text:
\section{\textbf{Introduction}}\label{sec1}

In this paper an application of the suggested in \cite{1}-\cite{8} difference analysis to studying binary Markov chains is presented. In difference analysis we are interested in the following question: which is the higher-order difference structure of a given process and how this structure can characterize the process.

The paper studies the time-homogenous binary Markov chains $\bm{\xi} =(\xi_{n})_{n\geq 0}$ where every $\xi_{n}$ is binary variable describing the state of the cain $\bm{\xi}$ at the moment $n$. The main results, Theorem~\ref{T1} and Theorem \ref{T2}, are the limiting theorems for such chains. These theorems concern infinite sets $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ which posses such a property: for arbitrary chain $\bm{\xi}$ the $E$  permits the existence of the limit of $k$th order absolute differences $\bm{\xi}^{(k)}$, when $k$ converges to $\infty$ remaining on $E$. The existence of such $E$ is claimed and their description in capacity terms is given. The chains are classified into two types and $E$ depend only on the type of a given chain. The limiting process is the equi-distributed random binary sequence, denoted $\bm{\theta}$ (see Eq.~(\ref{E2})).

Theorems \ref{T1} and \ref{T2} improve our previous results from \cite{7,8}; some details on this matter in Section \ref{sec3} (points {\em (a) - (c)}) are given. The limiting process, which is the equi-distributed sequence, should be recognized as the most random binary sequence. Therefore, theorems presented state the existence of full randomness in the higher difference structure of arbitrary time-homogenous binary Markov chain.

Let us explain our statement in more detail. Let
$$
\bm{\xi} = (\xi_{0}, \xi_{1}, \ldots, \xi_{n}, \ldots)
$$
be some random sequence whose components $\xi_{n}$ take binary values $x\in X$, $X = \{0, 1\}$
with some positive probabilities, $P(\xi_{n}= x) = p_{n}(x)$. Then $k$th order ($k\geq 0$) absolute differences $\xi_{n}^{(k)}$, which are defined recurrently,
$$
\xi_{n}^{(0)} \equiv \xi_{n} \quad \text{and} \quad \xi_{n}^{(k)} = |\xi_{n+1}^{(k-1)} - \xi_{n}^{(k-1)}|
\quad (n\geq 0),
$$
also take binary values with some probabilities $P(\xi_{n}^{(k)}= x) = p_{n}^{(k)}(x)$,
and hence, one can consider $k$th order difference random binary sequence
$$
\bm{\xi}^{(k)} = (\xi_{0}^{(k)}, \xi_{1}^{(k)}, \ldots, \xi_{n}^{(k)}, \ldots ).
$$
Our interest is the limits of $\bm{\xi}^{(k)}$ when $k$ goes to infinity. Let some infinite $E \subseteq \mathbb{N}$ be given. We say that $\bm{\xi}^{(k)}$ converge on $E$ to a random binary sequence $\bm{\xi}_{E}^{\infty}$,
and denote this
$$
\bm{\xi}^{\infty}_{E} = \lim_{\substack{k\to \infty \\ k\in E}}\bm{\xi}^{(k)},
$$
if for $n\in \mathbb{N}$ and $x\in X$ the probabilities $p_{n}^{(k)}(x)$  tend to some numbers $p_{n}^{(\infty)}(x)$ as $k\to \infty$ and $k\in E$,
$$
\lim_{\substack{k\to \infty \\ k\in E}}p_{n}^{(k)}(x)  = p^{(\infty)}_{n}(x)
$$
({\em convergence by probability} on $E$ and {\em partial limits}). Therefore, $\bm{\xi}^{\infty}_{E}$ is a random binary sequence,
$$
\bm{\xi}_{E}^{\infty} = (\xi_{0}^{(\infty)}, \xi_{1}^{(\infty)}, \ldots, \xi_{n}^{(\infty)}, \ldots)
$$
whose components $\xi_{n}^{(\infty)}$ take the values $x\in X$ with probabilities $P(\xi_{n}^{(\infty)}= x) = p_{n}^{(\infty)}(x)$ (which depend on $E$).

We consider binary Markov chains $\boldsymbol{\xi}= (\xi_{n})_{n=0}^{\infty}$ whose state space $X$ consists of two binary symbols, $X =\{0,1\}$. We assume that the chains $\bm{\xi}$ are time-homogeneous, that is, for $x$, $x_i$, $y \in X$
\begin{align}\label{e1}
&P(\xi_{n}=y|\xi_{n-1}=x, \xi_{n-2}=x_{1}, \ldots, \xi_{0}=x_{n-1}) \nonumber \\
&= P(\xi_{n}=y|\xi_{n-1}=x) \nonumber
\end{align}
(Markov property) and there is some function $\pi(x,y)$ on $X\times X$ such that for  $n\geq 1$ and $x,y \in X$
$$
P(\xi_{n}=y|\xi_{n-1}= x) = \pi(x,y)
$$
(homogeneity: one-step transition probabilities $P(\xi_{n}=y|\xi_{n-1}=x)$ do not depend on time $n$). It is also assumed that some initial distribution of probabilities $P(\xi_{0} =x)$ on $X$ is given. In what follows it is always assumed that $\bm{\xi}$ denotes the time-homogeneous binary Markov chain.

Some simple computations testify, that if for given $\bm{\xi}$ an infinite $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ is chosen arbitrarily, then the limiting process $\bm{\xi}^{\infty}_{E}$ may not exist. On the other hand, it follows from \cite{7,8} that for $E = \{2^{m}-1: m\geq 0\}$ and large collection of $\bm{\xi}$ the limit $\bm{\xi}^{\infty}_{E}$ exists and it is equi-distributed random sequence. The problem studied relates to the following question: how the sets $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$, which for arbitrary Markov chain $\bm{\xi}$ permit the existence of $\bm{\xi}^{\infty}_{E}$, can be described?

The main results of this paper, Theorems~\ref{T1} and \ref{T2}, are the limiting theorems for such chains.
Two discrete capacities for subsets of $\mathbb{N}$ are defined and in their terms such sets $E$ are described.
The limiting process $\bm{\xi}_{E}^{\infty}$, whose existence assert these theorems, is the equidistributed
random binary sequence.

The (stochastic) transition matrix of every time homogenous binary Markov chain $\bm{\xi}$ can be written as
$$
Q_{\bm{\xi}} =
\begin{bmatrix}
s      &  1-s  \\
1-p    &  p    \\
\end{bmatrix}
\qquad (0<s,p<1)
$$
where $s = \pi(0,0)$ and $p= \pi(1,1)$. Theorems \ref{T1} and \ref{T2} consider two types of chains $\bm{\xi}$, depending on which of the next two relationships (I) and (II) between $s$ and $p$
\begin{equation}\label{E1}
\text{(\textbf{I})} \ \  s\neq p \ \ \text{and} \ \ s\neq 1-p,  \ \ \text{(\textbf{II})} \ \  s=p \ \ \text{or} \ \ s=1-p
\end{equation}
holds: we say that the chain $\bm{\xi}$ is of I-st or II-nd type whenever for $s$ and $p$ the relations (I) or (II) (respectively) from Eq.~(\ref{E1}) are satisfied.

The paper consists of four sections. The next Section~\ref{sec2} contains definitions of discrete capacities that we use. In Section~\ref{sec3} the formulations of main Theorems \ref{T1} and \ref{T2} are presented, and last Section~\ref{sec4} contains some additional comments.

\section{\textbf{Some definitions}}\label{sec2}

To proceed to formulation of our Theorems~\ref{T1} and \ref{T2}, we need to present two discrete capacities  $\mathcal{C}$ and $\bm{c}$ defined for subsets of natural series $\mathbb{N}$. Their definition is given by means of binary representation of natural numbers and binary version of Pascal triangle.
The binary Pascal triangle $\mathbb{P}$ and its $k$th line $\bm{\ell}_k$ are defined as
$$
\mathbb{P}= \{\alpha_{k,i}: k\geq 0, 0\leq i \leq k\}, \ \bm{\ell}_{k} = (\alpha_{k,0},  \alpha_{k,1}, \ldots, \alpha_{k,k})
$$
that is, $ \mathbb{P} = \bigcup_{k=0}^{\infty} \bm{\ell}_{k}$; here, $\alpha_{k,i}\in \{0,1\}$ are the following: $\alpha_{0,0} = 1$ (the vertex of $\mathbb{P}$ and the line $\bm{\ell}_{0}$), $\alpha_{1,0} = \alpha_{1,1} =1$ (the line $\bm{\ell}_{1}$), and for $k\geq 2$ the line $\bm{\ell}_{k}$ consists of such $\alpha_{k,i}$,
$$
\alpha_{k,i} = \left \{
\begin{array}{ll}
0, & \binom{k}{i} \ \text{is even} \\[0.25cm]
1, & \binom{k}{i} \ \text{is odd}
\end{array}
\qquad (0\leq i\leq k).
\right.
$$
One can see that this is the same as if for $k\geq 1$ one defines:
$\alpha_{k,0} = \alpha_{k,k}=1$, and
$$
\alpha_{k,i} = |\alpha_{k-1,i-1} - \alpha_{k-1,i}| \qquad (1\leq i\leq k-1).
$$

The capacities $\mathcal{C}$ and $\bm{c}$ are defined by means of some quantities related to binary expansion of natural numbers. For $k\geq 1$ its binary representation is given as
\begin{equation}\label{E1a}
k = \sum_{i=0}^{p}\varepsilon_{i}2^{i} \quad \text{where} \ \ p\geq 0, \ \ \varepsilon_{i}\in \{0,1\},
\ \  \varepsilon_{p} =1;
\end{equation}
we denote
$$
b(k) = \sum_{i=0}^{p}\varepsilon_{i},
\quad
\beta(k) = \sum_{i=0}^{k}\alpha_{k,i}.
$$
For natural $k$ we use the following notations: $\nu(k)$ denotes the maximal of such $m$, $0\leq m \leq p$ for which all the coefficients $\varepsilon_{i}$, $0\leq i\leq m$ in expansion (\ref{E1a}) are equal to $1$,
$$
\nu(k) = \max\{m: \varepsilon_{0} = \varepsilon_{1} = \cdots =\varepsilon_{m} =1\};
$$
$\mu(k)$ denotes the maximal of such $m$, $0\leq m \leq k$ for which all the $\alpha_{k,i}$, $0\leq i\leq m$ (first $m$ entries of the line $\bm{\ell}_{k}$ of the triangle $\mathbb{P}$) are equal $1$,
$$
\mu(k) = \max\{m: \alpha_{k,0} = \alpha_{k,1} = \cdots = \alpha_{k,m} =1\}.
$$
The capacities $\mathcal{C}$ and $\bm{c}$ are assigned on the collection $2^{\mathbb{N}}$ of subsets of natural series and defined as follows.
\begin{definition}
For $e\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ we define
$$
\mathcal{C}(e) = \sum_{k \in e}\nu(k), \quad \bm{c}(e) = \sum_{k \in e}b(k).
$$
\end{definition}

