text:
\section{Limits and Indications on $\nu$ Oscillations}

The discovery of neutrino masses or oscillations would take particle physics
beyond its Standard Model, and therefore requires very stringent standards of
proof and verification. Moreover, neutrino experiments are difficult, and their
history is littered with unconfirmed claims. Therefore, one must be cautious in
accepting new experimental results, and should demand that they fulfil stringent
credibility criteria. In my personal view~\cite{Helsinki}, these should
include confirmation by
more than one experiment, using more than one technique.

These criteria are obeyed by solar neutrino experiments, since five
experiments
(Homestake, Kamiokande, SAGE, GALLEX, Super-Kamiokande) see a deficit
using 3${1\over 2}$ different techniques (Cl, H$_2$0, Ga
with two extraction schemes)~\cite{Conrad}.
Now they are also obeyed by atmospheric neutrino experiments: five experiments
(Kamiokande, IMB, Super-Kamiokande, Soudan II, MACRO) see anomalies using two
different classes of technique (H$_2$O, tracking
calorimetry)~\cite{Conrad}. Therefore, I take
these results very seriously as evidence for new physics.
On the other hand, only one accelerator experiment (LSND) sees an
anomaly~\cite{LSND}, using
{\it a fortiori} just one technique (liquid scintillator).
Therefore, I prefer to adopt a wait-and-see attitude to this result,
eagerly awaiting its confirmation by another experiment such as
KARMEN or MiniBooNE~\cite{Conrad}.

In the general perception, the case for atmospheric neutrino oscillations
has recently leap-frogged over that of solar neutrinos.
This is largely because, in
addition to the sheer number of experiments reporting $\nu_\mu$ deficits, the
Super-Kamiokande Collaboration has reported dramatic effects in the
zenith-angle
distributions~\cite{SuperK}, where many systematic errors
cancel~\cite{EW}.
Moreover, both low- and high-energy data show compatible
effects, indicating that the $\nu_\mu/\nu_e$ ratio
decreases as $L/E$ increases, just as
expected if
$\nu_\mu$ oscillate into $\nu_\tau$ or perhaps a sterile neutrino $\nu_s$.

In the case of solar neutrinos, the overall deficit has been confirmed by
Super-Kamiokande with higher statistics~\cite{Totsuka}, but no comparable
``smoking gun" for
neutrino oscillations has yet appeared. There is a hint
of a day-night difference~\cite{Totsuka},
but its significance remains below two standard deviations, and there is also a
hint of an distortion of the energy spectrum~\cite{Totsuka}, but a
constant suppression is still
compatible with the data at the few-percent confidence level.

Before launching into the theory of neutrino masses, it is useful to review why
the oscillation hypothesis is being pursued to the exclusion of other possible
explanations. In the case of atmospheric neutrinos, most neutrino decay
scenarios are excluded~\cite{nodecay},
flavour-changing interactions with matter are highly
disfavoured~\cite{noFCNC}, and violations
of Lorentz invariance and the Principle of Equivalence
are disfavoured by the pattern of
zenith-angle distributions at low and high energies~\cite{LIPEOK}. In the
case of solar
neutrinos, the standard solar model is strongly supported by the
helioseismological data~\cite{helioseismo}, which do not allow substantial
changes in the solar
equation of state, and previous claims of a time dependence associated
with the solar cycle have not been established.

\section{Neutrino Masses}

If these are non-zero, they must be much smaller than those of the corresponding
charged leptons~\cite{PDG}:
\begin{equation}
m_{\nu_e} \mathrel{\rlap{\raise.5ex\hbox{$<$} 2.5~{\rm eV}~, \quad\quad
m_{\nu_\mu} \mathrel{\rlap{\raise.5ex\hbox{$<$} 160~{\rm keV}~, \quad\quad
m_{\nu_\tau} \mathrel{\rlap{\raise.5ex\hbox{$<$} 15~{\rm eV}~,
\label{one}
\end{equation}
so one might think naively that they should vanish entirely. However, theorists
believe that particle masses can be strictly zero only
if there is a corresponding
conserved charge associated with an exact gauge symmetry, which is not the case
for lepton number. Indeed, non-zero neutrino masses appear generically in Grand
Unified Theories (GUTs)~\cite{Peccei}. However, it is not necessary to
postulate new particles
to get $m_\nu \not= 0$: these could be generated by a non-renormalizable
interaction among Standard Model particles~\cite{BEG}:
\begin{equation}
{(\nu_LH)~(\nu_LH)\over M}
\label{two}
\end{equation}
where $M \gg m_W$ is some new, heavy mass scale.
The most plausible guess, though,
is that this heavy mass is that of some heavy particle, perhaps a right-handed
neutrino $\nu_R$ with mass $M \sim M_{GUT}$.

In this case, one expects to find the characteristic see-saw~\cite{seesaw}
form of neutrino mass matrix:
\begin{equation}
(\nu_L , \nu_R)~~\left(\matrix{0&m\cr
m&M}\right)~~\left(\matrix{\nu_L\cr\nu_R}\right)
\label{three}
\end{equation}
where the off-diagonal matrix entries
in (\ref{three}) break SU(2) and have the form of
Dirac mass terms, so that one expects $m = 0(m_{\ell,q})$. Diagonalizing
(\ref{three}), one finds a light neutrino mass
\begin{equation}
m_\nu \simeq {m^2\over M}
\label{four}
\end{equation}
Choosing representative numbers $m \sim$ 10 GeV,
$m_\nu \sim 10^{-2}$ eV one finds
$M \sim 10^{13}$ GeV, in the general ballpark of the grand unification scale.

The past year has witnessed tremendous activity in the theoretical study of
neutrino masses~\cite{vast}, of which I now pick out just a few key
features: \\
\\
{\it Other light neutrinos?}: we know from the LEP neutrino-counting constraint:
$N_\nu = 2.994 \pm 0.011$~\cite{LEPEWWG}, that any additional neutrinos
must be sterile $\nu_s$,
with no electroweak interactions or quantum numbers.
But if so, what is to prevent
them from acquiring large masses: $m_s\nu_s\nu_s$ with $m_s \gg m_W$, as for the
$\nu_R$ discussed above? In the absence of some new theoretical superstructure,
this is an important objection to simply postulating light $\nu_s$ or $\nu_R$.\\
\\
{\it Majorana masses?}: most theorists expect the light neutrinos to be
essentially pure $\nu_L$, with only a small admixture ${\cal O}(m/M)$ of
$\nu_R$. In this
case, one expects the dominant effective neutrino mass
term to be of Majorana type
$m_{eff}\nu_L\nu_L$, as given by (\ref{two}) or (\ref{three}). \\
\\
{\it Large mixing?}: small neutrino mixing used perhaps to be favoured, by
analogy with the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing of quarks. However, theorists
now realize that this is by no means necessary. For one thing, the off-diagonal
entries in (now considered as a 3$\times$3 matrix) (\ref{three}) need not be
$\propto m_q$ or $m_\ell$~\cite{ELLN}. Then, even if $m\propto m_\ell$, we
have no independent
evidence that mixing is small in the lepton sector. Finally, even if $m$ were to
be approximately diagonal in the same flavour basis as
the charged leptons $e, \mu, \tau$,
why should this also be the same case for the  heavy Majorana matrix
$M$~\cite{ELLN}?

Since $\sqrt{\Delta m^2_{atmo}} \sim 10^{-1}$ to $10^{-1{1\over 2}}$ eV $\gg
\sqrt{\Delta^2_{solar}} \sim 10^{-2}$ to $10^{-2{1\over 2}}$ eV
(MSW solution~\cite{MSW}) or
$10^{-5}$~eV (vacuum solution), one may ask whether large neutrino mixing is
compatible with a hierarchy of neutrino masses. To feel more comfortable about
this possibility, consider the following very simple parametrization of the
inverse of a 2$\times$2 neutrino mass matrix~\cite{ELLN}:
\begin{equation}
m^{-1}_\nu \equiv \left(\matrix{b&d\cr d&c}\right) = d \left(\matrix{b/d & 1 \cr
1 & c/d}\right)
\label{five}
\end{equation}
Diagonalizing this, one finds mixing:
\begin{equation}
\sin^2 2\theta = {4 d^2\over (b-c)^2 + 4d^2}
\label{six}
\end{equation}
which is large if $\vert d\vert \mathrel{\rlap {\raise.5ex\hbox{$>$} \vert b-c\vert$. However, this does not
require degeneracy of the two mass eigenvalues:
\begin{equation}
m_\pm = {2\over (b+c) \pm \sqrt{(b-c)^2+4d^2}}~,
\label{seven}
\end{equation}
since a large hierarchy can be obtained if $d^2 \sim bc$.
We see in Figs.~\ref{fig:1},~\ref{fig:2}~\cite{ELLN} that
large mixing $\sin^2\theta\mathrel{\rlap {\raise.5ex\hbox{$>$}$ 0.8 and a hierarchy $m_+/m_- \mathrel{\rlap {\raise.5ex\hbox{$>$}$ 10 of
neutrino masses can be reconciled for ``reasonable" values of the dimensionless
ratios in (\ref{five}), e.g., $b/d \sim $ 0.5, $c/d \sim$ 1.5. However, it would
be difficult to accommodate the extreme hierarchy
required by the vacuum solution
to the solar neutrino deficit in such a na\"\i ve approach.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\hglue4cm
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{JohnPanic99Fig1.eps}
\caption{\it Dependence of the neutrino mixing angle in the simple
two-flavour model (\ref{five}): note that one may find $\sin^2 \theta >
0.8$ for generic values of the matrix elements~\cite{ELLN}.}
\label{fig:1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htb]
\hglue4cm
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{JohnPanic99Fig2.eps}
\caption{\it Dependence of the ratio of neutrino mass
eigenvalues on the simple model (\ref{five}): note that a hierarchy
of more than an order of magnitude may be found for generic values
of the matrix elements, that may also give large $\sin^2
\theta$~\cite{ELLN}.}
\label{fig:2}
\end{figure}

There may also be significant enhancement of neutrino mixing by
renormalization-group effects between the GUT scale and the electroweak
scale~\cite{ELLN,RGE}. The
renormalization-group equation for the 2$\times$2 mixing angle $\theta$ is
\begin{equation}
16 \pi^2~{d\over dt}~(\sin^2 2\theta) = -2 (\sin^2 2\theta)~(\cos^2
2\theta)~(\lambda^2_3 - \lambda^2_2)~~{m_++m_-\over m_+ - m_-}
\label{eight}
\end{equation}
We see that $\theta$ can be enhanced if either the combination of Yukawa
couplings $(\lambda^2_3
- \lambda^2_2)$ is large or $(m_+-m_-)$ is small.
Fig.~\ref{fig:3}~\cite{ELLN} shows an example with
large Yukawa couplings corresponding to a large
value of the ratio of Higgs vev's
$\tan\beta$ in a supersymmetric model. We see that a renormalization-group
enhancement of $\sin^22\theta$ from $\mathrel{\rlap{\raise.5ex\hbox{$<$}$ 0.2 at the GUT scale to $\mathrel{\rlap {\raise.5ex\hbox{$>$}$
0.9 at the electroweak scale is quite possible.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\hglue3.5cm
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{JohnPanic99Fig3.eps}
\caption{\it Example of the possible renormalization (\ref{eight}) of the
neutrino mixing angle: note that it may be enhanced to $\sin^2 \theta >
0.8$ even if it is small at the GUT scale~\cite{ELLN}.}
\label{fig:3}
\end{figure}

