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The history of the Christian religion and the Christian church began with Jesus and his apostles. Christianity is the religion that is based on the birth, life, death, resurrection and teaching of Jesus Christ.
Christianity began in the 1st century AD after Jesus died as a Jewish Group of people in Judea, but quickly spread throughout the Roman empire. Despite early persecution of Christians, it later became the state religion. In the Middle Ages it spread into Northern Europe and Russia. During the Age of Exploration, Christianity expanded throughout the world; it is currently the largest religion of the world.[1]
The religion had schisms and theological disputes that had as result four main branches: the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches, Oriental Orthodoxy and Protestant churches.
Most of the first Christians were ethnically Jewish or Jewish proselytes. An early difficulty came from non-Jewish converts. There was the question if they had to "become Jewish" before becoming Christian. The decision of St. Peter, was that they did not, and the matter was further addressed with the Council of Jerusalem.
The doctrines of the apostles brought the Early Church into conflict with some Jewish religious authorities, and this eventually led to the martyrdom of SS. Stephen and James the Great and expulsion from the synagogues. Thus, Christianity got an identity distinct from Judaism. The name "Christian" (Greek Χριστιανός) was first used for the disciples in Antioch, as recorded in (Acts 11:26).[2]
1 Worship of Jesus Christ
2 Jewish continuity
3 Post-Apostolic Church
3.1 Persecutions
4 Church of the Early Middle Ages (476 – 800)
4.1 Early Medieval Papacy
5 Church of the High Middle Ages (800 – 1499)
5.1 Investiture Controversy
5.2 Crusades
5.3 East-West Schism
5.4 Western Schism
6 Church and the Italian Renaissance (1399 – 1599)
7 Protestant Reformation (1521 – 1579)
7.1 Martin Luther
7.2 John Calvin
7.3 English Reformation
8 Counter-Reformation
8.1 Great Awakenings
8.2 Restorationism
8.2.1 Fascism
8.3 Fundamentalism
8.4 Ecumenism
10 Print resources
Worship of Jesus Christ[change | change source]
Christ Jesus the Good Shepherd, 3rd. century
Sources for the beliefs of the apostolic community include the Gospels and New Testament Epistles. The very earliest reports are in these texts: early Christian creeds and hymns and reports about the Passion, the empty tomb, and appearances of Jesus after his Resurrection. There are reasons to suppose that they were written within a few years of the crucifixion of Jesus and came from the Jerusalem Church.[3]
Jewish continuity[change | change source]
Christianity kept many practices from Jewish tradition. Christianity thought the Jewish scriptures to be sacred and used mostly the Septuagint edition and translation as the Old Testament, and added other texts as the New Testament. Christians professed Jesus to be the God of Israel, having taken human form, and considered Jesus to be the Messiah (Christ) who had been prophesied about in the Old Testament and so was expected by the people of Israel.
Christianity continued many Judaic practices: liturgical worship, including the use of incense, an altar, a set of scriptural readings adapted from synagogue practice, use of sacred music in hymns and prayer, and a religious calendar, as well as other typical features: an exclusively male priesthood, and ascetic practices (fasting etc.).
Post-Apostolic Church[change | change source]
The time when most of the apostles had died and their jobs as leaders of the Christian communities in the cities had been taken over by bishops, is called post-apostolic period. It includes the time of persecutions until Christian worship was legalized under Constantine the Great. The earliest recorded use of the term Christianity (Greek Χριστιανισμός) is from this period. The term was used by Ignatius of Antioch c. 107.
Persecutions[change | change source]
Early Christians were subject to various persecutions. This meant even death. Early martyrs included Stephen (Acts 7:59) and James, son of Zebedee (Acts 12:2). Persecutions in larger scale by the authorities of the Roman Empire began with the year 64, when the Emperor Nero blamed them for the great Fire of Rome as the Roman historian Tacitus reported.
According to Church tradition, it was under Nero's persecution that the saints Peter and Paul became martyrs in Rome. Several of the New Testament writings mention persecutions and very difficult times. For 250 years there were times when Christians suffered from persecutions, because they refused to worship the Roman emperor. That was seen as treason and punished by execution. But the Christian religion continued to spread throughout the Mediterranean region. In the late fourth century they became the dominant religious force of the Roman Empire.
ary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/lactant/lactpers.html#XXXIV De Mortibus Persecutorum] ("On the Deaths of the Persecutors") ch. 35-34</ref> In 313 Constantine I and Licinius announced toleration of Christianity in the Edict of Milan. Constantine became the first Christian emperor; he had learnt about Christianity from his mother, Helena.
Head of Constantine's colossal statue at Musei Capitolini
By 391, under the reign of Theodosius I, Christianity had become the state religion of Rome. When Christianity was legalized the Church took the same provinces for administration as the imperial government and called them dioceses. The Bishop of Rome claimed to be the highest amongst all others and chose the title pope.
During this era, there were several Ecumenical Councils. These were mostly concerned with Christological disputes. The two Councils of Niceaea (324, 382) condemned Arianism and produced the Nicene Creed to define the faith. The Council of Ephesus condemned Nestorianism and affirmed the Blessed Virgin Mary to be Theotokos ("God-bearer" or "Mother of God"). Perhaps the most important was the Council of Chalcedon that affirmed that Christ had two natures, fully God and fully man, at the same time. That meant that Monophysitism was condemned.
Church of the Early Middle Ages (476 – 800)[change | change source]
The Church in the Early Middle Ages saw a "transformation of the Roman world" rather than a "fall of the Roman Empire". With the Muslim invasions of the seventh century, the Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) areas of Christianity began to take on distinctive shapes, and the Bishops of Rome were more interested in barbarian kings than in the Byzantine Emperors. This led to the coronation of Charlemagne as "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III in Rome on Christmas Day, 800.
Early Medieval Papacy[change | change source]
The city of Rome was affected very much by warfare in Italy during the Early Middle Ages. When Emperor Justinian I conquered the Italian kingdom of the Ostrogoths he established an Imperial Exarchate in Ravenna, but imperial influence was often limited. Then came the invasion of the Lombards, and Rome had to take care of itself. Thus the popes, out of necessity, found themselves feeding the city with grain from papal estates, negotiating treaties, paying protection money to Lombard warlords, and, failing that, hiring soldiers to defend the city.[4] Eventually, the failure of the Empire to send aid resulted in the popes turning for support from other sources, most especially the Franks.
Church of the High Middle Ages (800 – 1499)[change | change source]
The High Middle Ages is the period from the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 to the close of the fifteenth century, which saw the fall of Constantinople (1453), the end of the Hundred Years' War (1453), the discovery of the New World (1492), and thereafter the Protestant Reformation (1515).
Investiture Controversy[change | change source]
The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. The question was who would control appointments of bishops (investiture). The end of lay investiture meant an important loss of royal power, and a loss for ambitious noblemen, for the benefit of Church reform as the pope intended.
Bishops collected revenues from estates attached to their bishopric. Noblemen who held lands (fiefdoms) hereditarily passed those lands on within their family. However, a king had more control of lands under the domain of his bishops. Kings would give bishoprics to powerful friends. If a king left a bishopric vacant, he got the money until a bishop was appointed, when he was supposed to repay the earnings. This seldom happened. The Church wanted to end this lay investiture because of the vacant sees simony and other problems. Thus, the Investiture Contest was part of the Church's attempt to reform the episcopate and get better bishops.
Pope Gregory VII issued the Dictatus Papae, which said only the pope may make, break, or move bishops to other sees. The Emperor rejected this. With excommunication and a revolt by his dukes, Henry apologized and was forgiven, though the conflict continued. A similar controversy happened in England between King Henry I and St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury. The English dispute was resolved by a deal in 1107, where the king gave up making bishops but did require an oath of fealty. The later Concordat of Worms (Pactum Calixtinum) resolved the Imperial investiture controversy with a similar compromise.
Crusades[change | change source]
The Crusades were a military conflicts conducted by Christian knights for the defense of Christians and for the expansion of Christian domains. Generally, the crusades refer to the campaigns in the Holy Land against Muslim forces sponsored by the Papacy. There were other crusades against Islamic forces in southern Spain, southern Italy, and Sicily, as well as the campaigns of Teutonic knights against pagan strongholds in Eastern Europe, and (to a much lesser extent) crusades against Catharism or other Christian heresies.
View over the walls of Krak des Chavaliers, near impenetrable crusaders' fortress.
The Holy Land had been part of the Roman Empire, and thus Byzantine Empire, until the Islamic conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries. Thereafter, Christians had generally been permitted to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land until 1071, when the Seljuk Turks closed Christian pilgrimages and assailed the Byzantines, defeating them at the Battle of Manzikert. Emperor Alexius I asked for aid from Pope Urban II (1088-1099) for help against Islamic aggression. Instead of sending money, Urban II called upon the knights of Christendom in a speech made at the Council of Clermont on 27 November 1095, combining the idea of pilgrimage to the Holy Land with that of waging a holy war against infidels.
Further information: Crusades
East-West Schism[change | change source]
The East-West Schism, or Great Schism, separated the Church into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) branches, i.e. Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It was the first major division since certain groups in the East rejected the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon (see Oriental Orthodoxy), and was far more significant. Though normally dated to 1054, the East-West Schism was the result of an long time of disagreement between Latin and Greek Christendom over papal primacy and certain doctrinal matters like the filioque. Bad feelings were intensified by cultural and linguistic differences.
The schism became "official" in 1054 when the Pope's legates notified Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople that he had been excommunicated. A few days later, he excommunicated the legates. Attempts at reconciliation were made in 1274 in Lyon and in 1439 in Basel) but in each case the eastern hierarchs who agreed to the unions were repudiated by the Orthodox as a whole. However, reconciliation was achieved between the West and what are now called the "Eastern Rite Catholic Churches". More recently, in 1965 the mutual excommunications were rescinded by the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople, though schism remains.
Both groups are descended from the Early Church, both acknowledge the apostolic succession of each other's bishops, and the validity of each other's sacraments. Though both acknowledge the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, Eastern Orthodoxy understands this as a primacy of honor with limited or no ecclesiastical authority in other dioceses.
Western Schism[change | change source]
The Western Schism, or Papal Schism, was a prolonged period of crisis in Latin Christendom from 1378 to 1416, when there were two or more claimants to the See of Rome and thus it was difficult to discern who the true Pope was. The conflict was political, rather than doctrinal, in nature.
Church and the Italian Renaissance (1399 – 1599)[change | change source]
Michelangelo's Pietà in St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
The Renaissance was a period of great cultural change and achievement, marked in Italy by a classical orientation and an increase of wealth through mercantile trade. The City of Rome, the Papacy, and the Papal States were all affected by the Renaissance. On the one hand, it was a time of great artistic patronage and architectural magnificence, where the Church patroned such artists as Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Bramante, Raphael, Fra Angelico, Donatello, and da Vinci. On the other hand, wealthy Italian families often secured episcopal offices, including the papacy, for their own members, some of whom were known for immorality, such as Alexander VI and Sixtus IV.
Protestant Reformation (1521 – 1579)[change | change source]
In the early 16th century, movements were begun by two theologians, Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli, that aimed to reform the Church. Unlike earlier reformers they considered the root of corruptions to be doctrinal (rather than simply a matter of moral weakness or lack of ecclesiastical discipline) and thus they aimed to change contemporary doctrines to fit their idea of the "true gospel". The Protestant Reformation is so called because the movement's leaders "protested" against the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the pope, essentially electing to institute their reforms separately from it. The term "Protestant", however, was not originally used by these leaders; instead, they called themselves "evangelical", emphasizing the "return to the true gospel (Greek: euangelion)".[5]
The beginning of the Protestant Reformation is generally identified with Martin Luther and the posting of the 95 Theses in 1517 in Wittenburg, Germany. Early protest was against corruptions such as simony, episcopal vacancies, and the sale of indulgences. The Protestant position, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as sola scriptura and sola fide. The three most important traditions to emerge directly from the Protestant Reformation were the Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist, Presbyterian, etc.), and Anglican traditions, though the latter group identifies as both "Reformed" and "Catholic", and some subgroups reject the classification as "Protestant".
The Protestant Reformation may be divided into two distinct but basically simultaneous movements, the Magisterial Reformation and the Radical Reformation. The Magisterial Reformation involved the alliance of certain theological teachers (Latin: magistri) such as Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, Cranmer, etc. with secular magistrates who cooperated in the reformation of Christendom. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of tenants of the Councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. Often the division between magisterial and radical reformers was as or more violent than the general Catholic and Protestant hostilities.
The Protestant Reformation spread almost entirely within the confines of Northern Europe, but did not take hold in certain northern areas such as Ireland and parts of Germany. By far the magisterial reformers were more successful and their changes more widespread than the radical reformers. The Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation is known as the Counter Reformation, or Catholic Reformation, which resulted in a reassertion of traditional doctrines and the emergence of new religious orders aimed at both moral reform and new missionary activity. The Counter Reformation reconvered approximately 33% of Northern Europe to Catholicism and initiated missions in South and Central America, Africa, Asia, and even China and Japan. Protestant expansion outside of Europe occurred on a smaller scale through colonization of North America and areas of Africa.
