Having bright and shiny teeth is important to many people, and with professional teeth whitening in Campbelltown, you too can have that celebrity smile. There are two main types of teeth whitening treatments available from local dentists: in-office treatments and at-home treatments. Typically, in-office teeth whitening is faster, with results in as little as an hour or so, but it is more expensive. At-home whitening takes a bit longer, about two weeks for full results, but it is more affordable than getting the whitening done at a dental clinic. Understanding the two options is important for anyone wishing to get whiter teeth.
In-office teeth whitening in Campbelltown is offered at many dental clinics, and depending on where you go, you can expect a 60 to 90-minute appointment. Most whitening procedures begin with a thorough professional cleaning, and then is followed by a tooth whitening procedure. Within an hour or so, you should see a significant change in your teeth. At home whitening takes a bit more time, typically around two weeks, and it is done by using a combination of gels, trays that fit onto your teeth, and sometimes even an LED light, depending on which type of whitening kit is offered by your dentist. Either way, your teeth will be whiter and brighter than before.
Marketfair Dental Care offers both in-office and at-home teeth whitening, along with all other dental services your family might need. The friendly team is dedicated to caring for your dental needs, and all dentists on its staff are members of the Australian Dental Association. The office is open seven days a week, and the compassionate team is focused on treating every patient as if they are family. You can count on the expertise of this team for all dental procedures, including teeth whitening in Campbelltown.


As of 30th June 2014, population of the parish of St Joseph, Shaw was estimated at 23k. This was 1.4% lower than 2011 estimate and 4.2% lower than 2001 estimate.
In 2011 Christians made up 74.7% of the population, Muslims - 2.3% and population declaring 'no religion' accounted for 16.7%. Between 2001 and 2011, Christian population decreased by 2.8k, while group declaring Muslim belief increased by 0.2k and population declaring 'no religion' rose by 2k.
The total number of households in the parish is estimated at 10k, of which 23% do not have access to the car. Of all households, 65% are occupied by a family and 30% are one person households. About 5% of households falls into 'other' category, including student and shared households.
Of the households occupied by a single family, 52% are married couples, 17% are cohabiting and 17% are lone parents. Overall, 40% of families have dependant children. Families with all members aged over 65 made up 14% of all families.


Lady Gaga continues to dominate awards season with her impeccable style.
The A Star Is Born leading lady exuded Old Hollywood glamour and elegance at the 2019 Screen Actors Guild Awards at The Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles on Sunday.
Wowing in white, the "Shallow" singer arrived to the silver carpet in a white Dior gown -- a la Marilyn Monroe -- that features a plunging neckline, thigh-high slit and flowing skirt. She paired the look with white heels and gorgeous gold and diamond necklace, earrings and bracelets by Tiffany & Co. Her platinum locks were in a chic bun, and rocked a bold deep red lip.
As she walked past reporters, ET's Keltie Knight handed the entertainer a mini box of Fruity Pebbles, as Gaga as previously said she likes to eat cereal before awards shows.
The "Edge of Glory" songstress is nominated for two SAG Awards for her work in A Star Is Born: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role and Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Both she and fellow individual acting category nominee Glenn Close, who both won the Critics Choice Awards, opted for white for the SAGs.
There's no doubt that Gaga has been dominating awards season with her continued wins. See more of the super star in the video below.
For more on Gaga, watch below.


If you've done all of this and you still have not received your refund yet, please contact us at info@bestsellrz.com.
We only replace items if they are defective or damaged. If you need to exchange it for the same item, send us an email at info@bestsellrz.com and send your item to: House No. 348, Garh Mohalla, Makanpur Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh IN 201014.


"We the Catholic community of St. Thomas More strive to deepen our spiritual growth through the celebration of the Word and the Sacraments, and to continue the mission of Jesus Christ through our time, talent and treasure. We encounter others with joy, unity and respect that leads to transformed lives."
"We, the Catholic faith community of St. Vincent de Paul, strive to continue the mission of Christ through the Word and Eucharist, spiritual growth, education, stewardship and advocacy. Inspired by our patron, St. Vincent de Paul, we dedicate ourselves to reach out and minister to the needs of others with love, respect and support. Our vision: To know and love God and be Christ to one another."
"At Emmaus Catholic Parish, our mission is TO LOVE GOD by working to put faith into action and seeking to know God better, TO LOVE ONE ANOTHER by seeking to increase involvement in small groups and growing in congregational relationships, and TO LOVE OUR NEIGHBORS through encouraging personal involvement in outreach and addressing the needs of the wider community."
"Our Mission is to make disciples for the Lord Jesus Christ and, together in ministry for Him,advance the Kingdom of God.
We are a vibrant and welcoming Catholic community in Northwest Austin that is grounded in scripture, growing in the Spirit, and reaching out in love."
St. John Vianney is a stewardship parish. In response to our basic mission to grow in, give witness to, and to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ, we work to actively engage members of the parish in all aspects of parish life.
We hope you will become an active part of this dynamic community. As a stewardship church, we call for the gifts and talents of all our members that we may never be found sitting on the premises, but always standing on the promises.


Hotel Key Card Holders in Seafoam are small pocket folders that measure 3 3/8" x 6" and are constructed to hold hotel key cards, gift cards or any standard size card. Available both printed and plain, in both large and small quantities, your company logo and branding will look perfect printed on the front, back or inside. Made from thick, durable 100lb. LUX Seafoam cover stock in a blue-green color with a luxurious, professional look and feel.


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Cyberpunk 2077 prequel is on the way – in tabletop RPG board game form
By Gerald Lynch 2019-06-25T09:47:08Z Gaming
Neon lights not included
(Image credit: CD Projekt Red)
Can't wait to get your hands on Cyberpunk 2077, the hotly-anticipated sci-fi RPG from the makers of The Witcher 3? Then you'll be happy to hear that a prequel to the game is on the way.
But, while CD Projekt Red's Cyberpunk 2077 launches in April 2020 for PS4, PC and Xbox One, the prequel, Cyberpunk Red Jumpstart Kit, launches this August for a very different sort of platform: your table.
Yep, the primer for the videogame will be following on from the roots of Cyberpunk 2077's inspiration, landing as a starter kit for the tabletop RPG Cyberpunk 2020. If you weren't already aware, the upcoming video game will be based on a pen-and-paper RPG from 1988.
Newbie friendly
In a wise move, the new game will be a beginner-friendly pack, giving you everything you need to get up and running with the game, and get a taste of the universe's lore before the videogame launches.
The pack will include a full adventure scenario for brand new players, in-universe news cuttings, a set of six character templates, four maps, custom dice and a lorebook. It'll launch on August 1 at Gen Con 2019 in Indianapolis, as well as a digital copy at DriveThruRPG.com for $29.99 (about £25 / AU$45), minus the physical goodies.
If you're on the hunt for a physical copy of the original Cyberpunk 2020 game, you may struggle. Despite makers R. Talsorian Games pre-empting the increase in popularity following the initial Cyberpunk 2077 reveal, a 400 percent rise in popularity has seen it's current run sell out.
PS5: All the specs, games, news and rumors for Sony's PlayStation 5
Xbox Project Scarlett: release date, specs and games confirmed for Xbox Two
See more Gaming news
Nintendo Switch vs Nintendo Switch Lite: is bigger really better?
iPhone 12 could finally see Apple drop the notch
Best Amazon Prime TV shows (July 2019): the best series to watch this month

