text:
L'apparecchio ortodontico è una ortesi o dispositivo medico con il quale l'ortodontista (il medico specializzato in questo tipo di trattamenti) riesce ad allineare i denti, al fine di ottenere una masticazione corretta, una migliore igiene orale e una migliore estetica del sorriso.

Storia

Antichità
Secondo studiosi e storici, gli apparecchi ortodontici risalgono ai tempi antichi. Intorno al 400-300 a.C. Ippocrate e Aristotele contemplavano modi per rafforzare i denti e stabilire varie condizioni dentali. Gli archeologi hanno scoperto numerosi individui antichi mummificati con qualcosa che pare un nastro metallico avvolto intorno ai loro denti. Il catgut, un tipo di corda fatto di fibre naturali o d'intestino di animali, giocava un ruolo analogo all'attuale filo ortodontico nel chiudere gli spazi fra i denti e la bocca.
Gli Etruschi seppellivano i loro morti con apparecchi dentali in posizione tale da mantenere spazio e prevenire il collasso dei denti nella vita ultraterrena. Una tomba romana venne rinvenuta con un numero di denti "legati" con un filo d'oro. Il filosofo e medico romano Aulo Cornelio Celso per primo scrisse sul trattamento dei denti con la pressione delle dita. Sfortunatamente, a causa dell'assenza di prove, della scarsa conservazione dei corpi e della rudimentale tecnologia, furono effettuate poche ricerche sugli apparecchi ortodontici fino al XVII secolo, sebbene l'odontoiatria come professione stesse allora facendo grandi progressi.

XVIII secolo

L'ortodonzia vera e propria nacque e iniziò a svilupparsi nei secoli XVIII e XIX. Nel 1728 il dentista francese Pierre Fauchard,  cui si attribuisce spesso l'invenzione della moderna ortodonzia, pubblicò un libro intitolato The Surgeon Dentist (Il chirurgo dentista) sui metodi per raddrizzare i denti. Fauchard, nella sua pratica, usava un apparecchio chiamato "Bandeau", un pezzo di ferro a forma di ferro di cavallo che aiutava l'espansione dell'arco dentale.
Nel 1754 un altro dentista francese, Louis Bourdet, dentista del re di Francia, seguì l'esempio di Fauchard con L'arte del dentista, un libro che dedicava un capitolo all'allineamento dei denti. Egli perfezionò il "Bandeau" e fu il primo dentista riconosciuto a raccomandare l'estrazione dei premolari per alleviare l'affollamento dentale e migliorare la crescita della mascella.

XIX secolo
Sebbene il raddrizzamento del palato e/o stiramento fosse utilizzato per migliorare l'allineamento dei rimanenti denti e sia stato praticato fin dai primi tempi, l'ortodonzia, come scienza a sé, non esistette fino a metà del XIX secolo. Molti importanti dentisti migliorarono gli apparecchi ortodontici con strumenti e attrezzi specifici.
Nel 1819 Delabarre introdusse il sostegno a filo, che segnò la nascita della ortodonzia contemporanea, e gomma elastica fu impiegata per la prima volta nel 1843 da Maynard. Tucker fu il primo a tagliare nastri da tubi gomma nel 1850. Dentisti, scrittori, artisti e lo scultore Norman William Kingsley scrissero il primo articolo sull'ortodonzia nel 1858 e nel 1880 fu pubblicato il libro di Kingsley A Treatise on the Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Corrections.

XX secolo
All'inizio del XX secolo Edward Angle definì il primo, semplice sistema di classificazione per la cattiva occlusione, che è ancora in vigore oggi presso i dentisti per descrivere come sono storti i denti, dove puntano i denti e come i denti si adattano reciprocamente. Angle contribuì grandemente ai progetti ortodontici ed alla realizzazione di apparecchi ortodontici, operando numerose semplificazioni.  Nel 1907 fondò la prima rivista di ortodonzia.
Altre innovazioni in ortodonzia nel tardo XIX secolo e agli inizi del novecento comprendono il primo testo di ortodonzia per bambini, pubblicato da by J.J. Guilford nel 1889, e l'uso della gomma elastica, di cui fu pioniere Calvin S. Case con Henry Albert Baker.

Tipi di apparecchi ortodontici

Apparecchi ortodontici fissi
Vengono usati per curare i disallineamenti, in quanto riescono a spostare i denti nella direzione voluta dall'ortodonzia. Vengono spesso usati nell'ultima fase o finishing. Complicano però l'igiene orale, perché sono formati da vari fili in materiale metallico, elastici, attacchi (bracket), tubi o bande sui molari, che aumentano la difficoltà a rimuovere correttamente dai denti la placca batterica e rendono problematico l'uso del filo interdentale. Spesso è consigliato l'uso di altri strumenti quale l'idropulsore, grazie a cui, spruzzando sottili getti d'acqua fra i denti, si riesce a togliere buona parte dei residui di cibo. È talvolta raccomandato inoltre l'uso del collutorio dopo lo spazzolino, perché, oltre a migliorare l'alito, si aumenta la protezione dalla carie. Quando si ha l'apparecchio bisognerebbe cercare di evitare cibi come gomme americane, caramelle dure o appiccicose, cibi gommosi o impegnativi da masticare.

L'apparecchio fisso è costituito da placchette (dette anche piastrine, piastrelle, attacchi o bracket) che tengono fermo il filo (o arco) ortodontico, metallico, il mezzo principale nel raddrizzamento dei denti. A seconda della tecnica, che solitamente prende il nome dell'autore, i brackets hanno angoli diversi che caratterizzano lo slot (sede dove alloggia l'arco ortodontico). A tecniche diverse corrispondono piccole differenze d'angolo negli allineamenti dentali. Oggi esistono, per ragioni estetiche, bracket in ceramica o in composito che si avvicinano al colore naturale dei denti, oppure esistono bracket che vengono applicati sulla superficie interna dei denti, risultando quasi invisibili dall'esterno. Sui molari normalmente i bracket non vengono applicati direttamente sullo smalto dei denti, ma ad anelli metallici detti bande che abbracciano la corona dentaria. In alcuni casi l'effetto ortodontico non si può ottenere solo con l'uso dell'arco ortodontico, ma è necessaria l'applicazione di elastici che servono ad ottenere lo spostamento degli elementi dentari. Altra componente dell'apparecchio sono i ganci, situati presso le placchette dei canini, dei premolari e dei molari, sui quali si agganciano gli elastici. Il filo è tenuto in sede nei bracket da legature metalliche o elastiche, che ne permettono più o meno lo scorrimento a seconda della tecnica ortodontica utilizzata. Esiste infine un tipo di bracket, detto autolegante o di bassa frizione, nel quale non si usano legature poiché è studiato per incastrare l'arco e trattenerlo in sede con una sorta di sportellino.

Nel 2013, viene brevettato in Italia ( N. 0001403715, classifica A61C7 14; de Felice), un attacco ortodontico senza legature. Anche per tale ragione, terapie possono essere computer guidate.

Apparecchi mobili
Vengono invece usati per la correzione di malocclusioni più gravi e per le disformosi dento-facciali; permettono movimenti limitati dei denti, generati da viti, molle e archi, ma permettono un riequilibrio armonico del terzo inferiore del volto dal punto di vista funzionale ed estetico, in quanto ottengono non solo un effetto ortodontico, cioè legato al movimento dei denti, ma anche ortopedico, in quanto correggono e guidano la crescita delle basi ossee.

Gli apparecchi mobili sono principalmente utilizzati in ortodonzia intercettiva per modificare abitudini errate e comportamenti scorretti (ad esempio il succhiamento del dito) durante l'età evolutiva.

Gli apparecchi mobili funzionali e ortopedici, influiscono positivamente sulle crescita e sullo sviluppo delle arcate e dei mascellari, agendo sia sulla componente ossea che quella muscolare, cosa che l'apparecchio fisso non può fare. Hanno un costo generalmente inferiore rispetto agli apparecchi fissi, vengono preparati direttamente in laboratorio, e, al contrario di quelli fissi, non richiedono una particolare attrezzatura per essere regolati, esigendo invece una conoscenza più approfondita dell'apparato stomatognatico. Un grande vantaggio è che non creano difficoltà nell'igiene orale, poiché quando si mangia debbono essere tolti.

Da qualche anno vengono utilizzati altri apparecchi mobili trasparenti chiamati maschere o più genericamente bite (in inglese morso).  Vengono fabbricati per qualsiasi tipo di arcata dentale ed essendo trasparenti non alterano in maniera importante l'estetica del sorriso durante il trattamento. Si tratta di bite abbastanza leggeri, temporanei, cambiati mediamente ogni 2-4 settimane durante la cura (sono studiati al computer tramite un programma software che, sulla base di una scansione dei calchi delle arcate del paziente, produce 8-16 diversi bite progressivi, da applicare nell'arco di 1-2 anni), che progressivamente consentono di far ritrovare ai denti la giusta posizione. Con questi tipi di apparecchi è possibile trattare anche casi funzionali attraverso movimenti radicolari
.

