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Gabo Reform
Korean reforms in late 1800's
Officials of Gungukgimucheo
갑오 개혁
甲午改革
Revised Romanization
Gap-o Gaehyeok
Kabo Kaehyŏk
The Gabo Reform, also known as the Kabo Reform, describes a series of sweeping reforms suggested to the government of Korea, beginning in 1894 and ending in 1896 during the reign of Gojong of Korea in response to the Donghak Peasant Revolution. Historians debate the degree of Japanese influence in this program,[citation needed] as well as its effect in encouraging modernization. The name Gabo (갑오, 甲午) comes from the name of the year 1894 in the traditional sexagenary cycle.[1]
2 Donghak revolution, and first Sino-Japanese war, 1894
3 Reforms
3.1 First reforms
3.2 Second reforms
3.3 Assassination of Queen Min, 1895
3.4 Third reforms
3.5 Main provisions of the Gabo Reform
3.6 Protests for democracy and the proclamation of Korean Empire, 1896-1898
The disarray and blatant corruption in the Korean government, particularly in the three main areas of revenues – land tax, military service, and the state granary system – weighed heavily on the Korean peasantry which represented 90% of the population and was uniformly illiterate.
Of special note is the corruption of the local functionaries (Hyangi) who could purchase an appointment as administrators and cloak their predations on the farmers with an aura of officialdom. Yangban families, formerly well-respected for their status as a noble class, were increasingly seen as little more than commoners who were unwilling to meet their responsibilities to their communities.
Faced with increasing corruption in the government, brigandage of the disenfranchised (such as the mounted fire brigands, or Hwajok, and the boat-borne water brigands or Sujok) as well as abuse by the military, many poor village folk sought to pool their resources such as land, tools, and production skills in order to survive.
Despite the government abolishing slavery and burning the records in 1801, increasing numbers of peasants and farmers become involved in "mutual assistance associations". Institutions such as the Catholic and Protestant missions, with the egalitarian nature of their teachings garnered followings among the Yangban, though commonly in the more urban areas.
Arguably of greater influence were the religious teachings of Choi Che-u, (최제우, 崔濟愚, 1824–1864) called Donghak or "Eastern Learning" which became especially popular in rural areas. Themes of exclusionism (of foreign influences), nationalism, salvation, and social consciousness were promoted to allow illiterate farmers to understand the concepts and accept them more readily.
Choi, as well as many Koreans, was also alarmed by the intrusion of Christianity and the Anglo-French occupation of Beijing during the 2nd Opium War. He believed that the best way to counter foreign influence in Korea was to introduce democratic and human rights reforms internally. Nationalism and social reform struck a chord among the peasant guerrillas, and Donghak spread all across Korea. Progressive revolutionaries organized the peasants into a cohesive structure. Arrested in 1863 following the Chinju Uprising led by Yu Kye-cheun, Choi was charged with "misleading the people and sowing discord in society". Choi was executed in 1864, sending many of his followers into hiding in the mountains and leaving the Korean populace to continue to suffer.
King Kojong (r. 1864-1910), enthroned at the age of twelve, succeeded King Cheolchong (r. 1849 - 1863). King Kojong's father, Heungseon Daewongun (Yi Ha-Ung; 1820-1898), ruled as the de facto regent and inaugurated far-ranging reform to strengthen the central administration. Among his targeted reforms was addressing the inherited rule by a few elite ruling families by the adoption of a merit system for official appointments.
In addition, Seowon (private academies), which threatened to develop a parallel system to the corrupt government and enjoyed special privileges and large land-holdings, were repressed through taxes despite bitter opposition from Confucian scholars. The decision to rebuild palace buildings and finance it through additional levies on the population caused Heungseon Daewongun's attempted reforms to antagonize the three largest constituencies supporting the government: the ruling elite, the Confucian scholars, and the general population. Heungseon Daewongun was impeached in 1873 and forced into retirement by the supporters of Empress Myeongseong.
On 27 February 1876, the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, also known in Japan as the Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity (Nitchō-shūkōjōki (日朝修好条規), Korean: 강화도조약; Hanja: 江華島條約; RR: Ganghwado joyak) was signed. It was designed to open up Korea to Japanese trade, and the rights granted to Japan under the treaty were similar to those granted Western powers in Japan following the visit of Commodore Perry in 1854. However, the treaty ended Korea's status as a protectorate of China, forced open three Korean ports to Japanese trade, granted extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens, and was an unequal treaty signed under duress of the Unyo Incident of 1875 (gunboat diplomacy).
Daewongun remained opposed to any concessions to Japan or the West, helped organize the mutiny of 1882 Imo Incident, an anti-Japanese outbreak against the Empress and her allies.[2] Motivated by resentment of the preferential treatment given to newly trained troops, Daewongun's forces, or "old military", killed Japanese training cadre and attacked the Japanese legation.[2] Japanese diplomats,[3] policemen,[4] students[5] and some Min clan members were also killed during the incident.
Daewongun was restored to power briefly, only to be forcibly taken to China by Chinese troops dispatched to Seoul to prevent further disorder.[2] In August 1882, the Treaty of Chemulpo (Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882) indemnified the families of the Japanese victims, paid reparation to the Japanese government in the amount of 500,000 yen and allowed a company of Japanese guards to be stationed at the Japanese legation in Seoul.[2]
The struggle between Heungseon Daewongun's followers and those of Empress Myeongseong was further complicated by competition from a Korean independence faction known as the Progressive Party (Kaehwadang) as well as Conservative faction. While the former sought Japan's support, the latter sought China's support.[2] On 4 December 1884, the Korean independence group, assisted by the Japanese (Please write the source. There is no Japanese name in the court record of the Gojong real record.), attempted a coup (Kapsin Chongbyon; Coup d'État of 1884) and established a pro-Japanese government under the reigning king, dedicated to the independence of Korea from Chinese suzerainty.[2]
However, this proved to be short-lived as conservative Korean officials requested the help of Chinese forces stationed in Korea.[2] The coup was put down by Chinese troops, and a Korean mob killed both Japanese officers and Japanese residents in retaliation.[2] Some leaders of the independence faction, including Kim Okgyun, fled to Japan, while others were executed.[2]
Donghak revolution, and first Sino-Japanese war, 1894[edit]
Main articles: Donghak Peasant Revolution and First Sino-Japanese War
The outbreak of the Donghak Peasant Revolution in 1894 provided a seminal pretext for direct military intervention by Japan in the affairs of Korea. Seeking redressal of long-standing hardship and corruption, disparate factions among the Korean peasant population coalesced into a militant force and revolted against the Korean administration. In April 1894, the Korean government asked for Chinese assistance in ending the Donghak Peasant Revolt. In response, Japanese leaders, citing a violation of Convention of Tientsin as a pretext, decided upon military intervention to challenge China. China requested Japan to withdraw her troops; Japan refused and proposed that the Qing and Japan co-ordinate to reform the Korean government. The Qing refused.
On 3 May 1894, 1,500 Qing dynasty forces appeared in Incheon. The same day, 6,000 Japanese forces also landed in Incheon leading to the Sino-Japanese War.[citation needed] Japan deposed the Korean government and installed a new government which demanded the Qing leave, and began a programme of reform. Japan won the First Sino-Japanese War, and China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895. Among its many stipulations, the treaty recognized "the full and complete independence and autonomy of Korea," thus ending Korea's tributary relationship with the Chinese Qing Dynasty, leading to the proclamation of full independence of Joseon Korea in 1895.
At the same time, Japan suppressed the Donghak Revolution with Korean government forces. Though the revolt had ended, issues and complaints of the Korean peasant population remained un-addressed.
Reforms[edit]
The reforms were done largely in three stages, according to the changing members of the reform council and the involvement of Japan. There were three stages of development:
First reforms[edit]
The first reforms took place from July to October 1894, based on the original reform bill presented by the Japanese ambassador, Otori Keisuke (大鳥圭介). Previously, the reform bill had been refused by the Joseon court and Qing dynasty.[6] As Japan was focused more on the Sino-Japanese War, many of the first reforms reflected the desired reforms of the progressive council members and some of the reforms demanded by the peasants of the Donghak Peasant Revolution did not go unheard.[1] The deliberate Council passed 210 reform bills by Kim Hong-jip. At the first stage of reform, there was little interference from Japan.
Two-hundred and ten articles were established, most notable was the restructuring of central government by reducing the king's responsibilities and placing more power in the Uijeongbu. The gwageo system was abolished and replaced by a Japanese bureaucratic system. The administration of financial affairs were centralized, the taxation system redressed, a new monetary system allowed the use of Japanese currency, and the measurement system was changed to that of Japan.[6][7]
Other social reforms were addressed as well; discrimination based on the class system, slavery, underage marriage were banned. and widows were granted the right to remarry. These reforms would legally change the traditional feudal system that had been followed for hundreds of years.[1][6]
Second reforms[edit]
The second state of reform took place from December 1894 to July 1895. Japan closed down the Gunguk Gimucheo in December 1894 as the outcome of the Sino-Japanese War was leaning to their favor and set up a new coalition cabinet consisting of Kim Hong-jip and Park Yung-hio. The cabinet presented a new law, Hongbeom 14jo (홍범 14조, "Exemplary Rules" 14 articles), which proclaimed the severance of the subordinate relationship with China, abolishment of nepotism in government, restructuring of government offices and their duties.
With this law as the foundation, 213 new articles were created.[1] The names of Uijeongbu and its subsidiaries were changed to the modern naegak (내각, cabinet) and bu (부, department). Administrative districts were reorganized to 23 bu(부, region) and 337 gun(군, district). New financial bureaus were installed throughout the nation to overlook tax affairs, military, and police systems were overhauled and modernized, judicial systems were changed with new courthouse and judiciary laws.[8]
The second reform measures were halted when Park Yung-hio, who had been at the center of the reform efforts, fled to Japan after being accused of conspiracy to treason by those who were against the reformations that were taking place.[1][9]
