text:
Q: Youtube CommentThreads api Insert not working I'm trying to Use Youtube api v3 to comment on video and getting this error but my request data is correct according to documentation.
Here is my code.
Using oauth the code setting access_token like this
oauth.setCredentials(tokens);
 var channelId = "UCq-Fj5jknLsUf-MWSy4_brA";
                var request = Youtube.commentThreads.insert({
                          "part": [
                                    "snippet"
                          ],
                          "resource": {
                                    "snippet": {
                                              "videoId": "qfuFeUnAm8E",
                                              "topLevelComment": {
                                                        "snippet": {
                                                                  "textOriginal": "best video"
                                                        }
                                              },
                                              "channelId": channelId
                                    }
                          }
                }, (err, data) => {
                          if (err) {
                                    console.log(err, 'errerrerr')
                          }
                          if (data) {
                                    console.log(data, 'datadata');
                          }
                });

This is the error i'm getting in return
  errors: [
{
  message: "The API server failed to successfully process the request. While this can be a transient error, it usually indicates that the request's input is invalid. Check the structure of the commentThread resource in the request body to ensure that it is valid.",
  domain: 'youtube.commentThread',
  reason: 'processingFailure',
  location: 'body',
  locationType: 'other'
}

]
This is the authentication or authorization code generating everytime
"tokens": {
    "access_token": "[redacted]",
    "scope": "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/youtube https://www.googleapis.com/auth/youtubepartner https://www.googleapis.com/auth/youtube.force-ssl https://www.googleapis.com/auth/youtube.upload",
    "token_type": "Bearer",
    "expiry_date": 1655195240477
}

A: I think you should consider testing out your insert in the try me  The object you have created doesnt look right at all.
You should consult comments resource for the proper format of the body.

<button onclick="authenticate().then(loadClient)">authorize and load</button>
<button onclick="execute()">execute</button>


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Q: Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) and charge sensitive pre-amplifier I have an H7195 assembly type Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) used to be tested for single photon measurement. I would like to use the dynode output to check the spectrum by connecting to a charge sensitive pre-amplifier (Canberra 2005) and then shaping with an amplifier before transferring the signals to Multi-Channel Analyzer (MCA).
Based on the manual of the preamplifier, the output will have a $50 \mu s$ decay time while my measurement only giving around $2 \mu s$ decay time. I checked using the anode output 1 as the input, it gave me around 100 us decay time if I did not terminate the anode output 2. With 50 ohm termination in anode output 2, the decay time decrease to 4 us. I also checked using a ramp down signal from a function generator and the output provides around 100 us decay time.
As far as I know, the decay time of this preamp is only determined by the resistance-capacitance (RC) value in the integrator circuit. As long as the input is a charge, the output should give 50 us decay time. what could be the issue here and how can I investigate this problem?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Euphorbia enterophora is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar.  Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.

References

Endemic flora of Madagascar
enterophora
Least concern plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The primary purpose of the Office of Evangelization is to assist the parishes of our diocese in the cause and effort of evangelization. It is our goal as a diocese through the Office of Evangelization to assist parishes in proclaiming to all people the love, compassion, hope and promise of Jesus Christ as preserved and proclaimed in the Gospel, an experience and message so eagerly sought by many. It is also our goal to deepen and strengthen the faith of our Catholic people in their weekly quest to live as Jesus calls us to in service to all. The Office of Evangelization will do all in its power to assist parishes in proclaiming the good news of Jesus Christ in such a way that many will be drawn to Him and His Church.
The retreat is for any parishioner, especially those who are in ministry and need a day away in prayer and reflection!
Where yesterday and tomorrow meet.
What are we doing to deepen our faith?
• What are we doing for this many who attend church this week?
• What are we doing for those who only come occasionally?
• What are we doing for those who love God but do not attend mass?
• What are we doing for our youth and young adults?
• What are we doing to bring back those who have lost interest or been alienated from the church?


One of them means that Apple finally adds an Apple Pay button to the checkout part on their sites.
Apple's option "Pay with Apple Pay" is available only in Safari now.
Apple Pay is expected to provide competition to PayPal, a global online payments system.
Bringing Apple Pay to the web gave Apple a possibility to offer its payment method to a wide range of shoppers who don't shop in apps, or just prefer shopping on the web.
Despite the popularity of peer-to-peer payments nowadays, Apple did not release a peer-to-peer payments service through Apple Pay.


Dear dear beloved soulmate Akua – 50 years ago to this day your mother popped you out. That day marks the birth of my greatest gift and blessing I have ever received – YOU! YOU are the biggest reason I have to live. I would travel through the gates of hell for you!


To serve you more efficiently, all of our coaching, mastermind, and training programs are located inside ONE membership site.
If you clicked a button on our Dashboard for a program you belong to, and find yourself unable to access that program or are being told you need to upgrade, here is what could be happening and how to remedy it.
1) If the order you just placed had multiple programs on it, it's possible there was a misfire and the site only recognized one of them when you created your username and password. Rest assured – we're on it.
Just e-mail customersupport@KellyRoachCoaching.com. A human being personally reviews EVERY SINGLE REGISTRATION we receive, so it's possible we'll catch it before you do and fix it for you. But e-mail us just to be sure.
2) If you invested on an installment plan or are part of an ongoing program and you are behind on your payments, your access to that content may be suspended. Check your e-mail for instructions as we would have contacted you to request a credit card update. As soon as we get your payments caught up, your access will be reinstated. E-mail customersupport@KellyRoachCoaching.com for questions and assistance.
3) If your question is not answered here, e-mail us at customersupport@KellyRoachCoaching.com.
Again, thank you for your investment in Kelly Roach Coaching!


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Q: search for multiple keywords in the same field in Yii2 I need to search several key words that appear in the same database field. For example if field contains "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" and someone searches for "quick" and "dog" this should be returned as a match.
so I take the search field and explode it into an array based on spaces:
$terms = explode( " ", $this->search_term );
Then I thought I'd throw this into a loop:
foreach ($terms as $key) {
    $query->andFilterWhere( [
        'or',
        [ 'like', 'item.name', $key ],
    ] );
}

However this isn't working, plus it's not very elegant.

A: You should simply build properly the condition parameter, e.g. :
$condition = ['or'];
foreach ($terms as $key) {
    $condition[] = ['like', 'item.name', $key];
}
$query->andWhere($condition);

A: I think you have to join the conditions by using or conditions.
foreach ($terms as $key) {
    $query->orFilterWhere( [
        'or',
        [ 'like', 'item.name', $key ],
    ] );
}

This is how you have to add another or conditions. See here for further details.
I guess there is no other ways to do this without doing for loop.


Is The Hunger Games Trilogy Books Appropriate For An Almost 10 Year Old?
My son will be 10 in August, he is going into 5th grade and is a smart and pretty mature kid. An advanced reading group in his elementary school was reading the Hunger Games and he missed joining the group and really wants to read the books. I bought them and read them myself not knowing what they were about, but knowing there was a movie out, so they must be pretty good right? They are good books, but I am concerned they are a bit much for a 10 year old. I explained the plot to my husband (when I was only a few chapters in) and he thought it sounded horrible for a kid to read and couldn't believe they were reading it at school. Any out there who has read the books have any input? My son loves reading about wars and military books and stuff along those lines. he's always been very much into war history and anything military, so there is a similarity in the types of books he reads now, but don't have quite the disturbing nature of teenagers forced to kill each other for a game, said like that it sounds horrible, but in the end you realize the main character is trying to figure out how to put an end to the "games" and not let the crazy people who invented them stay in control of everyone.
I don't think I'd allow it, but maybe if you talked with him about how to skim so that you can skip bad parts while still knowing what's going on, and kept an open dialogue about it, it would be okay. It makes it more difficult now that a bunch of his friends have read it.
I only have a toddler, these decisions are still in the future for me. Good luck in deciding!
I think 10 is a bit young to read them. That amount of violence is just way to much for a child that young to know about. Yes, it is fiction and most likely would never happen, but you get those thoughts into a young mind and they just take off. There's already so much death on TV that most kids don't understand death is real and very painful. These books do show how real those deaths are and it's a very emotional series. I really don't think any child's mind is ready for those emotions. If anything, let him see the movie. They toned it way down from the book!
My 10-yr-old grandson saw it and was fine. They were careful not to be TOO graphic with the violence, but it is a very violent movie against children. So, if you're child is sensitive to that kind of thing I'd say wait.
The Lord of the Flies by William Golding is, I think, worse in many respects and yet is frequently read by 10 to 12 year olds as a 'set book' for English Literature class.
I would say, having read the Hunger Games trilogy myself, that there are many mature themes but that they are handled in ways appropriate for a mature child to deal with.
What age a child needs to be to be 'mature' really depends on the individual child and I do not know your son as you do. I suspect that he would be perfectly able to cope with it at his age though, provided that you sit down with him and discuss the books at regular intervals. Before he starts, prepare him for the fact that some of the things in the story are unpleasant and that he may have strong feelings, such as anger, fear, confusion and grief. Let him know that he can discuss the books and the feelings they may engender with you at any time and this is one thing that adults do in order to work through things that they find difficult.
Should he, according to your judgement, then seem to be overly stressed by the subject matter, you can gently suggest that he continue the series when a little older.
My son is in grade 5 and he is just starting to read the Hunger games he had to wait a long time to check it out of the school library because so many other kids in his grade were reading it as well. I have read them and I loved the series, they are amazing books my son and I talked about the fact that they are fiction and not real so that he understands before he picks one up to read it that what he is reading would never happen.
I loved the series but it honestly depends on your child. I'm pretty hard boiled but I cried during that book. The violence is NOT romanticized, woounds hurt, people make bad choices and injuries sometimes can't be fixed.
They're also a terrifid indictment of reality tv, especially the viewers.
If he's upset by acts of real violence, thenI'd say wait a bit.
Should Kids Read the Book Before Seeing the Movie?
Good book series equivalent to "Twilight" or "Harry Potter"????
At what age should kids read Twilight?
At what age is the book series The Hunger Games appropriate?
What is one of your all time favorite books you have ever read??
How can I help my 6 yr. old boy get better at reading?
Does your child read Chapter books? if so what are they reading?
Q: What are some great books for grade schoolers?