The $\mathcal{C}(e)$ and $\bm{c}(e)$ can be expressed by the entries of the Pascal triangle $\mathbb{P}$:
one can prove that $\mu(k) = 2^{\nu(k)}$ and $\beta(k) = 2^{b(k)}$, and, therefore,
$$
 \mathcal{C}(e) = \sum_{k\in e}\log_{2}\mu(k),  \quad \bm{c}(e) = \sum_{k\in e}\log_{2}\beta(k).
$$
Both $\mathcal{C}$ and $\bm{c}$ are differed from discrete capacity, considered in denumerable Markov chains and random walk (e.g., \cite{9}); for details on $\mathcal{C}$ and $\bm{c}$ see \cite{4} and \cite{8}. We denote $\mathcal{C}(k)= \mathcal{C}(\{k\})$ and $\bm{c}(k) = \bm{c}(\{k\})$.

Let us present an example of computation of these capacities. We denote $L_{p} = \{k\in \mathbb{N}: 2^{p-1} \leq k < 2^{p}\}$ and for $p\geq 2$ and $0\leq s \leq p$ consider the sets $B_{p}(s)$ and $b_{p}(s)$:
$$
B_{p}(s) = \{k\in L_{p}: \nu_{k}\geq s\}, \ \  b_{p}(s)= \{k\in L_{p}: b(k)\geq s\}.
$$
The complement of $b_{p}(s)$  is the Hamming ball of radius $s$  (\cite{4}; there is a misprint in \cite{4} on computation of capacity of these balls).

\begin{proposition}\label{PP2}
For $p\geq 2$ and $0\leq s \leq p$ the relations
$$
\mathcal{C}(B_{p}(s)) = \sum_{i=0}^{s}i2^{p-i}, \quad \bm{c}(b_{p}(s)) = \sum_{i=s}^{p}i\binom{p}{i}
$$
are true.
\end{proposition}

\section{\textbf{Main theorems}}\label{sec3}

In this section we formulate our main results, Theorems~\ref{T1} and \ref{T2}. They define some sets $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ and state the convergence of $k$th order difference processes $\boldsymbol{\xi}^{(k)}$ (as $k\to \infty$ and $k\in E$) to the equi-distributed random binary sequence $\bm{\theta}$; the $\bm{\theta}$ is defined as
\begin{equation}\label{E2}
\bm{\theta} = (\theta_{0}, \theta_{1}, \ldots, \theta_{n}, \ldots) \quad \text{where} \quad  P(\theta_{n}=x) = \frac{1}{2}
\end{equation}
for all $n\geq 0$ and $x\in \{0,1\}$. In next formulations $o_{k}(1)$ denotes the Landau symbol: it is some numerical quantity which tends to $0$ as $k$ converges to $\infty$.

Theorem~\ref{T1} and Theorem~\ref{T2}, formulated in next subsections, improve some our results from \cite{7,8}. If compared with \cite{7,8}, the improvement is due to the following three features of Theorems~\ref{T1} and \ref{T2}: \ {\em (a)} \ the sets $E$ in formulations of these theorems depend only on the type (I-st or II-nd type) of the chain $\bm{\xi}$ and do not depend on other details uniquely determining a given chain; \ {\em (b)} \ the theorems estimate the rate (exponential) of the convergence; \ {\em (c)} \ a different description of sets $E$ (Eqs.~(\ref{E3}) and (\ref{E6})) is given.

In next Sections~\ref{sec3.1} and \ref{sec3.2} we present some examples of such sets $E$ (Eqs.~(\ref{E5}) and (\ref{E8})). These examples appear to be quite general and connect us (Propositions~\ref{P2} and \ref{P4}) with another, considered in \cite{8}, description of these sets. In addition, Remarks~\ref{R1} and \ref{R2} state that the sets $E$ from these examples are the 'largest' ones, satisfying the assumptions (\ref{E3}) and (\ref{E6}) in these theorems. This allows  us to derive some conclusions (Propositions~\ref{P3} and \ref{P5}) on densities of sets $E$ from Theorems~\ref{T1} and \ref{T2}.

\subsection{Chains of I-st type}\label{sec3.1}

Let us formulate our Theorem \ref{T1} which concerns Markov chains of I-st type (defined by Eq.~(\ref{E1})). This theorem describes infinite sets $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ which possess the property that the limiting processes $\boldsymbol{\xi}^{\infty}_{E}$ exists for arbitrary Markov chain $\boldsymbol{\xi}$ of I-st type: the theorem asserts the convergence of $k$th order difference processes $\boldsymbol{\xi}^{(k)}$ (as $k\to \infty$ and $k\in E$) to the equi-distributed process $\bm{\theta}$ (defined by Eq.~(\ref{E2})).

\begin{theorem}\label{T1}
Let a set $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ be such that
\begin{equation}\label{E3}
\lim_{\substack{k\to \infty \\ k\in E}}\mathcal{C}(k) = \infty
\end{equation}
and $\bm{\xi}$ be Markov chain of I-st type. Then the limiting process $\bm{\xi}^{\infty}_{E}$ exists and
$\bm{\xi}^{\infty}_{E}= \bm{\theta}$, that is,
\begin{equation}\label{E4}
\lim_{\substack{k \to \infty \\ k\in E}} \bm{\xi}^{(k)} = \bm{\theta}.
\end{equation}
The convergence in Eq.~(\ref{E4}) is exponential: given $\bm{\xi}$ there is some $\delta$, $|\delta| <1$ which depends only on transition matrix of $\bm \xi$, such that for $n\geq 1$, $k\in E$ and $\lambda \in \{0,1\}$ the relation
$$
P(\xi_{n}^{(k)} =\lambda) = \frac{1}{2} + o_{k}(1)\delta^{k}
$$
holds.
\end{theorem}

Let us present some examples of sets $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ satisfying Eq.~(\ref{E3}). With this aim we consider the unions of $B_{p}(s_{p})$,
\begin{equation}\label{E5}
E = \bigcup_{p=1}^{\infty}B_{p}(s_{p}).
\end{equation}

\begin{proposition}\label{P2}
Let $E \subseteq \mathbb{N}$ be defined by Eq.~(\ref{E5}). Then $E$ satisfies  Eq.~(\ref{E3})
if and only if the conditions
\begin{equation}\label{E5a}
\lim_{p\to \infty}s_{p} =\infty \quad \text{and} \quad  \sum_{p=1}^{\infty}2^{-p}\mathcal{C}(B_{p}(s_{p})) = \infty
\end{equation}
hold.
\end{proposition}

The next Remark~\ref{R1} asserts that the given by Proposition~\ref{P2} example of sets $E$ satisfying Eq.~(\ref{E3}) is quite general.

\begin{remark}\label{R1}
For a set $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ the condition (\ref{E3}) holds if and only if there is a set $E^{\prime}\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ of the form (\ref{E5}) satisfying (\ref{E3}) and such that $E\subseteq E^{\prime}$.
\end{remark}

We describe the density of sets $E$ from Theorem~\ref{T1}. For $m\geq 1$ we denote $E_{m} = \{k\in E: 1\leq k\leq m\}$, consider the ratio $\rho_{m}(E) = \dfrac{|E_{m}|}{m}$,  where $|E_{m}|$ denotes the cardinality of $E_{m}$, and define
$$
dens(E) = \lim_{m\to \infty}\rho_{m}(E).
$$

\begin{proposition}\label{P3}
If a set $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ satisfies Eq.~(\ref{E3}), then $dens(E) =0$. For a given $0< \delta_{m} \leq 1$, $\delta_{m} \downarrow 0$ there is a set $E \subseteq \mathbb{N}$ which satisfies Eq.~(\ref{E3}) and such that
$\rho_{m}(E) \geq \delta_{m}$ for all $m\geq 1$.
\end{proposition}

\subsection{Chains of II-nd type}\label{sec3.2}

The next Theorem~\ref{T2} concerns Markov chains of II-nd type and describes infinite sets $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$, which possess the property that the limiting processes $\boldsymbol{\xi}^{\infty}_{E}$ exists for arbitrary Markov chains $\boldsymbol{\xi}$ of II-nd type; the limiting process is again the equi-distributed process $\bm{\theta}$.

\begin{theorem}\label{T2}
Let a set $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ be such that
\begin{equation}\label{E6}
\lim_{\substack{k\to \infty \\ k\in E}}\bm{c}(k) = \infty
\end{equation}
and $\bm{\xi}$ be Markov chain of II-nd type. Then the limiting process $\bm{\xi}^{\infty}_{E}$ exists and
$\bm{\xi}^{\infty}_{E}= \bm{\theta}$, that is,
\begin{equation}\label{E7}
\lim_{\substack{k \to \infty \\ k\in E}} \bm{\xi}^{(k)} = \bm{\theta}.
\end{equation}
The convergence in Eq.~(\ref{E7}) is exponential: given $\bm{\xi}$ there is some $\delta$, $|\delta| <1$ which depends only on transition matrix of $\bm \xi$, such that for $n\geq 1$, $k\in E$ and $\lambda \in \{0,1\}$ the relation
$$
P(\xi_{n}^{(k)} =\lambda) = \frac{1}{2} + o_{k}(1)\delta^{k}
$$
holds.
\end{theorem}

As the examples of sets $E\subset \mathbb{N}$ satisfying Eq.~(\ref{E6}) we consider the unions of
$b_{p}(s_{p})$,
\begin{equation}\label{E8}
E = \bigcup_{p=1}^{\infty}b_{p}(s_{p}).
\end{equation}

\begin{proposition}\label{P4}
Let $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ be defined by Eq.~(\ref{E8}). Then $E$ satisfies Eq.~(\ref{E6})
if and only if the conditions
\begin{equation}\label{E10}
\lim_{p\to \infty}s_{p} =\infty \quad \text{and} \quad  \sum_{p=1}^{\infty}2^{-p}\bm{c}(b_{p}(s_{p})) = \infty
\end{equation}
hold.
\end{proposition}

\begin{remark}\label{R2}
For a set $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ the condition (\ref{E6}) holds if and only if there is a set $E^{\prime}\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ of the form (\ref{E8}) satisfying (\ref{E6}) and such that $E\subseteq E^{\prime}$.
\end{remark}

We compute the density of sets $E$ from Eq.~(\ref{E10}):
\begin{proposition}\label{P5}
If a set $E\subseteq \mathbb{N}$ defined by Eq.~(\ref{E8}) satisfies Eq.~(\ref{E10}), then $dens(E) =1$.
\end{proposition}

Particularly, Propositions~\ref{P4} and \ref{P5} imply that the sets $E$ from  Theorem~\ref{T2} can be as 'large', that their density equals $1$.

