text:
Q: JavaScript examples, clarify the langue pattern design for functions with-in functions I am learning JavaScript and becoming confused by the logic of the code examples. From codecademy. Why are there function set-ups in function calls?
I'm quite confused. I am moving from a simplified C-like langue.
The JavaScript example
var main = function(){
    $('.article').click(function(){
        $('.description').hide();

        $(this).children('.description').show();
    });
};

My understanding:
 - main is a function name with a return type of var.

*

*$('.article') is a element/object/or class object.

*.click() is a call to a member function

*But:

???:
.click(function(){
    $('.description').hide();
    $(this).children('.description').show();
});

This seems to be a newly on the spot created function to run When/If click() is activated or run.
The way I used to think is like this:
 var *p_obj = $('.article');
 var *p_obj = $('.description');

 var do_click()
 {
     p_obj2.hide();
     p_obj.children(p_obj2).show();
 }

 var main(){
     p_obj.click(do_click);
 }

Function main() looks at p_obj and calls click().
Click() evaluates to true/false and run the pointer_to function do_click().
Function do_click() looks at the p_obj2 and calls hide(), which performs an action of hiding the p_obj2.
Function do_click() also looks at p_obj and uses children to scope focus to p_obj2, then it runs show(), which preforms an action of displaying p_obj2.
I do realize my C-like example is wrong and odd. I realize my terminology is wrong or otherwise used incorrectly.
The way this design looks seems like I must write extended functionality on-the-spot for every call to .click(), so if-then .click() is run on 3 different items, I'm creating different extended functionality for each object. But I would normally create a single function that varies it's internal execution based on the object or condition click() calls it by.
This set-up seems alright if the code a relatively simple or short, but on-the-spot functional seems like overworking for longer code and code where the functionality repeats but the objects change.
Am I thinking about JavaScript functions with-in functions correctly and is this a design goal of the langue to add long repeating extended functions with-in functions?

A: Here, you should understand 2 things:

*

*passing functions as arguments

*anonymous functions

The first concept is particulary important because callbacks are popular in JavaScript, so let me explain it for callbacks. Imagine we have 2 functions getStuffFromWeb and processStuff. You probably expect that they are used like this:
var result = getStuffFromWeb();
processStuff(result);

But the issue here is waiting for getStuffFromWeb may take some time (the server is busy), so instead they are usually used in a "when you finish, call this function" manner, which is:
var getStuffFromWeb = function(params,callback) {
    ...
    callback(result);
};
getStuffFromWeb(someParams,processStuff);

Well, in fact the structure of getStuffFromWeb will be different, most likely something like this:
var getStuffFromWeb = function(params,callback) {
    requestObject.make_request(params)
                 .onSuccess(callback);
};

So when getStuffFromWeb is called, it starts to listen to response while the code after getStuffFromWeb(someParams,processStuff); goes on evaluating. When the response comes, it calls the callback function to process the data further using the procedure we have defined (processStuff).
The second concept is rather simple: you may of'course write smth like
var processStuff = function() {...};
var getStuffFromWeb = function(params,callback) {
    requestObject.make_request(params)
                 .onSuccess(callback);
};
getStuffFromWeb(someParams,processStuff);

but if you use processStuff only once, why define a named function? Instead, you can just put the very same expression inside the onSuccess param like this:
var getStuffFromWeb = function(params) {
    requestObject.make_request(params)
                 .onSuccess(function() {...});
};
getStuffFromWeb(someParams);

This looks exactly like if we took the value of processStuff and put it directly to the onSuccess's argument (and that's called anonymous function). And also we got rid of an extra argument of getStuffFromWeb.
So basically that's it.

A: Simple answer is that the second argument of click() requires a callback function.
This can be a named function passed as reference as in your p_obj.click(do_click); example or it can be an anonymous function with self contained logic. Anonymous functions are very common in javascript
It's the same thing just with 2 different ways of declaring the callback.
Note that the only time you would return anything from an event handler function would be to return false which effectively prevents the default browser event (url opening from href or form submit for examples) and stops event propagating up the DOM tree

A:
main is a function name with a return type of var.

No. main is a variable which is assigned an anonymous function. The function name would go between the keyword function and the () containing the argument list.
It has no return statement so it returns undefined.

$('.article') is a element/object/or class object.

It is a call to the function $ with one argument. The return value is a jQuery object.

.click() is a call to a member function

Pretty much. In JavaScript we call any function that is the value of a property of an object as method.

This seems to be a newly on the spot created function

function () { } is a function expression. It creates a function, exactly like the one used to assign a value to main earlier. This question is worth reading for more on the subject.

When/If click() is activated or run.

The click function is called immediately. The new function is passed as an argument.
The purpose of the click function is to bind a click event handler so that when a click event hits the element later on, it will trigger the function passed as an argument.

I do realize my c -like example is wrong and odd. I realize my terminology is wrong or otherwise used incorrectly.

Leaving aside vagaries of syntax. The main difference here is that the click event handler function is that the event handler function is stored in an intermediary variable.
You can do that in JavaScript just as easily, and then reuse the function elsewhere in the code.
var main = function(){

    function show_specific_description() {
        $('.description').hide();
        $(this).children('.description').show();
    }

    $('.article').click(show_specific_description);
    show_specific_description.call($(".article").last()[0]);
};

main();

is this a design goal of the langue to add long repeating extended functions with-in functions?

No. Passing a function expression as an argument is a convenient way to be more concise when you don't want to reuse the function. It's not the only way to pass functions about.

A: *

*main is currently a function.
It is possible to be overwritten (even to a different type). var is not the return type, it's a statement that main is a variable.
All values should be declared as variables, within the highest scope you intend them to be used (in JS, scope typically means functions, not blocks).

*You have the right idea, suspecting that the function gets passed in, and called at a later point in time (and this is actually one of the harder parts for people to get, coming from certain other languages). You'll see this behaviour all through JS.

*One key thing to keep in mind in this language (you haven't hit it yet, but you will) is that JS is lexically scoped.
function getInnerX () {
  var x = 5;
  function getX () {
    return x;
  };
  return getX;
}

var x = 10;
var getX = getInnerX();
console.log(getX()); // 5

The function getX inside of getInnerX has access to the references around it, at the point where it's defined (not where it's called), and thus has live access to the inner x, even if its value changes over time.
This will be another important piece of understanding what you see going on in the language, especially in the case of callbacks.

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text:
The 2019–20 FA Cup (also known as the Football Association Challenge Cup) was the 139th edition of the oldest football tournament in the world. It was sponsored by Emirates and known as The Emirates FA Cup for sponsorship purposes.

On 13 March 2020, it was agreed that the FA Cup, as well as the rest of professional football in England, would be suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 29 May 2020, The FA announced plans to restart the competition, with the rescheduled quarter-finals provisionally set to be played on 28 and 29 June and the final on 1 August. All remaining matches including the final were played behind closed doors. In an effort to "promote good, positive mental health for everyone", according to Prince William, the president of The Football Association, the 2020 FA Cup Final was known as the "Heads Up FA Cup Final", with "Heads Up" a campaign to promote mental health.

The defending champions, Premier League side Manchester City, were eliminated by Arsenal in the semi-finals on 18 July. Arsenal won the final 2–1 against Chelsea, their first win since 2017 and fourth in seven years, for their fourteenth FA Cup title.

Teams

Round and draw dates
For the first time, the Fifth Round fixtures were played midweek rather than on a weekend, to accommodate the "winter break".

Qualifying rounds

All of the competing teams that are not members of either the Premier League or English Football League competed in the qualifying rounds to secure one of 32 available places in the First Round Proper. The qualifying competition began with the Extra Preliminary Round on 10 August 2019. The fourth and final qualifying round was played over the weekend of 19 October 2019.

