeri playlist
Multi-platinum recording artist and lead singer of Berlin
Terri Nunn
Title: Terri Nunn playlist
Lead singer of Loverboy
Mike Reno
Title: Loverboy playlist
With nearly 20 years of musical explorations and milestones under its belt, Fastball remains one of the most consistent and continuously celebrated rock bands on the road these days.
Title: Fastball playlist
Tommy Tutone
Title: Tommy Tutone playlist
Vanilla Ice has the fastest selling hip hop album of all time, and the first hip hop single to top the Billboard charts
Title: Vanilla Ice playlist
Grammy Award Winner and former lead singer of Kansas
John Elefante
Title: John Elefante playlist
Two time Grammy Award Winner and lead singer of The Smashing Pumpkins
Title: Billy Corgan Hay playlist
Lead singer of Candlebox
Candlebox
Title: John Cafferty playlist
American rock band led by Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan
Flo & Eddie
The Turtles
Title: The Turtles playlist
Former lead vocalist for The Babys and Bad English.
The Babys and Bad English
Title: John Waite playlist
Two-time Grammy Award Winner and Singer-Songwriter
Kim Carnes
Title: Kim Carnes playlist
Former Lead Singer of the Go-Go's from 1978 to 1984
Go-Go's
Title: Belinda Carlisle playlist
Best known as the lead singer of the group Tony Orlando and Dawn in the early 70's
Tony Orlando and Dawn
Title: Tony Orlando playlist
Lead vocalist of Santana from 1979-1985, 1987, and 1989-1994
- On 12 Santana albums, Alex earned Gold Records for four of those albums and scored top 40 hits with six albums and / or singles.
Alex Ligertwood
Title: Santana playlist
A founding member of The Romantics and co-writer of the hit song "What I Like About You"
Wally Palmar
The Romantics
Title: The Romantics playlist
Guitarist, vocalist, Grammy award winning producer, entertainer and former member of The McCoys
Rick Derringer
Title: Rick Derringer playlist
Former lead singer of Three Dog night from 1967 to 1976
Chuck Negron
Title: Chuck Negron playlist
Original lead singer of the 6-time Grammy Award winning band Toto
Bobby Kimball
Title: Toto playlist
Co-Writers and performers of the Friends TV Show theme song "I'll Be There For You" that aired from 1994 - 2004. This song was 11 weeks at #1 and followed the smash hit "Just The Way It Is, Baby."
The Rembrandts
Title: Rembrants playlist
Multiple Grammy-Winning Singer-Songwriter who has sold more than 53 million albums and singles worldwide
Title: Michael Bolton playlist
Lead singer of Vertical Horizon
Matt Scannell
Vertical Horizon
Title: Eric Troyer playlist
Singer-Songwriter and Actor who is known as "The Godfather of Shock Rock"
Title: Alice Cooper playlist
Co-founder and former lead singer of Supertramp from 1969 to 1983
Title: Roger Hodgson playlist
Lead singer of The Beaver Brown Band
John Cafferty
The Beaver Brown Band
Former front-man, songwriter, and vocalist of pop sensation Men at Work
Colin Hay
Title: Colin Hay playlist
Founding member and leader singer of ELO II
Eric Troyer
Electric Light Orchestra Part II
Also Featuring
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"VOICES" - Celebrity Singers of, Pop, Rock, and R&B
© Voices Celebrity Singers of, Pop, Rock, and R&B 2016.


This Mainship Mark III is a very comfortable cockpit motor yacht designed for coastal cruising. She comes with a large flybridge and bimini (with enclosure) top, the helm is forward with excellent sight lines and room for guests to share the view, large cockpit for fishing or entertaining (transom door provides access to a swim platform with boarding ladder), roomy salon entered via large glass sliding doors, full galley, and private stateroom.
She is a full-featured cruiser with comfortable accommodations, well equipped, has been well maintained and ready to cruise.
Powered by a Marine Power 350 Sport Pac gasoline engine with 260 horsepower and 869 hours, this motor yacht provides trawler economy and durability.
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Enter the vessel through the sliding glass door and immediately to port is a large area for seating. To starboard are three large storage cabinets, a long table and lower helm with full controls. Forward and down to port is the galley and to starboard is the head with separate stall shower.
The forward stateroom has a large V-berth with insert, under-berth storage, flat screen TV and hanging lockers.
An enclosed head is starboard with vanity and stand-up shower stall.


