After hearing countless news reports on the troubled job market, you had a feeling that it was only a matter of time before you were personally affected. Not surprisingly, your company recently decided to downsize and reduce its workforce by almost 40%. Unfortunately, you were not among the lucky few who were able to keep their jobs. Although you realize this decision was made to keep the company afloat, you can't help but feel depressed and betrayed. To make matters worse, there are very few employment opportunities in your chosen field. Since you don't want to wind up manning a cash register or flipping burgers, you've determined that the wisest course of action is to return to school and earn a new degree. However, finding the time to pursue higher education can be difficult when you have a family to take care of. Fortunately, while this may be challenging, it is by no means impossible. The following tips will help you earn a degree without sacrificing time with your nearest and dearest.
With families to support, jobs to go to and bills to pay, many returning students have packed schedules. Regretfully, this doesn't leave them a lot of time for pursuing degrees. This is where online colleges and universities come in. These convenient schools enable students to attend classes online and complete coursework and exams at their leisure. People of faith on the hunt for a fully accredited online Bible college are sure to love Grace Bible College. With an impressive array of courses, degrees and traditional Christian values, Grace is the online school of choice for students who want to maintain a special relationship with God.
In many households with children, one of the parents invariably winds up doing more of the work as far as the kids are concerned. If you happen to be the one who does the majority of the parenting, returning to school is liable to seem downright impossible. So before committing to going back to college, sit down with your spouse and have a frank discussion about what this decision will entail. Let him know that he'll need to take on some extra childcare-related responsibilities while you're earning your degree. If he seems less than amenable to this arrangement, make sure to stress how much going back to school means to both you and your family.
Raising a family is a full-time job in and of itself. Depending on how old your children are, they may require around-the-clock care. Between changing diapers, reading stories and putting the little ones down for naps, your days are packed to the brim with parenting chores. Realizing this, many higher education facilities offer evening classes for busy parents and students who work during the day. So after sending your tots off to Dreamland, you can load up your knapsack and go into full-on student mode.
As the job market continues to decline and the number of available positions steadily shrink, having multiple marketable skills is more important than ever. With an increasing number of adults returning to school, you can take solace in the fact that your situation is hardly unique. Even with a family to care for, going back to college is a very manageable undertaking.


Donald Pilgreen and Michael Hopkins of Third Street Education Center discuss the struggles of sustained recovery and the redemption they found through serving others.
Wells of Life names well in honor of Pope Francis, European Venture Philanthropy Association releases Investing for Impact, Imagining Matera to host roundtable discussion, and more.
New Horizons joins #GivingTuesday, Tourette Association of America raises over $1 million at the organization's annual Gala, Bel Air Church packs 1,000 Thanksgiving meal boxes, and more.
The Women's Fund of North Carolina awards $16,000 in grants to organizations across the state, Governor Roy Cooper presents six distinguished North Carolinians with the North Carolina Award, AFP NC Triad Chapter is offering three scholarship opportunities for AFP Membership, and more.
Long time friends and colleagues Robert Bush and Michael Marsicano reflect on their careers and the importance of coalition-building to community leadership.
Emma Rolader and Marshéle Carter share how to create a communication strategy that will guide your social content and interactions in a way that increases awareness and profits.
Gander Group partners with Kathy Ireland® Worldwide in support of the 12th Annual Christmas Spirit Coat and Toy Drive, Morris Animal Foundation promotes Carol Borchert to VP of Marketing and Brand Strategy, Brad and Alys Smith make a $25 million gift to Marshall University's Lewis College of Business, and more.
Sarah Battersby of Triangle Community Foundation and NC State's Roderick Brown discuss challenges, expectations and rewards from different sides of the college scholarship journey.