Assassination of Queen Min, 1895[edit]
Main article: Empress Myeongseong
The Japanese minister to Korea, Miura Gorō, orchestrated a plot against 43-year-old Queen Min[10] (later given the title Empress Myeongseong),[11] and on 8 October 1895, she was assassinated by Japanese agents (We need proof. The perpetrator of the Queen Min murder case does not have a Japanese name in the Gojong real record).[12] In 2001, Russian reports on the assassination were found in the archives of the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation. The documents included the testimony of King Gojong, several witnesses of the assassination, and Karl Ivanovich Weber's report to Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky, the Foreign Minister of Russia. Weber was the chargé d'affaires at the Russian legation in Seoul at that time.[12] According to a Russian eyewitness, Seredin-Sabatin (Середин-Cабатин), an employee of the Korean king, a group of Japanese agents entered Gyeongbokgung,[13] killed Queen Min and desecrated her body in the north wing of the palace.[14]
When he heard the news, Heungseon Daewongun returned to the royal palace the same day.[12] On 11 February 1896, King Gojong and the crown prince moved from Gyeongbokgung to the Russian legation in Jeong-dong, Seoul, from where they governed for about one year, an event known as the Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation. After returning to the royal palace, the royal family was still guarded by Russian guards.
In the midst of disarray in Joseon politics at this time, a series of Seonbi scholars mobilized volunteers to fight against the external foreign influence on the government. This also led to the uprising of the Eulmi temporary armies aimed at avenging the assassination of Queen Min.
Third reforms[edit]
Spurred greatly by the assassination of the queen and subsequent unrest, the government, then led by a new progressive cabinet headed by Kim Hong-jip and Yu Kil-chun, carried out reforms from October 1895 to February 1896.[15][6][7][16] A special reform body, Gunguk Gimucheo (군국기무처, Deliberative Council), was created to establish rules.[7] Their policies resulted in the official discarding of the lunar calendar in favor of the modern Gregorian solar calendar, the official designation of regnal years independent of the Chinese tradition, the creation of a postal service, the introduction of primary schools and a new educational system[17] and the renewal of the military system.[6]
The most controversial reform at this time was the proclamation of the "Short Hair Act" (Korean: 단발령; Hanja: 斷髮令), i.e. cutting off the traditional Korean male sangtu and reformation of traditional attire. It triggered many protests among the people, most notably the conservative scholars, who were already disillusioned by the pro-Japanese cabinet. They had created the Righteous Army and had actively protested nationwide; protests which escalated after the assassination of Queen Myeongseong in 1895. After King Gojong and the Crown Prince fled for refuge to the Russian legation in 1896, this opposition resulted in the murders of Kim Hong-jip and other cabinet members, and the reformations came to an end.[15][1]
Main provisions of the Gabo Reform[edit]
The Gabo Reform was similar to the Meiji Restoration in Japan and produced the following sweeping changes and declarations:[7]
Korea is a sovereign country (i.e., completely independent from China's external interference).
Hierarchical society (class system) is abolished. Social privileges of the Yangban classes are eliminated.
Those with talent are to be allowed to study and appointed to government posts based on merit alone, regardless of social class.
The army is to be established on the basis of conscription, regardless of background. A modern police force and military are established.
All official documents are to be written in Hangul, and not hanja (Chinese characters).
Leather working, acting, and so on are to no longer be regarded as degrading work, and the people who do them are no longer outcasts.
A sound system of fiscal management and to use the government's fiscal resources to create wealth for the country is developed.
Torture of suspects and witnesses was banned, guilt by association ended (punishment of family members of criminals).
End of merchant monopolies.
Ban of sale of slaves from 1886 confirmed, and all forms of legal slavery ended.
Marriage age raised to twenty for men and sixteen for women (outlawing child marriage).
Protests for democracy and the proclamation of Korean Empire, 1896-1898[edit]
Main articles: Independence Club and Korean Empire
After the Royal Refuge, some Korean activists established the Independence Club (독립협회, 獨立協會) in 1896. They claimed that Korea should negotiate with Western powers, particularly Russia, to counterbalance the growing influence of Japan and Russia. This club had contributed to the construction of Independence Gate, and they held regular meetings at the Jongno streets, demanding democratic reforms as Korea became a constitutional monarchy, and an end to Japanese and Russian influence in Korean affairs. In October 1897, King Gojong decided to return to his other palace, Deoksugung, and proclaimed the founding of the Korean Empire. During this period, the Korean government conducted a westernization policy. It was not an enduring reform; however, and the Independence Club was dissolved on 25 December 1898 as Emperor Gojong officially announced a prohibition on unofficial congresses.
List of Korea-related topics
History of Korea
Gapsin Coup
Korean independence movement
^ a b c d e f ‹See Tfd›(in Korean) Gabo Reforms Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine at Nate Britannica Korea
^ a b c d e f g h i Marius B. Jansen (April 1989). The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 5 The Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-22356-3.
^ Japanese Cabinet Meeting document Nov, 1882 Archived 2009-04-13 at the Wayback Machine p.6 left 陸軍外務両者上申故陸軍工兵中尉堀本禮造外二名並朝鮮国二於テ戦死ノ巡査及公使館雇ノ者等靖国神社ヘ合祀ノ事
^ Japanese Cabinet Meeting document Nov, 1882 Archived 2009-04-13 at the Wayback Machine p.2 left
^ Japanese Cabinet Meeting document Nov, 1882 Archived 2015-01-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d e ‹See Tfd›(in Korean) Gabo Reforms at Doosan Encyclopedia
^ a b c d Korea through the Ages Vol. 2 p40-p43
^ ‹See Tfd›(in Korean) Gabo Reforms at Daum Britannica Korea
^ ‹See Tfd›(in Korean) Kang Junman (강준만), Walk through Korea's Modern History 2 (한국근대사산책 2) p291, Inmul Publishing Co.(인물과 사상사), Seoul, 2007. ISBN 978-89-5906-072-6
^ Characteristics of Queen of Korea The New York Times Nov 10, 1895
^ a b c Park Jong-hyo (박종효), former professor at Lomonosov Moscow State University (2002-01-01). 일본인 폭도가 가슴을 세 번 짓밟고 일본도로 난자했다 (in Korean) (508). Dong-a Ilbo: 472 ~ 485.
^ See Russian eyewitness account of surrounding circumstances at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2013-03-24. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) by Gari Ledyard, Sejong Professor of Korean History Emeritus at Columbia University
^ Simbirtseva, Tatiana (1996-05-08). "Queen Min of Korea: Coming to Power". Archived from the original on 2006-02-17. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
^ a b Kang 2006, p. 483.
^ https://books.google.com/books id=XB4UYXNQK1wC&pg=PA483&lpg=PA483&dq=Gabo+reforms+Kim+Hong+jip&source=bl&ots=8Y64Oh8n2h&sig=WaF0OZsvJAANg-ispTdZ6V_Be3c&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false
^ Gabo Reforms, Korea Times, 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2010-06-23
^ Seth, Michael J (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 225. ISBN 978-0742567160.
‹See Tfd›(in Korean) Gabo Reforms at Nate Britannica Korea
‹See Tfd›(in Korean) Gabo Reforms at Daum Britannica Korea
‹See Tfd›(in Korean) Gabo Reforms at Doosan Encyclopedia
The Academy of Korean Studies, Korea through the Ages Vol. 2, The Editor Publishing Co., Seoul, 2005. ISBN 89-7105-544-8
Kang, Jae-eun (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Homa & Sekey Books. ISBN 978-1-931907-30-9.
Yu Kilchun, "Levels of enlightenment", pp. 248–253 in Yôngho Ch'oe and Peter H. Lee eds., Sources of Korean Tradition, Vol. 2: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries
Young I. Lew, "Korean-Japanese Politics behind the Kabo-Ulmi Reform Movement, 1894 to 1896", Journal of Korean Studies, Vol. 3 (1981)
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The term 'ulcer' may refer to any kind of sore or lesion that forms on the surface of an organ or a tissue. This article lists some helpful ulcer remedies for oral and stomach ulcers.
The parts of the body such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum are the common areas where ulcers mostly erupt. Reports say that 5 million people in the United States suffer from this condition, at some point in their lives.
Earlier it was assumed that stressful life and unhealthy diet contributed to the development of ulcers. However, it is now known that they are a repercussion of an infection caused by the corkscrew-shaped bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. Other causes include regular use of pain killers, smoking, and alcohol abuse. Also, although stress is not a direct cause, it does contribute in aggravating the symptoms, and heightening the severity or frequency of ulcers.
Stomach ulcers are characterized by a burning pain that radiates from the navel to the breastbone, and the pain may last from a few minutes to several hours. This pain becomes worse when the stomach is empty and/or at night, and seems to subside by eating food or taking an acid-reducing medication. Also, the pain may disappear completely, and recur after a few days or weeks.
Medical treatment aims at eliminating the pathogen, and reducing the level of acid in the digestive system to relieve the symptoms, and encourage healing. Antibiotics, acid blockers, antacids, proton pump inhibitors, and cytoprotective agents may be prescribed.
» Including two bananas with a glass of milk is known to be beneficial in healing ulcers, when taken three to four times a day. This fruit contains a compound which is known to fight ulcers. It coats the lining of the stomach, and reduces the irritation experienced at the affected site.
» Chewing 4-5 leaves of the holy basil plant along with water, in the morning and evening, hastens the healing process, and also helps to deal with bad breath, if any.
» Massaging the gums with coconut oil and honey serves an effective remedy for oral ulcers.
» The broth obtained on boiling diced cabbage in about 500 ml of water, followed by cooling, is helpful in dealing with peptic ulcers. One sip of this broth, can be consumed twice every day. Alternatively, juice obtained from raw cabbage can be used.
» Tea prepared using fenugreek seeds provides a protective shell over the site of ulcers. The protective action is due to the property of these seeds to become mucilaginous after soaking.
» Drinking a cup of almond milk every day, helps to control the level of acid in the stomach, and also serves as a fine source of protein.
» Goat's milk, when consumed raw, three times daily, provides great deal of help in healing ulcers.
» Mixing turmeric powder (a pinch) with glycerin (1 tsp.), provides a natural ointment, which can be applied on the ulcers.
» Mouthwash prepared from hydrogen peroxide (2 oz.), water (2 oz.), salt (1 tsp.), and baking soda (1 tsp.) can be used in the morning, and before going to bed. This is useful to get rid of ulcers that are mainly caused by infection of the herpes zoster virus. However, this solution should not be swallowed.
» Gargling with hot and cold water provides great relief from the irritation and pain associated with oral ulcers.