\section{\textbf{Some comments}}\label{sec4}

The chains considered can be treated as two-state probabilistic automata.

In \cite{4} independent random sequences have been studied (there is an unnecessary (and wrong) assumption in \cite{4} on independence of  $\bm{\xi}^{(k)}$). Theorem~\ref{T2} remains valid also for arbitrary independent identically distributed binary sequences.

The capacities $\mathcal{C}$ and $\bm{c}$ are some instances of the Fuglede-Choquet discrete capacities \cite{10, 11}, which are abstract version of classical capacities (e.g., \cite{11a}). Another kind of discrete capacity, applied to a  self-organized criticality model \cite{12}, is considered in \cite{13}.

The second relations in (\ref{E5a}) and (\ref{E10}) are the analogs for the Wiener criterion from potential theory (e.g., \cite{13a,14,15}; the sets $E$ from (\ref{E5}) and (\ref{E8}), satisfying these relations, are called thick sets. Apparently, the most known application of thick sets in classical theory is given by Keldysh theorem on the Dirichlet problem \cite{15}.

One of the basic concepts of ergodic theory is the notion of shift in probabilistic spaces \cite{16}.
E.g., independent sequences and Markov chains can be treated as consecutive iterates of some ergodic shifts (Bernoulli and Markov shifts \cite{16}). In \cite{4} we have defined the difference shift $M$; it is such, that
$k$th order absolute difference $\bm{\xi}^{(k)}$ coincides with $k$th iterate $M^{k}$ of the shift $M$ applied to the random sequence $\bm{\xi}$, $\bm{\xi}^{(k)}= M^{k}\bm{\xi}$. Therefore, Theorems~\ref{T1} and \ref{T2} can also be treated as some statements on iterates of the difference shift $M$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Give Me My Remote > NBC > NBC Sets Holiday Lineup
NBC Sets Holiday Lineup
HOW THE GRINCH STOLE CHRISTMAS — Pictured: "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" Key Art — (Photo by: NBCUniversal)
It's time for the holiday season on NBC, as many scripted shows—including the ONE CHICAGO trio, THIS IS US, and SUPERSTORE—are off for the rest of 2020.
On tap are a few SATURDAY NIGHT LIVE holiday specials, THE VOICE mini-concert, the GRINCH musical, and more…
A Saturday Night Live Thanksgiving Special
Wednesday, Nov. 25, 9-11 p.m.
Many of the Thanksgiving-themed sketches over the course of "SNL's" illustrious 46-season history will delight audiences.
The 94th Annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade
Thursday, Nov. 26, 9 a.m.-noon (repeat at 2 p.m.)
The tradition continues with a reimagined celebration that will safely bring the magic of the parade to Herald Square with giant floats and Broadway performers as families watch from the comfort of their homes.
The National Dog Show
Thursday, Nov. 26, 12-2 p.m. (repeat Nov. 28 at 8 p.m.)
Man's best friend gets the spotlight as over 175 breeds will compete in the annual canine competition.
Friday, Nov. 27, 8-8:30 p.m. (repeat Dec. 25, 8 p.m.)
The iconic 1966 cartoon features the voice of Boris Karloff as the Grinch.
Illumination Presents Minions Holiday Special
Friday, Nov. 27, 8:30-9 p.m.
Illumination presents four new mini-movie escapades along with special guest appearances from some of Illumination's beloved characters from their "The Secret Life of Pets" and "Sing" franchises.
88th Annual Christmas in Rockefeller Center
Wednesday, Dec. 2, 8-10 p.m.
For eight decades the tree-lighting ceremony has been one of the iconic New York City holiday moments with millions watching across the country in the comfort and safety of their homes.
Wednesday, Dec. 2, 10-11 p.m.
The world famous Rockettes perform in the iconic show that entertains the thousands of theatergoers who visit the famed Rockefeller Center venue each holiday season.
The Voice Holiday Celebration
Thursday, Dec. 3, 8-9 p.m. (repeat Dec. 16 at 8 p.m. and Dec. 22 at 8 p.m.)
An array of "Voice" coaches past and present, some music superstars and many beloved artists from the "Voice" family perform holiday classics and popular modern favorites. Plus, Season 19 coaches, Blake, Kelly, John and Gwen share some of their favorite holiday traditions and memories.
Dr. Seuss' The Grinch Musical!
Wednesday, Dec. 9, 8-10 p.m. (repeat Dec. 21 at 8 p.m.)
Matthew Morrison will star as the curmudgeonly creature in a stage production from London's Troubadour Theatre.
A Saturday Night Live Christmas Special
Wednesday, Dec. 16, 9-11 p.m. (repeat Dec. 22 at 9 p.m.)
Santa brings the laughs as "SNL" goes into the time capsule for two hours of Christmas-themed sketches.
Saturday, Dec. 19, 8-9 p.m.
The second annual event features special musical collaborations, will celebrate individuals taking action to end extreme poverty and present notable presenter and powerful video packages telling revealing stories of action and impact.
Thursday, Dec. 24, 8-11 p.m.
The holidays wouldn't be the same without a rewatching of the classic 1946 film, starring Jimmy Stewart and Donna Reed.
Christmas Eve Mass
Tuesday, Dec. 24, 11:30 p.m.-1 a.m.
Viewers will be able to watch the Pope Francis-led mass from St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
How the Grinch Stole Christmas (movie)
Wednesday, Dec. 25, 8:30-11 p.m.
Jim Carrey starred as the title character in director Ron Howard's holiday smash.
The highlights and newsmakers of 2020 are brought to the fore in this year-end review.
NBC New Year's Eve Special
Thursday, Dec. 31, 10-11 p.m. (Part 1) and 11:30 p.m.-12:30 a.m. (Part 2)
An entertainment-filled sign-off to 2020 and a hopeful look ahead to 2021.
The Rose Parade's New Year's Celebration Presented By Honda
Friday, Jan. 1, 2021, 11:30 a.m.-1 p.m.
A look at what makes the iconic Pasadena parade such a national landmark to bring in the new year.
SUPERNATURAL: PSYCH's Timothy Omundson to Guest Star
Tonight's TV Spotlight…Thursday, April 26, 2012
NCIS: 'Lonely Hearts' Photos
Veronica Mars Alternate Ending
The Office | 9pm on NBC
Filed under NBC
Comments Off on NBC Sets Holiday Lineup


text:
package com.github.cob.inventories.items;

import org.bukkit.ChatColor;
import org.bukkit.Material;
import org.bukkit.event.inventory.InventoryClickEvent;

import com.github.cob.inventories.MenuItem;

public class ItemTroops extends MenuItem {

	public ItemTroops() {
		super(Material.WOOD_SWORD);
		this.setName(ChatColor.DARK_RED.toString() + ChatColor.BOLD.toString() + "Troops");
		this.addLore(ChatColor.RED + "Click to Open your towns Troops options");

	}

	public void onClick(InventoryClickEvent event) {
		//event.getWhoClicked().closeInventory();
		//event.getWhoClicked().openInventory(EnumInventories.TROOP_MENU.getInventory().getInventory());
		//Implement opening of Players Troop's menu
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Yes, Elvis can ease your tenants' transportation experience! Well, maybe not exactly. However, improving livability sometimes involves public space programming, notably during peak traffic congestion times.
This is the topic of our next Connect+ Express Webinar on Wednesday, May 9.
The marketability of a property can be improved by making it clear that cool things are going on at your site. Like what? Free yoga on the plaza during peak travel times, happy hours and events rather than rush hour frustration – programs like these are a visible and tangible reminder that your property makes lives better.


text:
Il doppiatore (al femminile doppiatrice) è l'attore che presta la propria voce a personaggi, persone e ad altri attori nel doppiaggio di film, serie televisive, documentari, cartoni animati e videogiochi e, in generale, di qualunque contenuto audiovisivo che necessiti di una voce attoriale, sia per la sostituzione della voce originale (ad esempio nelle edizioni in lingua straniera) che per personaggi non rappresentati da attori in carne ed ossa, e fa la voce fuori campo di messaggi pubblicitari televisivi e radiofonici.