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This is the fifth chapter of my month-long fiction, album, made of word pictures.
engineer. noun. 1. Someone who designs or builds engines and machinery, or anyway knows how to. 2. Someone who operates engines or other machines or complicated equipment. 3. Someone who makes complicated things happen. verb. Make something complicated happen. From Anglo-Norman and Old French, ultimately from the same Latin as gave us ingenious.
This album is from about 15 years ago, plus or minus. Family and friends. There's Carol, lips pursed, looking like she was getting up to mischief in some place she wasn't supposed to be, which in fact was exactly the case. You can see the bookshelf and camera cabinet behind her. She moved to Vancouver and Jacob hasn't heard from her in years. There are Pam's friends Dick and Jane. Jacob always wondered if they got married just because of their names, but they seemed to have fun anyway. In this photo Jane's hand is swinging in a wide gesture and just connecting with a glass of wine. Jacob could have warned her – he saw it coming – but then he wouldn't have gotten the photo. And here's a photo of a puppy and a model train.
Jacob inhales sharply just a little, then raises his eybrows and exhales through his nose. He remembers this photo: he shot a roll of medium-format getting it, even though it was just for fun. The train was no problem, of course, but that puppy. They don't go where you want them to and do go where you don't want them to. And when you're shooting that close, you need to stop the lens down to get enough in focus, which means a slow shutter speed, and the little bugger kept moving.
He flicks the page abruptly over to the next, but I'm not done telling you about this photo. We can let him take close looks at dinner party pictures while I say a bit more that you'll want to know.
First: The puppy belonged to Lucian, his older son, the one who is now a lawyer, rapidly upwardly mobile and Important even at the fresh age of 25. He loved that puppy. It's buried under one of the trees off to the side of the house.
Second: The model train set belonged to Carl, his younger son, the one who is now an engineer, but not a train engineer, the other kind. Carl loved trains as a kid and decided to become an engineer. But then as he got older he decided that he didn't want to just drive machines, he wanted to design them. So he has his B.Eng. now and is starting at the bottom but will surely do well.
Now take a look at the interface between the puppy and the train in this picture. It's not an accidental occurrence. The puppy wasn't normally allowed into the basement where the train was, and anyway the train setup was at waist height, where the puppy couldn't get without being lifted. And Lucian wouldn't have liked having his puppy put on the train tracks and Carl wouldn't have liked having the puppy put on his train tracks. So, obviously, this photo was taken one day while they were at school. Jacob was bored and had too much to do so of course he had this great idea for a fun picture to take instead. He didn't bring his studio lights down; it's just lit with the room light. He set the camera on a tripod and used a macro extender, and he set up the shot, and then he went and got the puppy. Which, as already mentioned, was a pain in the ass because, you know, they can't be talked to. He finally got it to stand still facing in the right direction by staring at it from behind the camera and growling slowly.
So what you see is a mid-century locomotive with maroon livery, pointed obliquely forward, dominating the left third of the picture, appearing to be moving ahead into the frame (of course it was not actually moving), the cars behind it stretching out of the frame to the left; it is on a middle track of three, heading to a switch where it will have to go onto one or the other of two tracks, but standing in between those two tracks is a massive puppy, tan and white, in a half-crouch with its tail pointing up. The train set is very well made; a person might almost be fooled if it weren't for the puppy. These days many people would say the puppy was Photoshopped in, because most people have no idea what's worth using Photoshop to alter and what's better arranged in real life.
But also, a person who looked more carefully would see some other details. The engineer, leaning out the window of the locomotive, even from behind looks odd and stiff and shiny and more like an unfortunate and paralyzed passenger of a juggernaut than anyone in true control. A shed by the side of the tracks is tilted at a stiff, awkward angle (the puppy did that). The cabin by the switch has an unnatural glow from the little incandescent bulb in it. The grass looks a bit like felt. The gravel under the tracks is made of rocks that are rather large for gravel. And the depth of field of the focus is too shallow for this to be life-size unless the camera and lens were improbably large.
But who looks at the little details?
Well, Carl did. When he got home he noticed that the train had been moved and that the shed was off-kilter. "Dad! Can't you find something else to photograph?" He hadn't see the photo, but the explanation was obvious. Especially after he observed a puppy-paw print in the felt. "And don't put the dog on my train set!"
"You put Emma on his train set?" It was Lucian's turn. "That's not safe for a puppy! Can't I have one thing that you're not busy click-click-clicking away at?"
That last jab was not altogether fair. You can see how short the stack of personal photo albums is. And Jacob resisted posing his sons for photographs. They were… personal. It would have been like revealing something of himself. Pam came into his life, but Lucian and Carl came out of it.
Pretty far out of it now.
And when they turned cool to him and distanced themselves from him, he felt it like an aging man feels his muscles and joints turn against him. It doesn't seem decent that it would happen but you know it's inevitable and won't get better.
Part of it is neglect. We don't pay enough attention to our muscles and joints, and Jacob didn't pay enough attention to his family. All those other guys worked so hard to be friends with their sons and called them "Buddy" and played catch with them. Jacob could not see the sense in that. They were an intimate part of his life; they were, you know, there. But that's not enough. And now they're not there, not really.
They're certainly not here in this house. They've moved out and taken their stuff with them, most of it. Some was gone already. That train set. Carl spent countless hours with it as a child, but by his later adolescence he just kept meaning to get back to it. Too busy. Every so often at a random time he would go down and turn it all on and watch it go, a dreamy look on his face. And then turn it all off again and come back up for dinner. And then he went to university and it was just gathering dust and taking up space. Another photographer, Doug, mentioned to Jacob that his son was curious about model railroads, so Jacob arranged a swap: the railroad for a very nice Linhof Master Technika kit. Jacob surely got the better side of the bargain. Also, he kept the Linhof in great shape and used it regularly, while Doug's kid hardly used the train kit and broke some of it and it ended up in boxes in Doug's basement.
I don't think I need to describe the scene the following month when Carl came home for Christmas in a nostalgic mood and went down the the basement to spend some time with his trains.
Jacob's efforts to show Carl what a masterpiece of fine engineering the Linhof was were wasted. He didn't point out that he had paid for every piece of the train set with money he had made taking pictures; he could see that wouldn't help.
I'm not supposed to see this far into the future, but Carl will get a model train set when he retires from engineering and will spend the last 25 years of his life being that nice old guy with the amazing train set that all the kids love to come look at.
While Carl was freaking out over his missing train set, Lucian barely heard the noise. He was out in the side yard, where he always went first when he got home, to spend some time at the spot by the tree where Emma, his cute little puppy, was buried. She had been there for years; she barely made it to a year old. She might have been daunting to Carl's little engineer, a great obstacle to his maroon locomotive, but she was unnoticeable to Jacob and no obstacle at all to his burgundy hatchback when he backed it out from the house one Saturday. He did not know anything unusual had happened when he put the car in drive and rushed down the long gravel driveway to go to a photo shoot.
It is true, as Jacob pointed out when he got home that evening and discovered the whole house in mourning, that the dog should not have been there. It is true that Lucian should have been keeping an eye on it. It is also true, however, that Lucian had been around the side of the house with the puppy and had just gone over to the back because his mother was calling him.
Anyway, Pam will be grateful if she never hears another person scream like Lucian screamed when he came back around, looked for Emma, and found her.
At least Carl was in the basement at the time.
But regardless of the sequence of events – the puppy running away just as Pam called Lucian, Jacob backing out just at a time when he couldn't see the dog, the dog being entirely silent the whole time – everyone in the family always remembered the death of Emma as being Jacob's fault.
So yeah. There's only so long Jacob was going to look at that picture before turning the page.
This entry was posted in album, word pictures, word tasting notes and tagged album, engineer, word pictures, word tasting notes. Bookmark the permalink.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Say Ahhh! Medicaid Waivers
Medicaid Expansion Would Help More Latino Families Succeed
By Steven Lopez, National Council of La Raza
Steven Lopez of NCLR (left) joined CCF-NCLR Hispanic Children's Coverage report co-authors at a press conference.
Latinos are the most uninsured population in the country. As the largest civil rights and advocacy organization in the nation, the National Council of La Raza (NCLR) works to improve the lives of Hispanic Americans, no matter who they are, where they live, or how much they or their families earn, and equitable access to health care is a top priority. Limited access to health insurance, among other factors, can contribute to worse health outcomes for Latinos. As a population, we are more likely than other racial and ethnic groups to experience chronic and largely preventable diseases. Being uninsured not only impacts physical and mental health it can undermine family financial security. The high uninsured rate experienced by Latinos makes them more vulnerable to economic instability and bankruptcy due to unpaid medical bills.
At this year's annual NCLR convention in Kansas City, Missouri, I led a workshop to address this pressing issue. The workshop, "Saving Lives and Strengthening Economies: Championing the Promise of Medicaid Expansion", featured CCF Executive Director Joan Alker, Dr. Laura Guerra-Cardus of Children's Defense Fund-Texas and Jared Nordlund of NCLR's Department of Civic Engagement.
We discussed how the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has improved the lives of many Latinos by connecting them to affordable health care coverage and we outlined how we can make further progress. According to most accounts, more than four million Latinos have gained coverage since the ACA was implemented in 2010. While we're certainly encouraged by this progress, this is no time to let up. All of us must keep working together to bring down the still-too-high uninsured rates for Latinos, who are now one in six Americans, one in four Americans under 18, and will represent nearly one-third of the U.S. workforce by 2050.
The original design of the ACA required states to expand their Medicaid programs to serve individuals younger than 65 with incomes below 138 percent of the federal poverty level who meet certain qualifications. The Supreme Court's 2012 ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA upheld Medicaid expansion, however, it limited the ability of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to enforce it. As a result, states have the option to reject the federal funding available for Medicaid expansion and deny affordable coverage intended for their residents by the ACA.
One consequence of the state-by-state expansion is that a large portion of the population is shut out of an opportunity to obtain affordable coverage because an individual earns too little to qualify for the economic supports to purchase a private plan through the Marketplace, yet too much to qualify for Medicaid under the state's current eligibility requirements.
In Texas and Florida alone nearly one million Latinos are shut out of an opportunity for meaningful coverage because state leaders have refused to do what's right for their most vulnerable residents and accept federal dollars to expand Medicaid.
These state decisions impact real people who fall into the coverage gap. It impacts individuals like Irma of San Antonio, 28 who is raising four children. She works as an assistant manager at a pizza chain earning $19,200 a year. She has damaged discs in her neck, making it difficult and painful to raise her arms, which in turn makes it hard to do her job. Sometimes her untreated high blood pressure makes her so dizzy she has to sit to keep from falling or fainting. She has no insurance and fears what would happen to her children if she fell ill. For Irma and others like her who fall in the coverage gap, Medicaid expansion would provide an opportunity to seek critical preventive services that could lower the risk of developing more complex conditions, which are more expensive to treat, later down the road.
Irma and others like her are the reason NCLR has long worked to increase quality, affordable and accessible health insurance care and we'll continue that fight until everyone has the coverage they need to succeed. We know having access to the basic necessity of good health care improves the lives of people overall. It provides greater financial and social stability to families. It also markedly improves the educational prospects and chances for success later on in life for children. In short, health care is a critical building block to achieve a better life for individuals and families.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
McMurrys celebrate after struggles with COVID-19
The Fourth of July weekend did not give the McMurrys reason to celebrate.
Neither Patti McMurry nor her husband, Andy, were feeling well. Each took a coronavirus test. Andy's came back positive just as he was being admitted into Atrium Health Cleveland on July 7.
Though his was the most severe, several family members would soon test positive, making the weeks to follow distant and frightening.
"It's really odd … not being able to hug your family," Andy said.
Now that they've recovered, the patriarch and matriarch of the McMurry family decided it was indeed time to celebrate.
Giving a nod to the Cleveland County Fair that was canceled this year because of the pandemic, the family had a private fair to celebrate a family tradition, and Andy's birthday and recovery.
Family falls ill
Patti's symptoms weren't as severe as her husband's. She ran a fever and felt lousy, but she did not have to be hospitalized.
Andy was admitted and taken to ICU. While he did not get put on a ventilator, it was discussed, and a couple of days were touch and go.
Andy commended the level of care he received in the hospital and through therapy at home.
"I do want to compliment our local hospital … I couldn't be more thankful and appreciative," he said.
And even though he had to be relatively isolated during his 17 days in the hospital, the essential workers around him made him feel like family.
"They were very kind, very caring. They made it as pleasant as possible, and they were my family at that period," he said.
During his time in the hospital, Andy lost 31 pounds, and at least four other family members were diagnosed with coronavirus.
The opening of the Cleveland County Fair may not be a national holiday, but for many in the region it does come with its family traditions.
For the McMurrys, it's a time when they gather to take a photo together.
Having grown up in Shelby, Patti and Andy went to the fair every year. During one trip, they got the idea from another family to take a group picture. Thus, a tradition was formed.
For 37 years, the McMurrys have gone to the fair and gathered for the family photo. The first one featured them with their two young children, Joy and Paul. A little later, their third child, Patrick, made an appearance.
At last count, the family photo included 14 people when you add in spouses and grandchildren.
Family gathering
It may have not been the true Cleveland County Fair, but the McMurrys did a mock-up of it Thursday night in their driveway and garage. They played Fat Albert, albeit with a plastic mouse. They indulged in fair foods, and they gathered for the family photo.
Andy McMurry said they practiced some social distancing, but they also felt a level of comfort for those in their "family bubble."
The gathering not only included the family photo tradition, which is displayed in frames on the wall, but it served as an early birthday party for Andy, who turned 63 on Saturday.
"He gets to have another birthday, and we're so thankful for that," Patti McMurry said.
Diane Turbyfill can be reached at 704-669-3334 and Twitter.com/ShelbyStarDiane.


A new month means a new batch of concerts!
A new month means a new list of concerts coming through Cleveland, and it doesn't look as though January is going to disappoint!
Whether you'll be seeing the co-headlining tour of my dreams with Senses Fail and the Amity Affliction, or enjoying an acoustic set with Four Year Strong, there's a bunch of bands coming to Cleveland for the new year that you won't want to miss!
Check out the best shows coming to Cleveland this January!
Author's pick: Four Year Strong! This is going to be an acoustic set of some of FYS' best songs, and you seriously won't want to miss it!
Authors pick: Well, there's only one, but fear not, I would have picked this show regardless! The Amity Affliction AND Senses Fail? What a dream!
Authors pick: Again, there's only one, but fear not, I would have picked this show regardless...again! I mean, who wouldn't want to see Panic! At The Disco live?!
What shows are you most excited for? Let me know in the comments below!
Got a few hours? Watch both Fyre Festival documentaries. Trust me, it's worth it.
When it comes to documentaries, the Fyre Festival was the perfect subject. Between each scandal and crime, the festival was full to the brim with captivating content. This fact is best to solidify in the existence of not one, but two documentaries about the catastrophic failure of a music festival. Hulu and Netflix each released their own version of the documentary at almost the same time.
The beauty of these documentaries is that they compliment each other so well. While Netflix took a serious stance on the financial scam, Hulu took a more humorous evaluation of the festival.
The best way to to get the full experience of the Fyre Festival is to start by watching the Netflix documentary followed by the Hulu documentary. This sets you up with an understanding of the severity of the scam.
Netflix gives you all the information you need about the event, with a small taste of Billy McFarland's past. It builds a picture of the intensity from the inside of the operation. Using testimony from individuals involved with the production, the documentary worked to focus on the event as a failure rather than the cultural consequences of the festival. However, the documentary was produced by the social media team for the festival.
Hulu, on the other hand, went back through McFarland's past ventures to showcase a cycle of fraud and lies. With a sense of humor and a more thorough examination of the impacts and process of the festival, Hulu produced a documentary with less focus on the finances (compared to Netflix) and more analyzation of how the Fyre utilized social media.
By starting with Netflix, you start off with a thorough understanding of the logistics of the festival. This sets you up for a better experience with Hulu, that (personally) is the better documentary. The cultural failure that is Fyre Festival is the perfect event to learn about through documentary, but the best experience involves a combination of both documentaries played in that specific order: Netflix than Hulu.
It's nothing like Coachella 2019, but it's an experience you get for much less than a ticket to Fyre Festival.


