text:
[Harmonica] Michael Hirte - Liebesgrusse Auf Der Mundharmonika (2012) [FLAC]
Tags: Easy Listening , Harmonica , Instrumentals , Michael Hirte
Michael Hirte - Liebesgrusse Auf Der Mundharmonika (2012)
| FLAC (Tracks+Cue) | 533MB | Harmonica, Easy Listening | Telamo (Sony Music) |
Michael Hirte is a harmonica player from Germany whose debut album, Der Mann mit der Mundharmonika (2008), was a chart-topping success throughout the German-language world in the wake of his rise to fame on the television show Das Supertalent.
Born on October 10, 1964, in Spremberg, Germany, he suffered a terrible accident in 1991 that left him severely injured and in a coma. After recovering from the accident, Hirte found solace in the harmonica. His remarkable talent for playing the instrument led to an opportunity to compete on the television show Das Supertalent, a German-language version of the show Britain's Got Talent. His performances on the show led to fame within the German-language world, where the tragedy of his back-story became as well known as his musical ability.
On the night of November 29, 2008, Hirte won the televised talent show by a wide margin, garnering 72.62 percent of the votes; by comparison, the closest competitor won a meager 5.47 percent of the votes.
Within a month's time, Hirte had signed a major-label recording contract with Sony BMG and released his full-length solo album debut, Der Mann mit der Mundharmonika, the week before Christmas. A chart-topping success on the album charts of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, Der Mann mit der Mundharmonika features the minor hit singles "Ave Maria" and "You Raise Me Up."
In 2009 Hirte mounted an extensive tour of Germany in support of his album debut. (Jason Birchmeier)
01 - Aber Dich Gibt's Nur Einmal Für Mich ...03:20
02 - Rot Sind Die Rosen ...03:48
03 - Ein Stern (der Deinen Namen Trägt) [Balladenversion] ...03:30
04 - Kleine Annabell ...03:24
05 - Drei Haselnüsse Für Aschenbrödel ...03:38
06 - Can't Help Falling In Love ...03:12
07 - An Angel ...03:46
08 - Candle In The Wind ...03:53
09 - Eleni ...03:57
10 - Let It Be ...03:49
11 - Tornerò ...03:56
12 - No Matter What ...03:45
13 - Je T'aime Mon Amour ...03:41
14 - Wind Of Change ...05:11
15 - We Are The World ...05:11
Bonus Tracks:
16 - I Am From Austria ...03:57
17 - Kufsteiner Lied ...03:55
18 - Jenseits Von Eden ...03:45
CM | BD | MG | Demo1 2 | Password: vnltue
Other Albums:
Michael Hirte - Der Mann Mit Der Mundharmonika (2008) [FLAC]
Michael Hirte - Der Mann Mit Der Mundharmonika 2 (2009) [FLAC]
Michael Hirte - Einsamer Hirte Und Die Schönsten Weihnachtslieder [FLAC]
Michael Hirte - Die Schonsten Filmmelodien (2010) [FLAC]
Michael Hirte - Liebesgrusse Auf Der Mundharmonika (2012) [FLAC]


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About Cora
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And Then She Kissed Him
~ Regency romance redrawn with Author Cora Lee
Tag Archives: Upper Canada
This Week In History: April 27-May 3
Posted by Cora Lee in Regency, This Week In History
James Cook, Louisiana Purchase, Mozart, Mutiny on the Bounty, Peninsular War, This Week In History, Upper Canada, Washington DC
April 27, 1813: US Troops capture the capital of Upper Canada in the Battle of York (now Toronto).
April 28, 1789: The Mutiny on the Bounty occurs when Lieutenant William Bligh and 18 sailors are set adrift by a rebellious crew.
April 29, 1770: James Cook arrives at and names Botany Bay, Australia.
April 30, 1803: The United States purchases the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million.
May 1, 1786: Opening night of Mozart's opera The Marriage of Figaro in Vienna, Austria.
May 2, 1808: The people of Madrid rise up in rebellion against French occupation at the beginning of the Peninsular War.
May 3, 1802: Washington, DC is incorporated as a city.
This Week In History: March 2-8
Astronomer Royal, Bank of England, George Westinghouse, ice hockey, Napoleon, NYSE, This Week In History, Upper Canada
March 2, 1798: The Bank of England issues the first one- and two-pound banknotes.
March 3, 1875: The first ever organized indoor game of ice hockey is played in Montreal, Quebec.
March 4, 1675: John Flamsteed is appointed the first Astronomer Royal of England.
March 5, 1872: George Westinghouse patents the air brake.
March 6, 1834: York, Upper Canada is incorporated as Toronto.
March 7, 1814: Napoleon wins the Battle of Craonne against General Blucher.
March 8, 1817: The New York Stock Exchange is founded.
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Cora is currently reading:
1755 Dictionary of the English Language
Author Commentary
Flat Arthur
1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
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text:
Maarten J. Chrispeels Named Fellow Of American Association For The Advancement of Science
Photos of Maarten J. Chrispeels
Credit: UCSD
MAARTEN J. CHRISPEELS, a professor of biology at UCSD and director of the San Diego Center for Molecular Agriculture, has been elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Election as a Fellow of AAAS is an honor bestowed upon members by their peers. Chrispeels was cited by the AAAS for his "distinguished contributions to the field of plant physiology that have unraveled the mechanisms that regulate protein accumulation in developing seeds."
Awarded to 348 members this year, these individuals have been elevated to this rank because of their efforts to advance science or applications that are deemed scientifically or socially distinguished. New Fellows will be presented with an official certificate and a gold and blue (representing science and engineering, respectively) rosette pin on Saturday, February 14, 2004 at the Fellows Forum during the 2004 AAAS Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington.
This year's AAAS Fellows will be announced in the AAAS News & Notes section of the October 31, 2003 issue of the journal Science .


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Inclusive Economy
Brexit and 'America First': calling for the EU to step up for least developed countries
Matt Brown via Flickr
Author: Peter van Bergeijk
Peter van Bergeijk is Professor of International Economics & Macroeconomics at the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Recent years have seen a break in the pace and direction of the internationalization of leading economies. With Brexit and 'America First', a process of 'deglobalization' can be observed, with significant impact on developing countries. The development strategies of developing countries are disrupted when market access to advanced economies is reduced. The EU has always supported trade as a means to achieve development and should, therefore, step up to help least developed countries (LDCs) make up for the losses caused by deglobalization.
In the world economy, times are changing. China has advanced to the top of the economic statistics. At the same time, we are witnessing the crumbling of the economic power of the United States. Handing over world economic leadership is always a painful process, and the outbursts of populist retreat from internationalization is a reflection of hurt national pride. This is certainly not a new phenomenon. Similar processes have occurred before and during other such geo-economic breaks, reflecting shifts in the underlying costs and benefits of globalization1. While the Global North experienced the costs of deglobalization both in the 1930s and today, the burden of deglobalization has shifted to the periphery.
Costs for developing countries and emerging markets
Deglobalization is not the mirror image of globalization. Both globalization and deglobalization entail adjustment costs, unemployment and loss of human capital. These economic losses are borne largely by the poor, vulnerable and unorganized. A clear example is Brexit, a symptom of deglobalization that is well-charted. That a British withdrawal from the EU would hurt developing countries was clear from the start. Already just after the 2016 Brexit referendum, the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) study pointed out that devaluation of the Sterling implied a loss of USD 4 billion annually for developing countries2. In addition, the competitive position of developing countries is under pressure. First, due to the fact that under Brexit the UK is abandoning the policies that grant LDCs duty-free and quota-free access to their markets (as part of the European Generalised Scheme of Preferences and the Everything But Arms). Second, the current plans to cut British tariffs across the board imply that the WTO-agreed special and differential treatment of the LDCs loses its value. The impact of these forces is significant. A recent study by the German Institute for Development found that the hard Brexit fall of bilateral exports between the UK and developing countries could range from 20% for Ethiopia and more than 60% for Malawi, Burkina Faso and Zambia3.
These findings cover only part of the costs of the current phase of deglobalization. It can be argued that the new trade policies of President Trump have an even more negative impact on the Global South. In Deglobalization 2.0 I review the tsunami of Trump-related modelling exercises, from small trade wars and all-out trade war with the OECD, to unrestricted deglobalization. The conclusion is that although the United States invariably hurts itself, the Global South is paying a bigger price.
It is important to remember that the current context extends well beyond trade disturbances and that this is part of a new long downward phase. Indeed, an important empirical finding is that 'Make America Great Again' and Brexit should be seen as symptoms rather than causes of deglobalization: already long before the elections and Brexit referendum, a significant break could be observed in the pace and direction of the internationalization of leading democratically-oriented economies4. The impact of deglobalization goes further and also includes development cooperation and other international flows. Attacks on global institutions and multilateral agreements is an essential element of Trump's neo-mercantilism agenda, and its impact is felt all around the globe.
With the USA and the UK in retracting mode, the EU can make a difference for low income countries. It is clear that these countries are in no way part of the conflict between the big powers and their plight is merely collateral damage. This creates room for the EU to use development cooperation to mitigate the negative impacts of deglobalization on developing countries, in particular LDCs, because they are the most affected. An EU strategy to support the Global South would require a combination of supply and demand-side interventions.
On the supply side, trade facilitation is important to help the Global South to shift their trade from post-Brexit UK, where the prospects are dim, toward other more promising markets. Trade facilitation includes support aimed at strengthening logistics, quality standards and marketing. On the demand side, the EU could help to increase the number of eligible goods for its Everything But Arms scheme, which grants full duty free and quota free access to the EU single market for all products (except arms and armaments). Alternatively, the scheme could be extended so that it not only covers final export goods, but also value added components of products produced in international value chains. The EU has always supported trade as a means to achieve development. Therefore, it should step up efforts to facilitate trade and help LDCs to divert their trade, so as to make up for the losses caused by deglobalization.
In my book Deglobalization 2.0 I discuss the impact of deglobalization in the aftermath of both the global depression of the 1930s and the global recession that we are living in today.
Van Bergeijk, P.A.G. (2019). Deglobalization 2.0: trade and openness during the great depression and the great recession. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/deglobalization-2-0; https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/deglobalization-2-0
Mendez-Parra, M., Papadavid, P., & Te Velde. D.W. (2016). Brexit and development: how will developing countries be affected. ODI Briefing. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10685.pdf
Olekseyuk, Z. & Rodarte, I.O. (2019). How Brexit affects least developed countries. Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, Briefing Paper 2/2019.
Van Bergeijk, P.A.G. (2018). 'On the brink of deglobalization … again'. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11(1), 59–72. In the same vein China's support for multilateral trade and investment system did not come unexpectedly.
Tapping untapped potential: how the dutch development sector can become more disability inclusive
label_outline Anika Altaf
Unpacking the private sector. An interview with Unusual suspects researcher Sarah Cummings.
label_outline Yannicke Goris , Arthur Rempel
View all articles in Inclusive Economy