Storia

In passato si ricorreva frequentemente al doppiatore anche per attori della stessa madrelingua, quando questi non raggiungevano una qualità accettabile nella recitazione o nella dizione; inoltre i registi decidevano di abbinare una voce a un personaggio così come decidevano il costume, il trucco e l'acconciatura, e perfino molti grandi attori italiani (come ad esempio Marcello Mastroianni, Vittorio Gassman, Sophia Loren ed Anna Magnani), furono occasionalmente doppiati. Sebbene sia noto per essere particolarmente utilizzato nel contesto italiano, questo procedimento di doppiaggio interno non è tuttavia inesistente nel resto del mondo: alcuni esempi si riscontrano in opere come Ed Wood di Tim Burton, in cui l'Orson Welles interpretato da Vincent D'Onofrio è doppiato in originale da Maurice LaMarche, che era noto per averne imitato la voce in altri prodotti, nelle produzioni cinematografiche Marvel dedicate ai Vendicatori, in cui Mark Ruffalo è doppiato in originale da Lou Ferrigno nel ruolo di Hulk o ancora il personaggio di Dart Fener della saga di Guerre stellari, doppiato in originale da James Earl Jones. Questa pratica, che particolarmente in Italia ha permesso anche ad attori poco dotati di recitare, venendo utilizzati perché fotogenici e fisicamente giusti per un certo ruolo, grazie alla voce in prestito dal doppiatore, si è ridotta in seguito alla vittoriosa battaglia per il "voce-volto" condotta in particolare da Gian Maria Volonté. Ha tuttavia permesso a grandi autori di improvvisare sul set e finire il film in doppiaggio, dando luogo a capolavori del cinema italiano; un esempio per tutti: Federico Fellini faceva spesso declamare semplici numeri agli attori durante le riprese e costruiva i dialoghi in un secondo momento, completandoli in fase di doppiaggio.

Caratteristiche
Il doppiaggio può rendersi necessario quando le condizioni circostanziali durante le registrazioni (rumori di fondo, forti riverberi, ecc.), non consentono di registrare un parlato chiaro; in questi casi, generalmente sono gli stessi attori ad auto-doppiarsi.

Strumento principale di lavoro del doppiatore è il microfono, con cui si deve saper rapportare per valorizzare sempre al massimo la sua interpretazione.

Come l'attore nella sua attività viene diretto da un regista, così il doppiatore viene diretto da un direttore del doppiaggio. Questa figura (di solito un doppiatore con maggiore esperienza) si occupa di scegliere i doppiatori e distribuire le parti, di coordinare il lavoro, di cui mantiene sempre una visione globale. Rispetto a un regista però, il direttore del doppiaggio è molto più vincolato a esigenze tecniche-produttive, che non proiettate verso uno sviluppo artistico del lavoro (comunque presente anche se in misura estremamente ridotta).

Il doppiatore viene scelto per una dizione italiana impeccabile: non è infatti ammissibile che si possa localizzare la regione dalla quale proviene il doppiatore dato che un personaggio straniero non può parlare con inflessione dialettale, a meno che non lo preveda la caratterizzazione del singolo personaggio (ad esempio se si interpreta un italiano appena emigrato in America). Il riferimento più consueto è il Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia (DOP), ma rispetto a esso si sono sviluppate delle consuetudini che modificano il DOP rendendolo più simile alla lingua corrente (il cosiddetto "doppiaggese").

Per fare il doppiatore sono dunque necessarie doti particolari: bravi attori di teatro, cinema, televisione o radio non è detto che riescano a essere anche bravi doppiatori e viceversa.

Esistono doppiatori di ogni età, dai 4 ad oltre 80 anni; talvolta i personaggi bambini sono doppiati da donne che hanno l'attitudine a fare la voce da bambino.

Tecniche

Nel mondo anglofono

Nei paesi anglofoni, il doppiatore (chiamato in inglese voice actor, al femminile voice actress) si occupa di programmi radiofonici e di pubblicità, ma lavora soprattutto al doppiaggio di opere d'animazione. In alcuni casi, quando viene richiesta una parte cantata, è comune affidarla ad un secondo doppiatore specializzato nel canto.

Nord America
Solitamente, nella storia dell'animazione statunitense, i doppiatori non hanno mai avuto un ruolo riconosciuto pubblicamente, con l'unica eccezione di Mel Blanc, noto per l'eccezionale lavoro svolto nel creare le moltissime voci dei personaggi animati della Warner Bros. e della Hanna-Barbera.

Nel 1967, attori del calibro di Phil Harris, Sebastian Cabot e Louis Prima, prestarono le loro voce al film d'animazione Disney Il libro della giungla; il film, insieme ad Aladdin (a cui lavorò anche Robin Williams nella parte del Genio), portò a una svolta nel mondo del doppiaggio americano e, infatti, da allora molte star e personalità del cinema hollywoodiano si sono prestate al doppiaggio di film d'animazione, surclassando doppiatori di professione.

Diversi doppiatori (tra i quali Billy West), sono molto critici riguardo alla pratica di utilizzare celebrità cinematografiche per film d'animazione. I doppiatori più esperti, in grado di alterare la loro voce per creare personaggi più realistici o particolari, vengono spesso chiamati per seguire gli attori cinematografici nei loro ruoli (assumendo così il ruolo di voice o vocal coach), soprattutto per leggere e fare ripetere le parti agli attori. In questo caso, anche se è l'attore a dare la voce al personaggio, è il voice actor colui che lo ha creato e ha sviluppato la sua personalità attraverso una particolare rappresentazione vocale.

Gran Bretagna

Giappone

I doppiatori giapponesi, chiamati  in giapponese, lavorano per la radio, la televisione e il cinema; ma soprattutto per l'industria degli anime e dei videogiochi. Il Giappone produce infatti il 60% delle serie animate nel mondo, rendendo tale lavoro molto proficuo. In Giappone i doppiatori lavorano anche a film o documentari che non sono in lingua giapponese.

Grazie alla popolarità di anime e videogiochi, molti doppiatori ottengono fama nazionale (o anche internazionale), e sono in grado di praticare questa professione senza la necessità di fare lavori secondari. Il Giappone ha diverse istituzioni per preservare questo lavoro, e sono circa 130 le scuole che seguono ed istruiscono i nuovi doppiatori.

Molto spesso, in Giappone doppiatori lavorano anche su parti canore, come le sigle iniziali e finali degli anime a cui lavorano, e spesso partecipano anche alla creazione di drama-CD e image song. Grazie a queste attività, molti di questi doppiatori intraprendono anche la carriera di cantante o di idol.

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate

 Doppiaggio
 Storia del doppiaggio italiano
 Leggio d'oro
Il mondo dei doppiatori
The Magic Behind the Voices
Sore ga seiyū!

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Professioni del doppiaggio
Doppiatori

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


For indie music supporters like me who aren't drawn to the major label fodder that iTunes pushes upon the masses, eMusic was a welcome change. According to its website, it is "a digital entertainment retailer focused on serving customers aged 25 and older" that "offers a vast selection of independent music and audio books in a universally compatible file format at great value".
What that means to me is that it's less about pushing the big names that sell millions to high school and college crowds and more about supporting quality releases in all genres and offering them DRM-free and at a lower cost than iTunes. Adopting a subscription-based model, eMusic's standard package costs around $11 for 30 downloads per month. I just whipped out my calculator widget and that means you pay less than 40 cents per download.
Although iTunes offers independent artists some e-shelf space, eMusic focuses on music released on independent labels or music made by unsigned acts. It's electronic music section in particular is quite amazing.
About a month ago, eMusic launched a Canadian version aimed at highlighting music made in this fine country and making music available that was previously unlicensed for sale in Canada including current Toronto resident Feist's latest record The Reminder (pictured above).
Toronto artists are naturally well-represented on eMusic. Big indie bands like Metric, Broken Social Scene, Do Make Say Think, and Tokyo Police Club have releases up there, as do electronic acts like vitaminsforyou, Polmo Popo, and Hatiras.
I've been an eMusic subscriber for over a year now and would recommend it to any indie music lover. There's an ever-growing community there where most releases have a list of thoughtful customer reviews posted by people who know what they're talking about. You can also easily link to related releases from any album you look up. Another great feature is the "Saved for Later" function, where you can store releases to purchase at a later date.
Want to try out eMusic for free? The first two people to comment below get a free trial membership which includes 40 downloads per month for three months. Good luck!


