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Zealachertus pilifer är en stekelart som beskrevs av Berry 1999. Zealachertus pilifer ingår i släktet Zealachertus och familjen finglanssteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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FRC's Peter Sprigg disagrees with Obama's comparison of gay rights to civil rights, says 'homosexuals have all the same civil rights as anyone else'
During his 18-minute inaugural speech on Martin Luther King Jr. Day, President Barack Obama used the platform of his swearing in ceremony to frame his second-term agenda.
The president also laid out an ambitious vision for the future regarding the advancement of gay rights, tolerance toward illegal immigrants, preserving social welfare programs, and stopping climate change. This morning Peter Sprigg, a senior fellow at the Family Research Council, joins "Starting Point" to weigh in on the inaugural address.
Sprigg says he liked that President Obama began his speech with a quote from the Declaration of Independence, "and was attempting to root it in the principles of our nations founding." On the other hand, Sprigg says he was not sure Obama "went on to correctly interpret what those principles mean for today."
Sprigg adds that social conservatives like himself "do not agree with the president's attempt to link the modern homosexual movement with the women's right's movement or the civil rights movement for African-Americans." He says "homosexuals already have all the same civil rights as anyone else – but the fact that all people are created equal as individuals does not mean all sexual behavior is equal or that all personal relationships have an equal value to society at large."
Filed under: Inauguration • President Barack Obama • Presidential Debates
Poet Richard Blanco on making history at inauguration: It was an 'incredible honor'
Inaugural poet Richard Blanco on being the first Hispanic and openly gay poet to read at a presidential inauguration. This morning on "Starting Point." Blanco talks with Soledad O'Brien on what it was like to make history.
"It is an incredible honor," Blanco says. "I do feel in some ways that the inaugural poem is something that is sort of a continuum or there's something to be said about what each poem says about where America is in that moment and place and time. And so I wanted to pay sort of honor to the poets that had come before me as well."
See more from the interview in the clip above.
Filed under: President Barack Obama • Presidential Debates
How will history judge President Obama's second inaugural speech?
Presidential historian Doug Wead weighs in on President Obama's second inauguration.
The lighter side of President Obama's second inauguration
"Early Start" co-host John Berman highlights the run moments of President Obama's second inauguration.
Gov. Martin O'Malley (D-MD): Obama 'dominated' second presidential debate
President Barack Obama came out swinging in the second presidential debate, but some have questioned whether he successfully outlined an economic plan for the next four years. Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley joins "Starting Point" to answer those questions and discuss Obama's performance in the debate.
O'Malley says Obama "dominated the debate," explaining how the president was able to draw "sharp and clear contrasts between policies that are causing us to recovery jobs versus the policies of the past that Governor Romney wants to take us back to that caused the job losses in the first place."
"As I look at it, we've had 31 months in a row of positive, private sector job growth. Our plan for the future is to continue to grow jobs," the Maryland governor explains. "In fact, even some of the forecasts say there will be more jobs created in the next four years if we continue on this better path than if we go to the failed policies of the past."
O'Malley also highlighted the importance of "moving forward with a balanced approach," citing investing in infrastructure and clean energy as well as the ability to increase the number of stem graduates as ways to boost the economy.
Filed under: 2012 Race • Barack Obama • Presidential Debates
Does body language tell all? Facial expression expert analyzes Obama, Romney in second presidential debate
On "Starting Point," facial coding expert Dan Hill takes a closer look at the body language and expressions of the candidates and their wives in the second debate.
Hill argues that non-verbal cues may indicate how candidates feel and play a significant role in how viewers assess their performance in the debate. "25% of the brain is devoted to processing visuals. That's going on all the time. It's really decisive because it feeds into your emotional response," Hill explains.
The facial coding expert also argues that Obama's expressions were noticeably different in the second debate compared to the first. "Last time, he showed a lot of sadness and a lot of resignation. Sadness as an emotion means I kind of have resigned and given up. This time he was fighting for his issues. He was emoting strongly," Hill explains.
Hill adds that the success of each candidate last night was further reflected in their wives' faces after the debate. "I knew right away who lost this debate before it got to the poll. Ann Romney right after the debate showed embitterment," Hill says. "[Her] mouth is pulled tight and you have upward thrust from the jaw area. The mouth goes down a little bit. That is anger and disgust and it was in the eyes and in the mouth and it was in the lips."
Filed under: 2012 Race • Barack Obama • Mitt Romney • Presidential Debates
Gov. Markell questions "which Romney will show up" in second debate
Despite polls showing a close race between President Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, Delaware Gov. Jack Markell says he believes the president will be much stronger in the second presidential debate whereas it remains unclear "which Romney will show up." He also argues on "Starting Point" that enthusiasm for Obama's campaign remains strong.
Filed under: 2012 Race • Mitt Romney • President Barack Obama • Presidential Debates
Rudy Giuliani: Mitt Romney will be 'very, very good' in second debate
On "Starting Point," former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani argues that Mitt Romney will be "very, very good" on Tuesday night in the second presidential debate. Looking ahead to debate night, the former mayor says President Barack Obama's performance is "more of a question," considering Obama's "troubling" first debate.
Mark McKinnon cautions Obama against being 'over-energetic' in second debate
Mark McKinnon, former McCain presidential campaign adviser and contributor to the Daily Beast, offers the candidates advice on "Starting Point" for the upcoming second presidential debate.
"The bar is really low for the president now, given the first performance," McKinnon says. "I think all he has to do is have a couple cups of coffee and show up with a smile and look like he wants to be there and that will be a win… You remember in the Gore/Bush debates, he had the one that was really too hot and then to cold. So, the caution that I would recommend for the president [is] that he not be too overheated."
Howard Kurtz and Lauren Ashburn discuss the aftermath of the presidential debate
With 32 days until the election, both President Obama and Mitt Romney have changed tactics and adjusted comments in an effort to win the election. Romney re-adjusted his comments about the "47%" in an interview with Fox News late Thursday. Similarly, President Obama tried to re-energize his campaign after negative reviews on his debate performance on Wednesday. Howard Kurtz, host of CNN's Reliable Sources, and Lauren Ashburn, contributor to The Daily Beast, join "Starting Point" to weigh in on the candidates shifts.
Filed under: 2012 Race • Politics • Presidential Debates