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Documenting Fracking Impacts: A Yearlong Tour from a Bird's-Eye-View
August 8, 2018 /2 Comments/in Articles, Data and Analysis, Our Perspectives /by Ted Auch, PhD
"The aeroplane has unveiled for us the true face of the earth." by French writer and aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupéry author of Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince)
I always tell people that you can't really understand or appreciate the enormity, heterogeneity, and complexity of the unconventional oil and gas industry's impact unless you look at the landscape from the cockpit of a Cessna 172. This bird's-eye-view allows you to see the grandeur and nuance of all things beautiful and humbling. Conversely, and unfortunately more to the point of what I've seen in the last year, a Cessna allows one to really absorb the extent, degree, and intensity of all things destructive.
I've had the opportunity to hop on board the planes of some amazing pilots like Dave Warner, a forester formerly of Shanks, West Virginia (Note: More on our harrowing West Virginia flight with Dave later!!), Tim Jacobson Esq. out of La Crosse, Wisconsin, northern Illinois retired commodity and tree farmer Doug Harford, and Target corporate jet pilot Fred Muskol out of the Twin Cities area of Minnesota.
Since joining FracTracker I've been fortunate to have completed nearly a dozen of these "morning flights" as I like to call them, and five of those have taken place since August 2017. I'm going to take the next few paragraphs to share what I've found in my own words and by way of some of the photos I think really capture how hydraulic fracturing, and all of its tentacles, has impacted the landscape.
The following is by no means an empirical illustration. I'm increasingly aware, however, that often times tables, charts, and graphs fail to capture much of the scale and scope of fossil fuel's impact. Photos, if properly georeferenced and curated, are as robust a source of data as a spreadsheet or shapefile, both of which are the traditional coins of the realm here at FracTracker.
West Central Wisconsin Frac Sand Mines
Figure 1. Wisconsin and Winona, Minnesota silica sand mines, processing facilities, and related operations
It was nearly a year ago today that I met Bloomer, Wisconsin dairy farmer Ken Schmitt at the Chippewa Valley Regional Airport (KEAU) and soon thereafter jumped into Tim Jacobson's Cessna 172 to get a bird's-eye-view of the region's many frac sand mines and their impacts (Figure 1). These sites are spread out over a 12-county region known as West Central Wisconsin (WCW). Ken hadn't been up to see these mines since October of 2016 and was eager to see how they had "progressed," knowing what he did about their impact on his neck of the woods in northern Chippewa County.
Ken is one of the smartest guys I've ever met, and – befitting a dairy farmer – he is also one of the most conservative and analytical folks I've ever met. However, that morning it was clear that his patience with county administrators and the frac sand mining industry had long since run out. He was tired of broken promises, their clear and ubiquitous bullying tactics, and a general sense that his livelihood and the farm he was hoping to leave his kids were at risk due to sand mining's complete capture of WCW's residents and administrators.
Meanwhile Mr. Jacobson Esq. was intimately familiar with some of the legal tools residents were using to fight the spread of sand mining in the WCW. This is something he referred to as "anticipatory nuisance" lawsuits, which he and his colleagues were pursuing on behalf of several landowners against OmniTrax's (f/k/a Terracor) "sand mine, wet and dry processing, a conveyor system to a rail load out with manifest yard" proposal in Jackson County, Wisconsin. I, too, have worked with Tim to inform some of his legal work with respect to the nuisance stories and incidents I've documented in my travels, as well as research into the effects of sand mining across Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.
Explore details from our sand mining tour by clicking on the images below:
Wisconsin Proppants frac sand mine and processing infrastructure, Curran, Jackson County, 8/2/2017
Miscellaneous frac sand processing and rail spur, West Central Wisconsin, 8/2/2017
Hi-Crush frac sand processing, conveyor system, and rail spur, Trempealeau County, Wisconsin, 8/2/2017
Hi-Crush frac sand mine highwall, Augusta, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, 8/2/2017
Hi-Crush frac sand mine, Augusta, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, 8/2/2017
Fairview Cranberry/Smart Sand Mine, processing infrastructure, and rail loadout spur, Monroe County, Wisconsin, 8/2/2017
Our flight lasted nearly 2.5 hours and stretched out over 4,522 square miles. It included nearly 20 sand mines – and related infrastructure – in the counties of Jackson, Wood, Clark, Eau Claire, Monroe, Trempealeau, and Buffalo. What we saw was a sizeable expansion of the mining complex in the region since the last time I flew the area – nearly four years earlier on October 8, 2013. The number and size of mines that had popped up since that trip were far greater than any of us had expected.
This expansion paralleled the relative – and total –increase in demand for "proppant" from the High Volume Hydraulic Fracturing (HVHF) all across the country (Figure 2).
Figure 2. A map of the likely destination for Wisconsin's frac sand mines silica sand based on an analysis of Superior Silica Sand's 2015 SEC 10Ks.
West Virginia Panhandle & Southeastern Ohio
On the morning of January 26th, I woke up on the west side of Cleveland thinking there was very little chance we were going to get up in the air for our flight with SouthWings' pilot Dave Warner due to inclement weather. There was a part of me that was optimistic, however, so I decided to make the three hour drive down to the Marshall County Airport (KMPG) in Moundsville, West Virginia from Cleveland in the hopes that the "cold rain and snow" we'd been receiving was purely lake effect stuff and the West Virginia panhandle had not been in the path of the same cold front.
Marshall County, West Virginia Airport (KMPG) staff clearing the runway for our flight with SouthWings pilot Dave Warner, 1/26/2018
Unfortunately, when I arrived at the Moundsville airport I was wrong, and the runway was pretty slick around 8:00 a.m. However, the airport's staff worked diligently to de-ice and plow the runway and by the time Dave Warner arrived from southern West Virginia conditions were ideal. The goal of this flight was two-fold:
Photograph some of the large-scale high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) infrastructure in the West Virginia counties of Doddridge, Wetzel, and Marshall owned and operated by MarkWest, and
Allegheny Front's Julie Grant was doing a story on natural gas gathering pipeline's impact on waterways, and more specifically the Hellbender Salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). She was looking to see the impacted landscape from the air.
Both of these goals were achieved efficiently and safely, with the resulting Allegheny Front piece receiving significant interest across multiple public radio and television platforms including PRI's Living On Earth.
Explore details from our WV / OH tour by clicking on the images below:
Hydraulic fracturing drill rig in a northern West Virginia floodplain, 3/6/2018
Natural gas compressor station and gathering line associated with MarkWest Cracker Facility, West Virginia Panhandle, 3/6/2018
Miscellaneous natural gas compressor station and associated mountaintop removal, West Virginia Panhandle, 3/6/2018
MarkWest Cracker Facility, West Virginia Panhandle, 3/6/2018
Miscellaneous gas gathering line, Belmont County, Ohio, 3/6/2017
Browns Run Coal Impoundment, Benwood, West Virginia, 3/6/2018
On my return drive home that afternoon the one new thing that really resonated with me was the fact that hydraulic fracturing or fracking has come to be defined by 4-5 acre well pads across Appalachian, Texas, Oklahoma, and North Dakota. This is a myth, however, expertly perpetuated by the oil and gas industry and their talking shops. Fracking's extreme volatility and quick declines in rates of return necessitate that this latest fossil fuel iteration install large pieces of infrastructure like compressor stations and cracking facilities. This all is to ensure timely movement of product from supply to demand and to optimize the "value added" products the global markets demand and plastics industry uses as their primary feedstocks. This large infrastructure was never mentioned at the outset of the shale revolution, and I would imagine if it had been there would be far more resistance.
The one old thing the trip reinforced was the omnipresence and sinuosity of natural gas gathering lines across extremely steep and forested Appalachian geographies. How these pipelines will hold up and what their hasty construction is doing to terrestrial and aquatic wildlife, not to mention humanity, is anyone's guess; the data is just so darn bad.
March 5, 2018 – aka, The XTO Powhatan Point Well Pad Explosion Flight
FAA's Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) notification
Around 9 a.m. on Thursday, February 15, 2018, an explosion occurred at XTO's Schnegg frack pad "as the company worked to frack a fourth well" in Powhatan Point, Belmont County, Ohio. Shortly thereafter, a two-mile Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) was enacted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) around the incident's location. The TFR was supposed to lapse during the afternoon of March 5, however, due to complications at the site the TFR was extended to the evening of March 8.
We were antsy to see what we could see, so we caught an emergency flight with Dave Warner, only this time under the LightHawk umbrella. We left on the morning of March 5th out of the all too familiar[1] Carroll County-Tolson Airport (KTSO). Although we couldn't get close to the site, there was a holler valley to the northwest of the pad that allowed us to capture a photo of the ongoing releases. Additionally, within several weeks we obtained by FOIA the raw Ohio State Trooper monitoring footage from their helicopter and posted this footage to our YouTube channel, where it has received 4,787 views since March 19, 2018. This type of web traffic is atypical for anything that doesn't include kittens, the Kardashians, or the Kardashians' kittens.
Explore details from our Southeastern Ohio tour by clicking on the images below:
Clearwater Three, LLC Class II SWD Well, Guernsey County, Ohio, 3/6/2018. This is one of the busiest injection wells in the state as is evidence from the ten waste trucks seen here.
Antero's Crestone Unconventional Pad and associated gathering line, Belmont County, Ohio, 39.8582, -81.19192, 5/3/2017
SOS-D (SWIW #12) Class II SWD Well, Guernsey County, 3/6/2018
Mark West natural gas processing facility, Summerfield, Ohio, Spring, June, 2016
Consol's Cowgill fracking wastewater impoundment with five of Royal Flush brine hauler's trucks traveling to and from the impoundment, Noble County, Ohio, 5/6/2018
Natural Gas compressor station and associated permanent land clearance, Southeast Ohio, 5/3/2018
Rover natural gas transmission pipeline tunneling under I-77, Stark County, Ohio, 3/6/2018
Hydraulic Fracturing or refracking operations in Belmont County, Ohio, 5/6/2018
Much like our flight in January the most salient points I got out of Dave's plane thinking about were:
Astonishment regarding the number of gas gathering lines and the fact that they seem to have been installed with very little-to-no reclamation forethought. They are also installed during a time of year when – even if hydroseed is applied – it won't grow, leaving plenty of chances for predictable spring rains to cause major problems for streams and creeks, and
Amazement over the growing inventory of large processing infrastructure required by the HVHF industry. This insfrastructure includes the large Mark West and Blue Racer Midstream processing plants in Cadiz and Lewisville, Ohio, respectively, as well as Texas-based Momentum Midstream's natural gas liquids-separating complex in Scio along the Carroll and Harrison County borders. That complex is affectionately referred to by the company's own spokesman as The Beast because of its sheer size.
It is a big plant, a very big plant and far bigger than other plants around here… What's really amazing that we got it up and running in six months. No one believed that we could do that. – Momentum Midstream spokesman Eric Mize discussing their natural gas liquids-separating complex in Scio, Ohio.
Frac Sand Mines and The Nature Conservancy's Nachusa Grasslands Buffalo Herd, Franklin Grove, Illinois
It was during the week of June 20, 2016 that I first visited the frac sand mine capital of the United States: LaSalle County, Illinois. Here is the land of giant silica sand mines owned by even larger multinationals like U.S. Silica, Unimin, and Fairmount Santrol.
Fast forward to the week of May 21st of this year, and I was back in the frac sand capital to interview several folks that live near these mines or have been advocating for a more responsible industry. I conducted a "morning flight" with several journalists and county officials from neighboring Ottawa County.