Silver ring with 18ct green gold, 9ct yellow gold and green beryl marquis by Susanna Hanl.
We may be able to supply this ring in a different size. Please contact us directly if you would like to discuss this.
To read more about Susanna Hanl, visit the artists page.


Now located at The Blue Bell, Glinton. Saturday 2nd September 2017.
Registration open from 9.30am until 12pm, start at your leisure.
Post-ride fun until late! Live music, BBQ and a premium raffle.
Fundraising in aid of The Brain Tumour Charity, British Heart Foundation and Faiths Journey.


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While I'm watching seemingly everything that can go wrong go wrong (Cross missing three clean at double on three separate occasions? Busting 56 with two darts in hand?), here's some odd play that I've seen over the last couple of days:
This appears to be a pretty standard leg, but let's look at each player's third visit. Now I didn't see the game, so Durrant switching to 19's on the second dart might have been because that dart in the treble 20 was actually blocking the rest of the bed, but I'm going to take a punt and say that it wasn't. Burness cannot even leave himself a shot, so there's zero need to try to leave 170 yourself - follow the line you have on the 60. Then Burness outdoes Durrant with his third dart next shot, switching to 19's instead of 18's, so that even if he was to hit a maximum next visit, he'd leave a bogey number. It's a long shot to take out 340 in six darts, but it's a heck of a lot easier than clearing 339 in the same.
Here's an equally odd one. Beaton's fourth visit - why wouldn't you go big 19 for big 20 to leave tops when you return (which you will)? You are coming back regardless, and while I completely get the logic of going T13 to leave tops, why not just set up tops for sure, rather than leaving yourself just two darts at double next visit if you miss the T13? If you were to hit T19, it's not as if you need to go for double 11, you can just hit a big six to leave a nicer breakdown next door.
OK, he hits it and gets away with it, but Laursen's not on a finish here - why are you even going for a bull finish? Throw at the bull first. And finally, one for the old school guys:
Nothing particularly wrong with Harrington's choice of shot in his last visit, but you would have thought given his old man's phobia of the D18 breakdown he'd have drilled it in to his young'un to go T14 on 66. Actually, knowing Rod, he'd probably have gone for bull, which is the most confusing choice of shots in the world. This leg also appears to feature Ryan unable to count on 303 for bonus value.
Back later, hopefully Anderson (currently 2-2 on throw) and Clemens can ease the pain of the Cross result a touch.
Yozzaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
ET9 quarter finals - got to be some sort of Master...
ET9 last 16 bets
Prague day 2 aftermath - Seedmageddon
Prague day 2
When I said that qualifier might take a while...
Czech Darts Open preview
Weekend of darts aftermath
Mother of god, the prices of some people for PC17
European Tour and the Matchplay
ET8 aftermath
ET8 Quarter Finals - ahhhhh, that's better
ET8 last 16 - WE CAN REBUILD
Bring home the bacon
World Cup format
Poland/Netherlands
More midway point review
Midway point review
1000 not out


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Q: Get data from remote mysql through ssh with sqlalchemy I need access a Mysql db on a remote server, but have to use a ssh tunnel. Without python, I can access the db by the sql managemen client. With a python code, I use the sqlalchemy and sshtunnel. sshtunnel should work, but I can't get any data using read_sql. Here is the script I used:
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
import sshtunnel
import pandas as pd

with SSHTunnelForwarder(
    (ssh_host, ssh_port),
    ssh_username=ssh_user,
    ssh_pkey =private_key,
    remote_bind_address=(mysql_host, mysql_port)
    ) as server:

    print('Server connected via SSH')

    local_port = str(server.local_bind_port)
    engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqlconnector://{}:{}@{}:{}/my_db'.format(mysql_user, mysql_password, '127.0.0.1', local_port), echo=True)

    query = 'select count(*) from asset'

    data = pd.read_sql(query, engine)

It runs and will not stop. Actually I only get some information, but I don't know the mean and what I should do to get some right data.
Here is the information returned:
Server connected via SSH

2019-03-24 22:42:47,316 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'sql_mode'

2019-03-24 22:42:47,317 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}

2019-03-24 22:42:47,637 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'lower_case_table_names'

2019-03-24 22:42:47,638 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}

2019-03-24 22:42:48,587 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT DATABASE()

2019-03-24 22:42:48,587 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}

2019-03-24 22:42:49,239 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT CAST('test plain returns' AS CHAR(60)) AS anon_1

2019-03-24 22:42:49,240 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}

2019-03-24 22:42:49,571 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT CAST('test unicode returns' AS CHAR(60)) AS anon_1

2019-03-24 22:42:49,572 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}

2019-03-24 22:42:50,022 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine DESCRIBE `select count(*) from asset`

2019-03-24 22:42:50,023 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}

2019-03-24 22:42:50,144 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ROLLBACK

2019-03-24 22:42:50,582 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine select count(*) from asset

2019-03-24 22:42:50,583 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine {}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: how to simplify -1 to shared power (produced by Solve) I want a real solution to look real.  But this solution does not:
Clear[c1, c2, c3, p1, a, u]
eqns = {p == c1^(-1 + a) c2^(1 - a) a c3, 1 == c1^a c2^-a (1 - a) c3,
  u == c1^a c2^(1 - a)}
assumptions = p > 0 && 1 > a > 0
(* Solve works, but ... *)
Solve[eqns, {c1, c2, c3}]  (* specifying domain is worse *)
Simplify[%, Assumptions -> assumptions] (* FullSimplify does not help *)

produces
{{c1 -> -E^(-I a π) (((-1 + a) p)/a)^(-1 + a) u,
  c2 -> ((-1 + 1/a) p)^a u, c3 -> -(((-1 + 1/a) p)^a/(-1 + a))}}

This is "correct", but in the first solution (for c1) has that ugly (-1)^a (which can be seen after applying Euler's identity) would should be simplified away.  Can I somehow force Mma to do that simplification?

A: Clear[c1, c2, c3, p1, a, u];

eqns = {p == c1^(-1 + a) c2^(1 - a) a c3, 1 == c1^a c2^-a (1 - a) c3,
   u == c1^a c2^(1 - a)};

assumptions = p > 0 && 1 > a > 0;

soln = Assuming[assumptions,
  Solve[eqns, {c1, c2, c3}][[1]] // ExpToTrig // FullSimplify]