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about tourism best coffee plantations and coffee resorts in india
Coffee...the very mention of it means more and more mugs of steaming frothy coffee with some snacks snuggled up in the bed with a favourite book and some good music - pure bliss! Be it hot or cold, served black or with loads of milk, each one has their own way of making this drink their own. Contrary to popular beliefs, a lot of people do drink coffee across India. Yes, production is restricted to the southern areas and probably the best is the the filter coffee with piping hot idly served in South Indian restaurants all across.
Before you get on to the coffee growing regions in India and coffee plantations, here are some facts about coffee that you should know-
India is the 6th largest country in the world that grows coffee after Brazil, Colombia, Vietnam, Indonesia and Ethiopia. An estimated of 318,000 tones of coffee is grown at a value of Rs 47 billion.
Karnataka is the largest scale berry area in the country. India has production of both Arabica and Robusta coffee varieties.
Karnataka grows about 58% of the coffee with Kerala growing about 22 and Tamily Nadu about 8%. The other nontraditional areas where coffee plantations exist include Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and North-East India.
Coffee (robusta) is also traded as futures on MCX and NCDEX commodity exchanges.
History of Coffee in India
Coffee came to India accidentally. It was this wonderful mistake that led to production of coffee in the country, especially southern regions.
Monsooned Malabar AA
Reading this name you would assume that the Monsooned Malabar AA is exclusive to India, but that is really not the case. Centuries ago, coffee beans came to India accidentally. The beans were being transported in one of the European ships. It sure was a pleasant accident because it gave India a taste of something that would be relished forever. The coffee beans started to swell up as a result of the monsoon winds. They changed color and became more intense. Not only did it change the taste of the coffee but also gave it a bigger nod by the connoisseurs. This led to production of the Monsooned Malabar AA world-famous specialty coffee.
Monsooned coffee beans tend to get swollen as a result of the moisture. The curing treatment that coffee beans get natural because of the monsoon wind in the West Coast of Southern India works well for these beans. Though the curing makes it more aggressive, it also adds a mellow flavor. This reduces the acidity in the flavor and adds a heavy flatness, which makes the beans more delicious. Only dry variety of both Robusta and Arabica are used for this process. Monsooned Malabar AA is the highest grade of this coffee.
Mysore Nuggets Extra Bold
These Arabic exotic beans are all about the majestic Chamundi Hills of Mysore. These beans are large in size, rare and also one of the most premium coffees available today. The exotic coffee is prepared after washing the exotic Arabic beans, which are common in the region of Chikmagalur, Coorg, Biligiris, Bababudangiris and Shevaroys. They almost have a blue-green color in appearance but when served in a cup all that you get is an aromatic thrill. The medium bodied coffee beans offer a distinct and acidic flavor with a light tinge of spice.
Robusta Kaapi Royale
Kappi is considered to be one of the most premium and royal coffees of the country. It is made using Robusta beans and the making process is elongated and specialized. It is made using only the Robusta Parchment AB found in the areas of Coorg, Wayanad, Chikmagalur and Travancore. These bold beans have rounded shapes but pointed ends. They are greyish or bluish incisor and have a full body with mellow flavor.
Coffee Growing Regions and Plantations
Chikmagalur is one of the first few places in India where coffee was grown. It is called the land of coffee and is located in Karnataka. It is a hill station that is located on the northern part of the Mullayanagiri foothills range. It is the highest peak of the Karnataka range and is located in the western Ghaats. The climatic conditions here support the growth of coffee and is one of the biggest estates. Some of the other closer regions that grow coffee here include Kodagu, coorg and Hassan.
Wayanad is the greener region of growing coffee and is located right in the middle of the majestic Western Ghats. This Kerala hill station gives way to other plantations like Munnar, Nalliyampathy and Rajamala. Lush evergreen forests surround the area along with the Pookkode Lake and Karapuzha Dam. As a result the area experiences a pleasant climate all year through, which makes it perfect for growing coffee. Rubusta coffee is grow here along with Arabica.
A small and quaint hill station in Tamil Nadu, Yercaud is one of the best coffee plantations in the country. It is situated in the Salem district amongst the Shevaroys range of hills locate din the Eastern Ghats. It gets its name from a forest called Lake Forest. The climate here is rather pleasant and cool. Some of the other coffee producing regions here include the Nilgiris District, Coonoor and Kodaikanal.
Araku is a very popular hill station that is known for coffee production. It is located in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. Situated in the midst of the Eastern Ghats of India, many tribes live around here. The name of the coffee plantation Araku comes from the region too. The first tribal settlers here grew organic coffee and since then, this brand has stuck to growing organic coffee. Of course, with more focus on pepper and rubber production, coffee is a secondary production here. The climate here is again pleasant and moist, which makes it just right for growing coffee. Surrounded by the Galikonda, Sunkarimetta, Raktakonda, and Chitamogondi Mountains along with Forest reserves, it is a lush destination for growing coffee. Some other places where coffee is growing here include the Chintapalli, Paderu and Maredumilli regions of Eastern Ghat.
Daringbadi
Also known as the Kashmir of Odisha, Daringbadi is situated in the hills Odisha and is also the only hill station here. It is also one of the youngest coffee plantations in the country. Chintapalli in Himachal Pradesh follows suit. The region is pleasant and is also beautiful and has dense pine forest along with majestic coffee plantations. There is also a beautiful lush mountain and amazing valleys surrounding this region. It is an ideal place for growing coffee. But it is still not explored and touched and there are tribals residing over majority of the areas. Another area in Koraput district in Odisha is famous for coffee production.
Anamalais in Tamil Nadu
Anamalais in Tamil Nadu is a wildlife sanctuary in the area that also has spotted leopards and other exotic animals. It is here that plantations are while the plantations are home to fine, high-grown Arabicas, including the exotic Kents. Located at 1000-1400 m it grows Arabica coffee with Pepper, Orange, Banana as inter crops.
Bababudangiris (Karnataka)
Bababudan coffee plantations work on the legend that seamen brought seven 'magical' beans from Yemen and then placed it in the region here. It is a beautiful locale for growing coffee and houses wildlife species too. It is located at 1000-1500 m and gets about 1750-2200 mm of rainfall. Arabica coffee is grown here and the average production is 10,500 MT.
Biligiris (Karnatka/Tamil Nadu)
The most popular coffee of the region would be the full-bodied Arabicas. It has an elevation of
about 1500-2000 m and average rainfall of about 1100-1200 mm. The main varieties of coffee here include S.795, Sln.9 and Cauvery.
The banks of the mighty Brahmaputra are also the home to some of the best tea and coffee plantations in the area. It is located close to the Kaziranga National Park in eastern Assam at an elevation of 800-1200 m above sealevel. The region gets about 1500-2000 mm rainfall. The main coffee type grown here is Arabica with emphasis on the S.795 and Cauvery varieties.
Coorg in Karnataka has some lush green coffee plantations that are filled with honeybees that also lead to production of the popular Coorg Honey and is assembled by the nimble-footed tribals. At an elevation of about 750-1100 m, this area gets an average rainfall of about 1000-2500 mm. Both Arabica and Robusta coffee are grown here. The Arabica varieties include S.795, Sln.6, Sln.9, etc. and the Robusta varieties include S.274 and CxR.
Manjarabad (Karnataka)
This region has gentle hilly slopes, with streams flowing across and providing a quaint little destination for coffee plantations. At an elevation of about 900-1100 m, this area gets an average rainfall of 1000-2500 mm. It is relatively cooler during summers too and gets ample rainfall to promote growth of both Arabica and Robusta. Arabica varieties include S.795, Sln.6 and Sln.9 while the Robusta varieties include S.274 and CxR.
Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu)
Amidst wildlife sanctuaries and dense forest are some of the best coffee plantations in the country. It has some of the best exotic Arabica varieties here. The region is located at a height of about 900-1400 m and gets 1600-2600 mm rainfall. Both Arabica and Robusta varieties are grown here. Arabic varieties include S.795, Kents, and Robusta includes Peridenia, S.274 and CxR.
Pulneys (Tamil Nadu)
This is another popular region where coffee grows and is most popular for the bright, bluebell-like Kurinji flower, which grows once in 12 years. At a height of 600-2000 m, the area gets about 1000-1600 mm rainfall and Arabica coffee varieties like S.795, Sln.5B, Sln.9, Sln.10 and Cauvery are grown here.
Sheveroys (Tamil Nadu)
Another popular region in Tamil Nadu for growing coffee is the splendid Sheveroys area. It is said that the coffee here gets its flavor or strength like the Gaur or Indian bison found in the region. The Arabica grown here is rather bold in size like the bison. Located at an elevation of 900-1500 m, Arabica coffee like the S.795, Cauvery and Sln.9 are grown here.
Travancore (Kerala)
Both Arabica and Robustas are grown in the area. Travancore is situated at a height of about 400-1600m and gets about 2000-4000 mm of rainfall. The main coffee here is the Robusta.
Coffee Plantation Resorts
In the heart of Wayanad, Kerala, are some of the best coffee resorts in the country. Located at about 76 kms from Kozhikode is this lovely hill station. It has a unique terrain that is the home to the Coffee Aroma Resort, which is a plantation themed resort. It is located over a 10 acre coffee plantation in the Chembra Peak, which is also the highest point in Wayanad. The stay offers an array of choices like Tree House, Honeymoon Cottage, Bamboo Cottages, Wood House, Mud House, Twin Houses, Tents etc exuding the ambiance of a jungle village.
Address: Coffea Aroma Resort
Kunnumbetta, Saw Mill Stop
Chundale P.O Meppadi Road
Wayanad, Kerala
India - 673 123
Phone: +91 9497 833 933, +91- 4936 288588
Email: mail@coffeaaroma.com
If you want a guided tour of a plantation then this 300 acre working plantation cum resort is a great choice. The Orange County is also a spice plantation along with growing exotic coffees like Arabica or Robusta. Here you can take a tour of the plantation and see the production of Malabar Monsooned coffee or explore the scented spices. The resort has many facilities like dining, library, infinity pool, ayurvedic spa, romantic cottages, etc.
Orange County, Coorg
Karadigodu Post, Siddapur, Coorg – 571 253 Karnataka, India
Phone : +91 (0)8274 258 481 – 4
Email: coorg@orangecounty.in
Tranquil Resort
Located over a 400 acre private coffee and spices plantation, the Tranquil resort is nestled in the lush green forests of Wayanad in Kerala. It offers the perfect peace and relaxing vacation that you seek along with a unique learning experience of seeing coffee plantation and production. It is a ecological beauty that houses about 7 rooms and 2 tree houses. You can easily rich here from cities of Bangalore and Calicut. The plantation had stared in about 1800 during the British area. Since then the plantation has grown bigger and better. With the resort being constructed, tourists can now enjoy the best of both worlds.
Aswati Plantations Ltd
Kuppamudi Coffee Estate
Kolagapara P.O. 673591, Sultan Battery,
Planet Green
Planet Green Plantation Resorts in Wayanad boasts of a beautiful locale to experience the growth of coffee and see how it is made. The resort is nestled in the Chembra Peak at a height of about 2100 above sea level. Hence, you get a spectacular view from here. There are lush slopes here that offer a great area for coffee growth. There is no stress or worry here. And this surely is one of the greenest places one can witness in India. You can see monkeys fooling around or a deer peeping from the plants.
Along with coffee, there are also many tea estates surrounding the area. The resort owners claim that no pictures can do witness to the true beauty of the resort, which indeed is true.
Manjilamkolli Road1
Chuzhali, Via KSRTC Bus Depot
Kalpetta, Wayanad, kerala, India
E-mail: reservations@planetgreenresorts.com
Coffee Acres
Another exquisite plantation located in the serene and quite Western Ghats is Coffee Acres. It is an exotic blend of concoction along with luxury & homeliness. Here you can check out the countryside and enjoy the hilly area. The resort is located in the highest and beautiful peak in Wayanad –The Chembrain. At Coffee Acres, sightseeing and staying is all about responsible tourism. Everything is done keeping in mind the ecological balance of the area. Organic food is served to the guests along with eco-friendly stay.
II Floor, G 66, Elders Forum Road,
Panampillynagar, Cochin, Pin 682 036.
Phone: + 91 98460 43403
E-mail: reservation@keralatravels.com
Coffee Day Hotels & Resorts
Coffee Day hotel and resorts are located in Bandipur, Chikmagalur and Kabini. The resort was made as a part or subsidiary of Coffee Day Global. The Chikmagalur resort of The Serai was first to be declared open. The idea was to prove a retreat that was quite and yet located in the hear of the coffee plantations in India.
Coffee Day Hotels & Resorts Pvt. Ltd.
Coffee Day Square, Vittal Mallya Road
Karnataka 560 001 India
Phone: 91 80 40012200
Email- enquiries@theserai.in
Comments / Discussion Board - Best Coffee Plantations And Coffee Resorts In India