LaSalle County is an extremely interesting case study for anyone even remotely interested in the food, energy, and water (FEW) conversation that has begun to receive significant attention in the age of the "Shale Revolution." (Such focus is largely thanks to the extreme amounts of water required during the fracking process.) While LaSalle County has never experienced even a single HVHF permit, it is home to much of the prized silica or "proppant" the HVHF industry prizes. La Salle receives this recognition due to its location above one of the finest sources of silica sand: the St. Peter Sandstone formation. This situation has prompted a significant expansion in the permitting of new silica sand mines and expansion of existing mines throughout the county – from small townships like North Utica and Oglesby to Troy Grove 7 miles north on East 8th Road.
Meanwhile, LaSalle County is home to some of the most productive soils in the United States, due largely to the carbon sequestration capabilities of the tallgrass prairies that once dominated the region. In any given year, the county ranks in the top 5 nationally based on the amount of soybean and corn produced on a per-acre basis. According to an analysis of the most recent USDA agricultural census, total agricultural value in LaSalle County exceeds $175 million or seven times the national average by county of roughly $23 million.
Needless to say, the short-term extraction of silica sands in the name of "energy independence" stands to have a profound impact on long-term "food security" in the U.S. and worldwide. Sadly, this conflict is similar to the one facing the aforementioned West Central Wisconsin, home to similarly productive soils. The cows that feed on the forage those soils produce some of the highest quality dairy anywhere. (As an aside: both regions are facing the realities of their disproportionate support for Donald Trump and the effects his trade war will have on their economies.)
LaSalle County is also home to the 2,630-acre Starved Rock State Park along the south bank of the Illinois River. Much of the park's infrastructure was built by the Civilian Conservation Core (CCC) back in the early 1900s. Starved Rock is home to 18 canyons featuring:
… vertical walls of moss-covered stone formed by glacial meltwater that slice dramatically through tree-covered sandstone bluffs. More than 13 miles of trails allow access to waterfalls, fed season runoff or natural springs, sandstone overhangs, and spectacular overlooks. Lush vegetation supports abundant wildlife, while oak, cedar and pine grow on drier, sandy bluff tops. – IL DNR
Starved Rock receives more than 2.5 million visitors annually, which is the most of any Illinois state park. However, it is completely surrounded by existing or proposed frac sand mines, including US Silica's Covel Creek mine. US Silica even recently pitched an expansion to the doorstep of Starved Rock and future plans to nearly engulf the park's perimeter. What such an expansion would do to the attractiveness of the park and its trickle down economic impact is debatable, but LaSalle County residents Paul Wheeler and photographer Michelle McCray took a stab at illustrating the value of the state park to residents for our audience back in August, 2016:
How Frac Sand Mining is Altering an Economy Dependent on Starved Rock State Park, IL
Our flight with LightHawk pilot and neighboring Mazon, Illinois retired farmer Doug Harford lifted off from Illinois Valley Regional Airport (KVYS) at around 9:00 a.m. local time on the morning of May 24th. We had perfect conditions for taking photos, with no clouds and a comfortable 70-75°F for the duration of a two-hour flight. We covered nearly 200 square miles and ten existing, abandoned, or permitted frac sand mines.
Explore details from our Illinois tour by clicking on the images below:
Fairmount Santrol's mine and processing facilities, Wedron, LaSalle County, Illinois, 5/24/2018
Unimin frac sand mine, North Utica, LaSalle County, Illinois, 5/24/2018
Fairmount Santrol/Manley Brothers frac sand processing and rail spur, Troy Grove, LaSalle County, Illinois, 5/24/2018
US Silica frac sand processing, rail spur, and wastewater/dredge pond, Ottawa, LaSalle County, Illinois, 5/24/2018
Northern White Sand frac sand mine separation and processing drum, North Utica/Ottawa, LaSalle County, Illinois, 5/24/2018
Fairmount Santrol/Manley Brothers frac sand mine exposed silica, Troy Grove, LaSalle County, Illinois, 5/24/2018
All passengers were struck by how large these mines were and how much several of the mines had expanded since the last time we all flew over them in June of 2016. The mines that had experienced the greatest rates of expansion were US Silica's LaSalle Voss mine along Interstate 80 and the aforementioned Illinois River mine along with Fairmount Mineral's major expansion, both in terms of infrastructure and actual mine footprint, in Wedron along the Fox River.
Figure 3. A map of the LaSalle County frac sand mines and associated St. Peter sandstone formation, along with the city of Chicago for some geographic perspective.
Most of this expansion is due to three critical distinguishing characteristics about the industry in LaSalle County:
The processing and export infrastructure (i.e., east-west rail) is in place and allows for mining to take place at times when other sand mining regions are mothballed,
Due to the large aggregation of parcels for farming purposes, companies can lease or outright purchase large amounts of land from relatively few landowners, and
Only the largest firms are active in the region, and with economies of scale they are not subject to the same types of shocks that smaller firms are when the price of oil collapses (like it did between June 2015 and February 2016). This means that the conflict will only be amplified in the coming months and years as the frac sand mining industry looks to supersede agriculture as LaSalle County's primary economic driver.
However, all is not lost in North Central Illinois. This hope was stoked during our sojourn – and my subsequent trip in person – up to see The Nature Conservancy's 3,600 acre preserve in Franklin Grove on the border of Lee and Ogle counties. As someone who is working hard to establish a small plot of prairie grasses and associated wildflowers at my home outside Cleveland, I was hoping to see what an established prairie looks like from the air. My primary goal, however, was to see what a healthy herd of native bison looks like.[2] The Nachusa bison are unique in that they came:
… from Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota and…Unlike most other American bison, animals from the Wind Cave herd have no history of cross-breeding with cattle. Bison from Wind Cave are the species' most genetically pure and diverse specimens.
We were fortunate during our flight to have spotted the heard at the western edge of the preserve in what volunteer naturalist, Betty Higby, later told me the staff calls Oak Island. While I am not a person of faith, seeing these behemoths roaming freely and doing what 20-30 million of their ancestors used to do across much of North America moved me in a way I was not prepared for. I was immediately overwhelmed with a sense of awe and humility. How was I going to explain this beast's former ubiquity and current novelty to my 5-year-old son, who shares a love of the North American Bison with me and would most certainly ask me what happened to this majestic creature?
Medina & Stark counties, Ohio NEXUS Pipeline flight
Ohio is currently home to 2,840 fracking permits, with 2,370 of these laterals having been drilled since September 2010. The growing concern around the fracking and petrochemicals conversation across much of the Midwest is the increasing number of FERC-permitted natural gas pipeline "proposals"[3] the industry is demanding it needs to maximize potential. Most residents in the path of these pipelines have strong objections to such development, citing the fact that imminent domain should not be invoked for corporate gain.
Much like all of the other patterns and processes we've documented and/or photographed at FracTracker, we felt that a flight over the latest FERC-approved pipeline – The NEXUS pipeline – would give us a better understanding of how this critical piece of infrastructure has altered the landscapes of Medina and Stark counties. Given the population density of these two northeastern Ohio counties, we also wanted to document the pipeline's pathway with respect to urban and suburban centers.
Our flight on June 25th was delayed due to low clouds and last minute changes to the flight plan, but once we took off from Wadsworth Municipal Airport (3G3) with a local flight instructor it was clear that NEXUS is a pipeline that navigates a sinuous path in cities and townships like Green, Medina, Rittman, and Seville – coming dangerously close to thousands of homes and farms, as well as many schools and medical facilities.
Explore details from our NEXUS Pipeline tour by clicking on the images below:
Will this be the last FERC-approved pipeline to transverse Ohio in the name of "energy independence"? Will this pipeline and its brethren with names like the Utopia and ET Rover be monitored in real-time? If not, why? It is unfortunate, to say the least, that we so flippantly assume these pipelines are innocuous given their proximity to so many Ohioans. And, as if to add insult to injury, imminent domain is invoked. All this for a piece of oil and gas infrastructure that will profit companies on the global market, with only a fraction of the revenue returning to affected communities.
I don't know of a better way to understand the magnitude of these pipelines than flying over them at 1,000-1,500 feet, and I will continue to monitor and photograph oil and gas developments from the air with the assistance of amazing pilots like those affiliated with LightHawk and SouthWings.
To this end, I will be returning to West Central Wisconsin for yet another "morning flight" with the aforementioned La Crosse-area pilot and lawyer Tim Jacobson and frequent collaborator University of Wisconsin-Stout professor Tom Pearson.[4] Our flight plan will return us to the northern Wisconsin frac sand counties of Chippewa, Barron, Dunn, Eau Claire, and if we have time we'll revisit the mines we photographed in August of last year. We've been told by Susan Bence, an environmental reporter out of Milwaukee Public Radio, that she is trying to convince the powers that be at NPR in Washington, DC that this is a story the entire country should hear about. Wish us luck!
Flyover Partners
By Ted Auch, Great Lakes Program Coordinator
Bird's-Eye-View Endnotes
The first of my morning fracking flights was out of this airport back in June, 2012 along with the other passenger on this flight Paul Feezel of Carroll Concerned Citizens and David Beach of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History's Green City Blue Lakes program.
The Conservancy initially brought at least 30 bison of different ages and genders to Nachusa. The bison graze on approximately 1,500 acres of the prairie and the site currently supports more than 120 bison according to site volunteer naturalist Betty Higby.
I put quotes around this word because in my travels across Ohio interviewing those in the path of these transmission pipelines it is clear that this is not the correct word because 'proposals' implies that these pipelines might not happen or are up for debate. Yet, neither could be further from the truth with most folks indicating that it was very clear very early in their interactions with FERC and the pipeline companies that there was never a chance that these pipelines were not going to happen with "imminent domain for private gain" being the common thread throughout my conversations.
Tom is the author of a recently published book on the topic "When the Hills Are Gone."
Supporting Documentation
Aubry R. Letter to LaSalle County Board regarding "Blank Check Legislation" relative to frac sand mining across the county (PDF).
Aubry R. Feb 26, 2018. Letter to LaSalle County Board regarding Fairmount Santrol's Wedron frac sand mine expansion proposal (PDF).
Giuliani D. Mar 15, 2018. County Board gets little zoning info (PDF). Ottawa Times (regarding Fairmount Santrol's Wedron frac sand mine).
Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). 2017. Monthly State Park Attendance for 2016 (PDF).
Research Department of the U.S. Travel Association. 2017. The Economic Impact of Travel on Illinois Counties 2016 (PDF). Study prepared for the Illinois Bureau of Tourism.
Tags: frac sand, fracking, fracking waste, IL, illinois, OH, Ohio, photos, sand mines, West Virginia, WI, wisconsin, WV
https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Sand-Flyover-Feature.jpg 400 900 Ted Auch, PhD https://www.fractracker.org/a5ej20sjfwe/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Fractracker-Color-Logo.jpg Ted Auch, PhD2018-08-08 10:31:522019-07-19 06:43:16Documenting Fracking Impacts: A Yearlong Tour from a Bird's-Eye-View
Spring 2017 Internship Applications for FracTracker Now Being Accepted
Loyalsock from the Sky
Sifting Through Sand Mining
Public Herald's #fileroom Update
Ohio's Waste Not, Want Not!
Appalachian Ohio: Where Coal Mining, Fracking, and National Politics Converge
Very good overview and the pictures really are worth a thousand words. I was expecting to see dark skies and devastated landscapes but it is actually quite orderly and neat.
Renny Sherrow says:
Powerful and enlightening presentation. I'm motivated to share and activate awareness with those I know who live and enjoy the starved Rock reserve. Thank you.
Pennsylvania Pipelines and Pollution Events Arvin, CA Setback Ordinance Passes Unanimously!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
LEVELDB_CFLAGS?=-I/opt/local/include/
LEVELDB_LDFLAGS?=-lleveldb -L/opt/local/lib
SDB_CFLAGS?=-I../../../src
SDB_LDFLAGS?=../../../src/libsdb.a