text:
Tag: free-market economics
Searching for a new economic paradigm
Until the credit crunch and crash of 2008/9, there appeared to be a degree of consensus amongst economists about how economies worked. Agents were generally assumed to be rational and markets generally worked to balance demand and supply at both a micro and a macro level. Although economies were subject to fluctuations associated with the business cycle, these had become relatively mild given the role of central banks in targeting inflation and the general belief that we had seen the end of boom and bust.
True, markets were not perfect. There were problems of monopoly power and externalities. Also information was not perfect. But asymmetries of information were generally felt to be relatively unimportant in the information age with easy access to market data through the internet.
Then it all went wrong. With the exception of a few economists, people were caught unawares by the credit crunch. There was too little understanding of the complexities of securitisation and the leveraged risk in these pyramids of debt built on small foundations. And there was too little regard paid to the potentially destructive power of speculation and herd behaviour.
So how should economists model what has been happening over the past three years? Do we simply need to go back to Keynesian economics, which emphasised the importance of aggregate demand and the ability of economies to settle at a high unemployment equilibrium? Can the persistence of high unemployment in the USA and elsewhere be put down to a lack of demand or is the explanation to be found in hysteresis: the persistence of a problem after the initial cause has disappeared? Can failures of markets be incorporated into standard microeconomics?
Or do we need a new paradigm: one that emphasises the behaviour of economic agents and examines how people act when there are information asymmetries? These are the questions that are examined in the podcast below. It is an interview with Nobel Prize winning economist, Joseph Stiglitz.
Joseph Stiglitz: 'Building blocks' of a new economics BBC Today Programme (25/8/10)
Needed: a new economic paradigm Financial Times, Joseph Stiglitz (19/8/10)
Obama should get rid of Geithner, Summers Market Watch, Wall Street Journal, Darrell Delamaide (25/8/10)
This rebel's heresy is not so earth-shaking Fund Strategy, Daniel Ben-Ami (23/8/10)
What are Stiglitz's criticisms of the economics profession in recent years?
What, according to Stiglitz, should be the features of a new economic paradigm?
Is such a paradigm new?
Provide a critique of Stiglitz's analysis.
What do you understand by 'behavioural economics'? Would a greater understanding of human behaviour by economists have helped avert the credit crunch and subsequent recession?
Tags: Tagsbehavioural economics, credit crunch, economic theory, expectations, free-market economics, hysteresis, information asymmetry, Keynesian economics, market failures, New Classical economics, new Keynesian economics, paradigm, recession, schools of thought, StiglitzPosted in: CategoriesEconomics 10e: Ch 16, Economics 10e: Ch 19, Economics 10e: Ch 21, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 29, Essential Economics for Business: Ch 10, Essentials of Economics: 8e Ch 12, Podcasts and VideosAuthored by: John Sloman
Posted on 11 November 2009 29 December 2009
Another brick in the wall?
To mark the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin wall, the BBC World Service commissioned a survey across 27 countries to gather people's views about capitalism and whether it is working well. The findings are striking. Only 11% felt that it is working well. "Most thought regulation and reform of the capitalist system were necessary. There were also sharp divisions around the world on whether the end of the Soviet Union was a good thing."
The following articles look at the detailed findings of the poll and consider its implications for the functioning and reform of the world economy.
Global poll: Wide dissatisfaction with capitalism 20 years after fall of Berlin Wall BBC Press Office (9/11/09)
Free market flawed, says survey BBC News, James Robbins (9/11/09)
Wide dissatisfaction with capitalism, years after fall of Berlin Wall Dawn.com (Pakistan) (9/11/09)
Capitalism confronted with growing doubts Global Times (China) (11/11/09)
The fall of the Berlin wall – Pt 1 (video), The fall of the Berlin wall – Pt 2 (video), Al Jazeera (on YouTube), Riz Khan (9/11/09)
Column : Why Berlin was a win for all of us Financial Express (India), Lord Desai (Emeritus Professor, London School of Economics) (9/11/09)
The real lesson of 1989 is that nothing is ever settled Guardian, Seumas Milne (12/11/09)
The Wall fell and hope rose – for a while Otago Times (New Zealand), Andrew Rawnsley (10/11/09)
New name for a new economy? BBC News, Stephanomics (13/11/09)
What are the alternatives to free-market capitalism?
Do you agree that "however flawed free-market capitalism is, it is still the best of all systems"? Explain your answer.
In what ways does free-market captialism fail to provide the optimum allocation and distribution of resources?
What forms can government intervention take to influence markets?
Tags: Tagscapitalism, communism, economic systems, free-market economics, government intervention, market failures, mixed economies, regulation, socialismPosted in: CategoriesEconomics 10e: Ch 01, Economics 10e: Ch 12, Economics 10e: Ch 14, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 01, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 20, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 21, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 22, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 23, Essential Economics for Business: Ch 01, Essential Economics for Business: Ch 07, Essential Economics for Business: Ch 09, Essentials of Economics: 8e Ch 01, Essentials of Economics: 8e Ch 08Authored by: John Sloman
Posted on 6 October 2008 12 February 2010
Hayek and neo-liberal economic policy
Hayek, through his book the 'Road to Serfdom' became one of the founding fathers of the market economic system that we have adopted as the principal method of organising economic activity. However, like all neo-liberal economists, his views and recommendations have come under increasing scrutiny in the current financial crisis.
Faith. Belief. Trust. This economic orthodoxy was built on superstition Guardian (6/10/08)
Dangers of worshipping false god of self-regulating markets Irishtimes.com (3/10/08)
1. Write a short paragraph setting out the key arguments in Hayek's book 'The Road to Serfdom'.
2. Assess the importance of confidence in an economic system. To what extent is a lack of confidence a 'self-fulfilling prophecy'?
3. Discuss the extent to which Hayek's work influenced the adoption of neo-liberal economic policies.
Tags: TagsAustrian, free-market economics, Hayek, information, neo-Austrian, neo-liberalPosted in: CategoriesEconomics 10e: Ch 12, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 01, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 02, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 04, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 20, Essential Economics for Business: Ch 10, Essential Economics for Business: Ch 11, Essentials of Economics: 8e Ch 08Authored by: pearson
Posted on 13 March 2007 1 October 2010
Adam Smith – you may be seeing a lot more of him
Adam Smith is the face on the new £20 note. This could be used as an argument that economics has moved into the mainstream, but many people may not be aware of the influence that he has had on modern classical economics. The articles below may help reveal his ongoing economic influence.
What you should know about Adam Smith BBC News Online (13/03/07)
Why Brown reveres the man on the new £20 note Guardian (19/03/06)
1. Assess the impact of Adam Smith on classical economic theory.
2. Summarise the main works and theories of Adam Smith. (You may find the information in the Biz/ed Virtual Economy on Adam Smith helpful. For a complete list of works of Adam Smith, many online, see website C18 in the hotlinks section of this site.)
3. Discuss the extent to which Gordon Brown has been influenced by Adam Smith in his policies.
Tags: TagsAdam Smith, classical economics, free trade, free-market economics, invisible hand, neoclassical economics, restrictive practices, specialisation and division of labourPosted in: CategoriesEconomics 10e: Ch 01, Economics 10e: Ch 06, Economics 10e: Ch 16, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 09, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 26, Essential Economics for Business: Ch 01, Essentials of Economics: 8e Ch 02, Essentials of Economics: 8e Ch 05, Essentials of Economics: 8e Ch 09, Essentials of Economics: 8e Ch 11Authored by: pearson
Capitalism – are there really any alternatives?
Recent economic history has led many commentators to believe that a free-market capitalist economy is the only efficient method of allocating resources. The transition of former Eastern Bloc economies has furthered this perception. In the article from the Guardian linked below, Andrew Murray considers this argument and argues that capitalism may not be the be all and end all of economic organisation.
No, capitalism is not the only way to order human affairs Guardian (8/3/07)
1. Discuss the arguments for and against using a free-market economy as the principal method of resource allocation.
2. Assess the principal reasons for the transition of planned economies to market economies over the past two decades.
3. Examine the validity of the arguments raised by Andrew Murray in his article.
Tags: Tagscapitalism, free market, free-market economics, privatisation, transitionPosted in: CategoriesEconomics 10e: Ch 01, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 01, Economics for Business: 8e Ch 03, Essential Economics for Business: Ch 01, Essentials of Economics: 8e Ch 01, Essentials of Economics: 8e Ch 02Authored by: pearson


21. 6. 2017, Zdeňka B.
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Define meteorology. Explain how the weather affects farmers, sailors, aviators, and the outdoors construction industry. Tell why weather forecasts are important to each of these groups.
Draw cross sections of a cold front and a warm front showing the location and movements of the cold and warm air, the frontal slope, the location and types of clouds associated with the front, and the location of rain. Tell the differences between a cold front and a warm front.
Define acid rain. Identify which human activities pollute the atmosphere as well as the effects such pollution can have on people.
Make one of the following instruments: wind vane, anemometer, rain gauge, hygrometer. Keep a daily weather log for 1 week using information from this instrument as well as from other sources such as local radio and television stations or NOAA Weather Radio. The following information should be recorded at the same time every day: wind direction and speed, temperature, precipitation, and types of clouds. Be sure to make a note of any morning dew or frost. In the log, also list the weather forecasts from radio or television at the same time each day and show how the weather really turned out.
Visit a National Weather Service office or talk with a local radio or television weathercaster, private meteorologist, local agricultural Extension service office, or university meteorology instructor. Find out what type of weather is most dangerous or damaging to your community. Determine how severe weather and flood warnings reach the homes in your community.
Give a talk of more than 5 minutes to your unit explaining the camping safety rules in the event of lightning, flash floods, and tornadoes. Before your talk, show your outline to your counselor for approval.
Read several articles about acid rain and give a prepared talk of more than 5 minutes about the articles to your unit. Before your talk, show your outline to your counselor for approval.


text:
Deze lijst van voetbalinterlands is een overzicht van alle officiële voetbalwedstrijden tussen de nationale teams van Congo-Brazzaville en Guinee. De landen hebben tot op heden vijf keer tegen elkaar gespeeld. De eerste ontmoeting was een wedstrijd op 12 januari 1973 tijdens de Afrikaanse Spelen 1973 in Ibadan (Nigeria). Het laatste duel, een kwalificatiewedstrijd voor de Afrika Cup 1994, werd gespeeld op 15 augustus 1993 in Brazzaville.