text:
Status4Everyone
Wind Down as You Play Around!
Who will your Future Hubby Look Like?
Click here to play the Quiz
"I want to be in a relationship where you telling me you love me is just a ceremonious validation of what you already show me."
Steve Maraboli, Life, the Truth, and Being Free
"Never marry at all, Dorian. Men marry because they are tired, women, because they are curious: both are disappointed."
Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray
Ken Kesey, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
"Every couple needs to argue now and then. Just to prove that the relationship is strong enough to survive. Long-term relationships, the ones that matter, are all about weathering the peaks and the valleys."
Nicholas Sparks, Safe Haven
"I know enough to know that no woman should ever marry a man who hated his mother."
Martha Gellhorn, Selected Letters
"Maybe its like you said before, all of us being cracked open. Like each of us starts out as a watertight vessel. And then things happen – these people leave us, or don't love us, or don't get us, or we don't get them, and we lose and fail and hurt one another. And the vessel starts to crack in places. And I mean, yeah once the vessel cracks open, the end becomes inevitable. Once it starts to rain inside the Osprey, it will never be remodeled. But there is all this time between when the cracks start to open up and when we finally fall apart. And its only that time that we see one another, because we see out of ourselves through our cracks and into others through theirs. When did we see each other face to face? Not until you saw into my cracks and I saw into yours. Before that we were just looking at ideas of each other, like looking at your window shade, but never seeing inside. But once the vessel cracks, the light can get in. The light can get out."
John Green, Paper Towns
"People like to say love is unconditional, but it's not, and even if it was unconditional, it's still never free. There's always an expectation attached. They always want something in return. Like they want you to be happy or whatever and that makes you automatically responsible for their happiness because they won't be happy unless you are … I just don't want that responsibility."
Katja Millay, The Sea of Tranquility
"For there to be betrayal, there would have to have been trust first."
Suzanne Collins, The Hunger Games
"Even though you may want to move forward in your life, you may have one foot on the brakes. In order to be free, we must learn how to let go. Release the hurt. Release the fear. Refuse to entertain your old pain. The energy it takes to hang onto the past is holding you back from a new life. What is it you would let go of today?"
Mary Manin Morrissey Dairy Queen
"When you don't talk, there's a lot of stuff that ends up not getting said."
Catherine Gilbert Murdock, Venus in Arms
"Usually adult males who are unable to make emotional connections with the women they choose to be intimate with are frozen in time, unable to allow themselves to love for fear that the loved one will abandon them. If the first woman they passionately loved, the mother, was not true to her bond of love, then how can they trust that their partner will be true to love. Often in their adult relationships these men act out again and again to test their partner's love. While the rejected adolescent boy imagines that he can no longer receive his mother's love because he is not worthy, as a grown man he may act out in ways that are unworthy and yet demand of the woman in his life that she offer him unconditional love. This testing does not heal the wound of the past, it merely reenacts it, for ultimately the woman will become weary of being tested and end the relationship, thus reenacting the abandonment. This drama confirms for many men that they cannot put their trust in love. They decide that it is better to put their faith in being powerful, in being dominant."
bell hooks The World According to Mister Rogers: Important Things to Remember
"To say that one waits a lifetime for his soulmate to come around is a paradox. People eventually get sick of waiting, take a chance on someone, and by the art of commitment become soulmates, which takes a lifetime to perfect."
Criss Jami, Between the Tides
"Part of the problem with the word 'disabilities' is that it immediately suggests an inability to see or hear or walk or do other things that many of us take for granted. But what of people who can't feel? Or talk about their feelings? Or manage their feelings in constructive ways? What of people who aren't able to form close and strong relationships? And people who cannot find fulfillment in their lives, or those who have lost hope, who live in disappointment and bitterness and find in life no joy, no love? These, it seems to me, are the real disabilities."
Fred Rogers, The Fall
"Cheating and lying aren't struggles, they're reasons to break up."
Patti Callahan Henry, Along for the Ride
"Our wounds are often the openings into the best and most beautiful part of us."
David Richo At First Sight
"I used to advertise my loyalty and I don't believe there is a single person I loved that I didn't eventually betray."
Albert Camus, The Intern
"If you spend your time hoping someone will suffer the consequences for what they did to your heart, then you're allowing them to hurt you a second time in your mind."
Shannon L. Alder Poems from the Heart
"Relationships dont always make sense. Especially from the outside"
Sarah Dessen, Waiting for You
"Lots of things can be fixed. Things can be fixed. But many times, relationships between people cannot be fixed, because they should not be fixed. You're aboard a ship setting sail, and the other person has joined the inland circus, or is boarding a different ship, and you just can't be with each other anymore. Because you shouldn't be."
C. JoyBell C. Remember Me
"Every couple has ups and downs, every couple argues, and that's the thing—you're a couple, and couples can't function without trust."
Nicholas Sparks, The Cocktail Party
"Those sweet lips. My, oh my, I could kiss those lips all night long.
Jess C. Scott, Messages from the Masters: Tapping Into the Power of Love
"I may not always be with you
Marc Wambolt, Straight Up and Dirty
Question of
Tom Hardy?
Leonardi DiCaprio?
Michael B. Jordan?
Zac Efron?
Ian Somerhalder?
Bradley Cooper?
Michael Fassbender?
Alex Pettyfer?
Ryan Reynolds?
Chris Pine?
Taylor Lautner?
Chadwick Boseman?
Armie Hammer?
Play 'Marry, Date, Divorce' With These Men And We'll Give You A Dream Guy


Philippe Martin has a web site to help people migrating from Frontier 4 to Frontier 5. Thanks Philippe!
http://www.finetuning.com/ -- lots of XML stuff.
My friends at Venue Media are doing the SuperBowl site, and now Microsoft is excited about it.
Could it get more incestuous?
SJ Merc: Today is the 50th anniversary of the transistor.
SJ Merc: Microsoft's plan to remove web browser from Windows.
ARDI Executor claims to run Mac software on other operating systems. If it works with Frontier, this may get our software running on Linux, OS/2 and OpenStep. Please let me know if you try it and it works.
Paul Boutin's second Java piece provides a strong argument for the separation of Java from Sun. Someone's got to have a clean-room implementation that can take Java into all the nooks and crannies and different operating systems without Sun's kill-Microsoft baggage. Where is it?
WebReview piece on DataChannel's XML stuff. What do you think?
A great message about friendship from Louis Bookbinder in response to Empowerment, 12/7/97.
I published the source code to the Site Changes XML application. It's designed to run in the Frontier 5 environment, but it can be adapted to PERL, C, Tcl, Java, whatever. If you port it to another environment, put up a web page, send me a pointer.
I'm also going to publish the source code for my XML parser when it's ready. It's the fastest way to get it debugged and complete. Let's have fun!
The next step is to get Frontier to read siteChanges.xml into the object database on my Windows machine. The file is produced on my Mac! As MCI says, isn't this Internet thing great?
From InfoWorld, a sober story of evolution: "Forrester Research says that high-profile content sites that cost $893,000 annually to operate in December 1995 cost $3.1 million to operate today and will cost $6.3 million in 2000." They're right! It pays to get systematic about growth.
Last update: Thursday, October 30, 2003 at 3:46 PM Eastern.


Stand out from all the rest with this Elegant swirl two fold glitter invitation in Silver. This laser cut invitation has a glitter Silver finish to it, which shimmers stunningly where light hits it. Your hand made creation is sure to be a cherished as a keep sake your family and friends will adore. Our laser cut invitation measures 145mm x 145mm and can fit into our 150mm x 150mm square envelope.


Wording Text. Friday , October 12th , 2018 - 21:22:30 PM.
Humor will make it possible for you to walk away whenever your ego says to stay and fight. You'll have everyone laughing. Ensure you work the entire room so that you don't miss anyone. Guests attempt to choose what's fact or fiction whilst practicing their poker faces. If you decide to have your guests arrive in costumes, you may have a costume contest.
Don't do everything all on your own. Or utilize cardboard and place an image on each side of the cardboard. Please get in touch with me for any Questions! Locate a background that is appropriate for your color scheme. Put double tape on either side. Be sure to attach with me on Pintrest to stay informed about all other completely free printables! Invite your visitors by the absolute most possibly one of a kind way. Maybe ease out and attempt to release the tension then. Be certain to also check my choice of printable party games!
There are many such cards provided on the marketplace with the right expressions to be talented to your loved ones. Now use the instructions given over to make a card which you want.


UNEA-2 "Forum on Partnerships for Inclusive Green Economy"
The event will take place in Nairobi, Kenya, during the second session of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-2) and is organized by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), in partnership with the governments of Finland and the Republic of Korea. It will centre on a high-level panel discussion on how new and innovative partnerships can deliver on the central challenge of the 2030 Agenda: creating the conditions for sustained and sustainable economic growth, with full employment.
The event is organized in association with the Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), the Green Growth Knowledge Platform (GGKP), the UNDP-UNEP Poverty-Environment Initiative (PEI), the 10-Year Framework of Programmes for Global Action on Sustainable Consumption and Production (10YFP), and the UN Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN-REDD). It is expected to attract ministers, heads of delegations, government officials, experts from multiple research fields and policymakers.
Click here to view the event's flyer.
Both the UN system and national governments have recognized that achieving the goals and targets for the 2030 Agenda will require a softening of sectoral and institutional boundaries and the embracing of a more integrated and coherent approach. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 17, in particular, calls for innovative partnership to build synergies across silos of expertise. PAGE exemplifies this coherent approach, by bringing five UN agencies together whose mandates, expertise and networks, when combined, can offer integrated and holistic support to countries on inclusive and sustainable growth.
The event will draw on growing evidence that has emerged from countries about economic, social and environmental benefits that a transition to an inclusive green economy offers for advancing SDGs. The evidence is supported by a range of 'green' development strategies, practice and technologies that have evolved to enable prosperity for all whilst avoiding environmental degradation. So far, over 65 countries have embarked on green economy and related strategies, with 48 of them developing national green economy plans as the centrepiece of these strategies.
Countries taking the lead in placing sustained and sustainable economic growth into the heart of their national plans and strategies are offered a platform to inspire others by sharing their knowledge, best practices and lessons learned.
There will be increased awareness among countries about the experiences of their peers on breaking down silos and deploying Inclusive Green Economy (IGE) frameworks to develop integrated approaches to sustainable development. Knowledge will also be shared on partnerships and initiatives that aspire to be "fit for purpose" and can support interested countries in achieving SDGs.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace KKogut.GraphAlgorithms
{
    public class KruskalAlgorithm
    {
        private int n;
        private Dictionary<Tuple<int, int>, int> edges;

        public KruskalAlgorithm(int numberOfVertices)
        {
            n = numberOfVertices;
            edges = new Dictionary<Tuple<int, int>, int>();
        }

        public void AddEdge(int u, int v, int w)
        {
            edges.Add(new Tuple<int, int>(u, v), w);
        }

        public int FindMST()
        {
            var result = 0;
            var visited = new bool[n];

            var orderedEdges = edges.OrderBy(e => e.Value);
            foreach (var edge in orderedEdges)
            {
                if (!visited[edge.Key.Item1] || !visited[edge.Key.Item2])
                {
                    result += edge.Value;
                    visited[edge.Key.Item1] = visited[edge.Key.Item2] = true;
                }
            }

            return result;
        }
    }
}


The "Move Over" law has been in place for over a decade in some Canadian provinces, yet many motorists still do not comply. Why? Is it because we are in too much of a hurry, we don't understand the laws, or perhaps the consequences aren't clear? People are dying. That's clear.
Police, fire, and ambulance workers are often required to stop on the shoulder of busy highways to do their work. For safety reasons, the law requires us to slow down and proceed with caution when passing an emergency vehicle parked on the side of the highway with its lights activated. Some provinces even extend the law to protect tow trucks and amber light roadside workers. And, if the highway has more than one lane, the law also requires all drivers to move over leaving at least one lane between their vehicle and the parked emergency vehicle, providing it can be done safely.
Failure to comply can result in fines of up to $2,000 and three demerit points for a first offence. For subsequent offences, penalties can range from $1,000-$4,000, and/or imprisonment for a maximum of six months. The court that convicts a person of an offence may also suspend his or her driver's license for up to two years. For more specific information for each province, visit http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ts-sr/emer-urg-vehics-eng.htm.
Many emergency workers have been killed doing their job on the sides of roadways and many more have been injured. These tragedies are avoidable and it's our responsibility to drive safely by slowing down and moving over for emergency vehicles.
Let's all do our part and move over. It's the law!
At Canada Cartage, we take safety & compliance very seriously. We are industry leaders, and ensure the highest levels of driver and public safety are achieved through our rigorous driver training programs. For more information, visit www.canadacartage.com.