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Just had some insights that I hope they're not true. But if they are, somehow they make me a lot more "illuminated" than before. For a moment absolutely every second of my life made sense. A life with ups and downs, all meant to discover something.
One thing, that Mars in Libra loves to create paradoxes… in other people.
The second thing, that I'm a cocoon of what people call psychic. I mean, I have a lot more years to study and situations to experiment until I'll be able to identify accurately and understand everything that I perceive, through my emotions or/and during my dreams.
Now I saw something, that for 90% of the unevolved beings is something bad. But, for me, is just a very profound change/transformation.
This entry was posted in Writings in English on March 11, 2012 by Stefania.


text:
Q: Python - class object initialization within function The code below works (it will eventually pull records from a database via SQL), but I am having trouble understanding why the assert statement in the code below works.
def build_row(table, cols):
    """Build a class that creates instances of specific rows"""
    class DataRow:
        """Generic data row class, specialized by surrounding function"""
        def __init__(self, data):
            """Uses data and column names to inject attributes"""
            assert len(data)==len(self.cols)
            for colname, dat in zip(self.cols, data):
                setattr(self, colname, dat)
        def __repr__(self):
            return "{0}_record({1})".format(self.table, ", ".join(["{0!r}".format(getattr(self, c)) for c in self.cols]))
    DataRow.table = table
    DataRow.cols = cols.split()
    return DataRow

When is the length of 'data' determined and how is it guaranteed to be the same length as 'self.cols'?  Will someone please explain this behavior?

A: data is given a value when you instantiate the class returned by the build_row() function.
It is not guaranteed to be the same length as self.cols; perhaps you never instantiate the class, and so never see an error.