eqns /. soln // Simplify[#, assumptions] &

{True, True, True}


text:
Griffes: The Vale of Dreams, Piano Music
Online purchase or streaming: https://brilliant-classics.lnk.to/GriffesTheValeOfDreams
Also available for licensing: https://www.brilliantclassicslicensing.com/albums/griffes-the-vale-of-dreams-piano-music/
More Information: https://www.brilliantclassics.com/articles/g/griffes-the-vale-of-dreams-piano-music/
Brilliant Classics Facebook: https://brilliant-classics.lnk.to/Facebook
Brilliant Classics Instagram: https://brilliant-classics.lnk.to/Instagram
Spotify Playlists:
Brilliant Classics Spotify: https://brilliant-classics.lnk.to/Spotify
New Classical Releases: https://brilliant-classics.lnk.to/NewReleases
The Best of Liszt: https://brilliant-classics.lnk.to/Playliszt
The Best of Bach: https://brilliant-classics.lnk.to/BestOfBachPlaylist
Most Popular Piano Music: https://brilliant-classics.lnk.to/MostPopularPiano
Beautiful Classical Music: https://brilliant-classics.lnk.to/BeautifulClassicalMelodies
Classical Music For Dinnertime: https://brilliant-classics.lnk.to/ClassicalMusicforDinnertime
Composer: Charles Tomlinson Griffes
Artists: Emanuele Torquati (piano)
Emanuele Torquati has won critical acclaim for his Brilliant Classics albums. According to the reviewer for Fanfare magazine, 'Torquati's playing is consistent, and consistently good. I would highly recommend this set to any student of Roussel.' In partnership with Francesco Dillon, he recorded the music for cello and piano by Liszt (BC94150) and Schumann (BC94060 and BC94328), including many rare works and transcriptions. There are two previous solo albums, surveying the piano output of Roussel (BC94329) and Zemlinsky (BC95067): lesser-known Romantic composers are his speciality.
Among their number must be counted Charles Tomlinson Griffes, who was endowed with a creative vein that allowed him to produce, in the space of a decade, works for the piano that were to become a point of reference for the following generation of American composers, especially Charles Ives and Aaron Copland. Indeed, Copland paid him posthumous tribute at Harvard in 1952: 'What he gave those of us who came after him was a sense of the adventurous in composition, of being thoroughly alive to the newest trends in world music and to the stimulus that might be derived from such contact.'
00:00:00 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: 3 Tone-Pictures, Op. 5: I. The Lake at Evening
00:02:52 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: 3 Tone-Pictures, Op. 5: II. The Vale of Dreams
00:06:10 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: 3 Tone-Pictures, Op. 5: III. The Night Winds
00:08:30 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: Winter Landscape
00:12:47 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: Fantasy Pieces, Op. 6: I. Barcarolle
00:19:23 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: Fantasy Pieces, Op. 6: II. Notturno
00:25:25 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: Fantasy Pieces, Op. 6: III. Scherzo
00:30:39 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: Rhapsody in B Minor
00:38:37 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: De Profundis
00:44:50 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: Roman Sketches, Op. 7: I. The White Peacock
00:50:08 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: Roman Sketches, Op. 7: II. Nightfall – Al far della note
00:55:54 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: Roman Sketches, Op. 7: III. The Fountain of the Acqua Paola
00:59:45 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: Roman Sketches, Op. 7: IV. Clouds
01:04:15 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: Piano Sonata, A.85: I. Feroce – Allegretto con moto
01:10:43 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: Piano Sonata, A.85: II. Molto tranquillo
01:13:59 Charles Tomlinson Griffes: Piano Sonata, A.85: III. Allegro vivace
Thanks for watching! Feel free to subscribe and visit our channel for the best classical music from the greatest composers like: Bach, Satie, Mozart, Tchaikovsky, Beethoven, Chopin, Haydn, Ravel, Debussy, Verdi, Vivaldi, Handel, Brahms, Liszt, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Rachmaninoff, Wagner, Strauss, Handel, Dvorak, Schubert and many more! We upload complete albums, music for relaxing, working, studying, meditating, concentrating, instrumental music, opera, violin, classical piano music, sonatas and more!
#BrilliantClassics #Music #Composer #Classical #Piano #Organ #Charles #Dreams #Music #Griffes