Further information: Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther[change | change source]
Main article: Martin Luther
Martin Luther, by Lucas Cranach the Elder
Martin Luther was an Augustinian friar and professor at the University of Wittenberg. In 1517, he published a list of 95 Theses, or points to be debated, concerning the illicitness of selling indulgences. Luther had a particular disdain for Aristotelian philosophy, and as he began developing his own theology, he increasingly came into conflict with other scholars.[6] Soon, Luther began to develop his theology of justification, or process by which one is "made right" (righteous) in the eyes of God.
In Catholic theology, one is made righteous by a progressive infusion of grace accepted through faith and cooperated with through good works. Luther's doctrine of justification was different. He said justification meant "the declaring of one to be righteous", where God imputes the merits of Christ upon one who remains without inherent merit.[7] In this process, good works are more of an unessential byproduct that contribute nothing to one's own state of righteousness. Conflict between Luther and leading theologians lead to his gradual rejection of authority of the Church hierarchy. In 1520, he was condemned for heresy by the papal bull Exsurge Domine, which he burned at Wittenburg along with books of canon law.[8]
John Calvin[change | change source]
Main article: John Calvin
John Calvin was a French cleric and doctor of law turned Protestant reformer in the second generation of the Reformation. He was well known for publishing the Institutes of the Christian Religion, in 1536 (later revised), and became a leader of the Reformed church in Geneva, which became an "unofficial capital" of Reformed Christianity in the second half of the sixteenth century. He had great authority in the city and over the city council, such that he has (rather ignominiously) been called a "Protestant pope".
Calvin established an eldership together with a "consistory", where pastors and the elders established matters of religious discipline for the Genevan population.[9] Calvin's theology is best known for his doctrine of (double) predestination, which held that God had, from all eternity, providentially foreordained who would be saved (the elect) and likewise who would be damned (the reprobate). Predestination was not the dominant idea in Calvin's works, but it would seemingly become so for many of his Reformed successors.[10]
English Reformation[change | change source]
Main article: English Reformation
See also: English Civil War
Unlike other reform movements, the English Reformation began by royal influence. Henry VIII considered himself a thoroughly Catholic King, and in 1521 he defended the papacy against Luther in a book he commissioned entitled, The Defense of the Seven Sacraments, for which Pope Leo X awarded him the title Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith). However, the king came into conflict with the papacy when he wished to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, for which he needed papal sanction. Catherine, among many other noble relations, was the aunt of Emperor Charles V, the papacy's most significant secular supporter. The ensuing dispute eventually lead to a break from Rome and the declaration of the King of England as head of the English (Anglican) Church. England then experienced a period of frenetic and eclectic reforms, some more radical and others more traditional, under monarchs such as Edward VI and Elizabeth I, and Archbishops of Canterbury such as Thomas Cranmer and William Laud. What emerged was a state church that considered itself both "Reformed" and "Catholic" but not "Roman" (and hesitated from the title "Protestant"), and other "unofficial" more radical movements such as the Puritans.
Counter-Reformation[change | change source]
The Counter-Reformation, or Catholic Reformation, was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation. The essence of the Counter-Reformation was a renewed conviction in traditional practices and the upholding of Catholic doctrine as the source of ecclesiastic and moral reform, and the answer to halting the spread of Protestantism. Thus it experienced the founding of new religious orders, such as the Jesuits, the establishment of seminaries for the proper training of priests, renewed worldwide missionary activity, and the development of new yet orthodox forms of spirituality, such as that of the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. The entire process was spearheaded by the Council of Trent, which clarified and reasserted doctrine, issued dogmatic definitions, and produced the Roman Catechism.
Though Ireland, Spain, France, and elsewhere featured significantly in the Counter-Reformation, its heart was Italy and the various popes of the time, who established the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (the list of prohibited books) and the Roman Inquisition, a system of juridical tribunals that prosecuted heresy and related offences. The Papacy of St. Pius V (1566-1572) was known not only for its focus on halting heresy and worldly abuses within the Church, but also for its focus on improving popular piety in a determined effort to stem the appeal of Protestantism. Pius began his pontificate by giving large alms to the poor, charity, and hospitals, and the pontiff was known for consoling the poor and sick, and supporting missionaries. The activities of these pontiffs coincided with a rediscovery of the ancient Christian catacombs in Rome. As Diarmaid MacCulloch stated, "Just as these ancient martyrs were revealed once more, Catholics were beginning to be martyred afresh, both in mission fields overseas and in the struggle to win back Protestant northern Europe: the catacombs proved to be an inspiration for many to action and to heroism."[11]
Great Awakenings[change | change source]
The First Great Awakening was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants in the American colonies c. 1730-1740, emphasizing the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching, rudimentary liturgy, and a deep sense of personal guilt and redemption by Christ Jesus. Historian Sydney E. Ahlstrom saw it as part of a "great international Protestant upheaval" that also created Pietism in Germany, the Evangelical Revival, and Methodism in England.[12] It centered on reviving the spirituality of established congregations, and mostly affected Congregational, Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, German Reformed, Baptist, and Methodist churches, while also spreading within the slave population. The Second Great Awakening (1800–1830s), unlike the first, focused on the unchurched and sought to instill in them a deep sense of personal salvation as experienced in revival meetings. It also sparked the beginnings of Restorationist groups such as the Mormons and the Holiness movement. The Third Great Awakening began from 1857 and was most notable for taking the movement throughout the world, especially in English speaking countries. The final group to emerge from the "great awakenings" in North America was Pentecostalism, which had its roots in the Methodist, Wesleyan, and Holiness movements, and began in 1906 on Azusa Street, in Los Angeles. Pentecostalism would later lead to the Charismatic movement.
Restorationism[change | change source]
Restorationism refers to various unaffiliated movements that considered contemporary Christianity, in all its forms, to be a deviation from the true, original Christianity, which these groups then attempted to "Reconstruct", often using the Book of Acts as a "guidebook" or sorts. Restorationism developed out of the Second Great Awakening and is historically connected to the Protestant Reformation,[13] but differs in that Restorationists do not usually describe themselves as "reforming" a Christian church continuously existing from the time of Jesus, but as restoring the Church that they believe was lost at some point. The name Restoration is also used to describe the Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and the Jehovah's Witness Movement.
Fascism[change | change source]
Fascism describes certain related political regimes in 20th century Europe, especially Nazi Germany. When the Italian government closed Catholic youth organizations, Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical Non Abbiamo Bisogno, saying that Fascist governments had hidden "pagan intentions" and expressed the irreconcilability of the Catholic position and Fascism, which placed the nation above God and fundamental human rights and dignity. He later signed agreements with the new rulers of Italy and Germany.
Many Catholic priests and monastics were persecuted under the Nazi regime, such as the concentration camp victims Maximilian Kolbe and Edith Stein (Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross). Furthermore, many Catholic laypeople and clergy helped in sheltering Jews during the Holocaust, including Pope Pius XII. Various incidents, such as giving aid to downed Allied airmen, nearly caused Nazi Germany to invade the Vatican before the liberation of Rome in 1944.
The relationship between Nazism and Protestantism, especially the German Lutheran Church, is complex. Though the majority of Protestant church leaders in Germany made little comment on the Nazis' growing anti-Jewish activities, some, such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer (a Lutheran pastor) were strongly opposed to the Nazis. Bonhoeffer was later found guilty in the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler and executed.
Fundamentalism[change | change source]
Fundamentalist Christianity, is a movement that arose mainly within British and American Protestantism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in reaction to modernism and certain liberal Protestant groups that denied doctrines considered fundamental to Christianity yet still called themselves "Christian". Thus, fundamentalism sought to reestablish tenants that could not be denied without relinquishing a Christian identity, the "fundamentals": the Bible as God`s word, viewed as the sole source of authority, the virgin birth of Christ, the doctrine of atonement through Jesus, the bodily resurrection of Jesus, and the imminent return of Christ.
Ecumenism[change | change source]
Ecumenism broadly refers to movements between Christian groups to establish a degree of unity through dialogue. "Ecumenism" is derived from Greek οἰκουμένη (oikoumene), which means "the inhabited world", but more figuratively something like "universal oneness". The movement can be distinguished into Catholic and Protestant movements, with the latter characterized by a redefined ecclesiology of "denominationalism" (which the Catholic Church, among others, rejects).
Concerning the Greek Orthodox Church, steady movement was made to reconcile the East-West Schism. On 30 November 1894, Pope Leo XIII publishes the Apostolic Letter Orientalium Dignitas (On the Churches of the East) safeguarding the importance and continuance of the Eastern traditions for the whole Church. On 7 December 1965, a Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of His Holiness Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I was issued lifting the mutual excommunications of 1054.
Concerning Catholic relations with Protestant communities, certain commissions were established to foster dialogue and documents have been produced aimed at identifying points of doctrinal unity, such as the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification produced with the Lutheran World Federation in 1999.
Ecumenical movements within Protestantism have focused on determining a list of doctrines and practices essential to being Christian and thus extending to all groups which fulfill these basic criteria a (more or less) equal status, with perhaps one's own group still retaining a "first among equal" standing. This process involved a redefinition of the idea of "the Church" from traditional theology. This ecclesiology, known as denominationalism, contends that each group (which fulfills the essential criteria of "being Christian") is a sub-group of a greater "Christian Church", itself a purely abstract concept with no direct representation, i.e. no group, or "denomination", claims to be "the Church". Obviously, this ecclesiology it at variance with other groups that indeed consider themselves to be "the Church". But moreover, because the "essential criteria" generally consist of belief in the holy Trinity, it has resulted in strife between these Protestant ecumenical movements and non-Trinitarian groups such as Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and Jehovah's Witnesses, which are not often not regarded as Christian by these ecumenical groups.
Further information: Ecumenism
Notes[change | change source]
↑ Adherents.com, Religions by Adherents Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite
↑ E. Peterson, "Christianus" pp. 353-72
↑ On the Creeds, see Oscar Cullmann, The Earliest Christian Confessions, trans. J. K. S. Reid (London: Lutterworth, 1949); on the Passion, see Rudolf Pesch, Das Markusevangelium, 2 vols., Herders Theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament 2 (Freiburg: Herder, 1976-77), 2: 519-20
↑ Richards, Jeffrey. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476-752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) p. 36
↑ MacCulloch, Diarmaid, The Reformation: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 2004) p. xx
↑ MacCulloch, Diarmaid, The Reformation: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 2004) pp. 124-125
↑ MacCulloch, Diarmaid, The Reformation: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 2004) p. 119
↑ Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1972) p. 263
↑ Ahlstrom's summary is as follows: Restorationism has its genesis with Thomas and Alexander Campbell, whose movement is connected to the German Reformed Church through Otterbein, Albright, and Winebrenner (p. 212). American Millennialism and Adventism, which arose from Evangelical Protestantism, produced certain groups such as the Jehovah's Witness movement (p. 807), and, as a reaction specifically to William Miller, Seventh Day Adventism (p. 381); Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1972)
Print resources[change | change source]
Fuller, Reginald H. (1965). The Foundations of New Testament Christology. New York: Scribners. ISBN 978-0-684-15532-6.
González, Justo L. (1984). The Story of Christianity: Vol. 1: The Early Church to the Reformation. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-063315-8.
González, Justo L. (1985). The Story of Christianity, Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-063316-5.
Latorette, Kenneth Scott (1975). A History of Christianity, Volume 1: Beginnings to 1500 (Revised). San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 978-0060649524.
Latorette, Kenneth Scott (1975). A History of Christianity, Volume 2. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-064953-1 (paperback) Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help).
Shelley, Bruce L. (1996). Church History in Plain Language (2nd edition ed.). ISBN 978-0-8499-3861-0. CS1 maint: extra text (link)
The following links give an overview of the history of Christianity:
Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Christianity in History
Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Church as an Institution
Church history at WikiChristian
Church History in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
The following link provides quantitative data related to Christianity and other major religions, including rates of adherence at different points in time:
ligion Data Archive
Early Stages of the Establishment of Christianity
Theandros, a journal of Orthodox theology and philosophy, containing articles on early Christianity and patristic studies
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Christianity&oldid=6780238"
CS1 errors: ISBN
CS1 maint: extra text
This page was last changed on 17 January 2020, at 06:30.