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Irvine Harvard Place
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Fresh Fan Rewards
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Pizza So Fresh It's Like We Reinvented It
All-natural, never artificial.
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Fresh & All-Natural Pizza Delivery, Dine-in & Take-out Serving Up West Hollywood
When it comes to providing pizza delivery and dine-in with fresh ingredients, look no further than Fresh Brothers. We're not just in your neighborhood; we're a part of it. We love creating better food, serving the incredible residents of Los Angeles, Orange County, & San Diego, and giving back to the communities we reside in.
Sliders & Knots
From our signature pizzas to create-your-own pie, our pizza is made to please. All-natural, all-tasty, and all for you, this is pizza you can feel great about ordering.
We take this "fresh" thing seriously, which is why our Fresh Greens are hand-picked. As a side or whole meal, these salads are as green as it gets.
Always baked and never fried, our chicken wings and bites make the perfect addition to any meal. They're high quality and high in taste, so dig in!
No meal is complete without sides, so we made sure to add fresh, delicious options to our menu. From savory to sweet, we've got sliders and knots to satisfy.
All-Natural, Real Ingredients
You are what you eat, which is why we at Fresh Brothers never serve anything with additives, fillers, or preservatives. It's healthy, premium ingredients to satisfy cravings the right way.
Dough Made Daily
No frozen dough here! Our dough is made daily and hand-tossed with freshness.
Sauce From Vine-Ripe Tomatoes
Our tomatoes aren't like other tomatoes! Locally-sourced, freshly-picked tomatoes from a family-owned company make up the base of our tomato sauce. That's why it tastes so good.
Pure Mozzarella Cheese
Happy cows make better cheese; it's pretty much science. Grande, our dairy farmers in Wisconsin, provides us with the highest-quality 100% mozzarella, no additives or fillers needed.
Premium Meats
Traditional meats come with a lot of stuff that isn't, well, meat. Everything used here at Fresh Brothers is real and ethically-sourced.
Vegan & Gluten-Free Alternatives
Everyone deserves to eat great pizza....plus chicken, salads, and more. Our menu features vegetarian, vegan, and gluten-free options, so you can choose fresh no matter what.
Once you try Fresh Brothers, you'll never want any other pizza again. For our regulars, we've got Fresh Fan Rewards. With every order over $15, you earn 10 points, and 70 points equals one free, two-topping medium pizza. Nice.
With Fresh Brothers' specials, you're getting a slice of the pie in more ways than one. We regularly offer coupons, discounts, and specials, served just for you.
Ordering is easier than ever with our online menu. Pick your favorites, customize as necessary, add to cart, and then get ready for the best pizza ever.
No matter how big (or small!) your event may be, Fresh Brothers is hands-down the best pizza catering company to call on within Los Angeles, Orange County, and San Diego. Our inclusive menu features traditional and alternative pizzas, including vegetarian, vegan, and gluten-free options, to please everyone at the party.
There's a lot of people in California, which is why Fresh Brothers has a lot of locations. Our 19 pizzerias serve up goodness all throughout Los Angeles, The Valley, Orange County, and San Diego. No matter where you are, finding the best pizza isn't hard; we're always nearby!
The Fresh Brothers Story
The Fresh Brothers story starts in Chicago with the Goldberg brothers, Adam and Scott. Scott opened the Miller Pizza Company in 1985, embracing Chicago-style pizza. With the goal of taking Chicago to the coast, brother Adam and his wife Debbie opened the first Fresh Brothers in SoCal in 2008. They combined their family recipes with fresh ingredients, putting a California twist on traditional pizza. This old-school pizza with upgraded nutrition was a hit, and Fresh Brothers only grew from there.
Why We Love West Hollywood
Fresh Brothers loves West Hollywood for its character and exciting atmosphere. Often called WeHo, it's home to the Sunset Strip with its music festivals, art, and music, plus Sunset Boulevard, which houses some of the best LA nightlife. It's constantly bustling with younger people, hotspots for outings, and rock-music history. Many notable people call West Hollywood home, and there's a prominence of paparazzi around the "Thirty Mile Zone," a stretch filled with popular studios. West Hollywood has always been a progressive area. During the Prohibition Era, WeHo was liquor-friendly, drawing in fun nightlife and equally fun people. It's also prominent in LGBTQ history, and holds the Christopher Street West pride parade annually. As of recent, West Hollywood was one of the first cities in the nation to adopt green building ordinances. In West Hollywood, there's always something to do, including visiting music venues, comedy shows, museums, and historic parks.
West Hollywood is a bustling area in Los Angeles County, commonly referred to as WeHo. It was incorporated into the county in 1984, and is home to the iconic Sunset Strip. The population of 35,000 that calls West Hollywood home enjoys a subtropical and semi-arid climate. There's year-round warm weather accompanied by nearly constant sun. To the north is Franklin Canyon Park and Mountains as well as Runyon Canyon in the Hollywood Hills.
Originally, Portugese explorers arrived and colonized the land. What is now the Sunset Strip was the road that connected El Pueblo de Los Angeles, now Downtown LA, to the ranches along the Pacific Ocean. Its irregular appearance is largely from acquiring unclaimed land not yet taken by surrounding cities. During the prohibition, West Hollywood was known for being liquor-friendly, attracting eclectic people, casinos, and nightclubs. WeHo is also especially prominent in LGBTQ history.
West Hollywood is known for many things, like high class shopping districts, incredible night life, and extensive history. Above it all, though, is Fresh Brothers' favorite part: the people! West Hollywood's origins begin with the attraction of eclectic people during the Prohibition era, and it hasn't lost its interesting touch. Bustling with young people, aspiring artists and entertainers, and endless attractions, the people of West Hollywood are always excited and ready to have fun.
It's impossible to be bored when you're in West Hollywood. WeHo holds a bunch of annual events. The West Hollywood Halloween Carnival is the largest street party in America, attracting over 350,000 annually. To commemorate the first anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, there's the annual Christopher Street West LGBT pride parade. In addition, WeHo has music venues Whisky a Go Go, the Roxy, and the Viper Room, plus prominent entertainment spots like The Comedy Store.
Fresh Brothers believes in feel-good pizza, and that means going beyond the pie. In addition to providing out neighborhoods with nutritious, all-natural pizza, we also play an active role in the community. Each year, we donate thousands of pizzas, helping to raise money for schools, veterans, and nonprofits. Serving up happiness, one slice at a time.
Local Events and Happenings
There's always something going on in the neighborhood, and we're extending the invite! Check out local events and happenings, and hang out with the Fresh Fam.
Want to see what we're cooking up at Fresh Brothers? Follow us to keep up with the latest announcements, pictures, and more.
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Offbeat Jordan
With the growing intrigue of the Middle East being a destination of choice for many travellers, the incredible Kingdom of Jordan has recently reignited its flame for travellers who are looking now more than ever to venture beyond its common trade route. With more to offer than ever before from stunning archaeological wonders, mountainous regions dotted with quaint villages, golden deserts to traverse inhabited with nomadic Bedouin, remote hiking trails and incredibly friendly locals known for their warmth and hospitality, Jordan is back on the radar of travellers. We share with you five unique and lesser known experiences for your next visit to Jordan.
1. Stay in the smallest hotel in the world
Perched in the wild and remote area of Shobak, approximately 190km from Petra lies the world's smallest hotel. This small four-wheel hotel is actually an old car which is decked out with a comfortable interior consisting of mattresses and blankets. Whilst it looks absolutely tiny, the hotel will comfortably sleep two people and has stunning views of the surrounding desert landscapes and Shobak Castle. This is definitely a fantastic experience and a great way to explore the Jordanian desert in a unique way!
2. Explore Petra a little differently
Petra, originally known as Ragmu, is a historical and archaeological city located in Southern Jordan. Ever since explorer Jean Louis Burckhardt brought news of the pink-hued necropolis back to Europe, Petra has impressed travellers with its vast rocky landscape and a mood that changes with the shifting light of dawn and dusk. Whilst this is an incredible site and a true highlight of Jordan, why not see it in a different way? You can hike into Petra following the Jordan hiking trail which takes you through stunning desolate landscapes to the back entry of Petra- not through the siq with the crowds of tourists. Along the way you will see some lesser visited ruins of Petra and experience this amazing destination in a different way minus the masses.
3. Explore the Ajloun region and experience traditional village life in Jerash
Ajloun, is the capital town of the Ajloun Governorate, a hilly yet beautiful town situated in the north of Jordan. Many travellers find this town fascinating due to its impressive ruins of the 12th- century Ajloun castle. Ajloun castle is placed on a hilltop belonging to the Jabal Ajlun district, a Bedouin tribe which had captured the area in the 12th century. From its high ground, the castle was guarding three wadis which descend towards the Jordan Valley. To make this experience even more unique, why not combine it with a homestay in Jerash. Experience traditional village life and stay with a local family for the night. Participate in their cooking, daily activities and learn about their cultural, traditions and customs. This is a great way to meet local people and gain a deeper understanding of their unique way of life!
Aljoun castle
4. Umm Quais
If you enjoy incredible views and amazing sunsets, this destination is for you! Umm Quais, previously known as the Decapolis city of Gadara, is a small, secluded town situated in the hills of north-east Jordan. Umm Quais is an incredible destination as it showcases a striking juxtaposition of Roman ruins with an abandoned Ottoman-era village. Why not stay in a local guesthouse in Umm Quais and use this location as a base to explore nearby ancient ruins such as the ruins of Ancient Gadara. There is also a tremendous vantage point worth visiting with spectacular views overlooking three countries (Syria, Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Territories).
5. Mujib Biosphere Reserve
Located 410 metres below sea level, Muijab Biosphere Reserve is the world's lowest and newest nature reserve on earth. It's spectacular and rugged mountains border the Dead Sea coast and are divided by several water-filled canyons. Mujib Biosphere Reserve is a perfect place to explore for those adventure-seekers and nature lovers, offering four different hikes. Over 300 species of plants, 10 species of carnivores and numerous species of birds have been recorded. Parts of the mountains and valley areas are difficult to reach in the reserve, offering a safe haven for rare species of cats, mountain goats (Ibex) and other animals. The breathtaking scenery and the challenge of negotiating Mujib's fast-flowing rivers make the Reserve one of Jordan's most incredible and unique natural attractions.
Want to make these experiences yours? Check out our range of Jordan small group tours!
21 Reasons to Visit AlUla – Saudi Arabia
Located 1,100 km from Riyadh, in North-West Saudi Arabia, AlUla is a place of extraordinary natural and human…
What to Expect When Travelling to Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia or as it is officially known as, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is the second largest country in…


My long standing experience of working in dental practices has given me a deep insight into the importance of excellent patient care.
I hope by drawing on my clinical and personal experiences, I can make a remarkable effect on my patients oral health. To grow my knowledge in the field that I am working in as a health practitioner, I actively undergo self-directed education for periodontic care. I strive to provide more care and services in this field.
I can speak both English and Persian and enjoy travelling and spending time with my family and friends. I am a professional swimmer and swimming instructor and that is what I love to do in my spare time. I also really appreciate movies and love to go to the cinema...if and when there is any spare time left!
I look forward to working with you to get you a healthy foundation for your teeth!