This essay examines Montreal, QC and how the city has successfully created public space where people want to spend their evenings, weekends, and free time.
Many people will argue that Montreal is a winter city and the few short months when it is sunny and warm force people to come out of their homes and spend time outdoors before the next snowstorm…This however, would fail to recognize the many successes the city has achieved in planning and designing public spaces within the context of the city.
A description of Montreal's efforts is shared below.
Because many people are on the street in the evening, there is an energy that is tangible. Many people are going to a cafe, park, or public space. There is an inviting feeling on the street-level. Jan Gehl theorized that cities of this density are more neighbourly because you can see facial features of those who pass by and connect with them. Any increase in building height will lose this key advantage.
Many Montrealers feel welcome in their cities because of the availability of affordable housing. The availability of greater affordable housing through the city allows people of diverse backgrounds and incomes to access public space and parks that are scattered throughout the city.
Research conducted by Anne-Marie Seguin and Annick Germain at the University of Toronto examined the City of Montreal during the 1990s, a period where the city was challenged with poverty, unemployment and increasing rates of immigration. The researchers examined census tracts where 30-40% of the population was low income, but found that the neighborhoods maintained a social mix that was reflective of the greater Montreal Census Metropolitan Area; the census tracts studied were not dominated by groups of unemployed, uneducated, recently immigrated, or other disadvantaged groups.  The researchers pointed to strong governmental partnerships and initiatives to promote access to education, access to health resources, and the prevalence of strong initiatives to build affordable housing or renovate older housing stock.
Coming back to the design of the rowhouses, from street-level there are no visible "poor" or "higher incomes" in row-houses because of the similarity in form and material. Any distinction between the rowhouses happened as a result of resident personalization rather than the developer or city guidelines. Unlike cities that promote basement suites or other "hidden" forms of density where the single family house remains supreme, the plex design is equal to everyone regardless if someone wishes to live at street level, second floor, or third.
Because neighbourhoods are designed similarly with row-houses or plexes, there are less rich enclaves within the city where people of a certain economic class are only welcomed to a public space or park, or not welcomed.
The glass tower which Vancouver is famous for allows someone to access their version of public life, without actually participating in it.
Contrasting against Montreal's livable density is a propensity of towers found in Vancouver or Toronto. Towers designed to "maximize" views lend themselves to just observing outside and to see far distances, not people. There is a clear disconnection from the ground level. Vancouver and the region specializes in these towers where residents are more apt to stay in their apartments, or amenity rooms while looking over far distances such as the north shore mountains rather than life on the street.
This might be the most controversial opinion offered in this essay, but it should be noted that the plexes and row-homes in Montreal have little or no amenity spaces such as rooftop pools, tennis courts, gyms, or even large backyards. These design elements that planners will agonize over and over-design, will add costs to a strata or rental rates that may be too much for an average to below average earner.
Rather, Montreal encourages use of public space by placing fountains, sprinklers, and picnic areas in each neighbourhood. As a result all residents of different backgrounds are able to access the shared spaces. An innovative step to create more place for people in Montreal was the launch of the "ruelle vertes," or green alleys initiative which would took space from vehicles in rear lanes and converted them to green routes that are traffic calmed, or completely pedestrianized. The ruelle vertes often become playground for children, or places where neighbours can sit and have a shared meal.
The city recognizes that there is an abundance of creative and cultural capital in the city. One way that the city promotes this capital is by permitting a wide variety of events in vacant industrial areas, parking lots, and parks. The city allows its residents to host temporary displays or concerts in parks that may only last a weekend, or the entire summer.
Two major pop-ups in the Mile-End neighbourhood this summer were the Aire-Commune event space, and the Marché des Possibles. In both cases, there existed vacant land that was to be transformed. Aire-Commune used a gravel lot near a railway to create a shared workspace for creatives during the day and event space at night. Supporting this initiative was the amount of office workers nearby, who would choose to come out and enjoy the sun while they worked or met clients during the day, then meeting friends after work.
Montreal also renewed a section of industrial waterfront to create a beach-like atmosphere in the middle of the city. The Pied Du Courant was a popular event space for the World Cup and throughout the summer as different musical acts played and people could have BBQ's along the water.
Marché des Possibles, on the other hand used a parking lot site and a small parklet to host weekend markets and concerts featuring local bands and DJs. An informal stage was set-up in the parklet and different themes were able to decorate the park, such as a Japanese theme.
The parking lot was taken over and used for food trucks where young people or families could buy dinner and enjoy it outside or have a beer. There were no onerous parking requirements or a roped-off zone where people could drink, rather people were able to wander around the parklet, or even head over to the nearby Aire-Commune.
Montreal has been able to successfully create and animate their public space by allowing people to feel welcome in all parts of the city. This has been no easy task, and has required planning efforts in all stages and sectors within the city. In order to allow multiple people to stay in the spaces, Montreal has committed to affordable housing in all parts of the city so there are no rich or poor enclaves or spaces. This is a commitment to the flexible and dense housing form found throughout the island of Montreal, the rowhouse. Strategically placed affordable housing initiatives using this housing form, as described by Anne-Marie Seguin have been important in fostering equity in the city.
Montreal also recognized that people have different incomes and expenses, so the city is designed in a way that people can vacation in their city and spend time in greenspace. The only way to vacation or enjoy the summer is not just loading up an SUV and heading to a large park outside of the city. The results have been excellent and the city feels lively.
Finally, the City has allowed flexibility in requirements to allow creativity and culture to flourish within the City. "No Fun City" rules have not been able to dominate the landscape and restrict citizens from enjoying themselves in the diverse and numerous pop-up events all over the city.
Cities across Canada can learn from Montreal if they wish to creative fun and inclusive cities for people.
Seguin, Anne-Marie, and Annick Germain. The Social Sustainability of Montreal: A Local or State Matter? The Social Sustainability of Cities: Diversity and the Management of Change. University of Toronto.
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Canadian cities are experiencing record rates of growth and are increasingly choosing to densify rather than sprawl outwards. Densification can help a city reduce traffic and car use, maintain sensitive environmental and agricultural lands in the periphery, increase affordability, and generally create a more attractive and walkable city.
Missing-Middle Housing, housing that is low to medium density, is important for city growth because it offers a variety in housing types rather than just single-family or condo towers. Missing-Middle housing is NOT six-storey or above apartment buildings, 40-unit townhouses, or something similar. The variety of housing is important for city growth because it can be constructed faster than apartments, can suit irregular lot patterns, and encourage a variety of builders with different backgrounds to build. Missing-Middle housing is able to maintain existing street patterns including lot sizes, landscaping standards, and light penetration. This style of housing is often more human-scale and creates more walkable neighbourhoods than either single-family houses or massive apartment buildings.
Missing-Middle Housing can offer affordability solutions because it is faster to build, is accessible to a greater number of builders/designers who may have different goals, and constructions costs are the cheapest per square foot.
to be flexible in form to maximize the number of housing units.
Considering the gains possible Missing-Middle Housing, why would cities make it difficult to develop these forms of housing? The answer lies in the permitting process which cities use and cannot seem to tear themselves away from. In general cities prefer to be risk averse.
The "Process" – Cities in Metro Vancouver will often require several applications to develop housing. The most notable and contentious is the Rezoning Application. A rezoning is a catch-all application where cities are legally able to require additional conditions for development. The process of rezoning also ensures the risk of the application is on the developer, who sometimes must prove to a neighbourhood why a City's official plan is in good order. Permission to develop a triplex (three-unit attached) in a single-family neighbourhood can appear to be similar to developing a large tower. The process often allows a small group of citizens to "hi-jack" the system.
The risk of having an application rejected can be too much for a smaller developer, but is bearable for larger developer and development. The rules and process set by cities is suited towards the latter.
The goals of infill, as mentioned earlier, are often lost altogether when trying to manage requirements of city zoning bylaws. Zoning bylaws are best implemented in greenfield sites where lot patterns can be drawn up from scratch and established cultural fixtures, monuments, points of interest, or well-loved community aspects do not already exist.
A final note on zoning is that there are restrictions on use, so there are limited opportunities for small-scale retail, cafes, corner stores, studios for artists, or even home offices. This regulation eliminates the possibility of a "live-work" building, one of the prominent forms of missing-middle housing.
Minimum Lot Size / Lot Consolidation– Planning departments prefer (then require) lot consolidations in order to create orderly developments that meet Zoning Bylaw standards. Requirements for lot consolidations conflict with runs the risk that the developer cannot afford an additional lot, or cannot finance the costs of a larger building. The additional lot may not be for sale which can stop a missing-middle development from even beginning.
The lots often become cookie-cutter, when contrarily the most interesting urban developments are random and can offer interesting stories for neighbours!
Off-Street Parking Requirements – Cities will often choose high parking rates that suits single family lots with plenty of room, or dense apartment buildings that can pay for underground garages or structured parking lots. Neither of these solutions are feasible for Missing-Middle housing developments which will maximize unit yield and stay low in cost.
Fee Extraction (Community Amenity Charges)– A growing trend in city planning is maximizing fees from developments and neighbourhood plans. City real estate departments are often engaged to assess lands and their potential for fee extraction during the neighbourhood planning process. The fees are taken as a condition of rezoning.
While this practice is championed in Metro Vancouver, it creates an inherent bias against small scale missing-middle developments that cannot compete against large apartment buildings in the amount of fees collected. More importantly, a major pathway to get more missing-middle housing is avoiding the rezoning process and pre-zone lots to reduce risk, which takes away the potential for cities to extract further fees.
To conclude Part 1 of this essay, a slideshow of various Missing-Middle Housing forms are presented along with reasoning on why they would not be permitted today.
Many different cities offer best practices on offering dense and liveable housing options for people. A key ingredient in these best practices is common space. Vancouver, through different neighbourhood plans, has set goals to densify single family neighbourhoods although timidly. The City of Vancouver and the region often focuses too narrowly on other functions of infill such as setbacks, height, or parking. These particular items are often static and rigid. If we get away from these items the City of Cordoba, Andalusia, Spain can offer a viable infill option.
Cordoba is a historic city in Southern Spain with roots and tradition of building from the Roman Empire. The City has existed under several regimes including early Spanish, Moorish, and under the Franco regime. The predominant housing form in the historic city features several housing units centered around courtyards or patios. Subsequent eras have shaped the city, and added to the housing in Cordoba, but the courtyard style of development has remained and can offer solutions to other cities with goals for infill housing, compact neighbourhoods, and adding amenity space that promotes interaction between residents.
The Courtyards (Patios1) of Cordoba are famous for being inward looking and with a few famous philosophers from the region, the citizens of Cordoba have been given a similar reputation. However, the patios are meant to offer green space for the residents and a place to be protected from the sun in the afternoon. An example of a floor plan is provided to the right.
Beginning in the Roman Period, the developments were built in one phase with the Courtyard occupying roughly 10-20% of the total site. The courtyards featured a fountain to collect rainwater and would provide shade from the midday heat which is common all year round. Shade would be provided either by trees or second-stories that are on the south side of the building. During the Moorish reign, more plants and floral arrangements were provided in order to give a sense of freshness. The walls were made of stone and whitewashed to reflect the sun away from the inside of the buildings. Whitewashing is a practice of putting boiling water of stones then using the semi-liquid product to fortify the stone walls. This practice is still done today, and is a mark of pride for residents who maintain their homes.
Under the reign of Franco, the military dictator of Spain (1938-1973), the developments would undergo change. Landowners from different areas (in and out of the city) rented out the developments, but Franco implemented maximum prices and increases under the direction of the socialist government3. The rents would often be low with little chance to increase rents, resulting in absentee landlords who let the patio developments degrade. The tenants would often be craftspeople or artists, who searched for cheaper rents. The artists took pride in their homes and would decorate them with elaborate floral arrangements, plantings, or instruments which show the history of the patio. This legacy has to present times.
Because the artistic arrangements have become so famous, the City now hosts the "Festival of Patios" where the patios open for the public to view. At the end of the Festival, several awards are given to different patios. Residents of the patios often use the festival to advertise their goods that are for sale.
Many of the patios that were developed during the Roman period have now become UNESCO heritage sites that are paired with rigid regulations from the City of Cordoba. There is little change possible available in the city centre, and little chance of adding to the existing patio developments.
The more recent developments in the City Centre of Cordoba are often converted from old palaces from the Roman Period or the Moorish period. No new conversions are permitted by the city to preserve their history. The converted palaces feature 2 to 3 storey apartments, the maximum height permitted, surrounding a common patio. The city does not permit further site consolidations within the city centre due to UNESCO regulations.
No prescriptive design guidelines: Too often in Vancouver, entire city blocks are developed at once in high density developments with glass facades separated from the public realm. Rigid design guidelines further sterilize new housing in Vancouver often with legal agreements putting design into stone. The patios in Cordoba were a self-driven process that allowed residents to personalize their own space. There was a period of deterioration, but residents took it upon themselves to retrofit their spaces, to make the living spaces larger, to add a workshop area, and then allow other citizens to come to their courtyards.
Protection from harsh weather: Vancouver's climate is greatly different than the dry and hot climate of Cordoba. However, the insular nature of the courtyards can allow Vancouver's rainy and windy winters to let neighbours enjoy common space because the two-to-three storeys can stop the common space from being windswept. The addition of awnings or plantings can help the common space be used during rainy periods.
Promote neighbourly interactions (Eyes on the street): Similar to many of Vancouver's co-ops, a common courtyard can promote community interaction. In the evenings many of the residents prefer to spend their time outside making conversation, or watering their plants. While many of Vancouver's residents have preferred to only maintain their own lawn or backyard, the patio can help promote more neighbourly interaction. The patio area can also be a social place for children who want to play.
No Single Family Housing the Urban Area – The overwhelming majority of Cordoba's housing stock is multi-family in the form of patios developments or apartments. The development proves that there can be quiet and peaceful urban environments without having single-detached housing only.
Affordability – In the case of Cordoba, the modest construction and facades that face the public allowed many of the courtyards to be built quickly with the onus of maintenance being on the residents. The exteriors are often plain, and stonewashed white to reflect heat, but the real character of the buildings are the floral arrangements and decorations that residents offer. When originally built in the Roman Empire, the ancient designs did not offer car parking but did have flexible site designs to allow the maximum number of units possible. Since the developments are able to dense and close to the city centre, many of the residents choose to take the pleasant and car free walk to the city centre.
To date, the City of Vancouver and every other city in Metro Vancouver has been unable or unwilling to change single-detached neighbourhoods to a more dense and liveable form. By using the patio form similar to Cordoba, The City of Vancouver can greatly add density, promote more neighbourly interaction, and develop more affordable housing forms.
Many similar forms can be found in North America including courtyard rowhouses or apartments, but the patio of Cordoba remains a unique and tested blueprint that can be used in any climate including Vancouver.
Courtyards and Patios are interchangeable in this writing.
Franco's Housing Policy: Urban Tenancy Law of 1946. Tenancy laws were made stronger during due to Franco's socialist policies. It became difficult to evict tenants or charge them greater rents.
Spain, like many European cities has great public spaces and corridors that are comfortable for people to walk through. The spaces offer a beautiful solution to sustainable development as people are invited to view and access the city without a car. In Spain, cities like Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia usually receive the greatest praise for good urbanism within the country, but several notable examples exist in the smaller communities in Southern and Northern Spain.
Cordoba in southern Spain is a community of roughly 330,000 inhabitants and known for its Urban form and roots in the Roman Empire. Pamplona is a community in Northern Spain known for the famous Fiesta de San Fermin (bull-fighting) and has a population of roughly 200,000. Both medium sized communities are presented in the following video, and have lessons to offer any Canadian city, including Vancouver.
Transit oriented development is a prolific planning method that has shaped Vancouver and its suburbs into pockets of high density near rapid transit stations. With the goal of decreasing sprawling development and car use, TOD encourages more transit usage and compact communities. In Metro Vancouver, a major goal of TOD has been getting commuters to downtown Vancouver without driving, and with ridership close to 500,000 users per day the region of Vancouver has every right to claim success in that respect.
However, Transit oriented development in Metro Vancouver has largely missed a critical element of compact communities which is the promotion of place, where people can stop to chat with neighbours, to allow children to play, or to to stay and linger in their neighbourhoods. TOD is developed to be a means for commuters, and not as an ends for neighbourhoods. TOD has not proven to be an ends where populations can feel welcome in their neighbourhoods, to be social, and to express themselves where they live.
Studies in many western cities show that a transit station and line can have a rapid effect of increasing private property values, as much as 30-50%, in a short period of time after a transit line has been proposed. Afterwards, property values will jump again when a municipality makes a neighbourhood plan permitting high-density housing. In order to develop the properties towards full value, a developer will often acquire several properties, which can be the size of a city block. This is a costly process, that results in very large scale and phased developments, and are oriented towards luxury housing rather than modest housing.
In TOD areas in Metro Vancouver, an "oligarchy" or select group of housing developers have formed to develop around stations. Because of the lack of variety of housing developers, the price for housing (rental or ownership) can often be fixed because there is no modest scale developer who can afford to acquire the site and develop. A further barrier exists to modest scale builders when the high-rise form requires specialized trades, engineers, architects, and project managers to build.
Often in TOD, public space is kept to the edge of the property, closest to a busy road where units are less marketable, or sometimes by city design. In the Cambie Corridor Phase 3- Open Space Guidelines (Above). The proposed plaza is along a busy street. Pedestrians will perhaps wait for a bus or connection here, but will not likely stay for extended periods. This plaza faces a lack of enclosure and protection from traffic.
In Montreal , CA new tenants or landlords will often renovate their own rowhomes. New colors, fixtures, plantings, or ornaments allow resident to add their own touch to their homes.