text:
Mum of teen who died after taking drugs says the stress has nearly killed her
Shakira Pellow, 15, died in hospital, where she had fallen into a coma after taking MDMA pills with friends in Camborne. Two other girls were also taken ill after swallowing the same blue ecstasy tablets last summer.
Shannon HardsSenior Editor
Shakira Pellow from Camborne and the blue tablets she is believed to have taken
The mum of a teenager who died after taking drugs in a park has revealed that she has suffered three heart attacks since her daughter's death.
Shakira Pellow, 15, died in hospital, where she had fallen into a coma after taking MDMA pills with friends in Camborne. Two other girls were also taken ill after swallowing the same 'blue Duplo' ecstasy tablets last summer.
Since then, her devastated mother, Rita Hole, 48, has been leaving flowers and candles in the park as a memorial to her daughter.
But she has now come out to reveal that vandals have been destroying or stealing flowers, trinkets, cuddly toys and lanterns left in the park.
The grieving mother revealed that the stress of her daughter's death has "nearly killed her".
Speaking to BBC Radio Cornwall, she said: "Physically and emotionally it's destroying Shakira's memory.
Police continue to guard scene after woman's body found on river bank in Truro
"It's broken my heart over and over – whoever is doing this is breaking my heart which has resulted in me having three heart attacks and having two lots of heart surgery.
"My consultant reckons it's a result of the stress I've been under."
Shakira Pellow
She told Cornwall Live: "The first time was when we had a memorial vigil on her birthday. We had really dressed the park up.
"They cut the lights off and took the pot that the red roses were in. It looked like they were beating the roses against the seats.
"There were petals everywhere."
Bodmin couple banned from keeping animals after leaving cat to suffer from painful condition
"Every single time we put something down there, it goes missing. I put two large lanterns there on Valentine's Day.
"We had a love heart, a teddy bear in there with the flowers. I went down at night and lit a lantern and some tea lights, it was really pretty.
"We stayed in the park until about 11pm but the next day they were gone.
People gathered to remember Shakira Pellow (Image: Greg Martin)
"Christmas was really hard and we put flowers and lights there. It looked really pretty for a couple of days. Then I went back there on Boxing Day and the lights had been stolen. They were of no real value whatsoever, except sentimental value. Someone even nicked the wreaths.
"This is supposed to be a memorial to Shakira and it's there for a purpose to warn others. I am really, really devastated. I've just come out of hospital and my consultant said to avoid stress. The stress has nearly killed me."
Drug addict jailed for causing catastrophic injuries in A388 car crash
She said she does not know why anyone would wish to target the memorial but added that she herself has also been the target of vandalism. Last year the tyres of her car were slashed. Although it was reported to the police, no one has been found responsible.
Shakira Pellow from Camborne lies critically ill in hospital, shortly before she passed away (Image: Lee Butcher)
Rita added: "This has just totally devastated me, it really has. It's destroyed me, I'm absolutely disgusted, heartbroken. I just believe what goes around comes around."
She has also speculated that she and the memorial may have been targeted because she spoke to police about the people who supplied the drugs to the schoolgirls. Shakira died at Royal Cornwall Hospital in July, after Rita released a heartbreaking photo of her in a coma to send a message to other young people and parents about the dangers of drugs.
Rita has reported the attacks to the police who are investigating.
Royal Cornwall Hospital