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Tootsie - The Musical at Au-Rene Theater Fort Lauderdale, FL on Jan 21, 22 & 23, 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at Fabulous Fox Theatre Atlanta, GA: Jan 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at Des Moines Civic Center Des Moines, IA: Feb 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at Orpheum Theatre Memphis, TN: Feb 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at Bass Concert Hall Austin, TX: Feb 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at Majestic Theatre San Antonio, TX: Mar 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at Chapman Music Hall Tulsa, OK: Mar 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at ASU Gammage Tempe, AZ: Mar 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at Centennial Hall Tucson, AZ: Mar 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at The Buell Theatre Denver, CO: Mar - Apr 2022
Tootsie - The Musical (ASL Performance) at The Buell Theatre Denver, CO on Apr 10, 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at San Diego Civic Theatre San Diego, CA: Apr 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at San Jose Center For The Performing Arts San Jose, CA: Apr 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at Dolby Theatre Los Angeles, CA: Apr - May 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at SAFE Credit Union Performing Arts Center Sacramento, CA: May 2022
Tootsie - The Musical at Segerstrom Center For The Arts Costa Mesa, CA: May - Jun 2022
Tootsie - The Musical Tickets
Current: Tootsie - The Musical Tickets
Catch Dorothy Michaels' Coming-Out Party in 2022!
The funnest, funniest musical on Broadway is hitting the road in 2022, and because tickets for every Tootsie: The Musical performance are on sale now, you can catch it live on a stage near you soon! Adapted from the 1982 film of the same name, Tootsie takes on everything from ingrained sexism to artistic pretensions to Broadway groupthink, Robert Horn's Tony Award-winning book leaving nothing and no one unscathed in the process. And did we mention that it's an absolute delight, hailed by Variety as "a surefire crowd-pleaser?"
All that adds up to one of the most hotly anticipated dramatic tours of the year, one that will inspire plenty of competition among Broadway buffs across America. But because you've come to BigStub, you're already a big step ahead of them! We've got amazing Tootsie: The Musical tickets for every performance and at every price point, and can help you catch the hit show from Baltimore to LA, and from the orchestra pit to the upper levels. And because we'll automatically update this page every time a new show is added to the tour schedule, we'll continue to be a great resource worth checking again and again!
Michael Dorsey is a talented but volatile actor whose temperament has burned every bridge on Broadway. Unemployed and desperate for a paycheck, he enlists the help of his makeup-artist friend and recreates himself as the dowdy Dorothy Michaels, becoming the unlikely star of the new musical Juliet's Nurse along the way — and discovering just how pervasive and toxic sexism really is. Don't miss your chance to experience his journey live at a venue near you in 2022. Check out the schedule below, click on individual links for the latest details, and score your Tootsie Tickets from BigStub today!
All Locations Arizona - Tempe [ASU Gammage]Arizona - Tucson [Centennial Hall]California - Costa Mesa [Segerstrom Center For The Arts]California - Los Angeles [Dolby Theatre]California - Sacramento [SAFE Credit Union Performing Arts Center]California - San Diego [San Diego Civic Theatre]California - San Jose [San Jose Center For The Performing Arts]Colorado - Denver [The Buell Theatre]Florida - Fort Lauderdale [Au-Rene Theater]Georgia - Atlanta [Fabulous Fox Theatre]Iowa - Des Moines [Des Moines Civic Center]Oklahoma - Tulsa [Chapman Music Hall]Tennessee - Memphis [Orpheum Theatre]Texas - Austin [Bass Concert Hall]Texas - San Antonio [Majestic Theatre]
Looking to catch the hottest shows on Broadway or on tour — like Tootsie: The Musical? Then it's a good thing you've come to BigStub, where amazing tickets are just a click away — and at a variety of price points, too! In fact, with more than 10 million listings for over 100,000 events, we can put you front and center for all the year's hottest concerts, sporting events, music festivals, comedy shows, and so much more. Explore our website to learn more about the amazing stuff coming your way in 2022 — just remember to get your Tootsie Tickets first!


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contact | home | where is Salthouse? | Salthouse book | editor| site map | news
alphabetical list | groups | Brown | Cooke| Cooper | Dawson | Dix | Hancock | Hayward | High | Holman | Pigott | Radley | Woodhouse | Kelling School groups |
village | church | 1583 buried records | marshes| heath | mystery windmill | Rocket house | poor prisoners
village sketchmap | old maps | channel map | readable replica |
slide show | 1897 | 1938 | 1949 | 1953 page1| 1953 page2 | 1993 | 1996 |
from a plane | from the church tower | old postcard views (hotspots on village map)|
Ken Brown's story
I was born in 1922, November 12. What a problem I caused, because my grandfather died on Novem ber 8th and was buried on November 12th. My mother's bed was moved to the window so she could see her father's funeral. So, straight away, November 8th became very significant in my life—I will say more about this later on. I was born in 'The Nest' next to Salthouse Church, the cottage with no well, bathroom et cetera. Things must have been very hard for my parents. 'The Nest' became a significant part of my life once again later on, and I will explain later.
The earliest thing I can remember was when my sister Vera's boy-friend would visit her. I can see his motorbike chugging up the lane now. I was about three years old and wanted to sit on the seat—I found this was not good enough because I could not reach the handlebars. The old bike was a BSA with a long square tank, so they laid me out flat over the tank so I could just touch the handlebars, and this satisfied me.
I wanted to get down to the marshes when I was three or four years old. My mother said this was far too dangerous; I could go down as far as the road, but on no account was I to cross over (why, I could not understand—cars were a very rare sight in those days, only one or two being seen each week). So now I found myself at the bottom of Grout's Lane. I looked to the right and a car was just passing the beach road, which was quite a long way away, with lots of kids running alongside of it. This was the first car I had ever seen. I thought what do I do now, should I cross the road to the Mill Drift or wait? I was terrified of this car and thought I would be run over. I would have had plenty of time but decided to wait. The car came chugging up with the occupants exposed to the elements, dressed in big coats, and still with the children running along side. It passed me and, after I saw it reappear at the Dun Cow corner, I crossed over to the Mill Drift. The mill had long since gone but the brick rubble still laid around in heaps. There was an old railway carriage on the site with people living in it.
They came out and said, 'Kenneth, does your mother know you are down here?
I think you should go home.'
The building where the Brittains spent
their holidays
On another occasion I managed to get up and on to the beach at long last. As I went over the top of the beach it was littered with oranges. Cases were floating in the breakers. Instead of picking some up to prove my point, I ran back home as fast as I could and my sister Phyllis who was washing up said 'If this is not true, you'll get a big hiding from me,' but when we got there she realised I was telling the truth—and she hadn't brought anything to put them in. She said she would run home to get some baskets and bags and in the mean time I was to stop on the beach and gather as many oranges into a heap as I could. It appeared that a Spanish freighter had arrived in the North East with its load, to find that the port was on strike and they wouldn't let them off-load the oranges. The ship's crew was instructed by their bosses in Spain to go out to sea and dump their cargo overboard.
Another experience I would never forget was when I was about four. I heard a metal clanking going on from the farm buildings in Purdy Street. I decided to investigate, and found three or four men working on a well and fixing pipes down it. One man was looking down the well and lowering tools to his mate. I got nearer and nearer until I could almost look down the well myself, and I was told to get out of the way as it was very dangerous for me. I moved back, but when the man disappeared through to the road I thought now is my chance, I'm going to look down that well and see what is going on. So I crept to the edge and two men were down there, working on the pipes. Then, right out of the blue, I was grabbed from behind, tied up in a sack and lowered down the well on a rope. I passed the men and went down until my feet touched the water. All the men were laughing and I was hauled up and run home and explained to my mother that I had got my feet wet in the creek.
Kelling School
I had started school now and my sister Phyllis used to escort me. Another sister, Joan, had a huge mop of hair and this had to be brushed and finished before we could start our two-mile journey to Kelling School. Invariably we were late and we would run a post and walk a post [from one telegraph post to the next]. I was usually tired out when we got there and, in the winter, sodden wet. I can remember Mr Ridley was the headmaster and he was very brutal to everyone. Most of the children hated him and we were scared of him. I can remember him meeting my sister Phyllis—the time was five past nine—and striking her across the head as she was hanging up her clothes in the cloakroom, for being late. What a way to start the day.
About the age of nine years old, the farm buildings were quite a magnet for us boys. We had a bet which one of us would dare to climb on the large barn opposite Jimmy Duffield's house in Purdy Street and turn the weather-cock around. The other boys agreed, as I was the smallest, I should do it. As the roof was very bad and there might be an accident, I was very scared indeed but did not show it. I climbed a wall and went up the middle of the main roof to the ridge and was scared out of my wits. All the boys were egging me on, shouting to me, 'Don't let it beat you,' and I was now sitting on the ridge of the biggest barn in Salthouse. I looked down and saw how far up I was. I had to go along the ridge to the gable-end where the weathercock was situated. I got there and tried to turn it, but it was rusted up and it was impossible to move it. Now I was facing the wrong way and had to get back, so I decided to go down the shortest way though this meant going over a bad section of roof. Suddenly a loud crack—and a hole opened up and tiles cascaded down the roof. Although I was very scared, I dared not show it to the other boys; I just froze. One of my friends alerted Mr Duffield and he told me not to move an inch. He got some other men to help with a large stack-ladder. They rescued me and I was a hero in all my friends' eyes.
At school I loved the modelling classes. We were each given a piece of plasticine the size of a tennis ball and were told to make what we liked. The plasticine was so hard we could not do anything with it. So the next week I made a small roller which I used to roll out the plasticine. The other kids near me kept asking me if they could borrow the roller. I said yes, but you must give me a piece of plasticine every time you borrow it. One girl borrowed my roller so much that at the end of the session she only had a small piece rolled flat, where I had enough to make a farmyard. When the teacher came round she said to the girl 'What's that?' The girl replied 'That's a mat, Miss.' My farmyard received first prize (two pennies).
There were about five of us boys all about the same age. One day we were at our wits' end to know what to do with ourselves. We only had a ha'penny between us and we wanted to buy gob-stoppers. I said 'Wait a minute. I've got a plan!—All of you keep looking down this drain. None of you must look up.' I had spotted the Colonel de Crespigny almost home from his walk. I had gambled on his generosity. When he got up to us he stopped and said 'What's the matter, boys?' I replied (as if I was crying), 'I have lost my penny down the drain.' He replied, 'Don't worry, you will never find it. Here is a shilling. Share it out among yourselves.'
I used to work some Saturday mornings for the de Crespigny's gardener. He gave me a large skip about the size of a dustbin, saying he would pay me a penny if I would fill it with weeds. After two hours I was getting nowhere, as the weeds were very small in the flower beds, so I wandered over to a rough area of the grounds where the hogweed and docks were two to three feet high. I placed them in the bottom of the skip and soon filled it up. I done this for two to three weeks until the gardener realised what I was doing, and I was not asked to go anymore.
I remember being in the school playground when either the Hindenburg or the R101 Air Zeppelin came over, very low. It was a sight I will never forget. I could see people in the gondola quite clearly.
I found the following episode quite funny but I was quite scared at the time. At the school, our desks were in pairs: two boys and two girls. The girl sitting next to me had a skirt which had press-fasteners down the side. One or two of these fasteners had come undone. Unbeknown to her, I leaned over and undone the rest.We were reading one by one to the class and when the girl's turn came up to read, her skirt fell down. She was ridiculed, but no one knew it was my fault. Mr Coe, our new headmaster, always left the class for tea at his house during the afternoon. On this particular day, as soon as he left, I got up from my desk, climbed onto the guard-rail around the fire and put the clock on by fifteen minutes. When the headmaster returned, he glanced up at the clock and said 'Books away, class dismissed.' The next morning there was a witch-hunt. No one would split on me, but John Holman started bubbling with laughter and he received six strokes of the cane. We got our own back because we then cut the cane with a razor-blade in about six places. The next time he used it, it split into pieces.
Mr Ridley
see also Jimmy High on the cruel discipline of an unnamed Kelling school master in 1890