CC?=gcc
CXX?=g++

all: bench-sdb bench-leveldb

bench-sdb:
	${CC} -o bench-sdb bench-sdb.c $(SDB_CFLAGS) $(SDB_LDFLAGS)
	time ./bench-sdb
	PYTHONPATH=../../../bindings/python python bench-sdb.py

bench-leveldb:
	${CXX} -o bench-leveldb bench-leveldb.cxx \
		$(SDB_CFLAGS) $(SDB_LDFLAGS) \
		$(LEVELDB_CFLAGS) $(LEVELDB_LDFLAGS)
	time ./bench-leveldb
	python bench-leveldb.py

clean:
	rm -rf bench-sdb bench-leveldb a.out __*

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Buccaneers QB Jameis Winston has one of the least productive games of his career vs. Ravens
Jameis Winston's performance against the Baltimore Ravens on Sunday afternoon did nothing to dissuade those who feel like he is on his way out of Tampa Bay this offseason.
Winston put forth a dreadful performance in his team's loss to the Ravens, completing just 13 of his 25 passes for 157 yards and an interception, good for a passer rating of 54.9.
According to Greg Auman of The Athletic, the 157 yards was the lowest mark of Winston's career for a game he played start to finish.
In eight games this season, Winston has thrown for 2,311 yards, 14 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions while posting a passer rating of 88.1. While his numbers don't look terrible, they are a far cry from what one would expect from a No. 1 overall pick.
The Buccaneers drafted Winston out of Florida State University back in 2015, and in his first season, the Bessemer, Al. native was actually fairly impressive, finishing with 4,042 yards, 22 touchdowns, and 15 picks while completing 58.3 percent of his passes and posting a passer rating of 84.2 en route to a Pro Bowl appearance.
The following year, Winston registered 4,090 yards, 28 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions, completing 60.8 percent of his passes and tallying a passer rating of 86.1.
Last season, however, injuries and off-the-field controversy derailed Winston, and even though his numbers weren't bad, people in Tampa Bay were beginning to lose patience with the signal-caller.
Now, there is talk that the Bucs could simply cut ties with Winston this offseason in order to start fresh.
The Buccaneers, who are now just 5-9 on the season, have not made the playoffs since the 2007-08 campaign.
JUST IN: Chicago Bears snap Aaron Rodgers' streak of passes without an interception at 402
Related TopicsBuccaneersjameis winston