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


NETIA has offices in France, the United States, Italy and Australia.
"For GlobeCast, which is seeking to optimise the development of its content management solutions for broadcasters, NETIA has shown itself to be the best possible partner in this effort," the companies said in a release. "NETIA, in turn, will benefit greatly from being a member of the GlobeCast Group as it looks to further its international expansion and the development of its innovative solutions."
NETIA will retain its identity administrative autonomy, the companies said.
NETIA's four product ranges, Radio-Assist (audio), Manreo (video), OpenNet (audio and video), and Media Logging (audio and video), allow content holders to manage their processes from capture to multichannel broadcasting over terrestrial channels, the Internet, mobile devices, and other channels.
"Joining the GlobeCast Group is an exceptional opportunity for our company to continue providing top-quality products to our broadcast customers, while allying ourselves with a powerful partner to take our offering to the next level," said NETIA CEO Christophe Carniel.
GlobeCast is a subsidiary of France Telecom.
The provider of software solutions for broadcast and new media will reinforce GlobeCast's portfolio.
Having developed and refined an acclaimed product portfolio over the past two decades, NETIA celebrates its 20th anniversary this month. Founded in July 1993 in Claret by Christophe Carniel and Pierre Keiflin, both engineers from L'École des Mines d'Alès, the company has grown into a leading global supplier of software-based solutions for media asset management and delivery of audiovisual content.
Broadcasters will learn not only about satellite and fiber delivery of channels around the world, but also about how GlobeCast and NETIA can help them manage file-based assets for multiple platforms.
The new NETIA software, which powers this solution, allows users to manage all of the processes within the production environment.


text:
LeBron Shines Over Giannis and 10 Other Observations from Lakers-Bucks
ByAdam Caparell
Senior Editor, Complex Sports
Andrew D. Bernstein/NBAE via Getty Images)
If you were hoping Friday's marquee matchup answered the two biggest burning questions heading into it—who is the best team in the league and who deserves to be MVP—I would argue that we didn't get definitive answers. But there were very interesting and telling results.
Caution should always be exercised when drawing major conclusions from a regular-season game in March between two non-conference opponents. But the portion of NBA observers with serious doubts about the Bucks ability to win a championship will only crow louder after LeBron James led the Lakers to a rousing 113-103 win over league-leading Milwaukee in front of 18,997 at Staples Center here in downtown Los Angeles.
The King—with plenty of help from Anthony Davis and the 30 points and 9 boards he contributed—played brilliant basketball as he finished with 37 points, 8 rebounds, and 8 assists. James, as usual, was the catalyst for the Lakers who used an 18-0 third quarter run to gain control of a rough and rugged game against the team that smacked them around in their first meeting back in December. James had 14 points in the third and when it was done he had one of his best overall games of the season considering the competition and the message sent with the win. LeBron offered up a not so subtle reminder that this is still his league and that his squad can body, bully, and bowl its way past any competition.
"What was more impressive to me was his defense on Giannis. For him to take on that assignment and still do what he did offensively is just an incredibly remarkable two-way performance. He's a basketball savant." — Lakers coach Frank Vogel
In a game that featured a much higher level of intensity than your typical regular-season contest, the Lakers made a statement that its squad featuring two top five players is better than the one featuring a transcendent star and other guys. Those that have advocated for James to win his fifth MVP award over the supremely gifted Giannis Antetokounmpo—widely pegged to be the front-runner to earn the honor for a second consecutive season—have even more ammo after James asserted his dominance, out-played the Greek Freak, and reminded everyone for what feels like the 50th time this season that a 35-year-old in his 17th season is crazily still the worthy of being considered the game's best.
James offered up a master class in what rising to the occasion looks like in one of the regular-season's most anticipated games while Antetokounmpo and the Bucks looked very different from their dominating performance when the teams first played in Milwaukee. The Bucks played slow. They were hesitant and shot like hot garbage from outside. They struggled to contain the Lakers on the break. The Greek Freak got his numbers, ending with 32, 11, and 6—right around his season averages of 29.6, 13.8, and 5.4 over 30.8 minutes a night—but he didn't impact the game like LeBron did. Antetokounmpo was a -11 and when James had to matchup with him for stretches in the second quarter when Davis was in foul trouble, LeBron stepped up.
"What was more impressive to me was his defense on Giannis," Lakers coach Frank Vogel said. "For him to take on that assignment and still do what he did offensively is just an incredibly remarkable two-way performance. He's a basketball savant."
The Lakers kept Antetokounmpo from dominating in the paint (the Bucks finished with 46 points in the paint, four off their season average) and while his supporting cast—Khris Middleton or Eric Bledsoe—didn't manage much (12 and 11, respectively). The Lakers finished with 50 points in the paint. The Bucks were allowing just 38.6 per night in the paint, tops in the league, before Friday and sent the Lakers to the line all night long.
"We definitely did not play smart," Antetokounmpo said. "They shot 31 free throws. We put them on the line so easily."
LeBron's performance made it feel like it was a statement game. The Lakers are now 20-0 when he scores 30 or more and LA secured a rousing win before the season's third matchup with the Clippers, currently second best in the Western Conference, looming in two days. The Lakers will carry some serious momentum as winners in 10 of their last 11 games and having clinched the franchise's first playoff berth since 2013 into Sunday's showdown with LA's other team. While we can't wait for Sunday, in the meantime, here are 10 more observations from what went down at Staples Center Friday.
LeBron's Not Playing in Empty Arenas
Earlier Friday, a report surfaced that the NBA informed teams to prepare for a scenario where games would be played without fans in arenas on account of the ongoing coronaviris crisis. James isn't on board.
"Nah, that's impossible," James said after the game. "I ain't playing. I play for the fans. That's what it's all about. So if I show up to an arena and ain't no fans in there I ain't playing. They can do what they want to do."
Ugly Affair
This wasn't a pretty game. Yeah, LeBron's multiple dunks were poetry as usual, but there were a ton of whistles and not a lot of uninterrupted game action. While the intensity and the physicality made it feel like it was a playoff game, it was anything but high-level basketball. The first quarter was frightening to watch, but should we have been surprised this one was a struggle at times considering this was a matchup between the Nos. 1 (Bucks) and 3 (Lakers) teams in the NBA when it comes to defensive rating? The Lakers won despite shooting 18 percent from beyond the arc. You don't win many NBA games shooting that poorly.
The Lakers and Bucks are both roughly +200 favorites to win it all, according to Oddsshark. The Clippers, who the Bucks beat twice this season and the Lakers face for a third time Sunday, are the third choice at +325. Showing how little faith oddsmakers have in any squad other than the Clippers, Bucks, and Lakers winning it all, the Rockets and Celtics currently share the fourth shortest odds at +1200.
Hyped for a Change
With the co-favorites to win it all squaring off, the Bucks and Lakers couldn't deny Friday was a big game. Normally coaches are the ones to downplay regular-season games as just another date on the calendar. But Mike Budenholzer and Vogel couldn't deny that the final meeting of the season between the Eastern Conference's best and the Western Conference's best meant more than your average March game.
"When you play the better teams in the league we always kind of look at it as way to learn, improve, get better, and I think test is somewhat appropriate," Budenholzer, the Bucks coach, said. "I love playing the best teams."
"It had a playoff atmosphere to it," Vogel said.
Completely Useless Stats
The Lakers are 12-1 in Friday games this season while the Bucks are 9-2. Los Angeles is 12-2 in games televised by ESPN.
One GOAT Impresses Another
JAY-Z was the biggest star not playing ball at Staples Center Friday. The living legend was sitting opposite the Lakers bench and cameras caught him with a hilarious reaction to LeBron's nasty second quarter flush.
LeBron's dunk had Hov impressed 😂 pic.twitter.com/iNegUyWb0B
— Complex Sports (@ComplexSports) March 7, 2020
Every TV timeout Rich Paul, LeBron's agent, would get up from his baseline seat to chat it up with Hova. Dwyane Wade, LeBron's buddy, was also spotted sitting courtside. So was Michael B. Jordan.
No Tellin'
A few weeks after Drake did his best troll job by walking around the Scotiabank Arena sporting a WWE title belt when the Bucks visited the defending NBA champion Raptors, there are certainly no hard feelings with Milwaukee. An hour and 15 minutes before tip, the Bucks—including Antetokounmpo—were watching tape and chilling in the visitor's locker while a steady stream Drizzy blared from a Bluetooth speaker. The Raptors and Bucks have two more meetings left in the regular. The squads play April 1 in Milwaukee and two nights later in Toronto.
Bro Time
Image via Getty/Andrew D. Bernstein/NBAE
The Antetokounmpo brothers—Giannis and Thanasis of the Bucks and Kostas of the Lakers—chopped it up during pre-game shootaround and posed for a keepsake photo. Predictably, all three were rocking a pair of Giannis' signature Nike sneaker, the Freak Zoom 1.
History on Milwaukee's Side?
One important stat would lead you to believe this might really be Milwaukee's season, despite the shade Milwaukee continues to receive from many NBA observers: The Bucks entered Friday sporting the NBA's top point differential at 12.4 per game, the largest in league history through a team's first 62 games. That's notable since the four teams with the largest point differential in NBA history (1971-72 Lakers, 1970-71 Bucks, 1995-96 Bulls, and 2016-17 Warriors) were all crowned champions at the end of the season.
Waiting on Waiters
The Lakers officially announced the signing of guard Dion Waiters for the rest of the season Friday. The Syracuse product who spent the last four seasons in Miami before he had a falling out with the organization and was shipped to Memphis at the trade deadline (and then waived), was inactive against the Bucks.
FeaturesLebron JamesLos Angeles LakersMilwaukee BucksNBAGiannis Antetokounmpo