Lyndsey + John were married on a rooftop overlooking the city of Seattle. We loved taking pictures around town and ending the night with the perfect sunset. It's always so cool to be apart of a wedding that is such a genuine reflection of the couple. Lyndsey and John, thanks for being so fun to work with, we couldn't have loved spending the day with you two more!! Also, big thank you to the incredible creatives from the day including the beautiful flowers from Floral Nova Floral and Event Design and stunning cake by Lake Union Cafe Custom Bakery.


What are the closest stations to Cj School?
Tobinco Junction is 88 meters away, 2 min walk.
Taxi Rank is 114 meters away, 2 min walk.
Labour Centre is 133 meters away, 2 min walk.
Kotobabi Police Station is 210 meters away, 3 min walk.
School Junction is 253 meters away, 4 min walk.
Which Bus lines stop near Cj School?
These Bus lines stop near Cj School: 226, 356, 376, 386, 458.
Looking for directions to Cj School in Accra, Ghana?
Download the Moovit App to find the current schedule and step-by-step directions for Bus routes that pass through Cj School.
Looking for the nearest stops closest to Cj School ? Check out this list of closest stops to your destination: Tobinco Junction; Taxi Rank; Labour Centre; Kotobabi Police Station; School Junction.
You can also get to Cj School by Bus. These are the lines and routes that have stops nearby - Bus: 226, 356, 376, 386, 458.
We make riding on public transit to Cj School easy, which is why over 360 million users, including users in Accra trust Moovit as the best app for public transit.


Opportunity to buy a 3 bed house in Kentucky and spread the balance over 15 years.
Priced at only $70,200 and payable over 180 months at $390 per month.
Will rent for approx $550 per month.
Excellent short term rental potential – could rent for around $71 per night.
Appliances include dishwasher, range / oven, refrigerator.
50 minutes to Mammoth Cave National Park.
1 hour 10 minutes from Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Park.
1 hour 30 minutes drive to Louisville International Airport.
1 hour 50 minutes drive to Nashville.


CVL 2018/2019 livescore (Volleyball - China) on Soccerstand.com: Follow CVL 2018/2019 live scores, final results, fixtures and standings on this page! Soccerstand.com offers competition pages (e.g. CVL 2018/2019), sport pages (e.g. volleyball scores with all today's volleyball matches - real-time livescore, today's final results and scheduled games) and also team pages.


text:
Whale Hunts
"Scientific" Whale Slaughter Takes 120 Pregnant Whales
By Charmaine Coimbra on May 30, 2018 • ( 0 )
More than 120 pregnant whales were slaughtered in the latest Japanese whale hunt in Antarctica's Southern Ocean, new documents show, reigniting calls for Australia to step up efforts to stop the annual killing spree. A further 114 immature whales were… Read More ›
Whalers Take 333 Minke Whales
By Charmaine Coimbra on March 31, 2017 • ( 0 )
Japan intends to take nearly 4,000 whales over the next 12 years as part of its research program and has repeatedly said its ultimate goal is the resumption of commercial whaling.
Japan Defies Whaling Suspension
By Charmaine Coimbra on December 1, 2015 • ( 0 )
"There is no need to kill whales in the name of research," he added. "Non-lethal research techniques are the most effective and efficient method of studying all cetaceans."
Cultural Killing of Gray Whale in Question
By Sue Arnold CEO California Gray Whale Coalition Gray whales intrigue researchers and captivate the public in ways that few species enjoy. Their willingness to engage with humanity is unique. The whales are also highly controversial. Population estimates have been… Read More ›
How Whales Impact Climate and the Sea
By Charmaine Coimbra on December 29, 2014 • ( 0 )
This video follows the more recent studies of how whales impact the overall health of the oceans.
Japan Defies IWC No Vote on "Scientific" Whaling
By Charmaine Coimbra on September 19, 2014 • ( 0 )
The Environmental News Service reports: PORTOROZ, Slovenia, September 18, 2014 (ENS) – The International Whaling Commission voted Thursday against Japan's plans to resume "scientific" whaling in the Antarctic next year, but Japan said it would go ahead regardless. … Read More ›
Blue Whales Rebound on Pacific West Coast
By Charmaine Coimbra on September 6, 2014 • ( 0 )
California's blue whale population has recovered to near historic levels, according to a new Marine Mammal Science study. This is the only population of blue whales in the world known to have recovered from whaling, which almost drove the species… Read More ›


Coloring Pages ~ Rainy Day Coloring Pages Printablerainy Printable For Kids Phenomenal Rainy Day Coloring Pages Photo Inspirations. Rainy Day Coloring Pages For Toddlersrainy Day Coloring Pages. Rainy Day Coloring Pages Printable. Rainy Day Coloring Pages Printablerainy Day Coloring Pages Printable.


St Patrick's RC High School in Manchester benefited from a Government funded new build, creating modern and effective open learning spaces for their students. Egan Reid turned existing plans into reality by providing the right furniture solutions for a new, unique and stimulating school environment. Egan Reid worked in close partnership with the contractors, to supply the school with furniture for all areas advising on product selection and supplying samples when necessary. The result: furniture which complements the new and exciting school environment.


i have no doubt that this vintage inspired lamp would rack up the cc bill if purchased retail… however, follow these simple steps and it's as easy as 1.2.3. to create your own pretty pendant light for less than $15.
one thing about me… i like to keep busy.
i'm one of those people that can't sit still – and when you've just moved into a new home… well, the craftiness craze is on high speed.
so, i thought i'd share with you a couple of crafty creations that i've whipped up over the past week.
in the devine words of steve carell in 'anchorman' – i. love. lamp.
keep the christmas lights lasting a little longer this season… i love this idea for some light by lamp.
all you need is a string of lights, a drill, a jar (one of the cheapo bottles of table wine would work gloriously) — and there you are.


text:
Education|Police
Tanvi Patel
Pune IPS Officer Refuses Bouquets, Asks for Books. The Reason Will Warm Your Hearts!
The proactive IPS officer, who is regularly invited to give talks in schools, had a prominent role to play in bringing the number of police personnel who die due to Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) down to zero.
Knowledge is power, and keeping this thought in mind, Sandip Patil, the newly-appointed Superintendent of Police (Pune rural), has made an off-beat request to his well-wishers.
Patil's transfer from Satara to Pune is a reason for celebration, and naturally, many guests and well-wishers will soon visit him with gifts—traditionally flower bouquets. However, Patil wants to take this opportunity to spread the value of education to the Naxal district of Gadchiroli.
He has thus, requested his well-wishers to give him books instead of bouquets.
Speaking to Pune Mirror, the IPS officer said, "This is the second time in my career that I've made such an appeal to citizens and visitors. When I took over as the SP in Satara in 2016, I accepted books instead of flowers, and we then sent all the books to students and youths in Gadchiroli.
Pune has a robust reading culture, and thus, I have appealed that those who come to meet or visit me should bring books and not flowers."
Source: Sandip Patil IPS FC.
SP Patil has been instrumental in leading operations against Maoists in Gadchiroli. For example, he had promoted schemes like Agnipankh in the district, which sponsors the education of orphans. He had also opened libraries in police stations to encourage his colleagues to get into the habit of reading. This was also his way of creating a certain alliance between the locals and police officers.
And he certainly does not plan to stop his efforts to make sure that every district that he works in is a better place to be.
In Pune, he plans to focus on improving the safety of women safety in various industries. "Ensuring the safety of women and the MIDC (Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation) businesses—these will be my principal areas of focus. We will improve law and order and take stern action against illegal activities and criminal elements under the stringent Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act (MCOCA)," the officer said.
You may also like: Bouquets to Books: This IAS Officer's Change in Tradition Is an Inspiration
Sandip Patil certainly promises to bring a positive change and utilise his post for the betterment of cities. Accepting only books as a welcome gift, and in turn, gifting those books to the children in Gadchiroli is just one way he is inspiring us.
(Edited by Gayatri Mishra)
Connect with us on Facebook and Twitter.
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For latest positive and happy stories on unsung heroes, impact, innovation, inspiration, and more, visit The Better India.
Here's Why Over 1000 Men Have Joined This Pune Actress' Cooking Class
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text:
Dag Albert (born 17 November 1969 in Strömstad, Sweden) is a Swedish Olympic eventing rider. Representing Sweden, he competed at two Summer Olympics (in 1996 and 2008). He placed 4th in team eventing in 2008. Meanwhile, his current best individual Olympic placement is 31st place also from 2008.

Albert also participated at two World Equestrian Games (in 2006 and 2014) and at five European Eventing Championships (in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013). He finished 4th in team competition at three European championships (in 2007, 2009 and 2011).

Dag Albert was married to the fellow eventing rider Samantha Albert, who represented Jamaica at two Olympics. They have divorced in 2005.

References

Swedish male equestrians
1969 births
Olympic equestrians of Sweden
Equestrians at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Living people


text:
You are here: HomePressPress Releases2002
05.12.2002 Fire Alerting System Endangered
The conference of the state Ministers of the Interior of the German länder met in Bremen December 5 and 6 to take decisions on the digital network for the country's civil defense agencies and organizations (Behörden und Organisationen mit Sicherheitsaufgaben, BOS). The publicized plan gives short shrift to the demands of fire departments, thus endangering the alerting of rescue teams in rural locations. e*Message has devoted a website to this topic: visit www.bos alarmierung.de.
10.09.2002 Help for Flood Regions
e*Message has set up a 24-hour hotline for the German flood regions and provided immediate disaster aid free of charge. The current floods in Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg have severely damaged both terrestrial and mobile telephone networks. e*Message has therefore provided regional rescue services with pagers to enable them to communicate. Alerting messages are sent over e*Message's satellite network. Professional firefighters in Dresden, Cottbus, Jerichower Land and other districts were the first to be equipped with pagers.
07.07.2002 Alternative Wireless Solutions for Fire Departments
In June, 2002, the conference of State Ministers of the Interior of the German länder will disscuss the founding of an interstate network for the country's civil defence agencies and organizations (Behörden und Organisationen mit Sicherheitsaufgaben, BOS). In March, e*Message took part in an advisory committee on this topic. e*Message offers an appropriate infrastructure for such a network right now, as well as advanced solutions for the security and emergency agencies, including alerting systems for fire departments and civil defence services.
31.05.2002 World Cup News Live
Two special e*Skyper programmes are being launched to cover the Football World Cup in Korea and Japan. Live news and a table of the 64 matches are presented on Channel 54, while results, daily summaries and World Cup news are available on Channel 60.
06.03.2002 e*Stoxxs: A New Pager Service
The European e*Message group recently took over a service previously operated by Sila Communications (formerly IFX). e*Stoxxs, the new pager service, features professional stock-exchange news, n tv financial news, and a "raw product" for resellers. The financial content is provided by Reuters and includes nearly 1000 constantly updated share prices.
06.01.2002 Premiere for EventSports Channel
A new e*Skyper programme started on February 8, together with the Olympic Games. Users are kept informed 24 hours a day on the latest sports results in Salt Lake City — including the current crop of medals for every country. e*Skyper's Programme 60 is now the EventSports channel.