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Netball World Cup 2019: Expert's verdict on Group A
As the Vitality Netball World Cup 2019 draws ever closer, we run the rule over every side that will be taking to court in Group A at the M&S Bank Arena in Liverpool.
The competition starts on Friday, July 12 and you can watch every match of the tournament live on Sky Sports.
This will be the 15th edition of
Vitality Netball World Cup 2019: Group by group
As the Vitality Netball World Cup 2019 draws ever closer, we run the rule over every side that will be taking to court at the M&S Bank Arena in Liverpool. The competition...
Sky Sports 2019-06-30
What countries are in the Netball World Cup? Full guide to the teams plus their ...
THE Netball World Cup starts on July 12 with fans across the country supporting the England Roses to see if they can replicate their stunning gold medal winning performance...
The Sun 2019-07-06
'For the love of the game': Ryan proud to lead amateur Northern Ireland squad into Netball World Cup
Dan Ryan has declared that he'll be proud to be in the green corner when Northern Ireland open their Netball World Cup campaign against his native Australia in Liverpool...
Belfast Telegraph 2019-07-11
2019 Netball World Cup: Australia and New Zealand start win victories
Australia and New Zealand got their 2019 Vitality Netball World Cup off to the perfect start with impressive victories on day one in Liverpool. Australia were in...
The Review LIVE – India v New Zealand | ICC Cricket World Cup 2019
India vs New Zealand - Match Highlights | ICC Cricket World Cup 2019
🔴LIVE: FORTNITE PRO AM 2019 TOURNAMENT (DUO) FT. TFUE, NINJA *NEW*
Sri Lanka vs India - Match Highlights | ICC Cricket World Cup 2019
World Cup 2019: Indian Fans Disappointed After Team India's Loss | ABP News
Watch: Fans react to India's defeat to New Zealand in World Cup semi-final
Highlights from the USWNT's victory parade in New York City | 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup
Virat Kohli reacts to India defeat vs. New Zealand 'it breaks my heart' | Cricket World Cup
Fortnite World Cup - Week 9 Finals
Netball World Cup 2019: Expert\'s verdict on Group D
England, Scotland, Samoa and Uganda battle it out for the three qualification places on offer in Group D, Tamsin Greenway gives us the lowdown on who to look out for. The competition starts on Friday, July 12 and you can watch every match of the tournament live on Sky Sports. This will be the 15th edition of netball's pinnacle tournament and the third time England has played...
Australia Netball World Cup 2019 squad – will the Diamonds retain the title?
With the 2019 Netball World Cup starting very soon in Liverpool, the Australian Diamonds will be hoping to bag their 12th world title. A dominant force on the world netball stage, they are known for their tough person-on-person challenges, speedy play and unbelievable shooting. Here's a look at their squad The Australian 2019 World Cup netball squad Who is in the Australian...
Bowman\'s World Cup injury woe a problem for NI coach Ryan
Northern Ireland's Netball World Cup hopes have suffered a serious setback with star shooter Lisa Bowman being ruled out of next month's tournament through injury. The 30-year-old Magherafelt ace damaged her ankle badly in training and an MRI scan has confirmed fears of a fracture for the former Malcolm Brodie Player of the Year winner at the Belfast Telegraph Sports Awards. It...
Northern Ireland\'s newcomers can light up Netball World Cup: O\'Hanlon
Northern Ireland captain Caroline O'Hanlon is backing the team's fresh faces to shine at the Netball World Cup, which begins in Liverpool this week. Shooting trio Shaunagh Craig, Ciara Crosbie and Emma Magee are the three major tournament newcomers in Dan Ryan's Warriors squad of 12. It's all change in the attacking circle for Northern Ireland since Gold Coast 2018 with Lisa...
How do you win a World Cup? Just ask the Australian Diamonds
With 11 of the 14 available World Cup titles under their belt, the Australian Diamonds are netball's all-conquering force. As they prepare for their toughest ever test, Dan Ryan and Erin Delahunty unpick what makes them so successful. Success, they say, speaks for itself. So what does 11 World Cups say? It says more than success - it says dominance. The Diamonds have dominated...
Diamonds fail to sparkle at Netball World Cup in win over Zimbabwe
Against an opponent it's never faced, world number one Australia looked lost and confused at times in Liverpool on Saturday and despite beating Zimbabwe 73-37, Lisa Alexander's charges now have plenty to work on before the Netball World Cup gets serious next week. Playing in just its second-ever match at the tournament, Cup debutant Zimbabwe rattled the Diamonds from the get-go...
USA v Netherlands - FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019™ - THE FINAL
USA retained the FIFA Women's World Cup™, winning it for a fourth time, after beating the Netherlands in the France 2019 Final. Find out where to watch France 2019 live: fifa.tv/watch2019 More FIFA Women's World Cup highlights: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCGIzmTE4d0ic-x5M9c0C1MvQla301_zo Women's World Cup Daily: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCGIzmTE4d0ge23bkGTys0zQUu5szkcfl Follow all the action from France across the FIFA Platforms: 👉 http://www.youtube.com/fifa 👉 https://www.facebook.com/fifawomensworldcup/ 👉 https://twitter.com/FIFAWWC 👉 http://www.instagram.com/fifaworldcup 👉 http://www.fifa.com...
In the latest episode of The Review LIVE, Niall is joined by Special Guests Matt Henry and Trent Boult alongside Sanjay Manjrekar and Ian Smith to discuss the first semi-final of #CWC19. The home of all the highlights from the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019. Subscribe here: https://bit.ly/30D11CA This is the official channel of the ICC - the governing body of international cricket....
Watch full highlights of the India vs New Zealand at Old Trafford Cricket Ground, Game 46 of the 2019 Cricket World Cup. The home of all the highlights from the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019. Subscribe here: https://bit.ly/30D11CA This is the official channel of the ICC - the governing body of international cricket....
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Watch full highlights of the Sri Lanka vs India at Headingley Carnegie, Game 44 of the 2019 Cricket World Cup. The home of all the highlights from the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019. Subscribe here: https://bit.ly/30D11CA This is the official channel of the ICC - the governing body of international cricket....
New Zealand defeated India by 18 runs in the first semifinal of the ICC World Cup played at the Old Trafford cricket ground at Manchester to secure a berth in the grand finale of the marquee event. Defending a 239-run total, the Kiwis bowled out India for 221 with Matt Henry picking up 3 wickets and other Kiwi bowlers collectively bowling well as a unit. #IndiaVsNewZealand #WorldCupSemifinal To Subscribe our YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/user/abpnewstv Download ABP App for Apple: https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/abp-live-abp-news-abp-ananda/id811114904?mt=8 Download ABP App for Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.winit.starnews.hin&hl=en About Channel: ABP News is a news hub which provides you with the comprehensive up-to-date news coverage from all over India and World. Get the latest top stories, current affairs, sports, business, entertainment, politics, astrology, spirituality, and many more here only on ABP News. ABP News is a popular Hindi News Channel made its debut as STAR News in March 2004 and was rebranded to ABP News from 1st June 2012. The vision of the channel is \'Aapko Rakhe Aagey\' -the promise of keeping each individual ahead and informed. ABP News is best defined as a responsible channel with a fair and balanced approach that combines prompt reporting with insightful analysis of news and current affairs. ABP News maintains the repute of being a people\'s channel. Its cutting-edge formats, state-of-the-art newsrooms commands the attention of 48 million Indians weekly. Watch Live on http://abpnews.abplive.in/live-t...
Watch fans react to India\'s shocking loss to New Zealand in the World Cup semi-final. Kohli and his men were defeated by 18 runs to lose a chance at competing for their third World Cup victory. Fans said that they were disappointed by the result as they had high hopes and Team India had reached close to their goal. India\'s top order failed in the match against New Zealand while chasing a target of 239. Rohit Sharma, KL Rahul and Virat Kohli failed to fire, while Ravindra Jadeja and Mahendra Singh Dhoni\'s steady partnership managed to take India close to the target, but was eventually not enough....
Members of the United States women\'s soccer team celebrate winning the 2019 FIFA Women\'s World Cup with a parade through the New York City's Canyon of Heroes. New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio congratulates the team and presents them with keys to the city. U.S. Soccer President Carlos Cordeiro addresses the call for equal pay for the men's and women's soccer teams, among chants from the crowd. USWNT head coach Jill Ellis, co-captains Carli Lloyd, Alex Morgan and Megan Rapinoe thank the fans. Rapinoe also endorsed Cordeiro in the pay discussions and calls for unity and less contention in society. ✔ Subscribe to ESPN+ https://plus.espn.com/ ✔ Get the ESPN App: http://www.espn.com/espn/apps/espn ✔ Subscribe to ESPN on YouTube: http://es.pn/SUBSCRIBEtoYOUTUBE ✔ Subscribe to ESPN FC on YouTube: http://bit.ly/SUBSCRIBEtoESPNFC ✔ Subscribe to NBA on ESPN on YouTube: http://bit.ly/SUBSCRIBEtoNBAonESPN ✔ Watch ESPN on YouTube TV: http://es.pn/YouTubeTV Exclusive interviews with Rachel Nichols https://urlzs.com/jNURe Stephen A. Smith on ESPN https://urlzs.com/W19Tz ESPN on Social Media: ► Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/espn ► Like on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/espn ► Follow on Instagram: www.instagram.com/f/espn Visit ESPN on YouTube to get up-to-the-minute sports news coverage, scores, highlights and commentary for NFL, NHL, MLB, NBA, College Football, NCAA Basketball, soccer and more. More on ESPN.com: http://www.espn.com...
India captain Virat Kolhi faces the press following his team's stunning 18-run defeat to New Zealand at Old Trafford in Manchester, England. Kohli reflects on the Black Caps' sensational opening bowling spell that left India reeling on 5 for 3, MS Dhoni's surprise appearance down the batting order and Ravindra Jadeja's spellbinding innings that almost turned the match on its head. #ESPNcricinfo Subscribe to ESPN UK: http://bit.ly/1oGUzVA Follow ESPN UK across multiple platforms: https://en-gb.facebook.com/ESPNUK https://twitter.com/ESPNUK http://www.espn.co.uk/...
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USA retained the FIFA Women's World Cup™, winning it for a fourth time, after beating the Netherlands in the France 2019 Final. Find out where to watch France 2019 live: fifa.tv/watch2019 More FIFA Women's World Cup highlights: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCGIzmTE4d0ic-x5M9c0C1MvQla301
In the latest episode of The Review LIVE, Niall is joined by Special Guests Matt Henry and Trent Boult alongside Sanjay Manjrekar and Ian Smith to discuss the first semi-final of #CWC19. The home of all the highlights from the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019. Subscribe here: https://bit.ly/30D11C
Watch full highlights of the India vs New Zealand at Old Trafford Cricket Ground, Game 46 of the 2019 Cricket World Cup. The home of all the highlights from the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019. Subscribe here: https://bit.ly/30D11CA This is the official channel of the ICC - the governing body of
🔴LIVE: FORTNITE PRO AM 2019 TOURNAMENT FT. TFUE, NINJA *NEW* Fortnite World Cup Finals Week 3 Livestream - Tfue, Ninja Fortnite World Cup LIVE Weekly online tournaments start in-game on April 13, where eligible players in each server region will compete to qualify for the Fortnite World Cup Finals
Watch full highlights of the Sri Lanka vs India at Headingley Carnegie, Game 44 of the 2019 Cricket World Cup. The home of all the highlights from the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019. Subscribe here: https://bit.ly/30D11CA This is the official channel of the ICC - the governing body of internatio
New Zealand defeated India by 18 runs in the first semifinal of the ICC World Cup played at the Old Trafford cricket ground at Manchester to secure a berth in the grand finale of the marquee event. Defending a 239-run total, the Kiwis bowled out India for 221 with Matt Henry picking up 3 wickets and
Watch fans react to India\'s shocking loss to New Zealand in the World Cup semi-final. Kohli and his men were defeated by 18 runs to lose a chance at competing for their third World Cup victory. Fans said that they were disappointed by the result as they had high hopes and Team India had reached clos
Members of the United States women\'s soccer team celebrate winning the 2019 FIFA Women\'s World Cup with a parade through the New York City's Canyon of Heroes. New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio congratulates the team and presents them with keys to the city. U.S. Soccer President Carlos Cordeiro addr
India captain Virat Kolhi faces the press following his team's stunning 18-run defeat to New Zealand at Old Trafford in Manchester, England. Kohli reflects on the Black Caps' sensational opening bowling spell that left India reeling on 5 for 3, MS Dhoni's surprise appearance down the batting order
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It's the place to eat, the place to be, the place to be seen in Dominica, and it just got even better.
The Palisades restaurant at Dominica's Fort Young hotel has officially relaunched, with a newly designed, expanded eatery and a new menu by renowned Jamaican Chef Kevin Broderick.
The waterfront eatery, which relaunched this week, has an open design, with al fresco dining on a wrap-around balcony and another level under a canopied roof.
Broderick has taken the reins at the restaurant after having served as a guest chef in the middle of 2018.
It's another big step for the Fort Young, which has emerged as the centerpiece of Dominica's tourism recovery.