Many theoretical models of neutrino masses are circulating, often based on
specific GUT models~\cite{GUTmodels} and/or global U(1) flavour
symmetries, which illustrate some
of the points made earlier. For example, in a flipped SU(5)
model~\cite{ELLN}, the Dirac neutrino mass matrix
\begin{equation}
m^D_\nu \propto \left(\matrix{ \epsilon & {\cal O}(1) & 0 \cr
\epsilon & {\cal O}(1) & 0 \cr
0 & 0 & {\cal O}(1) }\right)
\label{nine}
\end{equation}
in a first approximation, where $\epsilon$ is small,
so that $m^D_\nu$ is not $\propto m_q$ or
$m_\ell$. There are also SO(10) models~\cite{CELW} in which entries in the
quark and lepton mass matrices
have very different U(1) weightings, so that
lepton mixing does not parallel quark
mixing. Moreover, in U(1) models it is very
natural to find a heavy Majorana mass
matrix that is off-diagonal in the $e,\mu,\tau$ basis.
For example, in a 2$\times$2 model, if
the $\nu_R^{(i)}$ have U(1)  charges $n_i$, then the heavy Majorana matrix
\begin{equation}
M_{ij} \sim\epsilon^{n_i+n_j}
\label{ten}
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon \ll 1$ is a U(1) hierarchy factor. Then, if $\vert n_1-n_2\vert
\ll \vert n_{1,2}\vert$, one finds
\begin{equation}
M_{ij} \propto \left(\matrix{0 & {\cal O}(1)\cr {\cal O}(1) & 0}\right)
\label{eleven}
\end{equation}
which is a potential source of large neutrino mixing.

In these GUT and U(1) frameworks, near-degeneracy of neutrino masses:
$\vert m_i -
m_j\vert \ll m_{i,j}$ looks rather implausible, so that one might expect
\begin{equation}
m_3 \sim \sqrt{\Delta m^2_{atmo}} \gg m_2 \sim
\sqrt{\Delta m^2_{solar}} \gg m_1
\label{twelve}
\end{equation}
However, there are also models with non-Abelian symmetries~\cite{nonAb}
which predict
degenerate or near-degenerate neutrino masses.

Should one expect more than one large neutrino mixing angle?  This seems very
likely: for example, in the flipped SU(5)
model~\cite{ELLN} that yields (\ref{nine}) for the Dirac
neutrino mass matrix, one also finds
\begin{equation}
M \sim \left(\matrix{ X & X & 0 \cr X & 0 & X \cr 0 & X & X}\right)
\label{thirteen}
\end{equation}
for the heavy Majorana mass matrix, where all the non-zero entries $X$ could be
comparable, and plausibly of order $10^{13\pm 1}$ GeV,
as required by the see-saw
mechanism~\cite{seesaw}. The small-angle MSW solution would then appear,
possibly, to be disfavoured.

Before leaving this section, it is useful to record the general form of the
3$\times$3 neutrino mixing matrix~\cite{numix}:
\begin{equation}
\left(\matrix{\nu_e\cr\nu_\mu\cr\nu_\tau}\right) =
\left(\matrix{ c_{12}c_{13} & c_{13}s_{12} & s_{13} \cr \cr
-c_{23}s_{12}e^{i\delta } - c_{12} s_{13}s_{23} & c_{12}c_{23} e^{i\delta} -
s_{12}s_{13}s_{23} & c_{13} s_{23} \cr\cr
s_{23}s_{12}e^{i\delta} - c_{12} c_{23} s_{13} & -c_{12} s_{23} e^{i\delta} - c_{23} s_{12}
s_{13} & c_{13} c_{23} }\right)
\left(\matrix{e^{i\alpha} & 0 & 0 \cr \cr
0 & e^{i\beta} & 0 \cr\cr 0 & 0 & 1}\right)
\left(\matrix{\nu_1\cr\cr\nu_2\cr\cr\nu_3}\right)
\label{forteen}
\end{equation}
which includes two CP-violating Majorana phases
$\alpha , \beta$ as well as three
mixing angles $\theta_{12}, \theta_{23}, \theta_{13}$ and one CP-violating phase
$\delta$ as in the quark case. Thus, a complete programme of neutrino physics
should aim at three masses, three mixing
angles and three phases. So far, we have
experimental hints about the possible magnitudes of two mass-squared differences
$\Delta m^2$, but not the overall neutrino mass scale. One mixing angle seems to
be large: $\theta_{23} \sim 45^\circ \pm 15^\circ$ (?)~\cite{SuperK} and
one small $\theta_{13}
\sim 0^\circ \pm 20^\circ$(?)~\cite{Chooz}, but the magnitude of
$\theta_{12}$ is still
unclear, and we have no information about
any of the phases. Indeed, the two Majorana
phases are essentially unobservable in
experiments at energies $E \gg m_\nu$,
though they do play a role in neutrinoless
double-$\beta$ ($\beta\beta_{0\nu})$ decay, as we discuss later.

\section{Neutrinos as Dark Matter?}

Let us set this possibility in context by first reviewing the density budget of
the Universe, in units $\Omega_? \equiv \rho_? /\rho_c$ of the critical density
$\rho_c\sim 10^{-29}$ gcm$^{-3}$.
Generic inflation models predict $\Omega_{total}
= 1 + {\cal O}(10^{-4})$, whereas the visible baryons
in stars, dust, etc., yield
$\Omega_{VB} \mathrel{\rlap{\raise.5ex\hbox{$<$} 0.01$. The success of Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis
calculations~\cite{BBN}
suggests that the overall baryon density $\Omega_B \sim 0.05$. This is not only
$\ll\Omega_{total}$ but even $\ll\Omega_m \sim 0.3$, the total mass density
inferred from observations of clusters of galaxies~\cite{clusters}.
Therefore the Universe must
contain plenty of invisible non-baryonic dark matter.

The astrophysical theory of structure formation suggests that most of the dark
matter is in the form of cold non-relativistic particles: $\Omega_{CDM} \mathrel{\rlap {\raise.5ex\hbox{$>$}
0.2$~\cite{whyCDM}. However, this theory does not fit perfectly the
combined data on large-scale
structure and the fluctuations observed in the cosmic microwave background
radiation, as seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:4}~\cite{GS}. One possibility is to
supplement cold dark matter
with hot dark matter in the form of neutrinos:
\begin{equation}
\Omega_\nu \sim \sum_\nu \left({m_\nu\over 98~{\rm ev}}\right) h^{-2}
\label{fifteen}
\end{equation}
where $h$ parametrizes the present Hubble expansion rate: $H \equiv $ 100 $h$ kms$^{-1}$
Mpc$^{-1}$, $h \sim 0.7 \pm 0.1$. However, alternative modifications of the
minimal cold dark matter model are possible, such as one with a cosmological
constant: $\Omega_\Lambda\sim 0.7$, which would be consistent with inflation:
$\Omega_{total}\simeq 1$, the age of the Universe, and the new data on
high-redshift supernovae~\cite{SN}.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\hglue3.5cm
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{JohnPanic99Fig4.eps}
\caption{\it Comparison of the available data on the
power $P(k)$ in the cosmic microwave
background (parallelograms) and on large-scale structure, compared
with the standard cold dark matter model (SCDM, solid line) with
$\Omega_m = 1$: although SCDM reproduces qualitatively the trends seen
in the data, it fails at large wave number $k$~\cite{GS}.}
\label{fig:4}
\end{figure}

The best one can probably say on the basis of present astrophysical and
cosmological data is that
\begin{equation}
m_\nu \mathrel{\rlap{\raise.5ex\hbox{$<$} 3~{\rm eV},
\label{sixteen}
\end{equation}
which is comparable to the direct limit (\ref{one}) on $m_{\nu_e}$. The next
generation of astrophysical and cosmological data will probably be sensitive to
$m_\nu \mathrel{\rlap {\raise.5ex\hbox{$>$}$ 0.3 eV~\cite{huetal}. Even $m_\nu \mathrel{\rlap {\raise.5ex\hbox{$>$}$ 0.03 eV may be
of cosmological
importance, but one would need to be very brave to claim astrophysical evidence
for a neutrino in the atmospheric neutrino mass range.

Could neutrinos be degenerate, with masses $\overline{m} \mathrel{\rlap {\raise.5ex\hbox{$>$}$ 2 eV and close
to the direct and astrophysical limits (\ref{one}),
(\ref{sixteen})~\cite{EL}? Any such
scenario would need to respect the stringent constraint imposed by the absence of
$\beta\beta_{0_\nu}$ decay~\cite{betabeta}:
\begin{equation}
<m_\nu>_e ~\simeq~ \overline{m} ~\vert c^2_{12} c^2_{13} e^{i \alpha} + s^2_{12}c^2_{13}
e^{i\beta} + s^2_{13}\vert\mathrel{\rlap{\raise.5ex\hbox{$<$} 0.2~{\rm eV}
\label{seventeen}
\end{equation}
In view of the upper limit on $\nu_\mu - \nu_e$ mixing from the Chooz
experiment~\cite{Chooz},
let us neglect provisionally the last term in (\ref{seventeen}). In this case,
there must be a cancellation between the first two terms, requiring
$\alpha\simeq\beta + \pi$, and
\begin{equation}
c^2_{12}-s^2_{12} = \cos 2\theta_{12} \mathrel{\rlap{\raise.5ex\hbox{$<$} 0.1 \Rightarrow \sin^2 2\theta_{12}
\mathrel{\rlap {\raise.5ex\hbox{$>$} 0.99
\label{eighteen}
\end{equation}
Thus maximal $\nu_e-\nu_\mu$ mixing is necessary. This certainly excludes the
small-mixing-angle MSW solution and possibly even the large-mixing-angle MSW
solution, since this is not compatible with $\sin^2 2\theta = 1$ (which would
yield a constant energy-independent suppression of the solar neutrino flux), and
global fits typically indicate that $\sin^2 \theta_{12} \mathrel{\rlap{\raise.5ex\hbox{$<$}$ 0.97, as
seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:15}~\cite{BKS}. Global fits before the new
Super-Kamiokande data on the energy
spectrum indicated that $\sin^2 2\theta \sim 1$ was possible for
vacuum-oscillation solutions. However, the new Super-Kamiokande analysis of the
energy spectrum now indicates~\cite{Totsuka} that, if there is any
consistent vacuum-oscillation
solution at all, it must have $\sin^2 2\theta$ considerably below 1, providing
another potential nail in the coffin of degenerate neutrinos.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\hglue4cm
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{JohnPanic99Fig5.eps}
\caption{\it Preferred region of $\sin^2 \theta$ and $\Delta m^2$
for the large-mixing-angle MSW solution to the solar neutrino
problem, both with (dashed contours) and without (grey contours)
the measured day-night asymmetry: note that $\sin^2 \theta <
0.97$~\cite{BKS}. }
\label{fig:15}
\end{figure}