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Mosquitoes are suckered in new research
AFP June 2, 2011 June 2, 2011
PARIS – In the biggest lab breakthrough against mosquito-borne illnesses like malaria and dengue in years, scientists on Wednesday said they had identified odor molecules that baffle bloodthirsty mosquitoes.
The molecules disrupt carbon-dioxide sensors that alert mosquitoes to exhaled breath, which signals the presence of a human nearby, the team reported.
The work could lead to revolutionary but low-cost chemicals to confuse, deter or trap mosquitoes, it said.
They could be invaluable in poor tropical countries, providing an alternative to DEET, a skin repellent that is expensive, needs repeat applications and is showing worrying signs of resistance.
"These chemicals offer powerful advantages as potential tools for reducing mosquito-human contact and can lead to the development of new generations of insect repellents and lures," said Anandasankar Ray, an assistant professor of entomology at the University of California at Riverside, who led the study.
Traps for mosquitoes already exist, in the form of dry ice, gas cylinders of carbon dioxide or propane combustion.
But these gadgets are too bulky and far too expensive to be used for mosquito control, especially in poor settings.
Future mosquito traps, Ray predicted, could be "highly portable, convenient and easily replenishable."
Malaria claimed 781,000 lives in 2009, according to the UN's World Health Organization (WHO), which is heading efforts to distribute insecticide-treated mosquito nets and to spray reproduction sites.
Other mosquito-borne diseases are dengue, which sickens around 50 million people each year, yellow fever, filariasis and West Nile virus.
Building on research on fruit flies, a common laboratory tool, Ray's team looked at three of mosquito species whose females are disease vectors: Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus.
The odor molecules that they identified disrupt receptor cells for carbon dioxide located in tiny, antennae-like appendages close to the mosquito's mouth.
These receptors are activated by a whiff of carbon dioxide, triggering a signal in the brain that prompts the insect to fly upwind, following the puffs of CO2 until they reach its source. Mosquito also use heat sensors and sight to home in on their meal.
The findings have been tested in a small-scale experiment in Kenya, using huts where alluring plumes of CO2 were released to attract mosquitoes and odor molecules were released to bamboozle them.
Mark Stopfer, a specialist at the U.S. National Institutes of Health, said the results opened up "a promising line of defense."
He added some words of caution, saying that mosquitoes were attracted to other odors in human sweat and skin. In addition, the chemicals that have been tested on insects so far have not yet been tested for safety on humans, he noted.
Spain pursues Salvadoran soldiers over 1989 killings
Honduras welcomed back to the diplomatic fold