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New strains of TB threaten to bypass current diagnostics
June 14, 2019 by Nicholas Parry Leave a Comment
The World Health Organization has set out plans to attempt to eliminate tuberculosis (TB) by 2030, Countries such as India have set more ambitious goals, pledging to eliminate the disease by 2025.
One major hurdle presents itself as a threat to this cause — drug resistance. Drug resistance may not only frustrate elimination efforts, but actually create a situation in which TB is even more of a threat than it is in its current state.
In 2017, ten million people fell ill with TB, with 1.6 million dying as a result. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is estimated to account for 558,000 new cases in that period, with a particular obstacle being resistance to rifampicin-based treatments — the most effective and most commonly used first-line medications across the globe. These cases are highly difficult to treat and make the goal of a TB-free world by 2030 more difficult to attain, let alone more ambitious national targets.
Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is TB that does not respond to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. If the strain of TB develops further resistance against other drugs, it is referred to as extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). These strains are defined by the CDC as "resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, plus any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin)".
As drug-resistant strains become more common, our frontline medications become useless. In many developing nations, this may leave them with few resources to attempt to stop the disease because of the greater expense of second-line treatments. This may result in even worse levels of treatment adherence.
Lack of treatment adherence is a major factor in the development of drug resistance. In some instances, this is due to a lack of knowledge of the drug regimen, resulting in individuals not following the full course of the medication. Often individuals may stop as soon as symptoms alleviate. Other issues may be out of the hands of the individual, such as poor supply lines or expense of the medication.
Timely diagnosis of the disease is crucial. As soon as an individual is diagnosed, they can be treated; this also reduces the chances of the disease being inadvertently passed on to others through person-to-person contact. Those left untreated are not only more likely to pass on the disease, but also are more prone to severe health outcomes — even death — in particular if they develop other conditions alongside TB.
Drug resistance is an issue complicating the fight against TB, but also exacerbating crises linked to numerous other diseases worldwide. It is a problem which threatens to negate many of the advances made in global medical campaigns, leaving frontline medications useless, and causing disease cases to surge.
A new strain arises in South Africa
Drug resistance and mutation within a viral or bacterial strain is most commonly thought of as simply a resistance to a type of medication. However, the mutation of a genome may have other effects that make the strain more difficult to treat.
In South Africa, a Lancet study identified an MDR-TB strain undetectable to WHO-endorsed commercial tests. The study found that thirty percent of the MDR strains harboured the Ile491Phe mutation in the rpoB gene, which is associated with poor rifampicin-based treatment outcomes.
This strain shows how easy it is for drug resistance to develop. Bacteria and viruses have a chance at mutation within their genomes with every single replication. These mutations may have no effect on encoded genes at all, they could however result in changes that leave the pathogen more resistant to a given medication. There may be a slight change that has no notable effect, or there may even be an alteration that disrupts vital mechanisms within the cell, rendering it unviable and hence dying.
In rare circumstances the mutation may be beneficial, making the cell more resilient to the effects of a medication. Though these events are rare, given the sheer number of bacteria multiplying — particularly considering that ten million individuals are infected per year, each hosting countless bacterial cells — they can occur with relative frequency, giving rise to new drug resistant strains.
In the case of the South Africa strain, a single amino acid has been changed. In this case an isoleucine has been replaced with a phenylalanine. While the alteration is minor, it can drastically alter the way in which the bacteria interacts with particular chemicals, in this case, reducing the effect of rifampicin treatments.
The study warns that this mutation, and therefore the resistance to treatment, is not detectable by diagnostic techniques currently used in South Africa. Consequently, this strain has been misdiagnosed and therefore treated with ineffective first-line therapies. Such an oversight is allowing for the resistant strain to proliferate, amplifying the number of resistant cases of TB in South Africa.
Multi-drug resistant TB, a dangerous rush to develop new medications
The rapid increase in MDR-TB cases necessitates a rapid response in the development of new treatments. This creates a kind of medical arms race in which research must keep up with the ever changing drug resistant strains.
Treatments for MDR-TB are desperately needed. When a prospective treatment for MDR-TB is announced, it faces high expectations with calls of "miracle cures" commonplace among media reports.
The term has been used in the instances of TB medicines such as bedaquiline. "I have already seen media reports from India which call bedaquiline a 'miracle drug,' said Dr Madhukar Pai, Director of McGill Global Health Programme, in comments to The Indian Express. 'This worries me – terms like 'miracle drug' should not be used lightly." (Dr Pai was interviewed about TB for HII in 2017.)
Bedaquiline was the first medication since rifampicin in the 1960s to have been developed specifically for the treatment of TB. Differing from previous TB treatments, bedaquiline has an altogether different mechanism of action. The drug specifically targets an enzyme within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria called ATP synthase.
The ATP synthase enzyme is responsible for the conversion of adenosine diphosphate, along with an inorganic phosphate molecule to create adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP itself is used in chemical reactions within the body — or in the case of TB, the cell — as a source of energy. Without energy reserves, the TB bacteria gradually die off.
Bedaquiline may form the last line of defence against MDR-TB, with ever more trials showing positive results. One trial which took place in Belarus found bedaquiline to have more than a ninety percent cure rate when given in combination with other TB medicines. By comparison, currently used TB drugs were shown to be effective in just over half of cases.
There is, however, a considerable drawback to the use of bedaquiline, one which is acknowledged by the WHO. "Bedaquiline has been reported to disturb the function of the heart and liver in particular", the WHO says. In stage II human trials, deaths among those in the bedaquiline treatment group were higher than those taking the placebo control.
For these reasons the drug is considered by the WHO to be a last resort treatment, and recommendations are in place that any individual put onto treatment with bedaquiline is actively monitored for any abnormal symptoms.
Hope for the future already being quelled?
Literature review studies compiling all current evidence on the cardiotoxicity of bedaquiline have found that no deaths have so far been attributed to the cardiotoxicity cited by the WHO. Though cardiac arrhythmia is noted as a side effect, its severity has not yet been documented to go as far as causing the death of a patient. The rise in deaths associated with the drug during the studies is therefore in need of greater scrutiny and warrants further study.
Other treatments currently approved in some countries, such as delamanid, have seen far less notable results. Results from a sixth-month trial indicated that 87.6 percent of those being treated with delamanid in conjunction with background treatments became TB negative. The placebo control group, only receiving the background treatments were 86.1 percent TB negative. Such a negligible result after such a long period of research is a worrying prospect, leaving fewer viable treatments in the instance of drug resistance.
The study published in The Lancet has even more grave implications. Six of the South African isolates found during the study contained four distinct mutations which the researchers believe are potentially associated with decreased bedaquiline sensitivity.
To have already identified mutations that are implicated in potential drug resistance to medications that have not yet been widely used is a concerning prospect. This could result in bedaquiline quickly becoming obsolete in certain areas, namely in South Africa where the study found the initial outbreak.
Bedaquiline was released in India only a few years ago, yet resistant strains of TB are already emerging. Attribution: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Resistance to bedaquiline may have either spread, or independently mutated within India. Patients with bedaquiline resistance have been detected at Sewri hospital and Hinduja hospital in Mumbai. Access to the drug in India is currently limited, though if resistant strains spread it may already have lost its effectiveness in a number of cases.
The Ile491Phe mutation arose independently within at least two strain lineages just in South Africa. In other nations with high burdens of TB such as India, further strains may have developed bearing similar, if not the same mutations. If this can occur in the mutation that made detection using diagnostics far more difficult, it can occur in the mutations resulting in resistance to bedaquiline.
Drug resistance may be occurring far faster than anticipated, though it is not being studied enough to be recorded. Pockets of drug resistance in which bedaquiline is no longer effective could give rise to the potential that areas such as South Africa and India could harbour entirely untreatable strains. If these strains were to spread — an event that can occur far faster in the modern day where air travel could put drug resistant strains in every corner of the globe in a mere 24 hours — drug resistance could advance faster than we have the capacity to keep up with it.
Economic impacts of drug resistant TB
First-line therapies are the cheapest means of treating TB. As these forms of treatment become unviable, second-line treatments must be used. In strains deemed to be XDR-TB, resistance is present to at least one second-line treatment, making even these therapies unviable. Many of these therapies are far more expensive as well as being available only in limited quantities in developing nations.
The CDC estimates the direct treatment costs (in 2016) average from USD 18,000 to treat drug-susceptible TB to USD 513,000 to treat the most drug-resistant form of the disease, XDR TB. This is a 2,800 percent increase from the cost of treating standard TB.
The burden of drug resistant TB is primarily reported in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, though pockets of high percentages of cases are recorded in South Asia, East Asia, Africa and South America. These figures may be misleading due to the inclusion criteria. Notably, countries such as India have not declared disease cases reported at private tuberculosis clinics, which may have resulted in significant underreporting of MDR-TB cases.
Developing nations may be all but completely unable to handle the costs. In many countries grossly inadequate public health budgets are already stretched between numerous infectious diseases, as well as facing a rising tide of noncommunicable conditions. Allocating the budget necessary for a potential USD 513,000 per individual with XDR-TB could financially cripple the health system.
A consistent issue that must be faced in the years going ahead is that drug resistance may arise anywhere that TB cases exist. Therefore, any global planning and international cooperation must take this into account. If TB is to be eradicated then arrangements must be put into place to quickly address drug resistance wherever it occurs.
In this instance cooperation between pharmaceutical companies, governments and charities is essential. Such is the case in the TB Drug Accelerator (TBDA) group. The organisation combines eight research institutions as well as nine pharmaceutical companies — including members such as Merck and Sanofi — under the coordination of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Drug resistant strains of TB could occur anywhere in the world and if left unaddressed could eventually cross international borders. It is therefore imperative that developing nations are assisted in shouldering the economic burden of treating these XDR-TB strains, as any country still harbouring them may go on to spread the infection to countries that may have already declared the disease to be eradicated.
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February 20, 2013 · 23:20
The Long and Slow Integration of the Major Leagues: A Reflection on Desegregation and Spring Training