The vacuum-oscillation solution would require extreme degeneracy:
$\Delta m \sim 10^{-10} \overline{m}$, which is impossible to reconcile with a
simple calculation of neutrino mass renormalization in models with degenerate
masses at the $m_{\nu_R}$ scale~\cite{EL}, as seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:6}.
Mass-renormalization effects
also endanger the
large-angle MSW solution (which would require $\Delta m \sim 10^{-4}
\overline{m}$), and, in the context of bimaximal mixing models, also generate
unacceptable values of the neutrino mixing angles.
These renormalization problems may not be insurmountable~\cite{otherRGE},
but
they do raise
non-trivial issues that must be addressed in
models of (near-) degenerate neutrino
masses~\cite{BRS}.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\hglue3.5cm
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{JohnPanic99Fig6.eps}
\caption{\it Renormalization of degenerate neutrino masses as
a function of the assumed Yukawa coupling $h$: note that the degeneracy
breaking is too large, except for very small values of $h$~\cite{EL}.}
\label{fig:6}
\end{figure}

\section{How to Discriminate Between Oscillation Scenarios?}

In the case of atmospheric neutrinos, one should consider  {\it a priori} the
possibilities of $\nu_\mu\rightarrow\nu_e , \nu_\mu\rightarrow\nu_\tau$ and
$\nu_\mu\rightarrow\nu_s$ oscillations. The first of these is certainly not
dominant, as we have learnt from the Chooz~\cite{Chooz} and
Super-Kamiokande~\cite{SuperK,Totsuka} data. However,
$\nu_\mu\rightarrow\nu_e$ oscillations could be present at a subdominant level.
Future analyses should use a complete three-flavour framework
(\ref{forteen})~\cite{threeflavour}, in
which both $\nu_\mu\rightarrow\nu_e$ and $\nu_\mu\rightarrow\nu_\tau$
oscillations are allowed. As seen in
Fig.~\ref{fig:17}~\cite{threeflavour},
the proportion of $\nu_\mu \to
\nu_e$ oscillations could be quite substantial, particularly for
$3 \times 10^{-3}\, eV^2 \mathrel{\rlap {\raise.5ex\hbox{$>$} \Delta \, m^2
\mathrel{\rlap {\raise.5ex\hbox{$>$} 1 \times 10^{-3} \, eV^2$.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\hglue3cm
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{JohnPanic99Fig7.eps}
\caption{\it Three-flavour analysis of atmospheric neutrino data:
note that a 10 \% admixture of $\nu_\mu - \nu_e$ mixing cannot be
excluded~\cite{threeflavour}.}
\label{fig:17}
\end{figure}

Several tools to discriminate between dominant $\nu_\mu \to \nu_\tau$ and
$\nu_\mu \to \nu_s$ oscillations are available.   One is $\pi^0$
production, which
is present in $\nu_\tau$ interactions, but absent for $\nu_\mu \to \nu_s$
oscillations.  The present data from Super-Kamiokande
yield~\cite{Totsuka}:
\begin{equation}
(\pi^0 / e)_{obs} / (\pi^0 / e)_{MC} = 1.11 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.26
\label{twenty}
\end{equation}
where the Monte Carlo (MC) assumes oscillations
into neutrinos with conventional weak
interactions.  This ratio would be $\mathrel{\rlap{\raise.5ex\hbox{$<$} 0.7$ for $\nu_\mu \to \nu_s$
oscillations.  As seen in (\ref{twenty}), the data prefer $\nu_\mu \to \nu_\tau$
oscillations, and the statistical measurement error is relatively small, but
it is not possible to draw any definite conclusion at this
stage~\cite{Totsuka},
because of the large systematic error. This arises
from uncertainties in the $\pi^0$ production
cross section and the detector acceptance, which should soon
be reduced by data from the nearby detector in the K2K beamline, hopefully
enabling some definitive conclusion to be drawn.

A second tool is provided by the zenith-angle distributions for atmospheric
neutrino events, which differ between $\nu_\mu \to \nu_\tau$ and $\nu_\mu \to
\nu_s$ oscillations, because of matter effects in the latter case.  As we heard
here~\cite{Totsuka}, preliminary measurements from Super-Kamiokande tend
to disfavour dominant
$\nu_\mu \to \nu_s$ at the $2-\sigma$ level, and it will be interesting to see
whether this trend is confirmed.

In the longer run, a third tool will be provided
by the neutral-current/charged-current event ratio in long-baseline neutrino
experiments, as discussed in the next section.

In the case of solar neutrinos, there are again three main analysis tools
available to Super-Kamiokande to help discriminate between the small- and
large-angle MSW and vacuum-oscillation solutions.  One is provided by the
distortion of the energy spectrum.
Even without including the possibility of a big $hep$
contribution~\cite{bighep}, the large-angle MSW solution is very
consistent with the latest
Super-Kamiokande data, whereas the small-angle MSW solution is somewhat
restricted, and the vacuum-oscillation solution
appears almost excluded~\cite{Totsuka}.  This is
because the range of $\sin^2 2\theta$ and $\Delta \, m^2$ favoured by the energy
spectrum has very little overlap with that
favoured by the overall suppression in
the rate.

The second tool is the day-night effect,
which may also now be showing up close to
the $2-\sigma$ level~\cite{Totsuka}.  This also restricts the parameter
space of both the small-
and large-angle MSW solutions.  In the former case, a possible signature is an
enhacement as neutrinos pass through the Earth's core, which is not apparent in
the data.  No day-night effect is expected in the case of vacuum oscillations,
which may eventually turn into a problem if the current trend is confirmed.

A third tool that may soon supply some discriminating power is the seasonal
variation. In the case of the small-angle MSW solution, there should only be a
geometric effect, whereas a larger effect could appear in the other two cases,
particularly at high energies.
Currently there is a hint of a seasonal variation
in the Super-Kamiokande data~\cite{Totsuka}, but this is not yet ready to
discriminate between the different scenarios.

In the near future, important insight into the solar-neutrino problem will be
provided by the SNO measurement of the neutral-current/charged-current
ratio.
BOREXINO will also provide important input concerning the suppression of
intermediate-energy solar neutrinos.  Another exciting possibility is
offered by
the KamLAND experiment, which can probe the
large-angle MSW solution directly in a
long-baseline reactor experiment.
Within a few years, we should find a definitive
resolution of the solar neutrino problem.  In the case of atmospheric neutrinos,
this may require the input from the long-baseline
accelerator-neutrino experiments that we now discuss.

\section{Possible Long-Baseline Accelerator Neutrino Experiments}

In the previous sections, we have reviewed the various strong pieces of evidence
for possible new neutrino physics beyond the Standard Model, which are certainly
highly indicative of neutrino masses and oscillations.  However, in the views of
many, it is necessary to use the controlled beams
provided by accelerators - whose
fluxes, energy spectra and flavour contents
are known and adjustable - to pin down
the interpretation of (in particular) the atmospheric-neutrino data, and to make
accurate measurements.

Two long-baseline accelerator-neutrino beams
have already been approved.  The K2K
project extends over 250 km between KEK and the Kamioka
mine~\cite{K2K},
and has just
announced its first event in the Super-Kamiokande detector.  This will be joined
in 2002 by the 730 km NuMI project sending a beam from Fermilab to the new
MINOS~\cite{MINOS}
detector in the Soudan mine.  Under active discussion
in Europe is the NGS project~\cite{NGS} to send a
neutrino beam from CERN to the Gran Sasso laboratory, also some 730 km distant.
This has been recommended by CERN's Scientific Policy Committee,
and is likely to
be viewed favourably by the CERN Council if sufficient external resources can be
found.  It could start taking data in 2005.

There is a substantial programme of work for these long-baseline
experiments.  This
includes  disappearance experiments, comparing the rates in nearby
and far detectors, as planned by K2K and MINOS.  Also important are measurements
of the neutral-current to charged-current ratio, as also planned by K2K
and MINOS.
These should provide accurate measurements of $\Delta \, m^2$ and $\sin^2 \,
2\theta$ for $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ or $\nu_\mu \to \nu_s$ oscillations.  The K2K
experiment is sensitive to about half of the region parameter space suggested by
Super-Kamiokande, and MINOS should cover essentially all of it.
MINOS should also
provide some information on $\nu_e$ appearance, though it is not optimized
for $e$ detection.

In my personal view, a key measurement will be that of $\nu_\tau$
appearance via $\tau$
production.  Even if one accumulates many indirect indications that $\nu_\mu$
oscillate into $\nu_\tau$, direct proof is surely essential: ``If you have not
discovered the body, you have not proven the crime".
Remember Jimmy Hoffa: in the
absence of a body, it was impossible to
prove he had been murdered, let alone who
did it.  Remember also the gluon: although there were prior indirect
arguments,
everybody remembers the observation of gluon jets~\cite{threejets} as the
``discovery" of the gluon.

The CERN-NGS beam is being optimized for $\tau$
production in a far detector~\cite{NGS}.  The
$\tau$ event rate $\propto \sin^2 \, 2\theta (\Delta \, m^2)^2$, and should be
${\cal O}(10)$ per year in a kiloton detector if $\Delta m^2 \sim 3 \times 10^{-3} \,
eV^2$ as suggested by the Super-Kamiokande data.  As seen in
Fig.~\ref{fig:8}~\cite{NGS}, either OPERA
or ICARUS should comfortably be able to detect $\tau$ production over all the
range of $\sin^2 \, 2\theta$ and $\Delta m^2$ indicated by Super-Kamiokande,
providing closure on the physics of atmospheric neutrinos~\cite{tauapp}.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\hglue4cm
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{JohnPanic99Fig8.eps}
\caption{\it Possible sensitivity of $\tau$-appearance experiments in the
proposed CERN-Gran Sasso long-baseline neutrino beam
(NGS)~\cite{NGS,tauapp}.}
\label{fig:8}
\end{figure}

\section{Possible Future Options}

What are the possibilities for the longer-term future?
Accelerator options under
consideration at CERN and elsewhere include linear $e^+ e^-$
colliders - a
first generation with $\mathrel{\rlap{\raise.5ex\hbox{$<$}$ 1 TeV in the centre of mass~\cite{LC}, and
a
possible second
generation in the range of 2 to 5 TeV~\cite{CLIC} - a $\mu^+ \mu^-$
collider~\cite{MC,Yellow} - aiming
eventually at several TeV in the centre of mass, but with intermediate
lower-energy Higgs factory options -
and a possible future larger hadron collider
with $\mathrel{\rlap {\raise.5ex\hbox{$>$}$ 100 TeV in the centre of mass.