First Round Proper
The draw for the First Round Proper was held on 21 October 2019. The 32 winners from the qualifying competition joined the 47 clubs from League One and League Two in 39 ties played over the weekend of 9 November. Due to Bury's expulsion from the competition, Chichester City (the final team drawn) were given a bye to the Second Round Proper. Chichester are one of two Level 8 teams that reached the first round along with Maldon & Tiptree, the lowest ranked teams left in the competition.

Second Round Proper
The draw for the Second Round Proper was held on 11 November 2019. The 39 winners of the First Round Proper and bye recipients Chichester City played in 20 Second Round Proper ties on the weekend of 30 November. This round included two teams from level 8, Chichester City and Maldon & Tiptree, who were the lowest-ranked teams still in the competition.

Third Round Proper

The draw for the Third Round Proper was held on 2 December 2019. The 20 Second Round winners joined the 20 Premier League and 24 EFL Championship clubs in 32 ties to be played across the weekend of 4–6 January 2020. This round included two teams from level 5, AFC Fylde and Hartlepool United, who were the lowest-ranked teams still in the competition.

All thirty-two matches kicked off one minute late to encourage fans to take one minute to think about their mental health, and to broadcast a film narrated by FA president Prince William about this issue.

Fourth Round Proper
The draw was held on 6 January 2020, ahead of the Arsenal v Leeds United match. The ties were played between 24 and 27 January 2020. Northampton Town of League Two (level 4) were the lowest-ranked team to compete in this round.

Fifth Round Proper

The draw was held on 27 January 2020, ahead of the AFC Bournemouth v Arsenal fourth round match. The ties were played in midweek during the week commencing Monday 2 March 2020. From this round there would be no replays; all ties would head to extra time and, if necessary, penalties to decide the team to advance in the event of a draw.

The lowest ranked side to play in the fifth round was Portsmouth of League One (level 3).

Quarter-finals
The draw for the quarter-finals took place on 4 March 2020. All teams playing in this round were from the Premier League, the first all-Premier League quarter-finals since 2005–06.

The ties were due to be played on 21 and 22 March 2020, before being postponed on 13 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The fixtures were revised to the 27 and 28 June 2020 following the end of the suspension. All ties were played behind closed doors.

As a gesture of solidarity following the murder of George Floyd, the 'Black Lives Matter' badge is used by all players from this round on. The FA also gave their support for any player who chooses to "take a knee" before or during matches. In addition, the NHS tribute badge was also used at all kits for the remainder of the season. All teams but Sheffield United and Newcastle United donned both badges at the front side, the others put the BLM badge below the players' number at the back of the shirt.

Semi-finals
The semi-finals were played on 18 and 19 July 2020 and were shown on BT Sport and BBC Sport. Both games were played at Wembley Stadium. The draw was held during half-time of the Newcastle United–Manchester City quarter-final match and was conducted by Alan Shearer.

Final

The 2020 FA Cup Final was played on 1 August 2020 and was shown live on BT Sport and BBC Sport. Wembley Stadium hosted the game as usual.

Top scorers

Television rights

Notes

References

FA Cup seasons
FA Cup
FA Cup
FA Cup

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text:
Cochran: Dems should reach out to small businesses
Justin A. Hinkley
NOTE: The Lansing State Journal has reached out to all lawmakers representing Greater Lansing to ask for their goals for the 2015-16 legislative session. Interviews will be posted at lsj.com/capitol as they're completed.
State Rep. Tom Cochran, D-Mason, begins his second term in the House.
District: 67; includes southern parts of the city of Lansing, all of the cities of Mason and Leslie, and Delhi, Alaiedon, Wheatfield, Leroy, Aurelius, Vevay, Ingahm, White Oak, Onondaga, Leslie, Bunker Hill and Stockbridge townships.
Goals for this term:
In addition to "stable funding sources" for education and focusing on the middle class and working poor, "I'd like to see us as a Democratic caucus reach out more to small businesses … Small businesses are the engines that create the majority of job growth."
Planned legislation: A bill that would require banks and credit unions to inform accountholders who wish to add someone such as a child to their account that the added person will have access to their funds. Another that would codify a Michigan Department of Environmental Quality rule barring the use of fracking water on roads (a northern Michigan county did so for dust suppression).
Committee assignment: Health Policy, Insurance (minority vice chair), Transportation
Contact information:067.housedems.com; 517-373-0587; tomcochran@house.mi.gov; office at 1086 Anderson House Office Building, 124 N. Capitol Ave.; mail to P.O. Box 30014, Lansing, Mich., 48909-7514.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Tips on stubbing a helper method from a rails view I have a unique scenario. I am using Rspec 3 and Capybara to run some rspec tests, and I need to stub out method calls to return true/false based on certain tests.
my test is in spec/features/landing_page_spec.rb
I have a test:
describe "a logged in user with a pending application" do
  before do
    allow_any_instance_of(UserApplicationInfo).to receive(:has_pending_application?).and_return(true)
    allow(ApplicationController).to receive(:logged_in?).and_return(true)
    visit '/'
  end

I have a helper method in app/controllers/helpers/logins_helper.rb
module LoginsHelper
  def logged_in?
    current_user.present?
  end
end

and I have a view views/landing_page/index.html.erb which has the following snippet
<% if logged_in? && @user.account_id %>
   I want this
<% else %>
   I dont want this
<% end %>

I am not able to stub out the helper method logged_in?. I AM able to stub the method when I am in the controller. For example, when I put a pry in landing_page_controller I get the following:
[1] pry(#<LandingPageController>)> logged_in?
=> true
[4] pry(#<LandingPageController>)> self.class
=> LandingPageController
[1] pry(#<LandingPageController>)> self.class.superclass
=> ApplicationController

And when I put a pry in the view/landing_page/index.html.erb
[1] pry(#<#<Class:0x74ad8>>)> logged_in?
=> false
[3] pry(#<#<Class:0x74ad8>>)> self.class
=> #<Class:0x74ad8>
[4] pry(#<#<Class:0x74ad8>>)> self.class.superclass
=> ActionView::Base

Now I understand that the reason why logged_in? is returning true in the controller is because It inherits from ApplicationController. It doesn't seem like ActionView::base does. But I have tried code such as:
allow_any_instance_of(ApplicationController).to receive(:logged_in?).and_return(true)
allow_any_instance_of(ActionView::Base).to receive(:logged_in?).and_return(true)

But no luck. I have also read up on stubbing a helper method but I cannot access the view object because this isn't a view spec. I wish it was that easy. If there is a way to implicitly define the view object that would be awesome.
I have searched extensively on this subject, and perhaps the consensus is to use cucumber and manually log in the user. OR run this spec in a view. If there are any tips on how to run the helper method in a view and test it. I would greatly appreciate it.


text:
namespace Fwk {

struct True { };
struct False { };

template< typename T > struct IsInteger { typedef False Value; };
template<> struct IsInteger< bool > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsInteger< signed char > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsInteger< signed short > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsInteger< signed int > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsInteger< signed long > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsInteger< signed long long > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsInteger< unsigned char > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsInteger< unsigned short > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsInteger< unsigned int > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsInteger< unsigned long > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsInteger< unsigned long long > { typedef True Value; };

template< typename T > struct IsSignedInteger { typedef False Value; };
template<> struct IsSignedInteger< signed char > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsSignedInteger< signed short > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsSignedInteger< signed int > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsSignedInteger< signed long > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsSignedInteger< signed long long > { typedef True Value; };

template< typename T > struct IsUnsignedInteger { typedef False Value; };
template<> struct IsUnsignedInteger< bool > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsUnsignedInteger< unsigned char > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsUnsignedInteger< unsigned short > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsUnsignedInteger< unsigned int > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsUnsignedInteger< unsigned long > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsUnsignedInteger< unsigned long long > { typedef True Value; };

template< typename T > struct IsFloat { typedef False Value; };
template<> struct IsFloat< float > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsFloat< double > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsFloat< long double > { typedef True Value; };

template< typename T > struct IsPointer { typedef False Value; };
template< typename T > struct IsPointer< T * > { typedef True Value; };