Senses Fail is celebrating the premiere of their brand new song "New Jersey Makes, The World Takes" today. Produced by Beau Burchell (Moose Blood, Saosin, Hands Like Houses), the 7th full-length album from Senses Fail brings fans back to the band's rock roots while also experimenting with brighter, melody-driven exteriors. If There Is Light, It Will Find You is due out February 16th via Pure Noise Records and can be pre-ordered here.


Get a Celebrity-Style Closet with These 4 Easy Steps!
Spring Clean Your Closet with These Easy Tips Today!
Living in a cluttered home is not only unpleasant and inconvenient, it can force you to compromise on living the life you've always dreamed of.


text:
The Fillgraderstiege is a staircase in the sixth district of Vienna, Mariahilf. It was built from 1905 to 1907 and designed by Max Hegele, a student of Victor Luntz and Carl Hasenauer, in an Art Nouveau style to connect the two streets, Fillgradergasse and Theobaldgasse.

The stairs were blocked off in 1981, having been worn down for almost 80 years, and were then repaired between 1982 and 1984, in the process of which a café and art gallery were added in a previously unused inner room behind the stairs, both of which opened on the 1 August 1985.

The Fillgraderstiege staircase was named the fourth most beautiful steps in Europe in a 2004 poll of European art professors .

References

External links
  Das Fillgrader - The bar on the steps

Buildings and structures completed in 1907
Buildings and structures in Mariahilf
Stairways
Art Nouveau architecture in Vienna
Art Nouveau stairways

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Welcome to the Synapse shop!
On this webste you'll find all our goodies, you can shop for them here and get your products directly at our room within the school!
Get first your Synapse card and receive 20% off your order !


At the same time, we have commenced drilling through the cement shoe that was covering the end of the casing on the relief well, and they will be proceeding forward. I'd like to give you just a little bit of an update, and again, these are approximate dates moving forward of what we can expect now that we've submitted in the well from the top in regards to moving ahead with the relief well and cementing the well from the bottom.
Let me state upfront, because there has been some questions about this, we are unequivocally committed to completing the relief wells, drilling into the annulus and submitting the annulus as the bottom portion of this kill, and there is no indication at all that there should be – that we completed this with the – with the static kill from the top, just in case there's any confusion out there. So what will happen is, we will do a ranging run over the next 24 hours, and then we'll drill approximately 30 feet further down into the well, and between the 8th of August and the 13th of August, there'll be three patterns where we will drill 30 feet, do a ranging run. That's putting the wire down the hole and sensing where the pipe is at on the Macondo well, and we expect to be somewhere around the annulus around the 13th of August, and the drilling portion into the annulus is expected to occur somewhere between the 14th and the 15th of August.
The company, however, is prepared to move ahead and deal with the annulus somehow if they encounter it on the way down. As I've told you in previous briefings, we're starting about 4-1/2 feet away from the well horizontally, and we'll drill down at a very, very slight angle. If for some reason they penetrate the annulus in the process of doing that, they'll prepare – they'll be prepared to go ahead and assess the condition of the annulus at that point and go ahead and submit the well in.
We do not believe that the second try will be needed to go into the casing pipe because the indications are from the cement that was put in from the top is that the casing has been filled with cement down at that level, but we will not be sure of that until we finish the pressure checks that I mentioned earlier. But if the – if the pressure checks hold and we have indication the casing has been sealed off with cement, then the killing alone would require only going into the annulus. But we will not know that until the pressure checks are complete on the – on the cementing that was done yesterday and we actually enter the annulus itself and understand what the condition is at that time.
Other operations, we are spending a considerable amount of effort right now that's been deployed. In areas where there is no oil, we are picking up the boom, and we are decontaminating it. Whether it has oil or growth – marine growth on it, we are getting that boom cleaned and ready to deploy. There's some areas where boom was pushed up into marshlands because of Tropical Storm Bonnie. We continue to recover that as well. But in general, as we get to a point where boom is not needed in a certain location, we will pick that boom up, get it ready for redeployment and stage it but not deploy it unless it's absolutely necessary. We'll work that locally with the states and the parishes as we move forward.
And with that, I'll be glad to take your questions.
Greg Bluestein: Hi, Admiral. Thanks for the call. BP indicated today it could still dig another well to tap the underground reservoir that feeds the oil spill. Has BP sought the government's permission to do so or indicated that they would sell the lease, and should they be allowed to do so?
Thad Allen: I'm not familiar with any other attempt to drill there. The only thing I'm aware of is the second relief well that is holding at a certain depth in case we need to use that. Regarding any future production out of that well, I'm sorry, I don't have any information on that.
Anne Thompson: I'm sorry, Admiral Allen. We're having some technical difficulties here. I just wanted to follow-up on Greg's question. What's your reaction to BP saying they may drill into this reservoir again?
Thad Allen: I hadn't heard that, Anne. They hadn't brought it up – it hadn't come up in the course of discussions that I've had with BP executives. I would – I would assume that's a policy issue related to the management of the lease and Department of Interior and the Bureau of Ocean Energy, and frankly it just had not been raised to my level at this point, so I'm not sure I can comment on it.
Operator: Again, to ask a question, please press star, then the number one on your telephone keypad. We'll pause for just a moment to compile the Q&A roster.
Thad Allen: Operator, it would appear that we're through for the day here.
Operator: Thank you for participating in today's conference. You may disconnect at this time.


text:
\chapter{Introduction}

G. `t Hooft has argued that the consistency of quantum mechanics in
black hole evaporation will constrain high energy physics so much
that it will determine most of its features [\thooft].  In this paper
I will show that black hole complementarity [\shbhc] implies a
radical revision of the usual kinematics of systems with very high
energy.  In particular the usual Lorentz contraction of particles
must saturate when their momenta approach the Planck scale.  In other
words the physically measurable longitudinal size of a particle must
tend to a constant and not decrease like its inverse momentum.
Furthermore the transverse size of boosted objects must grow with
momentum.  These requirements would certainly seem unbelievable if it
were not for one circumstance.  They are found to be true for the
propagation of relativistic strings.

The plan of this paper is as follows:  In this section I will make
some preliminary remarks about Lorentz boosts and the behavior of the
physically measurable dimensions of systems.  Then I will define some
concepts which will be useful in discussing the spatial localization
of information.

In section II some parton models illustrating possible behaviors of
boosted particles are presented.  One of the models is especially
interesting because it necessarily contains a massless graviton.

Section III reviews the principle of black hole complementarity and
the concept of the thermally excited stretched horizon.  We describe
how complementarity requires information, nearing the horizon, to
spread when viewed by an observer outside the black hole.  The same
information does not spatially spread when viewed by an observer in
freefall alongside the particle.  The difference between these
perceptions of events trace back to the differences in ``resolving
time'' of the apparatuses available to the two observers.  The
requirements of black hole complementarity are satisfied in the model
of section II which requires the existence of gravitons.

In section IV it is shown that string theory has exactly the
properties required by black hole complementarity [\stpbhc].  While
this does not prove that string theory is the only possible
description which allows black holes to be consistent with quantum
mechanics, it is very suggestive.

Finally in section V, I discuss the conclusions and philosophical
implications of the paper.

In classical field theory an object is described by giving the values
of certain local fields which are assumed to transform as tensors
under Lorentz transformations.  It follows straight forwardly that if
the contours of constant field strength (scalars) form spatial
spheres at rest in one frame then in a boosted frame they form
ellipsoids.  The transverse size of the ellipsoid is unchanged by the
boost and its longitudinal size is contracted according to the famous
formula of Lorentz and Fitzgerald.  In conventional quantum field
theory the situation is more complicated for a number of reasons
including the uncertainty between position and velocity and the
inability to localize a particle within its Compton wave length.
Quantum gravity may introduce other complications of an unknown kind.
 Therefore I am going to introduce a definition of size by
operational procedures which could, in principle, be used to measure
it.  We will primarily be interested in objects moving with velocity
near the speed of light.

Consider an object moving along the $z$ axis with a velocity $v
\approx 1$.  We also consider an apparatus at rest which consists of
an idealized surface of sensitive detectors such as a fluorescent
screen or a photographic plate.  I assume the grain size and spacing
is much smaller than the object.  When the object strikes the plate
it leaves a mark.  By the transverse size of the object I will mean
the size of the mark that is left.  Defined in this way it is not
clear that the transverse size remains constant as $v \rightarrow 1$.
 For example, it is widely believed that the cross section for
proton-proton scattering logarithmically increases with energy.  The
damage left by a high energy proton on a plate would also grow.  The
only requirement of Lorentz invariance is that if both the object and
the apparatus are boosted by a common angle, the transverse size not
change.  Similar conclusions can be drawn about the longitudinal size
of objects.