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Home/Finance/The Crypto Industry Struggles for a Way Forward
The Crypto Industry Struggles for a Way Forward
admin5 December 2022
Not long after several Wall Street banks collapsed in 2008, a nine-page document circulated on an obscure mailing list, proposing a new kind of financial system that wouldn't rely on any "trusted third party."
The paper was the basis for what became the cryptocurrency industry. Using sweeping, idealistic language, its adherents vowed to conduct business in a transparent and egalitarian way, rejecting the high-risk practices of a small number of powerful financial firms that caused the Great Recession.
But last month, the actions of a single crypto firm — the $32 billion exchange FTX — plunged the emerging industry into its own version of a 2008-style crisis. Once considered a safe marketplace for people to trade virtual currencies, FTX filed for bankruptcy after the crypto equivalent of a bank run, forcing industry executives, investors and enthusiasts to grapple with how a technology meant to correct the shortcomings of traditional finance ended up replicating them.
Executives who just a year ago were reveling amid crypto's seemingly unstoppable growth are now scrambling to prove that they can learn from the mistakes and recapture the industry's early ideals. Binance, the world's largest exchange, announced last month that it would release more information about its finances and recruit independent auditors to review those disclosures. Coinbase, the biggest U.S. crypto exchange, proclaimed that it was committed to a "decentralized system where you don't have to trust us."
Many crypto advocates are pushing for more drastic reforms, urging investors not to store their digital holdings with big companies and instead turn to more experimental platforms run solely by code.
But for all the promises of change, FTX's collapse shows how far crypto remains from fulfilling its original aims and gaining widespread acceptance. Consumer distrust has mounted this year amid major financial losses, criminal investigations and an increasingly skeptical regulatory climate in Washington. At a conference last month, Changpeng Zhao, Binance's chief executive, said that FTX's implosion would set the industry back by years.
FTX, which was founded and led by the entrepreneur Sam Bankman-Fried, filed for bankruptcy in November. Its collapse has set off a 2008-style crisis for the crypto industry.Credit…Hiroko Masuike/The New York Times
The exchange's downfall compounded months of losses in the virtual currency market set off by a devastating crash in the spring that unfolded amid a broader pullback from risky assets. The upheaval sent some prominent crypto firms into bankruptcy. Bitcoin, the original and most popular cryptocurrency, has been trading at less than $17,000, down about 75 percent from its high of nearly $70,000 almost exactly a year ago.
"You start to go though these problems, and they stack up one after the other after the other," said John Reed Stark, a former Securities and Exchange Commission official who has become an outspoken crypto critic. "More and more people are seeing this for the scam that it is."
The crypto industry has bounced back after previous crashes, attracting big-name investors who poured even more money into experimental companies. But FTX's collapse has been widely described as the worst moment in the industry's short history.
The Aftermath of FTX's Downfall
The sudden collapse of the crypto exchange has left the industry stunned.
A Spectacular Rise and Fall: Who is Sam Bankman-Fried and how did he become the face of crypto? The Daily charted the spectacular rise and fall of the man behind FTX.
Clinging to Power: Emails and text messages show how FTX lawyers and executives struggled to persuade Mr. Bankman-Fried to give up control of his collapsing company.
Collateral Damage: BlockFi, a cryptocurrency lender that targeted ordinary investors eager for a piece of the crypto mania, filed for bankruptcy on Nov. 28, felled by its financial ties to FTX.
A Symbiotic Relationship: Mr. Bankman-Fried's built FTX partly to help the trading business of Alameda Research, his first company. The ties between the two entities are now coming under scrutiny.
The origins of crypto date to 2008, when a mysterious figure known as Satoshi Nakamoto published a white paper on Bitcoin, laying out a detailed vision for what became cryptocurrencies. The paper outlined Bitcoin's technological foundation, which was a publicly viewable ledger called a blockchain where transactions would be recorded for all to see.
Early enthusiasts thought Bitcoin could become the foundation of a more transparent, egalitarian financial system. Many of the paper's supporters were libertarians who had grown disillusioned with traditional finance, especially the concentration of power among a small number of companies.
At first, crypto's primary use was criminal. Thieves and drug dealers used Bitcoin to transfer large amounts of money without relying on a bank or another intermediary to process transactions.
But over the years, law enforcement got better at tracking crypto crime, and the technology evolved to allow more sophisticated financial applications, like borrowing and lending. People who started their careers on Wall Street — including FTX's founder, Sam Bankman-Fried, who worked at the trading firm Jane Street — got involved in the nascent industry, looking to profit from the technology.
As the industry grew, it started assuming some of the same characteristics as the Wall Street institutions that it was designed to replace. Crypto trading became increasingly centralized, with a large portion of transactions taking place on a handful of big exchanges, including Binance, FTX and Coinbase. In the months leading up to FTX's collapse, the trading volume of cryptocurrencies on Binance alone was greater than the combined totals of its seven closest competitors, according to an industry data tracker.
Changpeng Zhao, the chief executive of Binance, has said that FTX's collapse would set the industry back by years.Credit…Costas Baltas/Reuters
The original vision of crypto "was an attempt to rewrite the rules of finance on a global basis," said Charley Cooper, managing director at the blockchain company R3. "And here we are again — we're in an even more centralized industry than we'd see in banking."
Cryptocurrencies soared in value last year and into 2022 — until May. That was when a popular cryptocurrency called Luna crashed, sending the crypto economy into free-fall. Two major lending companies, Celsius Network and Voyager Digital, filed for bankruptcy. Enthusiasts lamented the onset of a "crypto winter" of depressed prices and fading enthusiasm.
Amid the crisis, FTX was considered a relatively trustworthy force. Based in the Bahamas, the company served as a marketplace for people to buy and sell cryptocurrencies, offering high-risk but popular trading options that are illegal in the United States. Mr. Bankman-Fried, 30, who had built FTX into a $32 billion company, bailed out struggling firms and built a reputation as a benevolent figure willing to extend a lifeline to colleagues.
Then last month, a run on deposits exposed an $8 billion hole in FTX's accounts. The company filed for bankruptcy within a week. The Securities and Exchange Commission and the Justice Department opened investigations, focused on whether FTX illegally lent its users' funds to Alameda Research, a crypto hedge fund that Mr. Bankman-Fried also founded and owned.
The implosion has been described as a "Lehman moment" for crypto, a reference to the investment bank whose implosion helped set off the 2008 financial crisis. Other companies with ties to FTX started to teeter. Last Monday, the crypto lender BlockFi, one of the companies that FTX had bailed out in the spring, filed for bankruptcy, citing its entanglements with Mr. Bankman-Fried.
Some prominent figures in crypto have tried spinning FTX's downfall as a positive development, arguing that it will redirect energy toward finding practical uses for the technology.
Gary Gensler, the chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission, has vowed to pursue crypto companies for violations of securities law.Credit…Shuran Huang for The New York Times
"For us, this is actually a great moment," said Jeremy Allaire, the chief executive of the crypto payments company Circle. "We're delivering real value, and the people who focused on building giant speculative trading casinos are not so happy."
Binance operates essentially the same type of business as FTX, but Mr. Zhao, the chief executive, has recently been careful to differentiate himself from Mr. Bankman-Fried, calling his one-time rival a liar and criticizing FTX's most dangerous practices. On Nov. 25, Binance announced a new "proof of reserves system," promising to keep users informed about the amount of cryptocurrency in its accounts and to dispel fears that it might be vulnerable to the type of run on deposits that destroyed FTX. (But Binance's plans were heavily criticized for lackingkey information.)
Coinbase has also tried to alleviate fears of a collapse, publishing a blog post that said it always holds the same amount of money that customers deposited. "There can't be a 'run on the bank' at Coinbase," the post said.
Still, the mere existence of large companies like Binance, Coinbase and FTX is antithetical to the ideals of crypto, some industry experts argue. Since FTX's collapse, some crypto enthusiasts have flocked to smaller firms in the experimental field of decentralized finance, which allows traders to borrow, lend and conduct transactions without banks or brokers, relying instead on a publicly viewable system governed by code.
But DeFi has its own problems, including vulnerability to hackers, who have drained billions of dollars this year from the experimental projects.
"They've based it on clunky technology that is very inefficient," said Hilary Allen, a finance expert at American University. "They're operationally very fragile."
Scrutiny in Washington has also intensified. Gary Gensler, the chair of the S.E.C., has vowed to pursue crypto companies for violations of securities law. The House Financial Services Committee is scheduled to hold a hearing on Dec. 13 examining FTX's collapse.
Mr. Bankman-Fried has been asked to testify. In interviews with The New York Times, he has at times seemed agonized over FTX's bankruptcy — and at times been strikingly flippant.
"You know," he said in one interview, "the crypto winter has been officially extended."
Wasn't that a bit of an understatement? "Yep," he replied. "Alas."
Bank Crypto Ftx That Was
Deal-making Thrived, Then Hit a Road Bump
Preparing Financially, Before the Storm Hits
A Closely Watched Measure of Inflation Slowed in December
How Free Is the Press in the Birthplace of Democracy?
Where Money Meets Feelings: Financial Therapy Finds Its Footing


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La commune est au Burundi la division administrative de . En 2016, on en dénombre 119. Chacune d'entre elles comprend des collines.

Liste par province

La liste des communes par province est la suivante :

Province de Bubanza
 Commune de Bubanza
 Commune de Gihanga est l'une des communes de la province Bubanza, frontalière avec la RDC à l'ouest , au nord se trouve la commune Buganda de Cibitoke; elle est traversée par la RN5. elle connait la culture du riz et du mais. son relief est constitué en totalité par la plaine(cfr plaine de la Rusizi)
 Commune de Musigati
 Commune de Mpanda
 Commune de Rugazi

Province de Bujumbura Mairie
 Commune de Muha
 Commune de Mukaza
 Commune de Ntahangwa

Province de Bujumbura
 Commune de Isale
 Commune de Kabezi
 Commune de Kanyosha (Bujumbura rural)
 Commune de Mubimbi
 Commune de Mugongomanga
 Commune de Mukike
 Commune de Mutambu
 Commune de Mutimbuzi
 Commune de Nyabiraba

Province de Bururi
 Commune de Bururi
 Commune de Matana
 Commune de Mugamba
 Commune de Rutovu
 Commune de Songa
 Commune de Vyanda

Province de Cankuzo
 Commune de Cankuzo
 Commune de Cendajuru
 Commune de Gisagara
 Commune de Kigamba
 Commune de Mishiha

Province de Cibitoke
 Commune de Buganda
 Commune de Bukinanyana
 Commune de Mabayi
 Commune de Mugina
 Commune de Murwi
 Commune de Rugombo