John Jorgensen, Pee Wee Reese, Ed Stanky and Jackie Robinson on opening day 1947
"Thomas Jefferson, when he wrote the Declaration, made proper provision for baseball when he declared that 'all men are, and of right out to be, free and equal.' That's why they are at the ball game, banker and bricklayer, lawyer and common laborer." – Baseball magazine (1921)
"Baseball should be taken seriously by the colored player — and in this effort of his great ability will open the avenue in the near future wherein he may walk hand in hand with the opposite race in the greatest of all American games — baseball." Ossie Davis
Charles Thomas
It was in 1903 when Branch Rickey, then a coach for the Ohio Wesleyan University baseball team had to console his star player, Charles Thomas when a hotel in South Bend Indiana refused him a room because he was black. Rickey found Thomas sobbing rubbing his hands and repeating "Black skin. Black skin. If only I could make them white." Rickey attempted to console his friend saying "Come on, Tommy, snap out of it, buck up! We'll lick this one day, but we can't if you feel sorry for yourself."
Thomas, encouraged by Rickey was remembered by one alumnus who saw a game that Thomas played in noted that "the only unpleasant feature of the game was the coarse slurs cast at Mr. Thomas, the catcher." However, the writer noted something else about Thomas that caught his eye: "But through it all, he showed himself far more the gentleman than his insolent tormentors though their skin is white."
Baseball like most of America was not a place for the Black man. Rickey, a devout Christian later remarked "I vowed that I would always do whatever I could to see that other Americans did not have to face the bitter humiliation that was heaped upon Charles Thomas."
In April 1947 Branch Rickey, now the owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers had one African-American ballplayer at the Dodgers' Spring Training site in Daytona Beach Florida. The South was still a hotbed of racial prejudice, Jim Crow was the law of the land and Blacks had no place in White Man's baseball. That player was Jackie Robinson.
The Dodgers had been coming to Florida for years. Rickey moved the Dodgers from Jacksonville to Daytona Beach in 1947 after Jacksonville had refused to alter its segregation laws to allow an exhibition game between the Dodgers International League affiliate the Montreal Royals, for whom Robinson starred.
That was the year that Rickey signed Robinson to a minor league contract with the Royals. When Rickey called up Robinson 6 days prior to the 1947 season, it was Robinson broke the color barrier for the Dodgers and Major League Baseball. However it would take another 12 years before all Major League teams had a black player on their roster.
It is hard to imagine now that even after Jackie Robinson had broken the color barrier that other teams did not immediately sign black players. However Rickey and Robinson broke the color barrier a year before Harry Truman had integrated the Armed Forces and seven years before the Supreme Court ruled the segregation of public schools illegal. But how could that be a surprise? The country was still rampant with unbridled racism. Outside of a few Blacks in the military and baseball most African Americans had few rights. In the North racism regulated most blacks to ghettos, while in the South, Jim Crow laws and public lynchings of progressive or outspoken Blacks.
Larry Doby (above) and Satchel Paige signed by the Indians
The Cleveland Indians under their legendary owner Bill Veeck were not far behind the Dodgers in integrating their team. They signed Larry Doby on July 5th 1947. Doby would go on to the Hall of Fame and was a key player on the 1948 Indian team which won the 1948 World Series, the last that the storied franchise has won to this date.
Hank Thompson and Roy Campanella
The St. Louis Browns signed Third Baseman Hank Thompson 12 days after the Indians signed Doby. But Thompson, Robinson and Doby would be the only Blacks to play in that inaugural season of integration. They would be joined by others in 1948 including the immortal catcher Roy Campanella who signed with the Dodgers and the venerable Negro League pitcher, Satchel Paige who was signed by the Indians.
Monte Irvin (Above) and Willie Mays
It was not until 1949 when the New York Giants became the next team to integrate. They brought up Monte Irvin and Hank Thompson who they had acquired from the Browns. In 1951 they would be joined by rookie Willie Mays to become the first all African-American outfield in the Major Leagues. Both Mays and Irvin would enter the Hall of Fame and both are still a key part of the Giants' story. Despite their age have continued to be active in with the Giants and Major League Baseball.
The Boston Braves were the next to desegregate calling up Samuel "the Jet" Jethroe to play Center Field. Jethroe was named the National League Rookie of the Year in 1950.
Minnie Minoso
In 1951 the Chicago White Sox signed Cuban born Minnie Minoso who had played for Cleveland in 1949 and 1951 before signing with the White Sox. Minoso would be elected to 9 All-Star teams and win 3 Golden Gloves.
Ernie Banks (above) and Bob Trice
The Chicago Cubs and Philadelphia Athletics integrated at the end of the 1953 season. The Cubs signed Shortstop Ernie Banks who would go on to be a 14 time All-Star, 2 time National League MVP and be elected to the Hall of Fame in 1977 on the first ballot. The Athletics called up pitcher Bob Trice from their Ottawa Farm team where he had won 21 games. Trice only pitched in 27 Major League games over the course of three seasons with the Athletics.
Curt Roberts
Four teams integrated in 1954. The Pittsburgh Pirates acquired Second Baseman Curt Roberts from Denver of the Western League as part of a minor league deal. He would play 171 games in the Majors. He was sent to the Columbus Jets of the International League in 1956 and though he played in both the Athletics and Yankees farm systems but never again reached the Majors.
Tom Alston
The St. Louis Cardinals, the team that had threatened to not play against the Dodgers and Jackie Robinson in 1947 traded for First Baseman Tom Alston of the Pacific Coast League San Diego Padres. Alston would only play in 91 Major League games with his career hindered by bouts with depression and anxiety.
Nino Escalara (above) and Chuck Harmon
The Cincinnati Reds brought up Puerto Rican born First Baseman Nino Escalera and Third Baseman Chuck Harmon. Harmon had played in the Negro Leagues and had been a Professional Basketball player in the American Basketball League. Harmon who was almost 30 when called up played just 4 years in the Majors. Both he and Escalera would go on to be Major League scouts. Escalera is considered one of the best First Baseman from Puerto Rico and was elected to the Puerto Rican Baseball Hall of Fame. Harmon's first game was recognized by the Reds in 2004 and a plaque hangs in his honor.
The Washington Senators called up Cuban born Center Fielder Carlos Paula from their Charlotte Hornets' farm team in September 1954. Paula played through the 1956 season with the Senators and his contract was sold to the Sacramento Salons of the Pacific Coast League. He hit .271 in 157 plate appearances with 9 home runs and 60 RBIs. He died at the age of 55 in Miami.
Elston Howard
In April 1955 the New York Yankees finally integrated 8 years after the Dodgers and 6 years after the Giants. They signed Catcher/Left Fielder Elston Howard from their International League affiliate where he had been the League MVP in 1954. Howard would play 13 years in the Majors with the Yankees and later the Red Sox retiring in 1968. He would be a 12-time All Star and 6-time World Series Champion as a player and later as a coach for the Yankees. He died of heart disease in 1980. His number #32 was retired by the Yankees in 1984.
The Philadelphia Phillies purchased the contract of Shortstop John Kennedy from the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro League at the end of the 1956 season. Kennedy played in just 5 games in April and May of 1957.
Ozzie Virgil Sr.
In 1958 the Detroit Tigers obtained Dominican born Utility Player Ozzie Virgil Sr. who had played with the Giants in 1955 and 1956. Virgil would play 9 seasons in the Majors with the Giants, Tigers, Athletics and Pirates and retire from the Giants in 1969. He later coached for 19 years in the Majors with the Giants, Expos, Padres and Mariners.
The last team to integrate was the Boston Red Sox who signed Infielder Pumpsie Green. Green made his debut on 21 July 1959 during his three years with the Red Sox was primarily used as a pinch runner. He played his final season with the New York Mets in 1963. He was honored by the Red Sox in 2009 on the 50th anniversary of breaking the Red Sox color barrier.
It took 12 years for all the teams of the Major Leagues to integrate, part of the long struggle of African Americans to achieve equality not just in baseball but in all areas of public life. These men, few in number paved the way for African Americans in baseball and were part of the inspiration of the Civil Rights Movement itself. They should be remembered by baseball fans, and all Americans everywhere for their sacrifices and sheer determination to overcome the obstacles and hatreds that they faced. It would not be until August of 1963 that Martin Luther King Jr. would give his I Have a Dream speech and 1964 that African Americans received equal voting rights.
Spring training for the 2013 season has begun in Florida and Arizona, in what are called the Grapefruit and Cactus Leagues. It is hard to believe that only 66 years ago that only one team and one owner dared to break the color barrier that was, and often still is a part of American life. However in those 66 years despite opposition and lingering prejudice African Americans in baseball led the way in the Civil Rights Movement and are in large part responsible for many of the breakthroughs in race relations and the advancement of not only African Americans, but so many others. We can thank men like Charles Thomas, Jackie Robinson and Branch Rickey for this and pray that we who remain, Black and White, Asian, and Latin American, as well as all others who make up our great nation will never relinquish the gains that have been won at such a great cost.
Filed under Baseball, History, laws and legislation, Political Commentary
Tagged as Baseball, bob trice, boston braves, boston red sox, branch rickey, brooklyn dodgers, carlos paula, charles thomas, chicago cubs, chicago white sox, chuck harmon, cincinnati reds, cleveland indians, curt roberts, elston howard, equal rights, ernie banks, hank thompson, harry truman, i have a dream speech, integration of baseball, jackie robinson, jim crow laws, john kennedy baseball player, larry doby, martin luther king jr, minnie minoso, monte irvin, new york giants, new york yankees, nino escalera, ossie davis, ozzie virgil sr, pee wee reese, philadelphia athletics, pittsburgh pirates, pumpsie green, roy campanela, samuel jethroe, satchel paige, spring training, st louis cardinals, st. Louis browns, tom alston, voting rights act of 1964, washington senators, willie mays
One response to "The Long and Slow Integration of the Major Leagues: A Reflection on Desegregation and Spring Training"
padresteve
Reblogged this on Padresteve's World…Musings of a Passionate Moderate and commented:
Friends of Padre Steve's World. Pitchers and catchers are reporting to Spring Training as they always do this time of year, by the end of the week the rest of the players will report. This year American and Canadian players, white, black, hispanic and asian will report, along with men from other nations, men who speak different languages, hail from different cultures and are of races that in 1946 would have not been allowed at Spring Training. It is hard to believe now, but in 1947 when Branch Rickey brought Jackie Robinson to the Dodgers minor league camp. In 1948 when Robinson reported he was being groomed by Rickey to be the first African American to play in the Major Leagues. That was a major step, but it took years before every team in the Major Leagues integrated despite a plethora of talent in the Negro Leagues and coming up in the integrated Minor Leagues. The last team to integrate was the Boston Red Sox, whose first Black player, Shortstop Pumpsie Green did not debut until July of 1959. During those eleven intervening years Jim Crow still ruled the South, Rosa Parks refused to go to the back of the Bus, young Emmett Till was brutally murdered, President Eisenhower sent in Federal Troops to Little rock to intervene and help the nine African American High School students entering the formerly all-white Central High School. Martin Luther King Jr, Charles Steele and Fred Shuttlesworth established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which brought organization and an ethic of non-violence in civil disobedience protests against segregation, discrimination and Jim Crow laws. But the tide was turning and the men who integrated the Major Leagues did much to speed the process of destroying Jim Crow, and promoting civil rights, not just for African Americans, but for all Americans. Of course there is still much to do, racism and discrimination still exist. That being said, I am always amazed when I meet the pioneers of the Negro Leagues who dis so much to break the color barrier in Baseball and in society at large. Peace, Padre Steve+