I believe there is a sense in which the transverse size of an object
does approach a limit as $v \rightarrow 1$ in ordinary relativistic
field theory.  Consider the difference between the spots left by
protons and neutrons.  To be more exact consider a large number of
marks left by protons and a similar ensemble left by neutrons under
otherwise identical circumstances.  Careful examination of the two
ensembles will reveal differences in the statistical properties of
p-marks and n-marks.  In ordinary QFT we do not have to study the
entire area occupied by each mark in order to distinguish the
ensembles.  Even assuming the mark size grows as $v \rightarrow 1$
the region which contains the relevant distinctions between particle
types does not.  Furthermore the longitudinal size occupied by these
distinctions, Lorentz contracts although the full physical extension
may not.

To give an idea of what I mean by the transverse size occupied by
information, consider a conventional field theory.  Assume that the
cutoff length is much smaller than the size of the objects being
studied.  Now consider two orthogonal states, $\ket{A}$ and
$\ket{B}$, which I will call particles but which could be more
general.  Let us suppose their transverse center of masses are
localized at the same place.  Now partition space into two regions.
The first region, \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral1}, is an
infinite solid cylinder of radius $R$ located at the same transverse
position as the centers of mass of $\ket{A}$ and $\ket{B}$.  The
second region, \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral2}, is its
complement.

The statistical results of all measurements within the region
\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral1} can be described by a density
matrix in which the degrees of freedom in
\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral2} are traced over.  Thus we
define
$$
\rho_A^{\rm I} \; = \;
Tr^{\rm II} \; \ket{A}\bra{A}
\eqn\one
$$

$$
\rho_B^{\rm I} \; = \;
Tr^{\rm II} \; \ket{B}\bra{B}
\eqn\two
$$
where $Tr^{\rm II}$ indicates a sum over a complete basis of states
in II.  A measure of the orthogonality of $\rho_A$ and $\rho_B$ is
defined by
$$
D_R^{\rm I}(A,B) \; = \;
{Tr \rho_A^{\rm I} \rho_B^{\rm I} \over \lbrack Tr (\rho_A^{\rm I})^2
(\rho_B^{\rm I})^2 \rbrack^{{1 \over 2}}} \;.
\eqn\three
$$

As $R \to \infty$, \ $D_R^{\rm I}(A,B)$ must tend to be zero,
indicating that the two states are orthogonal and fully
distinguishable.  Furthermore as $R \to 0$, \ $D_R^{\rm I}$ will tend
to unity since the ultraviolet behavior of all states must be the
same as the vacuum.  We can therefore define a radius $R(A,B)$ which
characterizes the transverse region in which the information
distinguishing $A$ and $B$ is localized.  For example, $R_{AB}$ could
be defined by setting $D_R (A,B)$ equal to ${1 \over 2}$.

Similarly, given a collection of states, $A, \; B, \; C$...  we can
ask for the smallest region that needs to be investigated in order to
distinguish these states.  A simple definition would be obtained by
requiring the largest of the quantities $D_R^{\rm I}(A,B)$, $D_R^{\rm
I}(A,C)$, $D_R^{\rm I}(B,C)$...  to be ${1 \over 2}$.

We can also use such density matrices to define the size of an
object.  Consider the density matrix of the outer region II when a
particle $A$ is present and when the state is pure vacuum.  Define
them by
$$
\rho_A^{\rm II} \; = \;
Tr^{\rm I} \ket{A}\bra{A}
\eqn\four
$$
$$
\rho_0^{\rm II} \; = \;
Tr^{\rm I} \ket{0}\bra{0} \;.
\eqn\five
$$

The quantity
$$
D_R^{\rm II}(A,0) \; = \;
{Tr \rho_A^{\rm II} \rho_0^{\rm II} \over \lbrack Tr (\rho_A^{\rm
II})^2
Tr (\rho_0^{\rm II})^2 \rbrack^{{1 \over 2}}} \;,
\eqn\six
$$
measures the distinguishability of the vacuum and particle $A$ in the
outer region II.  The size of $A$ can be defined by requiring
$$
D_R^{\rm II}(A,0) \; = \; {1 \over 2} \;.
\eqn\seven
$$

Generally there is no reason why the size of the particles should be
the same as the size of the regions carrying the information
distinguishing particles.  For example, if all particles in a certain
class had some sort of long range field with equal strength then the
distinction between particle types would be localized well within
their full sizes.

\chapter{Parton Models}

To understand how an observer outside a black hole describes the
behavior of matter near the horizon it is essential to first
understand ordinary field theory in the light cone frame [\kgtssknd].
 Let us introduce cartesian coordinates $(x,y,z,t)$ into flat
Minkowski space.  The $x,y$ directions will be called the transverse
directions and indicated by ($X_{\perp}$).  The combinations $\tau =
t-z$ and $X^+ = t+z$ are called light cone time and the longitudinal
direction respectively.  The conjugate to $\tau$ and $X^+$ are called
the light cone Hamiltonain and longitudinal momenta $H,P$.  For a
free particle the light cone Hamiltonian is
$$
H \; = \; {q_{\perp}^2 + m^2 \over 2P} \;,
\eqn\eight
$$
(Note that $P$ is always positive)
where $m$ is the particle's rest mass and $q_{\perp}$ is the
transverse momentum.

Light cone physics can also be thought of as the limiting description
of matter which has been boosted to very large momentum.

The space of states of light cone field theory is the Fock space
describing particles with transverse position $X_{\perp}$ and
longitudinal momentum $P$.  The states are generated by applying
creation operators $a^+(X_{\perp},P)$ on a vacuum $\ket{0}$ which is
annihilated by $a^-(X_{\perp},P)$.

Notice that quanta can have large energy either because $q_{\perp}$
is large or because $P$ is small.  For the moment let us ignore the
possibility that $q_{\perp}$ is large.  Assume that fluctuations in
transverse momenta and the mass $m$ are of some common order of
magnitude that characterizes the theory.

Let us suppose we are not interested in, or can not resolve processes
taking place on, time scales shorter than a {\it resolution time}
$\delta \tau = \epsilon$.  It is then appropriate to integrate out
all degrees of freedom with energy greater than ${1 \over \epsilon}$.
 According to \eight\ this means we integrate out quanta with
$$
P \; < \; m^2\epsilon \;.
\eqn\nine
$$
The effective description has no quanta of longitudinal momenta less
than $m^2\epsilon$.  Furthermore, in the description of a system with
total longitudinal momentum $P_{TOT}$ there can be no quanta with $P
> P_{TOT}$.

Under a longitudinal boost the P-value of each parton rescales by a
common amount.  For example, a Lorentz boost which doubles $P_{TOT}$
also doubles each constituent $P$.  However, if the resolving time
$\epsilon$ is kept fixed the lower cutoff in $P$ is not doubled.
This means that in the boosted system there will be no partons in the
allowed region $m^2 \epsilon < P < 2m^2 \epsilon$.  The partons in
the region $P \sim m^2 \epsilon$ must be dealt with separately from
the rest when a boost is performed.  They can be thought of as new
partons which come into existence solely by virtue of boosting the
system.  Feynman called these the ``wee partons''.

In certain very well behaved and uninteresting field theories the
parton distribution rapidly diminishes toward low $P$ once $P_{TOT}
>> m$.  In that case essentially no new partons are created by
increasing $P_{TOT}$.  In these theories the boost properties of
objects are very conventional.

In more interesting theories such as QCD the parton distribution is
singular near $P = 0$.  In these cases, boosting a system requires
adding partons at low $P$.  If those partons are located at ever
increasing transverse distance then the transverse size appears to
grow with $P_{TOT}$.

Similarly the longitudinal spread of the object will fail to Lorentz
contract because the constantly renewed partons are of low momentum
[\bjorken].  Nevertheless there is a sense in which particle
properties behave conventionally under boosts.  The size and shape of
the regions which contain the information necessary to distinguish
particles undergoes Lorentz contraction and no transverse spread.
This is because the distinctions are carried by the high momentum
partons which carry finite fractions of the total momentum.  The low
momentum cloud is universal.

The transverse size of an object depends both on its longitudinal
momentum and the resolution time.  However Lorentz invariance
requires it to depend only on the combination ${P_{TOT} \over
\epsilon} \;.$

We have ignored effects having to do with large transverse momenta.
These effects are interesting but do not lead to further momentum
dependence in the size of objects.  Instead they introduce fine
detail in the structure of the partons themselves [\parisi].

As we shall see, quantum gravity requires an altogether different
description when the momenta of particles begins to exceed the Planck
mass.  The new type of behavior can be illustrated by a simple model.
 Let us suppose that a particle with longitudinal momentum $P$ can be
described as a bound state of two quanta when the resolution time
$\delta \tau$ is of order $P$ in some natural units.  For simplicity
the quanta can be assumed to have approximately equal longitudinal
momenta and a transverse separation of order unity.  If the parent
particle has longitudinal momentum $P$ the constituents have ${P
\over 2}$.  The configuration is described by a wave function
$$
\psi \; = \; \psi(X_1 - X_2) \; \delta(P_1-{P \over 2}) \; \delta(P_2
- {P \over 2}) \; \delta(X_1+X_2) \;,
\eqn\ten
$$
where $X_1$ and $X_2$ represent the transverse locations of the
constituents.

Suppose when the resolution time is decreased by a factor of 2, each
constituent is itself resolved into a pair of new constituents with
the same wave functions $\psi$ except that the constituents now have
longitudinal momentum ${P \over 4}$,
$$\eqalign{
\psi(y_1,y_2,&y_3,y_4,Q_1,Q_2,Q_3,Q_4)
=  \psi({y_1{+}y_2 \over 2}  -  {y_3{+}y_4 \over 2})
\, \psi(y_1{-}y_2) \, \psi(y_3{-}y_4) \cr
&\qquad\times \delta(Q_1{-}{P \over 4}) \,
\delta(Q_2{-}{P \over 4}) \,
\delta(Q_3{-}{P \over 4}) \,
\delta(Q_4{-}{P \over 4}) \,
\delta(y_1{+}y_2{+}y_3{+}y_4) \;.
\cr}
\eqn\eleven
$$

The first factor represents the original wave function [\ten] with
$X_1$ and $X_2$ replaced by ${y_1+y_2 \over 2}$ , ${y_3+y_4 \over 2}$
respectively.  The second and third factors represent the
compositeness of the original constituents.