Apparecchi pre-trattamento
Di tipologia sia fissa che mobile, servono per eseguire l'espansione del palato o il mantenimento in avanti della mandibola, cosa che gli apparecchi normali non sono in grado di fare.
 Il principale è l'apparecchio posto sul palato, chiamato espansore, che consiste in una placca palatale in metallo con al centro un forellino nel quale dev'essere inserita una chiavetta per ottenere l'espansione, con una frequenza stabilita dall'ortodontista, che può variare dai 7 giorni al mese. Con l'espansione dell'apparecchio si ottiene un'espansione palatale che permette spesso di ottenere lo spazio in più necessario al riallineamento dentario. Quest'apparecchio provoca difficoltà nel mangiare, in quanto parte del cibo consumato si può incastrare nello spazio tra il palato e l'apparecchio, e ciò rende necessaria una pulizia accurata con uno scovolino.
 Il bionatore serve a raddrizzare gli incisivi a chiusura bassa, portandoli nella giusta posizione, ed è di tipo mobile: fa prendere ai denti la posizione voluta. È costituito da una grossa placca colorata in plastica che prende la forma dei denti, ma ha uno speciale rialzo in grado di mantenere rialzati gli incisivi.
 Il quad helix si mette quando l'arcata dentaria superiore è di minore ampiezza di quella inferiore. Consiste in una struttura metallica relativamente poco ingombrante ai lati del palato e agisce come una molla, che lo espande.
 L'apparecchio del pendolo, (pendulum) è usato nei casi più complessi, quando i molari superiori hanno l'ampiezza dell'arco minore di quelli inferiori e il palato è troppo piccolo. In una prima fase, viene espanso il palato col sistema della chiave dell'espansore; in un secondo momento, vengono sganciate due alette che stanno affiancate ai denti, e vengono spinti indietro per garantire uno spazio maggiore.
 L'apparecchio di Herbst, detto a volte popolarmente ranocchia, è costituito da un apparecchio palatale e da uno linguale per stabilizzare i denti e da due sporgenze metalliche, simili alle zampe di una ranocchia. Si monta quando si ha un overbite (denti superiori troppo in avanti) e le due sporgenze mantengono la mandibola in avanti. Si cerca di usarlo il meno possibile, in quanto le sporgenze tagliano facilmente la gengiva e trattengono il cibo. Va tenuto circa un anno, e si mette solo ai ragazzi che hanno dei problemi a portare gli elastici nell'apparecchio ortodontico.
 L'holding arch, sia superiore che inferiore, è un apparecchio per palato e lingua che non permette ai denti di spostarsi in avanti e li mantiene nella loro posizione, fornendo spazio sufficiente ai fini terapeutici. Viene applicato ai piccoli pazienti prima che spuntino i denti permanenti, in modo da ridurre la necessità di cure in età più adulta.
 Il baffo o maschera facciale (in inglese Headgear), serve a distalizzare e stabilizzare i molari, e va tenuto per circa 14-16 ore al giorno in media. Esistono quattro tipi di Headgear: uno detto Baffo, il più usato, che agisce in orizzontale e passa dietro il collo; uno che agisce più verticalmente, e passa dietro alla parte superiore della nuca; uno composto da entrambe queste tipologie di baffo; e uno che agisce per mezzo di elastici che vengono attaccati alle protuberanze della maschera.
 Il tongue crib è un apparecchio che si applica al palato e consiste in due bracci che passano internamente, affiancati ai denti, e terminano con una sporgenza metallica. Viene utilizzato solo sui pazienti in cui la pressione della lingua tende a spingere eccessivamente in avanti i denti inferiori.
 Le Molle a Spirale (in inglese coil springs) si inseriscono sul filo tra una placchetta e l'altra. Sono delle speciali molle che allargano lo spazio tra i due denti.
 Esistono inoltre delle molle, utilizzate in certi casi in sostituzione degli elastici. Al contrario di questi però esse non vengono applicate sui ganci, ma sul filo.
 Alcuni trattamenti ortodontici prevedono l'uso di impianti endoossei, utilizzati come ancoraggio fisso per ottenere più facilmente i movimenti dentari per mezzo di elastici. Sono chiamati miniscrew. In poche parole, piccole viti vengono posizionate nell'osso alveolare del paziente, con la funzione di ancoraggi. Ad esse saranno ancorati degli elastici, che serviranno ad ottenere i movimenti dentari richiesti dalla terapia.

Fase di mantenimento
Terminata la cura attiva, il mantenimento della posizione raggiunta con l'ortodonzia necessita, nel caso il paziente sia adulto e sia quindi alto il pericolo di recidive (ritorno dei denti nella posizione originaria a causa dei legamenti che conservano un certo effetto memoria), una contenzione fissa interna (solitamente tramite un filo di acciaio ortodontico intrecciato - così da resistere meglio alle forze in atto - che viene fissato con una goccia di resina sulla parete interna dei denti della stessa arcata, di solito tra i due canini). Se questo è comune per le arcate inferiori, per quelle superiori - dove vi sarebbe un maggior rischio di creare una contenzione toccata durante la masticazione dai denti dell'arcata inferiore, logorandoli - si procede talvolta con una contenzione mobile (solitamente un bite di materiale plastico trasparente simile all'Invisalign prima citato, ma di materiale più resistente, che dura mediamente 6-9 mesi) che può essere mantenuta in posizione continuamente di giorno e di notte, togliendola solo per mangiare e per la necessaria pulizia orale. Su parere dell'ortodontista, dipendente da come il paziente risponde alla cura e dal rischio di recidive, il bite di contenzione mobile può talvolta essere indossato solo la notte e, dopo un certo tempo (solitamente qualche anno), grazie alla stabilizzazione dei legamenti dei denti la cui posizione è stata così definitivamente corretta, non è più necessario il suo utilizzo.
Il periodo di contenzione dei denti varia molto da caso a caso: l'ortodontista valuta in base alla gravità della malocclusione iniziale il tempo necessario per stabilizzare le arcate, ricordando sempre che i denti continueranno a muoversi per tutta la vita sotto l'influsso delle forze muscolari o delle parafunzioni.

Limiti dell'ortodonzia negli adulti

Secondo alcune opinioni, eredi di un retaggio culturale e scientifico in via di aggiornamento, l'ortodonzia negli adulti non potrebbe cambiare di posto agli alveoli dei denti ma può unicamente agire sforzando l'elasticità del legamento parodontale che collega ogni dente al suo alveolo; di modo che gli alveoli rimarrebbero sempre allo stesso posto nella mandibola anche alla fine del lavoro ortodontico; benché sia proprio la posizione degli alveoli a determinare la malposizione e l'asimmetria dei denti e delle arcate.
Questa notevole limitazione comporterebbe che i denti adulti su cui interviene l'ortodonzia potrebbero essere solo inclinati e ruotati rispetto ai loro alveoli nei limiti dello spazio disponibile nelle rispettive arcate e determinando spostamenti apprensibili soprattutto a livello delle corone dentali. Pertanto la terapia ortodontica dell'adulto risulterebbe essere principalmente un intervento estetico.
La sperimentazione sta però facendo progressi sostanziali con grande rapidità ed è stato già dimostrato scientificamente che spostamenti radicolari di almeno 2,25mm dei denti molari mascellari sono possibili addirittura con allineatori trasparenti.

Note

Voci correlate
 Trazione extra-orale
 Miniscrew

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
 ANDI - Associazione Nazionale Dentisti Italiani
 AIO - Associazione Italiana Odontoiatri
 Specialistidelsorriso.it - Conoscere ed utilizzare l'apparecchio ortodontico
 AIOL - Associazione Italiana Ortodonzia Linguale

Ortodonzia
Odontoiatria
Oggetti per la persona

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A Norwalk barbershop employee accused of using a pair of scissors to stab his boss instead of providing a haircut was in court today on assault charges.
Rafael Santana, also known as Willie, allegedly stabbed the owner of Georgey's barbershop on West Main Street last night.
Police say the dispute began as a verbal argument when the owner, Georgey, asked Santana to cut someone's hair and he didn't want to.
Officials say the owner was able to drive himself to Norwalk Hospital and was not seriously hurt.


Please submit your testimonial | Used & New Tires For Sale. We Beat Any Price!
4.7391 out of 5 based on 23 reviews.
Thanks to the city of L.A.s' many many potholes, I needed a quality used tire at a reasonable price without the hassle. Thank goodness I found Dimitri at Bay Tires. His company is LEGIT! His website was easy to use and I got to choose which tire I wanted amongst many. The actual pictures of the tire were included along with the tread life remaining; talk about a great concept. Anyway, Dimitri is a nice guy and his service assosiate was great too. The dude, inspected the used tire, balanced and installed it within in minutes. Get this, he also put the spare tire back in the trunk and checked/fixed all four tires air pressure. Needless to say, I am very impressed with these guys and will do business with them again, if and when I need another top notch used tire. Oh, he is also gave me a bottle of water as well...UNREAL! THANKS!!!
not talking about bodily functions, but tires! Regular purchaser from these guys, they're great, and have a good selection. Prices can't be beat, love the free shipping and first class service. Not much else to say but buy with confidence!
This is the best shop I have worked with in the Bay Area! Not only do they have a great selection of new and used tires, but they are very experienced and know their products and designs well. It turns out I had tires on my car that worked, but didn't give the best ride. With their recommendation and excellent service my car is riding better than ever and I got a great deal! I will always go to Bay Area Tires from now on!


April H Gallart, California Chapter Director, combs through current news to find issues affecting families in California and helps to decide how to use the influence of UFI to counter these issues in order to protect families in California. April recently helped get the word out to Californians about how to counter the "bathroom bill", by getting citizens to sign petitions to put a privacy bill on the next ballot. April also attends the annual Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) in New York City each March. She helps set up visits and has served as a mission leader on many of these visits, during which the UFI team presents materials helpful to ambassadors and counselors that are meant to assist them in making sure language is included in upcoming bills that will protect and promote the natural family. April is bilingual and speaks English and Spanish. She worked as a bilingual elementary school teacher for 2 years and has used her Spanish speaking ability in mission visits during CSW each year. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in Spanish from CSU Long Beach and a California Teacher's credential. Issues that she is passionate about include parental rights and religious freedom. She and her husband, Henry, have 4 children.