Glass Towers have been favoured by developers as a winning model, one thatpromotes a view. However, the form has become commonplace and generic in Vancouver to the point where other designs which are more attractive at the ground level are ignored such as different types of brick or those adorned with ornate sculptures, marble, or craftsmanship.
The ground level also suffers from another problem, in that the residents of the glass towers can not display their own creativity with new arrangements of flowers, art, different colors of window frames, or different painting. Other housing that is more common in Europe or eastern Canada (Montreal) adds significantly more character through personalization.
In response to requirements by municipalities to place commercial units at ground level, or the private sectors desire for larger commercial units, there is a lack of variety at the ground level. Only businesses that can take on larger costs such as chains will take over ground floors facing the public realm. The businesses are often generic and similar.
No. 3 Road, Richmond. Many of the retail spaces are dominated by banks which often blank out windows and take away from the public realm.
High Density development is a goal that been pursued strongly in Metro Vancouver. However, the region has missed an opportunity for more sensible development options that have been established for years such as low-to-medium density housing and public squares. Development where residents can tailor their neighbourhoods to their likes and as a direct response to their creativity.
High density developments have been too sterile, too prescriptive, and do not activate the public realm. A large problem is the requirement to consolidate many lots in order to shape one site, then create requirements for the public realm site by site, and not in a collective manner that has been done historically.
How can Vancouver meet goals of densification and do so in a way that can encourage people to walk, to stay in their neighbourhoods, feel proud of their nearby public spaces? The answer may lie in the ideals of "Missing Middle Housing", or may need to go back to the trend of compact neighbourhoods centred around public squares. The remainder of this summer series will attempt to draw these questions out.
The minute we walk out our front door we are influenced by a world that is too complex for our brains to handle. According to Daniel Kahneman in Thinking, Fast and Slow, in order for our brains to simplify and transform this overly complex world into something more manageable, our brains simplifies what we experience with intuitive heuristics. Our brains have two parts, the first is intuitive and automatic, the second is more deliberate and requires focused attention. Most of the time we operate on the intuitive and automatic part of our brain in this complex world of senses. Our brains weed out what it deems as unimportant information, however this simplification comes at cost. In an attempt to simplify our world, our brains have stream-lined our experiences in such a way that our external environments affects our first, automatic and intuitive part of our brain.
According to Kahneman and the studies he has conducted something as simple as showing people images that are suggestive of older age causes people to walk slower. When people are ordering food at a menu, you always want to be the first to order as for most people following the first order will change our order to something we might not necessarily want just to make sure we are not seen to be copying someone else's order. What all of this is trying to say is our behaviour is heavily influenced by our external environment whether we know it or not (most likely we don't know it). We are prompted by things we see, feel, hear and touch in our environment.
This brings me to the question about urban design and how we can use this knowledge. Cities are full of aspirations to enact changes in transportation modal shares, access to park and green spaces and encourage people to uptake healthier and greener behaviours. To achieve these goals we need to prompt your city. The positive impacts from this include encouraging people to act towards being healthier psychologically and physically, we can encourage people to be happier, form more social connections, as well enable us to reduce crime and harassment.
According to Doug McKenzie-Mohr the best way to encourage behaviour changes are prompts. Often we are so caught up in our daily lives and the complex maze of bills, doctors appointments, friends and children recitals that we need a reminder to take a second each day for the activities that develop our psychological well being. Prompts can break our train of thought and nudge us to a different habitual behaviour. According to Doug McKenzie-Mohr prompts are the most effective at the location where you want to see the behaviour change. Prompts are also most effective when they are simple, direct and tell people what to do rather than explain why people should do it. It is also important to prompt for the behaviour that you want, not the behaviour that you don't want. For example putting up a sign that says don't feed the ducks will actually more likely prompt people to feed them.
At Slow Streets it's no secret we are a fan of the quicker, lighter and cost effective solutions, solutions that can be implemented quickly to garner immediate results today and formalized later when the effectiveness is gauged and additional funding is made available. We are fortunate that we have a low cost and quick way to trial changes to test and evaluate these prompts and maximize their positive benefits. Tactical urbanism is a new method that Mike Lydon has been cataloging for years. The idea is simple, take the concept you want to develop and design it using the most lightest and cost effective materials using the quickest construction methods. It is amazing what you can build and the results you can generate using tactical urbanism.
Cars spend 95% of their time parked. Parklets can transform a space for parking a car into a place for people. The great thing about Parklets is their small size which allows you to bring great public spaces closer to where people want to be, on our fine grain retail streets next to all of the interesting shops and restaurants. This again can prompt people to take a few minutes out of their day to stay in the place making it more inviting prompting even more people to fill the streets in a virtuous cycle.
To prompt people to reduce their carbon footprint, get more exercise and form better relationships with their neighbourhood and the people in them. We must bring grocery stores, hardware stores and other daily services and amenities closer to where people live so they don't have to drive and can walk or bike. This means ending land use segregation and introducing mixed land uses, therefore the distance between home and the services is eliminated. This creates an environment based around convenience.
Groceries can also be brought closer to where people live to prompt healthier eating and eliminate food deserts with smaller temporary sidewalk farmers markets right in the neighbourhoods. Temporary buildings can also be built to house grocery stores as shown from the photo in the tactical urbanism section.
We can prompt improved satisfaction with neighbourhoods and improved mental health by introducing more accessible and high quality greenspace.
It can also be as simple as positioning visible, attractive stairs in front of the elevator to encourage more people to take the stairs. Simply having a sign that prompts people to take the stairs is also effective. Other cities have been experimenting with fun and creative visual designs such as piano key steps and race tracks to encourage people to take the stairs instead of the escalators. Another city incorporated a slide into the entrance of a train station.
If we move in a way that makes us feel strong and confident we can dramatically change our psychology. There are 43 muscles in our face, simply smiling and laughing can change our mood instantaneously. Better psychology has a direct link with better physiology. Sitting is the new smoking of our times, and it just takes 2 minutes of walking per hour to over come the harmful effects of sitting. Walking is shown to dramatically improve the performance of our brains, we can think more clearly and are more creative and happy when we are walking. According to Jan Gehl, humans have evolved for walking. We have a depth of vision and periphery that is best for appreciating the details of our environment at a walking speed. So we know that exercise can dramatically change our mental health. How can we encourage people to get more exercise?
People are investigating Vancouver's new bikeshare after seeing it for the first time.
We can prompt people to take other ways of travelling by making other modes easier and more readily available. This includes adding bike parking on the street. Bikeshares are another low commitment way to prompt people that don't own a bike or don't have the space to store a bike into trying cycling. We can introduce bikeshare stations and provide thousands of bikes across the city for a minimal fee. The bikes themselves can serve as prompts getting the best of people's curiosity.
The biggest barrier to cycling is the worry of mixing with fast moving traffic. Using a combination of protected cycling infrastructure & traffic calming to reduce the volume and speeds of vehicles can invite people to cycle. Cycling also benefits from safety in numbers, where the more people that are cycling the safer it becomes because drivers become used to interacting with them so they adjust their behaviour. I would argue that the sight of large volumes of people cycling has a secondary effect of attracting other people to try cycling. If you can't fight them, join them right? Calgary is the leading example of building an entire network of safe, comfortable and convenient cycling lanes all at once, and it has had an impact attracting over 1 million trips over one year.
We can also prompt drivers to understand and respect the safety of other ways of travelling. One of the best things we can do is introduce protected cycling lanes. However most collisions happen at the intersection, therefore by reducing the size of intersections and introducing protected intersection designs would prompt people to respect the safety of people cycling.
Physical designs that consistently generate expected driving behaviours are needed. Physical designs include integrating raised intersections/crossings, leading walking intervals and protected cycling infrastructure. However some softer infrastructure can help such as artistic crosswalks.
To prompt the benefits that placemaking can bring people such as improved socializing and happiness make the smaller spaces and bring them closer to where people live, work and play. The photos above of a sidewalk corner and a converted street slip lane in Montréal demonstrates how effectively our streets and sidewalks can be transformed to create places for people to stay, despite how infrequently we think something such as a sidewalk as a public space. This includes simple changes such as adding benches to a sidewalk and some murals to blank walls. All we need is some paint, some wood and voila we can transform our spaces.
People attract other people, therefore people are also a prompt. If we design spaces to attract people then it will generate a self-reinforcing cycle that attracts more people to them. Through attracting people public spaces prompt the benefits of increased social interactions and physical interactions.
However it is also important to clear our public spaces of snow in the winter, a time when they are needed the most due to low solar levels. We could even introduce some climate control to public space. These measures would make prompt people to get out of the house in the winter and mingle with other people.
Density: Where is the sweet spot?
After reviewing numerous studies and urban planning sources, in almost all cases density is never cited as the sole important factor for successful, lively and vibrant cities. Density plays a role nonetheless and an important one in a larger comprehensive package of urban interventions. Paying attention to the finer details for all aspects of the city built form and civic services will ultimately create a great place to live, work and play. The question is not about how dense it should be but rather how density is done.
Rowhouse developments like these have the same density as high rise towers but spread the density to cover more ground while avoiding awful downdraft winds and boring spaces.
The conclusion is inescapable; there should be much less focus on the numbers of density. Not all density is equal, we can have a sea of high rises, but if the change is too drastic or you forget vital features like safe and inviting sidewalks or places to shop and eat, there may be little to no street life or sense of place. Density needs to be grounded in its context. It will not succeed without the scale, form and details that create irresistibly interesting places. These interesting places can be designed in such a way that it does not feel dense, but people still naturally want to be there.
While we should always begin with the goal of creating interesting places where people will naturally gravitate to live, work and play, we can use density thresholds to inform and guide our decisions.
A complete street design with a bidirectional protected bike lane with a floating bus stop.
How we get around is a big topic these days and it isn't a surprise that many sources and studies offered density thresholds for successful public transportation and lower vehicle miles traveled.
Toronto's historic streetcars provide an example of the possible frequencies possible with denser built forms. It is however always recommended to provide dedicated right of way to ensure maximum reliability.
Sources like Paul Mees' Transport for Suburbia question the validity of some well cited transit planning sources such as the 1955 Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS), or Peter Newman in their expression of the importance of density for transit. Mees', using Metro Zurich (4.5 dwelling units per acre/32 persons per hectare) as an example, argues that while density does play a role in higher transit usage. However there are other important factors which include governments maintaining control of the right to design the transit network, long term strategic planning, and fare rates. Also important is the inclusion of an integrated pulse timed, cross city network of multimodal, transfer based routes.
A human scaled and surface level streetcar system along a low density commercial strip in Toronto.
Patrick Condon in his Seven Rules for Sustainable Communities conducted a case study of the Vancouver streetcar neighbourhoods, and advocates for linear commercial corridors supported by transit. Condon found that frequent bus service (7 minute headways) could be accomplished with 10 dwelling units per gross acre, while a streetcar could be supported with a density of 17-25 dwelling units per acre. Condon argues that our greatest opportunity for creating sustainable suburbs is to focus investments in densification and transit along suburban low density commercial strips. Just 10% of a commercial strip would have to be developed at 40 dwelling units per acre increasing the average area density to 10 dwelling units per acre.
Most people have an average 5 minutes walking threshold. Therefore to reduce car trips significantly the number of people with their necessary shopping of everyday goods and services within a 5 minute walk should be maximized. Often transit planning tends to focus on nodes, however this does not maximize the 5 minute catchment area. Instead transit should be focused at commercial corridors where pedestrians can link various trips as they walk to and from the transit on their way to work.
Otherwise there are numerous studies and sources showing density is tied to fewer Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT) and supporting alternative transportation modes. One study conducting a comprehensive literature review cites a study by Larry Frank, which states that a 33% reduction of vehicle miles driven per day can be achieved with twice the density of the typical low density sprawl in addition to a diversity of uses, interconnected streets. This was also confirmed by other separate studies where the VMT and car ownership could be reduced 29-37% and 16% respectively by doubling the density. To produce significant reductions in automobile work related trips, 50-70 employees per acre and 12 dwellings per acre is needed, while non-work trips are reduced above 75 employees per acre and 20 dwellings per acre.
Typical 3 storey row house design in Montreal.
A recent study analyzing the 2003 U.S. Residential Energy Consumption survey, and 2001 U.S. National Household Travel Survey found that Household carbon footprints increase until 4.7 persons per acre, afterwards decreasing per ten-fold increase in population density leveling out at 78 persons per acre . Keeping this in mind, towers and single family houses have the most surfaces (walls and roofs) per household exposed to the elements, increasing the energy usage required per household. Patrick Condon pegs 20-65 dwelling units per acre as the optimal range, which includes combinations of duplex, quadplex, townhouses, row-houses, and apartments. All of these can be shaded by trees from both the sun and wind, and require less elaborate heating and elevator systems. It is not enough simply to build in this density range, a compact organization of households must be ensured to promote good shading, encourage walking and biking while minimizing the need for parking and paved surfaces.
With higher densities it is possible to service local amenities at a lower cost per person.
Cost analysis studies show that it is less expensive to construct and operate infrastructure and services for denser developments instead of single family housing. A Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) study finds that alternative development principles with a finer mix of land uses, higher residential densities, a transit supportive street grid design, etc. would see approximately a 16% decrease in infrastructure construction cost per unit.
Smaller corner store sized produce or grocery stores help prevent food deserts.
Many cities are adopting strategies to become the healthiest city based on a wealth of studies providing evidence that 30 minutes of brisk physical activity is a free "super drug" that can help reduce the levels of obesity and diabetes which can be encouraged with compact, walkable environments. One study found that for every 1% decrease of population living in dense areas would see 0.01-0.02% increased prevalence of obesity. By creating compact, connected, safe and interesting places, people will naturally include walking or cycling in their everyday activities and errands.
Fine grain mixed land use is the most efficient with retail uses typical occupying the first floor and residential uses occupying 1-2 floors above the ground floor.
Places to shop are crucial ingredients for creating interesting places. Corner stores can act as community hubs, restaurants and bars are places to catch up with old friends and make new ones. The corner store (1500 to 3000 sq ft) is the smallest and most useful community oriented type of retail center. Either stand alone or built into a mixed use building, a corner store can be economically sustainable with 5-6.25 dwelling units per acres when sited on a primary street and located next to community buildings, parks, and schools.
An example of a larger shopping center designed for an urban context with no surface parking.
A neighbourhood center (50,000 to 70,000 sq ft)  offering the everyday goods and services required by households anchored with a supermarket, pharmacy and restaurant is often considered the core of the traditional neighbourhood. To be economically sustainable a neighbourhood center needs 12-16 dwelling units per acre.
One can conclude that the density sweet spot ranges from 20-65 dwelling units per acre. This can include combinations of duplex, quadplex, townhouses, row-houses, and apartments and is enough to support a cross-city multimodal network of high quality, reliable. frequent transit services, and the necessary neighbourhood retail goods and services while minimizing the Vehicle Miles Traveled, Household carbon footprint and energy usage.
Densification is a long term strategy, where the focus should be on increasing density incrementally targeting specific areas such as commercial corridors, or the densification of inner city neighbourhoods.
An example of an inner city neighbourhood quadplex in Edmonton, quadrupling the density on the same land and demonstrating the potential for densification.
Inner city neighbourhoods are a great place to focus densification strategies, as most of the 50-75 year old houses are nearing the end of their life. These existing neighbourhoods can be incrementally densified without the drastic changes that drain existing community capital. Authors like Dunham-Jones, Williamson, Campoli, and Von Hausen outline many changes for more compact inner suburbs such as legalizing infill, smaller lots, and secondary suites in the basement, garages, and laneway houses. Cities can also allow the medium density housing options duplexes, townhouses, row-houses, quadplexes that conform to the existing scale and form, while also eliminating setbacks, replacing minimum with maximum parking requirements, allowing more creative shared parking solutions, and supporting a diversity of housing types, sizes, and occupancy types.
Similarly new suburbs should be designed more compactly using creative clusters, a mix of housing types, and thoughtful orientations to minimize the footprint, the need for parking and asphalt, and energy requirements.
David Sucher says that people will naturally want to live dense if you build interesting places. Interesting places such as your bustling main street of your favourite trendy shops, restaurants, pubs or hang outs entice people naturally. We need to turn our thinking on its head, focusing less on the hard numbers of density and more on the smaller details that collectively define great places.
Public seating in the form of benches give people the opportunity to take up public space and essentially extend their living room in denser environments.
These details start from the benches, streetlamps, and trees that reflect our pride and community spirit. It also includes the great community buildings, public spaces and commercial retail spaces that offer community programming, the necessary shopping and services and places to gather. It includes a comprehensive multi-modal transportation system that provides people with a more than a singular automobile choice. Finally, it includes a mix of uses and housing options to meet the needs of a variety of families, ages, cultures and income levels.
Density by itself is not enough, it is one of many ingredients needed to make great communities. Density comes in many forms and should complement the existing neighbourhood character, using architecture and design to incrementally increase density while still matching the scale and context of the surroundings. We have the tools and knowledge to make density beautiful, interesting and enjoyable, so that density does not seem dense. It is not a question of how dense a neighbourhood should be but rather how the density is done.
Ewing et al. 2008, p.16.
Condon et al. 2001, p. 2.
Jones et al. 2013, p. 901.
Jeon et al. 2007, p. 750.
Zhao et al. 2010, p. 786.