// A "POD" type is one that does not initialize itself, and should be
// memset to 0 to initialize properly.  This IsPod doesn't really work
// very well --- it only works for singleton things, not for
// aggregates.  Boost has one that works, except I can't understand
// it.
template< typename T > struct IsPod { typedef False Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< bool > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< signed char > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< signed short > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< signed int > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< signed long > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< signed long long > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< unsigned char > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< unsigned short > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< unsigned int > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< unsigned long > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< unsigned long long > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< float > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< double > { typedef True Value; };
template<> struct IsPod< long double > { typedef True Value; };
template< typename T > struct IsPod< T * > { typedef True Value; };

};

#endif // FWK_TYPETRAITS_H

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Osteichthyes
Osteichthyes (/ˌɒstiˈɪkθiiːz/), popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse taxonomic group of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue, as opposed to cartilage. The vast majority of fish are members of Osteichthyes, which is an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of 45 orders, and over 435 families and 28,000 species.[1] It is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today. The group Osteichthyes is divided into the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). The oldest known fossils of bony fish are about 420 million years old, which are also transitional fossils, showing a tooth pattern that is in between the tooth rows of sharks and bony fishes.[2]
Temporal range: 420–0 Ma
Blue runner
Clade: Teleostomi
Superclass: Osteichthyes
Huxley, 1880
Groups included
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
Osteichthyes can be compared to Euteleostomi. In paleontology, the terms are synonymous. In ichthyology, the difference is that Euteleostomi presents a cladistic view which includes the terrestrial tetrapods that evolved from lobe-finned fish, whereas prior to 2014 the view of most ichthyologists was that Osteichthyes includes only fishes, and were therefore paraphyletic. However, in 2014, an ichthyology paper was published with phylogenetic trees that treat the Osteichthyes as a clade including tetrapods.[3]
Guiyu oneiros, the earliest known bony fish, lived during the Late Silurian, 419 million years ago).[4][5] It has the combination of both ray-finned and lobe-finned features, although analysis of the totality of its features place it closer to lobe-finned fish.[6][7][8]
Bony fish are characterized by a relatively stable pattern of cranial bones, rooted, medial insertion of mandibular muscle in the lower jaw. The head and pectoral girdles are covered with large dermal bones. The eyeball is supported by a sclerotic ring of four small bones, but this characteristic has been lost or modified in many modern species. The labyrinth in the inner ear contains large otoliths. The braincase, or neurocranium, is frequently divided into anterior and posterior sections divided by a fissure.
Early bony fish had simple lungs (a pouch on either side of the esophagus) which helped them breathe in low-oxygen water. In many bony fish these have evolved into swim bladders, which help the body create a neutral balance between sinking and floating. (The lungs of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were inherited from their bony fish ancestors.)[9][10][11] They do not have fin spines, but instead support the fin with lepidotrichia (bone fin rays). They also have an operculum, which helps them breathe without having to swim.
Bony fish have no placoid scales. Mucus glands coat the body. Most have smooth and overlapping ganoid, cycloid or ctenoid scales.
Traditionally, Osteichthyes is considered a class, recognised on having a swim bladder, only three pairs of gill arches, hidden behind a bony operculum and a predominately bony skeleton.[12] Under this classification systems, the Osteichthyes are paraphyletic with regard to land vertebrates as the common ancestor of all Osteichthyes includes tetrapods amongst its descendants. The largest subclass, the Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) are monophyletic, but with the inclusion of the smaller sub-class Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes is paraphyletic.
This has led to an alternative cladistic classification, splitting the Osteichthyes into two full classes. Osteichthyes is under this scheme monophyletic, as it includes the tetrapods, making it a synonym of the clade Euteleostomi. Most bony fish belong to the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii).
ray-finned fish Actinopterygii, or ray-finned fishes, constitute a class or subclass of the bony fishes. The ray-finned fishes are so called because they possess lepidotrichia or "fin rays", their fins being webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines ("rays"), as opposed to the fleshy, lobed fins that characterize the class Sarcopterygii which also possess lepidotrichia. These actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements, the radials, which represent the link or connection between these fins and the internal skeleton (e.g., pelvic and pectoral girdles). In terms of numbers, actinopterygians are the dominant class of vertebrates, comprising nearly 99% of the over 30,000 species of fish (Davis, Brian 2010). They are ubiquitous throughout freshwater and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. Extant species can range in size from Paedocypris, at 8 mm (0.3 in), to the massive ocean sunfish, at 2,300 kg (5,070 lb), and the long-bodied oarfish, to at least 11 m (36 ft).
lobe-finned fish Sarcopterygii (fleshy fin) or lobe-finned fish constitute a clade (traditionally a class or subclass of fish only, i.e. excluding the tetrapods) of the bony fish, though a strict cladistic view includes the terrestrial vertebrates. The living sarcopterygians are the coelacanths, lungfish, and the tetrapods. Early lobe-finned fishes had fleshy, lobed, paired fins, joined to the body by a single bone.[13] Their fins differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobelike, scaly stalk extending from the body. Pectoral and pelvic fins have articulations resembling those of tetrapod limbs. These fins evolved into legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates, amphibians. They also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin of actinopterygians (ray-finned fish). The braincase of sarcoptergygians primitively has a hinge line, but this is lost in tetrapods and lungfish. Many early lobe-finned fishes have a symmetrical tail. All lobe-finned fishes possess teeth covered with true enamel.
PhylogenyEdit
A phylogeny of living Osteichthyes, including the tetrapods, is shown in the cladogram.[3][14][15][16]
Osteichthyes/
Coelacanthimorpha
Coelacanthiformes
Rhipidistia
Dipnomorpha
Ceratodontiformes
Tetrapodomorpha
Cladistia
Polypteriformes
Chondrostei
Acipenseriformes
Neopterygii
Holostei
Teleostei
Elopocephalai
Anguilliformes
Osteoglossocephalai
Osteoglossomorpha
Osteoglossiformes
Hiodontiformes
Clupeocephala
Otomorpha
Clupei
Clupeiformes
Alepocephali
Alepocephaliformes
Ostariophysi
Anotophysa
Gonorynchiformes
Otophysa
Cypriniformes
Characiformes
Gymnotiformes
Euteleosteomorpha
Lepidogalaxiiformes
Protacanthopterygii
Argentiniformes
Galaxiiformes
Stomiatii
Osmeriformes
Stomiatiformes
Neoteleostei
Ateleopodia
Ateleopodiformes
Eurypterygia
Aulopa
Aulopiformes
Ctenosquamata
Myctophata
Acanthomorphata
Lampridacea
Paracanthomorphacea
Percopsiformes
Zeiformes
Stylephoriformes
Gadiformes
Polymixiacea
Euacanthomorphacea
Holocentriformes
Percomorphaceae
Ophidiiformes
Gobiaria
Kurtiformes
Gobiiformes
Scombrimopharia
Scombriformes
Carangimopharia
Ovalentaria
Polycentridae
Pholidichthyiformes
Cichliformes
Atheriniformes
Cyprinodontiformes
Beloniformes
Ovalentaria incertae sedis
Blenniiformes
Anabantaria
Anabantiformes
Carangaria
Carangaria incertae sedis 1
Centropomidae
Pleuronectiformes
Carangiformes
Istiophoriformes
Percomorpharia
Eupercaria incertae sedis
Labriformes
Ephippiformes
Lobotiformes
Acanthuriformes
Chaetodontiformes
Spariformes
Lophiiformes
Tetraodontiformes
Uranoscopiformes
Pempheriformes
Centrarchiformes
Whole-genome duplication took place in the ancestral Osteichthyes.[17]
BiologyEdit
All bony fish possess gills. For the majority this is their sole or main means of respiration. Lungfish and other osteichthyan species are capable of respiration through lungs or vascularized swim bladders. Other species can respire through their skin, intestines, and/or stomach.[18]
Osteichthyes are primitively ectothermic (cold blooded), meaning that their body temperature is dependent on that of the water. But some of the larger marine osteichthyids, such as the opah,[19][20] swordfish[21][22] and tuna[23][24] have independently evolved various levels of endothermy. Bony fish can be any type of heterotroph: numerous species of omnivore, carnivore, herbivore, filter-feeder or detritivore are documented.