Wedstrijden

Samenvatting

Wedstrijden bepaald door strafschoppen worden, in lijn met de FIFA, als een gelijkspel gerekend.

Guinee
Congo-Brazzaville

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


At 179, the Erie County Fair in New York may be one of the oldest fair in the country and for the past 94 of those years the James E. Strates Shows has been the fair's carnival company. The contracts – not up for renewal until after its 100th anniversary – considered the longest partnership between a fair and midway provider in the history of American fairs.
Strates Shows dates back to 1923 when James E. Strates, a Greek immigrant, who had worked in a traveling carnival show, Southern Tier Shows, and in 1932 changed its name to James E. Strates Shows. During the extraordinary length of its contract with the Erie County Fair, generations have greeted the annual arrival of the James E. Strates Shows train, a colorful freight train filled with wagons and amusement ride. The tradition continued in 2018, when the last remaining carnival train pulled into the historic Erie Railroad Depot in the Village of Hamburg to be greeted by eager fairgoers, local news media and the Erie County Fair Marching Band, Fair Bear – the official mascot of the fair – and Erie County Fair officials.
Jay Strates – the 3rd generation of the family in the business – does not remember a time not being either on the train or at the station for the train to pull into this town. While appreciative of the importance of tradition and being the only remaining carnival company using a mode of transportation that most other multigenerational family midway providers long abandoned, his main reason for still using the train is more business than personal.
For the 2018 season, the most significant ride addition was the Pirate, which was actually welcomed aboard by the company in 2003, but more recently was out of commission so Strates Shows could completely overhaul the ride, including a new electric drive system and new LED lighting. "It's a high capacity, multi-trailer ride, it looks great on the midway.