Province de Gitega
 Commune de Bugendana
 Commune de Bukirasazi
 Commune de Buraza
 Commune de Giheta
 Commune de Gishubi
 Commune de Gitega
 Commune de Itaba
 Commune de Makebuko
 Commune de Mutaho
 Commune de Nyarusange
 Commune de Ryansoro

Province de Karuzi
 Commune de Bugenyuzi
 Commune de Buhiga
 Commune de Gihogazi
 Commune de Gitaramuka
 Commune de Mutumba
 Commune de Nyabikere
 Commune de Shombo

Province de Kayanza
 Commune de Butaganzwa
 Commune de Gahombo
 Commune de Gatara
 Commune de Kabarore
 Commune de Kayanza
 Commune de Matongo
 Commune de Muhanga
 Commune de Muruta
 Commune de Rango

Province de Kirundo
 Commune de Bugabira
 Commune de Busoni
 Commune de Bwambarangwe
 Commune de Gitobe
 Commune de Kirundo
 Commune de Ntega
 Commune de Vumbi

Province de Makamba
 Commune de Kayogoro
 Commune de Kibago
 Commune de Mabanda
 Commune de Makamba
 Commune de Nyanza-Lac
 Commune de Vugizo

Province de Muramvya
 Commune de Bukeye
 Commune de Kiganda
 Commune de Mbuye
 Commune de Muramvya
 Commune de Rutegama

Province de Muyinga
 Commune de Buhinyuza
 Commune de Butihinda
 Commune de Gashoho
 Commune de Gasorwe
 Commune de Giteranyi
 Commune de Muyinga
 Commune de Mwakiro

Province de Mwaro
 Commune de Bisoro
 Commune de Gisozi
 Commune de Kayokwe
 Commune de Ndava
 Commune de Nyabihanga
 Commune de Rusaka

Province de Ngozi
 Commune de Busiga
 Commune de Gashikanwa
 Commune de Kiremba
 Commune de Marangara
 Commune de Mwumba
 Commune de Ngozi
 Commune de Nyamurenza
 Commune de Ruhororo
 Commune de Tangara

Province de Rumonge
 Commune de Bugarama
 Commune de Burambi
 Commune de Buyengero
 Commune de Muhuta
 Commune de Rumonge

Province de Rutana
 Commune de Bukemba
 Commune de Giharo
 Commune de Gitanga
 Commune de Mpinga-Kayove
 Commune de Musongati
 Commune de Rutana

Province de Ruyigi
 Commune de Butaganzwa
 Commune de Butezi
 Commune de Bweru
 Commune de Gisuru
 Commune de Kinyinya
 Commune de Nyabitsinda
 Commune de Ruyigi

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 Subdivisions du Burundi


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This is a well made older (but not terribly old) sprung-seat chair in need of new upholstery. I didn't get a before photo, and this was done almost a year ago, so I don't recall what the previous fabric was. Maybe red? I believe we refinished the frame as well.
Here is the chair with the seat springs re-tied on new webbing.


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Q: Advanced topic in numerical solution of differential equation Investigate the stability of the PECE method where
P=Predictor : $y_{n+1} = y_n + hf(y_n)$
C=Corrector: $y_{n+1} = y_n + h [(1-θ) f(y_n) + θ f(y_(n+1))], (0<θ<1) $
and E is the evaluation step.
=>
substituting the predictor into corrector gives:
$$
y_{n+1} = y_n + h [(1-θ) f(y_n) + θf( y_n+ h f y_n )]\ \ \ \ (1)
$$
stability : $\frac{d}{dt}y = λy=f$
which has exact solution of $y(t)= y_0 e^{λt}$.
Substitute $f=λy$ into $(1)$:
$$
y_{n+1} = y_n + h [(1-θ) λ y_n + θλ( y_n+ h λy_n )]
$$
$$
y_{n+1} = y_n + h ( λ y_n-θ λ y_n + θλ y_n+ θh λ^2 y_n )
$$
$$
y_{n+1} = y_n + h ( λ y_n+ θh λ^2 y_n )
$$
$$
y_{n+1} = y_n + h λ y_n+ θ(h λ)^2 y_n
$$
$$
y_{n+1} = y_n (1+ h λ+ θ(hλ)^2)
$$
now,
$$|1+ h λ+ θ(hλ)^2|<1$$
So:
$$
-1 < 1+ h λ+ θ(hλ)^2 < 1
$$
Kindly anyone help me after this , how to investigate the stability of PECE method

A: Denote $z=h\lambda$, and solve the second order equation in $z$:
$$
1+z+\theta z^2<1,
$$
$$
1+z+\theta z^2>-1,
$$
Then, sub $z=h\lambda$ and find $\theta$. You will find an interval within wich you method will be stable.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Today's wedding set on the coast of Maryland. It marries the colors of our favorite season, think deep reds and plums, with the beauty of the coastline and the result is pure magic. With florals and the prettiest garlands crafted plus imagery and the perfect scenery get excited for the return of the best ever season with this celebration.


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Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) also known as member of PAS protein 4 (MOP4) is a transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the NPAS2 gene. NPAS2 is paralogous to CLOCK, and both are key proteins involved in the maintenance of circadian rhythms in mammals. In the brain, NPAS2 functions as a generator and maintainer of mammalian circadian rhythms. More specifically, NPAS2 is an activator of transcription and translation of core clock and clock-controlled genes through its role in a negative feedback loop in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain region responsible for the control of circadian rhythms.

Discovery
The mammalian and mouse Npas2 gene was first sequenced and characterized in 1997 Dr. Steven McKnight's lab and published by Yu-Dong Zhou et al. The gene's cDNAs encoding mouse and human forms of NPAS2 were isolated and sequenced. RNA blotting assays were used to demonstrate the selective presence of the gene in brain and spinal cord tissues of mice. In situ hybridization indicated that the pattern of Npas2 mRNA distribution in mouse brain is broad and complex, and is largely non-overlapping with that of Npas1.

Using Immunohistochemistry of human testis, Ramasamy et al. (2015) found the presence of NPAS2 protein in both germ cells within the tubules of the testes and in the interstitial space of Leydig cells.

Structure

In humans
The Npas2 gene resides on chromosome 2 at the band q13. The gene is 176,679 bases long and contains 25 exons. The predicted 824-amino acid human NPAS2 protein shares 87% sequence identity with mouse Npas2.

In mice
The Npas2 gene has been found to reside on chromosome 1 at 17.98 centimorgans and is 169,505 bases long.