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We had just finished dinner. Wade had grilled steaks on our patio.
As we started to clear the table, Wade looked out our bay window just in time to see who had been stealing our flowers.
Boldly the thief reached down and snatched a flower.
I ran for the camera. I wanted video proof.
He heard me opening the sliding door, dropping his plunder he ran as fast as he could.
Scrambling up the tree the squirrel was obviously disappointed he had only had time to take one or two bites before he was discovered.
So is he also the one that ate our pineapple? Or was it one of his relatives?
How do we keep him and his friends from doing this again?
We could put a special fence around everything. Of course that's not practical.
I could stay In the backyard to protect the flowers and vegetables from being eaten by the critters. Sort of stand guard at the fence gate like a shepherd protects its flock. But there is no way that's going to happen.
I like these flowers and veggies, but there is no way I would stay outside to keep them safe.
The Bible tells us that Jesus is the Good Shepherd. The Shepherd would create a sheepfold to keep the lambs safe. He loved them so much he would lie down and be the actual gate. It was through him the lambs would enter and it was because of him the lambs were safe from the wolves.
Thus it is through Christ you enter into His church. Are you part of the flock? Did you enter through the gate, through Christ or did you go around the gate?
You may be a member of a local church, maybe even very active, but if you do not know the Shepherd, you are missing out on the Kingdom of God.
He will protect you, He laid down His life for you. He loves you. He wants a relationship with you.
To read more about Christ, The Good Shepherd click on John 10:1-21.
Dear Reader, I love to share pictures, funny stories with a life application…this is all well and good. But my goal is for you to see Christ through these postings and to have a relationship with our Lord and Savior.
If you don't know Him, meet Him today.
If you want to know more about having a relationship with Christ, please click this link to the LifeWhataJoy Faith page.