How would you approach the first 90 days?
What are some idea to build community within the portfolio and the NYC ecosystem?
RRE Ventures is among the largest and most active venture capital firms based in New York. RRE focuses on early stage technology investments across a diversified range of sectors and industries. RRE has managed five funds since its inception in 1994, with $1.03 billion under management and investments in over 200 portfolio companies. Active investments include Makerbot, Buzzfeed, Kik, Sailthru, Braintree, Paperless Post, Bark Co., and OnDeck Capital.


text:
TRAVIS, PAUL B.
TRAVIS, PAUL B. (2 Jan. 1891-23 Nov. 1975), artist and teacher, was born on a farm in Wellsville, Columbiana County, Ohio to William M. and Elizabeth Bough Travis. He won an engineering scholarship to Washington & Jefferson College, but instead taught in the country school. He came to Cleveland and entered Cleveland School of Art in 1913, graduating in 1917, then served a year with the American Expeditionary Forces in France, after the armistice spending 6 months teaching life drawing at the AEF University in Beaune, France. Travis began teaching full-time at the Art Institute in 1920, continuing until his retirement in 1957; also teaching at John Huntington Polytechnic Institute. In 1927-28, Travis made a much-celebrated and widely publicized African expedition. The Gilpin Players (at KARAMU HOUSE) and the African Art Sponsors, a group of black citizens interested in African art, financed his 7-month collecting and painting trip. The art and artifacts he collected were received by the CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF ART, the CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, and Karamu House. This trip motivated Travis to prolific production. Travis was equally at ease with oil, watercolor, the etcher's needle, and the lithographer's crayon. He lectured at museums and universities and was a trustee of Goodrich House, Karamu, and the Cleveland Council on Human Relations. When the Museum of Art held its 52d MAY SHOW in 1971, Travis had exhibited and won regularly in every show. Travis married Marjorie Penfield on 4 Oct. 1925 and had 1 son, William P., and 2 daughters, Jane (Spangler) and Elizabeth (Dreyfuss).
Finding aid for the Paul B. Travis Papers, WRHS.
Finding aid for the Paul B. Travis Photographs, WRHS.
Fine Arts and Literature

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: LabelEncoder with sklearn , transform and inverse single relationship between values? Hello and thank you in advance for any tip or advice.
I am working in Python 3.6 with sklearn and DecisionTree Classifier. I use label encoder as my Pandas Dataframe has 4 columns and some are strings.
      Origin Duration   Origin Octave  Origin Pitch   Next Pitch
0          quarter           3          B                    G
1          quarter           4          D                    D
2          quarter           4          A                    D
3             16th           4          A                    D

Before splitting the dataframe into into training and test sets, I use label encode and a dict to enconde it (tip I read here in StackOverflow, thanks Jon!). The resulting encoded dataframe looks like:
from collections import defaultdict

d = defaultdict(preprocessing.LabelEncoder)
encoded = scoredf.apply(lambda x: d[x.name].fit_transform(x))

      Origin Duration   Origin Octave  Origin Pitch   Next Pitch
0                 5            1           1                0
1                 5            2           2                4
2                 5            2           0                4
3                 0            2           0                4

After training and testing the Decision Tree Classifier, I want to pass another dataframe for the model, to obtain predictions.
For example, I want to pass the following DataFrame XX to my model, to obtain the predicition:
print(XX)
Origin Duration Origin Octave Origin Pitch
0            zero             5            G

I enconded it using the same dict (d = defaultdict(preprocessing.LabelEncoder)), Labelenconding used for the original Dataframe, I use only "transform" as I supposed everything is "fitted":
XXX = XX.apply(lambda x: d[x.name].transform(x))

However the results are incosintents in terms of encoding. I see it gets encoded like:
    print(XXX)
           Origin Duration  Origin Octave  Origin Pitch
    0                6              3            10

However, following the encoding of the original dataframe used for train and test the model, the resulting data frame should be:
            Origin Duration  Origin Octave  Origin Pitch
0                6              3            6

So the question is, how to keep the same and consistent LabelEnconding I used for training and testing the  model when I actually used the model to predict afterwards,
This is: How to encode the input dataframe to get predicitions, using the same labels as the one used for training and testing the model?
Thanks!

A: I guess you can store your original labeling, for instance in a dictionary, and use it for further labeling.
Here is an example referring to the unlabeled df as ´df_orig´ and to the labeled df as ´df_label´. Once you have labelled your dataframe you can build the dictionary.
map_dict = dict()

# First level keys are columns names
keys_lvl1 = df_orig.columns

# As values for each column,
# I store a new dictionary corresponding to the labeling
for k in keys_lvl1:
   keys = df_orig[k]
   values = df_label[k]
   sub_dict = dict(zip(keys, values))
   map_dict[k] = sub_dict

Later on, you can apply it with
# just a copy of the original df for testing purpose
df_label2 = df_orig.copy()

for column in df_label2.columns:
    df_label2[column] = df_label2[column].apply(lambda x: map_dict[column][x])

Edit
This code actually produce consistent result using LabelEncoder with python 2.7. This might help you finding your problem.
import pandas as pd
from StringIO import StringIO
from sklearn import preprocessing
from collections import defaultdict

# Reproducing your dataframe
data = StringIO("""
0    quarter    3    B    G
1    quarter    4    D    D
2    quarter    4    A    D
3    16th     4    A    D
""")

columns = ['col_{}'.format(i) for i in range(4)]
df = pd.read_csv(data, delim_whitespace=True, index_col = 0, header=None )
df.columns = columns

print df

Returns
         col_0  col_1 col_2 col_3
0
0  quarter      3     B     G
1  quarter      4     D     D
2  quarter      4     A     D
3     16th      4     A     D

Then,
# Label encoding
d = defaultdict(preprocessing.LabelEncoder)
df_label = df.apply(lambda x: d[x.name].fit_transform(x))
print df_label

Returns
       col_0  col_1  col_2  col_3
0
0      1      0      1      1
1      1      1      2      0
2      1      1      0      0
3      0      1      0      0

For prediction set, I shuffle the dataframe and drop column 3
# Apply to new data
df2 = df.sample(frac=1).drop('col_3', axis=1) # sample(frac=1) shuffles the df
print df2

Returns
     col_0  col_1 col_2
 0
 3     16th      4     A
 1  quarter      4     D
 0  quarter      3     B
 2  quarter      4     A

Then,
df2_label = df2.apply(lambda x: d[x.name].transform(x))
print df2_label

Returns
   col_0  col_1  col_2
0
3      0      1      0
1      1      1      2
0      1      0      1
2      1      1      0

which seems consistent.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Shahida Baig is an Aesthetician, Electrolysis, Reflexologist & Wellness Consultant and the owner of Synergy Spa and Wellness.
Shahida is a CIDESCO graduate from Zurich, Switzerland. Trained in England and Ireland, with twenty-three years of experience in skin care and reflexology.
She is a member of American Electrology Association,the Georgia Electrology Association, and Board certified with American Reflexology Certification Board.
Synergy Spa helps you reach YOUR unique and optimal potential.


text:
Home » After four recent crash deaths, will the City Council require truck side guards?
Posted inColumns & Opinion
After four recent crash deaths, will the City Council require truck side guards?
The gear can save lives by preventing cyclists from falling under the wheels.
by John Greenfield September 30, 2016 August 18, 2021
Firemen rescued Naperville resident Danielle Palagi, 26, after she was struck by a right-turning semi driver while riding her bike at Roosevelt and Wood in Chicago last week. Palagi survived, but one of her feet had to be amputated. Credit: Drew DeMott
It's every bicyclist's nightmare: You're riding on an arterial street, perhaps in a bike lane, when a truck appears on your left. The driver fails to check for bikes before making a right turn, causing a "right-hook" crash. The truck blocks your path, you're struck, and you fall under the massive vehicle. The rear wheels roll over your body, causing severe, likely fatal, injuries.
As previously reported in this column, variations of this worst-case scenario resulted in the deaths of two young adults in Chicago this summer—25-year-old Virginia Murray and 20-year-old Lisa Kuivinen. (Two other people, courier Blaine Klingenberg and security guard Frank Cruz, were killed by commercial vehicle drivers while biking this summer, and a third person, pizzeria worker Nick Fox, died in late September from injuries he suffered after being hit by a pair of trains while riding last June.)
Late this month two more truck-bike crash fatalities were added to the list. On September 22 during the evening commute, 18-year-old Northwestern student Chuyuan Qiu rolled out of a parking lot on the university's Evanston campus and collided with a concrete truck that was heading north on the 2000 block of North Sheridan Road. Police said Qiu was struck by one of the wheels and fell under the vehicle.
And four days later, 23-year-old health coach Anastasia Kondrasheva was fatally struck while biking to work in Edgewater. She'd been heading north on Damen at Addison in Roscoe Village when a 38-year-old male flatbed truck driver turned right in her path, killing her instantly.
A candlelight vigil and "ghost bike" installation for Kondrasheva is scheduled for tonight at 6:30 PM at the crash site. About 200 people have RSVPed on Facebook. The local group Chicago Ghost Bikes, which provided the white-painted bicycle, has prepared a second ghost bike it hopes to install soon at the Evanston crash site to honor Qiu.
Chris Spicer, co-owner of Lakefront Supply Company, told WGN-TV that he witnessed Kondrasheva's crash, and that the flatbed truck (belonging to a different company) was just like the ones his employees drive.
"In my mind, I saw [one of my trucks]," Spicer said. "I saw my driver on the ground sobbing uncontrollably because he just took someone's life."
In an effort to make sure that never happens, later that week Spicer had fender-mounted mirrors installed on all nine of Lakefront's flatbed trucks, which should reduce their blind spots.
That may be a good approach for helping truckers see bicyclists before they strike them. Meanwhile, there's a growing movement in U.S. cities to require side guards or side rails on large trucks as a strategy to reduce the damage if a crash occurs. These devices—already widespread in Europe, Japan, Brazil, and other countries—prevent pedestrians and cyclists who are struck by trucks from going under the vehicle and being crushed by the rear wheels.
It's likely that side guards could have made a difference for Murray, Kuivinen, Qiu, and Kondrasheva. Therefore, we should push Chicago's City Council to require the equipment on large trucks operating in the city, in order to prevent more truck-bike crash fatalities.
Side guards have been proven to reduce serious injuries and deaths when vulnerable road users are hit by the side of a truck. After 1986, when Great Britain began requiring the equipment on most new trucks, the fatality rate for turning-truck crashes dropped by 20 percent for pedestrians and 61 percent for cyclists. (This week London mayor Sadiq Khan proposed banning semitrucks from the city altogether by 2020, since these vehicles were involved in 58 percent of cyclist deaths in that city over the last two years.)
In 2013 the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board issued a recommendation that large trucks be fitted with side guards. But the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which sets the rules for truck design, hasn't passed regulations to require them.
Asked about current NHTSA efforts to promote side guards, agency spokesman Derrell Lyles pointed me to recent research into the effectiveness of side and rear truck guards (the latter can help prevent deaths in the event that a car driver rear-ends a truck). Lyles noted that, according to the agency's data, 53 bicyclists were killed in truck crashes in the U.S. in 2015.
Some east-coast cities have already begun installing side guards on their municipal truck fleets. In 2014, after two fatal bike/truck crashes, Boston passed an ordinance requiring side guards on all city-contracted vehicles weighing more than 10,000 pounds. The safety gear proved its value that year when a man riding a Hubway bike-share cycle survived being struck by the driver of a turning garbage truck equipped with the guards.
Last year New York mayor Bill de Blasio signed a law mandating side guards on all municipal trucks of more than 10,000 pounds as well as all private garbage trucks operating in the five boroughs by 2024. That time line will allow the city to phase in the equipment with new truck purchases rather than taking the more expensive route of retrofitting vehicles.
"The best thing to do, of course, is to avoid crashes in the first place," Paul Steely White, director of NYC's Transportation Alternatives advocacy group, told Streetsblog New York last year. "But these side guards are like airbags for pedestrians and cyclists."
"Sadly, to make [side guards] mandatory here, there needs to be a tipping point where enough people are fed up with the deaths."
—Personal-injury lawyer Jay Stefani
So if it's clear that that side guards can help prevent deaths like the four recent Chicago-area truck-bike crash fatalities, what will it take to make the safety gear standard equipment in our region?
Chicago recently announced that it will be releasing a Vision Zero plan later this fall, with the goal of eliminating traffic fatalities by 2026.
"We are aware that [requiring side guards] is a step taken in other cities and countries, and it's one of many potential safety steps we are looking as part of the Vision Zero planning process," transportation department spokesman Mike Claffey said in a statement. The state, meanwhile, hasn't made any recommendations regarding the strategy, according to a spokesman for the Illinois Department of Transportation.
But resistance from the trucking industry could be a roadblock to passing legislation requiring this safety gear. In 2012 the Active Transportation Alliance lobbied for Illinois legislation, sponsored by state representative Kelly Cassidy, requiring convex mirrors for the front of all large Illinois-licensed trucks. However, the Illinois Trucking Association balked at the $500-per-vehicle cost, and testified against the bill; the legislation died in committee.
"We decided not to include side guards [in the proposed legislation] because it was clear we'd lose with that in the bill," says Active Trans director Ron Burke. "Needless to say, we support side guards and convex mirrors. . . . How you make it happen is the question."
Active Trans is now preparing recommendations for Chicago's Vision Zero Plan, says Burke, which could include a proposal for a city ordinance requiring truck side guards and/or convex mirrors. Friday afternoon the group e-mailed its members about "the urgent need to address the disproportionate threat . . . large vehicles pose to people biking and walking." "We are asking the Mayor, Chicago City Council, and relevant city agencies to immediately put into place proven strategies that can prevent more fatalities due to crashes involving large vehicles," the group wrote.
Active Trans listed requiring side guards, strengthening commercial driver licensing rules, and limiting large vehicle traffic during rush hours as possible solutions. The group asked supporters to sign an online petition urging the city to take immediate action to address preventable traffic fatalities as part of Vision Zero. Jay Stefani, a Chicago-based personal-injury lawyer who works with survivors of car and truck crashes, says a local law to require the safety gear can't come soon enough.
"What makes the truck right-turn incidents all the more tragic is the refusal of lawmakers to require side guards," he said. "Sadly, to make them mandatory here, there needs to be a tipping point where enough people are fed up with the deaths."
Hopefully the City Council can be persuaded to follow Boston and New York's example by requiring side guards for municipal trucks and other large vehicles operating in Chicago. While it's painful to think that this safety gear might have prevented the tragic deaths of the four recent truck-crash victims, passing such an ordinance could help save lives in the future. v
John Greenfield edits the transportation news website Streetsblog Chicago.
Tagged: Active Transportation Alliance, Anastasia Kondrasheva, bike crashes, bike fatalities, Blaine Klingenberg, Chicago Department of Transportation, Chris Spicer, Chuyuan Qiu, Evanston, Francisco Cruz, Jay Stefani, Lisa Kuivinen, Mike Claffey, Nick Fox, Ron Burke, Roscoe Village, truck side guards, U.S. Department of Transportation, Virginia Murray, Vol. 46 No. 1
Get our free daily newsletter delivered straight to your inbox Monday through Friday. Dive into our most recent stories and exclusive insights from our editors and staff.
Sign up for The Daily Reader
Success! We'll be sending you The Daily Reader starting soon.