Function

In the brain
The NPAS2 protein is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-PAS transcription factor family and is expressed in the SCN. NPAS2 is a PAS domain-containing protein, which binds other proteins via their own protein-protein (PAS) binding domains. Like its paralogue, CLOCK (another PAS domain-containing protein), the NPAS2 protein can dimerize with the BMAL1 protein and engage in a transcription/translation negative feedback loop (TTFL) to activate transcription of the mammalian Per and Cry core clock genes. NPAS2 has been shown to form a heterodimer with BMAL1 in both the brain and in cell lines, suggesting its similarity in function to the CLOCK protein in this TTFL.

Compensation is a key feature of TTFLs that regulate circadian rhythms. BMAL1 compensates for CLOCK in that if CLOCK is absent, BMAL1 will upregulate to maintain the mammalian circadian rhythms. NPAS2 has been shown to be analogous to the function of CLOCK in CLOCK-deficient mice. In Clock knockout mice, NPAS2 is upregulated to keep the rhythms intact. Npas2-mutant mice, which do not express functional NPAS2 protein, still maintain robust circadian rhythms in locomotion. However, like CLOCK-deficient mice in the CLOCK/BMAL1 TTFL, Npas2-mutant mice (in the NPAS2/BMAL1 TTFL) still have small defects in their circadian rhythms such as a shortened circadian period and an altered response to changes in the typical light-dark cycle. In addition, Npas2 knockout mice show sleep disturbances and have decreased expression of mPer2 in their forebrains. Mice without functional alleles of both Clock and Npas2 became arrhythmic once placed in constant darkness, suggesting that both genes have overlapping roles in maintaining circadian rhythms. In both wild-type and Clock knockout mice, Npas2 expression is observed at the same levels, confirming that Npas2 plays a role in maintaining these rhythms in the absence of Clock.

In other tissues

Npas2 is expressed everywhere in the periphery of the body. Special focus has been given to its function in liver tissues, and its mRNA is upregulated in Clock-mutant mice. However, studies have shown that Npas2 alone is unable to maintain circadian rhythms in peripheral tissues in the absence of CLOCK protein, unlike in the SCN. One theory to explain this observation is that neurons in the brain are characterized by intercellular coupling and can thus respond to deficiencies in key clock proteins in nearby neurons to maintain rhythms. In peripheral tissues such as the liver and lung, however, the lack of intercellular coupling does not allow for this compensatory mechanism to occur. A second theory as to why NPAS2 can maintain rhythms in CLOCK-deficient SCNs but not in CLOCK-deficient peripheral tissues, is that there exists an additional unknown factor in the SCN that is not present in peripheral tissues.

Non-circadian function
NPAS2-deficient mice have been shown to have long-term memory deficits, suggesting that the protein may play a key role in the acquisition of such memories. This theory was tested by inserting a reporter gene (lacZ) that resulted in the production of an NPAS2 protein lacking the bHLH domain. These mice were then given several tests, including the cued and contextual fear task, and showed long-term memory deficits in both tasks.

Interactions

NPAS2 has been shown to interact with:
 ARNTL (also known as BMAL1). Like Clock, Npas2 mRNA cycles with a similar phase to that of Bmal1, with both peaking 8 hours before the peak of Per2 mRNA expression. This is consistent with the observation that NPAS2 forms a heterodimer with BMAL1 to drive Per2 expression.
 EP300. NPAS2 and EP300 interact in a time-dependent, synchronized manner. EP300 is recruited to NPAS2 as a coactivator of clock gene expression.
 Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα). In peripheral clocks, RARα and RXRα interact with NPAS2 by inhibiting the NPAS2:BMAL1 heterodimer-mediated expression of clock genes. This interaction depends upon humoral signaling by retinoic acid and serves to phase-shift the clock.
 Small heterodimer partner (SHP). In the liver circadian clock, NPAS2 and SHP engage in a TTFL: NPAS2 controls the circadian rhythms of SHP by rhythmically binding to its promoter, while SHP inhibits transcription of Npas2 when present.

Clinical significance
Npas2 genotypes can be determined through tissue samples from which genomic DNA is extracted and assayed. The assay is performed under PCR conditions and can be used to determine specific mutations and polymorphisms.

Polymorphisms and tumorigenesis

Mounting evidence suggests that the NPAS2 protein and other circadian genes are involved in tumorigenesis and tumor growth, possibly through their control of cancer-related biologic pathways. A missense polymorphism in NPAS2 (Ala394Thr) has been shown to be associated with risk of human tumors including breast cancer. These findings provide evidence suggesting a possible role for the circadian Npas2 gene in cancer prognosis. These results have been confirmed in both breast and colorectal cancers.

NPAS2 and mood disorders

Current research has revealed an association between seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and general mood disorder related to NPAS2, ARNTL, and CLOCK polymorphisms. These genes may influence seasonal variations through metabolic factors such as body weight and appetite.

Associated with a connection to mood disorders, NPAS2 has been found to be involved with dopamine degradation. This was first suggested by the observation that the clock components BMAL1 and NPAS2 transcriptionally activated a luciferase reporter driven by the murine monoamine oxidase A (Maoa) promoter in a circadian fashion. This suggested that these two clock components (BMAL1 and NPAS2) directly regulated Maoa transcription. Subsequent findings discovered positive transcriptional regulation of BMAL1/NPAS2 by PER2. In mice lacking PER2, both Maoa mRNA and MAOA protein levels were decreased. Therefore, dopamine degradation was reduced, and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens were increased. These findings indicate that degradation of monoamines is regulated by the circadian clock. It is very likely that the described clock-mediated regulation of monoamines is relevant for humans, because single-nucleotide polymorphisms in Per2, Bmal1, and Npas2 are associated in an additive fashion with seasonal affective disorder or winter depression.