Let us continue this process so that each time we improve the
resolution by a factor of 2.  The previous constituents are resolved
into pairs with the wave function $\psi$.  After $n$ iterations the
resolving time is
$$
\epsilon \sim P({1 \over 2})^n \;,
\eqn\twelve
$$
the number of constituents is $2^n$, and the longitudinal momentum of
each is ${P \over 2^n}$.

As the resolving time decreases the transverse spread of the
configuration tends to a gaussian probability distribution for
finding a constituent at a given transverse distance.  The width of
the gaussian grows like the square root of the number of iterations.
Thus the transverse size $R$ is given by
$$
R({P\over\epsilon})\sim\sqrt{\ln{{R\over\epsilon}}} \;.
\eqn\thirteen
$$

This formula describes a growth which is similar to that of the
proton that I described before.  However this time the information is
spread over the entire area.  To see this we can consider
constructing a second state, replacing \ten\ by
$$
\psi' \; = \; \psi'(X_1-X_2) \;
\delta(P_1-P_2) \;
\delta(P_2-{P \over 2}) \;
\delta(X_1+X_2) \;,
\eqn\fourteen
$$
where $\psi'$ is orthogonal to $\psi$.  In each iteration we still
replace each constituent by a pair with the original wave function
$\psi$.  After any number of iterations the two wave functions are
orthogonal.  However the density matrices for bounded regions of
fixed size $R_0$ are indistinguishable as ${P \over \epsilon} \to
\infty$.  To detect the orthogonality of the two states a region of
size $R({P \over \epsilon}) \sim \ln{{P \over \epsilon}}$ must be
inspected.  As we shall see this is a fundamental property that
quantum gravity must have if black hole evaporation is to be
consistent with quantum mechanics.

The longitudinal size of the distribution can also be estimated.
Since the individual constituent longitudinal momenta are of order
$\epsilon$, the resolving time, the uncertainty principle suggests
that the longitudinal size $\Delta z$ satisfies $\Delta z \sim {1
\over \epsilon}$.  In conventional terms this is equivalent to an
absence of longitudinal Lorentz contraction as $ P \to \infty$ with
fixed $\epsilon$.

I will now argue that if such a model can be consistent with special
relativity it must contain a graviton.  To see this let us consider
the scattering of two particles.  We take one particle to be at rest
and one moving along the z-axis with large momentum $P$.  The fast
particle has longitudinal momentum $P$ and the scattering can resolve
internal motions with $\delta \tau \approx 1$ so that the fast
particle must be described as a number $N \sim P$ constituents.  Now
consider the low momentum transfer elastic amplitude.  Let $q$ be the
transverse momentum transfer.  Since the target can scatter off any
of the constituents the amplitude will be proportional to $N$.
Furthermore, since the spatial distribution of constituents is
gaussian with width of order $(\ln{N})^{1 \over 2}$ we find the
amplitude to be
$$A(q^2) \; \sim \; e^{-(\ln{N})q^2}N \; \sim \; P^{1-q^2} \;.
\eqn\fifteen
$$

The reader will recognize this as a Regge behaved scattering
amplitude corresponding to a linear Regge trajectory
$$
J(q^2) \; = \; 2 \; - \; q^2
$$
from which one deduces the existence of a massless spin 2 particle.

The above argument is not meant to be a serious mathematical proof.
It is a paraphrasing of string theory which we will see has the
properties of the model.  The main features to remember in this model
are that the spatial extension of the cloud of information carried by
a particle has longitudinal and transverse extension which depends on
the ratio of the longitudinal momentum and resolution time.  The
pattern of transverse growth that occurs as the resolution time is
decreased is similar to a common feature of many systems known as
{\it branching diffusion}.

\chapter{Implications of Black Hole Complementarity}

Consider an object falling toward the horizon of a black hole.  From
the viewpoint of fiducial observers at fixed static position, the
momentum of the object increases without bound and its internal
motions slow indefinitely.  In effect, the fiducial observers outside
the black hole see the object with increasing powers of resolution.
To follow this process into the stretched horizon at a few Planck
lengths from the event horizon the Lorentz boost properties of matter
must be thoroughly understood.

The black hole hole can be described by external observers in terms
of tortoise coordinates which cover only the exterior region.
Tortoise time is identical to Schwarzschild time and the tortoise
radical coordinate $r^*$ is defined by
$$
r^* \; = \; r \; + \; 2m \log{(r-2m)}\;.
\eqn\rstar
$$
Far from the horizon the metric has the flat space form
$$
ds^2 \; = \; dt^2 \;-(dr^*)^2 \; -(r^*)^2d\Omega^2 \;.
\eqn\fspace
$$
Near the horizon it locally behaves like
$$
ds^2 \; = \; \big ({e^{{r^* \over 2m}} \over 2m}\big ) \; \lbrack
-(dr^*)^2 \; + \; dt^2 \rbrack -dX^2_{\perp} \;,
\eqn\behavior
$$
where $X_{\perp}$ are cartesian coordinates transverse to the radial
direction.

As the particle falls toward the horizon its longitudinal momentum
increases like $\exp{({t \over 4m})}$.  If the system behaves like a
conventional classical object it will appear to have fixed transverse
size and Lorentz contracted longitudinal extension.  The center of
the object will move on a trajectory which approaches
$$
r^* \; + \; t \; = \; 0 \;,
\eqn\trajectory
$$
as $t \to \infty $ and its longitudinal extension $\Delta r^*$ will
satisfy
$$
e^{{r^* \over 4m}} \Delta r^* \; \approx \; e^{-t \over 4m} \;,
\eqn\satsfy
$$
or
$$
\Delta r^* \; \sim \; 1 \;.
\eqn\short
$$
Eventually the particle and all its structure disappears to $r^* =
-\infty$ and is lost.  At best the information can be retrieved at
the very end of the Hawking evaporation.  It is this picture that is
implicit when conventional quantum field theory is studied in curved
space-time.

Black hole complementarity requires a different behavior from the
viewpoint of the external observer.  The information carried by the
object should get deposited in a layer called the stretched horizon
which is located near $r^* = 0$.  This is the layer where the local
temperature of the Unruh radiation is of Planckian magnitude.
Furthermore, the information is supposed to be distributed among the
hypothetical stretched horizon degrees of freedom as if it was being
thermalized.  In the final state of thermal equilibrium the
information should be delocalized over the entire horizon.  A
reasonable guess is that the information diffuses so that its
transverse spread grows like
$$
R^2 \; \sim \; {t\over 4M} \;,
\eqn\grow
$$
we use ${t\over 4M}$ because the proper time on the stretched horizon
is red shifted relative to Schwarzschild time by a factor of order
$4M$.

The longitudinal spread of the information implied by complementarity
is also unconventional.  The region occupied by the system must
continue to overlap the stretched horizon near $r^* = 0$.  This
requires \satsfy\ and \short\ to be replaced by
$$
\Delta r^* \; \sim \; e^{{t \over 4M}} \;.
\eqn\replace
$$
This is equivalent to the condition that no Lorentz contraction takes
place once the particles falling into the black hole reach momenta of
order the Planck mass.  In other words the longitudinal extension
$\Delta z$ should satisfy
$$
\vert \Delta z \vert \; \sim \; 1 \;,
\eqn\longitude
$$
in Planck units.

The conditions \replace\ and \longitude\ are just those satisfied by
the branched diffusion model of Section III.  Of course the model was
cooked up for just this purpose.  However it is interesting that it
also leads to the existence of a massless spin two graviton.

\chapter{Strings Near a Horizon}

String propagation in a Schwarzschild background has not been
completely
analyzed.  However, the region near the event horizon of a very large
black
hole is enough like Minkowski space that much of what we need to know
can be
determined.  In particular, as long as the region under study is
small in
all its dimensions compared with the Schwarzschild radius, the
external
region of the horizon is isomorphic to Rindler space.

In the previous sections we assumed that the standard laws of physics
hold
down to the Planck scale.  In string theory however, the new physics
begins
at the {\it string scale} which differs from the Planck scale by
factors of
the dimensionless coupling constant $g$.  If $\ell_p$ is the Planck
length and
$\ell_s$ is the string length then
$$
\ell_p \; = \; g \ell_s \;,
\eqn\slength
$$
so that if $g$ is very small the new physics begins at length scales
appreciably larger than $\ell_p$.  In this case the stretched horizon
should
be placed a distance $\sim \ell_s$ from the event horizon.  At this
distance
the Unruh temperature is the same as the Hagadorn temperature and the
properties of the vacuum become markedly different [\atkwtn] from the
zero temperature vacuum seen by a freely falling Minkowski observer.
This is
also the place where the standard rules of Lorentz contraction begin
to fail
and where information begins to transversely spread [\stpbhc].  The
Planck length is where perturbative string theory fails but the
interesting
physics seen by the outside observers takes place between $\ell_s$
and
$\ell_p$.