This website is devoted to all people who are open to change.
some of the experience of other readers who might have gone through similar experience to yours.
The website has been developed by a professional coach, based on questions and topic suggestions from clients. You too are very welcome to influence its content or to share your experience.
Why the title Small Big Change?


text:
Indien, 2023
Thriller / Action
OT: Pathaan
Regie: Siddharth Anand
Mit: Shah Rukh Khan, Deepika Padukone, John Abraham
Do 2. 2., Fr 3. 2. und Sa 4. 2.. im Cineplex: Der neue Action-Blockbuster mit Bollywood-Superstar Shah Rukh Khan! [hindi.OmU]
The plot will be typical police versus crime story. But what's new is that it will be in a dystopian setting. The setting will be somewhere in the middle east and the place has turned upside down. All the big built houses which were homes to the wealthy sector are now residences to the criminals. One such criminal and a big drug lord are played by John Abraham. He is portrayed as a merciless gangster who killed his own father. So there will be chase or struggle to get him served in the eyes of law.


Noah Webster? Samuel Johnson? Chauncey Depew? Apocryphal?
Dear Quote Investigator: There is a ribald anecdote about one of the world's greatest dictionary makers that I would like you to explore. The tale claims that the lexicographer Noah Webster had a secret libertine inclination. One day his wife returned home and was shocked to discover him caressing and osculating the chambermaid.
There is a rival version of this story featuring another famous dictionary creator Samuel Johnson as the philanderer. Johnson lived between 1709 and 1784; Webster lived between 1758 and 1843. I would like to know which man was the true Lothario.
At a recent dinner in New York a new story was sprung by Chauncey M. Depew. Speaking of the importance of humor, Mr. Depew declared that Noah Webster, though a lexicographer, was humorist. "His wife," Chauncey went on to say, "caught him one day kissing the cook.
SURPRISE v. t. 1. To come or fall upon suddenly and unexpectedly; to take unawares. 2. To strike with wonder or astonishment. 3. To confuse; to throw the mind into disorder by something suddenly presented to the view or to the mind.
SURPRISED pp. Come upon or taken unawares; struck with something novel or unexpected.
ASTONISH v. t. To stun or strike dumb with sudden fear, terror, surprise, or wonder; to amaze; to confound with some sudden passion.
ASTOUND, v. t. To astonish; to strike dumb with amazement.


Develop and promote opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students to participate in research and discovery, including student flight projects. Include programs with a focus on enhancing the participation of students from underrepresented groups.
Provide graduate and undergraduate training through the mechanism of fellowship and scholarship awards. Increase the number of awards to students from underrepresented groups.
Support the development of interdisciplinary courses, curriculum, and workshops, including introductory courses designed for undergraduate students not majoring in scientific or technological disciplines.
Model diversity in Space Grant leadership, programs, and activities. Implement programs targeted at increasing the retention rate of students from underrepresented groups in science and engineering.
Provide information and programs to increase access to the excitement, knowledge, and technology from America's Earth, Air and Space programs. Establish PSGC as a viable state resource and catalyst for aerospace research, education, and economic development.
Cultivate a statewide network of partners from universities, industry, museums, science centers, state and local agencies, to pursue aerospace research, education, and economic development goals.
Develop Earth, Air, and Space programs to enhance public scientific literacy and to complement community needs.
Presidential, Congressional, and the NASA Administrator's interest in and goals for education set the direction for NASA education efforts, including the Space Grant Consortium objectives. The NASA Strategic Coordination Framework: A Portfolio Approach describes the alignment of NASA's education portfolio with the NASA 2006 Strategic Plan and creates an agency-wide strategic planning, implementation and evaluation framework for NASA's investments in education.
This Framework establishes three educational outcomes. Each consortium program or project must demonstrate alignment with the NASA Education Outcomes.


In one year Gentle carousel visited over 18,000 adults and children with the help of their volunteers. The horses and volunteers visit hospitals and hospice for both children and adults, assited care programs, group homes and disabled and abused adults and children. The horses are brought to the hospitals and hospices by Horse trailer.
The horses bring joy and smiles to those they visit. Each mini is groomed and polished and sometimes even arrives in fun costumers. The horses' sometimes participate in reading programs during their visits leaving each visitor with a stuffed toy horse.
This charity is a 501(c)(3) non-profit charity and all donations are tax deductible. In addition to monetary donations Gentle Carousel also has a wish list of items they are in need of including a mini horse van, hay, books, stuffed animals and more. You can also sponsor individual horses.
If you have time to donate, Gentle Carousel is in need of volunteers for Grant Writing, Fund Raising, Farrier, Vet and Equine Dental Services and Public Relations.
This is a great charity that brings horses to people who are in situations where seeing a horse is truly an unlikely and memorable event. Interacting with the tiny horses can lift spirits and bring joy and laughter to those who need it most.