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Justia Patents Waveform GenerationUS Patent for Driving method for a display device Patent (Patent # 5,398,043)
Driving method for a display device
Oct 8, 1992 - Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd.
A plurality of ON signal voltages are applied to a thin film transistor (TFT) within one field period, thereby transmitting an image signal voltage to a pixel electrode, two types of modulation signals are alternately supplied to a first wiring (17) at every field during an OFF period of the thin film transistor so that the potential of the pixel electrode is changed, and the change of the potential is superimposed on and/or offset by an image signal voltage so as to apply a resultant voltage to a display material to be driven. Before the termination of a first ON period of the plurality of ON signal voltages applied to the thin film transistor, a part of the potential of the modulation signal is varied.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of driving a display device which displays a picture of image data by alternating-current driving (referred to as "AC-driving" hereinafter) a display material such as liquid crystals with A.C. power supply, using an active matrix which comprises switching elements such as thin film transistors (referred to as "TFT" hereinafter) and pixel electrodes, the switching elements and pixel electrodes being arranged in a form of a matrix.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Recently, quality of images displayed on an active matrix liquid crystal display (referred to as "LCD" hereinafter) has been remarkably improved to a degree comparable to that of a cathode ray tube (CRT). However, firstly, with regard to image quality, when considering the viewpoints of flickers, changes in brightness in a vertical direction of a screen (i.e., gradient brightness), tone representation and an image memory phenomenon in which a previous fixation image remains as if it is printed just after another fixation image has been displayed, the image quality of an active matrix LCD is not so improved as that of the CRT.
Several attempts have been made to provide a method capable of compensating D.C. voltage that is unavoidably generated in a display device due to dielectric anisotropy of a liquid crystal, reducing occurrence of flicker, thereby increasing the reliability of the driving performance. Two known methods as described above are disclosed in the following materials. One disclosure is "Japan Display" issued by T. Yanagisawa et al. in 1986 (p.192).
In this conventional method, the inevitably generated D.C. voltage in the display device is compensated by changing the amplitude of the positive and negative sides with respect to the amplitude center voltage (Vc) of an image signal voltage (Vs). In this conventional driving method, a scan signal exerts an effect on a potential of a pixel electrode through a parasitic capacitance Cgd existing between a gate and a drain of a TFT, resulting in causing a direct current (D.C.) potential difference between the average potential of a wiring for image signals and the average potential of the pixel electrode. When driving an LC material with A.C. power supply, if a potential at each part in the display device is set such that the average D.C. potential difference between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode becomes zero, the aforesaid D.C. potential difference will be raised inevitably between the wiring for image signals (referred to as "image signal line" hereinafter) and the counter electrode. The raised D.C. potential difference causes serious display defects such as the image memory phenomenon.
A method of compensating a D.C. potential difference completely and making it to be zero is disclosed in "Euro Display" issued by K. Suzuki in 1987 (P.107). In this second conventional method, the compensation of the D.C. potential difference is executed by applying a negative additional voltage signal (Ve) after applying a scan signal. LCDs have normally a feature of a small amount of power consumption for driving, however, in this conventional method, the amplitude of the analog signal is large so that a large amount of power consumption is required in the driving circuit (a degree of several hundreds of milli watts). Obviously, the power consumption required in this method is too large for portable-type display devices operated by dry batteries or the like.
With such a background, the present inventors have disclosed a method of "capacitive-coupling drive" in the Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. 2-157815, published on June 18, 1990 , wherein an internal D.C. voltage due to dielectric anisotropy in an LCD is compensated and the driving is performed with a small amount of power consumption. Further, the driving method disclosed in this material teaches a feature of capability of preventing occurrence of light blinking (i.e., flicker) in a screen by inverting a polarity of an image signal voltage at every scan line on a display screen. This feature was disclosed in the Japanese Patent Publication Laid-Open Nos. 60-3698 (1985), 60-156095 (1985) and 61-275822 (1986).
In recent years, there have been strong demands for providing wider screens for active LCDs and the ability of displaying more minute images with high quality. The charging time is getting shorter as more minuteness is achieved. For example, in an LCD for use at a work station, about 1,000 scan lines are used and the charging time per one scan line is 17 .mu.seconds. This charging time is about one forth that of a small-sized liquid display television (TV) which has 240 scan lines and requires 60 .mu.seconds for charging. A wider screen and more minute images cause another problem, that is, delays in scan signals. Such shorter charging time and delays in scan signals cause gradient brightness at the right and left sides of a screen.
In the above-mentioned method of "capacitive-coupling drive", such a signal delay leads to serious troubles.
In this conventional driving method, a gate signal delay causes a charging error that a source signal transmitted via the image signal line cannot be transmitted to the pixel electrode within a gate-ON time period, or causes a time delay until the gate voltage reaches an off-level so that the established electric charge leaks, causing a change in the pixel potential.
The charging rate of a pixel signal is proportional to the following equation.
((W/L*.mu.*Cox) * (Vg-Vs-Vth)) / Ct
where Ct=Cs+Cgd+Csd+Clc
Cs: storage capacitance
Cgd: gate-to-drain capacitance
Csd: source-to-drain capacitance
Clc: liquid crystal capacitance
W: channel width of TFT
L: channel length of TFT
.mu.: mobility
Cox: gate capacitance
Vg: gate voltage
Vs: signal voltage
Vth: threshold voltage of TFT
Among the above factors, Ct is determined by the specification of an LCD. .mu., Cox, Vth are virtually determined by the performance of a TFT. In the case of a small-sized LCD, a charge which exactly corresponds to a pixel signal can be established by setting W/L of a TFT to a large value.
Setting the W/L to a large value, however, makes the parasitic capacitance Cgd of the TFT large too, which increases the capacitance connected to the gate wiring, resulting in a considerable delay of gate signals. Therefore, there exists a value of W/L for maximizing the charging rate. With the value of W/L for maximizing the charging rate, a desired charging rate, however, cannot be achieved in a large-sized and high-precision LCD.
In order to solve the problem of charging errors, there has been proposed a method in the Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. 3-222049, published on Oct. 1, 1991, in which a charge is preliminarily established to a vicinity of a desired voltage value by supplying a preliminary additional ON signal for precharge before supplying a substantial gate ON signal by 2 H ("H" represents a horizontal scanning period). However, it is not possible to obtain the effect of the preliminary charge by simply applying the above driving method to the aforementioned method of "capacitive-coupling drive" and, as a consequence, there occurs an error in the pixel potential.
It is therefore an essential object of the present invention to provide a method of driving a display device, enabling improvement in the display quality as well as in the driving reliability, and reducing the power consumption required for driving the display device. This improved method is also applicable for wider screens and displaying images with higher minuteness.
In order to accomplish the object mentioned above, a driving method of the present invention is characterized in that, in a display device which is provided with pixel electrodes arranged in a form of a matrix each connected through a capacitance to a first wiring, each pixel electrode also being connected to a TFT which is electrically connected to both an image signal wiring and a scan signal wiring, and an LC material held between the pixel electrode and a counter electrode is driven with A.C. power supply, the method comprises the steps of:
applying a plurality of gate ON signal voltages to the TFT within a period of one field to transmit an image signal voltage to the pixel electrode through the TFT;
supplying two types of modulation signals alternately to the first wiring at every field during a gate OFF period of the TFT so as to vary the potential of the pixel electrode; and superimposing the change of the pixel potential onto the image signal voltage and/or offsetting the change of the pixel potential with the image signal voltage by each other so that the superimposed and/or offset image signal voltage is applied to the LC material. In this method, a part of the potential of the modulation signal is changed before the termination of a first ON period of the gate ON signal voltages applied to the TFT.
In the case where a TFT is employed as a switching element for example, a potential change CgdVg of an image signal, which is induced by a potential change Vg in the scan signal by way of a gate-to-drain capacitance Cgd, is negatively generated. According to the present invention, asymmetric modulation signals Ve(+) and Ve(-), whose polarities are in an inverted relationship (positive and negative), are alternately applied at every field through a storage capacitance Cs so that there occurs, at the image electrode, a potential change CsVe(+)/Ct in the negative direction and a potential change CsVe(-)/Ct in the positive direction, and those potential changes on the image electrode are superimposed on the above potential change CgdVg/Ct of the image signal. The relationship between those potential changes can be set so as to satisfy the following equation. ##EQU1##
When the value of .DELTA.V* is no less than the threshold voltage of the liquid crystal, the liquid crystal driving voltage is partially supplied from the capacitive-coupling potential and therefore the output amplitude of the image signal driver circuit can be reduced, saving driving power.
As a result, at least a part of D.C. components induced by the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal and the scan signal by way of the gate-to-drain capacitance can be compensated, thereby eliminating causes of occurrence of troubles such as flicker and an image memory phenomenon. This ensures a high display quality and increases reliability for the driving operation of the LCD.
In order to reduce the delays in the gate voltage signals, the value of W/L of the TFT is decreased to reduce the capacitance connected to the gate wiring. A shortage of charge resulted from the reduction of the W/L is thought to be overcome by applying the plurality of ON signals to the gate voltage, but the effect of the ON signals has proved to decrease according to a potential change in the capacitor wiring to which a compensating voltage is applied when the method is used in combination with the method of "capacitive-coupling drive".
Further, the present inventors have found that the above effect can be achieved only when the voltage level of the middle modulation signal among the plurality of ON signals of compensating voltage is set to a specified voltage. As would be understood from the above description, the present invention has the following remarkable effects.
First, the output signal voltage of the signal driving circuit in the active matrix display device is considerably reduced so that the power consumption in the driving circuit for dealing with analog signals can be reduced. When the method of the present invention is applied to a color display, the output amplitude of a chroma IC can be reduced, thereby reducing the power consumption required in the driving circuit. Thus, it becomes possible to reduce the power consumption required for driving the overall display device. The reduction of the amplitude of the above output signal voltage facilitates the fabrication of driving circuits which have been growing in complexity since there are rising demands for high-density displays and high-frequency signal driving circuits. Furthermore, the invention has such a subsidiary advantage that it allows regions of good linearity in a signal amplifier to be utilized and this contributes to the improvement of the quality of images to be displayed.
Another advantage is an improvement in the quality of image to be displayed. The A.C. driving performed by applying A.C. modulation signals by every field makes it possible to eliminate the causes of occurrence of flicker. By adding a preliminary gate-ON signal, the size of the TFT can be reduced. In addition, remarkable improvement can be expected in the uniformity of the brightness of the display as well as in the tone representation.