Bangladeshi migration in to India has curiously, and cynically, captivated politicians and judges and commentators alike. Politically exploited by both of India's national political parties, and even the subject of a major Supreme Court judgement in 2005 – which, in my opinion, was decided per incuriam, Bangladeshi migrants have caused the only major changes to India's citizenship and foreigners' laws since Independence. In recent years and months, ethnic and identity-based conflict in eastern and north-eastern India has refocused national attention on these issues. There is now talk of amending India's laws to (i) create new procedures under the Foreigners Act, 1946 to deport non-Hindu Bangladeshis, (ii) create mechanisms to protect Bangladeshi-origin Hindus, and (iii) interfere with the scheme of the Assam Accord.
Proposals to amend the foreigners' laws for political expediency are not new. The last time there was movement in this field was in 2006, when the UPA government issued subordinate law to countermand the Supreme Court's judgment in Sarbananda Sonowal (2005) 5 SCC 665 which struck down the Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983 ("IMDT Act"). The government's attempted cleverness was put down, the Supreme Court re-entered the field in Sarbananda Sonowal (II) (2007) 1 SCC 174, censured the administration, and quashed the subordinate law in question. Now, however, Mr. Sarbananda Sonowal – the petitioner/appellant in the previous cases as a member of the Asom Gana Parishad, which he dumped in 2011 to join the Bharatiya Janata Party – is in power at the new Central Government (he is the Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports). Legal change seems a realistic prospect.
At the root of the matter are two issues: (a) the phenomenon of migration from Bangladesh and the consequent "demographic invasion" of many parts of India's north east causing, in turn, competing claims upon natural resources; and, (b) the arbitrary application of the stringent Foreigners Act, 1946, that has been criticised for its subversion of the due process regime. It was to counteract the harshness of the Foreigners Act that the Government enacted the IMDT Act through Parliament but implemented it only in the State of Assam. The Act prescribed a procedural framework to determine the status of a person alleged to be foreigner in a manner fairer than that prescribed by the Foreigners Act and more consistent with the norms of due process of law. The Supreme Court's striking down of the IMDT Act due to its failure to detect and deport illegal foreigners is but the last in a series of attempts to respond to the presence of Bangladeshi migrants in India. The migration itself, however, is a much older reality.
Border crossings in Bengal are not rare. First partitioned into two units in 1906 in furtherance of a colonial policy of 'divide and rule', Bengal's shared ethnicity and language ensured that its division did not hamper the constant flow of people both ways across this administrative border. However, with the advent of Pakistan in 1947, East Bengal joined the Pakistani federation as a Muslim-majority province. Ethnic and linguistic tensions between the two far flung units of Pakistan fuelled an increasing sense of alienation and a secessionist movement which, in 1971, culminated in an open war fought primarily between Pakistan and India, which actively supported Bengali nationalism. The subsequent creation of Bangladesh, and the political and religious violence that accompanied it, caused a massive influx of millions of Bengali refugees into India, who were received by the Indian Government in camps and settlements across the five States that bound Bangladesh. While the majority of these refugees voluntarily returned to Bangladesh at the cessation of hostilities, many remained in India.
The remaining refugee population has been joined, in the last three decades of Bangladesh's independent existence, by millions of impoverished Bangladeshis escaping poverty, natural disasters and growing pressure on natural resources who have crossed the Indian border in search of land and economic opportunity. These migrant settlers have complemented a floating population of seasonal and frontier migrants. Ethnic proximity and kinship ties, together with a porous international border and an allegedly complicit Bangladeshi administration, contributes to the undocumented presence in India of millions Bangladeshi migrants. The majority of these migrants allegedly live or temporarily work in West Bengal. While the states of Meghalaya, Tripura, Manipur, Mizoram, Bihar and even Delhi have received large numbers of illegal migrants, it is in Assam that the controversy first turned violent and captured national attention.
Various commentators, including the Supreme Court, have responded with alarm and intolerance to this influx. Between the late 1970s and early 1980s, disaffected Assamese youth, citing their displacement from land and economic opportunity as reasons, led a campaign of protest and agitation against the migrant influx and urged the government to take decisive measures to protect the interests of indigenous Assamese. Some commentators have claimed that Bangladesh's inability to cater to its large population has fed its aggressive policy of encouraging migration into India's north east.
Those who entered between the baseline date and 24 March 1971 (the cut-off date) were to be detected and treated in accordance with the Foreigners Act and the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964. Their names were to be deleted from electoral rolls for a period of ten years and they were to immediately register themselves in compliance with the Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939, and Rules made thereunder.
Those who entered after the cut-off date were to be detected and treated in accordance with the IMDT Act.
In pursuance of this political settlement, the Citizenship Act, 1955, was amended in 1985 to insert a new section 6A to give legal effect to the threefold classification. Firstly, sub-section (2) deems those persons who entered India before the baseline date to be citizens of India from 1 January 1966. Secondly, sub-sections (3) and (4) require those persons who entered India between the baseline date and the cut-off date, and who have been detected to be foreigners under the Foreigners Act and Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, to register themselves in compliance with the Registration of Foreigners Act and Registration of Foreigners Rules. All foreigners so detected are to have their names struck off all electoral lists but, upon registration, are entitled to the same rights and obligations as a citizen of India including the right to obtain a passport. Sub-section (5) then deems such registered persons to be citizens of India after a period of ten tears from the date of their detection as foreigners. Thirdly, the inserted section is silent on the status and treatment of foreign migrants in Assam after the cut-off date. Ordinarily, the Foreigners Act would continue to apply for their detection and deportation. However, it was because of the stringency of the Foreigners Act and the resultant deportation of genuine Indians that Parliament enacted the IMDT Act, section 3(c) of which restricts the Act's application to only those illegal migrants who entered India after the cut-off date.
Aware of the stringency of the Foreigners Act, and its alleged misuse to arbitrarily deport genuine Indians and foreigners without any substantial form of due process, Parliament enacted the IMDT Act in 1983 to establish judicial tribunals to determine questions of illegality and deportation "in a fair manner". Until 2000, the IMDT Act's tribunals managed to secure the physical expulsion of only 1481 migrants from Assam – a meagre 0.03 per cent of their estimated total population in that state. It does appear that the Act failed its stated intention.
(c) he has entered India without a valid passport or other travel document.
(iii) any foreigner who has overstayed in India beyond the permissible limit endorsed upon his valid travel documents.
This is restrictive definition applied to only those persons who were not citizens of India and who had illegally entered India after the cut-off date and who had not been detected at the border. Since the Act did not apply to those detected at the border, the Supreme Court's judgement describes an illegal migrant's entry into India as "clandestine and surreptitious". Therefore, foreigners who legally enter India with valid travel documents but subsequently overstay were not covered by the IMDT Act, but were left to be treated by the Foreigners Act. Similarly, the Act did not apply to illegal entrants before the cut-off date; and, did not apply to citizens of India.
It has been claimed that the IMDT Act violated the equality clause of the Constitution by arbitrarily classifying foreigners and treating them differently. However, there can be little doubt that foreigners can be treated as a special class, and illegal migrants a further sub-class within the class of foreigners, to sustain the validity of the special treatment of the IMDT Act consistent with the equality dispensation laid down in Article 14 of the Constitution. The fact that illegal migrants constitute a special class of foreigners is easily borne out by the special executive and legislative action undertaken by the government – the separate laws – to deal with the influx.
The IMDT Act was brought into force by the Central Government only in the State of Assam. Section 1(3) deems the Act to have come into force in Assam on 15 October 1983. However, the Act extends "to the whole of India" [section 1(2)] and may be brought into force in any other State by the Central Government's notification of the same in the Official Gazette [section 1(3)]. Therefore, the claim that the Act violated the equality clause of the Constitution by restricting its application to illegal migrants in Assam alone is wrong. The solution to this problem was not to strike down the Act, which extends itself to the whole of India subject to executive notification, but to push the Central Government to implement the Act equally in all States facing illegal migration.
(b) on an application made by any concerned person, subject to certain conditions [section 8(2)].