A: This may make more sense to you if you replace the references to self.cols and self.table with self.__class__.cols and self.__class__.table.  This confusion is caused by accessing class attributes through the self object as if they were instance attributes, and why I don't particularly like this coding idiom. When looking at the code in __init__, where instance attributes are typically assigned their values, it is jarring to immediately see a statement that reads the value of self.cols - where the heck did self.cols get initialized?! On the other hand, if you change this assert to:
assert len(data)==len(self.__class__.cols)

then it becomes clearer that the list of data values is expected to be the same length as the defined list of columns for this instance of DataRow.  The class attribute cols gets initialized right after the class definition, in this statement:
DataRow.cols = cols.split()

long before any instance gets created - that's why this assert works.
The writer of this code might consider converting to the more current namedtuple construct.

A: When you defined DataRow, the column names are set in the variable self.cols. So, when you're instantiating the class, you're supposed to fill every column.
That's why you need both lists having the same length. Otherwise you may not have all attributes.
The way it's done is by setting an attribute with the name of the column which isn't be the best option because if you have a column named cols or table or even __repr__, it may break your code.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Alex Neilson is an English drummer, percussionist and singer who is based in Glasgow. He has performed alongside a large number of bands and artists including Jandek, Richard Youngs, The One Ensemble Of Daniel Padden, Ashtray Navigations, Bonnie Prince Billy and Six Organs of Admittance, but he is perhaps most well known for his band Trembling Bells.
Alex sings on the Liles track 'Milky Maidenhead' which can be downloaded here MILKY.
I would probably have to say "Trout Mask Replica" by Captain Beefheart. I used to hear it wafting from the bathroom at home in Leeds while my older brother, Oliver, would be burning incense and reading poetry while taking a leisurely bath. All of which I took as grave personal insults and would kick on the door and shout at him for the sheer audacity of the unimaginable hippy nonsense he was indulging in (I was a bit of a jock around the age of 13). Eventually the music seeped into my skin and I ended having an equally extreme response to it but in the opposite direction. I became obsessed with it. It ruined other albums for me because nothing else seemed to contain a scintilla of the same raw imagination. It recuperates new meaning every time I listen to it because there are so many ideas writhing beneath its surface; mutant blues hollers, Joycean sexualised nursery rhymes, proto-punk/ neo-dada scatological skits, beyond-psychedelic buzz saw riffs and some of my favourite drumming ever.
Approximately 126.375. I am compulsively creative and tend to push myself very hard into painful places, humiliating places.
I'm pretty confident that that is still to come, but perhaps the first Trembling Bells album since it was my first attempt at song writing? The sense that I could condense all my passions and perceptions into a measurable thing was a massive creative breakthrough for me, because it enabled me to harvest my own mind and anything around me as potential source material. Suddenly the whole word shimmered with possibility. It is a profoundly joyful state of receptivity to be in.
Ooh, tough one. Regret is a constant companion. Guilt and shame are abiding emotions that are good creative propellers if you can get far enough inside and recognise poetic significances in them. That's the only way for me to look at it, otherwise I would drown. If pushed, I would say not having the mental/ emotional strength to make my last relationship work. Also, missing my older brother's wedding in Japan.
I swim and sauna every day which has replaced the industrial-quantity weed habit I developed through my teens and early 20's. I just started jogging too, which is fun. I like to cook and drink red wine. I'm a massive cinephile so I try to watch as many films as possible. If I'm on tour I love to visit cathedrals. But generally I don't enjoy relaxing all that much.
I have a first edition of the Penguin Book of English Folk Songs which is signed by some of the brightest stars in folk music's firmament- such as Anne Briggs, Shirley Collins, Richard Thompson, Martin Carthy, Mike Heron, Sheila Stewart and many more. The fondest possessions in my flat are a sketch by Lucy Stein and a large stained glass window.
Ovid, Eric Cantona, Dennis Potter.
Most likely Carbeth. But I have profound romantic attachments to Yorkshire, Oxford, Cornwall, Sussex, the Costa Blanca and Italy.
As I said, I am compulsively creative and I need art to rationalize the vertiginous immensities and vampiric immaturities that continually strain for dominion over my personality. If I stopped then I would just be left with the unresolved personality crises. Otherwise, I would like to learn more languages, be a stained glass window maker and be a great cook because I think they are incredibly valuable life skills.


MONTREAL -- In order to alleviate what city officials are calling a housing crisis, Montreal is enlisting citizens and municipal workers in the fight against illegal online apartment rentals. And it is calling on the provincial Revenue Department to aggressively investigate suspected offenders.
Cities across Canada have cracked down on residents using online home-sharing platforms such as Airbnb. Montreal's latest strategy is to direct its employees to remove from public property small lock boxes that contain keys allowing short-term renters to enter apartments on their own.
On Monday, Mayor Valerie Plante asked residents to use a city hotline to report any lock boxes they see attached to public property, such as parking meters and bicycle racks.
"Our teams are at work," Plante tweeted about the lock boxes. "If you see them in your neighbourhood, don't hesitate to report them."
City councillor Richard Ryan said officials suspect the boxes that have been popping up around town are aimed at evading inspectors. "Our hypothesis is that they want to stay anonymous," he said in an interview. "The fact the boxes are on the street and not on private property -- we don't know to which apartment they belong or what building."
A city spokesperson said the city has so far removed about a dozen lock boxes downtown and a few in the Plateau-Mont-Royal, but added that many others have been removed by their owners since officials publicly condemned the practice.
In 2015, the Quebec government passed a law forbidding people from using a secondary residence for short-term rentals without proper certification.
Ryan said Airbnb and other platforms are depriving Montrealers of places to live. "We are entering a housing crisis," he said, noting that vacancy rates across the city are below 2 per cent -- and below 1 per cent downtown and in the Plateau. He said about 70 per cent of the Airbnb offerings in Montreal -- 8,000 houses or apartments -- are located in those two neighbourhoods.
If provincial inspectors crack down on illegal rentals, Ryan thinks the Plateau and downtown can recoup up to 5,000 homes for Montrealers. But he said that can only happen if the Revenue Department uses its powers to "aggressively" pursue delinquents.
Genevieve Laurier, a Revenue Quebec spokeswoman, said the agency has begun a "blitz" with the new powers granted last summer to investigate suspected illegal rental units.
"Between the end of June and Nov. 20, 2018, 3,465 inspections have been conducted across Quebec, and 963 warnings were given," Laurier said. She added the agency is giving residents time to conform to the law before it starts imposing fines that can go up to $25,000 for individuals and up to $50,000 for companies.
Montreal is the latest Canadian city to tighten the rules around home-sharing. In 2017, both Toronto and Vancouver banned residents from listing secondary properties, among other restrictions.
Odile Lanctot, spokeswoman with a housing rights group in the Plateau, said current laws are not enough. She said Airbnb should be held accountable for listing "illegal" rentals. She wants the province to order the company to hand over data on clients so it can better investigate who is listing secondary residences on the website.
New York City passed a law that was to go into effect in February forcing Airbnb and similar sites to hand over information on clients, such as addresses, to the city. But Airbnb and another site, HomeAway, have sued, and a judge this month granted the companies a temporary injunction.
Lindsey Scully, spokesperson for Airbnb, said most Montreal renters using the site "share their residential homes a few nights each month to earn modest, supplemental income. When hosts sign up on Airbnb, they must certify that they are complying with local rules before they list their space."


text:
News / Colombia / Venezuela
Venezuela launches military drills along Colombia border
Wednesday, 11 September 2019 5:18 AM [ Last Update: Wednesday, 11 September 2019 5:42 AM ]
Members of Venezuela's National Guard take part in a military exercise at Garcia Hevia airport in La Fria, Tachira State, on September 10, 2019. (Photo by AFP)
Venezuela has launched extended military drills along the border with Colombia in an effort to prepare for any foreign invasion, amid rising tensions between Caracas and Bogota.
The Venezuelan army deployed 150,000 troops, tanks, and missile carriers around La Fria airport in the border state of Tachira on Tuesday, said the armed forces' Strategic Operational Commander Remigio Ceballos.
The exercises — expected to continue for several weeks — are "related to security, exploration and the interception of any invasion of Venezuelan territory," he said.
"We respect the armed forces around the world, but we are not afraid of anyone," Ceballos added.
The deployment came a week after President Nicolas Maduro ordered the commander of the armed forces "to declare an alert... in the face of the threatened aggression by Colombia toward Venezuela."
The tense relations between Maduro and Colombian far-right President Ivan Duque grew even worse earlier his month when Duque accused Maduro of providing "shelter and support" to Colombia's rebel group FARC.
FARC recently took up arms once again after three years of peace with the Colombian government.
Maduro, however, denied the allegation, saying that the Colombian government was "using unfounded accusations to threaten Venezuela and provoke a military conflict with our country."
PressTV-'Venezuela on high alert as Colombia seeks to provoke war'
Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro accuses Colombia of plotting an attack against his country.
In a reaction to the military exercises, Colombian Vice-President Marta Lucia Ramirez said the military was prepared for "any external attacks."
"We call on all Colombians for calm, knowing that we possess a sufficiently equipped and capable public force," she said.
Meanwhile, US special representative for Venezuela Elliott Abrams said Colombia would have Washington's full support in the event of a military invasion by Venezuela.
"I hope [the Venezuelan military exercises] are just a political act without any security or military meaning," he said in Brussels. "I hope [the armed forces of Venezuela] are not crazy enough to engage in any kind of attacks on Colombia, and it is certainly the case that Colombia will have full American support if that happens."
The US has imposed several rounds of sanctions against Venezuela to oust Maduro and replace him with an opposition figure.
Colombia Venezuela FARC military exercise
7 killed after landslide in Colombia, 15 missing
Iota's fierce winds batter Caribbean island
Indigenous Colombians gather to demand end to violence
Venezuelan President asks criminal investigation against opposition leader
Venezuela's Guaido to be charged with 'high treason'
Venezuela's Maduro orders military alert against Colombia