See also
 Clock (gene)
 Bmal1/Arntl (gene)
 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
 Per (gene)
 Steven McKnight (scientist)

References

External links

 Steven McKnight, the first scientist to implicate Npas2 as a contributor to circadian rhythms

Transcription factors
PAS-domain-containing proteins


text:
TV | Pop Culture | 90s
'Lois & Clark' Ended With A Cliffhanger Over 10 Years Ago, Now The Stars Are Hinting At A Revival
By Tanya | Apr 03, 2018
While the superhero TV show market seems to be saturated now, in the 90s, there was one show that really stood out. Even if you didn't love superheroes, Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman was just an awesome show.
When the show started in 1993, people didn't know what to expect. Superman had been away from the screen for a while and they did not know how this new angle would work. While Lois & Clark was a superhero show, it was also a romantic adventure and appealed to a wide range of audiences.
People loved Lois Lane, but her judgement was questionable. She falls in love with Superman, but not Clark Kent, leading to a lot of issues because Clark is very obviously in love with her. She ends up getting engaged to Lex Luther (the main villain in the show) but at the wedding she realized her feelings for Clark and leaves Luther at the alter.
Eventually, after many false starts and a clone wedding, the two characters got married, but even that wasn't enough to save the series. The show was supposed to go into season five, but when Teri Hatcher (Lois) became pregnant they didn't want to write it into the show, so they cancelled it.
The show ended on a bit of a cliffhanger with a random child turning up with a note saying that they were responsible for them now. Kind of a big thing to just leave without answers, isn't it?
Well, apparently the stars aren't done with the series either. They have some thoughts on what they would want to do if they were to continue the show...
With everything and anything being rebooted lately, it was really only a matter of time before the stars of one of the most popular 90s shows were asked about a potential remake.
Hatcher spoke with Entertainment Weekly about the show and the way she talked about it made it seem like there was a definite possibility.
"I know I have a lot of fans that would like to see the whole show rebooted, so maybe that'll happen," She said. "Dean and I both still have really warm feelings about our whole experience on the show. So who knows?"
She's not the only star who is up for it. Dean Cain, Superman himself, thinks that they should make the fifth season.
"I would have liked to done that fifth season, I think we still need a fifth season, we need something, at least part of a fifth season. So I'm hoping that we get a chance to maybe finish up the series. Maybe it's six episodes, maybe it's 10 episodes, maybe it's a two-hour movie. But I think it would be really interesting to catch up with these two characters twenty years down the line and see what's happened in their lives. If they have had children or what's going on with their kids, I think it's really interesting and I'm certainly willing to."
The executive producer Eugenie Ross-Leming, knows exactly what would have happened in the fifth season if it had been made.
"We didn't write it as a series finale, it was just supposed to be a cliffhanger. Looking to create obstacles for them, we ended up saying that carrying a baby to term would kill Lois. But as fate — or intergalactic justice — would have it, a baby of Krypton lineage is left at their doorstep. If the show had gone on, we would have seen them figuring out how to raise this child, who would have aged rapidly. He would have become a teenager in months."
Well, it's unlikely that a remake would be coming any time soon because there are already a whole bunch of other DC shows right now, but it's interesting to know what would have happened if they did!
H/T - We Got This Covered / Entertainment Weekly
Tags: superman, Superhero, tv show, 90s, lois & clark
'SpongeBob SquarePants' Creator Stephen Hillenburg Dies At 57
It's a sad day in the world of cartoons, as Nickelodeon has confirmed the passing of SpongeBob SquarePants creator Steven Hillenburg. The iconic TV show writer and producer with a long career and a hand in creating a lot of our favorite moments in animation. Hillenburg actually didn't go to school for television writing, instead studying "Natural Resource Planning and Interpretation with an emphasis on marine resources" according to Variety. Obviously, this would come into play later in his career. He started working in television after going back to school to study Experimental Animation, and eventually became a writer and
Netflix Is Bringing All Of Your Favorite Roald Dahl Stories Back In A New Animated Series
There are a few iconic storytellers we can all agree influenced our childhoods, and Roald Dahl is basically guaranteed to make everyone's list. His classic stories like Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda, and James and the Giant Peach have been loved by children for decades. It doesn't matter if you're reading the book or watching one of the many movies based on one of his novels, because Dahl's ability to create these magical little worlds manages to transcend format and remain enjoyable no matter what.Dahl's characters are nothing short of iconic. Whether it's the six-year-old Matilda who has


text:
BUDGET 2010 Development Dilemma
Three days after the caretaker government issued the budget through ordinance , major donors came out with a written joint statement showing grave concern over the lack of what they called 'development leadership.' Theeir concern is especially pertin
Dec. 9, 2010, 5:45 p.m. Published in Magazine Issue: Vol.: 04 No.-12 Dec. 03-2010 (Mangsir 17,2067)
In a way the uncharacteristically scathing statement made by Nepal's key donors was a dreadful reminder of how the unending political uncertainty was exacting a toll on the country's economy and development.
In a clear sign of growing impatience among Nepal's development partners, the statement was aimed at shaking the leaders who appear almost blithe toward the economic plight.
For over four months the development partners had watched, with trepidations, how the debate on the need to timely bring the budget was trampled under political considerations.
And when it was finally about to come, the drama that erupted in the House served as the last straw that broke the camel's back.
Alarmed by the unfolding events, the donors responded with a serious warning.
"The slow pace in implementing the peace process combined with the continued care-taker status of the government, lack of development leadership significantly reduces most donors' ability to secure future resources for Nepal," their statement read.
They have even warned that Nepal's unstable political situation makes it increasingly difficult for them to justify why Nepal should receive support in a world where there are many competing demands for limited development resources.
Even if they want, the politicians will not be able to wish away the warning from the donors.
A quick look at the budget figures this year is enough to bury doubts, if any.
Of the total outlay of nearly Rs 338 billion, the government projects to finance only Rs 216 through revenue. The rest will have to be collected mainly as foreign loans or grants.
The budget expects to get Rs 65 billion in foreign grants and additional Rs 22 billion in foreign loans.
Their warning, if not paid heed to properly, could upset the budget projections substantially.
The part that could suffer the most, if the donors actually cut their aid amid worsening political instability, will be the development.
Since the government will not be in a position to cut financing the regular expenditures, any shortage of funding will hit the development expenditures.
'Ambitious' Target
In a budget that was delayed by four months and that came through ordinance, the government has set aside nearly Rs 130 billion for development purposes.
This, many economists say, is ambitious target.
"I will appreciate if the government can spend even one-half of that projection," said economist Dr. Chiranjivi Nepal.
According to him, the lengthy procedures laid down in the Procurement Act and the administrative red tapes will, invariably delay the start of development projects.
"That delay on the top of the fact that the government now has only seven months to implement the budget will mean that the development targets will not be met," he said.
But this is contested by the government officials. Keshav Acharya, Senior Economic Advisor at the Ministry of Finance, claimed that they will be able to spend 'most' of the development budget.
"This budget does not have new programs and projects. Therefore, the older ones will not need to go through contract and other procedures under the Procurement Act. This will save time," he said.
On the other hand, the concerns shown by the donors and the doubts raised by economists have pushed the government to the situation where it might feel the urge to spend the development resources randomly just to fulfill the quota.
"That is exactly the concern. In this situation, the government might feel compelled to misuse the development expenditures," said Dr. Nepal.
But Acharya has an answer to those doubts as well.
He said that some policy departures introduced by the budget – like prohibiting transfer of resources allocated to far and mid western region and limiting the amount of expenses that can be incurred during the final months of the fiscal year – will ensure that development budget will be used appropriately.
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SINGAPORE – A woman escaped injury after a step on the escalator she was riding on at The Arcade in Raffles Place broke.
An eyewitness, named only as Mrs Liu, told Chinese evening newspapers that she heard a loud bang coming from the escalator, which runs from the first to the second floor, at about 3.30pm on Tuesday (Jan 5).
Two people were riding on it – a man who had just reached the landing on the second floor, and a woman who was about three steps behind, Lianhe Wanbao reported.
One of the steps in front of the woman suddenly broke and the escalator stopped immediately, Mrs Liu said.
Photos from the scene, including one posted on Facebook by netizen Sandy Low, show an escalator step that seems to have broken into three parts.
While the woman was not hurt, she looked shocked and could not speak for a while, and had to be comforted by passers-by, said Mrs Liu.
The building is especially crowded during lunch and in the evening, Mrs Liu said, and the escalator is usually full of people.
"It's very lucky the incident did not happen during peak hour, if not it would be terrible," she told Wanbao.
The Chinese daily also said that the area had been cordoned off, and that repair work was ongoing.
Escalator safety has come under spotlight after a string of incidents in China, including one in July 2015 in which a woman died after she plunged through the flooring over an escalator in a department store, seconds after thrusting her toddler to safety.