text:
Future Optics: Ultrafast optics and photonics open up new discoveries - Interview with Margaret Murnane
High-harmonic sources have very high temporal and spatial coherence, so they can achieve very high temporal and spatial resolution.
OSA: What interested you in optics?
Margaret Murnane: Growing up in rural Ireland along the River Shannon, I was fascinated by the colors reflected on the water and the beauty of our natural world. I got interested in atomic spectra and x-rays at the University of Cork, where my optics professor was an expert in string theory but was an amazingly enthusiastic lecturer, and gave us very challenging questions.
OSA: What got you interested in ultrafast lasers?
MM: I did my PhD at Berkeley with Roger Falcone. We fired 100 fs laser pulses at a solid to produce short x-ray bursts. The laser pulses are faster than the explosion time of a hot solid-density plasma, so we actually made a plasma mirror. I built the femtosecond laser and amplifier using a colliding pulse design from Chuck Shank to produce x-ray pulses lasting 1.1 ps, plus or minus a picosecond. Nowadays, our measurements have attosecond precision—more than six orders of magnitude shorter in duration.
OSA: What led you to titanium sapphire lasers?
MM: My husband and research partner, Henry Kapteyn, and I started a lab at Washington State University in 1990, when Wilson Sibbett had just demonstrated self modelocking of titanium sapphire (Ti:sapphire; see figure). We were very interested in generating very short pulses of light, and were puzzled that the pulses lasted 60 fs when the huge bandwidth of Ti:sapphire should have made them much shorter.
The Brewster-cut Ti:sapphire crystal shows the tight focus from the blue pump diodes. (Courtesy of KMLabs)
We did an analysis with one of our first students, Chung-Po Huang, and found that high-order dispersion in the cavity limited the bandwidth. We thought highly doped laser crystals and a pair of intracavity dispersion-compensating prisms could reduce dispersion. Working with Milan Kokta and George Venikouas at Union Carbide, we were able to get super-broad bandwidth growing highly-doped crystals. The beautiful thing about the physics is that broadening the bandwidth makes the laser more stable, so we made an 11 fs laser.
We never patented it, and laser companies didn't think anyone needed 11 fs lasers, but our colleagues would ask Henry for the design—and we shared them freely (via snail mail). Then, some folks didn't want to build the laser, so they asked Henry for kits and he started providing them. That's how we started our company, Kapteyn-Murnane Labs (KMLabs), working in the basement and aligning the rail setting up the kit so laser experts could finish assembly.
OSA: What kept you working on ultrafast lasers?
MM: With graduate students Sterling Backus and Jianping Zhou, we learned how to make laser amplifiers produce very intense pulses just as high-harmonic generation was taking off. We showed that our very short pulses were better for high harmonics than other lasers. So, our careers evolved from developing very short pulse lasers to developing very short high-harmonic pulses, and now we mainly apply those ultrashort pulses in nanotechnology and materials science.
High-harmonic sources have very high temporal and spatial coherence, so they can achieve very high temporal and spatial resolution. Essentially, the laser ionizes an atom, creating a nanoscale quantum antenna from the electron wave function, and modulates the antenna so it looks like we are driving it at a high harmonic of the fundamental laser frequency. This lets us achieve spatial resolution equal to the high-harmonic wavelength better than any other x-ray microscope.
We get coherent emission from multiple atoms that is passively phase-matched with sub-angstrom precision and attosecond temporal resolution. This beautiful phase-matching happens automatically over a few cycles of the driving laser pulse. The efficiency is relatively low—10-3 in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and 10-5 in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV)—and so far, only 10-8 has been demonstrated in the soft x-ray region. But the beam is tightly collimated, so giving enough power for many experiments and pulses from the tabletop source can span 10 octaves.
OSA: What opportunities does this new source offer?
MM: Many x-ray measurements work better with short pulses and coherent light. X-rays penetrate opaque samples, and they have sharp absorption edges for spectroscopy. They can measure the magnetic moments of the entire element in an alloy simultaneously, and have a wide range of uses in condensed matter physics, energy research, nanotechnology, and imaging.
OSA: How do you develop both new sources and new applications?
MM: The company took over laser development and engineering. Engineering makes the lasers more capable. We are quantum physicists and know what lasers are needed. The two are very complementary, as the company does the engineering to help us do more difficult experiments. Henry deserves all the credit for the company.
OSA: How did your 2000 MacArthur Foundation Fellowship affect you?
MM: It helped tremendously in rebuilding our labs at the University of Colorado, and to develop high-harmonic sources and find important applications for them. It also helped give us credibility to try new and bigger ideas.
OSA: You also are involved in service projects. What have you worked on?
MM: I served on an American Physical Society committee on the status of women in physics. We visited physics departments and advised them how to make physics more attractive for women. The committee raises awareness and develops best practices, like making the tenure system compatible with having a family, and having a standard code of conduct.
This is a huge change from when I was in grad school, when people often said things that discouraged women without intending to. Many women have worked hard to make this happen, like Judy Franz, Meg Urry, Mildred Dresselhaus, and many more. We're not there completely yet, but the slope is positive—very positive. When you don't have women in technology, it's because the climate isn't attractive and you're missing half your talent pool. The more diverse and inclusive an organization is, the more respectful of multiple viewpoints and the more rapidly it can change, which is essential in our global environment. The Optical Society also works very hard on this.
OSA: What exciting things are coming in the very fast and very small?
MM: We don't know. We know we can see the fastest electron motion and we can build extremely powerful microscopes, and we would like to combine the two to record images on relevant lengths and time scales. But modeling the process would require combining the quantum time-dependent Schrödinger equations with Maxwell's equations, and that's so computationally intensive that we can't calculate the limits of the technology. So, we explore and end up discovering new and useful things.
For example, one very unusual discovery came when we heated patterns of nanodots with a laser to stimulate hot spots in a nanocircuit. We expected packing the hot spots closer to slow down their cooling, but we found that closer hot spots actually cool faster. Now, we understand how that happens—the heat-carrying phonons couple better to the substrate from close-packed nanodots, essentially cooling the hot spots faster. It's cute physics, and it's important in circuit design or general thermal engineering. Physics in the nano-world is different than in the macroscopic, so sometimes your intuition is backwards.
MARGARET MURNANE is a professor of physics at the University of Colorado and a fellow at JILA. She studies ultrafast optical and x-ray science, and pioneered high-harmonic generation and applications using ultrafast lasers. She is a fellow of The Optical Society and the American Physical Society, and received a MacArthur Fellowship in 2000.