text:
Home | NCGA and Partners Raise More Than $50,000 for Future Organic Farmer Grant Fund
NCGA and Partners Raise More Than $50,000 for Future Organic Farmer Grant Fund
By: NCBA CLUSA Published: Thursday, July 23, 2015 Share: Print: Subscribe
As U.S. consumption of organic food grows, so does the demand for a new crop of young farmers committed to sustainable agriculture. Through a recent donation to the Future Organic Farmer Grant Fund, the National Cooperative Grocers Association is helping to support the next generation of organic farmers:
National Cooperative Grocers Association (NCGA) and more than 30 partners are proud to announce a donation of $50,437 to the Future Organic Farmer Grant Fund.
A collaborative program of the California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF) Foundation, the Future Organic Farmer Grant Fund is committed to teaching and promoting organic farming among new and upcoming farmers. The grant supports education programs for students interested in sustainable agriculture nationwide, and in an era of aging farmers, targeting the youth is crucial.
Webinar: What Fairtrade Certification Means for Producers and Consumers
NCBA Congratulates Cooperator Sally Jewell on Cabinet Confirmation
Emily Barber, 2014 grant recipient and organic farming student at Washington State University, said, "I want to be among the brave farmers who dare to produce food that will make their customers healthier, their communities stronger, and will work in tandem with our environment."
Today, more than 80 percent of U.S. households purchase organic products. Sales of organic food in the United States reached more than $31 billion in 2012, compared with $1 billion in 1990, according to the Organic Trade Association. But demand continues to outpace the supply as farmers age. The Census Bureau reported that the average age of the American farmer is 57, and the fastest-growing age group for farmers is 65 and older.
"Among the challenges to meet the rising demand for organic products that are healthy for both people and the planet is the need for new organic farmers and entrepreneurs," said Cathy Calfo, Executive Director and CEO, California Certified Organic Farmers.
NCGA's donation is made in spirit of its annual Convergence Grocery and Wellness Conference, which this year focused on generative relationships with family farmers. The conference connects hundreds of co-op staff with suppliers for purchasing opportunities while engaging attendees with presentations, panel discussions and discovery.
"We always want this event to educate and inspire co-op staff," said Ben Nauman, NCGA director of Purchasing. "But beyond that, we wanted to demonstrate that co-ops can have a meaningful impact on relevant food issues by coordinating a substantial donation to the Future Organic Farmer Grant Fund."
NCGA was able to leverage relationships with manufacturers, suppliers and other partners to maximize its initial contribution of $20,000. Nearly three-dozen manufacturers pledged donations as part of their Convergence sponsorship agreement, contributing an additional $7,500 to the fund. UNFI, NCGA's biggest supplier, generously pledged a minimum of $10,000 to the fund as part of its participation in Convergence, and also committed to making matching donations based on sales acquired during the event, which resulted in raising more than $10,000 in additional funds. In total, NCGA's Convergence event generated an impressive donation of $50,437.
"We feel it's critically important that the next generation of farmers receives the training and opportunities they need, and we're proud to take part in this initiative" said Robynn Shrader, CEO of the National Cooperative Grocers Association.
The Future Organic Farmer Grant Fund is supported by NCGA in partnership with The UNFI Foundation, Driscoll's Philanthropy, Organic Valley's Farmers Advocating for Organics Fund, and Bradmer Foods. Learn more at www.ccof.org/foundation.
Webinar: What Fairtrade Certification Means for Producers and Consumers October 17, 2018 read more
NCBA Congratulates Cooperator Sally Jewell on Cabinet Confirmation October 9, 2018 read more
Nominations for NCBA CLUSA's 2016 Board of Directors are due February 22 October 4, 2018 read more
Less than a Month Left to Save $$ on 2015 Co-op Professionals Conference April 15, 2018 read more
Government of Namibia Recognizes Success of Conservation Farming Methods Introduced by NCBA CLUSA February 16, 2018 read more
Cooperative Hall of Fame Inductee Spotlight: Daniel T. Kelley January 14, 2018 read more


Nationals 7, Royals 2: Ian Desmond homered and Jordan Zimmermann cruised through 7 2/3 innings as visiting Washington handed Kansas City its seventh consecutive loss.
Chad Tracy singled in two runs during a four-run rally in the fourth and Bryce Harper drove in a run and scored for the Nationals, who have won five straight to pull a game above .500 at 65-64. Washington's win streak has brought it to within eight games of the Cincinnati Reds for the second wild card spot in the National League.
Wade Davis (6-10) was knocked around for seven runs on eight hits in six innings for the Royals, who fell back to .500 at 64-64 and sit eight games behind the Baltimore Orioles for the second American League wild card slot.
Eric Hosmer singled in a run to forge a tie in the third but the Nationals fought back in the next half-inning. Ryan Zimmerman scored the go-ahead run on Wilson Ramos' sacrifice fly and Adam LaRoche was intentionally walked before Tyler Moore doubled in a run and Tracy delivered his two-run single.
Ramos walked to open the sixth and Desmond followed by driving a 2-2 cutter into the stands in left-center. Zimmermann (15-7) took care of the rest, allowing two runs on eight hits while striking out seven.
GAME NOTEBOOK: The Royals have lost 10 of their last 12 games after winning 19 of 24 out of the All-Star break to jump back into the wild card race. ... Nationals RF Jayson Werth was held out of the lineup due to a foot infection. ... Harper has hit safely in seven straight games and is up to 103 career RBIs, including four in the first two games at Kansas City.


text:
Езерани () е село в Община Ресен, Северна Македония.

География
Селото e разположено на юг от град Ресен, в Преспанското поле.

История
В XIX век Езерани е чисто българско село в Битолска кааза, Нахия Горна Преспа на Османската империя. Църквата "Свети Илия" е от XIX век. В "Етнография на вилаетите Адрианопол, Монастир и Салоника", издадена в Константинопол в 1878 година и отразяваща статистиката на мъжкото население от 1873 г., Езерни (Esérrni) е посочено като село с 25 домакинства и 70 жители българи.

Според статистиката на Васил Кънчов ("Македония. Етнография и статистика") от 1900 година Езерани има 240 жители, всички българи християни.

По време на Илинденското въстание селото е нападнато от турски аскер и е убит Мице Иванов.

В началото на XX век населението на селото е под върховенството на Българската екзархия. По данни на секретаря на екзархията Димитър Мишев ("La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne") през 1905 година в Езерени има 280 българи екзархисти и функционира българско училище.

При избухването на Балканската война в 1912 година 1 човек от селото е доброволец в Македоно-одринското опълчение. По време на войната в селото влизат сръбски части. На 14 ноември сръбските власти арестуват българския учител в Царев двор Никола Мильовски и свещеника Харалампи Георгиев, както и свещеника от Езерани Насте Пейчинов и ги заплашват с убийство, ако не се обявят за сърби. Когато българските първенци отказват, ги пребиват от бой и ги затварят. Най-жестоко е пребит Мильовски.

Според преброяването от 2002 година селото има 203 жители.