Some bony fish are hermaphrodites, and a number of species exhibit parthenogenesis. Fertilization is usually external, but can be internal. Development is usually oviparous (egg-laying) but can be ovoviviparous, or viviparous. Although there is usually no parental care after birth, before birth parents may scatter, hide, guard or brood eggs, with sea horses being notable in that the males undergo a form of "pregnancy", brooding eggs deposited in a ventral pouch by a female.
The ocean sunfish is the heaviest bony fish in the world,[25] while the longest is the king of herrings, a type of oarfish. Specimens of ocean sunfish have been observed up to 3.3 metres (11 ft) in length and weighing up to 2,303 kilograms (5,077 lb). Other very large bony fish include the Atlantic blue marlin, some specimens of which have been recorded as in excess of 820 kilograms (1,810 lb), the black marlin, some sturgeon species, and the giant and goliath grouper, which both can exceed 300 kilograms (660 lb) in weight. In contrast, the dwarf pygmy goby measures a minute 15 millimetres (0.59 in).
Arapaima gigas is the largest species of freshwater bony fish. The largest bony fish ever was Leedsichthys, which dwarfed the beluga sturgeon, ocean sunfish, giant grouper, and all the other giant bony fishes alive today.
Comparison with cartilaginous fishes ChondrichthyesEdit
Cartilaginous fishes can be further divided into sharks, rays and chimaeras. In the table below, the comparison is made between sharks and bony fishes. For the further differences with rays, see sharks versus rays.
Comparison of cartilaginous and bony fishes [26]
Sharks (cartilaginous)
Bony fishes
Habitat Mainly marine Marine and freshwater
Shape Usually dorso-ventrally flattened Usually bilaterally flattened
Exoskeleton Separate dermal placoid scales Overlapping dermal cosmoid, ganoid, cycloid or ctenoid scales
Endoskeleton Cartilaginous Mostly bony
Caudal fin Heterocercal Heterocercal or diphycercal
Pelvic fins Usually posterior. Mostly anterior, occasionally posterior.
Intromittent organ Males use pelvic fins as claspers for transferring sperm to a female Do not use claspers, though some species use their anal fins as gonopodium for the same purpose
Mouth Large, crescent shaped on the ventral side of the head Variable shape and size at the tip or terminal part of the head
Jaw suspension Hyostylic Hyostylic and autostylic
Gill openings Usually five pairs of gill slits which are not protected by an operculum. Five pairs of gill slits protected by an operculum (a lateral flap of skin).
Type of gills Larnellibranch with long interbranchial septum Filiform with reduced interbranchial septum
Spiracles The first gill slit usually becomes spiracles opening behind the eyes. No spiracles
Afferent branchial vessels Five pairs from ventral aorta to gills Only four pairs
Efferent branchial vessels Nine pairs Four pairs
Conus arteriosus Present in heart Absent
Cloaca A true cloaca is present only in cartilaginous fishes and lobe-finned fishes. In most bony fishes, the cloaca is absent, and the anus, urinary and genital apertures open separately [27]
Stomach Typically J-shaped Shape variable. Absent in some.
Intestine Short with spiral valve in lumen Long with no spiral valve
Rectal gland Present Absent
Liver Usually has two lobes Usually has three lobes
Swim bladder Absent Usually present
Brain Has large olfactory lobes and cerebrum with small optic lobes and cerebellum Has small olfactory lobes and cerebrum and large optic lobes and cerebellum
Restiform bodies Present in brain Absent
Ductus endolymphaticus Opens on top of head Does not open to exterior
Retina Lacks cones Most fish have double cones, a pair of cone cells joined to each other.
Accommodation of eye Accommodate for near vision by moving the lens closer to the retina Accommodate for distance vision by moving the lens further from the retina [28]
Ampullae of Lorenzini Present Absent
Male genital duct Connects to the anterior part of the genital kidney No connection to kidney
Oviducts Not connected to ovaries Connected to ovaries
Urinary and genital apertures United and urinogenital apertures lead into common cloaca Separate and open independently to exterior
Eggs A small number of large eggs with plenty of yolk A large number of small eggs with little yolk
Fertilisation Internal Usually external
Development Ovoviviparous types develop internally. Oviparous types develop externally using egg cases Normally develop externally without an egg case
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Osteichthyes.
Wikispecies has information related to Osteichthyes
Ostracoderm - armoured jawless fish.
Prehistoric fish
^ Bony fishes SeaWorld. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
^ Jaws, Teeth of Earliest Bony Fish Discovered
^ a b Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398. Archived from the original on 2013-10-13.
^ "2009/03/guiyu-oldest-articulated-osteichthyan_26". palaeoblog.blogspot.com. 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
^ "Descubrimiento de fósil de pez óseo en China aporta nuevos conocimientos clave sobre origen de los vertebrados_Spanish.china.org.cn". spanish.china.org.cn. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
^ Zhu, M; Zhao, W; Jia, L; Lu, J; Qiao, T; Qu, Q (2009). "The oldest articulated osteichthyan reveals mosaic gnathostome characters". Nature. 458 (7237): 469–474. Bibcode:2009Natur.458..469Z. doi:10.1038/nature07855. PMID 19325627.
^ Coates, M.I. (2009). "Palaeontology: Beyond the Age of Fishes". Nature. 458 (7237): 413–414. Bibcode:2009Natur.458..413C. doi:10.1038/458413a. PMID 19325614.
^ Pharyngula Archived 2012-03-09 at the Wayback MachineScience blogs, 1 April 2009.
^ Clack, Jennifer A. (27 June 2012). Gaining Ground, Second Edition: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods. Indiana University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-253-00537-3. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
^ Laurin, Michel (2 November 2010). How Vertebrates Left the Water. University of California Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-520-94798-6. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
^ Benton, Michael (4 August 2014). Vertebrate Palaeontology. Wiley. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-118-40764-6. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
^ Parsons, Alfred Sherwood Romer, Thomas S. (1986). The vertebrate body (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. ISBN 978-0-03-910754-3.
^ Clack, J. A. (2002) Gaining Ground. Indiana University
^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "Complete tree classification (supplemental figure)" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21.
^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "Appendix 2 – Revised Classification for Bony Fishes" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1).
^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; Arturo Acero; Nicolas Bailly; Masaki Miya; Guillaume Lecointre; Guillermo Ortí (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
^ Dehal, Paramvir; Boore, Jeffrey L. (2005-09-06). "Two Rounds of Whole Genome Duplication in the Ancestral Vertebrate". PLOS Biology. 3 (10): e314. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1197285. PMID 16128622.
^ Helfman & Facey 1997.
^ Wegner, Nicholas C., Snodgrass, Owen E., Dewar, Heidi, John, Hyde R. Science. "Whole-body endothermy in a mesopelagic fish, the opah, Lampris guttatus". pp. 786–789. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
^ "Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator". Fisheries Resources Division of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015. "New research by NOAA Fisheries has revealed the opah, or moonfish, as the first fully warm-blooded fish that circulates heated blood throughout its body..."
^ Fritsches, K.A., Brill, R.W., and Warrant, E.J. 2005. Warm Eyes Provide Superior Vision in Swordfishes. Archived 2006-07-09 at the Wayback Machine Current Biology 15: 55−58
^ Hopkin, M. (2005). Swordfish heat their eyes for better vision. Nature, 10 January 2005
^ Sepulveda, C.A.; Dickson, K.A.; Bernal, D.; Graham, J.B. (1 July 2008). "Elevated red myotomal muscle temperatures in the most basal tuna species, Allothunnus fallai" (PDF). Journal of Fish Biology. 73 (1): 241–249. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01931.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
^ "Tuna — Biology Of Tuna". Retrieved September 12, 2009.
^ "Mola (Sunfish)". National Geographic. 2010-11-11. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
^ Based on: Kotpal R. L. (2010) Modern Text Book Of Zoology Vertebrates Archived 2016-04-22 at the Wayback Machine Pages 193. Rastogi Publications. ISBN 9788171338917.
^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 396–399. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.
^ Schwab, IR; Hart, N (2006). "More than black and white". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 90 (4): 406. doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.085571. PMC 1857009. PMID 16572506.
Helfman, G.S.; Facey, D.E (1997). The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Sciences. ISBN 978-0-86542-256-8
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osteichthyes&oldid=905793140"