text:
San Francisco : The City To Fall In Love With
June 14, 2020 August 27, 2017 by admin
What makes a city interesting? History, culture and the arts. San Francisco, also fondly called Frisco or San Fran has a rich history and a culture that gave birth to the flower power of the 70s.
San Francisco is the cultural, commercial and financial centre of Northern California. It was founded on June 29, 1776 when the colonists from Spain founded the Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away, all named for St. Francis of Assisi. The original inhabitants of this area were the Native American Yelamu people.
The 1848 Gold Rush brough in a flood of people increasing the population from 1000 to 25000. The current IT Rush is similar, bringing in a new wave of people. San Francisco is the city of IT and innovation, of spirit and enterprise.
But perhaps one of the most endearing things about this city, apart (and perhaps because of) from its year round lovely weather was the counter culture movement which spawned after the WWII. By the latter half of 1960s San Francisco was the center of the hippie and other alternative culture. In 1967, thousands of young people entered the Haight-Ashbury district in what came to be known as the Summer Of Love. The San Francisco Sound emerged as an influential force in rock music with acts like the Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead becoming landmark bands worldwide. San Francisco is the city of the Summer Of Love!
The WWII saw a jump in the gay population of this city when the US military discharged homosexuals. From 1941 to 1945, more than 9000 gay servicemen and women were discharged and they stayed back here. The late 1960s also brought in a new wave of lesbians and gays who flocked to San Francisco for its reputation as a radical left-wing center. Many of them moved to the Haight, buying old buildings and fixing them up. San Francisco is the city of Harvey Milk, America's first openly gay elected official, and hence has a prominent place in the history of LGBT rights movement.
Strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean to the west and the water of the San Francisco Bay at the North and East, this city has an amazingly pleasant and moderate weather all year round. During the summers rising jot air in the interiors of California creates a low pressure area that draws winds from the North Pacific (read: from near Alaska) through the Golden Gate, creating the city's characteristic cool windy and foggy weather. The city itself is hilly with many streets running at steep angles. San Francisco is known as the windy city!
With so many interesting things happening to it, San Francisco is home to people from various corners of the world, doing various things. This makes the city very special and its culture rich and vibrant.
Our own visit to this amazing city was because of the Centre For Asian American Media's South Asian Film Festival. With our film Bachelor Girls playing in this festival (now also playing on Netflix), this was a fantastic opportunity to make a visit. We were staying at the really nice Orchard Hotel on Bush Street in the Union Square district of San Francisco. Union Square is a modern buzzy part of the town, centrally located and connected and a great place for people watching.
Scroll down after the photos for details.
The large and comfortable rooms at orchard Hotel spoiled us…
San Francisco is a hilly city and you can see how steep its roads can be…
The old cable cars have been maintained on one route as a tourist attraction. They are fun, but you may have to queue a long time to get your seat.
That's how steep the streets of San Franciso are. This is near the crossing of Powell Street and Bush Street.
Union Square Park is a great place for open air cafes, art shows and just generally hanging around.
Powell Street on Union Square is a buzzy place full of restaurants, cafes, hotels and shopping.
The Union Square Apple shop.
An early morning walk through China Town in San Francisco
Get authentic Chinese food, ingredients, clothes etc here at China Town, San Francisco
Our walk through San Franciso's China Town made us feel like we were in Hiong Kong!
Suddenly you come across a beautiful vintage building, like this one, in San Francisco.
Walking towards the Fisherman's Wharf, this beautiful building with this lobvely piece of art. Its things like these that make San Francisco so unforgettable.
Beautiful old buildings with corner cafes, brilliant weather and plenty of walking places. San Francisco is special.
We walked into this beautiful music store. So much music. So many albums!
From China Town we turn towards telegraph Hill. A reference of the steep walk up.
And looking back towards where we came from…
Coit Tower on Telegraph Hill. Come here to soak in the peace and greenery, and the run away parrots. The view from the tower is stunning though you have to buy tickets for it.
That's San Francisco from Telegraph Hill. Skyscrapers and vintage buildings, all in one frame.
At the Fisherman's Wharf
Considered one of the most walking friendly city of the USA (and perhaps the world) we walked all the way from Union Square to Fisherman's Wharf and back, a distance of close to 7 km, and were ready for more.
At the Marina near Crissy Fields
Crissy Fields, once a US Army Airfield, is now part of the Golden Gate Bridge Recreational Area. With beaches and walking areas its perfect to spend a day in. It even has free charging stations for electric vehicles, like this Tesla Model X here.
The Old Port Gate at Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco
The Fisherman's Wharf is a place you can spend an entire day in…
But do visit Boudin's Bakery. They are iconic.
At the Boudin Bakery do try the Clam Chowder in the Sourdough Bowl (on the right). The Fish Taco on the left are excellent as well.
Though crowded and touristy, the Fisherman's Wharf deserves on visit at least. There is even a Mahatma gandhi statue here.
There is nothing like San Francisco on a bright sunny and breezy day!
Close to the Fisherman's Wharf is the famous Golden Gate Bridge of San Francisco.
The Golden Gate Bridge has a park around it where one can walk, cycle, or just lie around. Across the sea, in the distant, you can faintly see Alcatraz Island and its prison.
Walking towards the Palace of Fine Arts in the Marina district of San Francisco, with its beautiful homes and small cute lawns outside.
The Palace of Fine Arts was originally made in 1915 for the Panama Pacific Exposition in order to exhibit works of art.
The beautiful imposing structures of the Palace of Fine Arts are a great place to come for a walk or hang around, getting inspired.
A lagoon around the Palace of Fine Arts is dotted with beautiful homes and sunny lawns.
A typical classic neighborhood in San Francisco. Love these Victorian buildings.
Pretty doors like these with these lovely colours… we could take any of these houses…
The Castro Theatre is a prominent San Francisco land mark.
Waiting for a bus near the Castro Theatre
Haight Ashbury and its gorgeous peaceful homes…
Just love these homes in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco
The Contemporary Jewish Museum at Yerba Buena in San Francisco has many exhibitions throughout the year. Do check on it once.
Another great place to check out : The Yerba Buena Centre For The Arts, just opposite the Cotemporary Jewish Museum, and close to the San Francisco Museum Of Modern Art.
After about three days we had to change our hotel and we moved into Herbert Hotel on Powell Street at union Square.
Although our room was tiny tiny, the Herbert Hotel is cozy, clean and right aon Union Square.
It can rain anytime in March in San Francisco.
Our coffee and avocado toast breakfast at Caffe Central, San Francisco
There's always a Starbucks or other Cafe around to catch up on a coffee, re-charge yourself and your phones.
Love the warm angular light of San Francisco. Self Portrait.
Pacific Heights at San Francisco is again another neighborhood full of eclectic cafes.
B Patisserie at Pacific heights, San Francisco. "Our vision is to bring San Francisco a refined, yet modern, salon de thé with an open pastry kitchen, showcasing the combination of Belinda Leong's talent with Michel Suas's knowledge and expertise. "
I tried the Black Sesame Coffee at B Patisserie at Pacific heights, San Francisco, and loved it!
Lunch was at Artesano, 'Latin Comfort Food'. The pulled pork was out of this world!
We stopped byt one morning at a classic breakfast joint called Han's. Delicious omelettes with toast and pamncakes!
Services like this Wash And Fold at Sutter Street, San Francisco, make your trip entirely possible. Run by a warm young lady, they will wash and fold your clothes while you are away discovering the city.
At night as the fog descends, the city looks magical as if viewed from inside a veil.
When to visit: San Francisco has lovely weather all year round. November to May is slightly rainy. If you plan to make an extended trip to areas around San Francisco, a few high altitude roads are shut during winters due to snow. So July is a good season if you want to combine SFO with Yosemite National Park.
What To See: San Francisco has wonderful, mild weather. It's excellent for walking. You could map out what your interests are and walk across the city, taking breaks at its numerous eclectic cafes and restaurants. Union Square, Chinatown, Golden Gate Bridge, Fisherman's Wharf and gaze at the Sea Lions here, Telegraph Hill and Coit Tower, a Cable Car ride, Haight Ashbury, Murals on Mission Street, Alamo Square, Castro Theatre, the winding Lombard Street... there is plenty to do inside of this wonderful city.
There are plenty of museums to see, like the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The Yerba Buena Centre For The Arts, The Cable Car Museum, Asian Art Musuem, California Academy Of Sciences… Plan your trip with this wonderful list of free museums of San Francisco.
What To Eat: San Francisco has a little bit of the whole world. There is food from all over and you can try practically anything here. It is difficult to find bad food. But try some joints in Chinatown for chinese. They are amongst the most authentic you will find. Try Artesano on Pacific Heights for Latino 'Comfort Food'. Look for Parada 22 for Puerto Rico food at Haight-Ashbury. We loved the French pastry at B Patisserie, again at Pacific Heights. Look for El Faros's at Mission district for some of the best and oldest Burritos and Tacos in SFO. The House Of Prime Rib at Van Ness Avenue for the classic steaks and ribs. John's Grill at Ellis Street will serve the classic old era American food (chops, baked potatoes, sliced tomatoes) like perhaps no one else. Boudin at Fisherman's Wharf must be given their due with their Clam Chowder in Sourdough Bread Bowl. We walked into just about any shop that said 'Sushi' and it was excellent! There is so much food here, the list would be endless.
if you are on the run and want affordable, quick food, walk into any Walgreen's or CVS outlets and grab a saland, or sandwich and a coffee or juice. And maybe a fruit. All affordable and quick, plus at Walgreen's you can sit and eat as well.
Getting Around: Being one of the most walkable cities of the world, you could walk to most places. The weather and enough pedestrian friendly roads and sidewalks permit that. You could also take day passes of the MUNI, which is San Francisco's bus and train/subway system. Getting in and out of the airport, you could use the BART trains. We used plenty of BART to go to Oakland and back. From the airport you could even take the Shuttle Vans. For the two of us, it was cheaper than Uber. You could also rent a car or a bike. We downloaded a free offline San Francisco map from Here WeGo (formerly Nokia Here Maps). It helped us walk around and did not consume internet data, which on roaming can be prohibitively expensive.
Around and near San Francisco: There is plenty to do around SFO. A drive to Napa Valley is good for exploration, but we found it too crowded and touristy. Try Sonoma County instead. Lovely vineyards and cafes and much less crowded. Go for a walk in the John Muir Woods of Giant Redwoods. Visit Monterey, a classic old city which was also the capital of California till 1849. The drive to Monterey is gorgeous, full of picture perfect scenery. You could visit the University town of Berkeley and also the old cultural town of Oakland. If you wanted to travel a bit further, visit the Yosemite National Park. Take the drive via the Big Sur, the most magnificent drive in America. San Francisco to Los Angeles via the Highway 1. Go down to Carmel and eat at Hogg's Breath Inn (it's expensive though), a hotel once owned by Clint Eastwood and later sold to a close friend.
Categories Culture, Great Food, Great People, Great Stay, Heritage, International Tags Bachelor Girls, california, USA Post navigation
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15 thoughts on "San Francisco : The City To Fall In Love With"
Viswanatha Reddy
Great photos of San Francisco! Brought back some memories! I used to live in Bay Area and visited San Francisco many times!
There are lot of events that happen in San Francisco all through out the year and I attended many events!
The clam chowder in a sour dough bread bowl is worth a trip to Pier 39 wharf!
Hi Viswanatha! How wonderful it must have been to live in the Bay area! SFO is truly dynamic all year round…
What beautiful images of the city I wish to see the most in the U.S.! I noticed that some of your photos were taken on a cloudy day, and the others when the skies were blue. Did the weather change happen in one day or in a few days' span?
Hi Bama! Good observation! The weather was changing from cloudy to rainy to sunny! We were there in March when its cold and rains a lot. But it has its own charm. Luckily we only had drizzles and not outpours.
Bushra Muzaffar
What a coincidence…I recently watched 'Milk' – a biopic on Harvey Milk.. I could so very well relate to the cultural waves that swept this city right from Gold Rush, to Gay Movement and now a good part of India being the part of IT Gold Rush. The city through your lens looks amazing. Great frames, lovely buildings and beautiful landscapes.
Hu Bushra! Yes 'Milk' does give a very unique perspective to SFO. Bangalore, Pune and Hyderabad are all India's IT destinations and I love all three cities too!
Very detailed and well written article and amazing captures!! Thanks for sharing !!
Thanks Sneh!
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Abhijeet Deshpande
Fabulous! Made me nostalgic – SFO used to be home at one point
Thanks Abhijeet! It must have been awesome living there…
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For some time now the prophecy of Elder Paisios is circulating. Certainly, while the prophecy is one thing, reality is something else, but somewhere there is an extreme. For about a year now we have come across from many sources an event which occurred between Fr. Paisios of the Holy Mountain and General Demetrios Grapsas, head of the Hellenic National Defense General Staff.
Specifically, Fr. Paisios told General Grapsas that he would enter Constantinople as a liberator.
A group of soldiers waited at the elder's fence in Panagouda. They lifted up their eyes and saw the elder coming towards them. He opened the gate of the fence and welcomed them. They sat down under a tree and he began talking with them.
Everyone looked, full of amazement.
"And when will this happen, Elder?" they asked him.
"When it will be the time for spinach." he told them, and he changed the subject.
Many years have passed since then, the elder reposed and the officer remained in the army and progressed.
Of course, "the time for spinach" passed and General Grapsas has already retired. But neither have the Turks attacked our country, neither is Mr. Grapsas any longer the leader of the army. Thus the prophecy of Elder Paisios, who is alleged by the New Calendarists to be a saint, was proved false.