Личности
 Родени в Езерани
  Ставре Христов, македоно-одрински опълченец, Втора рота на Десета прилепска дружина

Външни препратки
  Официален сайт на Община Ресен

Бележки

Села в община Ресен

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Digital photography blog. The place where I submit my photography work.
Cu pasiune despre evenimentele dumneavoastra!
Citesc muzica ascultand cartile nescrise de pe ecranul cinematografului viselor mele.
Carmen Mihalcea's photoblog. Photography, emotions, on the fly shots of the places I see and the people I meet.


text:
Q: LogCat error in android studio which crashes app when running In this fragment I'm adding ZXingscanner view, and code shows no errors at all, but when I run app it crashes and stops every time.This app has 3 tabs with Fragment in each, and the fragment of one of the tabs is this scanner, but this view ruins the app for some reason. Here's the code of my fragment class:
import android.app.AlertDialog;
import android.content.DialogInterface;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Vibrator;
import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import android.support.v4.app.Fragment;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;

import com.google.zxing.BarcodeFormat;
import com.google.zxing.Result;
import com.hist_area.imeda.histarea.R;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

import me.dm7.barcodescanner.zxing.ZXingScannerView;

public class EmptyFragment extends Fragment implements ZXingScannerView.ResultHandler {
    public static EmptyFragment create() {
        return new EmptyFragment();
    }
    Vibrator vibrator;

    @Override
    public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
        super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
        }

        private ZXingScannerView mScannerView;
        private LinearLayout qrCameraLayout;

        @Override
        public View onCreateView (LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle
        savedInstanceState)
        {
            View v = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_camera, container, false);

            qrCameraLayout = (LinearLayout) v.findViewById(R.id.camera_preview);
            mScannerView = new ZXingScannerView(getActivity().getApplicationContext());
            mScannerView.setLayoutParams(new LinearLayout.LayoutParams(
                    LinearLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT,
                    LinearLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT));
            qrCameraLayout.addView(mScannerView);

            List<BarcodeFormat> formats = new ArrayList<>();
            formats.add(BarcodeFormat.QR_CODE);
            mScannerView.setFormats(formats);

            return v;
        }

        @Override
        public void onResume ()
        {
            super.onResume();
            mScannerView.setResultHandler(this); // Register ourselves as a handler for scan results.
            mScannerView.startCamera();          // Start camera on resume
        }

        @Override
        public void onPause ()
        {
            super.onPause();
            mScannerView.stopCamera();
        }

        @Override
        public void handleResult ( final Result result)
        {
            vibrator.vibrate(369);
            Log.e("handleresult", result.getText());
            //Hold result
            AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(getActivity());
            builder.setTitle("             Scan Result");
            builder.setPositiveButton("Scan Again", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                @Override
                public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                    mScannerView.resumeCameraPreview(EmptyFragment.this);
                }
            });
            builder.setNeutralButton("Main Page", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                @Override
                public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                    mScannerView.stopCamera();
                    MainPageFragment.create();
                }

            });

            builder.setMessage(result.getText());
            AlertDialog alertDialog = builder.create();
            alertDialog.show();
        }

}

And here's code to XML LinearLayout which has this view in it :
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">

    <View
        android:id="@+id/camera_scanner"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent" />

</LinearLayout>

Here's the LogCat error:
java.lang.NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke virtual method 'void android.widget.LinearLayout.addView(android.view.View)' on a null object reference
                                                                                at com.hist_area.imeda.histarea.fragment.EmptyFragment.onCreateView(EmptyFragment.java:52)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.app.Fragment.performCreateView(Fragment.java:2239)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.app.FragmentManagerImpl.moveToState(FragmentManager.java:1332)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.app.FragmentManagerImpl.moveFragmentToExpectedState(FragmentManager.java:1574)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.app.FragmentManagerImpl.moveToState(FragmentManager.java:1641)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.app.BackStackRecord.executeOps(BackStackRecord.java:794)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.app.FragmentManagerImpl.executeOps(FragmentManager.java:2415)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.app.FragmentManagerImpl.executeOpsTogether(FragmentManager.java:2200)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.app.FragmentManagerImpl.optimizeAndExecuteOps(FragmentManager.java:2153)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.app.FragmentManagerImpl.execSingleAction(FragmentManager.java:2034)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.app.BackStackRecord.commitNowAllowingStateLoss(BackStackRecord.java:651)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.app.FragmentPagerAdapter.finishUpdate(FragmentPagerAdapter.java:143)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.view.ViewPager.populate(ViewPager.java:1239)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.view.ViewPager.populate(ViewPager.java:1087)
                                                                                at android.support.v4.view.ViewPager.onMeasure(ViewPager.java:1613)
                                                                                at android.view.View.measure(View.java:18788)
                                                                                at android.widget.RelativeLayout.measureChildHorizontal(RelativeLayout.java:715)
                                                                                at android.widget.RelativeLayout.onMeasure(RelativeLayout.java:461)
                                                                                at android.view.View.measure(View.java:18788)
                                                                                at android.view.ViewGroup.measureChildWithMargins(ViewGroup.java:5951)
                                                                                at android.widget.FrameLayout.onMeasure(FrameLayout.java:194)
                                                                                at android.support.v7.widget.ContentFrameLayout.onMeasure(ContentFrameLayout.java:139)
                                                                                at android.view.View.measure(View.java:18788)
                                                                                at android.view.ViewGroup.measureChildWithMargins(ViewGroup.java:5951)
                                                                                at android.widget.LinearLayout.measureChildBeforeLayout(LinearLayout.java:1465)
                                                                                at android.widget.LinearLayout.measureVertical(LinearLayout.java:748)
                                                                                at android.widget.LinearLayout.onMeasure(LinearLayout.java:630)
                                                                                at android.view.View.measure(View.java:18788)
                                                                                at android.view.ViewGroup.measureChildWithMargins(ViewGroup.java:5951)
                                                                                at android.widget.FrameLayout.onMeasure(FrameLayout.java:194)
                                                                                at android.view.View.measure(View.java:18788)
                                                                                at android.view.ViewGroup.measureChildWithMargins(ViewGroup.java:5951)
                                                                                at android.widget.LinearLayout.measureChildBeforeLayout(LinearLayout.java:1465)
                                                                                at android.widget.LinearLayout.measureVertical(LinearLayout.java:748)
                                                                                at android.widget.LinearLayout.onMeasure(LinearLayout.java:630)
                                                                                at android.view.View.measure(View.java:18788)
                                                                                at android.view.ViewGroup.measureChildWithMargins(ViewGroup.java:5951)
                                                                                at android.widget.FrameLayout.onMeasure(FrameLayout.java:194)
                                                                                at com.android.internal.policy.PhoneWindow$DecorView.onMeasure(PhoneWindow.java:2643)
                                                                                at android.view.View.measure(View.java:18788)
                                                                                at android.view.ViewRootImpl.performMeasure(ViewRootImpl.java:2100)
                                                                                at android.view.ViewRootImpl.measureHierarchy(ViewRootImpl.java:1216)
                                                                                at android.view.ViewRootImpl.performTraversals(ViewRootImpl.java:1452)
                                                                                at android.view.ViewRootImpl.doTraversal(ViewRootImpl.java:1107)
                                                                                at android.view.ViewRootImpl$TraversalRunnable.run(ViewRootImpl.java:6013)
                                                                                at android.view.Choreographer$CallbackRecord.run(Choreographer.java:858)
                                                                                at android.view.Choreographer.doCallbacks(Choreographer.java:670)
                                                                                at android.view.Choreographer.doFrame(Choreographer.java:606)
                                                                                at android.view.Choreographer$FrameDisplayEventReceiver.run(Choreographer.java:844)
                                                                                at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:739)
                                                                                at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:95)
                                                                                at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:148)
                                                                                at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5417)
                                                                                at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
                                                                                at co
08-04 17:29:54.075 4819-4819/com.hist_area.imeda.histarea I/Process: Sending signal. PID: 4819 SIG: 9

A: You have not provided an id to this element in your layout file. Do this:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/camera_preview" <!-- This was missing -->
>
 <View
    android:id="@+id/camera_scanner"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent" />
 </LinearLayout>