The most relevant option for this talk may be the other physics
possibilities of an
intense $\mu$ source.
How about stopped-$\mu$ physics with $\sim 10^{14} \mu \,
s^{-1}$?  The present limits on $\mu \to e \gamma$ and $\mu N \to eN$ could be
improved by many orders of magnitude.
Or how about $\mu N$ scattering with $\sim$
20 GeV muons on a fixed target:
how would this `MULFE'compare with ELFE?  Also, the rates
for  $\nu N$ scattering with a nearby (polarized?)
target `NULFE' would be prodigious. At
CERN one could also envisage a $\mu p$
collider using the LHC beam.  However, the
most interesting option might be (very-)long-baseline
neutrino physics using the
neutrinos produced  by the decays of stored muons~\cite{Geer}, which need
not be brought into
collision.  The $\mu$-decay neutrino beams are separated entirely in flavour and
charge, have a spectrum that is calculable to high precision, include equal
numbers of $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_e$, and can easily be switched in
charge~\cite{DGH}.

We have therefore been led to propose a three-step scenario for muon storage
rings~\cite{Yellow}. The first would be a {\it $\nu$ factory}, using
$\mu$-decay neutrino beams
as the ``ultimate weapons" for $\nu$-oscillation studies.  The second step would
comprise one or more {\it Higgs factories},
capable of producing Higgs resonances
directly in the $s$ channel, measuring their
total widths, restricting drastically, e.g., the MSSM parameter space,
and providing
a new window on CP violation in the
Higgs sector: the ``ultimate weapon" for Higgs
studies.  The third step could be a {\it multi-TeV
$\mu^+ \mu^-$ collider}. This has advantages
over an $e^+ e^-$ collider in the same energy range,
provided by its reduced energy spread and
its more precise energy calibration.  However, the
centre-of-mass energy may ultimately be
limited by the neutrino-induced radiation hazard\cite{MC,King,Yellow}.

Any such programme of muon storage rings must
face many technical problems related to the proton
driver, the target, and capturing produced pions and muons.
In addition, muon colliders require
a large amount of beam cooling, and the $\nu$
radiation problem must be addressed before
progressing to a high-energy $\mu^+ \mu^-$ collider.
However, the physics of the first-step
$\nu$ factory is already very enticing, as we now discuss.

One might envisage $10^{14} \, p$ per cycle at
a rate of 15 Hz, producing close to $10^{21} \,
\mu^+ (\mu^-)$ per year, leading to $\nu_\mu +
\bar{\nu}_e (\bar{\nu}_\mu + \nu_e)$ beams with
fluxes of $\sim  2 \times 10^{20}$ per year.
These fluxes are so large that one could consider
very-long-baseline experiments with beams travelling several thousand
km~\cite{Geer,DGH,BCR,Yellow,Barger}: Fermilab to Gran
Sasso? CERN to Soudan?  either or both to Kamioka or Beijing?

The sensitivities to $\Delta m^2$ and
$\sin^2 2\theta$ of such (very-)long-baseline experiments
have recently been studied in~\cite{DGH}.  They vary as follows with
baseline $L$ and energy $E$:
\begin{eqnarray}
& appearance & disappearance \nonumber \\
\Delta m^2 : & E_{\mu}^{-1/2} & E_{\mu}^{-1/4} L^{-1/2} \nonumber \\
\sin^2 \, 2\theta: & LE_{\mu}^{-3/2} & L^{1/2}E_{\mu}^{-3/4}
\label{twentyone}
\end{eqnarray}
As seen here and in Fig.~\ref{fig:9}, very-long-baseline experiments may
actually not confer any
benefits for appearance and disappearance studies~\cite{DGH}.
However, the long-baseline experiments
already offer considerable improvements over the
sensitivities of current atmospheric-neutrino
experiments.  Moreover, as seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:10}, very-long-baseline
experiments may offer a better
window on CP-violation effects in $\nu$-oscillation studies~\cite{DGH}.
Beams from $\mu$ storage rings
could be used to compare $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ oscillations with the $T$-reversed
$\nu_e \to \nu_\mu$ process as well as the
CP-conjugate process $\bar{\nu}_\mu \to \bar{\nu}_e$
(not to mention $\bar{\nu}_e \to \bar{\nu}_\mu$).
Thus, one may begin to dream of the Holy
Grail of $\nu$-oscillation studies,
the exploration of CP violation in the neutrino sector~\cite{Tanimoto}.
This could be connected indirectly with the baryon asymmetry of the
Universe via a leptogenesis scenario~\cite{leptogen}.
It used to be thought that neutrinos could constitute
the dark matter: it would be ironic if
they gave birth to the visible matter.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\hglue1.5cm
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{JohnPanic99Fig9.eps}
\caption{\it The sensitivities of long-baseline neutrino experiments
using beams from a muon storage ring used as a neutrino
factory~\cite{DGH}: (a)
to search for mixing between the first- and third-generation
neutrinos via appearance (left lines) and disappearance (right lines) for
$\theta_{23} = 45^o$ (solid lines) and $30^o$ (dashed lines),
assuming a baseline of 732~km, and (b)
to search for mixing between the second- and third-generation neutrinos
via appearance (dashed lines) and disappearance (solid lines), assuming
the indicated beam lengths. The boxes represent current indications and
limits.}
\label{fig:9}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htb]
\hglue4cm
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{JohnPanic99Fig10.eps}
\caption{\it Sensitivity of (very-)long-baseline experiments
to CP violating effects in neutrino oscillations~\cite{DGH}.}
\label{fig:10}
\end{figure}

\section{Prospects}

Neutrino physics appears finally to be
leading particle physics beyond the straitjacket of the
Standard Model. The wealth of new data --
particularly from Super-Kamiokande~\cite{SuperK,Totsuka} -- is highly
suggestive
of neutrino masses and oscillations, for both
solar and atmospheric neutrinos. In both cases,
some definitive experiments are at hand.
In the case of solar neutrinos, these include SNO (to
see if B neutrinos have oscillated into some other flavour), BOREXINO (to see
if Be neutrinos have oscillated strongly), and KamLAND (to test the
large-mixing-angle MSW hypothesis using the
known  flux of reactor neutrinos). Meanwhile, Super-Kamiokande is
progressing towards decisive
measurements of the spectrum distortion,
the day-night effect and the seasonal variation of the
solar neutrino flux. In the case of atmospheric neutrinos,
$\pi^0$ production and the
zenith-angle distribution may soon provide decisive discrimination betwen the
$\nu_\mu\rightarrow\nu_\tau$ and $\nu_\mu\rightarrow\nu_s$
scenarios. In this case, the definitive
measurements will be made by long-baseline neutrino
beams from accelerators, starting with K2K.
These have an extensive programme of work ahead of
them, including measurements of $\nu_\mu$
disappearance and the neutral current/charged current
ratio, as well as $\nu_e$ and $\nu_\tau$
appearance experiments. The detailed measurements
possible with controlled accelerator beams will
dissipate any remaining doubts about the
interpretation of the atmospheric neutrino experiments.

In the longer run, the concept of a neutrino
factory based on a muon storage ring offers the
prospect of a complete set of oscillation
measurements with separated neutrino flavours and
charges, including the possibility of very-long-baseline experiments and a
quest for CP
violation. This option also offers other
exciting opportunities in $\mu$ and $\nu$ physics, as
well as serving as a stepping-stone towards
Higgs factories and a high-energy $\mu^+\mu^-$
collider. As never before, neutrino physics is
entering, and perhaps diverting, the mainstream
of particle physics.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Single Number 2 Scala solution Given an array of integers, every element appears three times except for one, which appears exactly once. Find that single one. This is what I have now. But I don't know how to break the for loop once I get the single number "b". Any solution in scala please?
for(Array(a,b) <- nums.sorted.sliding(2))
{
  if (a == b){j = j+1}
  else
   {
      if (j < 3) j =1
      b
   }
}

A: This will do it.
nums.groupBy(identity).find(_._2.length == 1).get._1

It's a bit unsafe in that it will throw if there is no single-count element. It can be made safer if a default value is returned when no single-count element is found.
nums.groupBy(identity).find(_._2.length == 1).fold(-1)(_._1)

A: Another way is to sum the array by adding digits of two numbers in base 3 modulo 3 (in other words XOR in base 3). The elements that appear 3 times will become zero, so the result of this sum will be the single number.
def findSingleNumber(numbers: Array[Int]) = {
  def add3(a: String, b: String): String = a.zipAll(b, '0', '0').map {
    case (i, j) => ((i.toInt + j.toInt) % 3 + '0').toChar
  }(collection.breakOut)

  val numbersInBase3 = numbers.map(n => Integer.toString(n, 3).reverse)
  Integer.parseInt(numbersInBase3.fold("0")(add3).reverse, 3)
}

scala> findSingleNumber(Array(10, 20, 30, 100, 20, 100, 10, 10, 20, 100))
res1: Int = 30