Dante Alighieri Society of Auckland Blog: Dante AGM, the new committee and membership.
Children up to 18 years of age come under Student or Family membership.
Please click here if you wish to join or renew your 2017 subscription, otherwise email info@dante.org.nz for more info.
Grazie for supporting Società Dante Alighieri Auckland, and remember that with your Dante Card you can get discounts with our Business Friends of Dante in New Zealand, and in many museums, hotels and tourist attractions in Italy (click here to see the main ones) and worldwide.


Leon, 27, was acquired in a minor trade back in January after the A's, too, designated him for assignment. Originally signed by the Athletics as an amateur free agent out of Mexico in 2008, Leon made his MLB debut last year and soaked up 26 1/3 innings with the A's bullpen. In that time, he posted a 4.39 ERA and averaged 6.4 K/9 against 3.0 BB/9 with a 45.9 percent ground-ball rate and a fastball that averaged 91.7 mph. This season, he's allowed a pair runs in 2 1/3 innings with the Blue Jays.
Venditte, 30, also made his Major League debut as a member of the Oakland bullpen last season. The switch-pitcher logged a 4.40 ERA with 23 strikeouts against 12 walks in 28 2/3 innings, inducing grounders at a 32.9 percent clip. Venditte, whose entire pro career had come in the Yankes' minor league system prior to last year, is considerably tougher when pitching left-handed, as evidenced by the woeful .116/.191/.256 batting line that opponents mustered in left-on-left scenarios in 2015. The Jays claimed him off waivers last October, and he's fired two perfect innings with five strikeouts in Triple-A so far this year. With Aaron Loup on the disabled list and Brett Cecil struggling, Venditte will give manager John Gibbons an additional weapon to help neutralize left-handed opponents.
The Blue Jays have acquired righty Arnold Leon from the Athletics, Oakland announced via press release. Toronto will send cash or a player to be named to the A's.
Leon, 27, was designated recently by Oakland. He reached the majors for the first time last year, putting up 26 1/3 innings of 4.39 ERA pitching with 6.4 K/9 and 3.1 BB/9. He has averaged better than one strikeout per inning at Triple-A over the last several years, though he's also permitted more than four free passes per nine at that level.
The Athletics announced that they have designated right-hander Arnold Leon for assignment in order to clear a spot on the 40-man roster for right-hander Henderson Alvarez, whose one-year deal with Oakland has now been announced by the team.
The 27-year-old made his Major League debut with the A's in 2015 and played a fairly significant role in the bullpen, soaking up 26 1/3 innings and working to a 4.39 ERA. Leon averaged 6.4 K/9 against 3.1 BB/9 to go along with a 45.9 percent ground-ball rate and an average fastball velocity of 91.7 mph. Leon has a significantly better track record at the Triple-A level, where he has a 2.56 ERA with 9.2 K/9 against 4.2 BB/9 in parts of three seasons, totaling 59 2/3 innings. Leon has spent his entire career in the Athletics organization, having signed with the club as an amateur free agent out of Mexico back in 2008.