text:
Breaking: Buhari Approves 10-Day Extension of Old Naira Notes Expiry Date, Deadline Now February 10. 24 hours ago
SHEHU ALIYU SHAGARI (1925 – 2018)
Editorial | 4 years ago
Shehu Aliyu Shagari
Shehu Shagari, former President of Nigeria, dies at age 93
The death, on Friday at age 93, of Second Republic President, Alhaji Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari has robbed our country of a patriot who was both an elder and a statesman. Throughout his life, Shagari maintained a simple, sincere, humane and realistic stance in his approach to national issues. In and out of the various offices he held at different times, before and after independence, the former teacher and bureaucrat remained selfless and untainted by the greed that was common among his peers.
As president between 1979 and 1983, Shagari enthroned the kind of bi-partisanship that is in short supply today and gave everybody their dues. His relationship with political opponents was exemplarily civil and demonstrably full of goodwill. He tolerated the often acerbic criticisms of the opposition and their section of the media. Most notably, he conferred the highest national honour of Grand Commander of the Order of Niger (GCON) on Chief Obafemi Awolowo, who at that period was his biggest political opponent. Vestiges of his administration's achievements in the sectors of housing and agriculture abound in the form of "Shagari Housing Estates" and River Basin authorities around the country.
Whatever may have been his failings as a leader, Shagari will be remembered as a president who upheld the rule of law and respected the principle of separation of powers. He will also be remembered as a president who was blind to ethnicity and religion in making critical appointments. This much was attested to by a former Naval Chief, Vice Admiral Akin Aduwo who once reminded Nigerians of what obtained during the Second Republic.
Aduwo wrote: "President Shehu Shagari of the NPN, a northern Muslim, had set an amazing example of great nationalist statesmanship in the appointment of service chiefs in April 1980 as follows: Chief of Defence Staff, Lt. General Alani Akinrinade, a Christian from the then UPN ruled Oyo State; Chief of Army Staff, Lt. General G.S. Jallo, a Christian from the then GNPP ruled Gongola State; Chief of Naval Staff, Vice Admiral Akin Aduwo, a Christian from the then UPN-ruled Ondo State; Chief of Air Staff, AVM Abdul Bello, a Christian from the then GNPP-ruled Gongola State and Inspector-General of the Police, Chief Sunday Adewusi, a Christian from the then UPN-ruled Oyo State. All those senior officers were Christians and none came from President Shagari's NPN- controlled state, and three out of the five of us are of Yoruba origin!"
For sure, there will always be a debate about Shagari's stewardship as president in the Second Republic which was terminated by a military coup in December 1983. But it is to his eternal credit that the Justice Samson Uwaifo Panel that examined the misdeeds of the era absolved him and his deputy, the late Vice President Alex Ekwueme on the charge of corruption even though the military regime said both must be held vicariously responsible for the economic mismanagement and excesses of their appointed officers.
Born on 25th February 1925 in a village founded and named after his great-grandfather in Sokoto State, Shagari started his education in a Quranic school before attending Yabo Elementary School. He would later attend Sokoto Middle School, Kaduna College and the Teachers Training College, in Zaria, Kaduna State. Shagari's career in politics started in 1951, when he became the secretary of the Northern People's Congress (NPC) in Sokoto. In 1954, he was elected as a member of the Federal House of Representatives. In 1958, Shagari was appointed as parliamentary secretary to the Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and that year he also served as the Federal Minister for Commerce and Industries.
From 1959 until the first military coup in January 1966, Shagari held various cabinet portfolios, including Economic Development, Pensions, Internal Affairs and Works. Between 1967 and 1970, he worked in the Sokoto State public service. Following the end of the civil war in 1970, Shagari was appointed by then military head of state, General Yakubu Gowon as the federal commissioner for Economic Development, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, a position he held for one year before being reassigned to man the finance portfolio.
As a founding member of the NPN in 1978, Shagari was bidding to become a senator when the party nominated him as the presidential candidate and he went on to win the election. But from the perspective of the management of the political development of Nigeria, the rise and fall of his presidency has taught the nation a lesson on the need to allow civilian constitutional rule to self-correct as military rule, from our experience, offers no positive solutions to what ails us in Nigeria.
May his gentle soul rest in peace.


Incursion is another Kodi addon that lets you stream movies, shows, and various other categories of video content on your PC, smartphones, and Amazon Fire TV Stick. Incursion boasts of a solid collection of content including a number of latest movies, award-winning shows, recent episodes, documentaries and a lot more. This addon is built upon another immensely popular addon called Covenant. This is why you will find a number of similarities between the two including the interface and the folder layout. The content collection is also much the same. But, Incursion Kodi Addon is built using the updated codes and hence is expected to offer certain performance enhancements over its predecessor.
Incursion, like other best Kodi addons, does not host any content of its own. But, it fetches multiple streams for a video from the most trusted sources. This makes sure that there is always a working link from which you can play the video. Streams are available in both full 1080 HD and 720 HD. Let us now learn how to install Incursion Kodi addon on your PC / smartphones / FireStick.
UPDATE: Incursion is not getting any updates and not worth installing. It hardly fetches any streams, hence, we have stopped updating this guide. I suggest checking my list of popular Kodi Addons that are working fine on the date.
Before you start installing Incursion on Kodi 17.6, let me show you how to prepare your Kodi app for third-party Addon installations.
Your Kodi app is now all set to accept third-party add-ons such as Incursion. Follow the steps below to install Incursion Kodi addon on your Fire Stick, PC, or smartphone.
Type "Incursion" in the source name field. You can name it whatever you want, however, it is best to keep it relevant.
Go to Kodi home page and open "Add-ons" menu from the left options.
Wait for the success notification on the top right. Once repo is installed, proceed to the next step.
Click "Install" to download and install Incursion Kodi Addon on your device.
Wait for some time and you should see the notification "Incursion Add-on installed" on the top right of your screen. That's all.
Go to Kodi homepage > Add-ons > Video Add-ons > Incursion. You can explore the addon now.
Incursion is available through its own 'Incursion' repository. The server in which the repository resides is efficient and works well for the most part. However, on some rare occasions, the server goes down resulting in installation issues.
If you are not able to install Incursion Kodi addon from the server, there is a fair chance that the problem might be at the server end. You will either face difficulty adding the source to Kodi or you may not be able to install the repository. Server downtimes are always on the radar of the developers and hence they are fixed rather promptly. As a user, the only option is for you to wait for the server to become operational again.
Server, however, is not the only factor that causes the installation issues. The problem may even be local. Of course, the first thing to make sure is that your device is connected to the internet. Try using some other app that requires internet.
Once you have ascertained internet connectivity, I would suggest rebooting Kodi as well as your PC / FireStick / Smartphone. After the restart, follow the installation steps from starting.
Rebooting may rather seem like an oversimplified solution, but sometimes it miraculously fixes certain difficult issues that other troubleshooting methods cannot.
The servers are often the culprits when it comes to problems related to addons. As I said before, Incursion server good and works just as well as any other popular addon's server. But, it does run into troubles at times. As a result, users are not able to fetch the streams or the videos do not play.
If you are trying to use Incursion Kodi addon at the time of a scheduled server maintenance or downtime, it will not work. When there are server issues, the only way is to wait out and allow the server to become operational again.
In the event Incursion is not working at all, the server may not be the problem. It is likely that there is a local issue, preventing Incursion from playing. Again, make sure FireStick is connected to the internet.
If Incursion Kodi addon stopped working after a period of use, one or more of its files may have gone bad or corrupted. In such a case, reinstallation is usually the only way to fix it. From the Kodi home-screen, navigate to Add-ons > Video Add-ons and select Incursion. Click the 'Uninstall' button on the bottom right. Now, go ahead and install Incursion following the method we have shared with you above.
There is a great chance this will fix the problem and get Incursion working again.
Of course, rebooting remains as one of the primary troubleshooting methods. Quickly restart the Fire Stick /PC and run Kodi again. Rebooting refreshes the OS, system files and the apps and resolves many problems.
If none of it seems to be working then you may have to reset Kodi on FireStick / PC or uninstall and reinstall it. Resetting or uninstalling Kodi will wipe out all your data and addons. So, back up the Kodi data before you take these actions.
Incursion should be sufficient for most of your needs, however, if you want to get more top Kodi Addons, check out the links below.
Incursion is a Kodi addon that allows you to watch your favorite movies, shows and other videos on your FireStick. Incursion uses the Covenant framework and hence it looks a lot like this popular addon. Of course, Incursion has the updated codes and hence it also offers enhanced performance. With a solid content catalog and the ability to fetch multiple streams, Incursion can be one of your primary entertainment add-ons on Kodi. It is easy to install and set up and even easier to use. You can get started in just a few clicks.


text:
What is the difference between RTK GPS and GBAS?
My understanding is that real-time kinematic (RTK) is also a differential GPS technology to enhance accuracy by using a ground-based station to provide the correction data to the onboard GPS receiver. Is it similar to GBAS? Then what is the difference between RTK and GBAS?
navigation gnss
There are two primary differences between RTK GPS and GBAS, function and implementing technology.
Functionally, RTK is a differential GPS (DGPS) positioning system. It allows for very precise position measurements (~1 cm). Its primary application is for survey and related measurements.
GBAS also provides a DGPS function but it adds specialized support for aircraft approach guidance. To that end it provides via data broadcast to the using receiver reference path data for a number of runway approaches. It also provides signal integrity data (e.g. fault detection and alerts) to the user.
The difference in implementing technology is that the RTK reference station and using receiver determine position by carrier-phase tracking and the GBAS reference station and using receivers use code tracking.
GerryGerry
My understanding is that RTK is a specific implementation of the more general GBAS (Ground Based Augmentation System) principle. RTK uses measurements of the phase of the signal's carrier wave in addition to the information content of the signal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_kinematic
A summary of different augmentation technologies is here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNSS_augmentation
OleDahleOleDahle
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