text:
U2, Coldplay top Forbes list of highest-paid musicians
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Irish rock band U2 topped the 2018 Forbes magazine list of the highest-paid musicians on Tuesday thanks in part to the group's successful "Joshua Tree" world tour celebrating their classic 1987 album.
That tour helped the band collect $118 million in pre-tax earnings from June 1, 2017 to June 1, 2018, the magazine said. The performances featured well-known hits from "The Joshua Tree" album including "Where the Streets Have No Name," "With or Without You" and "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Lookin...


Taking modeling and photography competitions to the NEXT LEVEL!
It's more than official! Elan Vital Magazine is going on the road, starting January 2018! Check out the video, share it with all you're friends, fans and supporters! We're going to be filming a show covering the competitions in each city as well as a few other things! Want to know more and get an inside scoop on the tour and locations, dates and themes before they're officially released and get a leg up on the competition? Get a copy of Issue 7!
Elan Vital Magazine Goes On The Road!


text:
Our Banks
Engro Foods is among the biggest and fastest growing companies in Pakistan with a vision to cater to local needs with products conforming to global standards.
Highly passionate about providing millions of people across the length and breadth of Pakistan and beyond with the ultimate brand experience, our product portfolio comprises some of the country's biggest and best selling brands including Olper's, Olper's Lite, Omore, Dairy Omung, Olper's Lassi and Tarang.
J.K. Dairies is a diversified Private limited company (Pvt.) of JDW Group. JDW Group is the largest sugar producer in Pakistan and also a regional leader in corporate farming. Mr. Jahangir Khan Tareen is the patron-in-chief of JDW Group. He oversees all aspects of operation supported by a dedicated, experienced and professional management team
Sharif Group is one of the leading Industrial Groups in Pakistan. In addition to industrial activities Sharif Group put more value to the well being of the deprived ones through such means which could alleviate the suffering of the have nots. Sharif Group is running a most modern Hospital equipped with state of the art equipments providing all kinds of treatments ranging from minor surgery to Open Heart Surgery on no profit no loss basis.
The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Since its establishment in 1981, this University has been playing a vital role in imparting Agricultural Education and conducting basic and applied agricultural research throughout the Province, and disseminating the results of agricultural research among the farmers and general public through its outreach/public service activities. Being one of the leading institutions in the country, the University has been enjoying the prestige of providing high quality agricultural education and research to its students. The graduates of this University are serving in public-private sectors organizations on key positions within Pakistan and abroad. They are ambassadors of this University and have been bringing in laurels to the name and prestige of this University.
The Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar (PFI) is working for the improvement of Environment, its conservation and the natural resources of the country by conducting research on various environmental issues and imparting training in the specialized field of forestry and allied disciplines. This organization is coordinating with all the national and international agencies related to forestry research as a part of its routine activity. Moreover, it has the capability to deal with current forestry challenges like desertification, arid zone afforestation, reclamation of waterlogged and saline soils through biological measures and conservation of biodiversity issues related to major flora and fauna in the country. It has also capabilities to conduct research on wood and wood-based products in the country and give guidelines to the industry working in these areas. Of course, the protection of watersheds and improvement of rangelands is an integral part of the system. In this context, the cooperation extended by the Environment Department through the provision of various projects for the improvement of environment and poverty alleviation is praiseworthy.
NARC coordinated programmes serve as a common platform for the scientists working in different federal, provincial agricultural research, and academic institutions to jointly plan their research activities, avoiding unnecessary duplication of research efforts. Research which can best be addressed at a national centre rather than by provincial institutions is undertaken at NARC. The adaptation of technologies available from the international research system is also managed by NARC, in collaboration with the provincial research and extension institutions. In particular, research requiring sophisticated instruments like electron microscopes, ultracentrifuges, and elaborate analytical and quality testing facilities is undertaken at NARC, supported by highly qualified and trained manpower.
The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works to improve food security and reduce poverty in developing countries through research for better and more sustainable use of livestock. ILRI is a member of the CGIAR Consortium which works for a food-secure future.
See our research programs and activities; See our work in CGIAR research programs; ILRI leads theLivestock and Fish Research Program; we host theBecA-ILRI hub for East and Central Africa as well as the Technical Consortium for Building Resilience in the Horn of Africa. In 2013 we adopted astrategy covering 2013-2022. In 2014, we marked 40 years of international research in livestockthrough a series of events.
Achieving food security for all is at the heart of FAO's efforts – to make sure people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives.
Our three main goals are: the eradication of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition; the elimination of poverty and the driving forward of economic and social progress for all; and, the sustainable management and utilization of natural resources, including land, water, air, climate and genetic resources for the benefit of present and future generations
ACTED teams are devoted to supporting vulnerable communities throughout the world and accompanying them in building a better future by providing a response adapted to specific needs. Our staff of over 4,000 people provide aid to populations affected by crisis using an approach that is both local and global, multidisciplinary and adapted to each context. By ensuring the link between Emergency, Rehabilitation and Development, ACTED teams guaranty that interventions made in a situation of crisis are useful and sustainable, because only long term support – by remaining in the area post emergency and involving communities – can end the poverty cycle and accompany populations on the road to development.
We are an international humanitarian organisation dedicated to tackling poverty and suffering in the world's poorest countries.
We work in partnership with the very poorest people in these countries, directly enabling them to improve their lives, as well as using our knowledge and experience to influence decisions made at a local, national and international level that can significantly reduce extreme poverty.
Human Empowerment to Lead & to Progress (HELP) Foundation was established in 1974 at Kot Mithan. It was registered with Social Welfare Department, Govt. of the Punjab under the Voluntary Social Welfare Agencies (Registration & Control) Ordinance, 1961 (XLVI of 1961) in 1976 with the registration No. DSW (Pb) 76-979. It is non profit, Humanitarian, Rights Based Organization
HELP Foundation aims to overcome poverty and suffering through a process that unites people for making collective efforts, enabling environment and common interests by:
Enabling marginalized communities to raise voice for their basic rights and to increase their capacity to participate in and benefit from their societies.
Linkages building to increase understanding and unity among peoples of different cultures and state.
Promoting the rights and interests of the world's deprived people.
Islamic Relief (IR) is an international relief and development charity which envisage a caring world where people unite to respond to the suffering of others, empowering them to fulfil their potential. We are an independent Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) founded in the UK in 1984 by Dr. Hany El Banna OBE.Working in more than 30 countries worldwide, we promote sustainable economic and social development by working with local communities to eradicate poverty, illiteracy and disease. We also respond to disasters and emergencies, helping people in crisis. Islamic Relief started operations in Pakistan in 1992 and was registered in 1994 as a Company Limited by Guarantee under Section 42 of the Companies Ordinance, 1984 and Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan.
The United Nation's Universal Children's Day was established in 1954 and is celebrated on November 20th, each year to promote international togetherness and awareness on children's welfare and protection worldwide. Muslim Aid Pakistan also commemorated this globally recognized Universal Children's Day under its Street to School project in Islamabad
As education is the basic right of every children and going to school is a day-to-day activity, which establishes a sense of routine and normalcy in children lives, especially after displacement in result of manmade or natural disasters.
Agriculture is the mainstay of Pakistan's economy, but unfortunately due to back to back flooding of past few years, the agriculture industry of Pakistan has suffered a lot
©All Rights Reserved @ 2015-2017 by King Seeds Pakistan.
King Seeds Corporation
Mr.Sohaib Noor Romi