Thirdly, the reliability of the LTD can be increased. This can be achieved by elimination of D.C. voltage which is unavoidably generated in the conventional display devices, the elimination being achieved by capacitive coupling or the like through the anisotropy of the liquid crystal and the scan signal Cgd. These D.C. voltage components cause various display defects in the conventional device. The elimination of D.C. voltage greatly contributes to reducing the image burning phenomenon which occurs just after displaying fixation images.
Further, the driving conditions depending on the equation (4) are not affected by the dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystals. This means that stable driving operation, which is free from the influence of changes in dielectric constant, can be achieved even when dielectric constant itself is changed in such a case as the display device is used in a wide range of temperature.
In the above description, the invention has been explained by way of a LCD, but it is needless to mention that the concept of the invention can be applied to driving of other plate display devices.
The present invention enables saving of electric power required in a display device, improvements in the image quality and the reliability, and therefore it exhibits remarkable industrial effects.
These and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the preferred embodiment thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing an essential portion of the present invention for illustrating the principle of the invention;
FIG. 2 shows waveform charts of voltages applied to the basic structure shown in FIG. 1, wherein (a) is associated with a gate voltage Vg, (b) a signal voltage Vs and a counter voltage Vt, (c) a modulation voltage Ve, and (d) a pixel potential Vp;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing a relationship between intensity of transmitted light of a liquid crystal and an applied voltage, and the effects of the voltage according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing the basic structure of a driving device according to a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 shows waveform charts of applied voltages for making a comparison with the first embodiment, (a) being associated with a gate voltage Vg, (b) a signal voltage Vs and a counter voltage Vt, (c) a modulation voltage Ve, and (d) a pixel potential Vp;
FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram showing the basic structure of a driving device according to a second embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 8 shows waveform charts of applied voltages in the second embodiment, (a) being associated with a gate voltage Vg of a wiring for an n-th scan signal, (b) a gate voltage Vg of a wiring for an (n-1)-th scan signal, (c) a signal voltage Vs and a counter voltage Vt, and (d) a pixel potential Vp;
FIG. 9 shows waveform charts of applied voltages for making comparison with the second embodiment, (a) being associated with a gate voltage Vg of a wiring for an nth scan signal, (b) a gate voltage Vg of a wiring for an (n-1)th scan signal, (c) a signal voltage Vs and a counter voltage Vt, and (d) a pixel potential Vp; and
FIG. 10 shows waveform charts of applied voltages for making comparison with the second embodiment, (a) being associated with a gate voltage Vg of a wiring for an nth scan signal, (b) a gate voltage Vg of a wiring for an (n-1)th scan signal, (c) a signal voltage Vs and a counter voltage Vt, and (d) a pixel potential Vp.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The following describes preferred embodiments of the present invention with reference to the attached drawings.
FIG. 1 shows an electric equivalent circuit of each display element of a TFT active matrix driving LCD. Each display element has a TFT 3 interconnecting between a scan signal wiring 1 and an image signal wiring 2. The TFT 3 has a gate-to-drain capacitance Cgd 4, a source-to-drain capacitance Csd 5 and a gate-to-source capacitance Cgs 6, which serve as parasitic capacitances. As intentionally formed capacitances, there are further provided a liquid crystal capacitance Clc* 7 and a storage capacitance Cs 8.
A driving voltage is applied to each element electrode from an external portion. Specifically, a scan signal voltage Vg is applied to the scan signal wiring 1, an image signal voltage Vs is applied to the image signal wiring 2, a modulation signal Ve (Ve(+), Ve(-)) is applied to one electrode of the storage capacitance Cs in accordance with an image signal having its polarity inverted every field, and a constant counter voltage Vt is applied to the counter electrode of the liquid crystal capacitance Clc* for each field. When the TFT is in its OFF state, the potential of a pixel electrode is in an electrically floating condition. Therefore, the influences of the driving voltages appear on the pixel electrode (Point A in FIG. 1) through the aforementioned parasitic capacitances 4, 5 and 6 and intentionally formed capacitances 7 and 8. This potential change .DELTA.V is represented by the following equation.
.DELTA.V=.SIGMA..DELTA.Vi*Ci/Ct
where .DELTA.Vi indicates a potential change in each of the electrodes coupled through the capacitances to the pixel electrode;
Ci indicates the capacitance value of each of the electrodes coupled through the capacitances to the pixel electrode; and
Ct=Cs+Cgd+Csd+Clc.
As understood from the above description, during the period of the OFF state of the TFT, the pixel potential is affected by potential changes of the various electrodes coupled through the capacitances to the pixel electrode.
The potential change .DELTA.V* of the pixel electrode due to coupling through the capacitances are represented by the following equations (1) and (2) respectively in even fields and in odd fields (however, potential change components generated at Point A when the image signal wiring becomes conductive by turning on the TFT are ignored in those equations).
.DELTA.V*+=(CsVe(+)+CgdVg.+-.CsdVs)/Ct (1)
.DELTA.V*-=(CsVe(-)-CgdVg.+-.CsdVs)/Ct (2)
Ct=Cs+Cgd+Csd+Clc*
In each of the above equations, the second term (CgdVg) represents a potential change induced at the pixel electrode by the scan signal Vg by way of the parasitic capacitance Cgd 4 of the TFT. The first term (CsVe) represents the effect of a first modulation voltage (Ve). The third term (CsdVs) represents a potential change induced at the pixel electrode by an image signal voltage by way of the parasitic capacitance Csd 5. Clc* represents a capacitance of the liquid crystal which varies under the influence of the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal as the orientation of the liquid crystal changes according to the amount of the image signal voltage (Vs). Accordingly, the capacitance Clc* and the potential change .DELTA.V* correspond to a high capacitance (Clc(h)) of the liquid crystal and a low capacitance (Clc(l)) of the liquid crystal respectively. (It is noted that although Cgs 6 is a capacitance between the gate and the source i.e. image signal electrode, it will be ignored herein since the scan signal wiring 1 and the image signal wiring 2 are driven by a low impedance power supply and the coupling through this capacitance Cgs does not directly affect the potential of the pixel electrode.)
When the potential changes .DELTA.V*+and .DELTA.V*-in the even and odd fields are made equal to each other, it becomes possible to compensate for the D.C. potential fluctuation at the pixel electrode (point A) caused by the scan signal Vg by way of the parasitic capacitance Cgd 4. Thus, no D.C. voltage is applied to the liquid crystal so that a symmetric A.C. drive can be achieved. This means that the following equation is satisfied.
(CsVe(+)+CgdVg-CsdVs)=(CsVe(-)-CgdVg-CsdVs) (3)
Since the image signal voltage Vs is inverted every scan line, the effect of the third term (CsdVs) in the equations (1) and (2) will be offset at each field. The above equation (3) is therefore simplified as follows.
(CsVe(+)+CgdVg)=(CsVe(-)-CgdVg) (4)
At this point, there are several points that should be noted. The first point is that, at the pixel electrode, the positive and negative potential changes .DELTA.V*(+) and .DELTA.V*(-) with respect to the counter electrode are equally induced for the even fields and odd fields, irrespective of the capacitance Clc* of the liquid crystal.
Secondly, the capacitance Clc* of the liquid crystal does not appear in the equations (3) and (4). More specifically, if the LCD is driven under the condition that satisfies the equations (3) and (4), the influence of the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal disappears, and there is not generated a D.C. voltage caused by the capacitance Clc* in the LCD.
The third point is that, when the compensation voltages Ve(+) and Ve(-) are set under such a driving condition that satisfies the equations (3) and (4), the scan signal Vg offsets a D.C. potential induced between the image signal wiring 2 and the pixel electrode by way of the parasitic capacitance Cgd 4 so that the value of the D.C. potential can be made zero. In the driving method according to the invention, there is supplied a signal whose polarity is inverted at every field with respect to the potential of the counter electrode so that it is understood when regarding to two fields that there is not generated a D.C. electric field in the potentials at the pixel electrode, signal electrode and counter electrode. As has been described above, no D.C. voltage is applied to the liquid crystal and this could be a great advantage for the reliability.
The last point to be noted is that the equations (3) and (4) have two voltage parameters Ve(+) and Ve(-) that can be set to desirable values in the display device. Therefore, the potential fluctuation .DELTA.V* which appears at the pixel electrode can be so controlled as to be a desired value by controlling Ve(+) and Ve(-) according to the equations (3) and (4). When the potential fluctuation .DELTA.V* is set to a value which is no less than the threshold voltage of the liquid crystal, the image signal voltage Vs can be reduced. Moreover, the reduction of Vs allows to reduce the output amplitude of an image signal driving circuit for controlling analog signals, reducing the power consumption used in the above circuit in proportion to the square of the amplitude. Similarly, in the case that the method is applied to a color display, the power consumption required in the chroma IC in which analog signals are dealt with can be reduced. The modulation voltage Ve is in a form of digital signals and the above chroma IC is ON/OFF controlled. Therefore, even when the modulations signals Ve(+) and Ve(-) are applied, the overall power consumption used in the driving system made up of complementary MOSICs can be reduced.
The following describes approximate values for the above capacitances and voltage parameters employed in the embodiments to be described later.
Cs=0.68 pF, Clc(h)=0.226 pF, Clc(1)=0.130 pF,
Cgd=0.059 pF, Csd =0.001 pF, Vg=15.5 V,
Ve(+)=-2.5 V, Ve(-)=+4.9 V, Vt =0 V,
Vs=.+-.2.0 V
Taking the above parameters into account, the third term CsdVs of the equation (3) can be virtually ignored and as a result, the following equation (4) is obtained.
(Ve(-)-Ve(+))=2 CgdVg/Cs (4a)
First Embodiment
FIG. 4 shows a circuit arrangement of a display device according to a first embodiment of the invention. Designated by reference numeral 11 is a scan driving circuit, numeral 12 is a video signal driving circuit, numeral 13 is a modulation circuit, and numeral 14 is a counter potential setting circuit. Numerals 15a, 15b to 15z denote scan signal wirings (represented by 15 hereinafter), numerals 16a, 16b to 16z denote image signal wirings (represented by 16 hereinafter), numerals 17a, 17b to 17z (represented by 17 hereinafter) denote modulation signal wirings serving as common electrodes of storage capacitances Cs, and numerals 18a, 18b to 18z (represented by 18 hereinafter) denote counter voltage line serving as counter electrodes of liquid crystals.
In the first embodiment, the storage capacitances Cs and the counter electrodes 18 are independently provided for every scan signal wiring 15 and a corresponding modulation signal is applied to each scan signal wiring 15. When the scan signal Vg, counter voltage Vt and image signal voltage Vs, and modulation signal Ve, which have been defined in FIGS. 2(a) to 2(c) as the variation components of voltage associated with an n-th scan line, are respectively applied to each point in FIG. 4, a potential change as shown in FIG. 2(d) will be seen in the pixel potential Vp applied to the liquid crystal.
It should be noted that the potential of the capacitance wiring is preliminarily changed before termination of a preliminary gate ON signal (in this embodiment, the first pulse signal of the gate voltage Vg at T=T1 in FIG. 2(a)). In this embodiment, the preliminary gate ON signal is applied at T1, and then at T2 the pixel potential has the same value as that of an (n-2)-th pixel signal, which is proximate to the potential of the n-th pixel signal. It is noted here that, although only the first pulse signal is defined as the preliminary gate ON voltage, a plurality of preliminary gate ON voltages may be used before the substantial gate ON period.
When the preliminary gate ON signal is turned OFF (T=T2), the pixel potential once decreases because of the potential change of the gate, but when the gate voltage pulse signal is turned ON again at T3, the pixel potential has a value equal to the (n-2)-th pixel potential and then easily reaches a value equal to the n-th source signal at T4. Thereafter, the pixel potential decreases as the gate voltage is turned OFF at T4. Then, the compensation voltage Ve(-) is applied at T5 and the potential change .DELTA.V*+is superimposed on the image signal voltage in the positive direction so that the pixel potential has a final value. The pixel potential is kept at the final value during the same field. In the next field, the same changes are repeated until T4', and at T5', the compensation voltage Ve(+) is applied and the potential change .DELTA.V*-is superimposed on the signal voltage, thereby obtaining a target value in the field.
FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the applied voltage and the intensity of transmitted light through the liquid crystal, as well as an example of the voltage range within which the transmitted light is controlled by .DELTA.V* and Vs. The voltage range for varying the transmitted light through the liquid crystal is from the threshold voltage Vth to the saturated voltage Vmax of the liquid crystal. When the potential change .DELTA.V* sets the voltage to the threshold Vth or more and no phase control is performed, the necessary maximum signal voltage is (Vmax-Vth). When the applied voltage by .DELTA.V* is set to Vct and the amplitude and phase of the signal voltage are controlled, the necessary maximum signal amplitude voltage can be reduced to about (Vmax-Vth)/2. As has been described above, the reduction of the amplitude of the image signal, which is one of the objects of the invention, can be thus accomplished.
FIGS. 5 and 6 show examples for comparison, in which with the gate voltage, signal voltage and counter voltage being kept like those of FIG. 2, the timing of presetting the modulation voltage is varied. The basic difference is that the modulation voltage Ve in FIG. 5(c) sets the modulation voltage immediately after termination of the preliminary gate ON period (in this case, T=T2), and the modulation voltage Ve in FIG. 6(c) sets the modulation voltage before termination of the substantial gate ON period (in this case, T=T3). In both cases, in spite of the fact that the voltage is raised to the (n-2)-th source voltage when T=T2, charging for obtaining a voltage for turning the substantial gate voltage ON when T=T4 has to be started from the potential which is distant from the (n-2)-th voltage close to the n-th source voltage. It, therefore, turns to be useless to preset to the (n-2)-th potential with a preliminary gate ON voltage.
It would be appreciated from the above description that the setting of a modulation voltage to be applied to the capacitance wiring should be preliminarily done before termination of the preliminary gate ON signal.
Second Embodiment
FIG. 7 shows a circuit arrangement according to a second embodiment of the invention and FIG. 8 shows the waveforms of voltages to be applied to the above circuit. Reference numeral 20 denotes a scan driving circuit capable of superimposing the modulation signal Ve. In FIG. 7, numeral 21a denotes a first scan signal wiring, numeral 21a' a common electrode wiring for the storage capacitances attached to the first scan signal wiring, numeral 21z a final scan signal wiring, numeral 21z' a scan signal wiring prior to the final scan signal wiring. The second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that the common electrode of the storage capacitances Cs is used in common as a scan signal wiring in the former step. Therefore, a modulation signal is applied to the former scan signal wiring.
As shown in FIG. 8(a) and (b), the potential between the preliminary gate ON signal and the substantial gate ON signal (i.e., the potential in the period from T2 to T3) is equal to the modulation setting potential after termination of the substantial gate ON signal (in the period from T4 to T6).
The inversion of the polarity of the modulation signal may be carried out in an overlapping manner with respect to the n-th and (n+1)-th scan signal wirings, and with respect to the even field and odd field. Alternatively, it may be carried out only with respect to every field. The amount of the potential change of the modulation signal Ve(+) in the positive direction and that Ve(-) in the negative direction are made independently variable.
In this embodiment, the preliminary gate ON signal is applied at T1, and the pixel potential becomes, at T2, a value equal to the potential of the (n-2)-th pixel signal which is close to the n-th potential. When the gate ON signal is turned OFF (T=T2), the pixel potential once increases because of the potential changes at the former gate and the current gate, and then becomes equal to the (n-2)-th pixel potential because the potentials at the former gate and at the current gate become equal to those just before T=T2, when the gate signal is again turned ON at T3. Then, the pixel potential easily reaches the value of the n-th source signal at T4. Thereafter, the pixel potential decreases as the gate voltage changes to OFF at T4, and then, at T5, the compensation voltage Ve(-) is applied and the potential change .DELTA.V*+in the positive direction is superimposed on the signal voltage so that a final value of the pixel potential is obtained. This final value is kept during the period of the same field. In the next field, the same changes are repeated until T4', and then at T5', the compensation voltage Ve(+) is applied and the potential change .DELTA.V*- is superimposed on the signal voltage so that the target value can be obtained in the field.
FIGS. 9 and 10 show examples for comparison, wherein with the signal voltage and counter voltage being kept like those of FIG. 8, the pixel potential is varied in the two gate voltage ON periods. The basic difference is in that, in the gate voltages Vg in FIGS. 9(a) and 9(b), the potential between the first and second pulse signals of the gate ON voltages are set to equal to the potential of the gate OFF voltage. In the gate voltages Vg in FIGS. 10(a) and 10(b), the potential between the first (preliminary) and second (substantial) gate ON voltages is set to be a potential having a different polarity from the polarity of the voltage set after termination of the substantial gate ON period (e.g., Ve(+) for Ve(-)). In both cases, in spite of the fact that the voltage is raised to the (n-2)-th source voltage when T=T2, charging for obtaining a voltage for turning the substantial gate voltage ON when T=T4 has to be started from the potential which is distant from the (n-2)-th voltage close to the n-th source voltage. It, therefore, turns to be useless to preset to the (n-2)-th potential with the preliminary gate ON voltage.
It would be understood from the above description that the setting of a modulation voltage to be applied to the capacitance wiring is effectual when it is preliminarily executed before termination of the preliminary gate ON signal.
It would be also understood from the above that it is effectual that the potential between the preliminary gate ON signal and the substantial gate ON signal is set to be equal to a modulation setting potential after termination of the substantial gate ON signal.
In the second embodiment having the polarity of the potential of the pixel electrode varied every scan period, the influence of the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal is compensated and a D.C. voltage which is generated between the image signal wiring and the pixel electrode can be compensated by adjusting Ve(+) and V(-). (As a consequence, the average potential of the image signals to be applied to the image signal wiring becomes equal to the average potential of the pixel electrode.) Thus, this embodiment makes it possible to eliminate main causes of occurrence of the flicker and image memory phenomenon, to increase the reliability of the driving operation, and to save driving power consumption. In this case, the tone controllability can be highly improved.
Further, the number of outputs from the power source can be reduced since the potential of the counter electrode can be kept constant.
Further, it is possible to eliminate generation of D.C. components in the LCD since the center Vsc of the signal voltage, the counter voltage Vtc and the center voltage Vpc of the pixel potential can be made equal.
A test was conducted on a display device to which the driving method of the invention had been applied. Fixation patterns such as window patterns, color bars, resolution charts were displayed and how the image memory phenomenon appeared was checked. After a window pattern was displayed for four hours with the method of the invention, the whole panel was brought into an intermediate tone display condition. The fixation pattern burning phenomenon was not observed in this test.
For comparison, the occurrence of the image burning phenomenon was checked when a conventional driving method was adopted. In this test, two types of panels were used. The first comparison panel does not have a storage capacitance for every pixel. In this panel, the internal D.C. potential difference induced between the signal bus and the pixel electrode through the parasitic capacitance Cgd by a scan signal applied to the gate was 3.5 to 4.0 volts. The burning phenomenon was clearly observed after displaying a window pattern on the first panel for three minutes. When displaying the same window pattern for one hour, the burning phenomenon was observed after that and did not disappear for about three hours. When another fixation pattern was displayed using the same panel, similar burning phenomenon was observed.
The second comparison panel has a storage capacitance of 1 pF for every pixel and the internal D.C. potential difference of 0.7 to 1.0 volts. On this panel, the burning phenomenon was not clearly observed after a fixation pattern had been displayed for a few minutes, but was observed after continuous displaying of the pattern for one hour, which was lasted for a couple of hours.
Although the present invention has been fully described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted here that various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, unless otherwise such changes and modifications depart from the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims, they should be construed as included therein.
1. A driving method for a display device in which pixel electrodes each connected through a capacitance Cs to a first wiring for modulation signals are arranged in a form of a matrix, each of said pixel electrodes having transistor switching means the drain of which is electrically connected thereto, the source of which is electrically connected to an image signal wiring and the gate of which is electrically connected to a scan signal wiring, and said each of said pixel electrodes also being connected through a display material to a counter electrode for a counter voltage signal thereby to drive said display material with alternating current supply, said method comprising the steps of:
applying a plurality of ON signal voltages consisting of one or more preliminary ON signals and a substantial ON signal to said switching means for each row of said matrix, said plurality of ON signal voltages being applied within a horizontal scanning period for each row of said matrix, all of said rows of said matrix being scanned via said scan signal wirings within a period of one field so as to transmit an image signal voltage via said image signal wirings to said pixel electrodes by way of said turned on switching means;
supplying two types of modulation signals having different polarities alternately at every field to said first wirings during an OFF-period of said switching means;
varying a part of the potential of said modulation signals before termination of the preliminary ON period for precharge of said plurality of ON signal voltages applied to said switching means, thereby varying the potential of said pixel electrodes; and
superimposing the change of the potential of said pixel electrodes onto said image signal voltage thereby to apply a resultant voltage to said display material to be driven.
2. The driving method according to claim 1, wherein the part of the potential of said modulation signals is varied after termination of the last ON period of said plurality of ON signal voltages applied to said switching means.
3. The driving method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the potential of said modulation signals upon termination of the preliminary ON period for precharge of said plurality of ON signal voltages applied to said switching means is made equal to that upon starting of the last ON period thereof.
4. The driving method according to claim 1, wherein each of said first wirings has such an electrical structure serving as the scan signal wiring, and wherein the modulation signal is applied to said scan signal wiring while being superimposed on the scan signal.
7. The driving method according to claim 4, wherein the scan signal voltage during the middle period between the preliminary ON period and the substantial ON period of said plurality of ON signal voltages is set to the modulation voltage.
8. The driving method according to claim 4, wherein the image signal voltage transmitted during an ON period of said switching means inverts the polarity of the image signal voltage at every scan line on a display screen, and the polarity of said modulation signal applied to said first wiring during an OFF period of said switching means is inverted at every scan line.
4386352 May 31, 1983 Nonomura et al.
4393380 July 12, 1983 Hosokawa et al.
4909602 March 20, 1990 Kaneko
0373565 June 1990 EPX
0448032 September 1991 EPX
60-3698 January 1985 JPX
60-156095 August 1985 JPX
61-275822 December 1986 JPX
2-157815 June 1990 JPX
3-222049 October 1991 JPX
Y. Kaneko, et al. "A New Address Scheme to Improve the Display Quality of a-/Si TFT/LCD Panels", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, No. 12, pp. 2949-2952, (Dec., 1989). T. Yanagisawa, K. Kasahara and M. Kajimura, "Compensation of the Display Electrode Voltage Distortion," Proceedings of the 6th International Display Research Conference Japan Display '86, pp. 192-195, Sep. 30-Oct. 2, 1986. K. Suzuki, "Conpensative Addressing For Switching Distortion in A-Si TFTLCD", 1987.
Filed: Oct 8, 1992
Assignee: Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. (Osaka)
Inventors: Etsuya Takeda (Suita), Ichiro Yamashita (Katano), Takashi Tsukada (Hirakata), Katsumi Adachi (Kashiba)
Primary Examiner: Richard Hjerpe
Assistant Examiner: Chanh Nguyen
Law Firm: Ratner & Prestia
Current U.S. Class: Waveform Generation (345/94); Thin Film Tansistor (tft) (345/92)
International Classification: G09G 336;