Four intrepid Antiguans will put their oars in the water in La Gomera, the Canary Islands on December 12th for what is billed as "The World's Toughest Row " and paddle nearly 3,000 miles across the Atlantic to Nelson's Dockyard, Antigua, in the Talisker Whisky Atlantic Challenge.
"Our plan is to complete the race in the top five teams and make the crossing in under 40 days," says Eli Fuller, captain and owner/operator of watersports excursion company, Antigua Adventures, whose three teammates are John Watt, Scott Potter and Nico Psihoyos.
Fuller is following in the wake of his grandfather, Nick Fuller. In 2015, the senior Fuller was captain of Antigua's Team Wadadli who completed the race and earned a Guinness World Record for being the oldest team of four to row across any ocean.
This year, Team Antigua will make a trek aboard a self-righting Rannoch 45 row boat, which measures 24′ long x 6′ wide, and has two cabins—front and stern. To track and root for Team Antigua, visit taliskerwhiskyatlanticchallenge.com or teamantiguabarbuda.com.


The leading European aircraft recycler, French company Tarmac Aerosave, has signed a deal with design company Aero-Design to develop a range of decorative objects and furniture that will give new life to parts of dismantled planes.
Eager for an upgrade for your living space? Furniture constructed from parts of a decommissioned A380 could add the touch of class you are looking for. Tarmac Aerosave has not yet disclosed the list of aircraft models to be repurposed by Aero-Design, but the program will pave the way for the use of windows, wings and other parts of long-haul aircraft to provide raw materials for furniture from the company founded by Agnès Patrice-Crépin. The aviation-obsessed artist has already attracted attention with jewelry and trophies built from recycled aircraft parts.
The French group, which dismantles aircraft at sites in Tarbes and Toulouse in southern France and in Teruel, Spain, points out that only one quarter of the planes that pass through its facilities will be recycled. The remainder are reconditioned and put back into service by new owners.
Last October, the company started work on the dismantling of an A380 which had been decommissioned by Singapore Airlines.