Let us compute the properties of free strings in the light cone
frame.
Points of the string are described by a transverse location
$X_{\perp}(\sigma)$ and whatever internal degrees of freedom are
implied by
supersymmetry and compactification.  In  the light cone frame the
internal
degrees of freedom are decoupled from $X_{\perp}(\sigma)$.  Thus the
normal
mode decomposition of $X_{\perp}$ is the same as for free bosonic
strings
$$
X_{\perp}(\sigma) \; = \; X_{\perp}(C.M.) \; + \;
\sum_{\ell} {X(\ell) \over \ell}
e^{i \ell \sigma} \; + \;
{\widetilde X (\ell) \over \ell} e^{-i \ell \sigma} \;.
\eqn\boson
$$
The transverse size of the string can be estimated by computing the
quantity
$$
R_{\perp}^2 \; = \;  \langle\lbrack X_{\perp}
(\sigma) - X_{\perp} (c.m.) \rbrack^2 \rangle \;,
\eqn\tsize
$$
where the expectation value is calculated in whatever state is under
consideration.  For the ground state one easily finds
$$
R_{\perp}^2 \; = \; \sum_{\ell} \; {1\over \ell} \;,
\eqn\gstate
$$
which diverges logarithmically.  This divergence is the key to
understanding
the curious properties of strings under Lorentz boosts.

The divergence  in $R_{\perp}^2$ is due to a summation over modes of
arbitrarily high frequency.  The frequency of the $\ell^{{\underline
{th}
}}$  normal mode in light cone time $\tau$ is
$$
\nu_{\ell} \; = \; {\ell \over P_{TOT}}
\;,
\eqn\mode
$$
where $P_{TOT}$ is the longitudinal momentum of the string.  In
\mode\ the
frequency is defined in string units.  If an experiment is performed
by an
observer with a resolution time $\epsilon$ then the modes with $\nu >
{1
\over \epsilon}$ should be cut off.  Hence we define a resolution
dependent
size $R_{\perp}^2 (\epsilon)$ by
$$
R_{\perp}^2 (\epsilon) \; = \;
\sum_{\ell=1}^{{P_{TOT} \over \epsilon}}
{1 \over \ell} \; \approx \; \log{{P_{TOT}
\over \epsilon}} \;.
\eqn\resdsize
$$
Evidently the transverse size grows exactly as in the branched
diffusion
model of Section II [\stpbhc , \kks].  The phenomenon of transverse
growth
with decreasing resolution time has been noted previously but its
connection
with black hole horizon's has not.  The longitudinal behavior as a
function
of resolution has not, to my knowledge, received any attention.  To
compute
the mean longitudinal spread $\Delta z$ we use the constraint
equation
$$
{\partial X^+ \over \partial \sigma} \; = \;
{\partial X_{\perp} \over
\partial \sigma} \;  {\partial X_{\perp} \over \partial \tau} \; + I
\;,
\eqn\constrnt
$$
where $\ell$ represents the contribution from compactified modes,
fermionic
modes etc.  We can rewrite \constrnt\ in terms of Virasoro generators
$$
{\partial X^+ \over \partial \sigma} \; = \;
\sum_{\ell} L(\ell) \; e^{i \ell \sigma} -
\widetilde L (\ell) \; e^{-i \ell \sigma} \;,
\eqn\virasoro
$$
which can be integrated to give
$$
X^+ \; = \; X^+(c.m.) \; + \; \sum \;
{L(\ell) \; e^{i \ell \sigma} \over i \ell} \; + \;
{\widetilde L (\ell) \over i \ell} \;
e^{-i \ell \sigma} \;.
\eqn\intrte
$$
Using the standard Virasoro algebra one finds
$$
\bra{0} \Big ( X^+ (\sigma) - X^+ (c.m.) \Big )^2 \ket{0}
\; \sim \; \sum_{\ell} \ell \;,
\eqn\algebra
$$
which diverges quadratically.  The cure is as before.  Averaging
$X^+$ over a
resolution time $\epsilon$ cuts off the sum at $\ell \; \sim \; {P
\over
\epsilon}$.  Thus
$$
\bra{0} \Big ( X^+ (\sigma) - X^+ (c.m.) \Big )^2 \ket{0}
\; \sim \; {P^2 \over \epsilon^2} \;,
\eqn\algebra
$$
or
$$
\vert \Delta X^+ \vert \; \sim \; {P \over \epsilon} \;.
\eqn\endpgph
$$

Equation \endpgph\ indicates that no Lorentz contraction of the
string
distribution takes place.  The two properties \resdsize\ and
\endpgph\ are
precisely what is needed in order that an infalling string appears to
spread
over the stretched horizon without escaping to $r^* = -\infty$.

The spreading process begins to occur when the string reaches the
stretched
horizon at distance $\ell_s$ from the event horizon.  The process is
very
similar to the stochastic evolution of a scalar field in an inflating
universe.  In both cases more and more modes enter the description
with time.
These modes enter with random  phase and amplitude.  In each case the
growth
and spreading over the {\it target space} can be described by
stochastic
interactions with a heat bath.  In the string case the heat bath is
provided
by the Unruh effect.

If no other effects take place the string would grow to a size
comparable to
the Schwarzschild radius in a time given by
$$
t \; = \; g^2 M^3 \;,
\eqn\enough
$$
in Planck units.  If $g$ is small this is a short time by comparison
with the
evaporation time of the black hole.

As the string replicates its transverse density increases.  At the
center of
the distribution the average number of strings $N$ passing through a
region of
area $A$ (measured in string units) is of order $\exp{R_{\perp}}^2
\sim e^{{t
\over 4M}}$.  However, this enormous density of string certainly
leads to new
effects once it becomes of order ${1 \over g^2}$.  At this time the
probability for string interactions becomes unity and perturbation
theory
breaks down.  One attractive possibility is that the growth of string
density
is cut off at this point.  The result would be that the density grows
until
there is about one string per unit Planck area.  This is also
suggested by the
fact that the entropy of a black hole is proportional to its area as
measured
in Planck units.

Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of the above description is that
none of it
is seen by an observer who falls through the horizon with the string.
 Such an
observer sees the string with a fixed time resolution and therefore
sees a
constant transverse and longitudinal size as the horizon is crossed.

\chapter{Philosophical Implications}

Black hole complementarity and its realization in string theory imply
profound
changes in our current views of matter and space-time.  These
concepts further
erode the classical realism of the Newtonian picture of the universe.
 They
entail a new degree of relativity and observer dependence of reality.
 The
special theory of relativity destroyed the invariant meaning of
simultaneity.
Quantum theory introduced the idea of incompatible measurements and
eliminated
the classical concept of a well defined trajectory.  What was left
intact is
the invariant event, occurring in a well defined space-time location
even if
that event can only be predicted statistically.  Now however, even
that can no
longer be relied upon.  Consider, for example, that the destruction
of an
individual falling into a black hole takes place in a space-time
region and in
a manner which appears entirely different to observers in free fall
and those
supported outside the horizon.  To those in free fall the individual
easily
survives the passage through the horizon but is destroyed by infinite
tidal
forces much later.  The outside observer witnesses death by heat at
the
stretched horizon.  Which is correct?  In my view there is no more an
answer
to this question than to whether two events really are simultaneous
or to
which of the two paths a photon traveled.

All of this is possible only because matter is not anchored in
space-time as in
classical or quantum field theory.  The more precisely one tries to
resolve
the location of the constituents of matter the more they fluctuate to
large
distances.  Probing strings with infinite time resolution reveals
that each
bit of string fills space out to infinite distances.  Only because
finite
energy implies finite time resolution do we see localized matter.

\chapter{Acknowledgements}

The author thanks A. Peet and L. Thorlacius for help in calculating
the
longitudinal spread of strings.  He also thanks A. Mezhlumian for
informative
discussions about branched diffusion processes, and J. Susskind for
technical
assistance.  The work was supported in part by NSF grant PHY 89
17438.