Superb detailed baitfish imitation, with a great side-to-side action on jerk and twitch, big sliding action on steady retrieve! Incredible provoking action with big side flash – simply too much for the predator fish to resist. The unique chamber accessed from the back of the lure, enables you to change the sink rate and sound of the lure very easy! From very slow sink to medium sink and from silent to very noisy – brilliant concept. Mounted with Ultra Sharp Savage Gear Y-Trebles.


text:
Late Touring Band Texts Booker "OMW" While Still 600 Miles From Venue
By James Knapp | January 17, 2023
SPARKS, Nev. — Post-grunge band Stunch Bunch recently informed the booker for one of their West coast tour dates that they were "on the way" despite having the span of nearly two states between them and the venue, sources who clarified that they "aren't technically lying" confirmed.
"I know this probably seems like something that could have been avoided. We're usually so punctual for our shows every once in a while, it just so happens that we wait around an extra three hours at the venue for them to start," explained Stunch Bunch guitarist Bredan Waye. "I swear this isn't our fault. Shit just happens on tour, you know. Like sometimes your van breaks down or you make a 300-mile detour to see the World's Largest Fork roadside attraction. But at least we gave the booker a heads up, even though we've still got the better part of Utah to drive through."
Venue owner Tarry Carmichael was less hopeful of the band making it to the venue until sometime the next afternoon.
"I can't believe those fuckers left me hanging like this. To believe I was actually considering paying them for this show," stated Carmichael while pacing and muttering to himself outside the green room. "The bartender has been bugging me to do an acoustic set of Goo Goo Dolls covers for months, and if the band doesn't get here soon I have no choice but to put him on. Unfortunately, he showed up for his job on time."
Renee Clemens, server at the Waffle House in Boulder, Colorado, detailed how the band came to be so far behind schedule.
"Man, I fucking hate touring bands. Those assholes spent four hours taking up two booths and drinking nothing but free coffee refills without leaving a tip," said Clemens. "And then of course they had the nerve to bitch that I was making them late when they asked for their check finally. Still can't believe they asked me to split $8.25 four ways. Fuck, I'm just glad I was able to spit in all their drinks before they left."
At press time, Stunch Bunch had just made it onto the interstate before realizing they still needed to stop for gas.


In 1974 Hasbro appeased both the weapon and car loving kids of the world when they unleashed Ricochet Racers. Ricochet Racers were a blast. Basically the gun fired slot cars that could be raced against another or shot into plastic barrels. You really get the feel of a rifle with this sucker - the cars are fitted with cartridges, a bolt-action lever loads them, and then that then a spring-loaded firing mechanism launches the cars. I remember shooting these things all over the kitchen floor as a kid.
Basically, there were two versions. The original Marksman Set released in 1974 and the Spider-Man set released in 1975.
Marksman Set Spider-Man Set Did You Know?
The original version released in 1974. Pretty basic but effective. Came with a variety of cars (marked on the box side panel).
Building on the popularity of the Marksman Set, Hasbro released the Spider-Man set in 1975. Unfortunately, this set did not sell too well and the line was discontinued. The Spider-Man set features a more colorful gun (not to mention the box art), a great target and ramp combination and two cars - Spider-Man and Captain America.
The original Ricochet Racers set was a much bigger hit in the UK (distributed by Palitoy) with about twice as many sets released overseas than in the United States.


text:
5G Coming to Your Phone Via Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft
In the near future, your phone may take its 5G signal from the sky instead of a nearby mast on the ground. It's an innovative way to solve the problem of increasing connectivity without relying on thousands of terrestrial cell towers. The concept is known as a High-Altitude Platform Station (HAPS), and it essentially takes the cell tower from the ground and puts it in the sky.
The latest HAPS project to be unveiled is from Great Britain – Stratospheric Platforms and Cambridge Consultants. Recently, the pair revealed the core of its efforts, a special antenna and crewless aircraft, which it has been working on confidentially for the last four years.
How will it work? Instead of talking to a nearby tower to get its signal, your phone talks to a three-square-meter antenna attached to hydrogen-powered aircraft with a 60-meter wingspan, flying at an altitude of 12 miles (20 kilometers). The aircraft, or HAP, is expected to stay aloft for at least a week, all the while providing 4G LTE and 5G network coverage over an area of about 86 miles (140 kilometers).
Phones don't give off a powerful signal, hence the antenna array's size on the aircraft, which has 4,000 radios working together inside it. The processing power is similarly immense, helping to steer and direct the beams toward the ground even when the aircraft is shifting around. The cooling system has to work at high altitudes, minimize drag, and keep the weight manageable. It's an exciting piece of technology in itself.
The aircraft itself, which is made of a composite material, has already been certified for use, so it's deemed safe and ready for flight in civil airspace. There's no pilot, and ground-based operators will only be involved during takeoff and landing. The hydrogen power cell is not only environmentally friendly, as it only produces water vapor and emits very little noise, but it also gives off a lot of power — it has been tested to 50KW in labs already — for a long duration. That's a lot more than the low-power solar power systems used on other HAP vehicles.
HAPS systems are also expected to be cheaper to implement. Building each aircraft reportedly saves 70% over the costs of building and installing a traditional mast. Then there's the space-saving and logistical benefits. According to research quoted by the team, it's estimated that an impractical sum of 400,000 5G masts will be needed to cover the U.K., for example, and each aircraft could replace around 200 of those masts.
What can you expect from the connection? The aircraft should return a smooth Sub-6 5G beamed signal offering speeds of 100Mbits per second and 1m/s latency to devices connected to it, which don't need any special software or hardware modifications. While a fleet of HAPS aircraft could provide enough coverage for an entire country, what's very interesting is that the unique modular design of the antenna enables targeted coverage.
This means a signal from a part of the antenna could be focused on an individual area like a motorway or even a single vehicle driving on it. The team said a fleet of 60 aircraft could cover the U.K. in its entirety, and the idea is for networks to partner with dedicated "airlines" that operate the planes.
Potential problems. This new technology forces networks to rethink how they currently work. Network operators are already installing a 5G network using traditional masts. Convincing them to bypass this and adopt a sky-bound service will take a lot of work. However, the team calls its stratospheric network complementary to a traditional terrestrial network and says the costs involved will be temptingly less than creating a widespread 5G network using only ground-based masts.
When will it arrive? When can we expect to see Stratospheric Platforms HAPS system in operation? Deutsche Telekom is the project's initial investor and launch partner, and it has already tested an early version to show the system works. Stratospheric Platforms' aircraft is in preproduction now, with plans for the first prototype flight in 2022, while the antenna exists as a proof of concept and works with 3G, 4G, and 5G. It's anticipated the service will go live in 2024.


text:
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// <copyright file="Index.cs" company="CODE Insiders LTD">
//
// Copyright 2013-2015 CODE Insiders LTD
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
//  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//  limitations under the License.
// </copyright>
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
namespace CodeInsiders.SharpQL.Doc
{
    public class Index
    {
        #region NScribe
        // This line intentioally starts with ? that means that we are goint to treat the following comment as markdown info
		// about our documentation
		// #This is the index article of SharpQL documentation
		// ##This file must show off what is SharpQL and why it is the best thing that can happen to somebody
		// Put markdown text here and this will be the landing page of the documentation
		// We have to come up with interesting examples here
		// everything that is between region NScribe will be included in the documentation as a markdown text
        #endregion
    }
}


My property services can boast both many years of experience and many successfully completed projects. Satisfied customers are what motivate me to complete jobs reliably, faithfuly and on time.
I have to master every task, including difficult ones. My work is clean and tidy and you will get serious work at reasonable prices. I dont walk away from the job until i believe the finished result is up to my high standards and until the customer is happy. I dedicate myself to that job until it is finished. Prior to commencing a job, I undertake intensive discussions with my clients, enabling me to consider their requirements and gain a good understanding of what they want.
If you'd like to find out more about my services, please contact me. I'd be glad to receive your enquiry!
I will always be glad to offer you consultation!


text:
package Shadertoy.Shadertoy_RaymarchingPrimitives;

import com.thomasdiewald.pixelflow.java.DwPixelFlow;
import com.thomasdiewald.pixelflow.java.imageprocessing.DwShadertoy;

import processing.core.PApplet;

public class Shadertoy_RaymarchingPrimitives extends PApplet {

  //
  // Shadertoy Demo:   https://www.shadertoy.com/view/Xds3zN
  // Shadertoy Author: https://www.shadertoy.com/user/iq
  //

  DwPixelFlow context;
  DwShadertoy toy;

  public void settings() {
    size(1280, 720, P2D);
    smooth(0);
  }

  public void setup() {
    surface.setResizable(true);

    context = new DwPixelFlow(this);
    context.print();
    context.printGL();

    toy = new DwShadertoy(context, "data/RaymarchingPrimitives.frag");

    frameRate(60);
  }

  public void draw() {

    toy.set_iMouse(mouseX, height-1-mouseY, mouseX, height-1-mouseY);
    toy.apply(this.g);

    String txt_fps = String.format(getClass().getSimpleName()+ "   [size %d/%d]   [frame %d]   [fps %6.2f]", width, height, frameCount, frameRate);
    surface.setTitle(txt_fps);
  }

  public static void main(String args[]) {
    PApplet.main(new String[] { Shadertoy_RaymarchingPrimitives.class.getName() });
  }
}


with cries for yaks milk.
condo complexes, dreams of electric sheep.
it is grounding so much more than any quick serenade.
Ferris wheel of your memory remember?
where your feet have been have never touched the ground.
You skip through the never ending celestial is you gaze back you feed me across planet earth.