text:
New York board welcomes gay clergy candidates
By Heather Hahn March 1, 2016 | UMNS
The 2012 Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church is held by an ordained elder. General Conference is expected to debate what church teaches about ministry with gay individuals. Photo illustration by Kathleen Barry, United Methodist Communications
The New York Conference's board of ordained ministry announced March 1 that it would not consider sexual orientation in evaluating a clergy candidate, even if that individual has a spouse of the same gender.
The board "has observed vital, effective ministry from clergy married to a spouse of the same sex," said a statement by the Rev. William B. Pfohl, the board's chair and lead pastor of Jesse Lee Memorial United Methodist Church in Ridgefield, Connecticut.
The statement continues: "Quite simply, discriminating against married persons regardless of the gender of their spouse or against those who hope to be married is not the path we believe God is calling us to walk."
The move puts the conference on a potential collision course with the denomination's official teachings on human sexuality. It also comes just weeks after the Baltimore-Washington Conference's board of ordained ministry announced it was recommending a married lesbian, Tara "T.C." Morrow, as a provisional deacon.
The Baltimore-Washington Conference board's recommendation of Morrow still needs the approval of the annual conference's clergy session, which votes on all clergy candidates. But Pfohl said his understanding is that the board does not need his annual conference's ratification to set standards for clergy effectiveness.
"We're amenable to the annual conference, but we've been elected to carry out that charge (of setting standards)," he told United Methodist News Service. "This is the functional way the board is working, and we're being transparent."
Thirty members of the New York board approved the standards on Feb. 20 by a secret-ballot vote of more than 75 percent, Pfohl said. The standards also affirm celibacy in singleness and fidelity in marriage between two people.
Bishop Jane Allen Middleton, who is New York's interim leader, said she is aware of the board's decision.
"As president of the New York Annual Conference, I preside over persons who will agree and others who will disagree with this decision," she said in a statement. "These are difficult times in the life of our denomination, and my intent is to provide fairness and respect for all. I call for all of us to strive to be faithful disciples of Jesus Christ wherever we stand on this issue."
General Conference's approach
Both the actions in New York and Baltimore-Washington come as the denomination prepares for the 2016 General Conference on May 10-20 in Portland, Oregon. Many United Methodist leaders expect the most passionate debates at the denomination's top legislative assembly to deal with how the denomination ministers with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people.
The Book of Discipline, the church law book, bans "self-avowed practicing" gay individuals from "being certified as candidates, ordained as ministers, or appointed to serve in The United Methodist Church." Under church law, "self-avowed practicing" gay clergy could face church trials and be stripped of their credentials.
The church's teachings on human sexuality are routinely debated at General Conference, as it considers to the Book of Discipline. But that debate has intensified as more jurisdictions, including the United States, have legalized same-sex civil marriage. Some United Methodists are calling for schism.
In the meantime, boards of ordained ministry are dealing with the ban in a variety of ways, with some essentially practicing a version of "don't ask, don't tell."
For instance, the Rev. Dan Hurlbert, chair of the Desert Southwest Conference board of ordained ministry, said that his board has no official position. However, during his tenure, sexual orientation has not been a determining factor in anyone's candidacy, ordination or ongoing ministry.
Hurlbert said some might describe this as "don't ask, don't tell," which he said he personally sees as lacking dignity and far from ideal. And, he added, he wonders "how The United Methodist Church came to be behind the U.S. military on a social justice issue. A closet with an open door is still a closet. I pray for that day when all who are called can serve openly and as who God made them to be."
What the Church Teaches
The Book of Discipline, the denomination's book of policy and teachings, since 1972 has proclaimed that all individuals are of sacred worth but the practice of homosexuality "is incompatible with Christian teaching."
Church law lists being a "self-avowed practicing" gay clergy member and officiating at same-sex unions among the denomination's chargeable offenses.
The Book of Discipline states that marriage is between a man and a woman. It also affirms all are in need of the church's ministry and that God's grace is available to all. The church implores congregations and families not to reject gay and lesbian members and friends.
Read full coverage of sexuality and the church.
Development of New York policy
Pfohl told the United Methodist News Service that the board's decision is independent of General Conference's rapid approach.
Instead, he said the board's move is a response to the New York Annual Conference's 2014 resolution "Our Vision of a Beloved and Just Community," which declared the conference "to be the place where LGBTQIQ persons can find safe space." The initials stand for lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, intersex and questioning.
"We take seriously our responsibility to try and identify and support and prepare clergy who will be fruitful in our ministry settings. We want the best possible people the Lord has raised up," Pfohl said. "We undertand that there are parts of the Discipline that give some descriptions of what they expect that to look like."
But he added that the board determined that the Discipline's restrictions on gay clergy are not where it should focus its attention.
Not every board member sees the policy as a right for the conference. The Rev. Roy Jacobsen, a retired pastor and current New York Conference board of ordained ministry member, was not able to attend the vote. But if he had, he said he would have voted against it.
"Speaking personally, I can say this policy will have huge consequences for churches, for pastors and for laity consequences ─ negative consequences," he said.
Jacobsen is a leader in the Wesley Fellowship, an unofficial New York Conference advocacy group that he says is still working on a response.
The Rev. Thomas Lambrecht, vice president and general manager of Good News, said that he does not think his group has any recourse against the board itself, but said a newly ordained or licensed gay clergy member could face a complaint.
His denomination-wide advocacy group seeks to keep the current language in the Discipline regarding homosexuality and strengthen penalties against those who defy those teachings.
He sees the Baltimore-Washington board's action as a "shirking of responsibility," but sees the New York Conference as in some ways even more extreme.
"The New York action ups the ante in terms of a very blatant and open statement to violate the Discipline," he said. "The church cannot continue to exist as a denomination with conferences openly or even covertly violating our covenant."
What this means going forward
Still others praised the board's move.
The majority of voters in the New York Conference have repeatedly approved petitions to General Conference seeking to change church law on homosexuality.
The Northeastern Jurisdiction, of which the New York and Baltimore-Washington conferences are members, has submitted a petition "that enables ministry with LGBTQ persons, while allowing each clergyperson, church, and annual conference freedom to abide by decisions of conscience."
"The New York Conference for decades has been visibly, vocally and passionately opposed to the UMC's discrimination and hate language against LGBTQI people, and this is a continuation of that," said Dorothee Benz, a General Conference delegate and national representative of MIND (Methodists in New Direction), an unofficial New York Conference group that sponsored the 2014 conference resolution and advocated for the board's new standards.
The conference already has had openly gay individuals among its clergy. The Rev. Sara Thompson Tweedy, who married her wife in 2008, faced a complaint in 2013 accusing her of being a "self-avowed practicing" lesbian. The complaint was subsequently dismissed the following year without a trial or any penalty.
Tweedy said in her autobiographical statement during her clergy candidacy, she noted she told the board she was in a partnership with the woman who is now her wife. "No one chose to ask me any questions about that," she recalled.
She said the board's move will help people minister more authentically. "It's a beautiful day in the New York Conference," she said.
Benz agreed.
"What's so important about the public statement is it says we're moving away from 'don't ask, don't tell,'" Benz said, "and we're moving into open affirmation as whole people, and we're no longer going to make heterosexuality a criterion for ministry."
Hahn is a multimedia news reporter for United Methodist News Service. Christina Dillabough of the Desert Southwest Conference and Kathy Gilbert, a UMNS reporter, contributed to this story. Contact them at (615) 742-5470 or [email protected]
Church building micro home village for homeless
The homes will serve as bridge housing for homeless people to recover from medical issues as they await permanent housing.
US dips below majority of membership
United Methodist leaders project that by now at least half of the denomination lives outside the U.S.
38 United Methodists serve in 116th Congress
United Methodists comprise the fourth-largest religious group in a new Congress that has fewer Christians and slightly more religious diversity.