\refout
\doublespace

\end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
André Derain at the Pompidou Centre
January 6, 2018 dianabyrne
Self Portrait,1913-1914
Andre Derain (1880-1954) is well known as an avant garde artist at the beginning of the 20th century and it is this period of his life that the exhibition at the Pompidou Centre concentrates on, as is evident from it's title 'André Derain, 1904-1914, The Radical Decade'. The exhibition leads the visitor through the various stages of Derain's artistic development and differing styles from this decade, from his early days painting around his hometown, Chatou just outside Paris with the artist Maurice de Vlaminck, to his fauvist days in Collioure with Henri Matisse, on to his own style of cubism which developed during the course of his friendship with Pablo Picasso and then to his period described in the exhibition as magic realism. After this, Derain's artistic career was interrupted by the First World War. After the war, Derain returned to a more traditional style of painting which led many to view him negatively in so far as he no longer strove to develop a more radical approach to art. However, there is a clue to his swing back to traditional art in the first painting at the exhibition, 'The Carrying of the Cross', from the Museum of Fine Arts, Bern, a copy of a painting by the Renaissance artist Baguio d'Antonio ( 1446-1516) which Derain painted in 1901, aged 21, when he spent time copying the Old Masters in the Louvre. Expecting to see radical art, I was startled to see this painting on entering the exhibition puzzled as to how this very traditional painting fitted in with radical art from the early 20th century. But before his 'radical' years this was what the 21 year old Derain was interested in and maybe it should be no surprise that after the experiments of his avant garde period, Derain returned to a form of art that he loved.
The exhibition doesn't concern itself with Derain's later more traditionally influenced art but highlights his contribution to the avant garde movements before the First World War. Derain started painting when he was still a teenager but it was only after his military service from 1901-1904 that he abandoned his career as an engineer and concentrated solely on an artistic career.
The exhibition groups paintings in chronological order and Room 2 displays works from the period 1904-1905 when, after his military service, Derain rented a studio with Vlaminck at Chatou during which time he painted bright colourful paintings of the surrounding countryside such as 'Le Pecq, Winter', 1904-1905 and on loan from the Cincinnati Art Museum (above). The next room shows paintings from the summer of 1905, one of the most famous periods in Derain's career when he spent six weeks with Henri Matisse in Collioure in the south of France. Under the inspiration of the Mediterranean light, the two artist's painted experimental works using vivid unnatural colours to produce works that saw the beginning of Fauvism such as 'The Drying Sails', 1905, (below) on loan from the Pushkin Museum, Moscow, a painting which is a wonderful example of the effect of the Mediterranean light.
Although ridiculed by the critics for this new radical approach to art, Andre Derain had made a name for himself and he was commissioned by the dealer Ambroise Vollard to go to London to paint a series of cityscapes as Vollard had seen the success that Claude Monet's views of London's had brought a few years earlier. Room 6 at the exhibition displays several of these London scenes including the one below of London Bridge painted in 1906 and on loan from the Museum of Modern Art, New York. Derain found London dull but with his new approach to colour and technique he presented London in a very fresh and radical way and these paintings were and still remain a very popular part of his œuvre.
Like many artists of the day, Derain was hugely influenced by Paul Cezanne and in particular his 'Bathers' compositions. Between 1907 and 1908, Derain, Matisse and Picasso inspired and drove each other to produce great works of art based on this theme. The two large bathing scenes by Derain at the exhibition were the highlight for me and as one is muted the other is dramatic.
The first one above on the left painted in 1908 from the Prague National Gallery is painted in cool shades and the figures look more sculpted and are grouped closely together in various poses. The one on the right, painted in 1907 from the Museum of Modern Art New York is far more dramatic and the bathers almost look like they are performing some kind of dance. Arising from this period, came the beginnings of cubism but Derain's form of cubism always kept a sense of realism unlike Picasso.
Room 9 displays works described as 'Magic Realism' by the exhibition and includes 'Le Samedi', 1914 from the Pushkin Museum, Moscow, below left and several portraits such as 'Le Jeune Fille', 1914 from the Picasso Museum, Paris, below right.
The exhibition also deals with Derain's interest in photography as well as the influence that African and Oceanic art had on him ever since he first became fascinated with it following a visit to the British Museum in London whilst painting his cityscapes. The exhibition also includes his famous 'Dance' painted in 1906 and concludes with the monumental canvas 'L'Age d'or, 1938-1944, both of which evoke some kind of mythical landscape.
As a result, the exhibition brings together a very varied body of work and confirm Derain as a truly avant garde artist who veered off on his own path to arrive at his own unique style.
Posted in André Derain, Avant garde, Centre Pompidou, Fauvism
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7 thoughts on "André Derain at the Pompidou Centre"
ms6282 says:
Good report. Looks like another interesting exhibition.
There are some good ones on at the Tate in London at the moment. Last week we went to see the Modigliani exhibition at Tate Modern and also the exhibition of Cezanne portraits at the National Portrait Gallery. Both were very good and it was interesting to compare their approaches to portraiture.
dianabyrne says:
I am well overdue a trip to London… hope to get there soon!
Not so far on Eurostar!
Cathy Burkinshaw's Art says:
Yes I agree about the Modigliani exhibition which I loved and spent 2 hours going round but was surprised to find the Cezanne portraits very dreary and very badly presented in ugly frames!!
The Modigliani paintings were certainly outstanding and more satisfying than those by Cezanne. Not sure I'd describe them as dreary. Mind you it was particularly interesting to compare how they painted their partners. Poor Mrs Cezanne!
Disappointing to hear the exhibition was not that interesting.. I am a big fan of Cezanne's Bathers!
Personally, I wasn't disappointed. But enjoyed the Modigliani exhibition more. The paintings were easier to like. Cézanne's were more complex and darker in some respects.


text:
US election: Trump offer to block PA results certification blocked
A federal appeals court on Friday denied a motion by President Donald Trump's campaign to prevent President-elect Joe Biden from being declared the winner of the battlefield state of Pennsylvania. This was another major blow to Trump's attempt to dismiss the November 3 election results.
Trump's attorneys vowed to appeal to the Supreme Court despite the judge believing the campaign's claims have no value.
"Free, fair elections are the lifeblood of our democracy. Injustice charges are grave. But calling a choice unfair doesn't make it that way. Fees require specific allegations and then proof. We don't have any here, "wrote judge Stephanos Bibas for the three-person jury.
The three judges on the jury were all appointed by Republican presidents, and Bibas, a former University of Pennsylvania law professor, was appointed by Trump.
Pennsylvania confirmed Biden, who won the state's referendum, as its winner this week. Under Pennsylvania law, the candidate who wins the state's referendum receives all 20 state votes.
Trump has refused to admit his Democratic rival and continues to claim widespread electoral fraud without evidence.
The case was debated in a lower court last week by Trump's attorney Rudy Giuliani, who, during five hours of oral argument, insisted that the 2020 presidential election had been marred by widespread fraud in Pennsylvania. Giuliani was unable to provide any concrete evidence of this in court.
The three judges on the jury were all appointed by Republican presidents, and Bibas (pictured), a former University of Pennsylvania law professor, was appointed by Trump.
A federal appeals court on Friday denied a motion by President Donald Trump's campaign to prevent President-elect Joe Biden from being declared the victor of the battlefield state of Pennsylvania
US District Judge Matthew Brann said the campaign's flawed complaint was "arbitrarily stitched together like Frankenstein's monster" and that Giuliani has denied the right to change it a second time.
The 3rd US Court of Appeals called this decision justified.
Biden defeated Trump in Pennsylvania by more than 80,000 votes. At the national level, Biden and her fellow campaigner Kamala Harris received nearly 80 million votes, a record in the US presidential election.
Trump has said he hopes the Supreme Court will intervene in the race, as it did in 2000 when his decision to stop the Florida recount enabled the Republican George W. Bush election.
On November 5th, when the vote continued, Trump posted a tweet that read "USA". The Supreme Court should decide! & # 39;
Since then, Trump and his deputies have attacked the election as flawed, filing a series of lawsuits to try to block the results in six battlefield states. But they have found little sympathy with judges, almost all of whom dismissed their complaints about the safety of postal ballot papers that millions of people voted from home during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Rudy Giuliani, President Trump's personal attorney, argued for the president
Joe Biden won the Pennsylvania referendum that gave him the state's 20 electoral votes
Trump may be hoping a Supreme Court he led to a Conservative 6-3 majority will be more open to his appeals, especially as the High Court ruled Pennsylvania's decision to mail-in ballots by Nov. 6 with only 4 -4 votes to accept, last confirmed month. Trump candidate Amy Coney Barrett has since joined the court.
"The activist judicial machine in Pennsylvania continues to cover up allegations of massive fraud," tweeted Trump attorney Jenna Ellis after Friday's verdict. "Off to SCOTUS!"
In the case before Brann, the Trump campaign called for the disenfranchisement of the state's 6.8 million voters, or at least the 700,000 who voted by mail in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and other democratic areas.
"One might expect a plaintiff to be mightily armed with compelling legal arguments and factual evidence of rampant corruption in search of such a startling result," Brann wrote in his devastating November 21 ruling. "That didn't happen."
A separate Republican challenge, which reached the Pennsylvania Supreme Court this week, is designed to prevent the state from certifying additional races on the ballot.
The government of Democratic Governor Tom Wolf is fighting these efforts, saying it would prevent the state's legislature and congressional delegation from having their seat in the coming weeks.
On Thursday, Trump said the November 3rd election was far from over. Still, he gave the clearest signal yet that he would leave the White House peacefully on January 20 if the electoral college formalized Biden's victory.
& # 39; Sure I will. But you know that, "Trump said in the White House, answering reporters' questions for the first time since election day.
But on Friday, he continued to unsubstantially attack Detroit, Atlanta and other democratic cities with large black populations as sources of "massive election fraud". And he claimed without evidence that a Pennsylvania election observer uncovered computer storage drives that gave Biden 50,000 votes apiece.
All 50 states must certify their results before the electoral college meets on December 14th, and any dispute about the results must be resolved by December 8th. Biden won both the electoral college and the referendum by a wide margin.
(tagsToTranslate) Dailymail (t) News (t) Rhode Island (t) US Politics (t) Donald Trump (t) US Supreme Court (t) Joe Biden (t) Pennsylvania (t) US Election Polls (t) Democrats (t) t) US swing states (t) US election 2020
Trump reunion: Donald will be traveling to Camp David today to meet with all of his family
Aquaman 2: Petition to fire Amber Heard receives over 1.5 million signatures