(c) on a reference made by the Central Government from an application made by a concerned person to the Central Government [section 8A(1)].
This addition was made because it was felt that the power given to concerned persons by section 8(1) to refer the cases of suspected illegal migrants was being abused. The new section 8A(1) provided that only a total of ten applications were to made by the same concerned person each accompanied by declarations of another person living within the same jurisdiction; and, only ten such declarations were to be made by such other persons.
(ii) call upon the alleged migrant to make submissions in his defence within thirty days, the time period being extendable by sufficient cause, if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the person is indeed an illegal migrant [section 11(2)].
In exercise of powers conferred on the Central Government by section 28 of the Act, the Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Rules, 1984 [the "IMDT Rules"] were made. Rule 2(ii) recognised and defined a 'competent authority' to be the Central Government, or any State Government or any officer subordinate to either government who is so empowered. Normally, the Superintendent of Police was recognised as the Competent Authority and vested with crucial powers. Before a reference under either sections 8(1) or 8A(1) could be made, the Competent Authority was required to conduct a preliminary inquiry [Rule 3]. To conduct the preliminary inquiry, the Competent Authority could direct an Inquiry Officer, not below the rank of Sub-Inspector of Police, to elicit information, maintain a detailed diary and submit a report [Rules 4 – 7]. The Report was referred to a Screening Committee, set up in each sub-divisional level and comprising the Sub-Divisional Magistrate and police officer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police, and the Screening Committee would solemnise the information and make its recommendations on the status of the alleged migrant to the Superintendent of Police [Rule 8]. Finally, on the recommendations of the Screening Committee, the Competent Authority, if it appeared to it that there arose a question as to the status of the alleged migrant, could refer the matter to the tribunal.
After receiving references or applications, the tribunal would, after taking adduced evidence and making inquiries and hearing appropriate persons, decide by order whether the person is or is not an illegal migrant [section 12(1)]. However, where there were differences in opinion between the Tribunal's members, the Chairman of the Tribunal could state the differences by reference to the President of the Appellate Tribunal for another decision by members of another tribunal [section 12(2)].
All such orders by the tribunals were subject to the decision of the Appellate Tribunal, but were final and not to be called into question in any other court [section 12(4)]. All parties to the matter before the tribunal – the alleged migrant named in a reference under sections 8(1) or 8A(1) or in an application under section 8(2), the applicant and the Central Government – had the power to appeal the decision of the tribunal to the Appellate Tribunal [section 14], appointments to which could only be made from sitting or retired Judges of the High Courts. The Appellate Tribunals were also vested with the powers of a civil court and could pass orders only after giving the parties a reasonable opportunity of being heard.
As a general rule, the burden of proving a fact rests on the party making the affirmative allegation with regard to that fact and not on the party denying it [See, sections 101 – 103 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872]. However, there are exceptions to general this rule. One such exception is that where any fact to be proved is peculiarly within the knowledge of a party, it is for him to prove it [See, section 106 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872]. Therefore, traditionally the party making an allegation has the burden of proving it. However, the Foreigners Act places the burden of proving that a person is not a foreigner on the person alleged to be a foreigner and not on the government party alleging him to be a foreigner [section 9 of the Foreigners Act].
The IMDT Act made no such provision. In the absence of an express invocation of the exception, the general rule governing the burden of proof would prevail. Therefore, under the scheme of the IMDT Act, it was for the party alleging that a person is an illegal migrant – either the Central Government or an applicant – to prove the claim. While the reversal of the burden of proof in the Foreigners Act has resulted in many illegal migrants being deported from other States, this has often been achieved at the cost of procedural due process. At the same time, much of the criticism of the IMDT Act was directed at its return to the conventional rule of burden of proof. This created a peculiar situation where opponents of the IMDT Act criticised its use of an indisputably fairer procedure but ignored the imperative need for laws to conform to accepted norms of due process.
At the same time, the Supreme Court noted that about 4.89 lakhs of illegal migrants were deported from West Bengal using the Foreigners Act between 1983 and 2001. However, this is not a realistic figure; a substantial number of migrants working in West Bengal are seasonal or frontier migrants – crossing the notoriously porous border with regularity and re-entering India to work irrespective of a previous deportation. Also hidden within this figure are an alarming number of Bengali Muslims – Indians, but victims to a cruel communalisation of border politics that opportunistically uses the stringent Foreigners Act to deny poor Indians of their citizenship.
The Foreigners Act prescribes more stringent procedures for deporting foreigners. As its Statement of Objects and Reasons declares, the Act was born out the "needs of the war emergency". Its continued application in independent India for more than sixty years after the end of the Second World War can only be seen as an indication of the government's desire to retain almost absolute powers to deal with foreigners. Section 3 vests the Central Government with the power to issue orders to provide for all aspects of the entry, stay and exit of foreigners from India. There have been a number of Orders which have been framed under Section 3, including those placing restrictions on the movement, activity and residence of foreigners; and, requiring their proof of identity and regular appearance before the police. The extent of this executive power is extensive; it is only limited by the need to conform to the equality and life, liberty and due process provisions of the Constitution of India [Articles 14 and 21].
In addition, Section 5 of this Act forbids foreigners from changing their name while in India; Section 6 requires masters of ships and pilots of aircraft to maintain records of travelling foreigners; Section 7 obliges hotel-keepers to maintain records of the stay of foreigners; Section 9 places the burden of proving that a person is not a foreigner on that person; Section 12 provides for the delegation of these powers; and, Section 14 provides penalisation of foreigners found in contravention of the Act or any Order made thereunder. The Foreigners Act gives the executive untrammelled powers in relation to the power of deportation that has been generally exercised by the executive free from judicial review. This power is given to the Central Government by Section 3(2)(c) of the Foreigners Act, 1946 (This is in addition to the power to refuse entry for non-fulfilment of conditions inviting instant deportation). This power may be widely exercised (a) where a foreigner violates the conditions of his legal entry into, and stay, in India; (b) where a foreigner breaks the criminal law of the country; and, (c) where a minister certifies that the continued presence of a foreigner in India is not conducive to public interest. (This generally flows from Section 3(2)(c) of the Foreigners Act, 1946 and the practice followed under it).
This position has been upheld by the Supreme Court in many cases thereafter (See, Louis De Raedt (1991) 3 SCC 554 at pr. 13 and Sarbananda Sonowal (2005) 5 SCC 665 at prs. 74-79).
However, it is left to the discretion of the Central Government to refer an alleged foreigner to the Foreigners Tribunals constituted under the Order of 1964. This is a power that is rarely used; instead, the government exercises its powers under Section 3 of the Foreigners Act to deport or restrict alleged foreigners, without the due process of the Order of 1964. In Sarbananda Sonowal's case in 2005, while striking down the IMDT Act, the Supreme Court ordered the executive to constitute Foreigners Tribunals to detect and treat foreigners in Assam. Therefore, while the protection of the procedurally cumbersome specialised migrants' tribunals was taken away, the Supreme Court did not leave migrants in Assam up to the whims of the executive's deportation powers.
It is imperative that the government is empowered to deal with foreigners illegally on its territory. In most common law jurisdictions, the power to remove illegal aliens is reserved for the discretion of the executive with minimal judicial intervention. In India, this scheme is upheld by the Foreigners Act. However, it is equally important that laws permitting executive action against aliens contain at least minimal due process safeguards. The lack of such safeguards in the Foreigners Act goes to the root of its misuse. The Foreigners Act has been used in the past to remove Indian citizens from India on the pretext of their being illegal aliens. This abuse of the government's deportation powers has taken place primarily because of (a) the lack of due process in the deportation process and, (b) the excessive delegation of the Act's vast powers.
the right of an alleged foreigner to present evidence in support of his case.
the appointment of members to the tribunals must be through a fair and transparent procedure and their tenure must be secured from detrimental government interference.
This entry was posted in Governance and Constitutionalism, Immigration and Asylum and tagged Assam, Assam Accord, Bangladesh, citizenship, deportation, foreigners, Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, Foreigners Act, illegal migrants, IMDT Act, migration, Sarbananda Sonowal. Bookmark the permalink.