Or representing base 3 numbers as digit arrays:
def findSingleNumber(numbers: Array[Int]) = {
  def toBase3(int: Int): Array[Int] =
    Iterator.iterate(int)(_ / 3).takeWhile(_ != 0).map(_ % 3).toArray

  def toBase10(arr: Array[Int]): Int =
    arr.reverseIterator.foldLeft(0)(_ * 3 + _)

  def add3(a: Array[Int], b: Array[Int]): Array[Int] = a.zipAll(b, 0, 0).map {
    case (i, j) => (i + j) % 3
  }

  toBase10(numbers.map(toBase3).fold(Array.empty[Int])(add3))
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ever since she can remember, Admiral Jane has wanted to help others, so when she was struck with the idea for the Supernatural Fleet in the shower one morning, it felt like coming home. She supports Admiral Ann on the resources side of the SuperFleet and is the artist behind the Hunter Snapshots and the soon-to-come paintings of the Fleet's cars (she freaking loves cars and will someday own a '71 or ' 72 Corvette T-top).
Admiral Jane discovered Supernatural in February 2014, after which she gorged herself on all nine seasons in six months. At that point, Jane was attempting to fight the depression, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts that had stalked and cornered her for eight years. She was discovering just how exhausting and long-term the fight would be. It friggin' sucked and still does. However, watching the Winchesters gank dark nasties made a deep impression on Jane – she suddenly wanted to hunt her depression instead of being its prey. Jane's hunt is far from over, but this deep shift from passive to aggressive is part of the reason she still is alive. Now, she wants to use the SuperFleet to inspire others to stop being prey and become hunters instead.
The Unicorn is a native Central Floridian, a recovering spa owner, lapsed equestian, avid reader, wife and mother of two.
Retirement found her binge-watching Netflix, where she discovered a pair of Winchester brothers that reminded her of her own big brothers. Quicker than a riptide grabs a tourist, she was sucked into the most amazing fandom and within that discovered the Admirals Jane and Ann and the Supernatural Fleet. Touched that these fine ladies had started providing support to others in need, she was struck by the idea of returning the favor and sent them a care package, too, thanking them for their empathy and inspiration.
Offering to assist in any manner, she can be found filling a number of shoes and dancing along. The dance moves are a work in progress, but enthusiasm makes it pure entertainment gold.
Admiral Ann has always, always loved stories, to the point of retelling stories word-for-word to anyone who would listen (ask Admiral Jane for confirmation). She stumbled across Supernatural in its 3rd season and has been watching regularly ever since (seriously, the hiatus between season 3 and season 4 was basically torture...leaving people hanging like that). At the time, Ann was struggling with depression and loneliness. Much like Admiral Jane, watching Sam and Dean fight things that go bump in the night as brothers reminded her what an awesome thing family can be when she couldn't be with her own.
Within the fleet, Admiral Ann takes on a myriad of things, including social media and research. By being involved in Supernatural Fleet, Admiral Ann wants to be a help to others who are facing their own monsters cause it's friggin' hard by yourself. Don't have someone on your six? Come on in. We're family here.
The Librarian was introduced to Supernatural by Admiral Ann during Season 5 and has been a proud Sam girl ever since. She very much enjoys applying fiction to everyday life, especially when that fiction is so frickin' empowering.
The Librarian assists the Admirals in their vision by monitoring emails, updating Hunter info, and organizing mailings.
The Librarian is a Hufflepuff who casually cosplays her favorite characters more often than not and loves a good cuppa.


Former Dux of Nayland College, Kimberley Savill, has been awarded the prestigious Rhodes scholarship for 2016.
Studying at Victoria University, Kimberley has recently completed a Bachelor of Science with Frist Class Honours. Her success during her degree also resulted in her being awarded Victoria Excellence Scholarships and New Zealand Institute of Chemistry prizes during every year of her degree.
Kimberley's goal is to contribute towards improved renewable energy generation in the future. The Rhodes scholarship will support her in pursuing a Doctorate in Condensed Matter Physics at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom.
The Rhodes scholarship is awarded to 89 students from 32 different countries each year and covers study fees, accommodation and living costs for three years at Oxford. Academic achievement, leadership and commitment to service are all criteria for receiving the award.


text:
Search in https://www.pentatonemusic.com/
Mahler – Das Lied von der Erde
Artist(s):
Vladimir Jurowski, Sarah Connolly, Robert Dean Smith
PTC: 5186760
CD-Album
€22,50 Select
https://youtu.be/lAN-Cmfa-WM
(44.1/16) €13,49 Select
(48/24, 88/24, 96/24) Stereo €18,99 Select
(48/24, 88/24, 96/24) Surround €20,49 Select
Delivery Type Choose an optionCD-AlbumHighPremiumPremium Multi Clear
Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
Das Lied von der Erde (1907-1908)
https://www.pentatonemusic.com/wp-content/uploads/samples/5186760/track-2.mp3 1) I. Das Trinklied vom Jammer der Erde 8:49
https://www.pentatonemusic.com/wp-content/uploads/samples/5186760/track-3.mp3 2) II. Der Einsame im Herbst 9:39
https://www.pentatonemusic.com/wp-content/uploads/samples/5186760/track-4.mp3 3) III. Von der Jugend 3:33
https://www.pentatonemusic.com/wp-content/uploads/samples/5186760/track-5.mp3 4) IV. Von der Schönheit 7:20
https://www.pentatonemusic.com/wp-content/uploads/samples/5186760/track-6.mp3 5) V. Der Trunkene im Frühling 4:51
https://www.pentatonemusic.com/wp-content/uploads/samples/5186760/track-7.mp3 6) VI. Der Abschied 28:31
Total Tracks 6
Total Duration 01hr 02min
CELEBRATING THE IMMORTAL NATURE OF LIFE
Vladimir Jurowski and the Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester Berlin continue their exploration of Mahler with a new recording of Das Lied von der Erde, on which Dame Sarah Connolly and Robert Dean Smith provide the vocal contributions. Residing somewhere between symphony and song cycle, Das Lied is one of Mahler's most profound and loved works, marking an important step in the composer's career, as well as in his private life. Jurowski approaches the piece as Mahler's deliberate move from a "heroic" Beethovenian model towards a more "lyrical", Schubertian attitude. Throughout Das Lied, and particularly in the contemplative last movement, "Der Abschied (The Goodbye)", Mahler seems to come to terms with the mortality of man while celebrating the immortal nature of Life.
The Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester Berlin has a vast PENTATONE discography. Together with their chief conductor and artistic director Vladimir Jurowski, they have recorded symphonic works from Mahler and Strauss (2017), violin concertos by Britten and Hindemith together with Arabella Steinbacher (2017), and Schnittke's Third Symphony (2015). Robert Dean Smith featured on PENTATONE recordings of Tannhäuser (title role, 2013), Die Walküre (Siegmund, 2013), Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (Stolzing, 2011), and Der Fliegende Holländer (Erik, 2011). Dame Sarah Connolly makes her PENTATONE debut.
Released physically as a Hybrid SACD
Also available digitally to download and stream!
Tchaikovsky – Swan Lake
Richard Strauss – Also sprach Zarathustra / Gustav Mahler – Totenfeier
Schnittke – 3rd Symphony
Richard Wagner – Tannhäuser
Browse entire catalogue
Das Lied von der Erde is Gramophone's Recording of the Month!
"At its finest – as it is here – Das Lied von der Erde is a work of profound poignancy; two superb soloists, and a conductor who beautifully shapes...
The Guardian reviews Das Lied von der Erde
"Some may prefer a more subjective approach in what is Mahler's greatest and certainly most personal achievement, but Jurowski's fine recording with...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Creating a portfolio of client accounts and monitoring the ongoing activities related to them.
Managing, reviewing progress and delivering the client's advertisement projects.
Build strong client relationships, through regular communication and meetings.
Regular visits to work sites making the efficient supervision on the job quality and workers performance.
Identifying accounts whose revenue may be shrinking so as to address any 'at risk' customers and reach out to these accounts to ensure they are retained.
Negotiate with suppliers and print houses for best quality and best price.
Design basic designs when needed, using Photoshop or Illustrator.
Monitoring work performance of colleagues and taking corrective actions.
Recommending and training new account executives.
Annual Bonus amount depends on employee appraisal.
Commission of net profit per job for one year in case of introducing new clients.
Incentives on delivering big projects perfectly.
Petty cash and transportation for travelling.
We are modern and progressive in our outlook, but old fashioned in our value systems.


If you have the Roku 3 headphone jack not working issue then it probably means you are not able to view any video, nor are you able stream any audio from it.
Private listening is one of the key features of Roku that allows you to listen to the audio from the streaming device or from your Roku TV with the help of headphones. If you have the problem with the headphone jack on your Roku remote then you might have the problem with listening to the audio from the streaming devices or from the Roku TV.
The headphone icon not displayed on your mobile app of Roku then the software could be outdated. You should update your Roku mobile app and install the latest software.
If you try to private listen and there is some problem with the headphone jack then every time you plug in your headphone jack the video streaming will get interrupted and get started again from the beginning as the video is in sync with the audio on your headphones.
To avoid this first insert the headphones to your remote before you start playing the video.
If there is no audio from the video playing then check if the audio or volume is muted or very low.
If the audio is not syncing with the video the software will attempt to auto correct itself.
Remove and reinsert the headphone into the headphone jack and check if it is connected securely.
Check if your headphone is working by connecting it to another audio device or to another mobile device.
Try to stop and resume the video you are watching and check if your audio on the headphones is working properly.
If you are using the Roku mobile app then try to turn off and turn on the private listening on your mobile app.
You can try to close the application and restarting it again if the above step is not working.
You can try to restart your Roku device by unplugging the power cord wait for some time and replugging it.
This blog would have helped you solve Roku 3 headphone jack not working issue. You can contact our customer care executives through the toll-free number +1-888-844-1380 or rokucomlink.support for more help and guidance.


text:
What this preset does:

- Generate `index.html` and relevant assets files
- Copy `./static/**` to `./dist/**`
- CSS preprocessors (Postcss/Sass/Scss/Less/Stylus)
- CSS extraction
- Babel with `babel-preset-latest`
- Hot reloading (Live loading fallbacks) in `dev` command
- Minimize and optimize in `build` command
- Auto-split vendor code and app code in `build` command

## Install

```bash
yarn add tooling-preset-web --dev
```

## Usage

```js
{
  "tooling": {
    "presets": [
      "web"
    ]
  }
}
```

You can also use options:

```js
{
  "tooling": {
    "presets": [
      ["web", {
        "entry": "src/index.js"
      }]
    ]
  }
}
```

## Options

### entry

Type: `string`

Default: `index.js`

Entry file.

### dist

Type: `string`

Default: `dist`

Dist folder.

### extract

Type: `boolean`

Default: `true` in `build` command

Extract CSS.

### sourceMap

Type: `boolean`

Default: `true` in `build` command

Generate sourcemaps.