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Not being racist is not enough: interview with Kevin-Prince Boateng
Published on: 11 December 2020
Emmanuel Okyere Boateng
After twenty-five minutes of play, on the left-wing of a stadium somewhere in northern Italy, on January 3, 2013, and with the shoveled snow visible in the corners of the pitch, Kevin-Prince Boateng picked up the ball from his feet with his hands and threw it. , with surprising violence, against a grandstand. Massimo Ambrosini, AC Milan captain for that winter-friendly, then spoke with Prince and withdrew the team in the locker room. The game never restarted.
In the replays of the evening news, without too much effort, we all heard the now-famous onomatopoeia clearly marked by the fans of the Pro Patria. Yet the day after the mayor of the town - who was Busto Arsizio - Gianluigi Farioli, elected with Forza Italia seven years earlier, said that the player's reaction had been excessive. Then two years passed, and the intoners of those onomatopoeias were acquitted on appeal because "the fact does not exist", despite the fact that the onomatopoeias were very clear in the recordings. Among the pardoned howlers, also the former councilor for sport of the nearby town of Corbetta, Riccardo Grittini, elected on the list of the Northern League. Just the mayor of Corbetta, a few days after the friendly ended, it had been recorded defining Kevin-Prince Boateng with the unequivocal dialect word "negher". Boateng, that day, was one of the very few players able to react to the repeated racist insults received. He was not, that day and in the following ones, sufficiently protected neither by the football system, nor by the media, nor by the institutions. Who preferred to minimize racial abuse rather than showing closeness to a footballer who is too tired, or angry, or who knows - I can't know or understand, fortunately for me.
In the following months and years, the racist episodes in Italian football continued. They involved two forwards of the Italian national team such as Moise Kean and Mario Balotelli, or the Belgian Romelu Lukaku. In all these cases, the racially motivated insults were obvious, heavy and embarrassing. In all these cases, both on the part of the media and on the part of political and football institutions, the distinctions were very scrupulous. From that day, Kevin-Prince became the face - the only one, or almost the only one - of an active opposition to racism in Italian football. On March 21, he was invited to the United Nations in Geneva to give a speech during the commemoration of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. In that speech, Prince compared racism to malaria: "Vaccinating people isn't enough," he said. "We need to drain the ponds where mosquitoes proliferate." At the end of 2019, almost 7 years after that episode, theCorriere dello Sport came out with a front page in which the photo of Romelu Lukaku and Christopher Smalling, new signings from Inter and Roma who would compete that weekend, was matched with the title "Black Friday". The newspaper did not feel it had to apologize.
Ⓤ: What happened that day, in Busto Arsizio, not outside, but inside you?
My childhood is back, when they screamed at me. I saw certain things from my childhood, and I had a blackout. I said enough, I can't take it anymore. I felt bad, I felt alone. I worked hard, sacrificed a lot, and again I have to feel like when I was seven, and I was locked in my room and I was alone, and I didn't know what I had to do, my coach told me they are idiots, ignore them, not even the ref there was, I had to figure out for myself what was happening. I was in my country: I was born here, why do they hate me? And in that moment I felt exactly like that. And I said: so I don't play anymore.
Ⓤ: Did you feel alone afterwards too?
People used to tell me: you only do this because it's a friendly match. No: because you cannot understand what you feel inside. I didn't do it to become a symbol, an idol, an ambassador. I didn't do it for that. This came out later. I did it because for me, at that moment, it was over there.
Ⓤ: In your speech to the UN two months later, you said that you initially tried to ignore the problem of racism in your career. When did you not make it anymore?
That day of the friendly. There I could no longer. When I was young I always ignored the problem because I said: there are four or five idiots who have no brains, but I couldn't anymore, and I didn't want to anymore. Why have I worked my whole life, and made sacrifices, to get to the point of being a very important player in Europe, in one of the strongest teams in the world, and still have to judge me by the color of my skin? I said enough, I can't take it anymore. At that point I wanted to do something.
Ⓤ: Did you think there that this commitment could become something more all-encompassing in life, almost a kind of job?
I expose myself this way because it is already a kind of job. I have to do it. Why, first: nobody does it. Second: I feel like doing it. I don't want to be a leader of something, but I feel like doing it. I felt the pain, I know what it means. I know how Koulibaly felt, how Lukaku felt, how it feels afterwards. And nobody knows this. Because then they don't tell you: I felt terrible. Because we are men, we are proud, we are all strong, we are footballers. And therefore nobody tells the truth. But I said it: I was crying, I was sick, and I didn't want to leave the house anymore. Then I went out, and I said: now I'll show you. With me, never again.
Ⓤ: Are players afraid to expose themselves?
Sure. And I understand it, too. Many do not have the character, they do not have the possibility to say: I'm going away, and maybe lose a contract, money with which they are helping the family. Of course there is fear. This is why there cannot be a point where a player is forced to do this. Because there aren't a hundred Prince Boatengs who say: I don't give a damn, I'm going. We see it: how many players are there who really do something against racism? Posting a photo and writing #blackouttuesday is not enough. I see everyone. I see the older ones, I also see my friends. I check them. It is not enough not to be racist. You have to be anti-racist.
Ⓤ: In Italy racism is also rooted in institutions and in the media: in 2012 La Gazzetta dello Sport published a cartoon in which Mario Balotelli was portrayed as King Kong.
You can't go wrong on these things. Because you already have it, a label as a country. Like Germany too has its own label, and you can't make these mistakes. There are many things that have happened in the last ten years that cannot happen, but it has become a bit normal to be racist. And why? Because there are no consequences. Nobody does anything. That's what happened in America: they kill a person, and they can go home to dinner, and wake up at home the next morning. That's no good. It seems that it is now normal to be a racist, because nothing happens anyway. Nobody says anything. This is the thing that needs to be changed. One should be afraid of doing such a thing.
Ⓤ: Returning to the UN discourse: you compared racism to malaria, saying that to fight it, the ponds in which they grow must be reclaimed. What are the ponds today?
We must start with children, with our children. Not that we need to find medicine for them. But we must start with education. If we can educate our children not to think racist, then there is a future. This is the key: school, education. School should be taught math, history ... and racism. Every week, two hours. Show children what it means to be racist. To show that this is not done, this does not exist. Why has football, in general and even more so in Italy, remained so impervious to the demands of society? Football has to do much more, I've always said that. It is the most popular sport, the most followed in the world, and it is not possible that it does so little. I don't know why, but it makes me think that maybe it's not that important. Perhaps it is more important if the ball went into the goal or not, or if it was offside or not, it always seems to be the things we talk about. And this bothers me a lot.
Ⓤ: Not to mention Fifa and Uefa, of which we remember beautiful advertisements and little else.
Everyone has to do more. Economically, it is not enough to show a video with Ronaldo and other people before the Champions League final. It's beautiful, okay? We need all these players who say no to racism, sure. But a video is not enough.
Ⓤ: America is far away.
On this issue, football in Europe is far behind. We think they are distant problems, let's say: it happens in America, it doesn't happen here. But what should we wait for the same things to happen in Europe too? In football, in Europe, there is racism, we know that. I lived it, many other players have lived it. What the NBA did, what Colin Kaepernick has done for years… If we already listened to those claims, years ago, perhaps we would not have reached this point. We should follow the NBA, look at what they have done.
Ⓤ: It must also be said that there is no non-white representation in the world of European football: in management, in managerial roles, on the bench.
This is something I have always said. The world is ruled by whites. For that I also say that it is not that we only need now all the blacks who now want to fight, that is, of course, we do, but the key is still the whites. Whites must change. Because they are at the top of the food chain. In football, in the NBA, in the NFL, most of the properties are all white. They are the ones who can make a difference now.
Ⓤ: Speaking of representation and models, what were yours?
I grew up with Muhammad Ali as an idol. That's what's missing today, someone like him: he was the best in the world, but our freedom was more important to him, that his brothers and sisters could walk on the street without being afraid. And then Michael Jackson. Later, in football, there were Zidane and Ronaldinho. And Nelson Mandela. I've always said: I want to meet three people in my life, and I've managed to meet one, Nelson Mandela. They are the only people I could sweat for, shake when I met them.
Ⓤ: What is your identity made of between Europe and Africa?
I was born in Berlin. I was born German, I grew up German. But inside me I always felt something, that I was a little different from a real-real German. I grew up on time, tidy, with the house having to be in order, take off your shoes when you walk into the house, all these very German things. Then, in 2009 or 2010, I started feeling this feeling, and I said: I want to understand who I am. I realized that in Germany they didn't accept me one hundred percent. In Ghana, I wanted to know if they accepted me there. I wanted to see where I came from, what my family is, what my roots are. Where did all this fire that I had inside come from. And it was very important. Because now I have found this balance.
Ⓤ: And you chose to play for the Ghanaian national team that year. Late, in short.
Yes, very late. I would say that I discovered my roots, and Ghana, very late. But maybe it was also the right time. Because I wouldn't have understood before.
Ⓤ: What about your children?
My children need to know immediately where they come from, who they are. My parents got this wrong with me: they never let me know, understand, feel where I come from. But this is something that I want my children to learn immediately. They must know that they have a grandfather from Ghana, an Italian grandfather… They must know all these mixes. The choice of Milwaukee, and then of the other NBA teams, not to take the field after the injury of Jacob Blake, on August 27, 2020, was a unique first time. The players joined, and then some of the owners joined. It has reached a saturation point that has perhaps never happened before. Maybe something is starting to fall apart now. Needs to. Because I don't stop. As I also see in America, LeBron James, all the older ones, don't stop. We've gotten to a point where we, as blacks… I'm George Floyd. Because I think I can go on vacation to America too, and the same can happen to me.
Ⓤ: If on the one hand there seems to be a growth of awareness, on the other hand there is also a growing resistance and reactions, increasingly angry.
I hope that in the next few years something will change because if it doesn't change now, it doesn't change anymore. Because now we are at the limit. People are dying, and it seems normal. But we have to start with politics, and then go down from there. It is important who leads us. Who do we choose as our leader? Of course if it's Donald Trump, then it doesn't work.
Ⓤ: You don't believe in bottom-up change.
But to change the world, you have to start from above. To change our lives we can do it too, many are doing theirs, but these are moments. Those who help us give us strength to keep fighting. This is the time to be reborn. It's time to put your city, your country on the map in a new way. This is the time to do new things. Starting a new thing.
Source: rivistaundici.com