The abstracts book of the 5th World Congress on Targeting Microbiota, which will be held in Berlin, Germany on October 26-27, 2017 is now available.
During both days, more than 50 oral communications and 50 posters will be presented. Around 300 attendees coming from clinics, universities and industries will gather and network around the poster presentations.
To access the list of attendees, please follow this link.
To access the list of communications, please follow this link.
We remind you that you can still join the attendees and participate to the congress by registering here.
If you cannot take part to the congress, you can order the abstracts book here.
We look forward to meeting you in Berlin next week.


text:
package org.ambraproject.wombat.controller;

import org.ambraproject.wombat.config.site.Site;
import org.ambraproject.wombat.config.site.SiteParam;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;

/**
 * Serves a static page directly from a site's theme. "Static" in this context means that no data is provided to the
 * model. The page is still generated from the FreeMarker engine and may call programmatic directives.
 */
@Controller
public class StaticPageController extends WombatController {

  @RequestMapping(name = "staticPage", value = "/static/{pageName}")
  public String renderStaticPage(@SiteParam Site site, @PathVariable String pageName) {
    if (!doesStaticPageExist(site, pageName)) {
      throw new NotFoundException();
    }
    return site + "/ftl/static/" + pageName;
  }

  private static boolean doesStaticPageExist(Site site, String pageName) {
    String resourcePath = String.format("/ftl/static/%s.ftl", pageName);
    try (InputStream stream = site.getTheme().getStaticResource(resourcePath)) {
      return stream != null;
      // TODO: Performance?
      // Maybe Theme wants a method that only checks the existence of a resource without opening a stream to it.
    } catch (IOException e) {
      throw new RuntimeException(e);
    }
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


You can configure your Amazon EC2 instances to send Windows Server logs, events, and performance counters to Amazon CloudWatch Logs and Amazon CloudWatch Events. Amazon EC2 offers several methods for configuring your instances to export this data. The method you choose will depend, in part, on the version of Windows Server you are running and the version of the configuration agent running on your instance. It will also depend on whether you want to manually configure your instances to use a local configuration file or remotely configure them using Systems Manager Run Command or Systems Manager State Manager.
For more information about CloudWatch Logs, see the Amazon CloudWatch Logs User Guide. For more information about Systems Manager, see the AWS Systems Manager User Guide.
We refer to CloudWatch Logs, CloudWatch Events, and CloudWatch collectively as CloudWatch, unless otherwise noted.
Amazon EC2 instances use an agent to send log data to CloudWatch. With Windows Server 2008 to Windows Server 2012 R2, the agent is either the EC2Config service or SSM Agent. With Windows Server 2016 and later, the agent is SSM Agent. For more information, see Installing and Configuring SSM Agent.
The following table describes the methods available to integrate with CloudWatch.
Complete the prerequisites for Systems Manager. Create a Systems Manager document and remotely send commands to the instances. The agent on the instances (SSM Agent) starts to send data to CloudWatch within a few minutes. For more information, see Use Systems Manager Run Command.
Pros – Commands are executed remotely.
Cons – Requires additional setup.
Complete the prerequisites for Systems Manager. Create a Systems Manager document and associate it with one or more instances. The agent on the instances starts to send data according to the schedule defined in the association. For more information, see Use Systems Manager State Manager.
Pros – Commands are executed remotely on a schedule.
Create a Systems Manager document and copy it to each instance. Copy any updates to the configuration file to each instance manually as well. The agent on the instance (SSM Agent or EC2Config) starts sending data to CloudWatch within a few minutes. For more information, see Use a Local Configuration File.
Pros – No additional setup required.
Cons – Legacy process. Requires logging in to each instance.