You can't directly import bookmarks into Opera Blink yet, only the ones from Opera Presto. However you need to have it installed and Opera Blink should recognize that installation.
You can try an extension or open the html file in Opera ans add each link manually.
Hi Rclund, if you already have imported your bookmarks, into the Chrome profile, then you can simply copy "Bookmarks", and "Favicons*" files, from the Chrome profile folder to the Opera profile directory, after that, all bookmarks from Chrome, should appear on the "Bookmarks bar". For more details, please have a look here.
Thanks for your responses. The link to other discussion was too esoteric for me and maybe not related to Windows 7.
Documents and Settings folder but not under Win 7 where it has to go. My Win 7 copy is OEM so no migration is allowed.
except for the "access denied" thing. I have used it even to edit a file in Hex. It shows up all the hidden things.
does not allow it to load. If anyone thinks of another possible solution, I would be thankful for a response.
If you do, add that page to your speed dial, and use your bookmarks online until they get synchronisation sorted.


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Tenure Track Positions
Post-doc Fellowships
PhD Travel Support
Visiting Positions
Academic Activity
Mediterranean Forum
Publication Support
Mediterranean Bibliography
Library Acquisitions
HCMH Newsletter
Maritime Civilizations & Art History Joint Book Launch Event
A Singular Mediterranean Monument:
Justinian's Bronze Horseman and Its Global Reach
Prof. Elena N. Boeck
Department of History of Art and Architecture, DePaul University
This lecture is based on my new book, which explores seminal moments in the biography of a contested medieval monument between ca. 500 C.E and 1600 C.E. Justinian's triumphal column was the tallest, free-standing column of the pre-modern world was crowned by the largest metal, equestrian sculpture created anywhere in the world before 1699. The Byzantine empire's bronze horseman towered over the heart of Constantinople, assumed new identities, spawned conflicting narratives, and acquired widespread international acclaim. Because all traces of Justinian's column were erased from the urban fabric of Istanbul in the sixteenth century, scholars have underappreciated its astonishing agency and remarkable longevity. Its impact in visual and verbal culture was arguably among the most extensive of any Mediterranean monument. Its agency can be recovered from Byzantine, Islamic, Slavic, Crusader, and Renaissance historical accounts, medieval pilgrimages, geographic, apocalyptic and apocryphal narratives, vernacular poetry, Byzantine, Bulgarian, Italian, French, Latin, and Ottoman illustrated manuscripts, Florentine wedding chests, Venetian paintings, and Russian icons. This lecture discusses some of the evidence analyzed in the book.
Tuesday, May 24, 2022, 14:15
The Haifa Center for Mediterranean History (HCMH)
University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
Phone: +972-4-8240967 | E-mail: hcmh@univ.haifa.ac.il


On the 23rd May Tower Hamlets celebrated this years GLL Sport Foundation (GSF) athletes at the newly reopened iconic Poplar Baths. This year 73 athletes in the borough received an award compared to 63 athletes last year.
Athletes who were awarded Achievement, Top Up, Ambassador or SportsAid awards were invited to Poplar Baths to collect their cheques, certificates and t-shirts on the night. We look forward to following their progress throughout the year.
Presentations were completed by GLL's Head of Sport and Communities Phil Lane, GSF Manager Mark Gliddon and Tower Hamlets Council's Partnership and Participation Manager Tim Clee. We were also lucky enough to hear motivational words from Olympic athletes Perri Shakes-Drayton and Conrad Williams who inspired the other athletes with stories of their sporting journeys and who gave advice on how to compete at the highest level.
After presentations everyone was left to network and mingle – we saw our biggest social media traction for a while from the athletes who showed their appreciation for the GLL Sport Foundation. The Olympians were very engaging and had obviously inspired the younger athletes who had photos taken with them and stuck around to hear their stories.
The event was a great success and we look forward to next year where we hope to increase the amount of athletes we support from the borough yet again!


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Bryce Hegarty
Fly Half
Adding to the Waratahs stocks in 2016 is former Rebel, Bryce Hegarty. A versatile back, Hegarty attracted the attention of Australian Rules scouts during his school days due to his kicking prowess. He made his Super Rugby debut for the Rebels as the youngest member of the squad in May 2013 against the Blues, making his run-on debut a week later. In 2014, he missed just one match and continue to score tries before being named the Rebel Rising Player of the Year. He left the Rebels at the end of Super Rugby last year before signing a deal to play in the Japanese Top League for their 2015/16 season. Hegarty started his professional sporting career with the Broncos' U20s in 2011 and 2012 before making the move to the 15-man game. A standout in the Norths U18 league team, Hegarty was a star union player in his school days at Marist College, Ashgrove in the north of Brisbane.
Adding to the Waratahs stocks in 2016 is former Rebel, Bryce Hegarty. A versatile back, Hegarty attracted the attention of Australian Rules scouts during his school days due to his kicking prowess. He made his Super Rugby debut for the Rebels as the youngest member of the squad in May 2013 against the Blues, making his run-on debut a week later. In 2014, he missed just one match and continue to score tries before being named the Rebel Rising Player of the Year. He left the Rebels at the end of Super Rugby last year before signing a deal to play in the Japanese Top League for their 2015/16 season. Hegarty started his professional sporting career with the Broncos' U20s in 2011 and 2012 before making the move to the 15-man game. A standout in the Norths U18 league team, Hegarty was a star union player in his school days at Marist College, Ashgrove in the north of Brisbane. Now in 2017 after another season with the Waratahs, Hegarty will lace up the boots for the Sydney Rays.
Hegarty News
Hegarty honoured to be indigenous program ambassador
27 May 2019 Super Rugby
Reds captain Kerevi backs Hegarty to shine in return to Sydney
8 Mar 2019 Super Rugby
Opening bye can be a bonus for Reds: Hegarty
18 Feb 2019 Super Rugby
More Bryce Hegarty News
Videos of Bryce
Hegarty and Reds turn attention to Rebels
26 Mar 2019 Super Rugby
Thorn hands Hegarty reins against former club
Round one bye a positive for Reds: Hegarty
Hegarty returns home to link up with Reds
21 Jan 2019 Super Rugby


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Wieża Woka – wieża widokowa, najstarszy zabytek Prudnika, najstarsza wieża zamkowa na Górnym Śląsku i najstarsza prywatna budowla obronna na terenie Polski. Znajduje się na terenie Starego Miasta, na Placu Zamkowym. Jest jedyną pozostałością po zamku w Prudniku.

Historia
Zamek gotycki w zakolu rzeki Prudnik został wzniesiony w XIII-wieku z inicjatywy czeskiego szlachcica Woka z Rożemberka, który jest uważany za założyciela Prudnika. Początkowo była nazywana Wieżą Pogańską. Wieża w pełniła funkcję miejsca ostatecznej obrony, gdyż grube ściany i wejście do wnętrza wieży na wysokości 12,5 m czyniły z niej miejsce nie do zdobycia. Oprócz tego pełniła też funkcje więzienne, a także służyła jako magazyn żywności i zbrojownia.

Inna wersja powstania wieży, obalona przez Augustina Weltzla w XIX w. mówi, że drewniany zamek Wogendrüssel założyli ok. 1000 roku templariusze co jest ewidentną nieprawdą, gdyż zakon powstał dopiero w 1118 roku. W XIX w. wieża miała być rozebrana, ale gdy pruski oficer dowiedział się o jej pochodzeniu, kazał ją zostawić.

Podczas pożaru 27 sierpnia 1806 roku spłonął cały zamek oprócz wieży. Na miejscu nieistniejącego zamku w 1837 wzniesiono kompleks stajni garnizonowych.

W 2009 Wieża Woka została gruntownie odrestaurowana przez gminę Prudnik. Obecnie pełni rolę punktu widokowego, którym zarządza Muzeum Ziemi Prudnickiej.

Architektura

Wieża Woka jest wieżą cylindryczną. Jej mury zostały zbudowane z kamieni szarogłazu, pozyskiwanego w kamieniołomach w niedalekich Górach Opawskich. W zwieńczeniu ośmioboczna, zamknięta drewnianym gankiem i ostrosłupowym dachem. Na jednej z wyższych kondygnacji od strony północnej znajduje się otwór drzwiowy w kamiennym obramieniu.

Była to wieża ostatecznej obrony pozwalająca zamieszkiwać w niej przez niedługi czas i przetrwać oblężenie zamku, lecz niedostosowana do rezydowania w niej na stałe. Było to utrudniane przez grube i zimne mury, brak okien, wysokie położenie wejścia i brak wygodnego pomieszczenia. U podstawy ma kształt cylindra o średnicy około 12,5 m. Jej mury osiągają grubość od 4 do 5 m na poziomie fundamentowania, natomiast jej góra jest ośmioboczna. Wewnątrz cylindra mieścił się loch o średnicy 2 m i wysokości 13 m. Otwór do niego znajdował się na górze w sklepieniu nad lochem. Powyżej znajdowały się dwa pomieszczenia oddzielone stropami belkowymi.

Galeria

Przypisy

Zabytki nieruchome w Prudniku
Historia Prudnika
Wieże obronne w Polsce
Prudnik