### html

[html-webpack-plugin](https://github.com/ampedandwired/html-webpack-plugin) options,
the default value is:

```js
{
  title: 'Tooling Preset Web: Homepage'
}
```

### vendor

Type: `boolean`

Default: `true` in `build` command and only work in `build` command

Split vendor code and app code.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Can you believe that it's been a month since I last crafted with thee galz?! Welcome back!
This month we are featuring Peek-a-Boo Hidden Message Cards ~ thanks for stopping by. The chances are that you were just visiting with the incredible Martha Inchley. . . wasn't her project beautiful?
We have followed the great instructions by the amazingly talented Dawn Griffiths (I love this woman who has a massive personality and even bigger heart).
My base card is Whisper White mounted on a rectangle of of Basic Black and another of Rich Razzleberry to frame up the card which looked a little bland to my eye. The card is landscape as I think the peek-a-boo feature works best this way.
You know me, I like weight in my cards and the more layers the better so that's what I have done with this card. On the front I have mounted a piece of Blooms & Bliss Designer Series Paper on a rectangle of Rich Razzleberry. About one third across the DSP I adhered a piece of Basic Black cardstock mounted with a contrasting piece of Rich Razzleberry. I added a piece of the new Sweet Sugarplum Ruched Ribbon with a simple granny knot for texture. This DSP is pretty but a little bland without popping the colour with a variety of combinations.
I stamped the large flower from Perfectly Wrapped in Memento Tuxedo Black Ink and Sweet Sugarplum on Sweet Sugarplum and Whisper White cardstock respectively. I also stamped the smaller flower in Rich Razzleberry on Whisper White card. I fussy cut the flowers and arranged them around the ribbon and sentiment.
Using the Tags & Labels Framelits I cut a piece of Whisper White cardstock to an appropriate size for the sentiment from the Perfectly Wrapped set (this set is so versatile). The sentiment is stamped in Tuxedo Black ink. Around the edges I again used the large flower from the Perfectly Wrapped stamp set to stamp the edges in Sweet Sugarplum. I mounted the sentiment punch out on a piece of Rich Razzleberry cardstock and trimmed it to size - the sentiment on plain white was a little lost on the busy background. The sentiment is mounted using dimensionals.
I needed some colour and texture contrasts for the flowers so added a few cut outs from the Botanical Builder Framelits set using both Basic Black cardstock and Blushing Bride Shimmer Paper (I adore this shimmer paper and incorporate it on so many projects). The flowers are adhered with glue dots and of course I couldn't resist the bling of a few Rhinestone Basic Jewels.
Inside the card I mounted a piece of Sweet Sugarplum cardstock on a rectangle of Rich Razzleberry and cut out the void using the Tags & Labels Framelits that fit the "hooray" sentiment perfectly. I added another fussy cut flower because it seemed a bit naked and of course needed a rhinestone in the centre. Because the inside of the card is not completely stuck down as we are used to I think that I am going to use this card for a gift card in due course.
This is not a fold that I would have attempted but for this months design team choice but I can highly recommend it and it is so easy.
Please take the time to pop by our next DT member, Anne Granger who has a beautiful card to share.
Until next time I hope your fingers are sticky and your life full of glitter!
What a great card. Beautiful my friend.
Was für eine tolle Karte. Wunderschön, meine Freundin.
Gorgeous card, I love the layered effect you have created.


Nissan Micra: new petrol engines with 100 and 117 hp is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at December 6, 2018 upload by Edward in 2019.
The range of the Nissan Micra is changing. In fact, it has an unprecedented mechanism. It's a gasoline three-cylinder 1.0 engine, available in two versions: 100 and 117 ch, Note: The second will benefit from the direct injection.
This engine is not a development of the current 0.9 engine. The base is coming out four cylinders (HR13) 1.3 was recently launched (Renault Captur, Dacia Duster …), from which a cylinder was removed. This new engine, which bears the internal name HR10, will also equip the future Renault Clio V, but only in the declination of 100 hp.
In fact, this engine has been under the hood of the Micra since September 2017, which corresponds to a declination of 71 hp.
Nissan Micra: new petrol engines with 100 and 117 hp is high definition wallpaper and size this wallpaper is 940x626. You can make Nissan Micra: new petrol engines with 100 and 117 hp For your Desktop Background, Tablet, Android or iPhone and another Smartphone device for free. To download and obtain the Nissan Micra: new petrol engines with 100 and 117 hp images by click the download button below to get multiple high-resversions.


A common belief among software engineers of a certain temperament seems to be that asynchronous I/O is the only way to achieve good performance in a server application.
HHVM docs for async observe that always blocking isn't necessarily a good solution, because you want to do two operations in parallel and combine the results. You could always spawn a thread for parallel operations though..
A thread pool can avoid some of the cost of creating a thread for each operation you want. But if it has a fixed size and you're blocking on each thread, you'll be likely to saturate the pool with threads that are blocking on other operations when there's still CPU time available.
So use a thread pool without a fixed size, spawning threads when there are no idle ones available.
Even better: spawn more threads when utilization is low. You need to be able to measure utilization though.
On Linux, /proc/n/task enumerates threads, task/n/stat gives CPU statistics, including run state (Running, Sleeping, D for uninterruptible, Zombie). You could sample this for workers and look at whether they're runnable but not running (need to know how many CPUs you have an compare to the number of runnable threads I guess). If too many threads are runnable at any given time, stop spawning threads and instead queue requests (or shed load!). See kernel Documentation/filesystesm/proc.txt (Table 1-2).
This is of course not portable. Would need some work there.
This has a cost in stacks, since reusing a thread that has used a larger amount of stack will have memory committed to those stacks which is not in use. Periodically stop threads to free memory, or madvise to free it or something.
Straight async in java because threads are very expensive in java and fibers are not well supported.
Native threads or fibers in C++. Fibers feel just like native threads, just a little cheaper.
Go is goroutines, of course - fibers again.
Async seems more common in less.. efficient languages? PEP 492 for example (async/await syntax) cites other languages as having support as just about the only reason to add it, which feels kind of cargo-culty. The first example of dedicated syntax chronologically appears to be in C#.
MSDN cites responsiveness in GUIs as the main motivation, enabled specifically by dedicated syntax. Can be easier than threads as a result, since things look like they block but don't because the compiler does magic under the hood.
fibers are generally defined as cooperative threads rather than preemptive ones. You can avoid unnecessary context switch costs when IO-bound processing might be preempted, but should not run CPU-bound operations on a fiber because you can starve other fibers from doing their IO-bound processing.


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Q: Playwright Component Testing with ContextApi I have created a small React app and I want to test it using Playwright component testing
I have 3 components: App -> ChildComponent -> ChildChildComponent
I want to render (mount) the ChildComponent directly, and make assertions on it, but when I do that, some ContextApi functions that are defined in the App in the normal flow, are now undefined as the App component is not part of the component test.
So i'v trying to render the ChildComponent together with a face ContextApi Provider and pass mocks of those undefined functions, and then I get an infinite render loop for some reason.
How can I go about this, as this use case is typical in react component test.
Here is the test with all my failed mocking attempts separated:
test.only("validate CharacterModal", async ({ page, mount }) => {
  const data = ['some-mocked-irrelevant-data']

  // const setCurrentCharacter = () => {};
  // const setIsCharacterModalOpen = () => {};
  // const setCurrentCharacterMocked = sinon.stub("setCurrentCharacter").callsFake(() => {});
  // const setIsCharacterModalOpenMocked = sinon.stub("setCurrentCharacter").callsFake(() => {});

  // const setCurrentCharacter = jest.fn();
  // const setIsCharacterModalOpen = jest.fn();

  // const setCurrentCharacter = (): void => {};
  // const setIsCharacterModalOpen = (): void => {};

  // const setIsCharacterModalOpen = (isCharacterModalOpen: boolean): void => {};

  const AppContext = React.createContext<any>(null);
  await page.route("**/users*", async (route) => {
    await route.fulfill({
      status: 200,
      contentType: "application/json",
      body: JSON.stringify(data),
    });
  });

  const component = await mount(
    <AppContext.Provider value={{ setCurrentCharacterMocked, setIsCharacterModalOpenMocked }}>
      <CharacterModal />
    </AppContext.Provider>
  );

  expect(await component.getByRole("img").count()).toEqual(4);
});

A: The beforeMount hook can be used for this. I recently added docs about this: https://github.com/microsoft/playwright/pull/20593/files.
 // playwright/index.jsx
 import { beforeMount, afterMount } from '@playwright/experimental-ct-react/hooks';

 // NOTE: It's probably better to use a real context
 const AppContext = React.createContext(null);

 beforeMount(async ({ App, hooksConfig }) => {
   if (hooksConfig?.overrides) {
     return (
       <AppContext.Provider value={hooksConfig.overrides}>
         <App />
       </AppContext.Provider>
     );
   }
 });

// src/CharacterModal.test.jsx
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/experimental-ct-react';
import { CharacterModal } from './CharacterModal';

test('configure context through hooks config', async ({ page, mount }) => {
  const component = await mount(<CharacterModal />, {
    hooksConfig: { overrides: 'this is given to the context' },
  });
});


None of us likes to see our kids hurt or disappointed. We dads have the natural urge to keep them in a protective bubble, to make sure they are shielded from harm, but one of the biggest mistakes we can make as parents is to not let our kids make mistakes.
Today we have Dad Edge Alliance member Daniel Nolan on the show. He is a self-confessed helicopter parent in recovery and the creator of the Hard Love Project. Helicopter parenting is when we hover over our children to make sure nothing bad happens to them.
We're all guilty of this at times, but Daniel tells us how to raise resilient kids by challenging them to step out of their comfort zone and exposing them to life. He also talks about how we can design regular emotional, social, and physical challenges for our kids to boost their confidence and independence.
We know our kids are going to fail and that they're going to be disappointed. Pulling the positive lessons from failures can help kids use losses as stepping stones to greatness. But what happens when we as fathers fail?
Today we have Frankie Edgar on the show for a return visit. He was the UFC Lightweight Champion of UFC 112 and is a husband and a dad.
Frankie risks crushing failure every time he steps into the ring. Naturally, it's no fun losing a fight, but he knows that his kids are watching. Listen to how Frankie sets a champion's example of pulling the positive from failures and how he draws the line between family and fighting.
Frankie Edgar was born and grew up in Toms River, New Jersey where he first started wrestling in high school. After college, he got into mixed martial arts and his career took off. Frankie Edgar is now known as "The Answer." He has 9 year old and 8 year old sons and a 4 year old daughter.
Looking for the Perfect Snack for you and your kids?


Brenda began her career as a Realtor, because it was and expansion of her love and experience in Interior Design. She has been a licensed Realtor since 2000 and has held real estate licenses in the states of Georgia, Virginia, Kentucky, and South Carolina. Her experience from having licenses in multiple states, gives her experience required to handle challenges in diverse markets along with geographic changes.