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In 2013 R. Feltkamp participated to a conference 'Recht op recht' that examined the link between the financial crisis of 2007 and private law mechanisms.
The presentations given at this conference - including R. Feltkamp's presentation on legal initiatives for refinancing mechanisms for the financial sector (transfer of receivables, covered bonds) - are collected in this thought-provoking book ( Finance and Law : twins in trouble'. The book makes clear that private law and the possibility of a financial and economic crisis are strongly intertwined.


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Chairs that pop - our top three from left to right: Bokuno by Yu Matsuda, Iris chair by Merve Kahraman and Hoff Seating Collection by Morton & Jonas for Petite Friture.
Fallen for these tactile ceramics from Japanese scupltor, Tomoko Sakumoto.
Meet the HAM 'Activist' series ...a set of three bespoke Rabbits created exclusively for The Body Shop and their Forever Against Animal Testing Campaign. Find out more about this very special collab here.
We are excited to share a very special HAM commission for this year's London Design Festival. 'A day in the life of Rabbit' depicts Jo's trademark bunnies in giant form. Find them on the walls of the Canopy at designjunction Kings Cross from 21-24 September.
Castle envy: Sandy modernism meets brutalist beach architecture with Calvin Seibert's seaside sculptures. Ace. See more here.
The HAM x Topshop pop-up store is now open! Come see us on the ground floor of their Oxford Street flagship until 3 December.
Excited to share that HAM's new repositional British made wall stickers have landed! Take a look at the collection here.
The beautiful and bizarre: Christopher Herwig has travelled across 14 countries snapping the Soviet empire's best brutailst bus stops for his latest book.


text:
equity based evaluation
Ash Research Associates
A Focus on Equity
Doris Ash, lead researcher
Services tailored to your needs
Reculturing Museums
Grant Experience
Selected writings from ARA publications
"Many museums' long-term health and survival will depend on how well they deal with diversity issues. Given the rapidly changing demographics in this country, museums have to ask who's going to be walking through the doors in the coming decades. And more to the point, what will it take to create a welcoming environment for "non-traditional" museum goers." In Said & Suau 2009
The focus of ARA is Evaluation and Planning with an EQUITY emphasis.
Much of ARA'S research and evaluation has focused on working with science learning and teaching, especially as it impacts equity of access, primarily to science, in both formal and informal settings.
Museums are situated in the midst of roiling, busy, social, historical and cultural contexts. They reflect these contexts in various ways, moment to moment in time. In modern times, many museums reflect such cultural shifts in their current exhibitions, special after dark events, positioning free days, and other events for maximizing community interaction. They also reify the existing social, historical and cultural norms, sometimes without realizing it. Some would argue that museums represent the past all too well, but not the future.
Museums mirror societal pressures, tensions, and historical changes, including demographic shifts, social and cultural trends, changing educational and leisure values, and more. I use the term museum here to include similar informal contexts, for example, aquariums, zoos, and gardens. These are all places where people from different cultural backgrounds, histories, and languages socialize, play, and learn outside of the formal classroom. It is the mission of museums to provide relevant and interesting information, comfortable spaces for learning about the objects housed there, and equal access to all citizens. There is a contradiction, then, between expectation and reality.
While there is a desire to be accessible to all, the actual data do not yet support this as reality. The combination of national economic downturn, changing demographics, and competing views of the purposes of museums and other informal learning places has created a new dialogic space for re-thinking museums, their patterns of funding, the role of artifacts and their curators, how they teach the public, the stories they tell, and to question who they are designed to serve.
Museums want families, groups and individuals from non-dominant populations to come to their institutions. There are mission statements, advertising, special programming and many other visible signs that attest to the fact that informal institutions want "science for all rather than science for some" (Dawson, 2014, p. 210).
How it works in practice
At ARA our evaluation and research efforts focus primarily on learning and teaching in different settings, with families and students from culturally and linguistically populations who may not have had opportunity to participate in quality science. We use similar socioculturally-grounded theoretical frameworks and methodologies in order to learn more about about non-mainstream learners overall. This is a growing field with museum studies.
As's research has argued that we need to meet diversity (more than) half way, not as outreach, or special events or even dedicated outreach. These are all necessary but insufficient conditions for a fundamental systemic transformation and working with those we have up on now considered minority populations.
ARA a wide variety of evaluation and research tools, ranging from survey monkey tools to in-depth tracking of dialogue during museum visits. We interview, take process notes, observe formally and informally while working collaboratively with PIS and Project manager. This is not always easy, but it generally illuminating.
Why equity in informals
The topic of equal access to museums and other informal settings has been in the forefront of our attention for the last decade or so. My own work has focused on the understandings and resources that families and students from non-dominant populations bring to informal settings such as museums, gardens, aquaria, after school clubs and similar settings. This is been true for quite some time.
One major area of my research has studied how non-dominant families navigate informal learning in museum and aquarium contexts. I have deeply explored biological content themes (Ash, et al, 2007), as well as the sometimes invisible (to researcher and practitioners) strategies bilingual families use for making sense of exhibits, that include what I have called 'figuring out behaviors' (Mai & Ash, 2012), humor (Ash, 2014), analogies (Ash & Hohenstein, in revision), and the role of objects (Ash, et al, 2007), among other aspects. Part of the importance of these pieces overall, is that they have helped to create a body of research for a subject not treated before; another part demonstrates new methodologies; and a third aspect is the way sociocultural theory has infused every aspect of the research.
I have focused on the discourse patterns of non-dominant (typically bilingual or bi-dialectical) families, and the ways in which they engage with each other, the exhibits and with museum educators. I have focused on the resources they bring, rather than what they may be perceived to lack. For example, Rahm & Ash, 2007, which uses a similar theoretical framework across two different bilingual settings (Canada/French and US/Spanish) specifically discusses resources. My work with girls and women in science has also continued in the same vein (Wheaton & Ash, 2008).
The field of informal learning field of scholarly research has previously not featured such detailed examination of more subtle behaviors or dialogue, in order to see what meaning eventuates over time. The field previously ignored most visitors outside the European-American, middle class, well-educated norm. Deficit thinking has dominated informal and formal learning research, suggesting among other critiques that such populations of color don't have the requisite cultural capital (know science or art),or the social norms (they break things) appropriate to informal settings. In order to get past deficit ideology.
My 2014 chapter on humor in the NSSE yearbook, for example, provides strong evidence and theoretical grounding for the subtle ways in which Latino families use their own social and cultural resources to scaffold life science learning in an unfamiliar aquarium setting. Such research is still unusual in my field. Until now most museum learning research took the perspective of the exhibit, curators, or educators. My focus on humor allowed me to take a different perspective, focusing on the social practices and everyday understandings of non-dominant families, who often have less formal education, and for whom museums and aquariums may be relatively unknown. This eventuated in discerning genuine sense making where others had seen none. My research on 'figuring out' behaviors occupies a similar niche; by putting an emphasis on the practices and knowledge newcomers use to negotiate what is expected of them in museums, I argue that these newcomers merge the museum's and their own intentions into what I have called a 'hybrid' agenda (Ash, 2014, Mai & Ash, 2012; Ash & Hohenstein, in progress).
Overview of ARA Site and Blog
Copyright © 2021 Ash Research Associates.


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Chiropractic care is an occupation that treats musculoskeletal problems trough manual therapy and spine treatment. Chiropractic care mostly deals with spinal problems and back pains. Spine manipulation, although it sounds painful, https://myspinechiropracticcenter.blogspot.com is important approach, but chiropractic also deals with joints, muscles and may be framework for the body.
Chiropractic is due to the Greek word "cheir" which means hand and "praxis" and action. Combined, chiropractic literally means "done by hand" or "treatment by hand". Chiropractors are the professionals who practice chiropractic profession. They're licensed by the state and tend to required to have formal education before practicing the chosen profession.
Modern chiropractic started in 1800s when Daniel David Palmer performed the first spinal manipulation on an affected individual. Chiropractic went far after that will became 3rd workout largest medical industry and home loan houses in complementary and complementary healthcare. Currently, there are more than 50,000 licensed chiropractors in United States alone. Are generally even incorporated and contained in the U.S. military health model.
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