A VA loan is a mortgage loan that's backed by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for those who have served or are presently serving in the U.S. military. While the VA does not lend money for VA loans, it backs loans made by private lenders (banks, savings and loans, or mortgage companies) to veterans, active military personnel, and military spouses who qualify.
There are three types of VA loans: purchase loans, interest rate reduction refinance loans (or IRRRL, also referred to as a VA streamline refinance loan), and cash-out refinance loans. There are many benefits to a VA loan, but one of biggest benefits is that no down payment is needed to purchase a home. This can make home ownership a reality for active military or veterans who might otherwise not be able to afford it.
You must also have suitable credit, sufficient income, and a valid Certificate of Eligibility (COE). And you must use the home for your own personal occupancy. Still unsure if you're eligible? Check the Department of Veterans Affairs website for a detailed list of eligibility requirements for military service members, veterans, and military spouses.
The VA loan program is offers some of the most attractive and flexible loans available, and they are exclusively for military personnel, veterans and their families. Perhaps the two biggest benefits that make these loan more affordable than a typical loan are that the borrower typically does not need to make a down payment, and there is no private mortgage insurance (PMI) requirement.
How Can Veterans & Military Personnel Get VA Loans?
Make sure you are eligible for a VA loan. Check the VA website for a detailed list of eligibility requirements for military service members, veterans, and military spouses.
Find a lender that participates in the VA home loan program.
Get a Certificate of Eligibility from the VA to prove you are eligible for a VA loan.
Apply for your VA loan. Your VA lender will work with you to complete the steps needed to finance your home.
How Big of a VA Loan Can Veterans & Military Personnel Get?
According to the VA there is "no maximum that an eligible veteran may borrow using a VA-guaranteed loan." However, there are county limits that must be used to calculate the VA's maximum guaranty amount for a particular county. In other words, there's no limit to how much you can spend on your new home with a VA loan, but the VA has limits on how much liability it will assume, which can affect the amount of money your lender will let you borrow.
Generally, eligible veterans or military personnel can get loans up to $417,000 with no money down. But that number can be much higher in certain counties that have a higher cost of living.


Assisting Entrepreneurs to get their New Businesses Off the Ground.
I help entrepreneurs get new businesses off the ground with business planning and entity formation services for partnerships, limited liability partnerships (LLPs), limited liability companies (LLCs), and incorporation or S-Corporations and other types of corporate structures.
Not sure what type of business entity your new company should be to limit your financial risk? Ask me.
Contact my law office to schedule an appointment to meet with me personally.


text:
Free workshops for job-seekers
Oct 13, 2014 at 5:56 PM Oct 13, 2014 at 5:56 PM
OrangeWorks
3 Washington Center Fourth Floor, Newburgh. Call 568-5090.
Oct. 15: Basic Microsoft Word, Preregistration required. Limited seating – 10 a.m.
Oct. 16: Your Best Resume – 10 a.m.
Oct. 21: One to One Resume Review (by appointment only) – 9:30-11 a.m.
Oct. 22: Orange Works Fall Job Fair, 10 a.m.-3 p.m., at the Newburgh Mall, Newburgh
Oct. 22: Basic email (preregistration required), limited seating – 10 a.m.
Oct. 30: Job Search Strategies – 10 a.m.
33 Fulton St., second floor, Middletown
Resource room hours are from 9 a.m.-4:15 p.m. Monday-Friday. Call 346-1100.
Oct. 17: Resume Review – 9-11 a.m. walk-in
Oct. 20: Ace The Interview - 10 a.m.
Oct. 27: Job Search and Social Networking – 10 a.m.
Sullivan Works
50 North St., Room AB, Monticello. Call 794-3340.
Oct. 15: How Do I Look Online? – 2 p.m.
Oct. 17: Metrix Online Learning Workshop – 9 a.m.
Oct. 21: LinkedIn Workshop – 8:45 a.m.
Oct. 28: Interview Workshop – 8:45 a.m.
Ulster Works OneStop Career Center
601 Development Court, Kingston. Call 338-4696 or 340-3170.
Oct. 14: Intro to MS Word - all day
Oct. 14: Job Tips For the Ex-Offender
Oct. 15: Job Search Workshop
Oct. 15: Intro to MS Excel - all day
Oct. 16: Introduction to LinkedIn
Oct. 23: SSI/SSD Ticket To Work Orientation Work Shop
Oct. 23: Mock Interviewing Workshop
Nonprofits and other organizations offering free employment assistance can submit listings to business@th-record.com.


Download Samsung Galaxy J7 Nxt J701F J701M J701MT Combination file with Security Patch U1, U2, U3, U4. (Factory Binary level) S1, S2, S3, S4. We have Large Collection of Samsung combination files All Combination Firmware ROMs are free to download. In case you didn't find your device supporting combination file then you can Remove or Bypass Google Account FRP J701F J701M J701MT Without Combination file.
Check Samsung J701F Combination files in the list below. In case didn't find Galaxy J701F combination ROM you can request it in comment section..
Check Samsung J701M Combination files in the list below. In case didn't find Galaxy J701M combination ROM you can request it in comment section..
Check Samsung J701MT Combination files in the list below. In case didn't find Galaxy J701MT combination ROM you can request it in comment section..
We can Flash Samsung Galaxy J7 Nxt with combination file by using Samsung Odin. We have provided a complete step by step process to flash combination firmware. This is mostly used when the Samsung Galaxy device is locked by FRP or to check complete hardware.
If you want to Bypass Samsung Galaxy J7 Nxt Google Account or FRP lock with combination file or without combination Firmware. Just follow the step which we have given in the Article.
Samsung Galaxy J7 Nxt Flash Official Stock ROM Firmware to make your device in normal condition.
Please Send my that link by which you have download this file.


This one-of-a-kind piece is lovingly made with hand-cut Japanese and Italian papers suspended in a glassy clear hand-mixed resin within a deep, silver plated bezel pendant. It is a complete necklace finished with a 1.2 mm (0.05 in) silver plated snake chain.
Each Bashful Pineapple necklace is a unique piece and features non-toxic epoxy, specially formulated to preserve clarity. There will be no yellowing over time.


text:
Walorski Votes Against Speaker Pelosi as 117th Congress Begins
WASHINGTON – U.S. Rep. Jackie Walorski (R-Ind.) today released the following statement after voting to reject the partisan politics and radical agenda of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi in the 117th Congress:
"Nancy Pelosi puts politics ahead of the American people every chance she gets. That's why today I proudly cast my vote against Speaker Pelosi and her radical socialist agenda.
"When Hoosier workers, families, and small businesses needed relief from the coronavirus crisis, Speaker Pelosi delayed help for months and prioritized dangerous ideas like defunding the police and outlawing private health care plans. In November, voters sent a clear message to House Democrats: It's time for change. Instead, House Democrats voted in lockstep to bring back the same leadership team that has failed the American people for nearly two decades.
"I voted for Kevin McCarthy for Speaker because House Republicans are committed to restoring our way of life, rebuilding our economy, and renewing the American Dream. I'm ready to get to work for these goals and to fight for hardworking Hoosiers in the 117th Congress."


I am very excited (and a little jealous!) that my colleague Dan Meiners in Kansas City has designed such a cool event venue! For years I have admired Dan's aesthetic when designing events. His eye for design, color and texture can be seen in his latest accomplishment, Pennway Place.
Pennway Place, located inside Studio Dan Meiners, is unlike any other venue in Kansas City. At 6000 square feet, Pennway can accommodate gatherings up to 400, but its unique design creates an intimate feel no matter the number of guests. This space was built with modern versatility and classic sophistication. Studio Dan Meiners is the exclusive floral and event design company of Pennway Place and this seamless integration enables us to unite design and decor in perfect harmony. An event at Pennway Place is sure to leave a lasting impression.


This is a hi-energy spectacular free-style dance which ranges from basic top rock steps to power moves .... back spins, head spins etc.
This has become an extremely popular class, particularly with boys.(Although we do have quite a few girls in the class) It's billed for Primary 3 & upwards (although we occasionally take kids younger than the P4 age group if they are really keen) so there's quite a range of ages in the class. However it is a style which requires self-discipline because it is a freestyle dance and the teacher will advise you if he thinks your child is not quite ready.
The kids are all given a good warm up and then divided into groups or worked with individually. They are given various sequences to work on and the teachers work round each group giving them guidance as required. This is where the self-discipline comes in - while the teachers are working with other class members the kids are expected to carry on practicing. They will be given basic steps to start with and when they're ready they are shown more complex power moves. It helps if they like gymnastics!
Everyone in the class is at different levels - some doing basic steps, some doing back spins etc - which means our teachers have to be strict with the kids - safety is tantamount. How fast the pupil progresses depends on how much practice and energy they put into it.
It's a tough style which looks easier than it really is. The classes are taught by Chris Maule of The Flying Jalapenos.
Sorry, but we have no upcoming events for Dance With Attitude Kids Breakdance Class. If you know of an event taking place at Dance With Attitude Kids Breakdance Class or anywhere else in Glasgow tell us about it and we'll list it on the website, for free!
Alba Scottish Country Dancers offer Scottish Country Dance and Ceilidh dancing classes for children in Glasgow's West End!
Girlguiding Glasgow is part of Scotland's leading charity for girls and young women, with groups meeting all over the city!
At Glasgow Sea Cadets we aim to give young people an experience that will help them grow into the person they want to be in a safe and friendly environment.
Ultimate Frisbee is a fast-paced, athletic team sport for ages 7+ enjoyed by hundreds of thousands of players the world over, Glasgow Ultimate is the local club for all Ultimate Frisbee activities!