If you are selling residential solar, then you don't need to be told the market is tightening every year. There are more market challenges than ever, margins are being squeezed by all the new players and every solar integrator will need an distinctive edge in order to compete – something to offer that will differentiate them to prospective customers. While the Solar pie is getting bigger, there's an increasing number at the table who are looking for their piece.
The SEIA tells us the U.S. solar market is anticipated to grow by 119% in 2016 with the addition of an additional 16 gigawatts of installed solar power. In fact, solar power is growing faster than any other energy source in the United States. At the same time, job growth in the solar market is booming. The number of solar jobs has increased by 20% since 2013 and there are now 174,000 solar-related jobs nationwide. This growth is due in part to the continued fall in solar prices. In 2006 the cost per watt of power generated by solar panels was $9.00 – today it's $3.79. It took the U.S. Solar Industry 7+ years to install the first million residential systems. It will only take 2 to 3 years to install the next million.
All this growth also means an incremental increase in business opportunity, which is why there is more competition than ever. The number of solar installers vying for market share continues to grow. And no longer is the field restricted to dedicated solar system specialists. Electricians, Roofers, HVAC contractors and other construction companies are entering the market by adding Solar Energy to their existing business platforms.
So if you're one of the thousands of businesses hoping to attract the next solar customer, how do you differentiate your solar company from this growing list of competitors?
One proven method is to offer superior installation packages that demonstrate your system is designed to last and will be more aesthetically pleasing. The Promise of Solar is threefold: Longevity, Productivity and Safety. Adding attractive and protective solar barriers to your rooftop array could be your ticket to delivering a superior level of solar value.
You wouldn't think that a simple barrier could make such a difference in giving you a competitive advantage, but consider the statistics.
According to our research, 68% of installers recognized the need for a protective barrier, especially because it can increase the longevity and productivity of a solar array. They understand that nesting rodents, birds, and bugs are not only unsightly and unhealthy, but they can damage solar systems by chewing wires, causing short circuits, and contributing to structural damage. In addition, 76% of installers believe customers want protective barriers to safeguard their solar investment. However, only 23% of active solar integrators regularly offer protective barriers as an installation option.
In addition to the benefits of abating pests and ensuring uninterrupted and long term productivity, there are aesthetic benefits to be gained as well, assuming you choose the right type of barrier. Installers using chicken wire, or wire-cage products for pest control are missing a real opportunity to beautify their solar systems that can be achieved by subtly masking the vulnerable underside of the array with innovative aluminum barriers. Our research also reveals that 70% of solar system sales professionals have prospects that refuse to move forward with an installation because they deem solar arrays as too unattractive to put on the roof of their homes.
Surveys tell us that protective barriers are a value-added product with reasonable pricing that customers want, if the barriers beautify as well as protect. Of all the barrier systems currently available, only the SolaTrim™ protective barrier offers attractive, long-lasting protection. SolaTrim™ barrier is made from black, poly-coated aluminum and is stamped with a distinctive diamond pattern of openings which allow air to circulate while keeping pests and debris out. In fact, homeowner associations are beginning to insist on aesthetic skirts for solar systems and SolaTrim™ meets those requirements right out of the box.
Differentiate your business from the competition and increase your profits by installing energy-efficient solar systems that also ensure lasting protection and are attractive to boot. Stop spending time and money going back to clean-up and repair jobs that are already completed. Take advantage of the opportunity to offer value-added products you can include in your sales package, and eliminate the drain on cash and resources (and referrals!) that result with unnecessary truck rolls and repair jobs.
At the end of the day, everybody is looking to improve margins and claim a bigger piece of the solar market pie. Consider the potential profits from protective solar barriers: a value-added product that can keep you looking forward and focused on new customers while you combine beauty with protection…something the other guys don't offer.