To make money with programs of affiliates is not something new in Internet. Nevertheless, he is something that many use and leave. If you are thinking about beginning his own page Web or blog and to add some links of Marketing of Affiliates, are some things that must know. The Marketing of Affiliates is not for everybody. It is not for that they are looking for fast money, is not for the impatient ones. It needs two things in order to achieve the success with a Marketing of Affiliates, and these two things are patience and determination. Source: San Antonio Spurs.
When you put these two things together, there is no something you you cannot do with his business. To make money with programs of affiliates can be done in few ways, can be through electronic mail, news bulletins, pages Web or blogs. Using anyone of these things it will be successful if you are going to the correct public. To find its readers and to catch to them with good content, are than we are speaking. In order to do this you need to know how what they are looking for. He tries to begin with a BBS.
Nevertheless, he has something of patience and does not draw conclusions quickly. Tmese its time and I generated major interest. Year the Link to its Web site or blog in the line of company/signature in the BBS that you are visiting, and most important, it asegrese of which the BBS is excellent for its business. If you have a page Web that belongs to a business that it has to do with gardening, you will not want to visit a BBS that is on pregnancies. This is quite simple to include/understand and these things are important to obtain true results.


The inhabitants of Jarallah, a village in the Nineveh plains of northern Iraq not far from the Kurdish Region, did not leave their homes immediately when ISIS fighters took control of it on August 8th, 2014, during a military campaign that ended with the declaration of an independent Islamic Caliphate over a large territory in Iraq and Syria.
Even though they did not support nor approve the extremists' views on Islam, things did not change at first with the new rulers, and even when electricity and water became scarce, they still preferred to keep living in their houses. It was during the harsh winter, after that the Kurdish Peshmerga started a long fight with the Sunni insurgents to chase them out of the area, that the 260 villagers were forced to flee, uprooted and taken into the safer Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
The Kurdish owner of a chicken farm in Dibaga, not far from Erbil, took them in, and has been taking care of their needs since then, bringing them ice to keep their food cool and gasoline for the generator.
The villagers of Jarallah made the chicken farm home, turned one of the rooms into a mosque and slowly started their new lives. They found jobs in the fields, tending to a herd of sheep, harvesting the wheat and picking ripe vegetables. What they are asking for is to be left in peace, as they seem to understand that it might be a long time before they will be allowed to go back home.


It just didn't feel like I was doing any of it for the right reasons. Like I had deviated from the original goal of the blog. When I started the blog, it was because God said so. My word of the year last year was move so when He said move, I did. But after a while it felt like I was chasing the likes, the views, the shares when He never said to do that, He just said write.
A 30-something former Marine Wife, boymom to 2, mommy of 2 fur babies, San Antonio Spurs fan, Texas born and proud. Love my family, friends and most of all God. I couldn't function without Him.
I'd be honored if you subscribed to Grace In the Wait. Sign up here.


Sun-soaked Singapore, over the years, has been transformed into a strikingly modern island nation teeming with a myraid of activities that cater to every kind of traveller, young or old, budget or luxury. Besides the more obvious activities like shopping, food tasting and visiting the designated tourist hotspots, the more adventurous can look to participate in sea sports, golf and even trekking.
Most travellers travel to a particular country with a rough idea of what they want to do and experience. Of course, events like the F1 Grand Prix and the Youth Olympic Games 2010 tend to pull in spectators from abroad. Aside from sporting events, there are music festivals, theatre acts and food festivals throughout the year.


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We appreciate the chance to serve you. We understand that with each new client comes a rewarding new set of opportunities. Having provided IT support for a variety of businesses across a range of industries, we have acquired the adaptability that makes us well suited to accommodate your company's unique needs. Whatever resources, timelines, environments, and infrastructure you are working with, our skill set includes the versatility that helps you meet your evolving objectives. Our success is due to our collaborative approach: when you hire our expert staff, you're not just getting an individual - you're getting a company.
Our team is dedicated to helping you concentrate your focus on the full scope of your initiatives. With our diverse expertise and deep familiarity regarding virtually all facets of information technology, we have established ourselves as a valuable partner that clients can depend on. Turn to us when you are looking for a company with the vision and core values necessary for finding tomorrow's solutions today.
Contact us for an IT consultation or to inquire about our outsourcing solutions. Our company works with businesses worldwide from our location in Upper Marlboro, Maryland.
Thank you for viewing MTI's Business Website and we look forward to future endeavors.
Please use our contact form to recieve more information about us.
"MTI for finding tomorrow's solutions, today".
Copyright © 2013 - Mirror Technologies Inc. - All rights reserved.


The regular opening times of Asda Langley Road in King's Lynn are Monday to Friday 7AM-11PM, on Saturday 7AM-11PM, on Sunday 10AM-4PM. View the actual opening times of Asda Langley Road in King's Lynn in our branch locator.
For more information about opening times on Sunday or late night shopping make sure to view the information in the designated blocks. If this Asda isn't nearby your location you can use the 'Map & Directions' tab to find the fastest route to Langley Road in King's Lynn. This location's coordinates are specifically 52.7738 latitude, 0.448188 longitude. To contact this Supermarket by phone you can dial 01553731310 during business hours.


At the end of July I showed you the little embroidery I'd started working on. Mid August I finished the main panel. There is another smaller piece which is mounted on the mount... you'll have to wait until I've finished it to see what I'm talking about!
I also said in my last post that more Rowandean kits were going on my wishlist, well I went to the stand at the Festival of Quilts and another kit came home with me. I love stitching these so expect to see it make an appearance fairly soon!
Why don't you like the French Knots? The difference in texture between the straight stitches and the knots will be very useful!
This is lovely, Wendy. Sending good thoughts that the french knots unpick okay. What are you going to replace them with?
Love the tree - looks really good to me. Hope removing the french knots isn't too tricky!
Gorgeous design, Wendy. Looks like a lot of work. Fingers crossed that your "unstitching" goes smoothly.
This work is lovely Wendy, sorry about having to undo the French knots.


text:
Mississippi ist das erste und erfolgreichste Lied der niederländischen Country-Pop-Gruppe Pussycat und wurde im Jahr 1975 veröffentlicht.

Pussycat war eine junge Formation aus dem niederländischen Brunssum, bestehend aus den drei Schwestern Betty, Marianne und Toni Veldpaus, wobei Toni (heute als Solokünstlerin Toni Willé bekannt) die Leadsängerin war. Begleitet wurden die Sängerinnen von Loulou Willé (Gitarre), Theo Wetzels (Bassgitarre), John Theunissen (Gitarre), Henk Hochstenbach, Hans Lutjens (bis 1973) und Theo Coumans (ab 1973). Geschrieben wurde das Lied von Werner Theunissen, produziert von Eddy Hilberts. Mit "Mississippi" erreichten sie als erste holländische Künstler den ersten Platz in den britischen Charts.

Entstehungsgeschichte
Der Gitarrist, Gitarrenlehrer und Songschreiber Werner Theunissen schrieb "Mississippi" schon im Jahr 1969, inspiriert von dem Lied Massachusetts der zu dieser Zeit sehr erfolgreichen australischen Gruppe Bee Gees. Da es ein schwermütiges Lied war, das von der Trauer einer langsam verschwindenden, dem modernen Rock 'n' Roll weichenden, Country-Musik handelt, musste er warten, bis er die idealen Interpreten hierfür hatte.

Er hatte mit seiner 1973 gegründeten Formation Sweet Reaction das musikalische Fundament gelegt, um diesem Song, wenn auch einige Jahre nach Bandgründung, doch noch zur Geltung zu verhelfen. Gerade der Close-Harmony-Gesang der drei Schwestern Kowalczyk, die vor der Gründung von Sweet Reaction noch unter dem Namen The BG'S (Beat Girls) from Holland auftraten, schienen ideal zu sein, dem Lied den nötigen Ausdruck zu verleihen. So also sandte Werner Theunissen dieses und zwei weitere Songs an die zu dieser Zeit größte Plattenfirma in den Niederlanden, die EMI Bovema in Heemstede. Dort hörte man die Musikstücke und entschied sich sogleich einen Vertrag mit der Band zu machen. Eddy Hilberts wurde der Produzent und die Band änderte ihren Namen in Pussycat. Hilberts, der auch den Song Guitar King von Hank the Knife and the Jets produzierte, gab dem Song die Country-Note.

Die Aufnahmen erfolgten im Februar 1975 in den EMI Bovema Studios in Heemstede. Die Plattenfirma nahm noch Rücksicht auf die Feierlichkeiten des Brunssumer Karnevals, der geeignet war den Stimmen der jungen Frauen zuzusetzen, und verschob die Aufnahme auf einen Termin nach den Festivitäten. Im April 1975 kam Mississippi heraus (EMI 1C 006-25 312). Die B-Seite hatte den Titel Do it, der zusammen mit Mississippi auf dem 1976er Debütalbum First of All erschien.