In Estonia, the higher education system has two branches: study is carried out in the academic and the professional higher education branch. Since the academic year 2002/2003, the general structure of the academic branch has three levels. The first level is Bachelor's study and the second level is Master's study. The third and the highest level is Doctoral study.
In case of medical training, veterinary training, pharmacist training, dentistry training, architectural studies, civil engineering studies and teacher training for general teachers, study is based on integrated curricula of Bachelor's and Master's study.
Professional higher education is similarly to Bachelor's study the first study level of higher education.
Completion of respective studies on each level of higher education is considered the graduation from an educational institution. A person who has completed Bachelor's or Master's study has the right to continue his or her studies as stated in legislation. The completion of study based on the integrated curricula of Bachelor's and Master's study also results in the grant of a Master's level degree.
Bachelor's study, Master's study and Doctoral study are provided in universities. It is possible to study according to the professional higher education curriculum in an institution of professional higher education, in an educational institution forming a part of the structure of a university and, as an exception, in a vocational school kutseõppeasutus acting on the basis of secondary education. An institution of professional higher education is an educational institution where, according to a decision of the Government of the Republic and under certain conditions, also Master's level studies ca be carried out.


The Happiness Online Course is a free seven-session course that journeys through the Book of Philippians to see what Scripture says about true and lasting happiness. Throughout this course, Pastor Greg shows us why the pursuit of what the world says will bring us happiness will only leave us discouraged and disillusioned and how God longs to provide us with something far better.
At Harvest Ministries, our mission is to "know God and make Him known." To that end, we place emphasis on the study of God's Word and the proclamation of the gospel message–that Jesus Christ died to save us from our sins and He offers us the free gift of eternal life. We are committed to helping people come to know Jesus as their personal Lord and Savior, and to walk alongside them as they grow and mature into healthy and productive followers of Christ. Learn more at harvest.org.


Enhancing French Skills | Videos and activities for practice with communicative language functions.
Videos and activities for practice with communicative language functions.
Enhancing French skills is a website for intermediate learners of French, created for students in a three-hour semester course at the University of Texas at Austin. Students expand their knowledge of the French language and francophone cultures and continue the development of their communicative abilities by practicing the four basic skills of speaking, listening, writing and reading.
Enhancing French skills includes authentic language videos from French websites such as TV5 Enseigner.tv, France.fr, and RhôneAlpes.tv (Média) as well as interviews of French speakers on cultural topics (Rencontres). Videos and activities are organized into five broad themes and tagged by communicative language function with links into Tex's French Grammar for specific grammar explanations and interactive exercises. In addition to Tex's French Grammar, we also use as a text in this course Contextualized French Grammar: A Handbook, 1st edition, by Stacey Katz Bourns (Cengage: 2013).
Exercises also reference selected chapters in the cultural reader La France au quotidien, 4th edition by Roselyn Roesch and Rosalba Rolle-Harold (Presses Universitatire de Grenoble: 2012).


text:
{% set searchTerm = data.searchTerm %}
{% set searchPrompt = data.searchPrompt %}
{% set currentSprint = '26' %}
{% extends "./layout.html" %}

{% block head %}

  {% include "./includes/head.html" %}
{% endblock %}
{% block proposition_header %}

Webchat - Explore careers

End chat

{% endblock %}

{% block body_classes %}webchat-pop webchat-pop-chat {% endblock %}

{% block before_content %}

Hello. Welcome to Find a career webchat.Bill - 9:33am

Hi, I'm looking for more information on how to become a border force officer.Bob - 9:34am

                <textarea class="form-control" name="textarea" placeholder="Your message..." id="textarea" rows="5"></textarea>

            Submit

Would you like a transcript of this conversation sent to aanderton89@gmail.com?

        No
        Yes

{% endblock %}
        {% block body_end %}
        {% include "./includes/scripts.html" %}

 {% endblock %}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I can feel it happening. I am hurtling downward on the social, outgoing curve, crashing after a period of riding high on it. I am tired of seeing people, and I've been in my room all day, dreading having to confront all of my residents at our weekly floor meeting. I had a birthday to plan along with the meeting as well. People have been knocking on my door all day, needing everything from a phone number to a knife to balloons to inflate for the party.
I am drained. I want to hide in my room so that I don't have to deal with anyone, and I want to escape it so that I don't have to answer the door every time someone knocks.
I've also only had one quasi-meal of clam chowder, because I haven't wanted to leave the dorm.
I do enjoy being with freshmen, but as a senior I have a lot lower tolerance for them as well. After the party/meeting, the guys started popping every single balloon we had, deafening my ears and gutting my patience. I think the last guy could feel that, because he stopped.
I just want to curl up in bed. I really can't deal with people, sometimes.


As a task supervisor it is typically attracting to consider curious about got to get it done all of the your self. Despite working with a team who are around you, this can become hard to let travel and to use outsourcing for those aspects of the job you know you should be. Which parts? Well, a really brilliant job manager will perform very little practical project actions, instead is going to focus on taking care of the team, buying slack to accomplish deadlines and successfully charging all sorts of things else to appropriate associates. So the swift answer is undoubtedly, almost all the parts.
You know that you simply good at the job, and with a distinct eyesight of how you wish the project to go, it can be tempting to think that if you want something completed properly then you'll have to do it yourself. Finding out how to let travel and hands the reins to different people is actually a tough a single, but something which you experience to carry out if you are going to succeed in task management. Yes, the other person may not do it fully the same approach just like you, although if the objective is obtained then would it matter? And in some cases, someone else's idea may well actually become a bit better than the own!
This follows on from the initial suggestion quite normally, as you need to place the trust in the team and to provide them with the autonomy they require to go ahead and make their own decisions within their roles. Empowerment is about providing them with responsibility, answerability and letting them develop their own project control skills. Accomplish this successfully and you may have a team of dedicated and motivated mini project executives who should put benefit on your projects as well as your business.
Remember that your staff are generally not inside your head. Unless you have got painstakenly instructed all of them at the better details of just how you want tasks executed, don't end up being stunned whenever the end result is different to how you envisaged this. You need to explain in which you happen to be nowadays, and where you want them that person to get to; a straightforward level A to point C classes. The degree of education offer upon how to get there is going to depend upon just how experienced that person is, and whether you may stop yourself from looking to micromanage.
Remember that as well as asking down, you may delegate up wards too. Jobs requiring unique knowledge or perhaps skills, or those which will trip outdoor of the remit to be a PM, must be delegated in excess to senior citizen managers, or maybe even outsourced to have the specialist help you need. Inspire your associates to assign up seeing as very well in cases where they come to feel part of their task is over and above their capabilities or tasks.
It usually is tempting to believe that you happen to be best handling everything your self, specially if you happen to be controlling a commercial enterprise or project managing small, 1-2 person plans. From the outside looking in, it may seem prefer it will take longer to use and advise a great tool than it will to just get it done yourself, which is true, nonetheless delegation is known as a long term purchase and a method of solidifying a better potential for your business. Commit in the schooling and progress persons who are around you and you'll get rewarded with a stronger, more capable team in the future. Just where necessary pay for a task managing training to boost the PM abilities of staff members. For more info read here www.koppighair.nl .


text:
Britney Spears' Struggle To possess Independence in 2021
«So it conservatorship is doing me personally much more harm than a beneficial. We are entitled to for a lives.»
More about ten years ago, Britney Spears are placed directly under a conservatorship, dealing with sets from the girl job to help you exactly how she invested the lady currency to if she you will definitely drive her own vehicle. Just after fighting consistently to escape brand new conservatorship controlled by the woman father Jamie, 2021 changed everything you.
From the start of the 12 months, Jamie got currently strolled down due to the fact the girl primary conservator and you will Britney was fighting straight back facing his choice for an effective co-conservator out of their home. In the event she didn't earn the woman 2020 attempt to keeps him got rid of totally, her private options is actually chose to help you hookup site Jacksonville serve as co-conservator. It actually was the woman basic profit to kick-off the season you to create in the course of time provide an end to this lady conservatorship totally.
Whenever «Framing Britney Spears» was released into March 5, it ignited intense societal interest in this new wellbeing out-of Britney. Brand new documentary, and this chronicled Britney's travel regarding boy actress so you're able to internationally pop music star, highlighted some of the injustices she experienced during their field. First and foremost, it had been made clear one Britney was unhappy in her restrictive conservatorship.
Britney Spears Lashes Out over 2003 Post-Breakup Interview with Diane Sawyer within the Because the-Erased Article
Immediately following the discharge of the motion picture, Britney's date Sam Asghari mutual their feelings toward conservatorship and Britney's dad Jamie. The guy even went as far as to-name Jamie a great «penis,» therefore it is obvious that stress were ascending behind-the-scenes.
«Now it's important for people to understand that I have zero respect for someone trying to control our relationship and constantly throwing obstacles our way. In my opinion, Jamie is a total dick. I won't be going into details because I've always respected our privacy but at the same time, I didn't come to this country to not be able to express my opinion and freedom,» Sam composed.
During the early ie's attorneys, Vivan Lee Thoreen, revealed that Britney's dad performed in fact want to see the brand new conservatorship stop. While he admitted he wasn't the new «prime father» and you can did not «always see vision-to-eye on what Britney may wish,» he felt he previously always produced behavior in her best interest.
«[Jamie] would love nothing more than to see Britney not need a conservatorship. Whether or not there is an end to the conservatorship really depends on Britney. If she wants to end her conservatorship, she can file a petition to end it,» Vivan told CNN.
Later that month, Britney «expected the fresh new resignation» of her father Jamie Spears as her permanent personal conservator. Instead, she asked for his place to be taken by Jodi Montgomery, who had been serving as temporary conservator since Jamie stepped down from the position due to «personal health reasons» in 2019.
Britney Spears Reveals The woman is for the 'Right Medication' Today Adopting the Stop out-of Conservatorship
When you look at the April, Britney expected to speak in judge, establishing initially she would be able to sound the lady view to your legal. Britney's courtroom-designated attorneys Samuel D. Ingham III produced brand new demand while in the a paying attention out of the woman father's courtroom charge.
«The newest conservatee has requested that i look for on the courtroom a position reading where she will be able to address the fresh judge individually,» he questioned the latest judge managing possible.
Nearly a couple months later, Britney fundamentally managed the fresh new courtroom into the a robust twenty-four moment report. Admirers around the world attentive to listen to Britney speak towards earlier in the day 13 several years of this lady lifestyle, way of living below what she named an enthusiastic «abusive» conservatorship. Britney said she ended up being «traumatized» because of the the lady factors and therefore drove the woman into the a despair.