Last weekend, I finally had some free time in my fellowship to take my mom and kids sightseeing around Ithaca. I decided to take them to the Cayuga Nature Center.
The nature center is a small museum of sorts but mainly an outdoor series of trails that you can explore. The first thing I wanted to take my kids to was the Tree Tops House. From the start of the trail, you can't see this treehouse at all. As we walked further into the woods, this neat hidden structure almost magically comes into view.
My two daughters screamed in delight when they saw this 6 story treehouse. It stands on several stumps and blends right into the woods. The local high school student came together to build this for the community. It's just a thrill for any kid.
After they had plenty of time to play in the house, we decided to look for the pioneer house. At the start of that trail, there was a warning sign about Lyme disease and a picture of a tick. It just said to beware of ticks and the risk of getting this disease. My eldest looked at it and not knowing what the issue really was, she proceeded to freak out.
She adamantly refused to walk on the leaf covered path. She said that the sign says there's danger and that she won't go. I explained to her what Lyme disease really was and that it wasn't as bad as she thought since it was colder and the excessive grasses that ticks cling onto were gone. I had to physically show her how it wasn't as risky as she thought. After much reassurance and explanation about the actual risk, she reluctantly agreed. However, she was remained cautious which limited her ability to fully partake in the experience.
My youngest daughter on the other hand, had a completely different reaction. She looked at the sign and stopped to think about it, then quickly ran off into the woods. She really didn't care about Lyme disease or the ticks after I told her she just had to check her clothes when we were done. She fully enjoyed frolicking in the freshly fallen leaves without a care in the world.
Here I have two children raised in the same environment but with completely different reactions. It made me think that this is exactly what is happening about the issue of science communication. For too long, we allowed others to use fear about farming and technology. There wasn't enough informing happening and fear besieged the public. The results are apparent when a prominent scientist is attacked with mob like mentality for attempting to educate on the basic construct of life, DNA.
It is evident to me that the general public is not well informed enough and is a goldmine for hucksters trying to use the lack of knowledge to part people from their hard earned dollars. Like my older daughter freaking out about the warning sign, the poorly informed consumers have the same reaction to something considered biotech derived. Just the idea of three letters will make people willingly spend some 30% or more on groceries all in the name of fear. Constant fear and no desire for education leads to angry people who lash out when confronted with facts. Sadly, the real education remains elusive and is threatening to a shallow set of beliefs.
Whether the issue is the GM label or pesticides, as humans we want easy ways to protect ourselves and operate. We make thousands of decisions each day and as a result, we need a quick and easy way to do that. It's one of the reasons why the anti-GMO/anti-pesticide messages are so effective. Like the GMO label warns the uninformed people of a perceived danger, some think that the organic non-GMO label is supposedly healthier. The same applies to how the idea that the terms chemicals, synthetic, and toxins are used for those fear mongering messages. We simply are looking for ways to avoid dangers and decrease our risk.
Complex problems are never solved by simple solutions. It's the same with any issue in our lives, it takes more than a quick and easy solution to solve an issue. Simply saying that going to organic farming is a panacea for reducing pesticides and changing our food system is a shortsighted solution for a multifaceted problem. Putting a label on GMOs as a way to decrease obesity is a weak solution to this growing problem. Even with a nutritional label, there has been no sign that obesity is going down.
Like my daughter freaking out over the tick sign, the concept of GMOs equates to pesticides and Monsanto is a clear indicator of human behavior to simplify the subject of biotechnology. Those who tout this message cleverly repeat it over and over. The science side then tries to enlist facts to counter the misinformation and it doesn't change minds or hearts.
There's farmers telling their stories and pouring their hearts out to consumers for their support while scientists risking careers trying to provide factual information to the masses. It's been happening for years and have we gotten anywhere? Apparently not if I'm still penning my thoughts about this issue.
I have a decent following on my blog and science communication is great, but it has to go further than that. We have to stop using our own heuristics to try and simplify what biotech really is. I have to go back to my graduate school training where we learned problem based learning to establish critical thinking again.
Yes, we live in a world of problems and who is going to solve it and what are we going to do about it? It's not going be millions of moms or millions against Monsanto making a loud noise on the social media who will really impact on problems. It's going to take someone well studied and trained in the field to figure out the potential options. Politicians have a duty and responsibility to foster an environment to address these issues also but thinking about it holistically for the greater good.
When we are faced with a problem, who will be there to study the issue and determine the best path? When we are ill, we don't go to a plumber to get treated. We go to those who are knowledgeable t will be a scientist using evidence to guide us. It will be the farmer who feed us to meet our maximal potential for a better society for the future generations.
Thousands of farms across America are right beside corn fields . This has existed for some 20 years with no case brought to court proving harm from living near a farm. Shouldn't evidence be applied to imposing laws upon our farmers?
Being that it was Halloween tonight, it's a customary thing for my kids to go trick or treating. It's a little different this year since we aren't at home and are still in Ithaca, New York, while I finish up my Alliance for Science fellowship.
One thing I always teach my kids to be grateful to people who give you a treat, no matter what it is. The routine was pretty much the same as it is at home but about 40 degrees colder. It was nice to see so many neighbors passing treats to children big and small. Many of the elderly neighbor's sat outside on their porches with their walkers and oxygen tanks too.
He stopped for a second and said he couldn't hear her. She repeated herself and he asked her to yell it out. My daughter, being half Asian and half Caucasian, acts very Asian with a meek personality. He didn't get why she wouldn't just yell it at him.
I've always taught her to carry herself politely, especially around adults. Asking her to yell something isn't in her personality to do. She was literally stunned that she was being told to yell and shout at an adult. She absolutely could not do it.
I replied that I was and he then lectured me to teach her to yell when told to by an adult. I jokingly said, "Yeah, sure." Inside my mind, I too was in disbelief.
This man really has no clue or understanding that some people aren't raised to be like the way he wanted my daughter to be. It's in my upbringing that we are respectful and don't shout at others even when asked. It's just not in us to be like that. The man clearly doesn't understand my daughter's upbringing.
That incident tonight made me realize that this what's happening in Hawaii. A lot of mainland transplants come to our state thinking they know our culture but really don't. They are yelling at policy makers to make laws against the local folks.
They mock us locals as having "plantation mentality" as if it's a bad thing to have our roots in that era. These folks haven lived those beloved "small kid time" days that many of us reminisce fondly about.
Like the man telling my daughter to yell at him, our policy makers are asking the locals to do the same thing and we are struggling with doing that. It's hard for us to find it in us to take this leap but we are trying.
Happy Halloween. The world is full of people hiding behind masks offering a treat but really it's one about deceit.


Elizabeth has been training full time since the age of 9. Early on, she had to make the difficult choice between soccer and snowboarding as her level of development made it difficult to do both. Determined to reach her Olympic dreams, and with help from her parents, Elizabeth made the decision to move to pursue her education at the Polyvalente St.Jérôme in their sport-studies program.
Elizabeth impressed as soon as she entered the contest scene with her work ethic and a series of dazzling performances. In 2017 Elizabeth was the top Canadian finisher in her first Senior World Championships appearance with a 14th place at the FIS 2017 World Snowboard Championships in Sierra Nevada, Spain.
Passionate and driven, her goal for this season is to fulfill her dreams and represent Canada at the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games.
Watch Elizabeth's qualifying run from the World Snowboard Championship.


The socialist dictatorship in Venezuela has killed at least 14 people and potentially closer to 20 since widespread protests broke out this week, culminating in the swearing in of President Juan Guaidó, replacing dictator Nicolás Maduro.
An NGO that tracks human rights violations in the country also confirmed over 200 arrests since Wednesday's protests began, some the product of Maduro sending Bolivarian National Guard troops door-to-door to find individuals suspected of having participated in the protests and detaining them without warrants.
Citing the NGO Provea, the regional news agency NTN24 reported Thursday that Maduro's forces had killed a confirmed 14 people nationwide in the past three days. While the leaders of the Venezuelan opposition organized their official protest for Wednesday, many dissidents organized smaller anti-Maduro protests to galvanize opponents of the regime throughout the week. Most of the deaths recorded were at gunpoint at the hands of law enforcement or the military.
The victims known to Provea were between the ages of 19 and 47, though most were in their 20s; only one was a woman.
Other groups have tallied known deaths and gotten different numbers. Opposition leader María Corina Machado said late Wednesday she had received confirmation of 17 deaths, "dozens injured and over 70 imprisoned." The Interamerican Commission on Human Rights, which operates under the Organization of American States (OAS), tallied at least 16 deaths by Thursday morning.
The number of arrests also varies. The Venezuelan Penal Forum, an NGO that tracks politically-motivated arrests in the country, said Thursday it could confirm the detention of 278 people since Monday. The group found that 175 of these arrests occurred on Wednesday, while the rest occurred in anticipation of the protests, adding the caveat that they had many more reports of arrests and killings but these were the only ones they could solidly confirm occurred.
pic.twitter.com/Rygy8MmmsZ URGENTE!!!!!! #23Ene BARINAS: BRUTAL ATAQUE DE ESBIRROS ASESINOS, MALANDROS y ESCLAVOS de la narcodictadura contra EL PUEBLO!!! Se habla de 4 muertos. REPRESIÓN BRUTAL!!!
Anti-socialist former governor of Amazonas state, prominent indigenous political leader Liborio Guarulla, also posted images of dissidents bleeding from shooting wounds, stating on Twitter that the national guard had particularly targeted indigenous opposition members in the inland state.
NTN24 also posted an interview on social media with a young protester bleeding from the head.
Several reports indicated that, when not targeting and killing protesters, repressive forces attempted to injure as many as possible in crowds. Those attempting to use the Caracas subway to reach protest locations stated that the National Guard hurled tear gas canisters into the subway, taking advantage of the limited space to cause more damage. Some military brigades went door-to-door looking for people they had a reason to believe were participating in the protests and dragging them out of their homes in Caracas.
Political opposition leaders organized nationwide protests for Wednesday, the anniversary of the establishment of a democratic Venezuela in 1958. Thousands attended and, in Caracas, they witnessed the swearing in of Juan Guaidó, then president of the National Assembly, as president of the republic. Venezuela's constitution allows for such a move when a dictator "usurps" power or violates human rights.
Guaidó declared himself president and received the backing of most of the Western Hemisphere, including the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina, among other nations. Yet he does not appear to have control of the military or law enforcement, which continues to brutally repress dissident speech.
In a message on Twitter late Wednesday, Guaidó lamented the attacks on protesters.
"I have no words to express the pain that I feel as I keep hearing that Venezuelans are being murdered during protests in recent hours. To their families, all I can guarantee to them is that Justice and Peace will reign in our nation," he wrote.
Guaidó did take control of the nation's diplomatic powers, however, inviting the United States to remain in the country after Maduro attempted to expel all American diplomatic personnel from the country.