12/--20 N/A 7,830 lbs 105 psi 15/32nds 9" 12" N/A 44"
Purchase includes the Deestone D106 tire only. The wheel rim shown in the picture is not included. Picture provided is a stock picture from the manufacturer and may or may not reflect the actual product being ordered.
All Deestone D106 tires are continuously developing with manufactured improvements. With that said, Simple Tire and the manufacturers have the right to change these tire specifications at any time without notice or obligation.
Please Note: Specifications of the Deestone D106 tires shown above are listed to be as accurate as possible based on the information provided to us by Deestone tires.


Stag celebrations / stag allowed. The celebrations must respect the rules of urbanization not to make noise late at night.
Interaction with guestsYou can request information at any time and we will help as much as possible. COMMUNITY STANDARDS: Music or activities that generate annoying noises in the neighboring community facilities or private. respect the hours of rest: 14 to 17 hours and 23 hours to 8 hours (weekends and holidays until 9 pm).
Thoroughly enjoyed our stay at villa Aladino. It was nice and clean, well presented. Also it is in a lovely quiet location. There was a nice welcome pack, which definitely very welcome. Would go back there again.
Residential villas expansion missing ending. very quiet and relaxing. COMMUNITY STANDARDS: Music or activities that generate annoying noises in the neighboring community facilities or private. respect the hours of rest: 14 to 17 hours and 23 hours to 8 hours (weekends and holidays until 9 pm).


Greenlabel Autoflowering Strains - Autoflowering Cannabis Zaden | Koop nu!
GreenLabel Seeds is an Amsterdam-based supplier of premium quality feminized and autoflowering cannabis seeds. This is their autoflowering collection. At Amsterdam Seed Center, we offer the packs of 5 seeds. Also available are three different types of mix packs.


On this website, we provide an interactive environment in which users who are interested in learning about EMC, EMR, safety, Radio, IP product testing, compliance, calibration and certifications. Users can then express their interest in engaging our professional services through either or normal contact pages or using our online quote form to streamline the process.
Products and services offered for sale or advertised, and other information found on this website may be the products, services and information of third parties.
You may at your discretion provide information to us in order to receive information about us, the products or services displayed on this website.
This website includes trademarks which are registered, are the subject of pending applications or which are otherwise protected by law. You may not use these trademarks without our consent.
To the extent permitted by law, we exclude all warranties, conditions and representations whether express, implied, statutory or otherwise, relating in any way to this web site, your use of this web site and the information, products and services supplied, offered to be supplied or advertised or accessed through this web site; and liability (including for negligence to you or anyone else in respect of any loss or damage including special, indirect or consequential loss of damage, costs and expenses suffered by you or claims made against you arising from or in connection with any use of the information, products or services supplied, offered to be supplies or advertised or accessed through this web site for any reason whatsoever (including negligence).


text:
Q: Using decorators to supply new args, kwargs I have done some research about decorators, mainly about typical use-cases. It turned out that in majority of cases, they act as validators, timers, permission checkers - pretty transparent stuff. I was wondering if it would be pythonic to use them to precalculate and supply some variables to decorated function.
I've on my mind situation like this:
Decorator:
def foo(fn):
    @functools.wraps(fn)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        fn_name = fn.__name__
        var = Test._do_something(Test.store_dict[fn_name])
        kw_args = {**kwargs, **dict(var=var)}
        return fn(*args, **kw_args)
    return wrapper

Class:
class Test:
    store_dict = dict(fn1='fn1_operator',
                      fn2='fn2_operator')

    @staticmethod
    @foo
    def fn1(dummy_data, **kwargs):
        return Test.__handle_data(dummy_data=dummy_data,
                                  **kwargs)
    @staticmethod
    @foo
    def fn2(dummy_data, **kwargs):
        return Test.__handle_data(dummy_data=dummy_data,
                                  **kwargs)

    @staticmethod
    def _do_something(var):
        return var

    @staticmethod
    def __handle_data(dummy_data, var):
        return (dummy_data, var)

Usage:
test_instance = Test()
test_instance.fn1(dummy_data='test')

As you can see fn1 and fn2 methods are doing almost same thing (calling __handle_data method), but with different var. Variable var depends on called function name. Calling fn1 results with var=fn1_operator and so on. Having in my mind the Zen of Python:

Simple is better than complex.

I'm having doubts about that being pythonic.
In the other hand, without that decorator, my code would have a lot of repetitions:
@staticmethod
def fn1(dummy_data):
    var = _do_something('fn1')
    return Test.__handle_data(dummy_data=dummy_data,
                              var=var)
@staticmethod
def fn2(dummy_data):
    var = _do_something('fn2')
    return Test.__handle_data(dummy_data=dummy_data,
                              var=var)

Is it correct? What should I change?

A: I wouldn't use a decorator here; I'd write a function that returns a closure over the specific data instead.
def make_test(arg):
    @staticmethod
    def _(dummy_data):
        var = _do_something(arg)
        return Test.__handle_data(dummy_data, var=var)
    return _

fn1 = make_test('fn1')
fn2 = make_test('fn2')

(I didn't test, but I'm pretty sure it works the same if you decorate the closure as shown, or simply return an undecorated function and write fn1 = staticmethod(make_test('fn1')), etc.)

With a decorator that focuses on the what is common, it might look like
def foo(f):
    def _(dummy_data):
        var = _do_something(f())
        return Test.__handle_data(dummy_data, var=var)
    return _

@foo
def fn1(self):
    return 'fn1'

@foo
def fn2(self):
    return 'fn2'

which has the same behavior, but is less clear as to the intent. Too much is hidden in the decorator.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
João Ricardo Mendes, político brasileiro.
 João Mendes de Almeida, jurista, político, jornalista e líder abolicionista brasileiro.
 João Mendes de Jesus, político brasileiro envolvido no Escândalo dos Sanguessugas.
 João Mendes da Costa Filho, um político brasileiro, deputado constituinte em 1946

Desambiguação


Many consumers have heard that they should eat a "Plant-Based Diet" but they are confused about what that means they eat from day to day. Whether a person wants to include meat or not in their plant-based diet, this handout gets to the key eating pattern that is known to benefit health.
This focuses on foods as the best source of nutrition and encourages clients to evaluate their food choices based on how many plant nutrients they can fit on their plate!
This educational tool encourages a positive relationship with food and provides tips to increase the consumption of plants, and decrease processed foods.


I am writing to say thank you to K. Linda Kivi for her letter.
Jun. 30, 2016 7:00 p.m.
I am writing to thank K. Linda Kivi for her letter. I appreciate her words on the weakness of Nelson's aboriginal protocol with regards to our presence, as Canadians, in these unceded Sinixt territories.
It was with mixed feelings that I read the announcement of the new First Nations protocols by the city. On the one hand, I am happy that the conversation is happening within council because it is long overdue. Thanks to Mayor Deb Kozak and council for being willing to face the issue.
On the other hand, perhaps council could use some help sorting out the importance of the cultural protocols and discourse that are now entering the political mainstream. Kivi is right: the current protocol is inadequate: morally, ethically and structurally.
Council needs to hear from us, because there are many voices on council who truly want to support this community to come into right relationship with our colonial roots. We need to address this in the present and begin to set things straight. If not now, when?
Let's face the facts: Nelson is unceded land. Even Justin Trudeau's swearing-in ceremony as Canada's prime minister started with the simple declaration that the gathering was on unceded Algonquin territory. It can be that simple. And it's a start to much bigger transformation that needs to happen between settler communities and the legacies of our past.
There is some cognitive dissonance around what this all means, since we are living in an era of a reconciliation process between Canada and indigenous people. What does unceded mean? It's an especially difficult concept to grasp because it turns everything we've been taught in our history books inside out.
As a Nelson resident I feel obligated to speak truth to power, echo some of Kivi's words and add some of my own. Kivi wrote "It's Nelson doing the truth and reconciliation dance without actually addressing our ongoing occupation of Sinixt unceded territory." With indigeneity there is an emerging awareness of the difference between occupation and peaceful inhabitation. The following link is to a website entitled Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society. http://decolonization.org/index.php/des.
It was 2007/08 when I first came into contact with Bob Campbell, a Sinixt elder who has been appointed chief by his own people. In his own language, he is l'lmkw'm, or headman. He was closely involved in the well-documented repatriation of his people's ancestral remains. As far as I understand, Bob came to Vallican to make things right for his people and with his ancestors.
Many people in Nelson are unaware of Bob because he is not outspoken, especially in this city. On one of my visits to Bob at his home, he shared with me correspondence between himself and then-Judge Wally Oppal, which stated Oppal's position on the non-recognition of the Sinixt within Canada.
Oppal sympathized with Campbell and suggested that the Province of BC and Government of Canada may begin to recognize the Sinixt people again, after the local communities (that's us) starts recognizing them (the Sinixt). To me, that recognition has already begun. Fifteen years ago, not many people had even heard of the Sinixt in Nelson. Now multiple anthropologists have acknowledged Nelson to be on Sinixt territory. The Sinixt name is coming to the table.
There is a groundswell of people in both the Slocan Valley and in Nelson and surrounding area who support recognition for the Sinixt. The next step is for institutions like colleges and municipalities to make declarations of recognition. It's that simple.
I believe we have a moral obligation, in the spirit of reconciliation, to recognize where we are and take actions to make things right with our own ancestors. Reconciliation is only possible after recognition. I want to live in a city that recognizes the indigenous host nation by name, the Sinixt Nation, on whose beautiful traditional territory we've been blessed enough to have the chance to share with our children and our families.
I see all of us as their guests here. We have much to learn from the Sinixt and we have an obligation to live in active, meaningful dialogue with them. It starts with recognition.
I encourage council to re-open the question of indigenous protocol to include the Sinixt. Let's step it up. Thank you.