Der Erfolg
Nach der Veröffentlichung passierte längere Zeit nichts, dann spielte Meta de Vries, eine bekannte Radiomoderatorin des öffentlich-rechtlichen Senders Hilversum 3, welche früh das Hitpotential von Mississippi erkannte, das Lied in ihrer Sendung. Sie vermutete zunächst, Pussycat sei eine englische Band. Viele Hörer riefen im Studio an und wollten wissen, wie das Lied heißt und wer es singt. Aber auch Kollegen innerhalb des Senders erkundigten sich. Der spätere Fernsehmoderator Hans Van Willigenburg brachte den Song ebenfalls in seinen Radiosendungen. So spielte er während einer Ausstrahlung im November 1975 unter anderem drei Lieder und seine Zuhörerschaft konnte abstimmen, welche der drei Liedinterpreten dann ins Studio eingeladen werden sollten. Die Zuhörer entscheiden sich für Pussycat. Noch in derselben Woche kletterte der Song in die Top 40. Einige Tage später sangen Pussycat in der Musiksendung TopPop und in der darauffolgenden Woche später kletterte Mississippi auf Platz 1.

Das Lied wurde auch am 18. November 1975 in der abendlichen Quizshow Herkent U Deze Tijd ("Erinnern Sie sich an diese Zeit?") mit Kick Stokhuyzen auf NCRV live gespielt: Als im Verlauf der Sendung nach dem amerikanischen Fluss Mississippi gefragt wurde, sollte Pussycat dazu ihr Lied spielen.

Obwohl Toni und Marianne noch als Bürokräfte bei der Heerlener Firma DSM beschäftigt waren, waren sie schon nicht mehr in der Lage ihrem Beruf nachzugehen, als ihr Lied auch großen Erfolg im benachbarten Deutschland hatte (ebenfalls Platz 1 der Charts zwei Wo. hintereinander, 32 Wo. insgesamt vertreten).

1977 erhielt das Lied die Goldene Schallplatte. Dabei war zunächst nicht vorgesehen, dass das Lied in Deutschland oder Großbritannien vermarktet werden sollte, da ein solch großes Interesse an dem Lied nicht abzusehen war. Nach dem großen Erfolg in Holland und Deutschland jedoch wurde das Lied bei der kleinen schwedischen Plattenfirma Sonet Records in London verlegt (SON 2077) und im Herbst 1976 war Mississippi vier Wochen lang auf Platz 1 der englischen Charts. Hierfür erhielten sie den 'Conamus Award' (Buma Export Award) von der Conamus Foundation. Dieser Preis wurde ihnen dafür verliehen als erste niederländische Band die Spitzenposition der britischen Musikcharts erreicht zu haben. Überreicht wurde er vom britischen Botschafter in den Niederlanden, Sir John Barnes, am 5. Januar 1977.

Weitere Spitzenpositionen in den Charts weiterer Länder folgten, so in Österreich, Schweiz, Norwegen und Brasilien. Selbst in Australien erreichte der Hit Platz 1 (August 1976). Allein in Brasilien und Israel stand es 129 Wochen in den Charts. Geschätzt über fünf Millionen Mal wurde die Single weltweit verkauft (Stand 2005). In den USA war dieser Song lediglich in der Interpretation durch die amerikanische Sängerin Barbara Fairchild erfolgreich.

Coverversionen
Pussycat selbst brachten 1976 "Mississippi" in deutscher Sprache, allerdings mit inhaltlich stark verändertem Text, heraus.

Das Lied wurde von verschiedenen Interpreten in verschiedenen Sprachen nachgesungen. So coverte es noch im selben Jahr erfolgreich in den USA Barbara Fairchild und in Deutschland die Schlagersängerin Rebekka. 1991 nahm die Kanadierin Lucille Starr das Lied auf.

Weitere Versionen waren "Te Necesito" des kolumbianischen Sängers Fernando Calle. Eine beachtenswerte Version unter dem gleichen Titel wurde im April 1976 von der schwedischen Dansband-Formation Vikingarna in schwedischer Sprache aufgenommen (Text: Margot Borgström) und erschien auf dem Album Kramgoa Låtar 3. Eine tschechische Version gab es ein Jahr später von Petra Černocká.

Der holländische Schlagersänger Dennis Jones nahm 2007 eine Reggaeversion des Liedes in niederländischer Sprache auf. Als Backgroundsängerinnen konnte er die drei Sängerinnen der 1985 auseinandergegangenen Gruppe Pussycat gewinnen, die somit ihr eigenes Erfolgslied erstmals in ihrer Muttersprache sangen.

Weblinks
 Text Mississippi englischsprachiges Original
 Text Mississippi der deutschen Veröffentlichung (weicht inhaltlich vom englischsprachigen Original ab)

Einzelnachweise

Nummer-eins-Hit
Popsong
Lied 1975

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Clary sage essential oil is extracted from Salivia sclarea of the Labiatae family and is also known as clary, clary wort, muscatel sage, clear eye, see bright and eye bright (but not to be confused with the common herb also called eyebright (Euphrasia).
A clear to pale yellow essential oil, Clary sage has a sweet, nutty fragrance, somewhat herbaceous.
The viscosity is watery, viscous if the leaves are included in the distillation.
It is a native to southern Europe and is a stout biennial herb that grows up to 1 meter (3 feet) tall with large, hairy leaves and small blue/ white flowers growing directly off the long, thin stem. It is cultivated for oil production in France and Russia.
The name is derived from the Latin 'Claris' that means 'clear' or from the Greek 'Skeria' meaning 'hardness', referring to the hard parts of the flower petals. It was known in the Middle Ages as 'Oculus Christi' - the 'Eye of Christ' and was a highly esteemed medicine.
In Jamaica, it was used amongst the local people for cleaning and cooling ulcers and for inflammation of the eyes.
Clary sage oil is extracted by steam distillation from the flowering tops and the leaves.
The main chemical components of clary sage are linalool, linalyl acetate, caryophyllene, a-terpineol, geraniol, neryl acetate, sclareol and germacrene D.
Clary sage oil can be very relaxing and should be avoided when consuming alcohol, since it could exaggerate the effects of alcohol,. It is a non-toxic, non-sensitizing oil, but can in large doses generate a headache and must be avoided during pregnancy.
The therapeutic properties of clary sage oil are antidepressant, anticonvulsive, antispasmodic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, bactericidal, carminative, deodorant, digestive, emmenagogue, euphoric, hypotensive, nervine, sedative, stomachic, uterine and nerve tonic.
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Hello, everyone, I am Subhendu Ghosh founder of www.tryotec.in belong to India. I am a fulltime blogger, I have started Blogging in 2017 basically I publish Electronics product's like Mobiles, Laptops, Gadgets specifications review, new mobile launch news and also other tech-news, so that viewers can know about the latest product and specifications as far as the product's category Hope you know about that after view my post.
In today's market every day every company launches a new product, no doubt all products are good and reliable for use. I just focus on you about specifications of the product, maybe some time I make mistake some point, kindly acknowledge about that. Hope you get the right information from my post.
If you have any comments, questions you can write me on the comment box(Below my post) or leave your message at Contact Me Form along with your Name, E-mail ID I will try my best.


text:
District Rural Development Agency
Name and Address of the Organization / Department :
District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), 2nd Floor, Collectorate, Perambalur.
Head of the Organisation / Department, Contact Number and E-mail ID :
Project Director, District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), Perambalur.
Cell : 7373704220, Landline: (04328) – 225377, 225277, Email: drdapmb@nic.in
Rural development aims at improving rural people's livelihoods in an equitable and sustainable manner, both socially and environmentally, through better access to assets (natural, physical, human, technological and social capital), and services, and control over productive capital that enable them to improve their livelihoods on a sustainable and equitable basis.
The basic objectives of Rural Development Programmes have been alleviation of poverty and unemployment through creation of basic social and economic infrastructure, provision of training to rural unemployed youth and providing employment to marginal Farmers/Labourers to discourage seasonal and permanent migration to urban areas.
List of Ongoing Projects:
Green House (17-18)
PMAY (G) (17-18)
MLACDS (17-18)
MPLADS (17-18) MGNREGS (17-18)
PMGSY-Phase II (17-18)
NABARD (17-18)
TNRRIS (17-18)
Awards & Achievements:
Clean Village Campaign Award & cash award of Rs.5 lakh for each of the three village Panchayats i.e Pillangulam, Kurumbapalyam, Moongilpady.
Massive tree plantation drive was carried out in Perambalur district. As many as 83,760 saplings of " Vembu", "Poovarasu" and "Pungai" tree were planted during the drive.
50,226 Individual Household Latrines were Built Under SBM (G)
15,857 Houses were built for rural downtrodden People under PMAY (G) & Greenhouse schemes


Watch this space! SHOT Show will be held this year in Las Vegas, NV over four days. January 14-17 this page will be updated with the latest information coming from the convention; to include coverage of Media Day on the 13th. Each post will feature a product and act as a 'collection point' for all of that products information that will be updated as new information becomes available. Stay Tuned... In the mean time you can check-out 2013 Coverage and my 2014 Predictions.


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