text:
Car Magazine News
Car Design
Luxury car Design
In recent years, automobile manufacturers have responded to the increased demand for exclusive, luxury models, with special designer editions created in collaboration with fashion designers and luxury brand houses. From custom paint treatments to luxurious interior embellishments and bespoke accessories, some manufactures go lengths in the pursuit of individuality.
One of the latest 'car-designer' collaboration was between Nissan's luxury division, Infiniti, and renowned American fashion designers, Zac Posen and Thom Browne. They created a unique version of the 2014 Infiniti Q50 luxury sedan, each applying their unique style to the exterior and interior of the Q50.
This year will also see the launch of a special edition La Petite Robe Noire Fiat 500c in France, created as the result of a partnership between Fiat and French perfume house Guerlain. Also as the product of a joint venture between international fashion brand Mando and Spanish automobile manufacturer Seat, is the special edition Seat Mii by Mango.
In 2008, Bugatti collaborated with French luxury house Hermes to create one of the most coveted special edition cars, the Bugatti Veyron Fbg par Hermès. Hermès designer Gabriele Pezzini took the lead on reinterpreting Bugatti's traditional two-tone carriage work and covering the interior with bull calfskin by the Hermès workshops in Paris.
2012 was also a big year for car-designer collaborations with British carmaker Rolls-Royce joining forces with Lebanese fashion designer Walid Atallah to launch two bespoke models, the Rolls-Royce "Phantom Rayan" and "Phantom Coupe Rayan." Also in 2012, Paris-based Indonesian fashion designer Didit Hediprasetyo collaborated with BMW to create a unique BMW 7 Series that embodies his sweeping concept of luxury.
Click on slideshow to see BLOUIN ARTINFO's pick of top 10 car-designer collaborations
Source: www.blouinartinfo.com
Car Design: BMW Vision Future Luxury Concept
2016 Mercedes-Maybach S600 Luxury car Interior Design HD
KLASSEN | Car Design Technology | VIANO VIP | LUXURY CAR ...
The Tatra 700 was a large luxury car released in 1996 by the Czech car maker Tatra. It was essentially a heavily restyled version of the Tatra 613 model it replaced.
The T700 was offered as a saloon with either a 3.5 or 4.4 litre 90° air-cooled V8 petrol engine, or...
A large family car, also known as a D-segment car, is a European automobile classification which is larger than a small family car and smaller than an executive car. Multi-purpose vehicles based on a large family car design are often called large MPVs, while...
The Renault Primastella (Type PG8) was an Mid-size luxury car or Executive car automobile manufactured between 1932 to 1935 by Renault.
The Primastella was released in 1932 with an engine 6 cylinders 16CV, design derived of the Renault Vivastella but shorter, the...
Junior car Designer January 20, 2023
Automobile Designer December 31, 2022
Create a car online December 11, 2022
Cars for Careers November 21, 2022
Exterior Of car November 1, 2022
Automobile Design School October 31, 2022
Vehicle Mechanical Engineering October 28, 2022
Design of cars for drawing October 26, 2022
Automotive Engineering Universities October 26, 2022
Stories about Automotive Design
Automotive car Design
Automotive engine design
Newspaper Design
Degree in Automotive Engineering
Copyright © 2023 · All Rights Reserved | www.teknylate.com


Telecoms London - Welcome to the London Telecoms Directory from Near.co.uk featuring recommended telecommunication companies in London. It lists those who provide telecoms in London. It also includes those who offer telecoms services in London. Read reviews of London telecoms services and write your own review too. If your London business isn't listed, then advertise it for FREE today.


text:
Q: I try to fetch user information from google api using access_token which provided by mobile end through web api but getting 401 error How to fetch user information in MVC5 from google API through access_token which token provided by the mobile end into web API?
[Used Code][1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/D2hfW.png
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
var urlProfile ="https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/userinfo?access_token=" + model.Auth;
client.CancelPendingRequests();
HttpResponseMessage output = client.GetAsync(urlProfile).Result;
if (output.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
    string outputData = output.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
}

Getting Error: If I am using above code to fetch user information by access_token
{
  "error": {
    "code": 401,
    "message": "Request is missing required authentication credential. Expected OAuth 2 access token, login cookie or other valid authentication credential. See https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/web/devconsole-project.",
    "status": "UNAUTHENTICATED"
  }
}

A: Solve this issue:
I have used another API to fetch user info from google.
https://oauth2.googleapis.com/tokeninfo?id_token=Auth


text:
Q: Push notifications from API using Nativescript I get all events from API in my template. I need push notification. From your experience can you ask me, which plugin is very good for push notification?
I tried this for android:
in main-view-model.ts
import { Observable } from "tns-core-modules/data/observable";
import * as pushPlugin from "nativescript-push-notifications";

export class HelloWorldModel extends Observable {

    private pushSettings = {
        // Android settings
        senderID: "387819224537", // Android: Required setting with the sender/project number
        notificationCallbackAndroid: (stringifiedData: String, fcmNotification: any) => {
            const notificationBody = fcmNotification && fcmNotification.getBody();
            console.log(notificationBody)
            this.updateMessage("Message received!\n" + notificationBody + "\n" + stringifiedData);
        }

        // iOS settings
        // badge: true, // Enable setting badge through Push Notification
        // sound: true, // Enable playing a sound
        // alert: true, // Enable creating a alert
        // notificationCallbackIOS: (message: any) => {
        //     this.updateMessage("Message received!\n" + JSON.stringify(message));
        // }
    };

    private _counter: number;
    private _message: string;

    constructor() {
        super();
        this.message = "";
        this.updateMessage("App started.");

        let self = this;
        this.onRegisterButtonTap();
    }

    get message(): string {
        return this._message;
    }

    set message(value: string) {
        if (this._message !== value) {
            this._message = value;
            this.notifyPropertyChange("message", value);
        }
    }

    onCheckButtonTap() {
        let self = this;
        pushPlugin.areNotificationsEnabled((areEnabled: Boolean) => {
            self.updateMessage("Are Notifications enabled: " + !!areEnabled);
        });
    }

    onRegisterButtonTap() {
        let self = this;
        pushPlugin.register(this.pushSettings, (token: String) => {
            self.updateMessage("Device registered. Access token: " + token);
            // token displayed in console for easier copying and debugging durng development
            console.log("Device registered. Access token: " + token);

            if (pushPlugin.registerUserNotificationSettings) {
                pushPlugin.registerUserNotificationSettings(() => {
                    self.updateMessage("Successfully registered for interactive push.");
                }, (err) => {
                    self.updateMessage("Error registering for interactive push: " + JSON.stringify(err));
                });
            }
        }, (errorMessage: String) => {
            self.updateMessage(JSON.stringify(errorMessage));
        });
    }

    onUnregisterButtonTap() {
        let self = this;
        pushPlugin.unregister(
            (successMessage: String) => {
                self.updateMessage(successMessage);
            },
            (errorMessage: String) => {
                self.updateMessage(JSON.stringify(errorMessage));
            },
            this.pushSettings
        );
    }

    private updateMessage(text: String) {
        this.message += text + "\n";
    }

}

in app.ts
import * as application from 'application';
import firebase = require("nativescript-plugin-firebase");

firebase.init({
}).then(
    (instance) => {
        console.log("Fierbase init done!");
    },
    (error) => {
        console.log("Firebase init error: " + error);
    }
);

application.run({ moduleName: 'app-root' });

in main-page.xml
<StackLayout class="p-20">
    <Button text="Are notifications enabled?" tap="{{ onCheckButtonTap }}" android:visibility="collapsed" class="btn" />
    <Button text="Register device" tap="{{ onRegisterButtonTap }}" class="btn" />
    <Button text="Unregister device" tap="{{ onUnregisterButtonTap }}" class="btn" />
    <Label text="Log:" class="h1" />
    <ScrollView orientation="vertical">
        <Label text="{{ message }}" class="h2" textWrap="true" />
    </ScrollView>
</StackLayout>

in mobile show this
When I tried to post from Postman in my app doesn't show any notification. Please can you ask me, who is the problem?
in Postman I tried like in :


AUTOCAD Version 2004C.UNA CIUDAD PARA TODOS (version 2004).dwg - 494379Kb.
Basic measures1 MEDIDAS BASICAS.skp - 358410Kb.
Space Dimensions2 ALCANCES.skp - 1118551Kb.
Turn 90 degrees4 GIRO 90.skp - 357519Kb.
Turn 180 degrees5 GIRO 180.skp - 357687Kb.
Turn 360 degrees6 GIRO 360.skp - 362273Kb.
Turning in confined spaces7 GIROS EN ESPACIOS LIMITADOS.skp - 372099Kb.
Turns in corridors9 GIROS EN CORREDORES.skp - 368342Kb.
Ramp type 1 and 211 RAMPA TIPO 1 Y 2.skp - 456450Kb.
Height and tilt ramp walk12 ALTURA ANDEN E INCLINACION DE RAMPA.skp - 1125760Kb.
rest in long ramp13 DESCANZO EN RAMPA LARGA.skp - 394379Kb.
Quizás quisiste decir: buses y paraderos buses and parking15 BUSES PARQUEADEROS.skp - 574182Kb.
theaters and stadiums21 TEATRO ESTADIOS.skp - 365704Kb.
Public Toilets22 BAÑOS PUBLICOS.skp - 1845544Kb.
bathrooms in hotels23 BAÑO HOTELES.skp - 220334Kb.
Shelves and lockers25 ESTANTERIA LOCKERS.skp - 446706Kb.
Bathrooms in the house26 BAÑOS VIVIENDA.skp - 1818043Kb.
Rules for allreglas para todos.pdf - 1090456Kb.
accesible parksParques accesibles.jpg - 76464Kb.
accesible bathroomsbarra con medidas eficientes.pdf - 4250363Kb.


text:
Q: How to replace special characters(double quotes to single quotes) from a list using python so that my list become a 2D list? z= ["]['This urbanisation was accompanied by the rise of new ascetic movements in __________________ Magadha including Jainism and Buddhism.', 'Greater'], ['During this period aspects of Indian civilisation administration culture and religion Hinduism and Buddhism spread to much of Asia while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Middle __________________ and the Mediterranean.', 'East']]"]
type(z) #list
lists = [[z[0].strip("'[]")]]
type(lists) #list

from this code I got a lists will be like this.
lists=[["This urbanisation was accompanied by the rise of new ascetic movements in __________________ Magadha including Jainism and Buddhism.', 'Greater'],['During this period aspects of Indian civilisation administration culture and religion Hinduism and Buddhism spread to much of Asia while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Middle __________________ and the Mediterranean.', 'East"]]

now I want to replace double quotes with the single quotes. so that this lists will become a 2D list.
I tried with the given below code. but that will not help.
y=str(lists).replace('"',"'")
list(y)

So how can I get lists as a  2D list?