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Croatia confirms its first two cases of COVID-19 Omicron variant
Europe Materials 6 December 2021 16:11 (UTC +04:00)
Croatia confirmed on Monday its first two cases of the Omicron variant of coronavirus, the state health institute said, Trend reports with reference to Reuters.
"We are not sure about the source of the infection as neither of those two people had travelled abroad. We believe they got infected at a business meeting at which both participated," said Bernard Kaic, an epidemiologist at the state health institute.
Guests from abroad had been present at the business meeting, he added.
Azerbaijan names TOP-10 local insurance companies by insurance premiums in 2022
Azerbaijan confirms 23 more COVID-19 cases


Thank you for taking the time to familiarize, or re-familiarize, yourself with important information regarding the Ohio Balance of State Continuum of Care (BoSCoC). Throughout this toolkit you will learn about the BoSCoC from it's inception to it's best practices. We hope you find this information to be helpful as you begin, or continue, your journey as an integral part of the Ohio Balance of State Continuum of Care.
Welcome to the first topic of the CoC Overview Lesson! Before diving into the specifics of the Ohio Balance of State Continuum of Care (BoSCoC) let's discuss Continuum's of Care (CoC) in general. While you may not use this information in your every day work, it can be important when taking a step back and looking at the bigger picture of the work you do. The following is a presentation created by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). This brief presentation will cover the history and regulations of the CoC Program.
Now that you have a grasp on CoC's in general, let's talk specifically about the Ohio Balance of State Continuum of Care. According to HUD, "The Continuum of Care Program is designed to promote community-wide commitment to the goal of ending homelessness". Altogether, Ohio is comprised of 9 Continuums of Care. The majority of urban counties in Ohio (Lucas, Cuyahoga, Summit, Franklin, Montgomery, Hamilton, Stark, and Mahoning) have their own Continuum of Care, and the remaining 80 non urban counties make up the Balance of State Continuum of Care. The Ohio Balance of State Continuum of Care (BoSCoC) represents the 80 largely suburban and rural counties in Ohio. Within these 80 counties there are approximately 400 homeless programs including emergency shelters, transitional housing, rapid re-housing programs, and permanent supportive housing. On any given day, these programs can serve over 7,700 persons experiencing homelessness.
The Ohio BoSCoC is divided into 17 homeless planning regions. Each region has their own lead(s) who help organize and keep the region moving forward as seamlessly as possible and ensure all funding requirements are being met.
In terms of organization over all 80 counties and 17 regions, the Ohio Development Services Agency, Office of Community Development (ODSA), has been designated by the Ohio BoSCoC Board to serve as the Collaborative Applicant and the grantee for the CoC Planning grant. Additionally, ODSA staff serve as co-chair of the Ohio BOSCOC Steering Committee and have a standing seat on all other BoSCoC committees/workgroups.
As previously mentioned, the state of Ohio is divided into 8 entitlement communities and the Balance of State of State Continuum of Care (BoSCoC). The BoSCoC is even further divided into 17 homeless planning regions. Below you will find a map created by the Ohio Development Services Agency, that illustrates the 8 entitlement communities and the 17 planning regions within the BoSCoC.
All state and federally funded Ohio BoSCoC homeless projects must use the Ohio BoSCoC Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) to maintain client and project-level data. The Ohio BoSCoC HMIS is a valuable resource because of its capacity to integrate and unduplicated data across projects in our CoC. HMIS aggregate data can be used to understand the size, characteristics, and needs of the homeless population at the client, project, and community level. The only exception to the HMIS participation requirement is for domestic violence victim services agencies, which are prohibited from entering data into HMIS and must instead use a comparable database.
All Ohio BoSCoC homeless projects participating in HMIS must abide by the Ohio BoSCoC Policies and Procedures Manual, which lays out the CoC's policies related to maintaining system security and client confidentiality, as well as the CoC's processes for complying with all federal regulations related to the creation and maintenance of an HMIS. Homeless projects must also comply with the Ohio BoSCoC Data Quality Standards, which outline expectations for ensuring that quality data is entered into and maintained in the HMIS.
Different agencies use different definitions of homelessness, which affect how various programs determine eligibility for individuals and families at the state and local level.
Ohio BoSCoC homeless projects must document and maintain records related to participant eligibility and the services provided to participants.
In relation to homeless status, providers must maintain records documenting acceptable evidence of participants' homeless status. Acceptable evidence generally includes third party written verification of participants' stay in an unsheltered location, in an emergency shelter, or in a Transitional Housing (TH) program (where participants are eligible to move from TH into Rapid Re-Housing (RRH) or Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH), for example).
Also remember, when documenting homeless status, HUD requires compliance with their preferred order of priority. This means that homeless status must be documented first with third-party written verification of homelessness (HMIS record, documentation on letterhead from shelter or TH project). If that documentation is not attainable, only then can third-party oral verification be used as documentation, and only after case workers have documented their due diligence in attempting to obtain third-party written verification of homeless status. Self-certification of homeless status is only permitted if neither third-party written nor third-party oral verification could be obtained, and due diligence was documented.
Coordinated Entry (CE), also known as coordinated intake or coordinated assessment, is a system that allows for coordinated entry into a local homeless services system, as well as coordinated movement within and ultimately exit from the system. Coordinated Entry increases the efficiency of a homeless assistance system by standardizing access to homeless services and coordinating program referrals. In particular, an improved CE system will help the Ohio Balance of State Continuum of Care (BoSCoC) to advance our goals of helping households quickly access appropriate services to address housing crises, increasing exits to housing, decreasing length of time homeless, and reducing returns to homelessness.
Access: ensures the entire Continuum of Care (CoC) area is covered and that service access points are easily accessible and well advertised.
Assessment: standardizes information gathering on service needs, housing barriers, and vulnerabilities.
Referral: coordinates the connection of individuals to the appropriate and available housing and service intervention.
Stakeholders in homeless systems need to be aware of the various access points into the homeless system in a given region or county. Clear understanding about points of access into the system helps ensure that persons experiencing homelessness, or at-risk of homelessness, are most quickly and effectively entered into or diverted from homeless systems as appropriate.
Access points must be willing and able to serve those who are fleeing or attempting to flee, domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking but who are seeking shelter or services from non-victim service providers. Access points must be able to serve domestic violence victims in ways that help ensure safety if no victim service provider is available.
Names of providers serving as CE access points.
Identification of all parties entering into the MOA.
Contact information per the procedure below.
Agreement that any needed changes will be communicated to all parties.
Hours of operation, including after-hours information.
Standard No. 3B – All CE access points are easily available both for those needing to call and those needing to visit in-person. Victim service providers may choose to only make their phone numbers available and conduct Diversion Screening over the phone, as long as other local access points can accommodate in-person meetings.
Standard No. 3C – Homeless Planning Regions' access points will be listed on COHHIO's website for reference. The Homeless Planning Region Executive Committee is responsible for updating the access point list annually and sharing any changes with CE staff.
Diversion determines if a household experiencing a housing crisis can return to housing or find alternative housing outside of the crisis response system. Diversion involves utilizing mainstream resources and mediation techniques to assist the household in identifying alternative housing options, including but not limited to returning to their own housing, staying with family/friends, or relocation to another area. Diversion should only take place with people who are literally homeless or at risk of homelessness within seven days prior to the potential housing crisis. Providers should incorporate a strengths-based, person-centered approach to help the household maintain or find safe, stable housing.
The Community Resources List includes information on mainstream services including, but not limited to local food/clothing pantries, healthcare providers, benefits banks, employment/job training services, and legal services and is distributed to both clients as well as persons who are diverted from the crisis response system so that they can pursue non-housing related assistance on their own.
The Homeless Planning Region's lead agency will update the Available Housing List and Community Resource List annually.
The Available Housing List and Community Resource List will be available on every provider's website in the region and/or each provider will also have hard copies to reference and distribute to clients as needed.
According to HUD Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH) is permanent housing with indefinite leasing or rental assistance paired with supportive services to assist homeless persons with a disability or families with an adult or child member with a disability achieve housing stability. Put simply, PSH is decent, safe, and affordable housing for persons experiencing homelessness and who also have a disability.
Chronically homeless individuals/families with the longest history of homelessness and most severe service need.
Rapid Re-Housing (RRH) is a short-term intervention to help individuals and families exit homelessness as quickly as possible, move into permanent housing, and achieve stability in housing.
Furthermore, RRH projects/services funded through HCRP are permitted to serve households currently residing in Transitional Housing. However, RRH projects funded through HUD's CoC Program can only serve persons/households currently in emergency shelter or unsheltered locations.
RRH projects should be targeted to individuals and households who are unable to resolve their homelessness on their own but do not have service needs so great as to necessitate movement into Transitional Housing or Permanent Supportive Housing. Within this population, RRH providers should prioritize those with greater vulnerabilities and less likelihood of exiting homelessness without rapid re-housing assistance.
Additionally, when there is an eligible homeless veteran who is not eligible for VA programs, RRH providers should prioritize the homeless veteran for assistance.
The purpose of Transitional Housing (TH) projects is to facilitate the movement of homeless individuals and families to permanent housing as quickly as possible. TH projects should be targeted to persons who have been assessed as not being able to quickly resolve their homelessness on their own, but who do not have needs great enough to necessitate placement into Permanent Supportive Housing.
Appropriate target populations may include those with service needs that have been identified as being more long-term in duration, but not indefinite. These may be target populations such as domestic violence survivors, individuals with histories of substance abuse disorders or those in early recovery, or transition aged youth. Within identified target populations, TH projects should further screen homeless applicants to identify people with greater vulnerabilities and prioritize those applicants for assistance.
Low barrier systems refers to keeping program entry requirements and pre-requisites to a minimum. For example, a low barrier program would eliminate sobriety and income requirements and other policies that make it difficult to enter and/or access a program. If used effectively with housing first, systems can increase exits from homelessness to stable housing and lower lengths of time homeless.
When working with clients it is important to document your interactions in a clear, accurate, objective, and concise manner. Documentation is important for several reasons. For one, it helps the service provider recall the circumstances and history of a client that they are working with. It also allows agencies the opportunity to quickly learn about a client and their situation should the provider not be able to assist them in an emergency or if they have left the agency.
And always remember…If it isn't documented, it didn't happen!
Finally, we want to address the importance of self-care. As social service professionals we spend a lot of our time consumed in other people's crisis' and trauma. Many times the work that we do even comes home with us at the end of the day and we either find ourselves literally working at home, or consumed by thinking about the work that we have left behind. While doing those things can be fine in moderation, it is imperative that we find ways to take care of ourselves so that we can continue to best serve our clients and avoid burnout.