Raw King Size Supreme are made with natural, unbleached paper. They burn clean, with none of the specific taste that white bleached papers have. RAW papers are the unbleached, natural uncolored, ink free rolling paper. RAW natural rolling papers are a pure, less processed paper unlike anything that you have seen or smoked. Because the products contain a hybrid blend of unbleached (not chemically whitened) fibers, this paper is a translucent light brown color, so thin that you can see through it but as strong as any rolling paper on the market.


Well we've not idea what the judges were watching last night but it didn't seem to be the same Rumba we saw Faye Tozer and her partner Giovanni Pernice performing.
The dance was woefully underscored and absolutely no one commented on just how hot Giovanni was looking (to be honest so was Faye!). With his shirt flowing open and his gorgeous Italian Stallion looks, Giovanni caught our attention alright.
This marks his first appearance in Strictly Chestwatch this year but we're sure it won't be his last. He'll be in the show right up to the final, trust us!
Strictly Come Dancing 2018 continues tonight at 7.45pm on BBC One.


text:
Quispamsis, Rothesay, Grand Bay-Westfield amalgamate to form 'Not-John'
Posted by Nick Mason
Quispamsis — Canada's first incorporated city will soon be neighbours to Canada's newest city. Beginning July 1, the towns of Quispamsis, Rothesay and Grand Bay-Westfield will amalgamate into a single city named Not-John.
"The decision made sense," said Quispamsis Mayor Gary Clark. "If not logistically, then at least for auto-correct. Do you know how many times I have to type Quispamsis in a day? No Siri, I did not mean Quid Pay!" said Clark, shouting at his phone.
Grand Bay-Westfield Mayor Grace Losier says she and her counterparts will get to keep their jobs, despite the amalgamation. "We have decided to maintain our town halls as three equal city halls. Mayor Grant, Mayor Clark and myself will serve as co-mayors. I can also guarantee there will be no job cuts at our city halls to ensure our citizens receive the best service possible. In fact, we will be hiring new staff and offering more services."
Losier says they can afford more expenses due to an increase in their equalization payment from the provincial government. "Higher than expected property tax revenues has increased our coffers and the province's."
Critics question why Saint John was excluded from the amalgamation, but Losier says it is to their benefit. "I love Saint John. Some of my best friends are Saint Johners. But they are already quite big and we don't want to risk making this opportunity a bloated one."
One major issue in excluding Saint John is that it physically separates Grand Bay-Westfield from Rothesay and Quispamsis. Rothesay Mayor Nancy Grant claims to have a solution. "Rothesay has a proud sailing heritage. I'm hoping our yacht club will agree to run a volunteer ferry service. I haven't asked them yet, but I can't see why it would be a problem. They like sailing, right?"
Losier is skeptical of Grant's plan, but says they can always commandeer the Westfield cable ferry if needed. "All you have to do is run a new cable," said Losier.
Saint John Mayor Don Darling could not be reached for comment. Though, following the announcement, Mayor Darling tweeted: "im not mad… im just hurt :'(."
Newer PostNB man spends his 'Alberta-money' on two trucks on top of each other
Older PostDeadmau5 can't see through stupid mask, agrees to play in Halifax by mistake
DESA May 26, 2017, 7:44 pm
you wouldn't need to sail anyway! that's stupid. that is if this is real!!


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