A: import ast
lists=[["This urbanisation was accompanied by the rise of new ascetic movements in __________________ Magadha including Jainism and Buddhism.', 'Greater'],['During this period aspects of Indian civilisation administration culture and religion Hinduism and Buddhism spread to much of Asia while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Middle __________________ and the Mediterranean.', 'East"]]

y=str(lists).replace('"',"'")
y= ast.literal_eval(y)

#demonstration

for i in y:
    print(i)


Our lovely team of Personal Shoppers are always on hand to discuss any particular order requirements you might have.
Simply Contact Us or visit our London Boutique to begin discussing your specific requirements and how we can help.
All of our wedding bands and engagement rings can be adjusted to suit your needs. Whether it's a change in metal type or gemstone, we can help create the perfect, one-of-a-kind ring that you are looking for.
We also hold a small selection of men's wedding bands in our boutique which can be made to order in different sizes and in different metal types.
At Astley Clarke we believe in great thoughts and tiny details, which of course extends to the oh-so-important finishing touches to any piece of jewellery.
Whether you want to engrave your special date on the inside of a wedding band or add a meaningful message to a piece from our engravable jewellery, just contact our Personal Shoppers to discuss your individual needs.


text:
SC NOD TO WIDENING OF CHAR DHAM ROADS OVER SECURITY CONCERNS
The Supreme Court on Tuesday allowed the Centre to construct all-weather roads with 10-metre tarred surfaces, as opposed to the 5.5-metre-wide road ordered earlier, as a part of the Char Dham project. Many of these are strategic feeder roads leading to the Indo-China border, according to officials familiar with the matter.
The top court had in September 2020 had ordered that the road width on the entire Char Dham route cannot be more than 5.5 meters in view of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) own circular in 2018. Seeking modification of the September order, the MoD had said that Justice Rohinton F. Nariman's Bench had allowed 5.5 meters, but the MoRTH amended it, as the roads are being used for different purposes, going right up to the Chinese borders. The Central government had told the top court to accept the majority view of the High Powered Committee (HPC), which has favoured a 10-meter road width for the Rs12,000-crore Char Dham highway project.
Today, passing the order on the Ministry of Defence's plea for the widening of roads, a Bench headed by Justice D.Y. Chandrachud said, "We find there are no malafides in an application filed by Ministry of Defence. MoD is authorized to design operational requirements of armed forces. Bonafides of MoD are apparent from security concerns raised in a security committee meeting." It added, "This court in the exercise of judicial review cannot second guess the requirements of the army."
The Bench further added: "We allow the application by Defence Ministry for double lane highways for three strategic highways. Recent past has thrown up serious challenges to security along the borders." The Defence ministry had urged the Supreme Court to modify the earlier order and allow the national highways from Rishikesh to Mana, from Rishikesh to Gangotri, and from Tanakpur to Pithoragarh to be developed to two-lane configuration. "This court can't second-guess infrastructural needs of armed forces," held the top court. The Supreme Court has, however, taken note of environmental concerns raised regarding the widening of the Char Dham highway project.
The bench also set up an Oversight Committee headed by former Supreme Court judge A.K. Sikri to report to it directly on the project. The Oversight Committee has been constituted to ensure that all remedial measures are taken in the interest of the environment and that the relevant recommendation of the high-powered committee is implemented while going ahead with the project. However, the court clarified that the Oversight Committee will not undertake a fresh environment assessment.
While modifying the 8 September 2020 order allowing only 5.5-metre-wide width for the Char Dham roads, the Supreme Court noted on Tuesday that the Ministry of road transport and highways circulars do not forbid the double-laning of roads in hilly and mountainous terrains if they are of strategic and border importance. The judiciary cannot interfere either in defence requirements, the court added. The oversight committee shall receive all support from the defence ministry, the road transport ministry, the Uttarakhand government and all district magistrates concerned.
The strategic 900km-long Char Dham project, worth ₹12,000 crore, aims to provide all-weather connectivity to four sacred towns in Uttarakhand–Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath.
WHO expects more deaths from Omicron; India sees rise in cases
PRESIDENT KOVIND EMBARKS ON THREE-DAY BANGLADESH VISIT


Satellite TV, games console, internet facilities and a large range of DVD's and board games in the shared area.
Chalet Belevedere Is a modern and stylish chalet in Tignes Les Brévières with excellent and comfortable en-suite accommodation. The chalet is situated in the 'Hauts des Brévières' and is a short walk to both the village centre and the ski lifts, with access directly to the slopes via the new Brévières Chalet Lift right at the end of the road, 100 metres away. As with all our accommodation the chalet is great value and offers skiing and snowboarding enthusiasts a top-quality chalet holiday at an unbeatable price.
Chalet Belevedere is of recent construction and is a modern chalet laid out over 5 floors with plenty of wooden beams and local stone on display. The living room has an open fire and comfortable sofas for après-ski drinks and the open-plan dining room area is light and airy with a panoramic balcony, enjoying views over the village and lake. There is an area for leaving skis and boots and for changing plus the usual skiing chalet amenities. The chalet is run and catered by our experienced chef and a chalet host team. As with all Chalet Chardons clients you will benefit from unbeatable deals on your ski and snowboard hire plus substantial ski-pass reductions.
The Chalet offers our premium chalet menu featuring a hearty breakfast each day with pastries and hot options, sumptuous home-made cake and afternoon tea and a delicious five-course evening meal served with quality French bottled wine on six nights. In addition there are extra touches such as a cheeseboard each evening, canapés and welcome drinks during the week. See the Food & Drink tab below for more details.
Access to the lifts can be either by walking 3 to 4 minutes down to the slopes or via the new elevator-style ski lift that comes right from the foot of the pistes to the end of the road, around 100m from the front door. Depending on conditions it is often possible to ski down to the main gondola lift in the mornings from the top of the elevator lift.
The chalet is arranged over five floors. All bedrooms can be configured as twin or double rooms and benefit from a high quality en-suite private bathroom (with a shower and bath, sink and WC.) There is a cosy lounge, kitchen and dining area with large picture windows which enjoy commanding views over the village for a perfect alpine ambiance. Leading out from the lounge area is a south facing sunny aspect balcony overlooking the picturesque village and lake. The sleeping areas are on the top floor and the bottom floors with the living areas between the two.
The chalet sleeps 13 people with the possibility of adding a 14th bed in the upper eaves triple bedroom making it a quad room suitable for a family with small children. If the whole chalet is booked by one group, the 13th bed is free of charge. All meals taken in the chalet and prepared by our staff in the kitchen.
Rooms 1 to 5 – twin/double rooms each with en-suite private bathroom/WC.
Room 6 – twin/double/triple large eaves room with possibility for use as a family room by adding beds with private bathroom/WC.
With this addition to our range of lodgings we are offering an alternative higher quality style of accommodation from Chalet Chardons but with the same great atmosphere, fun staff and informal environment and, of course, the same great value skiing and snowboarding holiday prices. You will benefit from all the advantages of Chalet Chardons clients with regard to cheap ski and snowboard hire, reductions in lift pass prices and access to our knowledgeable reps who will be able to organise your skiing and snowboarding holiday needs.
Afternoon tea is served in the Chalet from 4pm for tea, coffee and a freshly made cake. If you feel like settling into some après ski, Chalet Chardons is only a 3 to 4 minute walk away. The hotel resident's bar (open to Chalet Belvedere clients as well) is open each day from 4 pm. As well as serving the usual selection of drinks, the bar plays music and shows skiing and snowboarding videos. Bar snacks are available to tide you over till mealtime.
The main office for our resort operations is also located in the Chardons where you will find the resort manager each morning and evening who can organise cheap ski hire, reduced rate ski passes and other resort services for you.
Chalet Belvedere is available for rent either exclusively for larger groups or on a room-by-room basis. Our prices listed are per person per week for catered accommodation in the chalet. Prices vary according to the season, contact the UK booking line or by email for a quote.
We stayed at the cosy Chalet Belvedere for a week of skiing and felt so fortunate with our wonderful hosts Tash and Nathan. Both food- and service-wise they did a fantastic job providing us with the best possible stay (also kudos to chef Aaron for the last two days). The afternoon cake was great too. We also loved the view from our balcony at the lake. Finally, we enjoyed the opportunity to socialize with other guests from all over Europe during dinner/breakfast.
ash and Nathan were superb hosts for a week of skiing with family and friends. Food was top drawer and they always went out of their way to meet any requests no matter how small. Would happily return for a week with them any time.
Couldn't have asked for better hosts than Nathan and Tash. Catered for everyone's needs and special requests during our stay. Chalet very close to ski lift and lots of space to relax after skiing. Thanks again for putting up with me!
Our stay at the Chalet Belvedere exceeded all of our expectations. The hospitality we received from our hosts, Tash and Nathan was world class. They always made sure we were extremely well fed and equipped with the best piste recommendations for all abilities within our group. The team at Chardons assisted greatly in organising ski passes and equipment hire and were always on hand to make sure everything went smoothly. I would definitely stay here again.
Just returned from a week skiing in Tignes while staying at this chalet. Great value given the time of year and location, excellent chalet hosts and chef who were very friendly and professional...much better than other ski chalet holidays. The bedrooms are comfortable and clean, what you'd expect in this price range. The lounge and dining area are a little "cosy" for 12 people but absolutely fine. Recommended.
6 2 twin/double large eaves room with possibility for use as a family room by adding beds with private bathroom/WC.
Our chalet food is one of the highlights of your holiday. We believe that skiing and snowboarding should be about getting fresh air, exercise, thrills and spills… and then coming back and completely spoiling yourself!
Breakfast has a selection of French pastries, freshly baked baguette, preserves, yoghurt, fruit, choice of cereals, tea, coffee, juices, porridge cooked to order and a different hot option daily (for example, on one morning we offer sausage, scrambled egg & tomato; on another morning we offer bacon, fried egg, hash brown and mushrooms).
Dinner is served in the chalet in a communal setting – a 5-course meal with canapés and cheeseboard. Plentiful portions are served ensuring you will be well fed and nobody will leave the table feeling hungry.