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Related topics: Bio & Pharmaceuticals
MO: Leinco Technologies, Inc. to remain in Missouri, expand in Fenton
The Missouri Technology Corporation (MTC), Missouri Department of Economic Development (DED) and St. Louis County Economic Council (SLCEC) have approved over $1.5 million in incentives for Leinco Technologies, Inc. to retain the company and assist with its expansion in the St. Louis region. MTC is providing a $300,000 biotechnology loan. DED has approved assistance including $925,283 through the Missouri Quality Jobs program, $100,000 in Customized Training and $100,000 in Development Tax Credits. SLCEC is providing a $100,000 niche loan for working capital and has worked with Leinco to obtain a $1.33 million SBA loan to purchase and improve their new bioscience research and manufacturing center.
This incentive package ensures that Leinco Technologies will remain and expand in Missouri. Leinco had previously announced its intention to relocate to Florida. A strong partnership of state economic development agencies along with St. Louis County's economic development organization, St. Louis County Economic Council, and the City of Fenton worked collaboratively to retain this high-growth bioscience manufacturing company. The assistance offered to Leinco Technologies will allow it to expand from a 10,000-square-foot research and manufacturing facility in unincorporated St. Louis County into a 27,000-square-foot underutilized building in Fenton that was once part of the Chrysler supplier complex. Leinco will initially occupy 17,000 square feet of space in the new building.
Leinco Technologies will provide $3,260,000 in private investment, retain 20 positions and create 48 full-time jobs at the project location, making a significant economic impact in St. Louis County and the surrounding region. Already, the company has served as a landing spot for several displaced bioscience workers impacted by Pfizer's recent workforce reductions, allowing them to stay in the St. Louis region.
"We are thrilled that Leinco Technologies, Inc. will continue to call Missouri home," MTC Executive Director Jason Hall said. "Entrepreneurs like Pat Leinert are critical to Missouri's efforts to lead the nation's economic recovery. MTC is proud to assist this home-grown company in its extraordinary growth that will retain and create a large number of high-paying jobs that will put more Missourians back to work."
"St. Louis County is a hub for bioscience research, and Leinco Technologies will further strengthen this sector," said St. Louis County Executive Charlie A. Dooley. "We are pleased they chose to stay in St. Louis to create these high-quality, sustainable jobs."
Leinco Technologies, established in 1992 by Pat Leinert, is a provider of custom research services and specialty bioscience manufacturing including early research products and proteins. Leinco's products and services augment the work of bioscience researchers.
"Governor Jay Nixon's team at MTC and DED, and County Executive Charlie Dooley's team at SLCEC worked together in a highly professional manner to make it possible for Leinco Technologies to remain in St. Louis County," said President and CEO Pat Leinert. "Everyone in these three government organizations worked diligently and helped make easier our decision to invest a substantial amount of private capital to build our new state-of-the-art bioscience R&D and manufacturing center in Fenton, which is slated to open before the end of the year."
About Missouri Technology Corporation
The Missouri Technology Corporation is a public-private partnership created by the Missouri General Assembly to promote entrepreneurship, foster the growth of new high-tech companies, and lead efforts to expand Missouri's high-tech clusters in areas such as plant science, animal health, information technology, medical device, and applied engineering. It is governed by a board of directors appointed by Missouri's Governor, Speaker of the House, and President Pro Tem of the Senate, and includes the President of the University of Missouri system and the Director of the Department of Economic Development. Please visit www.missouritechnology.com for additional information.
About St. Louis County Economic Council
Founded in 1984, St. Louis County Economic Council serves as the County's economic development agency, driving growth and prosperity in the most economically important county in Missouri. As the only economic development agency in the state to hold the esteemed Accredited Economic Development Organization from the International Economic Development Council, it provides a broad range of services to foster economic development. Please visit www.slcec.com for additional information.
About Leinco Technologies, Inc.
Leinco Technologies is a biotechnology company founded by Pat Leinert in 1992 as a specialty manufacturer of early discovery research products including antibodies, recombinant proteins and testing kits used by scientists as research tools. Shortly thereafter, Leinco also established itself as a premier supplier of custom R&D and manufacturing services to the biotechnology and diagnostic industry focusing on monoclonal antibodies and proteomics. Our innovative products and services are used for basic life science research, diagnosis of diseases and to augment the discovery process of ground breaking protein therapeutics. Please visit www.leinco.com for additional information.
St. Louis Economic Development Partnership


Home / Find A Doctor / Florida Medical Marijuana Doctors / MMTC of Leon Co.
Medical Marijuana Treatment Clinics of Florida (MMTCFL) is now accepting new patients seeking to legally use cannabis as an alternative form of therapy. With over 20 years of experience, the medical professionals at MMTC will use their knowledge and expertise to identify medical marijuana treatment options and dosage forms to suit your individual needs.Dr. Joseph Dorn, the resident physician, strives toprovide comprehensive and personalized care for his patients. He will determine whether or not medical marijuana will be effective for each individual and will go over the benefits of usingcannabis-based alternative treatments in order to treat symptoms and improve overall quality of life. Our helpful staff at MMTC are always available to answer your questions,adjust your recommendation, and discuss your options to make sure your treatment is as effective as possible.
MMTC will also assist approved patients with the application process that must be submitted to the Florida Office of Compassionate Use.
Head over to MMTCFL.com to view additional discounts and pricing, as well as details on our FREE medical cannabis education events throughout Florida! We also offer a survey that will help you determine if you pre-qualify for treatment.
A native of South Carolina, Dr. Joseph Dorn holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Clemson University and Doctorates in Medicine and Dentistry from the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston. He has been a resident of Florida since 1994 and has been active in numerous medical missions to Central America for the last 20 years. Dr. Dorn is Chief Medical Officer with MMTC, and currently practices from our Tallahassee location as well as closely oversees multiple locations including Summerfield and Longwood.
The office is in Leon Co., near Gadsen Co., Jefferson Co., FL College Park, and Capitol Hill.It is a red brick building, beside Miccosukee Commons.This organization was established to provide compassionate care to individuals diagnosed with a qualifying chronic and/or debilitating medical condition approved by the Department of Health Office of Compassionate Use.


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Waterford Union High School » District » District Information » Notice of Academic Standards
Annual Notice of Academic Standards for the 2019‐2020 School Year
NOTICE OF THE ACADEMIC STANDARDS THAT ARE IN THE EFFECT FOR THE 2019‐2020 SCHOOL YEAR
2015 Wisconsin Act 55, as part of the 2015‐17 Biennial State Budget, state law requires the district to provide parents and guardians of all enrolled students with notice of the academic standards in mathematics, science, reading and writing, geography, and history that have been adopted by the school board and that will be in effect during each school year. Accordingly, the District academic standards that will be in effect for these specific content areas for this school year are listed below. Electronic links to the detailed version of the applicable standards are provided when available or by visiting the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction Academic Standards website. To the extent a parent or guardian would like to review a copy of any of the standards in an alternative format, please contact the principal's office. To the extent a parent or guardian would like to review a copy of course specific curriculum, please contact the principal's office.
The District's 2019‐2020 Academic Standards
English (includes reading and writing)
Waterford Union High School English courses provide curriculum aligned to the
Wisconsin Academic Standards (WAS).
Waterford Union High School mathematics courses provide curriculum aligned to the Wisconsin Academic Standards (WAS).
Waterford Union High School science courses provide curriculum aligned to the
Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS).
Social Studies (includes geography and
history)
Waterford Union High School social studies courses provide curriculum aligned to the Wisconsin Academic Standards (WAS).
Specialty courses, such as those in the Advanced Placement program, follow rigorous curriculum based the on academic standards established by the College Board.
Transcripted Credit Courses
Transcripted Credit courses are postsecondary courses, which are taught at a high school by teachers certified to teach those courses. Curriculum for these courses is based on academic standards established at the postsecondary level.
If you have any questions about this notice, please contact the District Office at 262‐534‐9059. This notice is issued pursuant to Section 120.12(13 ) of Wisconsin State Statutes.
Annual Notice of Academic Standards