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Home/Music/Elvis Presley's Producer Termed 1 of His Most Well-known Music 'The Worst Record'
Elvis Presley's Producer Termed 1 of His Most Well-known Music 'The Worst Record'
Elvis Presley launched many acclaimed typical rock songs more than the training course of his profession. Even so, his producer was not a fan of one of his most well-known tracks. Oddly more than enough, Elvis believed a single of his favorite songs was worthless also.
Paramount Pictures/Courtesy of Getty Visuals
Elvis Presley's producer experienced some solid emotions about these music
Phillips experienced a substantial part in Elvis' early job. Elvis at first recorded tracks for Phillip's famous label Sunshine Data. The recordings the singer produced at Sunlight Data are some of the most acclaimed of his career — if not always the most well-liked. Nonetheless, he later moved to a distinct label, RCA Victor. Phillips was not a enthusiast of all of Elvis' RCA Victor recordings.
Rolling Stone's Elizabeth Kaye asked Phillips when he knew the "It's Now or Never" singer was heading to be a huge star. "Not when I heard 'Heartbreak Hotel,'" he opined. "That was the worst history. I understood it when I heard 'Don't Be Cruel.' I was driving back again from the to start with trip I'd experienced in my lifetime, and it arrived on the radio, and I stated, 'Wait a minute. Jesus, he's off and absent, gentleman.' I'd like to run off the highway."
https://www.youtube.com/look at?v=e9BLw4W5KU8
Related: John Lennon Favored 1 Elvis Presley Hit Much better Than All The Beatles' Songs
Requested if he was jealous. "Hell, no, 'cause when I heard 'Heartbreak Resort,' I said, 'Damned sons of b*tches are likely to mess this person up,'" he replied. "Then, boy, I listened to 'Don't Be Cruel,' and I was the happiest person in the world."
Sam Phillips cherished a single of the tunes Elvis Presley hated
Phillips hated a track that grew to become popular. Interestingly, Phillips also cherished an early Elvis monitor which the singer hated: "Mystery Coach." "That's my beloved record on Elvis," he revealed. "And when we did that just take, he laughed for the reason that he thought it wasn't worth a sh*t. I imply that was the one particular, that was it, with that stupid snicker on him. He just knew I wasn't gonna be happy with that cut, so he just acted foolish as hell, and it turned out to be super."
https://www.youtube.com/enjoy?v=AC_xOPuoFDk
Similar: Elvis Presley Attempted to Rest With Karen Carpenter and Petula Clark at the Similar Time, and It Didn't Go Effectively
Was 'Heart Split Hotel' the initial of Elvis Presley's tracks to access No. 1?
No matter of Phillips' thoughts, "Heartbreak Hotel" became a large strike. In accordance to The Billboard Book of Variety 1 Hits, it hit No. 1 on the Billboard Top rated 100, remaining at the prime place for months. It was the singer's unique No. 1 single.
"Heartbreak Hotel" turned so well known, its title has been employed for numerous entities associated with the King of Rock 'n' Roll. For example, there was after an Elvis-themed resort named the Heartbreak Hotel. In addition, Heartbreak Lodge is the name of a gentle comedy established in the 1970s about youngsters kidnapping the "Can't Enable Slipping in Love" singer so their mom can satisfy him. Phillips wasn't a lover of "Heartbreak Hotel" but the monitor built a huge effects on pop lifestyle.
Related: Elvis Presley's Former Bodyguard After Claimed the King of Rock and Roll Experienced a Stringent Rule About Priscilla Presley – And Those people Who Broke It Obtained the 'Third Degree'
Ina Garten's Cobb Salad Is a Healthier and Hearty Meal in 1 Dish
Maura Tierney Practically Performed Sarah Alternatively of Lauren Graham
John Lennon Could not Publish Tunes and Shorter Tales at the Similar Time
Ringo Starr's Weirdest Drumming With The Beatles Arrived Throughout a Solution Jam Session Right after George Harrison Stop
John Lennon Uncovered The Beatles Song That Was Penned In the course of Two Individual Acid Journeys


I was tagged by the amazing Maggie @Massachusetts Novel and this seemed right up my ally. I love notebooks and pencils, especially if they are red and have a really thin point. I have maybe about twenty blank notebooks because I love to start a new notebook. That is one reason I love the beginning of the school year! But anyway, let's get on with the tag!
When I was in third grade, I was obsessed with the author, Dan Gutman. He wrote this book series called My Weird School and I loved them. I actually remember a lot of this series to this day because I read them so often. For some reason, in my little 3rd grade mind, I thought 100 pages was a hard book to read and this was one of them. Now, when I see one of these books, I think back to reading these books. If you have kids and they need to start reading chapter books, this is a great series to get them into.
To Kill A Mockingbird by: Harper Lee seems to be a book that everyone has read at least once in their life. I had to read this book in 8th grade and I loved it. When I started it, I wasn't sure about it. As I read more and more of it, I started to realize why this book is considered a classic. The book has everything that a good book needs: a rich plot, perfectly planned out characters, and makes the readers think about what is going on. Any true readers should pick up this book at least once their whole life and experience because it will blow your mind.
City of Fallen Angels by: Cassandra Clare. I own both the original cover and the new cover of this book. I bought the original cover in paperback and the new cover in hardback. During a trip to Wal-Mart, they had a copy of the book for only $6.00 so I had to buy it. I already knew that I was going to be buying the new covers to go along with the original covers because I love these books so much. I also own two copies of City of Bones but it's only the TV show cover.
Yes Please by: Amy Poehler has not only one of the creative covers but one of the most beautiful covers, I've seen. I had heard amazing things about this book so when Books-A-Million had a hardback for only $7.00, I needed to get it. Amy Poehler is hilarious so I knew that her cover had to be amazing.
Not only does this book have a beautiful cover, but seeing this book 'naked' is beautiful as well. The book has the words Yes Pleases on the front and Thank You on the back, which is something that I had never seen before.
No offensive to Maggie and everyone else that likes The Book Thief by: Markus Zusak but I could not read this! I started the book and I can't tell you how many times I had to restart this book because I was so confused. Even the movie I didn't like. I read about 100 pages before I finally decided to give up on the book. I wasn't getting anywhere in the book and I wasn't enjoying it so I gave up. I know, about everyone has read and loved this book but quite honestly, I never really saw the point in it.
There are so many of them! I would have to say Miss Peregrine's Home For Peculiar Children by: Ransom Riggs. I love this book series so much and I am so excited to see the movie, even though it will be totally different. This book series is amazingly written and has so many intriguing pictures that makes you want to read forever and ever!
And anyone else who wants to do this tag, I officially tag you now!
What would your answers be? What do you agree with? What books are you reading right now? Let me know your thoughts in the comments!
My Weird School sounds like a fun MG/Children's series! I'm going to have to check that out for my daughter. Thank you so much for the tag!
It is a fun series to read! Hopefully you both enjoy it!
Thanks for the tag! I'm super confused because it says you posted this in September, but the tag has only just come through on my notifications 😛 Great answers – I totally agree with you about To Kill a Mockingbird, it's a fantastic book. I really want to read Yes Please soon, Amy Poehler is brilliant. I also really need to read the rest of the Peculiar Children series, I loved the first one, especially the creepy photographs!
Don't worry about this whole confusion either the tag! ayou aren't the only one that just got it. I have no idea what happened since now to September! the ready of the Pecuilar Children's books are really good! The pictures just fit the book don't you think?!
The hard copy of this book is beautiful!


text:
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World Station
[ March 28, 2019 ] Mel Tormé is still Comin' Home Baby as we enjoy a cool sound from 1962 Jazz Easy
[ March 21, 2019 ] Chanson and their disco wonder from 1979 is a disco power play and Phoenix 70s Hitz
[ March 21, 2019 ] It's 'Home and Dry' from rock legend Gerry Rafferty on the World Station 70s Hitz
[ March 30, 2019 ] The Dramatics sold over 1 million copies in 1972 with a song full of love 70s Hitz
[ March 26, 2019 ] The carpenters were clean cut idols in 1973 with a new hit single called 'Sing' 70s Hitz
[ March 25, 2019 ] Cardi B and Bruno Mars song 'Please me' becomes one of the Bangkok Hitz Hitz Music
[ March 24, 2019 ] I hear a Symphony – the 1966 No 1 hit from Motown girl band The Supremes when they were huge 60s Hitz
HomeMemoriesToo Hot – it was 1980 and we were with Kool and the Gang
Too Hot – it was 1980 and we were with Kool and the Gang
October 14, 2018 Capitol.fm World Station Memories, World Station 0
The smooth sweet sound of Love from the discos era is missed today
Too Hot was a hit for the huge Kool and the Gang album ladies Night which was released in 1979. The single was released in 1980 and the song reached No 5 in the US Billboard Top 100. Like all Capitol.fm's Bangkok Hitz it's a song about live.
The lyrics talk about a school romance at 17 years of age: At seventeen we fell in love, Highschool sweethearts, love was so brand new,We took the vows of man and wife, Forever, for life.
1980 was a lifetime away – remembering the moments on Capitol.fm
Kool and the Gang perform Too Hot in front of an enthusiastic crowd. The song with smooth vocals was a love song about High School love that fitted well into the sweet loving sound of 70s and 80s disco. The song was released on January 13th 1980 at a time of momentous change with US President Jimmy Carter just about to begin the last year of his Presidency although he didn't know that yet.
The song was released as a 45 rpm single by the record label De Lite on January 13th 1980. President Carter was the US President and three days later Paul Mccartney would cause a worldwide media sensation when he was arrested in Tokyo for possession of marijuana, Margaret Thatcher had been installed as UK Prime Minister and there was a great debate over whether to boycott the Moscow Olympics due to soviet intervention in Afghanistan. Jimmy Carter was about to begin the last year of his US Presidency although he did not know that yet. Kool and the gang were playing Too Hot on the radio and discos worldwide. Back in 1980 the discos and the lounges were music player were smaller and more intimate.
Kool ad the gang's JT was Too Hot himself with smooth vocals
It was a smooth disco sound and at that the time the band were joined by such acts as Rick James, the Gap band and the Pointer Sisters, The lead vocals of JT Taylor on this tracks are simply Too Hot. The song, like many for the disco era, is about love, a sweet sort of love that seems to be lost in today's world.
Kool and the Gang were a huge disco band in the late 1970s and early 80s with other great hits like Ladies Night, Celebration, Let's Go Dancing and another Capitol.fm power play Stepping Out.
Love on the Rocks – ain't no Big Surprise
Halleluyah Freedom when maybe people felt free – a classic UK hit that made it to Europe
Latest News on Capitol.fm World Station from Bangkok
The Dramatics sold over 1 million copies in 1972 with a song full of love
Mel Tormé is still Comin' Home Baby as we enjoy a cool sound from 1962
The carpenters were clean cut idols in 1973 with a new hit single called 'Sing'
Cardi B and Bruno Mars song 'Please me' becomes one of the Bangkok Hitz
I hear a Symphony – the 1966 No 1 hit from Motown girl band The Supremes when they were huge
Capitol.fm - the World Station. A team of people working to bring you the greatest hitz music radio station worldwide from the World City of Bangkok.
The Dramatics sold over 1 million copies in 1972 with a song full of love March 30, 2019
Mel Tormé is still Comin' Home Baby as we enjoy a cool sound from 1962 March 28, 2019
The carpenters were clean cut idols in 1973 with a new hit single called 'Sing' March 26, 2019
Cardi B and Bruno Mars song 'Please me' becomes one of the Bangkok Hitz March 25, 2019
I hear a Symphony – the 1966 No 1 hit from Motown girl band The Supremes when they were huge March 24, 2019
Copyright 2019 Capitol.fm


Ninja Force is an unity 3d action game where you can play as a very skilled ninja and you must reach to your ninja master. Selleks, you have to overcome a bunch of obstacles, defeat endless enemies and collect as many ninja signs as you can. Can you complete this important task? Tõesta seda! Lõbutsege.
To play Ninja Force, siis kasutage nooleklahve, Z võti rünnak, X key to jump and C key to throw with shuriken.