In modern day draft history, the Western Hockey League has produced some outstanding NHL players. Traditionally known as the go-to league when seeking out franchise defensemen, the NHL has welcomed familiar names like Dion Phaneuf, Brent Seabrook, Shea Weber, Mike Green, Cody Franson, Karl Alzner, Luke Schenn, Tyler Myers, Luca Sbisa, and Travis Hamonic from the Western Hockey League. In addition, up-and-coming players in Jared Cowen, Duncan Siemens, Joseph Morrow and 2012 NHL draftees Ryan Murray, Griffin Reinhart, Morgan Rielly, Mathew Dumba and Derrick Pouliot come with massive defensive potential. While the WHL continues to pump out valuable top defensemen, the 20-team league has been privileged to feature star talent at the forward position as well. Evander Kane, Brayden Schenn, Ryan Johansen, Nino Niederreiter, Ryan Nugent-Hopkins, and Sven Baertschi are all young forwards that have honed their skills in the Western Hockey League and all went on to be selected in the opening round of the annual NHL Entry Draft.
1. Seth Jones, D (Portland Winterhawks)Skating in an already pro-size body, Seth Jones oozes the elite hockey sense, astute defensive awareness and confident poise that few defenders currently playing in the National Hockey League even own. Described by Nickolet as the "unquestionable number one ranked WHL player for the draft", Jones is also considered the top ranked player in the entire draft class by virtually every major scouting agency. The rangy blue liner has revved up his offensive production as he nears a point-per-game pace and really has no glaring weakness in his game. Seth Jones may be the most complete defenseman to come along in modern day draft history and he is a player that projects perfectly to the NHL game and that makes him all that more attractive to scouts as the number overall selection.
"The WHL prospect with likely the highest offensive upside in the draft", states Nickolet, as he mentions his offensive skillset and compete level as admirable qualities in Hunter Shinkaruk. He is a talented winger that plays a dynamic offensive game with an ability to dance around opposing defenders, release a dangerously accurate shot at the drop of a hat or use his advanced on-ice vision to feed a streaking teammate.
Among the top scoring defensemen in the WHL, Ryan Pulock was not able to surpass his impressive offensive totals from last year but his defensive game has improved in his third year of major junior hockey. Pulock plays on a struggling Brandon Wheat Kings team which will not make playoffs and that limits scouts to just regular season action to gauge this hard-shooting defenseman's potential. Pulock owns top 10 potential but after a few ups and downs this season and the fact that he is among one of the oldest players available, Pulock could slip a bit in the draft.
NIckolet has Morrissey ranked as his 5th best WHL player but based on strong gut feelings, I feel as though Morrissey's potential gives him the edge over borderline first round prospect Curtis Lazar (Nickolet's 4th ranked WHL player). As Cody Nickolet explains, "[Morrissey's] stock has slid a bit for me since the start of the year but I still think he is a future top 3 defender." The Raiders' leader in defensive scoring, Morrissey projects as a solid puck moving defenseman that can skate in defensive shut down situations, an area he has greatly improved during his draft year.
Flawless skater with four-way mobility rarely observed in defensemen, Bowey uses his feetwork to create offensive chances as well as defend the opposition. He can skate the puck out of trouble and maintains good defensive positioning in the Rockets' zone with his capability of jumping into the rush and easily getting back due to his quick feet. Bowey's ability to make smart decisions and execute a clean first pass makes him an attractive selection inside the first round.
The Portland Winterhawks have become one of the top factories for producing NHL talent. After losing Sven Baertschi and Ty Rattie to the professional leagues, Portland Winterhawk sophomore Nic Petan has stepped up large. Competing relentlessly in a 5-foot-9 and sub 170-pound frame, Nic Petan has thrashed the WHL scoresheets racking up 45 goals and 111 points with just a few games remaining in the regular season of his draft year. Legitimate concerns surround Petan's smaller stature and how his game will translate to the big leagues but with several promising smaller players experiencing current success in the NHL, a team with a middle to late first round selection may roll the dice early in the first round on this offensively dynamic forward.
Klimchuk is a hard-working winger that battles to get to the scoring areas and once he is there, he rarely misses. Regina's scoring winger is not an overly dynamic forward but his strong hockey intelligence allows him to read the ice well as a scorer and a solid playmaker as well. As primarily a shooter, Klimchuk owns a quick release and good accuracy but his ability to cover the ice using his feet is an underrated attribute as his scoring chances usually increase when the left winger is moving his feet. Klimchuk projects as a late first or early second round selection for the upcoming draft.
Lazar's biggest criticism as a prospect is his limited offensive potential. NHL teams find it difficult to warrant the use of a first round selection on a player that projects merely as a "shutdown defensive forward, especially in a draft class littered with forwards owning intriguing offensive upsides. In saying that, Lazar was spectacular in the Edmonton Oil Kings' 2012 WHL Championship run and his ability to step-up under pressure shows great character and a winning attitude and that attribute alone, could see him drafted very high.
There seems to be a similar trend coming with WHL blue liners as most of the draft eligible defensemen are very good skaters. Seattle's Shea Theodore is no different. His offensive style of game stems from his advanced skating ability. A defenseman who exemplifies smooth four-way ability, Theodore packages his quick feet with a deadly accurate point shot that makes him a true powerplay threat. As the WHL regular season approaches an end, Shea Theodore sits amongst the defensive scoring leaders in both goals (18) and points (48).


1. Two format HDD for choosing: Internal D630 HDD fits D630 laptop and runs faster, External HDD supports any laptop with USB 2.0.
4. Only needs to send LAN-ID, HardwareID, APP ID to activate EPC, WIS, and DAS. For Xentry, users can activate by self, there is keygen in the HDD.
5. DAS can open on the desktop directly, there is DAS icon on the desktop.
Works with MB star c3, MB Star c4.
Software languages: Chinese; English, Croatian ; Czech; Danish; Dutch; Finish;French; German; Greek; Hungarian;Italian; Japanese; Korean; Polish; Portuguese; RomanianRussian; Spanish; Swedish; & Turkish.
2.W-I-S net 2015.09: Workshop Information System Supply the whole view of the wiring diagram in a car,component location diagram and maintenance method. What you do is to enter the chassis number, and then you will get the manufacture data, engine configuration and the car model -all in detail.
Activation Need, send LAN-ID, HardwareID, APP ID to activate EPC, WIS, and DAS. For Xentry, users can activate by self, there is keygen included. Need, send LAN-ID, HardwareID, APP ID and HW-ID to activate EPC, WIS, Xentry, and DAS.
Q: How to use the newest software? What should i pay attention when i use it?
1.Plug out the HDD of your computer, and then insert our HDD with newest software.
Note: Your computer should have just only one HDD, it is our HDD. It is the basic and most important point.
Eerro: If you don't plug your HDD from the computer, and connect our HDD with the computer by USB, it mean your computer has two HDDs at the same time, the software on the HDD would be sure to be damaged by your wrong operation, and you can not use it any more.
2.When all ready, start your computer, then the software will be automatically installed, don't move it, just wait. During the DAS installtion, your computer will restart few times, just like reinstalling your computer system. It will last nearly 15-20 minutes.
Note: During the installation, make sure of enough power of your computer, don't let it power off. Or it also will damage the software.
3.When you see the Diagnostic screen, there are DAS, Xentry, and so on, it means that the installation has finished.
Note: Don't try to change the HDD to a mobile HDD, and connect with your computer by USB. It can not work normally, and will also damage the software.
If you still can not confirm that you can install the software successfully, you can contact us with our customer service on our website. We will provide technical support for you.
Q:What is the difference for the installation between the newest software 11/2010 version and the nomal C3 software?
A: If you receive the HDD like the picture above, the installation is the same as the 11/2010 version software, you should plug out your computer HDD first, insert our HDD to your computer, and then start to install it.
If you receive the HDD coming with a USB cable from the package, you don't need to plug out the HDD from your computer, you can connect the HDD with your computer by USB, and then start the installation.
Better to close the Anti-virus software on your computer. Because the Anti-virus may recognise it as a type of virus, will clear off all the software on the CD.
There is develop software in the hardisk,but it has only german language.


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Q: What does it mean to have a continuous (and discontinuous) partial derivative? I think that I understand the increment theorem, however I do not really see how we get the corollary:
"If the partial derivatives $ƒx$ and $ƒy$ of a function $ƒ(x, y)$ are continuous throughout an open region R, then ƒ is differentiable at every point of R."
What does it mean that a partial derivative is continuous? Why is it not meant to say that if the function itself is fully continuous, then f is differentiable at every point R, which for me would be easier to see from the interval theorem as we would be able to note that any small change in x and y in f will yield something that has a sufficiently small error that tends to $0$ in terms of its partial derivatives(which we assume exist and so anything in the region R is fully differentiable). What would the concept of a continuous (and by implication, discontinuous) partial derivative be, and why is my intuition of the interval theorem incorrect?

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