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Samsung to Supply Processors for Qualcomm, NVIDIA and Apple?
While Samsung is of course known for producing smartphones and tablets, they're much more than just a company that gets everyone else to produce their smartphones, like Apple and HTC. Rather, Samsung is a manufacturing giant in their own right and they produce everything from batteries, displays to processors. With the news that Samsung will be using their own Exynos CPU in the upcoming Galaxy S6, it's no surprise that we're hearing more about the company when it comes to processors in general. Now, a new report out of Korea suggests that 2015 is the year that Samsung will become a force to be reckoned with when it comes to manufacturing processors for Qualcomm, Apple and others.
Business Week Korea is reporting that Samsung is headed for a "stellar" year where their processors are concerned. With companies looking to reduce their manufacturing costs, Samsung could begin manufacturing smartphoen chips for the likes of Qualcomm, Apple and NVIDIA as they've proven they can produce processors using a 14nm process. The reasons Samsung's 14nm FinFET process has become popular are many, but less heat and more efficient power management are two of the big reasons. With a 14nm process, processors can be created to reach higher clock speeds while producing less heat. A Samsung executive points out that "the production process of 20 nm FinFETs is a mainstream technology in the market. Rival companies are trying to complete the manufacturing process of 16 nm FinFETs, but our company has already introduced the production process of 14 nm FinFETs."
Samsung is a large company, and one that does much more than simply put together smartphones and tablets. They're involved in TVs, home appliances and they're even branching out into the IoT arena. If Samsung were tapped by the likes of Qualcomm and Apple to manufacture processors, it'd be a big boost to their bottom line and could help Samsung further the development of their own Exynos processors that have steadily improved over the last few years.


text:
<?php

namespace Lechimp\STG\Compiler;

use Lechimp\STG\Lang;
use Lechimp\STG\Gen\Gen;

class Program extends Pattern
{
    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function matches(Lang\Syntax $c)
    {
        if ($c instanceof Lang\Program) {
            return $c->bindings();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function compile(Compiler $c, Gen $g, &$bindings) : Results
    {
        list($globals, $result) = $this->compile_globals($c, $g, $bindings);

        return $result->combine(
            $this->compile_machine($c, $g, $bindings, $globals)
        );
    }

    protected function compile_globals(Compiler $c, Gen $g, array $bindings)
    {
        $results = $c->results();
        $globals = [];

        foreach ($bindings as $binding) {
            assert($binding instanceof Lang\Binding);

            $var_name = $binding->variable()->name();
            $class_name = $g->class_name($var_name);

            $sub_result = $c->compile_syntax($g, $binding->lambda());
            $sub_result->add_class($g->closure_class($class_name, $sub_result->flush_methods()));
            assert(count($sub_result->methods()) == 0);
            assert(count($sub_result->statements()) == 0);

            $results->add($sub_result);
            // This line (the $var_name) depends on code generated in compile_init_globals.
            $globals[$var_name] = $g->stg_new_closure($class_name, $var_name);
        }

        return [$globals, $results];
    }

    protected function compile_machine(Compiler $c, Gen $g, array $bindings, array $globals)
    {
        $results = $c->results();
        $results->add_class(
            $g->_class(
                $c->stg_class_name,
                [], // no props
                [
                    $g->protected_method(
                        "init_globals",
                        [],
                        $this->compile_init_globals($c, $g, $bindings, $globals)
                    )
                ],
                "\\Lechimp\\STG\\STG"
            )
        );
        return $results;
    }

    protected function compile_init_globals(Compiler $c, Gen $g, array $bindings, array $globals)
    {
        return array_flatten(
            $g->stmt('$stg = $this'),

            // Create arrays for the free variables of the global closures.
            array_map(
                function (Lang\Binding $binding) use ($g) {
                    $closure_name = $binding->variable()->name();
                    return [
                        [$g->stmt("\$free_vars_$closure_name = array()")],
                        array_map(
                            function (Lang\Variable $free_var) use ($g, $closure_name) {
                                $var_name = $free_var->name();
                                return $g->stmt("\$free_vars_{$closure_name}[\"$var_name\"] = null");
                            },
                            $binding->lambda()->free_variables()
                        )
                    ];
                },
                $bindings
            ),

            // Create the array containing the globals.
            $g->stmt(
                fn ($ind) =>
                    "{$ind}\$this->globals = " . $g->multiline_dict($ind, $globals) . ";"
            ),

            // Fill the previously generated arrays with contents from globals.
            array_map(
                function (Lang\Binding $binding) use ($g) {
                    $closure_name = $binding->variable()->name();
                    return array_map(
                        function (Lang\Variable $free_var) use ($g, $closure_name) {
                            $var_name = $free_var->name();
                            return $g->stmt("\$free_vars_{$closure_name}[\"$var_name\"] = \$this->globals[\"$var_name\"]");
                        },
                        $binding->lambda()->free_variables()
                    );
                },
                $bindings
            )
        );
    }
}


text:
U.S. FDA panel narrowly backs Merck's at-home COVID-19 pill
The authorization would likely be limited to patients at high risk of developing severe disease, although the exact population would be defined by the agency. Merck published data last week suggesting the drug was significantly less effective https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/merck-says-covid-19-pill-cuts-hospitalization-death-risk-by-30-2021-11-26 than previously thought, reducing hospitalizations and deaths in its clinical trial of high-risk individuals by around 30%.
A panel of expert advisers to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on Tuesday narrowly voted to recommend the agency authorize Merck & Co's antiviral pill to treat COVID-19. If the FDA authorizes the drug, it would be the first at-home treatment for the virus nearly two years into the pandemic. The authorization would likely be limited to patients at high risk of developing severe disease, although the exact population would be defined by the agency.
Merck published data last week suggesting the drug was significantly less effective https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/merck-says-covid-19-pill-cuts-hospitalization-death-risk-by-30-2021-11-26 than previously thought, reducing hospitalizations and deaths in its clinical trial of high-risk individuals by around 30%. "COVID-19 is still an emergency situation," said committee member Dr. David Hardy, who voted yes. "There is a need for something like this. This is the first opportunity that an oral outpatient medication for mildly symptomatic to moderately symptomatic persons would be available, although I do have questions about its overall longer-term efficacy."
The vote comes as fears about the new Omicron variant have rattled financial markets and sparked concerns about the strength of the global economic recovery as the world continues to fight the coronavirus pandemic. Merck's oral therapy called molnupiravir, developed with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, targets part of the virus called the RNA polymerase that has not been changed much by mutations in the Omicron variant. The pill - and a potentially more promising drug being developed by Pfizer - could become even more vital if vaccine-induced and natural immunity are threatened by the variant.
"If you look at the sequence of the of the RNA polymerase, the sequence of the Omicron variant is not very different from all of these other variants, so you would predict that it should be equally active," Merck scientist Daria Hazuda said in an interview. Pfizer Inc's rival pill Paxlovid showed an 89% reduction in hospitalizations and deaths in its clinical trial. The FDA could consider that drug within the next few months.
The FDA's Antimicrobial Drugs Advisory Committee voted 13-10 to recommend the agency authorize the drug after discussing concerns the drug could cause the virus to mutate as well as safety concerns about the potential for birth defects. Both FDA staff scientists and Merck have suggested the drug should not be recommended during pregnancy. Several members said the reduced number of COVID-related deaths in people who received the drug in the trial convinced them to vote in favor of recommending authorization. Only one patient in the molnupiravir arm died, versus nine in the placebo group.
The United Kingdom conditionally approved molnupiravir, branded as Lagevrio, earlier this month. Merck expects to produce 10 million courses of the treatment by the end of this year, with at least 20 million set to be manufactured in 2022.
The U.S. government has a contract to buy as many as 5 million courses of the drug at a price of $700 per course. By comparison, the U.S. paid around $20 a dose for its supply of the two-dose Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.
UP: Mayawati names 51 candidates for seats going to polls in second phase
UP polls: Akhilesh Yadav promises jobs for 22 lakh youths in IT sector
Team India missing spark they had under Kohli, says Sarandeep Singh
There was loud sound followed by black smoke: Eyewitnesses in Mumbai building fire


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11 Wah sounds, including Classic Wah, 2 Low Pass filters, 2 Band Pass filters and 6 Multipeak filters.
3 Modulation Source Options: LFO, Envelope Follower, and Hot Hand® Motion Sensor.
State-of-the-art DSP — our proprietary 56-bit Digital Singal Processor, the SA601 and crystal-clear 24-bit converters.
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