West of Ireland sightseeing tour with Healy Tours. At Healy Tours our 1 Day Cliffs of Moher Tour stops at the following locations: Kinvara, Aillwee Caves, the Burren, the Burren Birds of Prey Centre, Poulnabrone Dolmen, Cliffs of Moher & Atlantic Edge, Fitzpatrick's Pub Doolin & the Burren Atlantic Coast. We have Departures from both Galway and Dublin City.
Our 1 Day Connemara, Cong & Kylemore Abbey Tour stops at the following locations: Spiddal, Galway Bay, Quiet Man Cottage, Inagh valley, Kylemore Abbey & Gardens, Lough Corrib & Cong village. *Entrance fee to Kylemore Abbey and Gardens is NOT included in Day Tour price but is available at an optional discount rate.
These are the most popular choices as a West of Ireland sightseeing tour where you will get to experience the best of what the west of Ireland has to offer. Select your tour above to book online now.


Among the general population, about 1 in 6 people would tell you they've experienced low back pain in the past 12 months. Among dental professionals, the prevalence is 1 in 2!
An important first step in resolving low back pain is ensuring that your dental stool is properly adjusted to maintain & support your lumbar curve. Run through this checklist to ensure that your dental stool is supporting you, and not contributing to low back pain.
Can you easily fit 3 fingers behind your knee without touching the seat? If not, the seat pan is too deep, you may be 'perching' on the seat edge. You should probably select a stool with a shorter seatpan.
Are your hips higher than your knees? If not, your lumbar curve is likely flattened–a risk factor for disc herniation.
If you have a traditional stool, is your seat pan tilted slightly forward? Tilting the seat forward facilitates a lumbar curve.
If you have a saddle-style stool, is your seat adjusted flat? Most people should keep the seat flat on saddle-style stools.
Do you have hyper- or hypo-lordosis? If so you'll need to make adjustments to prevent low back pain.
Is the backrest snugly contacting your back when you sit up straight? Research shows that being in contact with a backrest is one of the most important factors in preventing low back pain.
Watch this short video on how seat adjustment impacts your lumbar spine & can lead to low back pain.
How to select an ergonomic dental stool that fits YOU!
Perform a test to determine if you have hyper- or hypo-lordosis that requires special stool adjustment.
Want to resolve your low back pain NOW?


Ms. Theresa Zhang and the Manager Director from Suparich Co, Ltd visited MTC to discuss about the order of steel rolling shutter slat roll forming machine this morning.
This steel rolling shutter slat roll forming machine will produce single rolling shutter slats from 0.6-1.2mm thickness galvanized steel with punching holes optional, which means this roll forming machine is capable to make roller shutter slats both with and without holes for different applications. It's a simple machine but accuracy of the shutter slats is the key to the final performance of this roller shutter slat roll forming machine.
MTC just shipped a metal sheet roll forming machine to Thailand 3 months ago and the client from Bangkok was well satsified with the service and products MTC provides, and this ensures that Suparich could also get satisfactory products and service from MTC. This steel roller shutter door roll forming machine contsites a manual decoiler, feeding guide, roll forming system, transmission system, hydraulic system, cutting device and control system. All the operation will be done through the HMI on the PLC control box so that the machine could work fully automatically.
Previous Do I need front cutting on my roll formers?


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Subscribe To Tom Cruise Becomes A Rock Star In First Trailer For Rock Of Ages Updates
Tom Cruise Becomes A Rock Star In First Trailer For Rock Of Ages
Tom Cruise is now almost 50 years old, but if you think that's going to stop him from taking on the most challenging film roles he can find you are dead wrong. Beginning this week in IMAX theaters you will be able to see Cruise scale the tallest building in the world - the Burj Khalifa in Dubai - and then swing from it on a cable and then next year he'll be rocking out on stage 80s style in Adam Shankman's Rock of Ages. Are you desperate to know what that will look like? Then check out the newly released trailer.
Watch the first preview for the film below and head over to Apple to see it in HD.
In addition to the trailer the first poster has also been released, which you can see here:
Featuring a full line-up of stars including Julianne Hough, Diego Boneta, Russell Brand, Paul Giamatti, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Malin Ackerman, Mary J. Blige, Bryan Cranston, Alec Baldwin, and Cruise, Rock of Ages is set in 1987 as two young people (Boneta, Hough) fall in love try to make it big in Los Angeles. This is set against the backdrop of a rock club that comes under fire when the mayor's hyper-conservative wife (Zeta-Jones) tries to shut it down. The film is based on the hit Broadway play by Chris D'Arienzo and will hit theaters on June 1, 2012.
CinemaBlend Flies Helicopters with Mission: Impossible - Fallout
Rumor: News About Enchanted 2 Is Finally Coming
Justin Bieber Vs Tom Cruise: Who Would Win In An Actual, Physical Fight?


The project was to convert a traditional barn into a large attractive individual house. Tom Robinson used the rigorous Passivhaus methodology to achieve a house design with exceptional standards of comfort and minimal running costs, as defined by the EnerPHit standard in Passivhaus terminology.
Thomas Robinson are experienced sustainable design architects, building solid, energy efficient homes for the future. Individual houses have lead the way in sustainable building design as it makes sense for the owner to build a comfortable, sustainable home with low running costs for the future.
Our clients were already committed to the concept of energy efficient design. During the early design process we explained the benefits of Passivhaus methodology including those for health, comfort and energy costs.
We overcame challenges including getting planning consent for a large glazed opening to optimize a magnificent view where in theory no glazing could be allowed. Achieving the EnerPHit standard in the Passivhaus method in the computer energy model involved careful balancing of glazed areas, high quality components and construction detailing to eliminate cold bridges.
The EnerPHit standard is applied when a house is being renovated, rather than building from scratch, when the Passivhaus standard is applied.
We and the clients are thrilled with the result of this project. They had the confidence to go with a full Passivhaus system and this house is now the very first in Scotland to achieve the EnerPHit standard, as certified by the Passivhaus Trust.
It will achieve an extremely high level of energy efficiency, and will be a pleasing environment to live in.


Regional statistics: Columbus, Ohio has a population of 736836 that is in a county of 438778 units. The city is in a county that is 540 square miles. 614-226 is available through the regional telephone switch # WOTNOHDTCM0 in the Columbus area.
Some sort of recorded message for credit card services.
They call everyday after I have asked them to stop & that I was on the do not call list & it continues everyday & now there is someone on the line but they say nothing it is very annoying!!!!!!


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Children's World Ltd was a British retail chain. It was established by Boots in 1987 and sold to Storehouse in 1996, when the stores were rebranded as Mothercare World.

Format

At the time, Boots' larger high street stores sold a range of baby products, maternity and children's clothing. However the Children's World stores were a larger "superstore" format typically located on retail parks, which sold a wider range of children's clothes, shoes, toys, baby products, nursery furniture. The stores also included a play area, hairdresser and a snack bar.

Marketing
The logo resembled a pile of multicoloured building blocks. The slogan was "Everything in the World for Children".

Finances

By 1995 the retailer had 48 stores and a turnover of £105 million. Storehouse acquired the business from Boots in 1996.

References

Walgreens Boots Alliance
Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom
Retail companies established in 1987
1987 establishments in the United Kingdom

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Stay protected while showing off your new iPad with this barely-there snap on case.
Stay protected while showing off your new iPad with this barely-there snap on case. The hard plastic shell protects your device from damage and the soft touch finish adds extra grip for on the go use.
Belkin Snap Shield Smart Cover Companion for iPad 2 & 3 - Light Blue.


text:
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Educating Voters and Empowering Citizens to Have an Active Voice in Government
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Individual Membership $65.00 USD
Household Membership $100.00 USD
Student Membership $15.00 USD
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Suffragist Membership $165.00 USD
Suffragist Household Membership $200.00 USD
Email Address, Phone Number
You Can Also Join or Renew by Mail
Fill out this form and mail it to our office: League of Women Voters of Sacramento County, 921 11th Street, Suite 700, Sacramento, CA 95814
Membership in the League of Women Voters, the most respected and effective grassroots organization in the country, is open to men and women of all ages.
Our members make a visible difference by serving as community leaders using their experience to create positive, lasting change in our communities.
Through participation in League projects, you will:
contribute valuable service to the community
gain knowledge and experience through the study and discussion of timely and important topics
discover new interests, develop new skills and learn about crucial issues in your community
make professional contacts and develop lasting friendships as you meet others in League who share your interests
How Much Time Does It Take?
It's up to you! Many members choose to support the League only with their annual dues. Your membership alone gives us the political influence needed to build a voice for citizens and a force for change. We cover a broad spectrum of issues and concerns; you may choose to become involved in one or more of them by actively participating in a group study, or listening to a panel of experts at a meeting or just reading about them in one of our publications.
What Do You Get When You Join?
You automatically become a member of LWV California and LWV of the United States. You will receive their publications along with the newsletter from the Sacramento County League of Women Voters called VOTER which is usually published 10 times each year. You will have the knowledge that you are adding your voice to a powerful force of members from all 50 states, Washington DC, the Virgin Islands, and Hong Kong.
League of Women Voters ® of Sacramento County
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Foam Mattress is constructed out of foam. Usually supplied vacuum wrapped.
Open coil Mattress is a collection of steel springs tied together with links supported with a perimeter rod of either nylon or steel.
Pocket sprung mattress contains individual springs inserted into a material pocket.
Memory foam 'visco elastic' mattresses are constructed on either foam block, coil spring or pocket spring.
Latex mattresses are available as 100% latex or on coil or pocket springs.


Space Rocket History #26 – Why the Moon?
"We have been plunged into a race for the conquest of outer space. As a reason for this undertaking some look to the new and exciting scientific discoveries which are certain to be made. Others feel the challenge to transport man beyond frontiers he scarcely dared dream about until now. But at present the most impelling reason for our effort has been the international political situation which demands that we demonstrate our technological capabilities if we are to maintain our position of leadership. For all of these reasons we have embarked on a complex and costly adventure. It is the purpose of this report to clarify the goals, the missions and the costs of this effort in the foreseeable future, particularly with regard to the man-in-space program." From 1960 Ad Hoc Panel on Man-In-Space.


text:
Hohen Tutow steht für:
 Hohen Tutow (Reimershagen), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Reimershagen, Landkreis Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 Hohen Tutow (Uckerland), Wohnplatz der Gemeinde Uckerland, Landkreis Uckermark, Brandenburg